query: Does slavery still exist?

title: Slavery in the 21st century

text: Contemporary slavery, also known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to exist in present day society. Estimates of the number of slaves today range from around 21 million.[1] to 70 million, depending on method used to estimate and the definition of slavery being used.[2][3]

title: CASMAS

text: CASMAS (Coalition Against Slavery or an Anti-Slavery Group in Mauritania And Sudan), is a human rights group concerned with the Arab slave trade that they say still exists today in the Islamic republic of Mauritania and the Republic of Sudan. The Executive Director of CASMAS is Samuel Cotton, the author of a factual account of slavery in Mauritania called Silent Terror: A Journey into Contemporary African Slavery.

title: Mormonism and slavery

text: After the succession crisis, Brigham Young consistently argued slavery was a "divine institution," even after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued during the Civil War by President Abraham Lincoln. In the year following the Emancipation Proclamation, Young gave several discourses on slavery and characterized himself as neither an abolitionist nor a pro-slavery man. He based his position on the scriptural curses. He also used these curses to justify banning blacks from the priesthood and from holding public office. After Young, leaders did not use the curse of Cain to justify slavery, but this doctrine continued to be taught by President John Taylor and Bruce R. McConkie. While the LDS Church today does not support slavery and disavows the theories advanced in the past that black skin is a sign of divine disfavor or curse, it still teaches that Canaan and his descendants were denied the priesthood because of the Curse of Ham and the Curse of Cain.

title: Slavery in Yemen

text: A likely cause of the existing slavery in Yemen with regards to the illegality of it, is the extent of the poverty within certain communities. Abdulhadi Al-Azazi, a member of the team investigating slavery in Yemen, suggested that because of the levels of poverty, affected people may enable themselves to be controlled by wealthy people in order to have a better quality of life than what they can provide for themselves. Another possible factor in the existence of slavery in Yemen is government corruption, as slavery is easy to get away with, and no real steps are taken to put a stop to it, which is what was seen in the investigation mentioned earlier in this article. Besides this, the slavery cycle is difficult to get out of when there is no government intervention, or real awareness by the public and other countries as to what is going on, which is part of the cause of slavery in Yemen. If people aren’t aware of what is happening, they cannot do anything about it. The slavery cycle has been described as poverty, followed by slavery, then as a result lack of education, and therefore no kind of freedom at all. This means any children of existing slaves are led to believe the same as their parents – that they are not entitled to freedom and they must do as they are told by their owners.

title: Human rights in Brazil

text: Slavery is illegal in Brazil. Slavery and labor situations like depression era company towns still exist in remote areas in Brazil like the Amazon (a fictional portrayal of such a town occurs in "The Rundown"). "Debt slavery" (where workers are forced to work to pay an ever-increasing debt) still exists in some rural areas, though it is illegal and the government actively fights against it. The "debt slavery" is particularly worrying in large sugar cane farms, since sugar cane is a raw material for ethanol, a product that the Brazilian government is currently actively encouraging the production and research of.

title: Slavery in Mauritania

text: In March 2013, the President established an agency to "combat slavery", known as the "National Agency to Fight against the Vestiges of Slavery, Integration, and Fight against Poverty". The director, Hamdi Ould Mahjoub, a Beydane, told "The New Yorker" author Alexis Okeowo, "Slavery as an institution, as something accepted by society, does not exist" in Mauritania, and that his agency was working on a program to help farmers and others to build clinics and improve access to water.

title: History of slavery in the Muslim world

text: The issue of slavery in the Islamic world in modern times is controversial. Critics argue there is hard evidence of its existence and destructive effects. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Islam, slavery in central Islamic lands has been "virtually extinct" since the mid-20th century, though there are reports indicating that it is still practiced in some areas of Sudan and Somalia as a result of warfare.

title: Slavery in Canada (New France)

text: Clearly established prior to the French arrival, a system of slavery was well underway. The French practice of slavery therefore existed more as an adaptation to an existing system rather than the imposition of a new system upon indigenous peoples and spaces. Slavery was adopted by French settlers in earnest beginning in 1632, continuing into Anglo-Canadian occupation in the 18th century. Initially, slavery in the colony was complicated by France's ethical stance on the matter: slave ownership in New France was not legally recognized (as per their free-soil doctrine), but it could still be justified with the understanding that only the act of enslaving people was deemed unethical and simply buying or receiving slaves was accepted. Hoping to mimic the economic success of other colonies, France's royal administration gave in to Canadian pressures from slave-purchasing colonial officials, and issued the Raudot Ordinance of 1709, putting into law a legitimacy of enslavement within the St. Lawrence Valley colonial setting.

title: Politics of Mauritania

text: Slavery is still said to exist in Mauritania, some 100 years after slavery officially ended in the West and since it was officially abolished in the country in 1981.

title: Two Treatises of Government

text: In providing a justification for slavery, he has rendered all forms of slavery as it actually exists invalid. Moreover, as one may not submit to slavery, there is a moral injunction to attempt to throw off and escape it whenever it looms. Most scholars take this to be Locke's point regarding slavery: submission to absolute monarchy is a violation of the law of nature, for one does not have the right to enslave oneself.

title: Wage slavery

text: Post-Keynesian economics perceives wage slavery as resulting from inequality of bargaining power between labor and capital, which exists when the economy does not "allow labor to organize and form a strong countervailing force".

title: Slavery in contemporary Africa

text: Slavery continues to exist in Mali in all ethnic groups of the country but particularly among the Tuareg communities. The French formally abolished slavery in 1905, but many slaves remained with their masters until 1946 when large emancipation activism occurred. The first government of independent Mali tried to end slavery, but these efforts were undermined with the military dictatorship from 1968 until 1991. Slavery persists today with thousands of people still held in servitude; however, an active social movement called Temedt (which won the 2012 Anti-Slavery International award) has been pressuring the government for ending slavery in the country.

title: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: This amendment, as well as the Fourteenth, is undoubtedly self-executing, without any ancillary legislation, so far as its terms are applicable to any existing state of circumstances. By its own unaided force and effect, it abolished slavery and established universal freedom. Still, legislation may be necessary and proper to meet all the various cases and circumstances to be affected by it, and to prescribe proper modes of redress for its violation in letter or spirit. And such legislation may be primary and direct in its character, for the amendment is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery, but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States.

title: Slavery

text: Slavery has existed all throughout Asia, and forms of slavery still exist today.

title: History of slavery in the Muslim world

text: By 1969 it could be observed that most Muslim states had abolished slavery although it existed in the deserts of Iraq bordering Arabia and it still flourished in Saudi Arabia, the Yemen and Oman. Slavery was not formally abolished in Yemen and Oman until the following year. The last nation to formally enact the abolition of slavery practice and slave trafficking was the Islamic Republic of Mauritania in 1981.

title: Slavery in Yemen

text: Although slavery is recognized as being illegal around the world by international treaties and conventions, evidence has shown that there is still existing slavery in Yemen, and the number of slaves is in fact growing. Slavery affects and inhibits many basic human rights, and was specifically abolished by Yemen in 1962. The fact that slavery is alleged to still exist is a major human rights issue.

title: Slavery in international law

text: Since coming into force, the Human Rights Committee has commented on conditions of slavery in numerous countries and has provided these countries with recommendations as to how they should proceed to abolish slavery. In Mali, the committee noted that the State party has not taken clear action in response the reports of slavery like practices and hereditary servitude in the country. In acknowledging this, the committee recommended that the state should conduct research to determine if these conditions of slavery still exist, and if they do to take action. The committee also noted concerns of child trafficking into Côte d'Ivoire, where children were then being subjected to forced labour and slavery. In response to this phenomenon, the committee recommended that the Malian government take measures to prosecute the perpetrators of this traffic, and research more precise details regarding this situation for the committee analysis.

title: History of slavery in Asia

title: Augustine of Hippo

text: In his book, "The City of God", he presents the development of slavery as a product of sin and as contrary to God's divine plan. He wrote that God "did not intend that this rational creature, who was made in his image, should have dominion over anything but the irrational creation – not man over man, but man over the beasts". Thus he wrote that righteous men in primitive times were made shepherds of cattle, not kings over men. "The condition of slavery is the result of sin", he declared. In "The City of God", Augustine wrote he felt that the existence of slavery was a punishment for the existence of sin, even if an individual enslaved person committed no sin meriting punishment. He wrote: "Slavery is, however, penal, and is appointed by that law which enjoins the preservation of the natural order and forbids its disturbance." Augustine believed that slavery did more harm to the slave owner than the enslaved person himself: "the lowly position does as much good to the servant as the proud position does harm to the master." Augustine proposes as a solution to sin a type of cognitive reimagining of one's situation, where slaves "may themselves make their slavery in some sort free, by serving not in crafty fear, but in faithful love," until the end of the world eradicated slavery for good: "until all unrighteousness pass away, and all principality and every human power be brought to nothing, and God be all in all."

title: Franklin Pierce

text: As abolitionism grew more vocal in the mid-1830s, Congress was inundated with petitions from anti-slavery groups seeking legislation to restrict slavery in the United States. From the beginning, Pierce found the abolitionists' "agitation" to be an annoyance, and saw federal action against slavery as an infringement on southern states' rights, even though he was morally opposed to slavery itself. He was also frustrated with the "religious bigotry" of abolitionists, who cast their political opponents as sinners. "I consider slavery a social and political evil," Pierce said, "and most sincerely wish that it had no existence upon the face of the earth." Still, he wrote in December 1835, "One thing must be perfectly apparent to every intelligent man. This abolition movement must be crushed or there is an end to the Union."

title: Truth and Justice Commission

text: “Years have passed since slavery and indentured labor were abolished. The horrors of such brutality and bondage no longer exist today. But such treatment meted out to human beings does have its psychological impact, which can be permanent and as destructive if not more so, compared to physical slavery".”"

