query: When did World of Warcraft come out?

title: World of Warcraft

text: World of Warcraft (WoW) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released in 2004 by Blizzard Entertainment. It is the fourth released game set in the Warcraft fantasy universe.[3] World of Warcraft takes place within the Warcraft world of Azeroth, approximately four years after the events at the conclusion of Blizzard's previous Warcraft release, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne.[4] The game was announced in 2001, and was released for the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft franchise on November 23, 2004. Since launch, World of Warcraft has had seven major expansion packs released for it: The Burning Crusade, Wrath of the Lich King, Cataclysm, Mists of Pandaria, Warlords of Draenor, Legion, and Battle for Azeroth.

title: Races and factions of Warcraft

text: Gnomes were first introduced in "" as a supporting Alliance race. Prior to "World of Warcraft" the gnomes were driven out of their home city by a primitive race known as troggs. Refugees were taken in by the dwarven capital of Ironforge, which the two playable races share in "World of Warcraft". It was announced that prior to the release of "", the gnomes would reclaim their city of Gnomeregan, because the political turmoil in Ironforge made them feel unwelcome. However, only the surface has been reclaimed.

title: World of Warcraft

text: World of Warcraft is set in the same universe as the Warcraft series of real-time strategy games and has a similar art direction.[10] World of Warcraft contains elements from fantasy, steampunk, and science fiction: such as gryphons, dragons, and elves; steam-powered automata; zombies, werewolves, and other horror monsters; as well as time travel, spaceships, and alien worlds.

title: Races and factions of Warcraft

text: By the time of "" the Horde and the Alliance both fight against the Burning Legion and the undead Scourge, who are the primary villains of "Warcraft III" and "World of Warcraft". By the time of "World of Warcraft", the Alliance and the Horde are not engaged in all out war any longer. However, they are still hostile towards each other and skirmishes between the two sides occasionally erupt. With Garrosh Hellscream appointed as the new Warchief of the Horde in "", war has once more erupted between the two factions. This war plays a large role in the storyline of that expansion, and continues to do so in "".

title: World of Warcraft

text: The World of Warcraft launcher (referred to in press releases and the menu bar as the "Blizzard Launcher") is a program designed to act as a starting point for World of Warcraft players. It provides a way to launch World of Warcraft and starts the Blizzard updater. It was first included with the version 1.8.3 patch. The 2.1.0 patch allowed for an option to bypass the use of the launcher. Features of the launcher include news and updates for World of Warcraft players, access to World of Warcraft's support website, access to the test version of World of Warcraft when it is available to test upcoming patches, updates to Warden,[60] and updates to the updater itself. The 3.0.8 patch redesigned the launcher and added the ability to change the game settings from the launcher itself. The launcher update from patch 4.0.1 also allows people to play the game while non-crucial pieces of the game are downloaded. This requires a high-speed broadband internet connection.

title: Blizzard Entertainment

text: Having peaked at 12 million monthly subscriptions in 2010, "World of Warcraft" subscriptions sunk to 6.8 million in 2014, the lowest number since the end of 2006, prior to "" expansion. However, "World of Warcraft" is still the world's most-subscribed MMORPG, and holds the Guinness World Record for the most popular MMORPG by subscribers. In April 2008, "World of Warcraft" was estimated to hold 62 percent of the MMORPG subscription market. In 2008, Blizzard was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for the creation of "World of Warcraft". Mike Morhaime accepted the award.

title: World of Warcraft

text: World of Warcraft has inspired two board games: World of Warcraft: The Board Game (including Shadow of War and The Burning Crusade expansions)[157] and World of Warcraft: The Adventure Game,[158][159] produced by Fantasy Flight Games. There is also a trading card game,[160] and a collectible miniatures game[161] on the market, both formerly produced by Upper Deck Entertainment, now produced by Cryptozoic Entertainment. Cryptozoic released an "Archives" set which contains foil reproductions of older cards produced by Upper Deck. In August 2012, Megabloks launched a licensed line of World of Warcraft 'building block' toys based on the game scenes, scenarios and characters.[162] In March 2014, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft was released, which is a free-to-play digital card game based on the Warcraft universe, using classes similar to World of Warcraft.[163]

title: Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos

text: According to Samwise Didier, Blizzard's art director for "Warcraft III", the company, when developing the first game of the series, attempted to create a more realistic experience, based on the belief that PC gamers preferred these graphics, leading to "Warcraft: Orcs and Humans" looking like Medieval Europe. Blizzard allowed classical fantasy properties like "Dungeons & Dragons" and "The Lord of the Rings" influence "Warcraft II", adding more fantasy races such as elves, ogres and dwarves, while still keeping a more realistic design. With the establishment of a dependable fan base due to the success of the first two games, the creative team behind "Warcraft III" decided no longer to follow their artistic vision. As such, the game's visuals mark a notable departure from the previous games in the series, using bolder and more vibrant colors and pursuing a more comic book style. Didier also integrated characters he designed for "Dungeons & Dragons" into "Warcraft III", such as Uther The Lightbringer and Illidan Stormrage. The shift towards a more cartoonish looking world that started with "Warcraft III" was continued in "World of Warcraft" which deliberately used less realistic depictions to allow the game to be played on less powerful PCs, thus increasing the potential player-base. The artwork of "Warcraft III" was hugely influential on a number of other high fantasy real-time strategy games that followed it.

title: Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness

text: "PC Gamer US" named "Warcraft II" the best game of 1995. The editors called it an "easy" choice, and wrote that ""Warcraft II" stand[s] out — way out — as the most impressive, most entertaining, game of 1995". The magazine also presented "Warcraft II" with the award for 1995's "Best Multi-Player Game". The editors of "Macworld" gave the game their 1996 "Best Strategy Game" award. It also won "Computer Game Review"s 1995 "Military Sim of the Year" award, tied with "Steel Panthers". The same year, "Next Generation" listed it as number 10 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", explaining that "The strategy is complex, the classy SVGA graphics keep the player in touch with everything that's going on, and "WarCraft II" features the best use of sampled speech we've ever experienced." "Warcraft II" was a runner-up for "Computer Gaming World"s 1995 "Strategy Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to "Command & Conquer" and "Heroes of Might and Magic" (tie). The editors wrote that "Warcraft II" "will keep you glued to the computer for hours on end", and noted that it "could have won had the competition not been so strong." "MacUser" declared "Warcraft II" one of 1996's top 50 CD-ROMs. In 1996, "Computer Gaming World" declared "Warcraft II" the 28th-best computer game ever released.

title: Warcraft

text: In 2015, Blizzard released "Heroes of the Storm", their own crossover multiplayer online battle arena video game in which players can control a number of heroes from Blizzard titles, the majority of which come from the "Warcraft" universe. The game also features several mounts based on mounts or other creatures from "World of Warcraft" and a battleground based on the PvP zone Alterac Pass.

title: Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos

text: According to artist Brian Souza and senior producer Pete Stillwell, "Reforged" will change some of the game to synchronize it with what has been established by "World of Warcraft", such as changing the city layout in the iconic "The Culling" mission to fit what players experienced in "World of Warcraft". Blizzard also hired novelist Christie Golden who has written novels set in the Warcraft universe to bring parity between the events in "Warcraft III" and "World of Warcraft" including retconning some of the events of the game to fit the latter's storyline and increasing focus on characters such as Jaina Proudmoore and Sylvanas Windrunner who have become central actors in "World of Warcraft".

title: Races and factions of Warcraft

text: In "Warcraft III" and "World of Warcraft", the various goblin business cartels based out of the city of Undermine now supply both factions. Several trade princes, however, have maintained closer ties with the Horde due to clashes with the Alliance.

title: Hubert Thieblot

text: As a teenager, Thieblot was a fan of "World of Warcraft", a popular massively multiplayer online roleplaying game. His interest in the game led to him creating a website to organize and share "World of Warcraft" modifications, add-ons, and plugins to change player experience via the user interface. As traffic rose, Thieblot decided to turn his hobby into a business, dropping out of his Swiss information technology program to incorporate in 2006 as Curse, Inc. The name "Curse" derives from the name of his "World of Warcraft" guild (a collection of players), which at the time was one of the largest guilds in Europe.

title: List of esports games

text: Blizzard's MMO "World of Warcraft" added PvP features to the game after its release, and was received enthusiastically as an eSport. The game was generally phased out of MLG between 2010 and 2011, but Blizzard continues to hold the World of Warcraft Arena Global Invitational annually. The prize pool for the 2013 World of Warcraft Arena Global Invitational totaled over $180,000 and that of the 2014 World of Warcraft Arena Invitational World Championship totaled $250,000.

title: Races and factions of Warcraft

text: The Burning Legion is notorious for its conquering and eventual destruction of entire worlds. Their task is to undo all the works of the titans and to destroy all life in to all corners of the universe. So far the Burning Legion has committed two major attacks on Azeroth: the first in antiquity (as described in "World of Warcraft" as the War of the Ancients) and the second when the Undead Scourge summoned Archimonde in "Warcraft III". In the expansion "Legion", the Legion makes another major attack on Azeroth. The Legion is responsible for starting the invasion of the orcs during "Warcraft" and "Warcraft II", but did not aid the orcs in their attacks.

title: Vollee

text: There is also a video of Vollee client playing World of Warcraft at this website http://kotaku.com/5228209/warcraft-on-an-iphone-but-is-it-coming-to-yours

title: World of Warcraft

text: When players create World of Warcraft accounts, they are asked to choose a username and password. Afterward, whenever they play World of Warcraft, they are asked to supply the same username and password in full. This is also the case when using account management facilities online. This type of authentication is vulnerable to keystroke logging. While this is not unique to World of Warcraft and is common to many MMORPGs, the game has been directly targeted with trojans being specifically crafted to capture account login details.[112] Attacks have been reported as early as May 2006 and may extend as far back as July 30, 2005.[113] The game does, however, allow players to save their account name to the program to allow the player to only have to type their password.[114]

title: Blizzard Entertainment

text: On November 23, 2004, Blizzard released "World of Warcraft", a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. "World of Warcraft" is the fourth released game set in the fantasy "Warcraft" universe, which was first introduced by "" in 1994. Blizzard announced "World of Warcraft" on September 2, 2001. The game was released on November 23, 2004, on the 10th anniversary of the "Warcraft" franchise.

title: World of Warcraft

text: As characters progress in World of Warcraft and take on some of the toughest challenges, many of the rewards received are bound to that character and cannot be traded, generating a market for the trading of accounts with well-equipped characters. The highest noted World of Warcraft account trade was for £5000 (€7000, US$9,900) in early September 2007. The high price was due to the character possessing items that at the time were owned by only a handful out of the millions of active players, due to the difficulty in acquiring them. However, Blizzard banned the account five days after the purchase.[142]

title: Races and factions of Warcraft

text: By the timeframe of "World of Warcraft", the Forsaken, a faction of undead who rebelled against the Scourge, have also joined the Horde. The blood elves join the Horde early in the storyline of "World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade". Early in the storyline of "World of Warcraft: Cataclysm", Thrall steps down to deal with the , appointing Garrosh Hellscream, son of the former traitor then redeemed hero Grom Hellscream, as warchief, and the goblins of the Bilgewater Cartel join the Horde. "World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria" saw the Huojin pandaren join the Horde.

title: Bill Amend

text: Amend made a television appearance on "The Screen Savers", which aired October 20, 2003 on the former TechTV. Amend is also an avid World of Warcraft player, but refuses to reveal his character's name, although he did mention in an interview with Allakhazam (a World of Warcraft fan site) that he played on the server 'Bronzebeard' (Jason is often shown or referred to playing "World of Warquest" in the strip).

title: Make Love, Not Warcraft

text: As a reference to the episode, certain "South Park" Season 10 DVDs include a 14-day free trial for "World of Warcraft". This did not affect the UK release of this season in 2009.

title: World of Warcraft

text: To mark the release of Hearthstone, Blizzard released the Hearthsteed mount for World of Warcraft players. The mount is obtained through winning three games in Arena or Play mode.[167] Widely advertised on various World of Warcraft websites, this promotion encourages World of Warcraft players to try Hearthstone and marked the first significant crossover implemented between Blizzard games.

title: World of Warcraft (comics)

text: On December 16, 2009, WildStorm stated that the publication of the World of Warcraft comic series had been changed from monthly issues to original graphic novels to be released in 2010. The World of Warcraft Special, "World of Warcraft: Beginnings and Ends", would be the last issue released and both the original comic (planned to be renamed to "Alliance" from issue 26) and the future "Horde" title had been canceled.

title: Azeroth Choppers

text: Two teams of builders chosen by Paul Jr., advised by members of Blizzard's development team, designed and built custom motorcycles that reflected the two factions of "World of Warcraft", the Alliance and the Horde. Chris Metzen, Blizzard's Senior Vice President for Creative Development, headed "Team Alliance", and Samwise Didier, Blizzard's senior art director, headed "Team Horde". On May 29, voting opened to choose the winning design, which will be adapted as an in-game mount for "World of Warcraft", and players of the winning faction will receive the bike for free. In an interview at PAX East in Boston on April 12, Paul Jr. revealed that Blizzard gave him total control over the design, pointing out the rarity of a large company like Blizzard allowing such freedom: "When it comes right down to it, for them to let that go and let me take control and trust me, it's unheard of; nobody does that."

title: Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne

text: "The Frozen Throne's" Orc campaign lays the groundwork for "World of Warcraft" with many of the player's actions in the Orc campaign being later explored in the MMORPG. Similarly, other elements that were introduced or fleshed out in the expansion went on to become the focus in "World of Warcraft" expansions, such the Draenei and Blood Elves as well as the world of Outland in "," the fall and death of Arthas as the Lich King in "" and the Pandaren race in "". In 2017, Blizzard released an expansion to their "Hearthstone" digital collectible card game entitled "Knights of the Frozen Throne" that, among other allusions to "The Frozen Throne", contains an undead version of Rexxar the beastmaster.

title: BlizzCon

text: Playable versions of "Diablo III", "", and "" were available to test during the convention. As well, there were tournaments and competitions for the "World of Warcraft" Trading Card Game, "World of Warcraft" miniatures game, "StarCraft", "StarCraft II", "Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne", and "World of Warcraft" arena. The Zerg race was now playable in the "StarCraft II" demos.

title: Battle.net

text: "World of Warcraft" initially did not support "Battle.net", having separate accounts from "Battle.net" once until the revamp of "Battle.net" on March 20, 2009 which forced players to merge their "World of Warcraft" accounts with the new "Battle.net" accounts. The features of "Battle.net" utilized in "World of Warcraft" include allowing players to engage in cross-realm, cross-faction and cross-game chat, which allows players to talk with their friends on their Real ID friends list, from other factions, other servers as well as other games such as "" and "Diablo III". On November 11, 2009 Blizzard Entertainment made "Battle.net" a mandatory feature for "World of Warcraft" players.

title: World of Warcraft: Cataclysm

text: One of the primary features of "Cataclysm" is the redesign of the continents of Eastern Kingdoms and Kalimdor introduced with the launch of "World of Warcraft" in 2004. While the initial game design did not allow for the use of flying mounts in 'old-world' zones, those zones have been completely redesigned with flight in mind for "Cataclysm". Flight is still unavailable for Burning Crusade starting zones for the blood elves and the draenei.

title: Warcraft

text: In 2004, Blizzard Entertainment moved the series away from the real-time strategy genre and released "World of Warcraft", a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). Requiring a subscription fee to be paid to play, it also introduced regular additional content to the series in the form of patches. "World of Warcraft" gained popularity worldwide, becoming the world's largest subscription-based MMORPG in 2008. The game reached a peak 12 million subscribers worldwide in October 2010. "World of Warcraft" has had seven expansions as of 2018. During the production of "", Blizzard co-founder Frank Pearce stated that "If there's a team that's passionate about doing another "Warcraft" [real-time strategy], then that's definitely something we would consider. It's nothing that we're working on right now, we have development teams working on "", "", "Diablo III", and when those teams are all off the projects they're working on, they'll be intimately involved in the discussions about what's next".