title: Saidiya Hartman

text: Hartman also theorizes the "afterlife of slavery" in "Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route". The "afterlife of slavery" can be characterized by the enduring presence of slavery's racialized violence still present in contemporary society. Hartman outlines slavery's imprint on all sectors of society as evidenced in historical archives that may or may not exist. Hence, the archive lives on through the social structure of the society and its citizens. Hartman describes this process in detail in "Lose Your Mother": "I wanted to engage the past, knowing that its perils and dangers still threatened and that even now lives hung in the balance. Slavery had established a measure of man and a ranking of life and worth that has yet to be undone. If slavery persists as an issue in the political life of black America, it is not because of an antiquarian obsession with bygone days or the burden of a toolong memory, but because black lives are still imperiled and devalued by a racial calculus and a political arithmetic that were entrenched centuries ago. This is the afterlife of slavery—skewed life chances, limited access to health and education, premature death, incarceration, and impoverishment. I, too, am the afterlife of slavery." Hartman went back to Africa to learn more about slavery, and came back having learned more about her-self.

title: Ownership

text: Slavery is currently illegal in every country around the world. However, up until the 19th century slavery and ownership of people had existed in one form or another in nearly every society on earth. Notwithstanding the illegality according to codes of law, slavery still exists in various forms today.

title: Rufus P. Spalding

text: As a Representative in the General Assembly, and while serving as a judge, Spalding was a member of the Democratic party, but throughout the 1840s he found his personal views increasingly at odds with the Party's position on slavery. While Spalding never advocated the interference of slavery in states in which it already existed, he believed that under no circumstances should slavery be extended into the territories. In 1847, Spalding delivered a speech in Akron in which he argued that "if the evil of slavery had been restricted, as it should have been, to the thirteen original states, self interest might have led to the extinction of practice long before now." Spalding's advocacy against the spread of slavery drew the attention of the Free Soil Party. In 1849, local Free Soil leaders invited Spalding, who was still a Democrat, to give a speech at a party convention in Cleveland. In his speech, Spalding maintained that he was still a strict party man, but his speech was particularly critical of southern democrats. Spalding continued to argue that slavery should not be extended into the American territories and closed his remarks with a call to Free-Soilers to "stand fast" in their beliefs. In 1850, Spalding left the Democratic Party for the Free Soil Party. His primary motivation behind this decision was the Party's support of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which he felt made the Democrats a "pro-slavery" party.

title: Slavery in Korea

text: Slavery in Korea existed since antiquity. The practice of slavery in South Korea is illegal, though forms of modern slavery such as human trafficking still exist. In North Korea, slavery in the form of forced labor is still practiced by the country's regime.

title: Roswell King

text: I hate the institution of slavery with all my heart; I consider it an absolute curse wherever it exists. It will keep those states where it does exist fifty years behind the others in improvement and prosperity.

title: The Little Black Boy

text: "The Little Black Boy" was published in 1789, a time when slavery was still legal and the campaign for the abolition of slavery was still young. In "The Little Black Boy", Blake questions conventions of the time with basic Christian ideals. This becomes apparent in the third stanza, where Blake uses the sun as a metaphor for God and His Kingdom: ""Look on the rising sun: there God does live"". This line is particularly important, as the reference to the sun not only introduces the running religious metaphor in the subsequent stanzas, but the fact that it is "rising" connotes change.

title: New Jersey

text: On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters initially refused to ratify the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.

title: Organisation of the League of Nations

text:
The league has considered the problem of slavery and set about securing information from various governments since 1922.
Few years later, a convention was drawn up in view of hastening the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The Slavery Convention of 25 September 1926 produced good results in many territories.
In 1932, in the league review of the convention implementation, appeared that cases of capture of free men still occurred in some areas, and that slave-markets existed in several countries.
The assembly decided therefore to appoint a permanent advisory committee to study the facts and the institutions related to slavery, and to consider means of eliminating them.

title: History of slavery

title: William Gannaway Brownlow

text: Not only will I throughout this discussion openly and boldly take the ground that "Slavery as it exists in America ought to be perpetuated", but that slavery is an established and inevitable condition to human society. I will maintain the ground that God always intended the relation of master and slave to exist; that Christ and the early teachers of Christianity, found slavery differing in no material respect from American slavery, "incorporated into every department of society" ... that slavery having existed ever since the first organization of society, it will exist to the end of time.


query: Who is the current DA for New Jersey?

title: United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey

text: Richard Stockton (1789 – 1791) Abraham Ogden (1791 – 1798) Lucius Horatio Stockton (1798 – 1801) Frederick Frelinghuysen (1801) George C. Maxwell (1801 – 1803) William S. Pennington (1803 – 1804) Joseph McIlvaine (1804 – 1824) Lucius Q.C. Elmer (1824 – 1829) Garret D. Wall (1829 – 1835) James S. Green (1835 – 1850) William Halstead (1850 – 1853) Garret S. Cannon (1853 – 1861) Anthony Q. Keasbey (1861 – 1886) Job H. Lippincott (1886 – 1887) Samuel F. Bigelow (1887 – 1888) George S. Duryee (1888 – 1890) Henry S. White (1890 – 1894) John W. Beekman (1894 – 1896) J. Kearney Rice (1896 – 1900) David Ogden Watkins (1900 – 1903) Cortlandt Parker, Jr. (1903) John B. Vreeland (1903 – 1913) J. Warren Davis (1913 – 1916) Charles Francis Lynch (1916 – 1919) Joseph L. Bodine (1919 – 1920) Elmer H. Geran (1920 – 1922) Walter G. Winne (1922 – 1928) Phillip Forman (1928 – 1932) Harlan Besson (1932 – 1935) John J. Quinn (1935 – 1940) William F. Smith (1940 – 1941) Charles M. Phillips (1941 – 1943) Thorn Lord (1943 – 1945) Edgar H. Rossbach (1945 – 1948) Isaiah Matlack (1948) Alfred E. Modarelli (1948 – 1951) Grover C. Richman, Jr. (1951 – 1953) William F. Tompkins (1953 – 1954) Raymond Del Tufo, Jr. (1954 – 1956) Herman Scott (1956) Chester A. Weidenburner (1956 – 1961) David M. Satz, Jr. (1961 – 1969) Donald Horowitz (1969) Frederick B. Lacey (1969 – 1971) Herbert J. Stern (1971 – 1973) Jonathan L. Goldstein (1974 – 1977) Robert J. Del Tufo (1977 – 1980) William W. Robertson (1980 – 1981) W. Hunt Dumont (1981 – 1985) Thomas W. Greelish (1985 – 1987) Samuel Alito, Jr. (1987 – 1990) Michael Chertoff (1990 – 1994) Faith S. Hochberg (1994 – 1999) Robert J. Cleary (1999 – 2002) Christopher J. Christie (2002 – 2008) Ralph J. Marra, Jr. (2008 - 2009) Paul J. Fishman (2009–2017) William E. Fitzpatrick (2017-2018) Craig Carpenito (2018-Present)

title: St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church (Jersey City, New Jersey)

text: St. Mark's Church was first founded from the late 60's, although the actual date of incorporation was 1970. The large influx of Copts in New Jersey can be attributed to their persecution in Egypt, in addition to those who emigrate seeking educational and financial opportunities. Currently, there are more than 30,000 Copts in Jersey City alone.

title: USS New Jersey (BB-62)

text:
Between 2 and 8 December "New Jersey" returned to aid the 3rd Marine Division, shelling Viet Cong bunker complexes for the Marines operating around the Da Nang area before departing for Singapore 9 December. On 26 December "New Jersey" returned to the gunline, taking up station off Tuy Hòa in support of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam 47th Regiment. For the next three days "New Jersey" fired her guns to support the II Corps, in the process destroying Viet Cong bunkers and supply depots and neutralizing enemy cave posts. "New Jersey" would remain in the waters of the DMZ until after New Years, shelling Communist bunkers for ground troops until leaving to support the 1st Marine Division 3 January.
Throughout January and into February "New Jersey" operated in support of the Marines. On 10 February the battleship left to reinforce the Korean 2nd Marine Brigade operating near Da Nang. The battleship's target was a suspected subterranean staging area for a Viet Cong regiment. "New Jersey"s big guns went to work on the complex, firing 16 inch shells into tunnels and bunkers to aid the ground troops. On 14 February the battleship steamed south of the DMZ to provide support for the 3rd Marine Division, in the process destroying an anti-aircraft site with her big guns. The next day "New Jersey" fired on an enemy rocket site northeast of Con Thien, destroying the facility, then trained her guns on known Communist positions to harass PAVN forces. On 22 February "New Jersey" responded to an urgent request for fire support from the besieged Oceanview observation post near the DMZ. For the next six hours "New Jersey" fired her guns, ultimately repelling the attacking force.

title: List of Hudson County, New Jersey placename etymologies

text:
This is a list of locales in Hudson County, New Jersey categorized by origin of their name.The Lenape people who lived in the region spoke an Algonquian language from which the current names are derivative through Dutch and English.
New Netherlanders established a factorij in 1617 at Communipaw, a patroonship in 1630 at Pavonia, and New Jersey's first independent gemeente, or municipality, in 1661 as Bergen.

title: Da Costa, New Jersey

text: Da Costa (or DaCosta) is an unincorporated community located within Hammonton in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States.

title: New Jersey Route 155

text: The original alignment of Cinnaminson Avenue in the community of Palmyra was originally a part of New Jersey State Highway Route 2, which was assigned in 1922, as a part of the original state highway system in New Jersey. Five years later, the highway re-designated during the period between the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering and year of 1941 as a spur of State Highway Route S-41, which is currently New Jersey Route 73. The route designation remained intact for several years until the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, when numerous highways around the state were given new designations. After the spur routes were dropped in the renumbering, the highway was re-designated as NJ 155. Route 155's alignment was later turned over to the county of Burlington, who re-designated it as an extension of County Route 607.

title: United States congressional delegations from New Jersey

text: , there are four former U.S. Senators from the U.S. State of New Jersey who are currently living, one from Class 1 and three from Class 2.

title: Ba Da Bing Records

text: Ba Da Bing Records is an American record label based in Brooklyn, New York. The name is derived from the saying "ba da bing, ba da boom", common among Italian-Americans especially in New Jersey.

title: Celeste Riley

text: Celeste M. Riley (born February 4, 1960) is an American Democratic Party politician, who currently serves as the Clerk of Cumberland County, New Jersey. She previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2009 to 2015, where she represented the 3rd legislative district. Riley is the first woman to represent this district in the New Jersey Legislature.

title: New Jersey General Assembly

text: The Assembly is led by the Speaker of the Assembly, who is elected by the membership of the chamber. After the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and the President of the New Jersey Senate, the Speaker of the Assembly is third in the line of succession to replace the Governor of New Jersey in the event that he or she is unable to execute the duties of that office. The Speaker decides the schedule for the Assembly, which bills will be considered, appoints committee chairmen, and generally runs the Assembly's agenda. The current Speaker is Craig Coughlin (D-Woodbridge).

title: 2006 New Jersey's 13th congressional district election

text: John Guarini was the 2006 Republican candidate for the United States House of Representatives in New Jersey's 13th congressional district. He ran against Albio Sires, who represented the 33rd legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly. John Guarini is a salesman and a community activist who supported George W. Bush during the 2004 presidential election. Guarini is currently the chairman of the Jersey City 9/11 Committee, which has run into problems with the city's memorial honoring the victims of the event. John Guarini is also the second cousin of former New Jersey Democratic Rep. Frank J. Guarini. Frank Guarini also ran against Sires for a house seat in 1986, except in that race Sires was the Republican nominee and Guarini was the Democratic incumbent.

title: Bill Spadea

text: William G. "Bill" Spadea (born March 25, 1969) is an American businessman and television host from New Jersey, who was the Republican nominee for United States Congress in New Jersey's 12th congressional district in 2004. He was Chairman of the College Republican National Committee (1993–95) and currently hosts "Chasing New Jersey". As of December 2015, Spadea has been the morning drive time host on New Jersey 101.5 (WKXW), replacing long time morning personality Jim Gearhart.

title: William Green House (Ewing Township, New Jersey)

text: The William Green House is a historic farmhouse in Ewing Township, New Jersey. The first home on the site was built in the last decade of the 17th century. According to a privately published family monograph, the farmhouse was the home of Judge William Greene, who was born in the 1600s in England and died in 1722 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. The oldest parts of the current structure date to 1717 and the newest to 1830. The house is owned by the College of New Jersey but is in a poor state of repair. It has been considered an endangered historic site for over 40 years and, despite efforts taken by the college in 2006 to shore up the structure, was listed in 2015 as one of New Jersey's 10 most endangered historic sites by Preservation New Jersey.

title: Cristian da Silva

text: Following his playing career da Silva has been a very successful youth coach in New Jersey. In 2007, he was named the head coach of New Jersey City University.

title: Miss New Jersey Teen USA

text: The current titleholder is Ava Tortorici of Montclair who was crowned on November 18th, 2018 in Parsippany and will represent New Jersey at Miss Teen USA 2019.

title: New Jersey Legislature

text: The New Jersey Legislature is the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, as defined by the New Jersey Constitution of 1947, the Legislature consists of two houses: the General Assembly and the Senate. The Legislature meets in the New Jersey State House, in the state capital of Trenton. Democrats currently hold super majorities in both chambers of the legislature.

title: New Jersey Republican State Committee

text: The New Jersey Republican State Committee (NJGOP) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in New Jersey. The Committee was founded in 1880. The party is currently led by Doug Steinhardt, who replaced Michael B. Lavery. Lavery replaced Sam Raia of Saddle River, New Jersey.

title: Governor of New Jersey

text: The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31, 1776, to July 25, 1790. The current governor is Phil Murphy, who assumed office on January 16, 2018.

title: Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction

text: In 2004, the New Jersey Commission of Investigation stated that the Lucchese crime family had about 50 members active in New Jersey. The New Jersey faction is currently led by capo Ralph Perna, who took over in 2007.

title: Sussex County Sheriff's Office (New Jersey)

text: The sheriff's office is led by an sheriff who is elected to office by the county's voting electorate. The position is mandated in each of the state's county by the New Jersey State Constitution and is one of three "constitutional officers" (the other's being County Clerk and County Surrogate). The current sheriff is Michael F. Strada, a former police officer with the Mount Olive Township Police Department, who is currently serving his second three-year term.

title: Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation

text: The West Orange campus located in West Orange, New Jersey currently operates 152 beds and specializes in the following:The Saddle Brook campus located in Saddle Brook, New Jersey currently operates 112 beds and specializes in the following:The Chester campus located in Chester, New Jersey currently operates 72 beds and specializes in the following:

text: , there are twenty-two former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. State of New Jersey who are currently living.

title: New Jersey Route 439

text: Route 439 is a short state highway in the communities of Elizabeth, Union and Hillside in Union County, New Jersey. The highway is known as the Bayway, North Avenue and Elmora Avenue from the Goethals Bridge and Interstate 278 and does a loop around Elizabeth, with the designation terminating at an intersection with New Jersey Route 27 in Elizabeth. The highway originated as part of Route 28 south of the current intersection with New Jersey Route 28 and Route S24 (which made up several routes) north of that intersection to New Jersey Route 82. The current designation of NJ 439 was assigned in the 1953 renumbering.

title: St. George & St. Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church (Jersey City, New Jersey)

text: The large influx of Copts in New Jersey can be attributed to their persecution in Egypt, in addition to those who emigrate seeking education and financial opportunities. Currently, there are more than 30,000 Copts in Jersey City specifically. St. George & St. Shenouda Church was first founded in 1973, although the actual date of incorporation was January 1974.The year 1977 marked the first pastoral visit by Pope Shenouda III to the US and Canada, including both of Jersey City's two oldest churches (the only ones at the time). There are currently about 1500 Coptic families served by St. George & St. Shenouda Church alone with several others belonging to different church congregations throughout northern New Jersey in particular.

title: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

text: The Port Authority has its own police department. The department currently employs approximately 4,000 police officers and supervisors who have full police status in New York and New Jersey.

title: Stephen M. Sweeney

text: Stephen M. Sweeney (born June 11, 1959) is an American executive and Democratic Party politician who currently serves as the President of the New Jersey Senate. He has served in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where he represents the 3rd Legislative District. He has been the President of the New Jersey Senate since 2010.

title: Ellis Island

text: Nine-tenths of the current area is artificial island that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were outside New York's border and were in fact within New Jersey's border. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then Mayor of Jersey City, Bernard J. Berry, commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.[98] In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.[99] The border was redrawn using information based on studies using geographic information science.[100]

title: Cameron Das

text: Das started karting at Autobahn Indoor Speedway in Jessup, Maryland. In 2015 Das earned his licence to compete in single seaters at the Bertil Roos Racing School. Das made his competition debut in the Bertil Roos Race Series at the Pocono International Raceway east road course. After scoring his first pole position at NJMP Thunderbolt, Das finished fifteenth in the series standings competing a partial schedule. Coached by Jonathan Scarallo Das scored five podium finishes. Besides the Bertil Roos Race Series the young driver competed at the Carolina Motorsports Park round of the 2015 Formula Lites season. Racing a Crawford FL15 powered by a Honda K24 engine Das finished fifth in both races. Das also competed in the Formula F class of the SCCA Majors Tour Northeast Conference at New Jersey Motorsports Park, winning the second race. With K-Hill Motorsports Das raced in the New Jersey Motorsports Park with seventh as his best result.

title: Genovese crime family New Jersey faction

text: The Genovese family currently maintains five crews in New Jersey, each overseen by a "capo". As of the beginning of 2010, these "capos" were Fiumara (died of natural causes that year), Angelo Prisco (currently serving life sentence in prison), Ludwig Bruschi, Joseph Gatto (died of natural causes in 2010) and Silvio DeVita. In addition, the family appoints one person as the boss of the New Jersey faction, who directly oversees and maintains the crews. Since the 1990s and up until his death, Fiumara had been in control. His influence in New Jersey was so strong that the Genovese family was considering him as a candidate to take over as boss of the entire family. It is unknown yet who has taken over as boss of the New Jersey faction.

title: New Jersey wine

text:
New Jersey law treats hard cider as a type of wine because it is made from fermented fruits. Although there is currently no licensed hard cider production in New Jersey, cider can be produced with a plenary or farm winery license, and several businesses have taken preliminary steps in establishing cider mills. Cider with less than 3.2% alcohol by volume is untaxed, cider with 3.2% to 7.0% alcohol is taxed at 15 cents per gallon, and cider with over 7.0% alcohol is taxed at 87.5 cents per gallon.
Today, 48 wineries are currently in operation in thirteen of the state's 21 counties. Several other wineries are planning to open and are either awaiting the approval of licenses, or in some form of development. Because of favorable sandy soils and warmer climate, a majority of these wineries are located in South Jersey's Outer Coastal Plain Viticultural Area. A handful of wineries are in western New Jersey's Warren Hills Viticultural Area. Part of the Central Delaware Valley Viticultural Area is in New Jersey, but no New Jersey wineries are currently in this viticultural area. These three AVA regions comprise nearly 4 million of the state's 5.6 million acres—over 70% of its area. Some of New Jersey's wineries operate in areas of the state that are not within a designated AVA.

title: Mauricio Vargas

text: Vargas was born in Somerville, New Jersey but moved to Alajuela, Costa Rica with his family when he was very young. He moved back to the New Jersey in his teens. He has four siblings including brothers Juan Pablo who currently plays for Alajuelense and Mario who currently plays for CF Universidad de Costa Rica.


query: When did Kim Hong-il die?

title: Kim Jong-il

text: Kim Jong-il (officially transcribed Kim Jong Il; Korean:김정일; Korean pronunciation:[kim.dzɔŋ.il];[lower-alpha 1] 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was the second Supreme Leader of North Korea. He ruled from the death of his father Kim Il-sung, the first Supreme Leader of North Korea, in 1994 until his own death in 2011. He was an unelected dictator and was often accused of human rights violations.[2]

title: Kim Yong-ju

text: It was the period when the WPK was focusing ideologically on Kim Il-sung's "Juche"; while Kim Jong-il actively stood for this process, Kim Yong-ju, having studied in Russia, supported a more classical view of Marxism and was not fond of the extensive personality cult built around his brother. This played to Kim Jong-il's advantage: Kim Yong-ju was more and more marginalized, his key allies (director of propaganda) and (director of international liaison) were removed, and he himself was finally attacked by Kim Il-sung. After a Central Committee plenum in February 1974, Kim Jong-il was granted the position of heir apparent and Kim Yong-ju was demoted to vice-premier..