query: What was the first film by Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil?

title: Jean Rollin

text: In 1968, Jean directed his first feature Le Viol du Vampire (The Rape of the Vampire). At the time he was still not known in the world of cinema, having only done a few short films and documentaries. The film was shot on a low budget, and consisted of two parts because it was originally intended to be another short film; the second part was later added so that it was released as a feature film.[3] The release of Le Viol caused public scandal and outrage, his strong inspiration of American serials did not attract viewers. It was released during the events of May 1968, and due to the riots, it was a rare theatrical production at the time. Rollin himself was also threatened due to this scandal,[4] because of this, he briefly decided to give up making films.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Rollin's final adult production came in 1994 when he made a brief return to direct (uncredited) and wrote the scenario for Le Parfume de Mathilde (The Scent of Mathilde). Rollin was initially required as a screenwriter for the production due to the fact that he was to replace producer Marc Dorcel's in-house auteur Michele Ricaud, who has just recently passed away. However, Rollin became co-director of the made-for-video film. Following his final time working on a sex film, Rollin later returned to his traditional works when he would go on to resume what he was best known for.[27]

title: Jean-Loup Philippe

text: In 2011, Philippe appeared in the Jean Rollin documentary "Jean Rollin, le rêveur égaré".

title: Jean-Michel Le Gal

text: Jean-Michel Le Gal is a Canadian stage, television and film actor.

title: Jean Rollin

text: The film is often referred to as being seminal to George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead. However, it has more in common with Jorge Grau's 1974 Spanish-Italian horror film Let Sleeping Corpse's Lie (also known as The Living Dead at Manchester Morgue). The film does not follow the tradition zombie method, instead, Rollin's zombies centre on madness with a strong environmentally conscious message. As he has mentioned, the zombies "have retained their consciousness" and they finally "suffer for what they are".[10] With the film as a notable success, Rollin would continue with pornographic films under a new pseudonym, Robert Xavier, while retaining the Michel Gentil credit.

title: Les Paumées du Petit Matin

text: Les Paumées du Petit Matin (also known as The Escapees and The Runaways) in a 1981 drama film directed by Jean Rollin. A drama, it maintained the fairytale and romantic qualities of Rollin's earlier films "Requiem pour un Vampire", "Fascination" and "La Nuit des Traquées", but departed from his usual horror themes.

title: Jean Rollin

text: His second feature La Vampire Nue (The Nude Vampire) was his first film in colour. It was mostly inspired by the 1916 film Judex, and also surrealism in general. Rollin wanted to do something a little more temperate than Le Viol, a traditional mystery film. Anyway, as he himself stated, it came to be the same kind of film as his first feature, it also has the same spirit. La vampire nue also became notable in that it introduced Catherine and Marie-Pierre Castel, twin sisters who frequently collaborated with Rollin during the early years of his career.

title: Jean Rollin

text: His career, spanning over fifty years, featured early short films and his achievements with his first four vampire classics Le viol du vampire (1968), La vampire nue (1970), Le frisson des vampires (1970), and Requiem pour un vampire (1971). Rollin's subsequent notable works include La rose de fer (1973), Lèvres de sang (1975), Les raisins de la mort (1978), Fascination (1979), and La morte vivante (1982).[1]

title: Jean Rollin

text: In 1981, Rollin returned with the drama film, Les paumées du petit matin (The Escapees or The Runaways). It marks a departure to the usual horror tones which his films are notable for, and here mixes drama with elements of adventure, thriller and crime, while maintaining erotic and poetic themes and remains a distinctive and unique piece of work from Rollin. The story follows two young women who are confined to mental asylum in the countryside; Michelle (Laurence Dubas), a troubled teenager, has been returned to the asylum after escaping and is forced into a straitjacket. She manages to get the attention of Marie (Christiane Coppé), a teenage girl who is who sits in the garden on a rocking chair, while staring into space and never speaks, by dropping a tin food dish from her bedroom window and the sound somehow brings Marie back to reality. They escape from the asylum and encounter a group of burlesque dancers, a bar singer and a group of women who proceed to rape Marie. Their journey ends when they become involved in crime and death. The cast includes Rollin's usual collaborators Louise Dhour, Nathalie Perrey, Brigitte Lahie and a cameo appearance from Rollin himself. Les paumées du petit matin unfortunately failed to receive a proper theatrical in 1981 which resulted in it being one of the most difficult Rollin films to find in future. It did however receive its first DVD release in 2009 in the United States courtesy of Redemption Films, with a subsequent release in the United Kingdom. Again with a limited budget an issues with the script, Rollin stated that there were many problems with the production right from the beginning; that it was "an incredible mess", filled with "clichés and platitudes of melodrama." Later reviews of the film have been quite positive; Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs would go so far as to call it a schizophrenic work in their wonderful Immoral Tales, but they would also note that "the beginning and end are pure Rollin" and "what is good in (The Escapees) is very good."[16]

title: Jean Rollin

text: Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil (3 November 1938–15 December 2010) was a French film director, actor, and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre.

title: Paul Bisciglia

text: In 1969, Bisciglia had a small role in the horror film "La vampire nue", the second feature film from director Jean Rollin. It was Bisciglia's first of several times working with Rollin. He worked with the director again in the successful films "Requiem pour un vampire", with Marie-Pierre Castel and Mireille D'Argent, "Les démoniaques", "Lèvres de sang", and the zombie classic "Les Raisins de la Mort", with Marie-Georges Pascal.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Due to the commercial failures of both La rose de fer and Lèvres de sang, Rollin again had no choice but to direct another adult sex film for financial reasons as there was no possible way to produce a feature film for the foreseeable future. Phantasmes (Once Upon a Virgin) was written and directed by Rollin for release in 1975 and was the first and only pornographic film in which he was credited under his own name because he liked what he did in the film. Rollin mentioned that the film is his "first and final attempt at a serious" adult film, wanting to create a film that didn't just "poke fun at sex". The score for Phantasmes is considered one of the films best attributes, courtesy of composer Didier William Lepauw of Lèvres de sang.[9]

title: Les deux orphelines vampires

text: Les deux orphelines vampires (The Two Orphan Vampires) is a 1997 French fantasy horror/drama film directed by Jean Rollin. The film was an adaptation of Rollin's novel of the same name. Rollin was primarily known for his vampire-themed works, but "Les deux orphelines vampires" was actually Rollin's first vampire film since 1979's "Fascination".

title: Jean Rollin

text: Immoral Tales: European Sex & Horror Movies 1956-1984 (1994) by Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs – Dedicates a chapter to Rollin Video Watchdog, Edition 31; Peter Blumenstock interviews Rollin (1995) Virgins & Vampires: Jean Rollin, Contains essays by Jean Rollin, edited by Peter Blumenstock; Includes CD soundtrack from Les Deux orphelines vampires – Limited edition of 300 copies, autographed by Jean Rollin (Crippled Publishing, 1997, ISBN3-9805820-0-0) Jean Rollin: cinéaste écrivain (2002) by Pascal Françaix (ABC Films Editions, ISBN978-2-915160-05-5)

title: Jean Rollin filmography

text: Jean Rollin (born Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil; 3 November 1938 – 15 December 2010) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and novelist. He worked on his mainstream films under his own name and on pornographic and several other films under the pseudonyms Michel Gentil or J.A. Laser. He has additionally served as an editor, assistant director, executive producer, production and film supervisor on several other projects throughout his career.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Jean Rollin was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), France, to Claude Louis René Rollin-Roth-Le Gentil, an actor and theatre director, who went by the stage name "Claude Martin", and his wife Denise (née Leffroi), an artists' model.[2] His half-brother was actor Olivier Rollin.