title: Kim Il-sung bibliography

text: According to Myers, Kim Il-sung's cult of personality was consciously trying to match that of Mao Zedong. Thus when Mao was renowned for his poetry, the North Koreans matched this with claiming that Kim Il-sung had written plays during the anti-Japanese struggle of the 1930s. Two plays that were allegedly written by Kim Il-sung are "The Sea of Blood" and "The Flower Girl". Nonetheless, Kim Il-sung also wrote poems, such as one called "Brightest Star", written in 1992 to congratulate Kim Jong-il on behalf of the latter's birthday. Kim Il-sung also wrote song lyrics. Official North Korean history also attributes operas to Kim. Sometimes Kim is attributed with writing the scripts of operas and plays directly, and at other times for providing the actual authors with the plots.

title: Kim Il-sung Square

text: Portraits of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il are displayed on buildings surrounding the square where portraits of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin once hung. During Kim Jong-il's rule, only Kim Il-sung hung on these buildings, as his portrait does in every room in North Korea, however, when Kim Jong-il died, his portrait was added to the buildings in commemoration. At the south end are two flag poles which were installed in 2013 for use in national events.

title: Choe Hyon

text: Choe Hyon was a close associate of Kim Il-sung during their guerrilla years. Choe was older than Kim Il-sung. As such, Choe did not have to use honorifics when speaking to him, although according to Kim Il-sung's autobiography "With the Century" this was of Kim's insistence:

title: Kim Won-hong

text: Kim Won-hong rose to prominence in 2003, as he was appointed commander of the Military Security Command (the North Korean army's intelligence unit) following the death of General Won Ung-hui, who had been heading it since 1990. In April 2009, Kim was promoted to General and then migrated to the KPA General Political Bureau's Organisation Department, at the same time when Kim Jong-il reportedly put Kim Jong-un in charge of the Ministry of State Security to which the Military Security Command is affiliated. Kim was also made a member of the Party's Central Committee and Central Military Commission in September 2010 and was reported to having a role in ensuring Kim Jong-un's succession.

title: Shin Sang-ok

text:
In 1978, Shin's former wife, Choi Eun-hee, an actress who starred in many of his films, was kidnapped in Hong Kong and taken to North Korea. Shin himself came under suspicion of causing her disappearance, and when he traveled to Hong Kong to investigate, he was kidnapped as well. The kidnappings were on orders of future leader Kim Jong-il, who wanted to establish a film industry for his country to sway international opinion regarding the views of the Workers' Party of Korea. The North Korean authorities have denied the kidnapping accusations, claiming that Shin came to the country willingly. Shin and Choi made secret audiotapes of conversations with Kim Jong-il, which supported their story.
Shin was put in comfortable accommodation, but after two escape attempts was placed in a prison for over two years. Once his re-education in North Korean ideology was thought complete, he was taken to Pyongyang in 1983 to meet Kim Jong-il and learn why he had been abducted to North Korea. His ex-wife was brought to the same dinner party, where she first learned that Shin was also in North Korea. They remarried shortly afterwards, as suggested by Kim Jong-il.

title: Hong Il-chon

text: Hong Il-chon held a degree in Russian Literature from Kim Il-sung University. After her divorce from Kim Jong-il, she was still active in politics and educational affairs. She became one of the members of the Supreme People's Assembly during the period between 1977 and 1991. After she withdrew from the Assembly, she was appointed as principal of Kim Hyong Jik University of Education in September 1991. She retired from that post in July 2012 at the age of 70.

title: Kim Hong-il

text: Kim Hong-il may refer to:

title: 2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea

text: In his first confrontation with his rivals, Kim Il-sung managed to get the Soviet-Koreans to attack the domestic faction. The majority of cadres belonging to the domestic cadres still felt affinity with the party in Seoul and did not support Kim Il-sung's leadership. Cadres belonging to the Yanan faction did not speak out during the congress; with leading figures such as Kim Tu-bong and Choe Chang-ik remaining silent. O Ki-sop tried to get them involved, accusing Mu Chong of "individual heroism", but Mu Chong did not reply and Kim Il-sung condemned O Ki-sop for dragging Mu Chong into a discussion about himself. However, the fact is that it wasn't much the domestic faction could do to weaken Kim Il-sung's authority since he was supported by the Soviets, making him to a certain extent unremovable. At this congress, Kim Il-sung and his allies purged all those WPNK members who had collaborated with the Japanese in one way or another during the occupation—the majority of those who had belonged to the domestic faction since the other factions were headquartered abroad during the occupation.

title: 6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: The choice of Kim Jong-il as Kim Il-sung's successor met with considerable criticism. Critics accused Kim Il-sung of creating a dynasty, turning North Korea into a feudal state. An anonymous South Korean critic said, "Hereditary succession of power [was an] inevitable consequence of the elder Kim's irrevocable commitment to the dream of founding a dynasty of his own and of his family", adding that Kim Jong-il's rise to power was proof of the "degeneration" of the WPK into a "thoroughly personalized family affair built up around a personality cult." The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of China and other ruling parties of socialist states did not approve Kim Jong-il's appointment as heir apparent. Kim Il-sung's choice of successor arguably concerned the promotion of revolutionary zeal in the country (taking into account the negative treatment Joseph Stalin received from his successor).

title: Arirang Festival

text: The Mass Games possess an important ideological character praising the Workers' Party of Korea, its armed forces, Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. These messages may not be clear to foreign spectators, who are not aware of North Korean iconography: a rising sun symbolizes Kim Il-sung. When a gun is shown, it signifies the gun which Kim Il-sung gave to his son Kim Jong-il. The colour red, particularly in flowers, stands for the working class, and the colour purple and red flowers represent Kim Il-sung (as the flower Kimilsungia is a purple orchid and the flower Kimjongilia is a red begonia). A snowy mountain with a lake represents Mount Paektu, where Kim Jong-il is said to have been born in a log cabin.

title: 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: Kim Jong-un, Kim Yong-nam, Hwang Pyong-so, Choe Ryong-hae, Pak Pong-ju, Kim Ki-nam, Choe Thae-bok, Ri Yong-mu, O Kuk-ryol, Ri Myong-su, Kang Sok-ju, Kwak Pom-gi, O Su-yong, Kim Yong-chol, Yang Hyong-sop, Kim Won-hong, Kim Phyong-hae, Pak Yong-sik, Ro Tu-chol, Choe Pu-il, Jo Yon-jun, Kim Yong-jin, Im Chol-ung, Kim Tok-hun, Ri Mu-yong, Ri Chol-man, Ri Il-hwan, Ri Man-gon, An Jong-su, Choe Sang-gon, Ri Yong-rae, Kim Jong-im, Kim Jung-hyop, Kim Man-song, Hong In-bom, Kim Kyong-ok, Ri Jae-il, Choe Hwi, Ri Pyong-chol, Kim Yong-su, Jo Yong-won, Ri Yong-sik, Kim Yo-jong, Hong Sung-mu, Pak To-chun, Kim Yong-chun, Hyon Chol-hae, Ri Yong-gil, So Hong-chan, Kim Jong-gak, No Kwang-chol, Kim Jong-gwan, Yun Tong-hyon, Kim Hyong-ryong, Jo Nam-jin, Ryom Chol-song, Jo Kyong-chol, Pak Jong-chon, Yun Yong-sik, Kim Rak-gyom, Ri Yong-ju, Choe Yong-ho, Wi Song-il, Pang Tu-sop, Ri Song-guk, kYang Tong-hun, Ri Thae-sop, Pak Su-il, Kim Sang-ryong, Kim Kum-chol, Kim Yong-bok, Kim Myong-nam, Kim Song-chol, Ri Chang-han, Han Chang-sun, Yun Jong-rin, Kim Song-dok, Ri Yong-hwan, Ro Kyong-jun, Choe Yong-rim, Hong Son-ok, Kim Yong-ho, Jo Chun-ryong, Kim Chol-man, Ri Su-yong, Kim Man-su, Jang Hyok, Tong Jong-ho, Ri Ryong-nam, Kim Sung-du, Jang Ki-ho, Jang Chol, Kim Jong-suk, Kim Kye-gwan, Kim Tong-il, Jang Chang-ha, Ri Hong-sop, Ri Yong-ho, Ju Yong-sik, Jon Yong-nam, Jang Pyong-gyu, Jang Jong-nam, Kang Phil-hun, Kim Su-gil, Pak Thae-song, Kang Yang-mo, Kim Nung-o, Pak Yong-ho, Pak Thae-dok, Kim Jae-ryong, Pak Jong-nam, Jon Sung-hun, Kim Song-il, Ri Sang-won, Rim Kyong-man, Thae Jong-su, Ri Kwang-chol, Jon Kyong-son, O Mun-hyon, Pak Jong-gun, Choe Yong-dok, Ri Jong-sik, Ko Pyong-hyon, Ri Pong-dok, Jong In-guk, Choe Myong-chol, Thae Hyong-chol, Hong So-hon, Jon Il-ho

title: Kim dynasty (North Korea)

text: When Kim Il-sung's first wife died, Kim Song-ae was not recognized as Kim Il-sung's wife for several years. Neither partnerships had public weddings. Born Kim So’ng-p’al in the early 1920s in South P’yo’ngan Province, Kim Song Ae began her career as a clerical worker in the Ministry of National Defense where she first met Kim Il Sung in 1948. She was hired to work in his residence as an assistant to Kim Jong Suk. In addition to doing secretarial work for the Kims, she also looked after Kim Jong Il and Kim Kyong Hui. After Kim Jong Suk’s 1949 death, Kim Song Ae began managing Kim Il Sung’s household and domestic life.

title: Hong Sung-mu

text: Hong's career took off in earnest after the 2011 death of Kim Jong-il, the country's leader, and the succession of Kim Jong-un. Hong was number 126 on the funeral committee list of Kim Jong-il. Since 2012, he has accompanied Kim on the occasion of various rocket test launches, and on on-the-spot guidance tours since the beginning of 2013. , Hong is an alternate member of the Central Committee of the WPK.

title: Hong Il-chon

text: Hong Il-chon (, born 1942) was the first wife of Kim Jong-il. She was the daughter of a soldier who died during the Korean War. In the early 1960s, Kim Il-sung, father of Kim Jong-il, introduced her to his son and handpicked her to marry him in 1966. Her only daughter is named Kim Hye-gyong, born in 1968, and is the first child of Kim Jong-il. They divorced in 1969.

title: Kim Jong-suk

text: Kim Jong-suk married Kim Il Sung in the Soviet Union, most likely in 1941. On February 16, 1941 (or 1942, sources vary), in the Soviet village of Vyatskoye, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to Kim Jong-il, who was given the Russian name "Yuri Irsenovich Kim," and the nickname "Yura." In 1944, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to a second son, Kim Man-il in Korean and "Alexander" or "Shura" in Russian. In 1946, she gave birth to daughter, Kim Kyŏng-hŭi. Augustina Vardugina, a woman from Vyatskoye, was in her teens when Kim Il-sung’s guerrilla group camped there. She remembers Kim Jong-suk, and how she would come to the village to barter military rations for chicken and eggs. Her son, Kim Jong-il, would be holding her hand.

title: Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: Similar to the Central Committee, the Politburo was dormant during much of Kim Jong-il's rule; however, the 3rd Conference elected new Politburo members. While many foreign observers believed it would signify a generational shift, it did not; the youngest member was 53 years old, and the average age was 74 (with 12 over age 80). The majority of new members were aides to Kim Jong-il or Kim family members. Kim Kyong-hui (Kim Jong-il's sister) and Jang Song-thaek (Kim Kyong-hui's husband) were appointed full and candidate member, respectively. Several of Jang's proteges were elected candidate members, including Ju Sang-song (Minister of People's Security), U Tong-chuk (First Deputy Director of the State Security Department) and Choe Ryong-hae (Secretary for Military Affairs). Pak Jong-su (First Deputy Head of the Organization and Guidance Department), a leading facilitator of Kim Jong-un's succession, was appointed a candidate member. Most of the new members were cabinet members, military officials, party secretaries or officials from the security establishment. Ten members from the National Defense Commission and three deputy premiers were appointed to the Politbüro. Leading economic experts (such as Hong Sok-yong and Tae Jong-su) and foreign experts (such as Kang Sok-ju, Kim Yong-il and Kim Yang-gon) became members. At the 4th Conference, one-third of the Politburo was dismissed in unannounced retirements and dismissals. Jang Song-thaek, Pak To-chun and Vice Marshal Kim Jong-gak were promoted from candidate to full membership; Hyon Chol-hae, Kim Won-hong and Ri Myong-su, all members of the Central Military Commission, were appointed to full Politburo membership. Kwak Pom-gi, O Kuk-ryol, Ro Tu-chol, Ri Pyong-sam and Jo Yon-jun were elected candidate members.

title: Death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il

text: Kim Jong-un Kim Yong-nam Choe Yong-rim Ri Yong-ho Kim Yong-chun Jon Pyong-ho Kim Kuk-thae Kim Ki-nam Choe Thae-bok Yang Hyong-sop Kang Sok-ju Pyon Yong-rip Ri Yong-mu Kim Kyong-hui Kim Yang-gon Kim Yong-il Pak To-chun Choe Ryong-hae Jang Song-thaek Ju Kyu-chang Kim Rak-hui Thae Jong-su Kim Phyong-hae Kim Jong-gak U Tong-chuk Kim Chang-sop Mun Kyong-dok Ri Thae-nam O Kuk-ryol Kim Chol-man Ri Ul-sol Jon Ha-chol Kang Nung-su Ro Tu-chol Jo Pyong-ju Han Kwang-bok Paek Se-bong Ri Yong-su Choe Hui-jong O Il-jong Kim Jong-im Chae Hui-jong Kim Ki Ryong Jang Pyong-gyu Kim Pyong-ryul Hong In-bom Ri Man-gon Ju Yong-sik Kwak Pom-gi O Su-yong Ro Pae-gwon Pak Thae-dok Kim Hi-thaek Kang Yang-mo Rim Kyong-man Kim Kyong-ok Kim Myong-guk Kim Won-hong Hyon Chol-hae Han Tong-gun Jo Kyong-chol Pak Jae-gyong Pyon In-son Yun Jong-rin Jong Myong-do Ri Pyong-chol Choe Sang-ryo Kim Yong-chol Kang Phyo-yong Kim Hyong-ryong Ri Yong-hwan Kim Chun-sam Choe Kyong-song Ri Myong-su Jon Hui-jong Ri Yong-gil Hyon Yong-chol Choe Pu-il Yang Tong-hun Ri Pong-juk Kim Song-chol Pak Kwang-chol Ri Pyong-sam Jon Chang-bok O Kum-chol Kim In-sik Kim Song-dok Ryo Chun-sok Pak Sung-won Ri Yong-chol Pak Ui-chun Kim Hyong-sik Kim Thae-bong Jon Kil-su Ri Mu-yong An Jong-su Ri Ryong-nam Ryu Yong-sop Pak Myong-chol Kim Yong-jin Jang Chol Song Ja-rip Kim Jong-suk Kang Tong-yun Kim Pyong-ho Cha Sung-su Ryang Man-gil Yun Tong-hyon Ko Pyong-hyon Ri Pong-dok Pak Jong-gun Choe Yong-dok Jong In-guk Jon Ryong-guk Ri Hyong-gun Hwang Sun-hui Paek Kye-ryong Kim Tong-il Kim Tong-i Ri Jae-il Pak Pong-ju Jong Myong-hak Kang Kwan-il Hwang Pyong-so Kwon Hyok-bong Hong Sung-mu Kim U-ho Han Chang-sun Ri Chun-il Ri Thae-sop Jo Song-hwan Tong Yong-il Ri Chang-han Ko Su-il Ri Kuk-jun Sin Sung-hun Ri Thae-chol Yang In-guk Ri Hi-su Ri Chol Hyon Sang-ju Ri Myong-gil Ro Song-sil Tong Jong-ho Kang Min-chol Kim Hui-yong Jo Yong-chol Hwang Hak-won An Tong-chun Paek Ryong-chon Hong Kwan-sun Ri Su-yong Kim Yong-ho Pang Ri-sun Choe Chun-sik Ri Je-son Ri Sang-gun Ri Hong-sop Cha Yong-myong Kang Kwan-ju Thae Hyong-chol Kim Pyong-hun Kim Kye-gwan Han Chang-nam Kim Chang-myong Jon Chang-rim O Chol-san Son Chong-nam Jong Un-hak Cha Kyong-il Kang Ki-sop Choi Tae-il Choe Yong-do Ri Yong-ju Jon Kwang-rok Ri Chan-hwa So Tong-myong Jon Song-ung Ji Jae-ryong Kim Yong-jae Ri Yong-ho Hong So-hon Kim Tong-il Kim Tong-un Kim Pong-ryong Jo Jae-yong Choe Chan-gon Ryom In-yun Kim Chon-ho Jang Ho-chan Song Kwang-chol Ri Ki-su Ri Jong-sik Choe Hyon Jang Myong-hak Kang Hyong-bong Kim Chung-gol Kim Yong-gwang Choe Kwan-jun Jang Yong-gol Kim Myong-sik Ho Song-gil No Kwang-chol Jong Pong-gun Pak Chang-bom Choe Pong-ho Jong Mong-phil Jon Kyong-son Ri Song-gwon Choe Yong Kim Thae-mun Kim Yong-suk Cha Jin-sun Ri Min-chol Ri Il-nam Kim Chang-su Pak Myong-sun Choe Pae-jin Kim Chol Sim Chol-ho O Ryong-il Kye Yong-sam Ryu Hyon-sik Ko Myong-hui Pang Yong-uk Jang Jong-ju Ho Kwang-uk Ji Tong-sik Jong Pong-sok Choe Kwon-su Kim Yong-dae Ryu Mi-yong

title: List of Kim Jong-il's titles

text: When Kim Jong-il, former leader of North Korea, is mentioned in North Korean media and publications, he is not simply addressed by name. At least one special title is used, and his name is emphasised by a special bold font, for example: "The great leader Comrade Kim Jong-il provides on-the-spot guidance to the Ragwon Machine Complex." Alternatively, a larger than normal font may be used. (Example: "The great leader Comrade Kim Jong-il provides on-the-spot guidance to the Ragwon Machine Complex.") The titles themselves were developed by the Central Committee of the Workers' Party. The same applies to Kim Jong-il's father, Kim Il-sung, who ruled North Korea from 1948 to 1994. Scholars have collected the following list of Kim Jong-il’s titles.

title: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il portraits

text: Since the 1940s visual depictions of Kim Il-sung have been commonplace in North Korea. The practice was adopted from Stalin portraits in the Soviet Union and portraits of Mao Zedong in China. Displaying a portrait of Kim Il-sung in every house became mandatory in the 1970s. The state distributed such portraits and instructed people to display them in their living rooms. By Kim Il-sung's 60th birthday in 1972, North Korea had more leader portraits than the Soviet Union or China ever did. In 1972, the compulsory display of the portraits was extended to all factories, airports, and railway stations.

title: Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee

text: Actress Choi Eun-hee was abducted in Hong Kong when she was propositioned to direct a film and possibly run a performing academy in a Hong Kong school. She was taken from Repulse Bay and arrived in Nampo Harbor, North Korea, on January 22, 1978. She was housed in a luxury villa called Building Number 1. She toured the city and was shown Pyongyang as well as Kim Il-sung's birthplace, among other landmarks and museums. She was given a tutor who instructed her on the life and achievements of Kim Il-sung. Kim Jong-il took her to movies, operas, musicals, and parties. He asked her opinion on various films and respected her perspective. It was five years before she knew that she had been kidnapped as bait for Shin.