title: Les Misérables (1958 film)

text: Les Misérables is a 1958 French-East German-Italian film adaptation of the Victor Hugo novel released in France on 12 March 1958. Written by Michel Audiard and René Barjavel, the film was directed by Jean-Paul Le Chanois. It stars Jean Gabin as Jean Valjean.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Rollin directed the adult sex films Jeunes filles impudiques (Schoolgirl Hitchhikers), Le sourire vertical (The Vertical Smile), and Tout le monde il en a deux (Bacchanales sexuelles or Fly Me the French Way) under the pseudonym Michel Gentil as he was financially unable to come up with a budget for another mainstream feature film. However, in 1974 Rollin directed the horror adventure and self-proclaimed "Expressionist" film Les démoniaques which was inspired by the adventure classics he had enormous admiration for in his youth. The film includes Joëlle Cœur and Willy Braque whom Rollin worked with on Jeunes filles impudiques. The story follows two young women who have been involved in a shipwreck and are brutally raped and murdered by a group of rogue pirates, only to be resurrected after making love to the devil so that they can seek their revenge. Rollin had many disputes with the producers of the film during production of the project as they insisted on a low budget. He was hospitalized for two weeks following the work due to mental and physical exhaustion. Further problems would arise including the working title, Les diablesses, having to be changed as the copyright was not free of charge and with the Castel Twins being unavailable for the roles of the avenging ghosts, the parts where offered to inexperienced actresses Lieva Lone and Patricia Hermenier.[8]

title: Jean-Loup Philippe

text: Philippe began his acting career in 1956, appearing uncredited in the film "En effeuillant la marguerite", with Daniel Gélin and Brigitte Bardot. He had a larger role in his next film, "Escapade", with Louis Jourdan. Following his 1957 film, "Une manche et la belle", his acting career became somewhat erratic, with film appearances occurring every few years. After a long break, Philippe returned with the film, "L'itinéraire marin" in a small role, and his first time working with French director Jean Rollin. He starred in the 1963 film "Les bonnes causes", with award-winning actors Marina Vlady, Bourvil, and Virna Lisi. His final film of the sixties was the comedy "Les gros bras". Following another long break, Philippe starred in Jean Rollin's "Lèvres de sang", his first leading role, and a film he is best known for, for which he also served as dialogue writer. His final three films were also direct by Rollin, "Les paumées du petit matin", "Killing Car" and "La nuit des horloges". Philippe's other credits include the adult feature, "Le sexe qui parle" and "Un jour un tueur", with the award-winning actress Mylène Demongeot.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Despite his intentions to retire from directing following Perdues dans New York, his final film of the 1980s, Killing Car (working title Femme dangereuse) was produced in 1989. It is a revenge thriller and one of his most underrated and overlooked works. Initially intended to be a softcore production under the Michel Gentil pseudonym, Rollin attached his own name to the project and made it one of his most personal and self-referential of all his works. The film was shot on 16mm and in less than a week on a minimal budget of under $100,000. Australian model Tiki Tsang, originally of Brisbane, Queensland, had been residing in Paris, France for sometime when she was discovered by Rollin and offered her the role of "The Car Woman", a strange woman who steals an old Buick and proceeds to kill a number of people to seek revenge for a past tragedy. The part of "The Car Woman" was written especially for Tsang in what is the only film credit to her name. Killing Car gives nod to previous Rollin works including Tsang emerging from a grandfather clock (as did Dominique in an iconic scene from Les frisson des vampires). Max Monteillet returned as cinematographer and Philippe Brejean provided the score. Cast includes recurring collaborators Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and Jean-Loup Philippe. Following the production, Rollin was hospitalized due to exhaustion and started editing the film after his recovery. The editing process lasted two years.[26] Several problems would arise during post-production, as the film found it difficult to receive distribution, like Perdues dans New York, if it could not receive a theatrical distribution, Rollin would settle for a video or television release. The film was eventually released in 1993. It was announced that no usable print or negative of the film exists today, and all known film negatives are considered lost.

title: Le Masque de la Méduse

text: Le masque de la Méduse () is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by Jean Rollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classic "Clash of the Titans". It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.It was thought that Rollin's 2007 film "La nuit des horloges" was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe "Le masque de la Méduse". Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, "Le Viol du Vampire". The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Saga de Xam (1967), illustrated by Nicholas Devil.[34] Le temps d'un visage (1990), Jean Rollin. Éd. Saint-Germain de Prés.[35] Les deux orphelines vampires / Two Orphan Vampires Series, by Jean Rollin. Les deux orphelines vampires (1993)[36] Anissa Les Voyageuses Les Pillardes Les Incendiaires Rien n'estvrai, by Jean Rollin. Éd. Films ABC.[37] Ombres vives (1996), by Jean Rollin. Éd. Saint-Germain-des-Prés.[38] Les dialogues sans fin: précédés de quelques souvenirs sur George Bataille, Maurice Blanchot et Michel Fardoulis-Lagrange (1998), by Jean Rollin. Éd. Mirandole.[39] Cauchemar d'anniversaire (1998), by Jean Rollin. R. de Surtis.[40] Monseigneur Rat roman (1998), by Jean Rollin. Belle lettres.[41] La cabriole a disparu (1998), by Jean Rollin. Illustrated by Michel Solliec. Liv'éditions.[42] Enfer privé (1998), by Jean Rollin. Belles lettres.[43] La statue de chair (1998), by Jean Rollin. Belles lettres.[44] La promeneuse romans (1999), by Jean Rollin. Belles lettres.[45] Vies et aventures de Jean-Pierre Bouyxou (2001), by Jean Rollin. Éd. Films ABC.[46] Tuatha (2001), by Jean Rollin. Belles lettres.[47] Gargouillis glauques (2001), by Jean Rollin. R. de surtis.[48] La petite fille au cerceau (2001), by Jean Rollin. Éd. Films ABC.[49] Estelle et Edwige, les demoiselles de l'étrange (2003), by Jean Rollin.[50] Jean-Pierre Bouyxou contre la femme au masque rouge (2004), by Jean Rollin.[51] Les voleuses de foudre (2004), by Jean Rollin. Éd. Films ABC.[52] Alice et Aladin détectives de l'impossible, by Jean Rollin. Éd. Films ABC.[53] Déraison (2005), by Jean Rollin. Éd. Films ABC.[54] Bestialité (2005), by Jean Eollin.[55] La petite Ogresse (2007), by Jean Rollin.[56] MoteurCoupez!: mémoires d'un cinéaste singulier (2008), by Jean Rollin.[57] Bille de clown (2009), by Jean Rollin.[58] Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 1 (2010), by Jean Rollin.[59] Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 2 (2011), by Jean Rollin. E/dite.[60]

title: Jean Rollin

text: Rollin continued his career into the 1990s, following what was intended to be a brief return in 1994 when he directed and wrote a final pornographic film. He remained true to form for what were to be his final years of film making, and his next feature went into production in 1995; Les deux orphelines vampires (The Two Orphan Vampires) saw the return of his most recognizable work, and his first vampire film since 1975's Levres de sang. With the then recent increase in popularity of Rollin's works, and with the resurgence with the vampire genre in general, most notable with Bram Stoker's Dracula, this prompted Rollin to create a new vampire feature, quite different from Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 blockbuster, as he stated that it was "not a good film at all", and that "it just doesn't work for one second".[28] The idea of the film was based upon Rollin's novel of the same name and went into production in June 1995 for a mere ₣3,000,000, which is actually more than his prior works received. Locations for the shoot included four days in New York at the beginning, with the remaining three weeks in Paris. Cinematography was provided by Norbert Marfaing-Sintes, who previously worked with Italian director Duccio Tessari, as Max Monteillet was not available. Nathalie Perrey introduced Rollin to Marfaing-Sintes, as she had experience working with Marfaing-Sintes in many films; to show his gratitude, Rollin offered Perrey a role in Les deux orphelines vampires. The leading roles were offered to two inexperienced actresses, Alexandra Pic and Isabelle Teboul, whom Rollin choose while answering a newspaper ad they had printed. Brigitte Lahaie received a minor role in the film.[28] Following an extensive period in post-production, the film was eventually released on 9 July 1997.

title: Jean Rollin

text: Rollin received minor work following Les trottoirs de Bangkok; in 1985, he resumed his pseudonym work as Michel Gentil in a non-pornographic feature, the slapstick comedy, Ne prends pas les poulets pour des pigeons which reunited Brigitte Borghese and Gérard Landry from his previous film, and included French actor and comedian Popeck. Rollin was hired for the work and therefore his real name was not attached to the project. In 1988, he received the uncredited directorial role in the erotic sequel Emmanuelle 6, in which he also served as screenplay writer. The film suffered many flaws during production under direction from Bruno Zincone and Rollin became involved in an attempt to salvage what he could and see that production was completed for the financiers.[24]

title: Jean Rollin

text: Between 1976 and 1977, his work consisted strictly of hardcore pornographic films as there was a lack of money and producers reluctant to fund any new mainstream projects due to his previous commercial failures. Seven porn films were produced within this period under his pseudonym Michel Gentil, and one of which, Suce moi vampire (Suck Me Vampire: the hardcore version of Lèvres de sang), he credited himself as Michel Gand. His 1976 hardcore film Douces pénétraitions marked the final time the Castel Twins would appear together working for Rollin, and the final time Marie-Pierre would work with him altogether. Catherine would continue to appear in his films for several years.

title: Le Viol du Vampire

text: "Le viol du vampire" was released on Blu-ray in the US via Redemption on 29 May 2012. The Blu-ray, as well as a DVD reissue, contained the film presented uncensored in its original 1.66:1 aspect ratio from a newly remastered negative in HD. Special features included an introduction from Rollin; two short films from Rollin ("Les amours jaunes" and "Le pays loin"); an alternate version of one scene; "Fragments of Pavements Under the Sand", documentary by Daniel Gouyette featuring interviews with Rollin, Jean-Denis Bonan and Jean-Pierre Bouyxou; additional interviews with Rollin and Jean-Loup Philippe; original theatrical trailers; and a 16-page booklet with an essay by "Video Watchdog" editor Tim Lucas.

title: Franca Maï

text: In 1979, Maï made her film debut when she received the leading role in Jean Rollin's classic vampire tale "Fascination", which is considered to be one of the best films in all of Rollin's canon. In "Fascination", Maï portrayed the role of 'Elisabeth', a mysterious chambermaid who resides in a deserted château which her lesbian lover (Brigitte Lahaie), when they are encountered by a charming jewel thief (Jean-Marie Lemaire) who takes refuge in the château. What followed was three further feature films, in which she received minor roles; "Zig Zag Story", a 1983 comedy written and directed by Patrick Schulmann, Ody Roos' "Point mort" and finally in 1987, "Le moustachu", which was written and directed by Dominique Chaussois. Maï appeared in two television films; "Quatre femmes, quatre vies: Des chandails pour l'hiver" in 1981 and "Les idiots" in 1987. She had a guest role in the ORTF and Antenne 2 crime drama series "Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret". In 1988, her final appearance as an actress came when she was cast in the short film "Berceaumniaque", which was written and directed by Maï's then life companion Yoram Mevorach Oyoram.

title: Michel Roth

text: Michel Roth appeared as the first role in the television documentary "Le Festin de Noël", broadcast on France 3 on December 8, 2010.

title: Jean Rollin

text: In 1980, Rollin directed the Spanish zombie horror feature, Le lac des morts vivants (commonly known as Zombie Lake) under the pseudonym J.A. Lazer. Jésus Franco was intended to direct the film, and with an unfortunate turn of events he became unavailable. At this point, Rollin was planning to take a vacation, and on the morning he was expecting to leave, he received a phone call from the production company Eurociné asking if he would be interested directing the horror film which was due to start filming the next morning, as Franco could not be located. Rollin agreed, and arrived on set the following morning. The company could not attach Rollin's name to the project due to issues with the contact, as a Spanish name had to be credited for the film and J.A. Lazer was chosen. Le lac des morts vivants was released in 1981 and Rollin admitted that he never really cared for the film. It contains most of the elements which one would expect from a Franco film, and includes Franco's frequent collaborators such as actors Howard Vernon, Nadine Pascal, Antonio Mayans and Alain Petit, and composer Daniel White. Photography for the film was courtesey of Max Monteillet, who Rollin would later work with in several projects. Rollin himself made a cameo appearance in the film.[15]

title: Jean Rollin

text: The film includes pornographic actress Brigitte Lahaie, in her first mainstream role, as Rollin was the first French director to recognise her acting capabilities and offer her much more prominent roles in his subsequent films. Rollin stated that Les raisins de la mort was his "first traditional, almost conventional, production" which was because the film acquired solid finances with made a change and with special effects supplied by Italian experts. Claude Becognee served as director of photography which added to the film's success. Rollin would credit much of the film's success to Marie-Georges Pascal's portrayal of Elisabeth, whom he would recall delivered a very "moving" performance in the film. Les raisins de la mort was shot in the deserted mountain region of Les Cévennes.


query: When was Wimbledon Football Club formed?

title: Wimbledon F.C.

text: Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club formed in Wimbledon, south-west London, in 1889 and based at Plough Lane from 1912 to 1991. Founded as Wimbledon Old Centrals,[n 1] the club were a non-League team for most of their history. Nicknamed "the Dons" and latterly "the Wombles", they won eight Isthmian League titles, the FA Amateur Cup in 1963 and three successive Southern League championships between 1975 and 1977, and were then elected to the Football League. The team rose quickly from obscurity during the 1980s and were promoted to the then top-flight First Division in 1986, just four seasons after being in the Fourth Division.

title: List of Wimbledon F.C. seasons

text: Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club from Wimbledon, south-west London, amateur from 1889 to 1964 and professional thereafter. Founded in 1889 as Wimbledon Old Central Football Club, an amateur club playing in local league competitions, the club shortened its name to "Wimbledon" in 1905, entered the FA Amateur Cup for the first time in 1905–06 and joined the Spartan League in 1909. After going out of business a year later, Wimbledon immediately reformed and returned to local leagues in 1912, where the team stayed until the 1919–20 season when the club joined the Athenian League. Moving to the Isthmian League in 1921, Wimbledon won four league championships in six years during the 1930s and reached the FA Amateur Cup Final in 1935 before losing to Bishop Auckland after a replay. The club continued to be successful following the Second World War, again reaching the Amateur Cup Final in 1947 and finishing as runners-up in the Isthmian League in 1950 and 1952. After claiming a fourth Isthmian League crown in 1959, Wimbledon then took three successive championships from 1962 to 1964, as well as the 1963 FA Amateur Cup.

title: Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes

text: Koppel announced Wimbledon Football Club's intent to move to Milton Keynes on 2 August 2001 with a letter to the Football League chief executive David Burns requesting approval. The letter stated that Wimbledon had already signed an agreement to relocate and "subject to the necessary planning and regulatory consents being obtained" intended to be playing home games at a newly built stadium in Milton Keynes by the start of the 2003–04 season. The proposed move was opposed in most quarters: along with most of Wimbledon's fans and many football supporters generally, the League, the Football Association (the FA), Merton Council, most football writers in the national press and a 150-man Parliamentary All-Party Committee voiced disapproval. Two similar club relocations had occurred in the Scottish professional ranks during the 1990s, but the permanent relocation of an English League club to another conurbation was unprecedented. A group of Wimbledon fans decided to boycott club merchandise in protest against the plans, and launched an "alternative matchday programme for both home and away fans", "Yellow and Blue", to compete against the official publication. The League board unanimously rejected Wimbledon's proposed move on 16 August 2001, stating that any Milton Keynes club would have to earn membership by progressing through the pyramid and that "franchised football" would be "disastrous".