title: Kim dynasty (North Korea)

text: Kim Il-sung married twice and had six children. He met his first wife, Kim Jong-suk, in 1936, and she bore Kim Jong-il, Kim Man-il, and Kim Kyong-hui before dying while bearing a stillborn daughter. Kim Jong-suk was born 24 December 1917 in Hoeryong in (North) Hamgyo’ng Province. Her family and she fled Korea to Yanji, Jilin (Kirin) Province around 1922. In October 1947, Kim Jong-suk presided over the establishment of a school for war orphans in South P’yo’ngan Province, which became the Mangyo’ngdae Revolutionary School. When the school opened in west Pyongyang one year after its foundation, Kim Jong Suk also unveiled the country's first statue to Kim Il-sung. In 1949, Kim Jong-suk was once again pregnant. She continued public activities, but her health diminished. She died on 19 September 1949 due to complications from pregnancy. Kim Il-sung had three children with his second wife, Kim Song-ae: Kim Kyong-il (born 1951), Kim Pyong-il (born 1953), and Kim Yong-il (born 1955). He had two younger brothers, Kim Chol-ju and Kim Yong-ju and a sister.

text: The 1st plenum of the 6th Central Committee, to elect the central party leadership, was held immediately after the 6th Congress. 34 members were elected to the 6th Politburo, an increase from 15 in the 5th Politburo. Of these 34, 19 were full members and 15 candidate members. Five members were elected to the Presidium, and Kim Jong-il was ranked fourth in the hierarchy of the Politburo and the Presidium. The 6th Secretariat was composed of nine members, with Kim Jong-il ranked second. The size of the Secretariat did not change from the 5th Congress, but of its nine members only Kim Il-sung was from the party's "revolutionary generation" (60% of the members of the 5th Secretariat came from that generation). Kim Il-sung and Kim Jung-rin were the only incumbents to be reelected. The elected 6th Central Military Commission (CMC) was composed of 19 members, of which Kim Jong-il ranked third (behind Kim Il-sung and O Jin-u). This marked the first time in the party's history that the CMC membership was made public. Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il became the only officials with seats in all four bodies: the Presidium, Politburo, Secretariat and CMC. While Kim Jong-il was outranked in the Presidium, Politburo and Secretariat, none of the members who outranked him had positions in other bodies (except for O Jin-ju, second-ranked member of the CMC). Below is a list of members (and their respective rankings) of the Presidium, full and candidate members of the Politburo, Secretariat and CMC:

title: Workers' Party of Korea

text:
With the death of O Jin-u on 25 February 1995, Kim Jong-il became the sole remaining living member of the Presidium (the highest body of the WPK when the Politburo and the Central Committee are not in session). While no member list of the WPK Central Military Commission (CMC, the highest party organ on military affairs) was published from 1993 to 2010, there were clear signs of movement in the military hierarchy during 1995. For the WPK's 50th anniversary, Kim Jong-il initiated a reshuffling of the CMC (and the military leadership in general) to appease the old guard and younger officials. He did not reshuffle the WPK Central Committee or the government, however, and during the 1990s the changes to its membership were caused mostly by its members dying of natural causes. Beginning in 1995, Kim Jong-il favored the military over the WPK and the state. Problems began to mount as an economic crisis, coupled with a famine in which at least half a million people died, weakened his control of the country. Instead of recommending structural reforms Kim began to criticize the WPK's lack of control over the economy, lambasting its local and provincial branches for their inability to implement central-level instructions. At a speech celebrating the 50th anniversary of Kim Il-sung University, he said: "The reason why people are loyal to the instructions of the Central Committee is not because of party organizations and workers, but because of my authority." Kim Jong-il said that his father had told him to avoid economics, claiming that it was better left to experts. After this speech, the WPK's responsibility to control the economy was given to the Administrative Council (the central government). By late 1996 Kim Jong-il concluded that neither the WPK nor the central government could run the country, and began shifting control to the military.
On 8 July 1997, the three-year mourning period for Kim Il-sung ended. Later that year, on 8 October, Kim Jong-il was appointed to the newly established office of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea. There was considerable discussion by foreign experts of why Kim Jong-il was appointed General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, instead of succeeding his father as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. In a clear breach of the WPK charter, Kim Jong-il was appointed WPK General Secretary in a joint announcement by the 6th Central Committee and the CMC rather than elected by a plenum of the Central Committee. Although it was believed that Kim Jong-il would call a congress shortly after his appointment (to elect a new WPK leadership), he did not. The WPK would not be revitalized organizationally until the 3rd Conference in 2010. Until then, Kim Jong-il ruled as an autocrat; only in WPK institutions considered important were new members and leaders appointed to take the place of dying officials. The 10th Supreme People's Assembly convened on 5 September 1998, amended the North Korean constitution. The amended constitution made the National Defense Commission (NDC), previously responsible for supervising the military, the highest state organ. Although the new constitution gave the cabinet and the NDC more independence from WPK officials, it did not weaken the party. Kim Jong-il remained WPK General Secretary, controlling the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD) and other institutions. While the central WPK leadership composition was not renewed at a single stroke until 2010, the WPK retained its important role as a mass organization.

title: Kim Hong-il (footballer)

text: Kim Hong-il (Hangul: 김홍일; Hanja: 金弘一; born 29 September 1987) is a South Korean footballer who currently plays for Suwon FC in K League Challenge.

title: Kim Jong-il

text: Kim's first wife, Hong Il-chon, was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They have a girl called Kim Hye-kyung,[110] who was born in 1968. Soon, they divorced in 1969.

title: Kim Pyong-il

text: Kim Pyong-il's rivalry with half-brother Kim Jong-il goes back to the 1970s. In those days, Kim Pyong-il was known as a womaniser who threw raucous parties; sometimes, attendees at these parties would shout, "Long live Kim Pyong-il!". Kim Jong-il knew that this could be portrayed as a threat to the cult of personality surrounding their father Kim Il-sung, and reported the matter; Kim Il-sung was reportedly infuriated, and thus Kim Pyong-il fell out of favour with his father while Kim Jong-il strengthened his position.

title: Changsan Revolutionary Site

text: It commemorates Kim Jong-il partaking in an effort to plant trees on Mount Chang with students of the Pyongyang Middle School No. 1 in 1957. He also helped in constructing the Wasan-dong–Ryongsong Road there in May–June 1961 when he was still a student at Kim Il-sung University. Kim Jong-il's activities at the site to "carry out the far-reaching plans of th great leader President Kim Il-song for the construction of the capital and building of Armed Forces" continued into 1962. Kim also guided military exercises of students of the Pyongyang Namsan Senior Middle School and Kim Il-sung University there many times. Taking part in these efforts were some of the first signs of Kim Jong-il rising in political profile thus readying to succeed his father Kim Il-sung as the leader of North Korea.

title: The Tale of Shim Chong (film)

text: Shin sent the negatives of "The Tale of Shim Chong" to Kim Guh-wha, a Shin Film representative in Hong Kong to add Chinese subtitles. Kim was the man whom, as Shin later discovered, had handed him over to North Korean agents in Hong Kong in 1978. The negatives went missing at some point. Shin rediscovered the negatives when he visited Kim Jong-il's film archives in Pyongyang.

title: 3rd Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: The 17th Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee decided on 3 December 1955 that the 3rd Congress would be held in April 1956, two months after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), in which de-Stalinization became the Soviet Union's official policy. Choe Yong-gon, a partisan close to Kim Il-sung, attended the 20th Congress and reported on its activities personally to Kim Il-sung when he returned. After being told of the new Soviet policy, Kim Il-sung reacted swiftly; in his first speech after the CPSU congress he told WPK members that they needed to curtail the powers of a single leader by establishing a collective leadership. Kim Il-sung went on to chastise former figures such as Pak Hon-yong and Yi Sung-yop who, he claimed, had exerted "individual heroism" and failed to follow collective leadership procedures. However, this was just talk, and no one related the discussion about collective leadership to Kim Il-sung's power concentration at the top; he held the highest party office, the WPK chairmanship, and the highest state office, as head of government. In a similar vein, Kim Il-sung did not refer to the Soviet Union's de-Stalinization policies by name and did not criticize Joseph Stalin's leadership; however, he had no problem criticizing the activities of people close to Stalin; Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Georgy Malenkov and Nikolai Bulganin for instance.


query: Who plays Tyrion Lannister in the Game of Thrones TV adaptation?

title: Peter Dinklage

text: Since shooting the pilot episode in 2009, Dinklage has portrayed Tyrion Lannister on the HBO television series Game of Thrones, for which he won three Primetime Emmys from seven consecutive nominations. He also received a Golden Globe for the role in 2012.

title: The Children (Game of Thrones)

text: In the dungeons, Tyrion Lannister awaits his execution, but Jaime appears and helps him escape. They say their farewells in an underground tunnel, but Tyrion instead uses a small hidden passage to sneak into the Tower of the Hand. He finds Shae in his father Tywin's bed. Shae, who had falsely testified against Tyrion at his trial, initially thinks this is Tywin and addresses him as 'my lion', as she had previously done for Tyrion. She then attacks him with a knife, but Tyrion manages to strangle her to death.