title: AFC Wimbledon

text: When AFC Wimbledon was formed, it affiliated to both the London and Surrey Football Associations, and entered the Premier Division of the Combined Counties League, the ninth tier of English football. The club has since been promoted six times in 13 seasons, going from the ninth tier (Combined Counties Premier) to the third (League One).

text: At the end of the 1978–79 season, 20 leading non-League clubs left the Southern League and the Northern Premier League to form the Alliance Premier League. This national non-League division started in the 1979–80 season; it was called the Football Conference from 1986 to 2015, when it became the National League. Since the 1986–87 season, the champions of this league have received promotion to the Football League, with the League's bottom club being relegated in exchange. This was expanded to the Conference champions and the winners of a promotion play-off before the 2002–03 season, with the worst two Football League clubs being relegated. The situation of the Football League "closed shop", which for nearly a century effectively barred most non-League clubs from accession, therefore no longer exists. Any club in the English football pyramid (which also includes some clubs from Wales) can potentially win enough promotions to reach the Football League or the Premier League, the separate top division formed in 1992.

title: List of Wimbledon F.C. seasons

text: These achievements prompted the switch to professional football, which occurred in 1964, concurrently with the extension of membership from the Southern Football League. Wimbledon finished second twice out of the team's first four outings in this competition, before again winning three consecutive titles from 1975 to 1977. The club won election to The Football League after these successes, and thus entered the Fourth Division for the first time in 1977–78. Wimbledon took only ten seasons as a Football League club to reach England's top flight, winning promotion to the First Division for the 1986–87 season; Wimbledon then beat League champions Liverpool 1–0 in the 1988 FA Cup Final to achieve the feat of having won both the FA Cup and its amateur equivalent (as of 2009, only one other club – Old Carthusians – has done this). Wimbledon remained in the top division until 2000, when the side was relegated. The club announced an unpopular relocation to Milton Keynes in 2001, which received permission a year later, causing the foundation of AFC Wimbledon by the majority of Wimbledon fans, who called it "the death of [their] club". The club subsequently relocated to Milton Keynes in September 2003, and rebranded itself as Milton Keynes Dons in 2004.

title: List of AFC Wimbledon seasons

text: AFC Wimbledon is an English professional association football club, currently based in Kingston upon Thames, Greater London. The club was formed on 30 May 2002 by supporters of Wimbledon Football Club, led by Kris Stewart, Marc Jones and Trevor Williams who strongly opposed the decision of an independent commission appointed by The Football Association to allow the relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes, to be subsequently renamed as Milton Keynes Dons.

title: Wimbledon F.C.

text: In 2001, after rejecting a variety of possible local sites and others further afield, the club announced its intention to move 56 miles (90km) north to Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire. The idea of Wimbledon leaving south London was deeply unpopular both with the bulk of the club's established fanbase and football supporters generally, but an independent commission appointed by the Football Association granted permission in May 2002. A group of supporters responded by forming a new club, AFC Wimbledon, to which the large majority of Wimbledon fans switched allegiance.[2][3] Wimbledon F.C. played their first match in Milton Keynes in 2003 and changed their name to Milton Keynes Dons in 2004.[1]

title: Ian Cooke (footballer)

text: Cooke joined the amateur Isthmian League club Wimbledon in 1963, and played in the club's final two amateur matches a year later. Wimbledon turned professional in 1964, and Cooke's employers, Westminster Bank, initially refused to let him sign for the club. Wimbledon eventually managed to secure Cooke's signature, and the young forward had made eight appearances by the end of the 1964–65 season. Cooke broke into the side during the following season, and scored 29 goals in 44 matches to be Wimbledon's top scorer, something he would remain for six out of the next seven seasons. Cooke later became captain of Wimbledon, and moved back into midfield during his later years as a player; taking part in Wimbledon's final season as a non-League club, Cooke's career finally ended in 1977, just before Wimbledon's election to The Football League. Cooke made the second highest number of appearances for Wimbledon, with 615; his 297 goals was also the second highest number scored for the club.

title: AFC Wimbledon

text: The club was founded by former Wimbledon F.C. supporters in 2002 after the Football Association allowed that club to relocate to Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, north of Wimbledon. Most of the Wimbledon F.C. supporters were very strongly opposed to moving the club so far away from Wimbledon, feeling that a club transplanted to a distant location would no longer represent Wimbledon or the club's legacy and traditions. Wimbledon F.C. moved in 2003 and formally changed the name of the club to Milton Keynes Dons in 2004.

title: Kjell Inge Røkke

text: Røkke, along with his business partner Bjørn Rune Gjelsten, also bought into Wimbledon Football Club in the late 1990s, becoming a joint owner of the team in 2000. The following year, with the side homeless since leaving their Plough Lane ground in 1991 and playing at Crystal Palace's Selhurst Park stadium in Croydon, southeast London, Røkke and Gjelsten, along with chairman Charles Koppel and businessman Pete Winkelman agreed to relocate the team from London to Milton Keynes, a town around 60 miles from their traditional base. The move was controversial and sparked a year of protest at matches from Wimbledon fans, determined not to let their club be 'franchised' like this. Although common in American sport, the relocation of a professional English football club had never been done before. After rejections from the Football League and The FA, the decision was eventually passed on to a three-man arbitration panel, the outcome being two to one in favour of the move. Wimbledon fans, outraged with the decision, agreed to form a new club to support, AFC Wimbledon, and declared a boycott on their former team. The following season, Wimbledon FC would go on to play in front of record low crowds, including just 664 for a League Cup game against Rotherham, before finally completing the move in September 2003. It renamed itself a year later, adopting the name Milton Keynes Dons.

title: Wimbledon F.C.

text: Wimbledon Old Central Football Club were formed in 1889, taking its name from the Old Central School on Wimbledon Common where players had been pupils. The club's first match was a 1–0 victory over Westminster, and it only took seven years for success to come to Wimbledon as the club won both the Clapham League and the Herald League in 1895–96. Wimbledon won the Clapham League again in 1900–01, as well as two minor trophies. A meeting was convened on 1 May 1905, and the decision was taken to drop "Old Central" from the club's name – the club became Wimbledon Football Club, and under its new name the club won the South London Charity Cup the same year – however, excessive debts caused the club to fold in 1910. The club was restarted a year later under the name Wimbledon Borough, though "Borough" was dropped from the team's name after barely a year. The club continued to play on Wimbledon Common and at various other locations in the Wimbledon area until 1912, when the side settled at Plough Lane. Wimbledon joined the Athenian League for 1919–20, and in the second season in its new division finished as runners-up.[4] The club then joined the Isthmian League. Winning four Isthmian League titles during the 1930s, and reaching the FA Amateur Cup final in 1934–35, Wimbledon began to prosper. The club reached another FA Amateur Cup final in 1946–47, and finished as runners-up in the league twice over the next few seasons.[4]

title: Neal Ardley

text: On 2 December 2012, Ardley managed AFC Wimbledon in their first ever meeting with MK Dons, the football club formed via his former side Wimbledon's relocation to Milton Keynes. An injury-time goal saw AFC Wimbledon lose 2–1.

title: History of football in England

text: Promisement in the lower reaches of the league during 2007–08 came from Milton Keynes Dons, who under the management of former England captain Paul Ince sealed their first honours in the shape of the Football League Trophy and League Two title - four years after their name had appeared on fixture lists following the controversial relocation of the old Wimbledon club from South London to the new town of Milton Keynes some 70 miles away. Meanwhile, fans of the old Wimbledon club had formed a new team - AFC Wimbledon - which joined the Combined Counties League in 2002 and reached the Football League nine years later.

text: Wimbledon Football Club relocated to Milton Keynes in September 2003, 16 months after receiving permission to do so from the Football Association on the basis of a two-to-one decision in favour by an FA-appointed independent commission. The move took the team from south London, where it had been based since its foundation in 1889, to Milton Keynes, a new town in Buckinghamshire, about to the northwest of the club's traditional home district Wimbledon. Hugely controversial, the move's authorisation prompted disaffected Wimbledon supporters to form AFC Wimbledon, a new club, in June 2002. The relocated team played home matches in Milton Keynes under the Wimbledon name from September 2003 until June 2004, when following the end of the 2003–04 season it renamed itself Milton Keynes Dons F.C. (MK Dons).

title: Combined Counties Football League

text: Ahead of the 1997–98 season, the league received further sponsorship and subsequently became known as the Courage Combined Counties Football League. In 2002, the league reached a membership of 24 clubs – most notably with the addition of AFC Wimbledon. The introduction of AFC Wimbledon proved invaluable for the league's other clubs. With crowds of up to 4,000 spectators for their home clubs, many clubs would break their attendance records when AFC Wimbledon visited their ground which could generate substantial matchday revenue. The club's first matches in the league also required large numbers of police to control crowds, including mounted and police and patrolling helicopters.

title: English Football League

text: Just after the end of the 2001–02 season, South London based Wimbledon were given permission to move to Milton Keynes, some 70 miles from their traditional home. A relocation on this scale was unprecedented in English football, and led to the majority of the club's fans switching their support to a new fan-formed club, AFC Wimbledon, who joined the Combined Counties League. The club's move to Milton Keynes was completed in September 2003, when they became tenants of the National Hockey Stadium until a new permanent home was completed four years later, and the club's name changed to Milton Keynes Dons in June 2004.

title: AFC Wimbledon league record by opponent

text: AFC Wimbledon is an English professional association football club, based in Kingston upon Thames, Greater London. The club was formed on 30 May 2002 by a group of supporters of Wimbledon Football Club, led by Kris Stewart, Marc Jones and Trevor Williams who strongly opposed the decision of an independent commission appointed by the FA to allow the relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes, who were subsequently reformed as Milton Keynes Dons in 2004.

title: Milton Keynes Dons F.C.

text: Having campaigned against the move, a group of disaffected Wimbledon fans reacted to this in June 2002 by forming their own non-league club, AFC Wimbledon, to which most of the original team's support defected. AFC Wimbledon entered a groundshare agreement with Kingstonian in the borough of Kingston upon Thames, adjacent to Merton. The original Wimbledon intended to move to Milton Keynes immediately but were unable to do so until a temporary home in the town meeting Football League criteria could be found. The club remained at Selhurst Park in the meantime and in June 2003 went into administration. With the move threatened and the club facing liquidation, Winkelman decided to buy it himself. He secured funding for the administrators to keep the team operating with the goal of getting it to Milton Keynes as soon as possible. The club arranged the temporary use of the National Hockey Stadium in Milton Keynes and played its first match there in September 2003. Nine months later Winkelman's Inter MK Group bought the club out of administration and announced changes to its name, badge and colours—the team was renamed Milton Keynes Dons Football Club.

title: Wimbledon RFC

text: The club played on Wimbledon Common until World War I, using the Rose & Crown in Wimbledon Village as changing rooms and clubhouse. The club then went into suspended animation when the First World War started, and was only re-formed in 1927. It was at this time that the club changed colours from broad blue and white hooped jerseys, to maroon and Cambridge blue hooped jerseys. The club's celebration of its centenary with a dinner held in February 1966, was demonstrative that it perceived itself a continuation of the original Wimbledon Hornets.

title: List of AFC Wimbledon seasons

text: The club went on to achieve 5 promotions in 9 seasons, ensuring that they were the first club to be formed in the 21st century to achieve Football League status, and making them the youngest of the 72 Football League clubs. On 30 May 2016, AFC Wimbledon achieved their 6th promotion to Football League One after victory in the 2016 Football League Two play-off Final, exactly 14 years to the day since the club's formation.

title: AFC Wimbledon

text: AFC Wimbledon currently hold the record for the longest unbeaten run of league matches in English senior football, having played 78 consecutive league games without a defeat between February 2003 and December 2004. They are the first club formed in the 21st century to make it into the Football League.

text: Wimbledon's success as a club in the top flight of English football was founded on unorthodox financial management and judicious dealings in the transfer market. Rumours of a move or a merger with another London side persisted, leading the club's chief executive Colin Hutchinson to resign in 1987 amid talk of an amalgamation with Ron Noades's new club Crystal Palace or a groundshare at Queens Park Rangers' Loftus Road ground in Shepherd's Bush. Wimbledon were granted planning permission to build a 20,000-seater ground in their home borough of Merton in 1988, soon after they won the FA Cup, but the site was instead made into a car park by a newly elected Labour council in 1990. Wimbledon's desire to move was made a necessity a year later, when the Taylor Report, which ordered the extensive redevelopment of football grounds, was released.

title: Wimbledon RFC

text: Wimbledon Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team from Wimbledon, London. The club was a founding member of the Rugby Football Union and were at that time known as the Wimbledon Hornets. The first team currently play in London & South East Premier following their relegation from National League 2 South at the end of the 2017-18 season.

title: AFC Wimbledon league record by opponent

text: The club went on to achieve 5 promotions in 9 years, ensuring that they were the first club to be formed in the 21st century to make it into the Football League and making them the youngest of the 72 Football League clubs by some distance. On 30 May 2016, AFC Wimbledon achieved their 6th promotion to Football League One after victory in the 2016 Football League Two play-off Final, exactly 14 years to the day since the club's formation.

title: AFC Wimbledon

text: As part of WISA's campaign to try and reclaim the history of Wimbledon Football Club, the Wimbledon Old Players Association (WOPA) was formed in 2005. Membership of WOPA is open to all former Wimbledon F.C. and AFC Wimbledon players and managers. Among the sixty founding members were Glenn Mulcaire, who scored AFC Wimbledon's first ever goal in 2002 and Kevin Cooper, who remains the club's all-time highest goal scorer with 107 goals between August 2002 and May 2004, as well as retaining the title for the most goals scored in a season with 66 during 2003–04. Others that joined included some of the legends of the old Wimbledon F.C. such as John Fashanu, Dave Beasant, Efan Ekoku, Neil Sullivan, Dave Bassett, Wally Downes, Marcus Gayle, Neal Ardley, Alan Kimble, Andy Thorn, Roger Joseph, Dickie Guy, Allen Batsford, Roger Connell, Ian Cooke, Roy Law and Steve Galliers. On 16 July 2006, WOPA fielded a team in the Masters Football Tournament at Wembley Arena, with AFC Wimbledon's backing. The team included Carlton Fairweather, Scott Fitzgerald, Marcus Gayle, and Dean Holdsworth.

text: The location of the history and legacy of Wimbledon F.C., as well as the honours won by the club, was disputed for four years after the independent commission's approval of the move on 28 May 2002. In the view of AFC Wimbledon and that club's supporters, the "identity of a football club is implicitly bound up in its community". The club regards itself as Wimbledon F.C.'s spiritual continuation to this day, holding that the community maintaining and backing AFC Wimbledon is the same one which originally formed Wimbledon Old Centrals (later Wimbledon F.C.) in 1889, "and kept Wimbledon Football Club alive until May 2002".

title: AFC Wimbledon

text: In 2010–11 AFC Wimbledon finished as runners-up of the Conference Premier, qualifying for the play-offs. The Dons faced fifth placed Fleetwood Town in the play-off semi-finals, whom they went on to thrash 8–1 on aggregate. This aggregate scoreline set a record as the largest winning margin recorded since the Conference Premier first introduced the play-off system at the beginning of the 2002–03 season. In the play-off final at the City of Manchester Stadium on 21 May 2011, in front of a crowd of 18,195, AFC Wimbledon beat Luton Town 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out, after the match had ended 0–0 in extra time. The victory resulted in promotion to the Football League for the first time and represented the club's fifth promotion in nine years. The club's achievement of attaining League status after just nine seasons of existence is considered to be one of the fastest ascents for a new club since automatic promotion to the Football League first commenced in the 1980s. AFC Wimbledon also hold the record of being the first club to be formed in the 21st century to make it into the Football League, making them the youngest club in the Football League by some distance.