title: Mockingbird (Game of Thrones)

text: In the dungeons, Jaime Lannister berates Tyrion Lannister for his outburst against the people of King's Landing and ruining the deal Jaime had made with Tywin Lannister. Tyrion angrily counters they both know that deal was Tywin's plan all along, and it felt good to take that from him. Tyrion asks Jaime to be his champion, but Jaime declines due to his poor performance with his left hand. Tyrion then asks Jaime to locate Bronn, and asks whom their sister Cersei has named as champion. Her champion turns out to be Ser Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane, whom Cersei greets while he executes several prisoners. Days later, Bronn visits Tyrion and informs him that Cersei offered to wed him to Lollys Stokeworth, a highborn lady with good prospects of a rich inheritance, and admits his own fear of the Mountain's fighting prowess. He states that he will not face the Mountain on Tyrion's behalf. Though Tyrion believes himself dead already, they part as friends.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: Introduced in "A Game of Thrones" (1996) and subsequently in "A Clash of Kings" (1998) and "A Storm of Swords" (2000), Tyrion was one of a few prominent characters that were not included in "A Feast for Crows" (2005) but returned in the next novel "A Dance with Dragons" (2011). The character will also appear in the forthcoming volume "The Winds of Winter". The popularity of the character led Martin and Bantam Books to publish "The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister", an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels, in 2013.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text:
In "A Game of Thrones" (1996), Tyrion is introduced as the third and youngest child of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King, and Joanna Lannister, who dies giving birth to him. Tyrion's elder sister Cersei is the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon, and Cersei's male twin Jaime is one of the Kingsguard, the royal bodyguard. Described as an ugly ("for all the world like a gargoyle"), malformed dwarf with different colored eyes, green and black, Tyrion possesses the golden blond hair of a Lannister but has a complicated relationship with the rest of them. While he is afforded the privilege and luxuries of his family, he is treated as a "second class noble" because of his stature. Tyrion's mother Joanna died giving birth to him and Tywin and Cersei loathe him because they blame him for her death. While Tywin bears no affection for Tyrion, he nevertheless feels a sense of duty to his son, raising him in the Lannister fold and extending Tyrion a share of the family wealth. In contrast to Tywin and Cersei, Jaime has great affection for Tyrion and treats him with kindness, respect, friendship and love. Lev Grossman of "Time" wrote in 2011:
Tyrion is intelligent, witty, well-read, and shares his father's skill for business and political maneuvering. Grossman describes the character as "a bitter, cynical, high-born dwarf", calling him "Martin's Falstaff". David Orr of "The New York Times" notes Tyrion to be "a cynic, a drinker, an outcast and conspicuously the novels' most intelligent presence". As an outcast, he displays sympathy for other outcasts and the otherwise mistreated; the TV series version of the character commiserates with the illegitimate son of Ned Stark by saying "All dwarfs are bastards in their father's eyes." Still, he is usually seen for his deformities and vices, rather than his virtues and good deeds. Tom Shippey of the "Wall Street Journal" points out that other characters underestimate Tyrion: "His dwarf-status acts as a kind of protection, because—though he is probably the most intelligent character in the whole cast list—no one takes him seriously." Acknowledging that Tyrion's wit, humor and cunning are his survival mechanism, actor Dinklage told "The New York Times" that "He knows he has no skills with the sword and this is a world that is really deeply violent. Military rules. He would not be able to survive in that world, given his own strength. So he beats people to the punchline—he's entertaining."

title: List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters

text: Yoren is a recruiter of the Night's Watch. In "A Game of Thrones" Yoren travels with Tyrion Lannister from the Wall to King's Landing, and is present when Tyrion is arrested by Catelyn Stark. He then races to King's Landing to inform Eddard Stark. During Lord Eddard's execution, he finds Arya Stark and shields her from seeing her father’s death. In "A Clash of Kings" he disguises Arya as a boy recruit to smuggle her to Winterfell, but is killed by Lannister soldiers.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: Dinklage's performance was praised; "The Boston Globe" called his Tyrion one of the show's "highlights", adding that Dinklage "gives a winning performance that is charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware." Matt Roush of "TV Guide" told viewers to "rejoice in the scene-stealing bravado of Peter Dinklage as the wry 'imp' Tyrion Lannister." The "Los Angeles Times" wrote "In many ways, "Game of Thrones" belongs to Dinklage" even before, in Season 2, the "scene-stealing actor's" character became the series' most central figure. "The New York Times" noted that as beloved as the character of Tyrion is to the novels' fans, "Dinklage's sly performance has made Tyrion all the more popular." "The Huffington Post" called Tyrion the "most quotable" character on the HBO series, as well as one of the most beloved.

title: Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)

text: At the Lannister army camp, Lord Tywin Lannister and his followers discuss their recent setbacks: not only have they lost an important battle, and Jaime, to the Starks, along with his entire army, but both Baratheon brothers now also threaten them. Because his grandson's execution of Ned Stark destroyed any hope to sue for peace between the Starks and the Lannisters, Tywin orders his son Tyrion to go to King's Landing in his stead as Hand of the King in order to keep Joffrey under control. Against his father's orders, Tyrion brings the prostitute Shae with him to the capital.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: In "A Game of Thrones" (1996), Tyrion visits the Stark stronghold of Winterfell with King Robert Baratheon's entourage. While there, Tyrion tries to befriend Ned Stark's bastard son Jon Snow, and provides Ned's recently crippled son Bran with a saddle design to help him ride a horse. On the road home, Tyrion is taken prisoner by Ned's wife Catelyn, who believes he ordered the attempted murder of Bran. Taken to Catelyn's sister Lysa Arryn at the Eyrie, Tyrion demands a trial by combat and is championed by the mercenary Bronn, who wins his freedom. Using his wit and the promise of a reward, Tyrion wins over the hill tribes of the Vale while on his way to the Lannister army camp. Finally impressed with Tyrion's political instincts, his father Tywin appoints Tyrion acting Hand of the King in an attempt to control Joffrey. While at the camp, Tyrion beds a prostitute named Shae and takes her with him to the capital.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: In "A Dance with Dragons" (2011), Tyrion travels to Pentos, where he finds himself under the protection of wealthy Magister Illyrio Mopatis. There he learns that Varys and Illyrio have secretly plotted to return the Targaryens to power since the murder of the Mad King Aerys II Targaryen. On Illyrio's advice, Tyrion decides to seek out and join Aerys' surviving daughter Daenerys at Meereen and help her reclaim the Iron Throne. He eventually realizes that two of his traveling companions are not what they seem. One is Jon Connington, disgraced former Hand of the King; the other claims to be Aegon VI Targaryen, Aerys' grandson, whom Varys had spirited away and replaced with another baby that was then killed during the Lannisters' sack of King's Landing. While stopping at a trading town to rest on their way to Volantis, Tyrion visits a brothel and is recognized and captured by Jorah Mormont who believes that delivering a Lannister to Daenerys will return Jorah to her good graces. Before they can reach Meereen, they are captured by the slavers currently besieging the city. When a plague strikes the slaver's siege camps, Tyrion engineers their escape by joining a mercenary company, the Second Sons. In exchange for membership, Tyrion promises the company the wealth of the Lannister ancestral seat of Casterly Rock, his birthright since Tywin is dead and Jaime has renounced it. Tyrion quickly realizes the slavers are on the losing side, and attempts to convince the Second Sons to change their allegiance.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: As "A Game of Thrones" begins, Tyrion is a witty, hedonistic curiosity, protected by his family status but still the object of subtle derision. He is perhaps the most intelligent member of his family but is consistently underestimated and marginalized. Tyrion embraces the advantages of being a Lannister but at the same time is all too aware of its negative aspects and his own place as the embarrassment of the family. Initially he is the one Lannister remotely sympathetic to the Starks but he is soon caught in the middle of the conflict between the two Houses. Taken prisoner and put on trial for his life, "all of his skills at conniving must be brought to bear simply to stay alive". With the Starks and Lannisters fully at war, Tywin tasks Tyrion to manage affairs at King's Landing, recognizing that his son is intelligent and has inherited his skills with statecraft. In "A Clash of Kings", Tyrion relishes his new power but finds that his sincere efforts to stabilize his nephew Joffrey's rule are being undermined and thwarted by the misguided and self-serving machinations of everyone around him. He plots to nullify the counterproductive whims of Joffrey and Cersei but the "much-maligned dwarf" finds himself "teetering between order and disaster as he tries to keep the Lannisters from losing absolutely everything". Thomas M. Wagner calls it a "defining moment" when Tyrion comments that he is all that keeps chaos from overwhelming the family and population who both despise him. Roberta Johnson of "Booklist" likens Tyrion to the calculating title character of Robert Graves' "I, Claudius".

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: Seasons 1 and 2 (2011–12) follow the events of "A Game of Thrones" and "A Clash of Kings", respectively. The plot of "A Storm of Swords" was split into seasons 3 and 4 (2013–14). Both season 5 and season 6 adapt material from "A Feast for Crows" and "A Dance with Dragons", novels whose plots run concurrently and each contain different characters. Though the HBO series has alternately extended, abbreviated, conflated and diverged from the novels' plot lines, Tyrion's character and story arc have remained mostly consistent with Martin's writing.

title: The Climb (Game of Thrones)

text: Sansa Stark tries to get acquainted with Loras. Closely watching the situation, Cersei and Tyrion Lannister compare their impending marriages before Tyrion accuses his sister of trying to have him killed during the Battle of the Blackwater. Tyrion deduces that it was in fact Joffrey Baratheon who ordered Ser Mandon Moore to kill him, but Cersei tells him his life is not in danger from Joffrey now that Tywin is the Hand. Tyrion then goes to Sansa's chamber, where he reveals to her and Shae that she will be wed to him, not Loras. Elsewhere, Lord Varys finds Lord Petyr Baelish in the throne room. Baelish tells Varys that he is aware of Varys' arrangement with Ros, and that he has given her to Joffrey to kill for his pleasure. Later, Sansa watches tearfully as she sees Baelish leaving on a ship, realizing that her chances of leaving the capital have gone.

title: Blackwater (Game of Thrones)

text: Tyrion, having led his men through the tunnel, attacks the surprised Baratheon men from behind, defeating them with ease. They stop to celebrate their victory, but soon return to fighting as a larger group of Stannis's men arrive from nearby. As Tyrion fights, he is unexpectedly attacked by Ser Mandon and slashed across his face. Before Tyrion can be killed, his squire, Podrick Payne, kills Ser Mandon. Simultaneously Cersei is in the great hall with Prince Tommen sitting on the Iron Throne and comforting him as the battle rages on at the city walls. She tells him a story about “The mother lion and her little cub” lion being the banner of House Lannister symbolizing her relationship with her children and all the other banners such as stags, wolves and bears as their enemies quoting “You are a lion my son, you mustn't be afraid”. As Tyrion slips into unconsciousness, he witnesses Stannis' army being suddenly struck by a surprise assault from a cavalry force led by Tywin Lannister. Stannis is seen ordering his men to stand their ground, even when he is being dragged away to safety. Cersei, having fled to the great hall with Prince Tommen, is about to give him the poison, when she is startled by the arrival of Ser Loras Tyrell (who is dressed in the armor of Renly Baratheon), and her father, Lord Tywin Lannister, who declares that they have won the battle.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: As in "A Game of Thrones", Tyrion travels to Winterfell with the royal family, and accompanies Ned Stark's bastard son Jon Snow on his journey to the Wall. On his way back to King's Landing, Tyrion is seized by Catelyn Stark, who suspects him of having plotted to assassinate her son Bran. Taken to the Eyrie, where Catelyn's sister Lysa Arryn rules as regent, Tyrion is put to trial. Tyrion demands trial by combat, naming as his champion the sellsword Bronn, who is victorious. The two meet up with Tyrion's father Tywin, whose forces are fighting Robb Stark's army as retaliation for his capture. Tyrion is accidentally knocked unconscious as the battle begins. Tywin sends Tyrion to King's Landing to act as Hand of the King. Disobeying Tywin's orders, Tyrion takes the prostitute Shae with him.

title: William de Mowbray

text: There has been some speculation that Mowbray was the inspiration for the character of Tyrion Lannister in "Game of Thrones".

title: A Game of Thrones

text: At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran, thwarted only by his direwolf Summer. Catelyn departs for King's Landing to bring word of this to Ned. Shortly after that, Bran awakens as a paraplegic, with no memory of the cause of his fall. Upon Catelyn's arrival in King's Landing, she is brought to her childhood friend, Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish, who identifies Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, as the owner of the dagger used against Bran, and agrees to help Ned investigate the possibility of Lannister treason. During her return to Winterfell, Catelyn meets Tyrion by chance on the Kingsroad, arrests him, and takes him to her sister Lysa Arryn's stronghold in the Vale, where Tyrion demands trial by combat and regains his freedom when his champion, a mercenary named Bronn, is victorious. Tyrion recruits a force of tribesmen from the Vale as his private army with the aim of seeking revenge on Arryn for her mistreatment of him. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers led by his brutish bannerman Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane to raid Catelyn's homeland, the Riverlands.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: Tyrion Lannister, also referred to as "the Imp" or "the Halfman" and, while in exile, by the alias Hugor Hill, is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones". He is a prominent point of view character in the novels. Based on an idea that came to Martin while writing the 1981 novel "Windhaven", Tyrion has been called one of the author's finest creations and most popular characters by "The New York Times". Martin has named the character as his favorite in the series.

title: List of Game of Thrones characters

text: Tyrion Lannister (season 1–present) portrayed by Peter Dinklage. Nicknamed "The Imp" or "Halfman", Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister. He is a dwarf; and his mother died during his birth, for which his father, Tywin Lannister, blames him. While not physically powerful, Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him.

title: List of Game of Thrones characters

text: Tywin Lannister (season 1–5) portrayed by Charles Dance. Lord of Casterly Rock, Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West, Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating, ruthless, and controlling man. He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II. He is the father of Cersei, Jaime, and Tyrion. After Eddard Stark's arrest, Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more, but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks, Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey, and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey's claim to the throne; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war, and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion.

title: Blackwater (Game of Thrones)

text: The song sung by the Lannister soldiers before the battle and played over the end credits, "The Rains of Castamere", was adapted from the "A Song of Ice and Fire" novels by the series's composer Ramin Djawadi. The end credits version was performed by the American indie rock band The National, and sung by their vocalist Matt Berninger. The song also appeared in at least two earlier episodes, in which Tyrion can be heard whistling the melody.

title: A Game of Thrones (role-playing game)

text: Issue 307 of "Dragon" magazine featured D20 content related to "ASOIAF", including stats for Tyrion Lannister, Sandor Clegane and other prominent characters; adventure hooks; and a brother of the Night's Watch prestige class.

title: Gregor Clegane

text: In "A Game of Thrones", Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands in retaliation for Catelyn Stark's abduction of Tyrion. Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor, but Gregor ambushes and kills him. He and his men continue raiding the Riverlands throughout "A Clash of Kings". When Tyrion Lannister demands a trial by combat, the accuser Cersei Lannister chooses Gregor as her champion. Elia's brother Oberyn Martell is named Tyrion's champion for his own agenda to expose Gregor as a murderer. Oberyn wounds him with a poisoned spear, but the Mountain is ultimately victorious as he admits to murdering Elia and Aegon before crushing Oberyn's skull. Gregor's body is given to Qyburn for experimentation and he is reported to be dead with his head sent to Dorne as a peace offering to Doran Martell in the wake of his brother's death. But following Cersei's walk of atonement, she gains a bodyguard named Ser Robert Strong who is of similar enormous stature as Gregor, and whose body is completely covered in armor.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text:
Martin himself has singled out Tyrion as his favorite character in the series. Asked why, Martin said in a 2000 interview:
Tyrion appears first in "A Game of Thrones" (1996), and then in "A Clash of Kings" (1998) and "A Storm of Swords" (2000). He is one of a handful of "sorely missed" major characters that do not appear in 2005's "A Feast for Crows", but on his website in 2006 Martin released a sample chapter featuring Tyrion from his next novel "A Dance with Dragons". In advance of the publication of "A Dance with Dragons" in 2011, Martin confirmed Tyrion's presence in the novel and called him one of "the characters people have been waiting for". Grossman concurred, writing of "A Dance with Dragons", "Now the camera has swung back to the main characters: Jon Snow and Daenerys Targaryen and Tyrion Lannister." James Poniewozik of "Time" added that the return of these "favorite characters" gave "A Dance with Dragons" a "narrative edge" over "A Feast for Crows". In April 2012, Martin read a Tyrion chapter from his forthcoming "The Winds of Winter" at Eastercon; a second Tyrion chapter was read at Worldcon in August 2013 and later released in the official "A World of Ice and Fire" iOS application on March 20, 2014.

title: Peter Dinklage

text: Since 2011, Dinklage has portrayed Tyrion Lannister in HBO's fantasy drama Game of Thrones, an adaptation of author George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire novels.[51] Game of Thrones takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms.[52] Tyrion is a member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, and uses his status as a Lannister to mitigate the impact of the marginalization and derision he has received all of his life.[53] In May 2009, he was the first actor to be cast,[54] as showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss noted that Dinklage, whom he described as funny, smart and witty, was their first choice for the role, as the actor's "core of humanity, covered by a shell of sardonic dry wit, is pretty well in keeping with the character."[7] Unfamiliar with the source material, Dinklage was cautious in his first meeting with the producers; as a dwarf, "he wouldn't play elves or leprechauns" and was choosy about genre roles.[7] Benioff and Weiss told Dinklage that the character was "a different kind of fantasy little person," or in the actor's words, "No beard, no pointy shoes, a romantic, real human being."[7] Dinklage signed on to play Tyrion before the meeting was half over, in part because, he said, "They told me how popular he was."[7] Martin said of Dinklage's casting, "If he hadn't accepted the part, oh, boy, I don't know what we would have done."[55] The series proved to be a commercial success; it has been renewed for multiple seasons and will conclude with its eighth season in 2019.[56]

text: Tyrion Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister and serves as a third-person narrator for 47 chapters in A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings, A Storm of Swords and A Dance With Dragons. He is the narrator with the most chapters in the books.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: Tyrion is a dwarf and member of House Lannister of Casterly Rock, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional continent of Westeros. In the story, Tyrion uses his status as a Lannister to mitigate the prejudice he has received all of his life, even from his family. Knowing that no one will ever take him seriously, he soothes his inadequacies with wine, wit and self-indulgence. As the peaceful rule of King Robert Baratheon begins to decay, Tyrion sees how ill-equipped his family are to hold everything together. He first saves his own neck from the vengeful Catelyn Stark and her sister Lysa Arryn, then is sent by his father Tywin to impose order on the capital of King's Landing, as well as his nephew Joffrey, the new king, as civil war begins. Tyrion struggles to strengthen and protect the city and family who hate him and refuse to see the peril they are in; when his father returns, Tyrion becomes vulnerable to the wrath and machinations of the self-serving courtiers who surround Joffrey, including Tyrion's own scheming sister Cersei. Tyrion escapes death again but at great cost and in fleeing Westeros finds himself in even more danger and without the Lannister resources.

title: Game of Thrones

text: In King's Landing, the capital, Ned's friend King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey), who has taken her twin brother, the "Kingslayer" Ser Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), as her lover. She loathes her younger brother, the dwarf Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage), who is attended by his mistress Shae (Sibel Kekilli) and the sellsword Bronn (Jerome Flynn). Cersei's father is Lord Tywin Lannister (Charles Dance). Cersei also has two young sons: Joffrey (Jack Gleeson) and Tommen (Dean-Charles Chapman). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warrior, Sandor "the Hound" Clegane (Rory McCann).

title: Tywin Lannister

text: Introduced in "A Game of Thrones" (1996) and subsequently appeared in "A Clash of Kings" (1998) and "A Storm of Swords" (2000), Tywin Lannister is the fearsome patriarch of the House Lannister of Casterly Rock, and father to Cersei, Jaime and Tyrion Lannister. He is the Warden of the West and the lord paramount of Westerlands, the wealthiest region of the Seven Kingdoms, and was twice the Hand of the King, making him one of the most powerful political figures in Westerosi history. Tywin is a prominent antagonist to Tyrion, whom he despises since the latter's childhood for being a dwarf and causing the death of his wife Joanna during labor, and is a primary influencing factor behind Tyrion's story arc.

title: Tyrion Lannister

text: The character is portrayed by American actor Peter Dinklage in the HBO television adaptation "Game of Thrones". In 2011, Dinklage received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and later the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for his portrayal of Tyrion in the HBO series. He won the Emmy again in 2015 and 2018. Among other accolades, Dinklage has been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016.

title: Home (Game of Thrones)

text: Tyrion Lannister converses with Varys, Missandei, and Grey Worm, and learns that Astapor and Yunkai have been retaken by the Masters, leaving Meereen the only free city in Slaver's Bay. Knowing that they need the power of the dragons, Tyrion heads to the dungeons to free them. While wary at first, the dragons do not attack Tyrion and allow him to undo their shackles before retreating deeper into the dungeon.