title: London South Africa RFC

text: Smith's initial plan was to purchase a National League 1 club, rename the club, relocate them to London and earn their way to promotion to the English Premiership. Eventually such a move failed so Smith moved lower down the divisions and started discussions with Wimbledon RFC to purchase the club and take over their position in London 2 South in 2004. However, in light of Smith's publicised plans and a rival operation called London Tribes RFC planning a similar move, Wimbledon rejected the offer and the Rugby Football Union also prohibited the attempt. As such, London South Africa were formed as a new club and made an application to join the Surrey Rugby Football Union. Their application was successful and they started playing in the bottom tier of English rugby. They initially started playing in Wimbledon but moved to Imber Court in Esher, Surrey.

title: Wimbledon, London

text: As soon as The Football Association approved this move in May 2002, former Wimbledon F.C. supporters founded their own replacement club, the semi-professional AFC Wimbledon, and the club's support overwhelmingly shifted to the new team, who in their second and third seasons of existence earned successive promotions to the First then Premier Divisions of the Isthmian League. The club also won the Combined Counties League Premier Challenge Cup in 2004 and the Surrey Senior Cup in 2005 to complete consecutive league and cup doubles, in one of which finishing the season unbeaten in the league. Another great achievement by the Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association (WISA) saw the return of the Patrimony of Wimbledon F.C. in 2007 to the care of Merton Council There is now a permanent display in Morden Library. In 2008 and 2009, AFC Wimbledon earned two more promotions, via the Conference South into the Conference Premier. On 21 May 2011, promotion to the football league was achieved when AFC Wimbledon won their Conference Premier play-off against Luton Town on penalty kicks (after a goalless draw and extra time) at City of Manchester Stadium This put Wimbledon back into English Football League, a remarkable achievement in such a short time. AFC Wimbledon were promoted again to League One now in the division above the franchise club in Milton Keynes (formerly Wimbledon F.C.).


query: What is a qubit?

title: Qubit

text: In quantum computing, a qubit(/ˈkjuːbɪt/)or quantum bit(sometimes qbit) is the basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classical binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include: the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two states can be taken to be the vertical polarization and the horizontal polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superpositionof both states/levels simultaneously, a property which is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.

title: Entanglement-assisted stabilizer formalism

text:
Now we perform a "Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization" with respect to the symplectic product.
Add row one to any other row that has one as the leftmost entry in its formula_56
matrix. Add row two to any other row that has one as the leftmost entry in its
formula_57 matrix. For our example, we add row one to row four and we add row two to
rows three and four. The matrix becomes
The first two rows are now symplectically orthogonal to all other rows per the
fundamental theorem of symplectic geometry.
We proceed with the same algorithm on the next two rows. The next two rows are
symplectically orthogonal to each other so we can deal with them individually.
Perform a Hadamard on qubit two. The matrix becomes
Perform a CNOT from qubit two to qubit three and from qubit two to qubit
four. The matrix becomes
Perform a phase gate on qubit two:
Perform a Hadamard on qubit three followed by a CNOT from qubit two to qubit
three:
Add row three to row four and perform a Hadamard on qubit two:
Perform a Hadamard on qubit four followed by a CNOT from qubit three to qubit
four. End by performing a Hadamard on qubit three:
The above matrix now corresponds to the canonical Pauli operators. Adding one half of an ebit to the receiver's side
gives the canonical stabilizer whose
simultaneous +1-eigenstate is the above state.
The above operations in reverse order
take the canonical stabilizer to the encoded
stabilizer.

title: Flux qubit

text: The flux qubit is distinguished from other types of superconducting qubit such as the charge qubit or phase qubit by the coupling energy and charging energy of its junctions. In the charge qubit regime the charging energy of the junctions dominates the coupling energy, while in a flux qubit the situation is reversed and the coupling energy dominates. Typically in a flux qubit the coupling energy is 10-100 times greater than the charging energy. It is this ratio that allows the Cooper pairs to flow continuously around the loop, rather than tunnel discretely across the junctions as in a charge qubit.

title: Decoherence-free subspaces

text: This shows that information has been encoded into a "subspace" of the two-qubit Hilbert space. Another way of encoding the same information is to encode "only" one of the qubits of the two qubits. Suppose the first qubit is encoded, then the state of the second qubit is completely arbitrary since:

title: Quantum teleportation

text: The prerequisites for quantum teleportation are a qubit that is to be teleported, a conventional communication channel capable of transmitting two classical bits (i.e., one of four states), and means of generating an entangled EPR pair of qubits, transporting each of these to two different locations, A and B, performing a Bell measurement on one of the EPR pair qubits, and manipulating the quantum state of the other pair. The protocol is then as follows:It is worth to notice that the above protocol assumes that the qubits are individually addressable, that means the qubits are distinguishable and physically labeled. However, there can be situations where two identical qubits are indistinguishable due to the spatial overlap of their wave functions. Under this condition, the qubits cannot be individually controlled or measured. Nevertheless, a teleportation protocol analogous to that described above can still be (conditionally) implemented by exploiting two independently-prepared qubits, with no need of an initial EPR pair. This can be made by addressing the internal degrees of freedom of the qubits (e.g., spins or polarizations) by spatially localized measurements performed in separated regions A and B shared by the wave functions of the two indistinguishable qubits.

title: Algorithmic cooling

text:
The algorithm can be written using quantum operations on qubits, as opposed to the classical treatment. In particular, the C-NOT and C-SWAP steps can be replaced by a single unitary quantum operator that operates on the 3 qubits. Although this operation changes qubits formula_50 in a different manner than the two classical steps, it yields the same final bias for qubit formula_51. The operator formula_107 can be uniquely defined by its action on the computational basis of the Hilbert space of 3 qubits:
In matrix form, this operator is the identity matrix of size 8, except that the 4th and 5th rows are swapped. The result of this operation can be obtained by writing the product state of the 3 qubits, formula_116, and applying formula_107 on it. Afterwards, the bias of qubit formula_51 can be calculated by projecting its state on the state formula_1 (without projecting qubits formula_50) and taking the trace of the result (see density matrix measurement):

title: Algorithmic cooling

text: The number of rounds is not bounded: since the biases of the reset qubits asymptotically reach the bias of the bath after each round, the bias of the target computational qubit asymptotically reaches its limit as the algorithm proceeds. The target qubit is the computational qubit that the algorithm aims to cool the most. The "cooling limit" (the maximum bias the target qubit can reach) depends on the bias of the bath and the number of qubits of each kind in the system. If the number of the computational qubits (excluding the target one) is formula_170 and the number of reset qubits is formula_171, then the cooling limit is formula_172. In the case where formula_173, the maximal polarization that can be obtained is proportional to formula_174. Otherwise, the maximal bias reaches arbitrarily close to formula_175. The number of rounds required in order to reach a certain bias depends on the desired bias, the bias of the bath and the number of qubits, and moreover varies between different versions of the algorithm.

title: Quantum teleportation

text: Quantum circuit for a single qubit quantum teleportation is demonstrated using Q-Kit, a quantum circuit simulator with graphical interface. Alice's state in qubit 2 is transferred to Bob's qubit 0 using a priorly entangled pair of qubits between Alice and Bob, qubits 1 and 0.

title: Phase qubit

text: In quantum computing, and more specifically in superconducting quantum computing, the phase qubit is a superconducting device based on the superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) Josephson junction, designed to operate as a quantum bit, or qubit. The phase qubit is closely related, yet distinct from, the flux qubit and the charge qubit, which are also quantum bits implemented by superconducting devices.

title: Qubit

text: An important distinguishing feature between qubits and classical bits is that multiple qubits can exhibit quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement is a nonlocal property of two or more qubits that allows a set of qubits to express higher correlation than is possible in classical systems.

title: Controlled NOT gate

text: The CNOT gate operates on a quantum register consisting of 2 qubits. The CNOT gate flips the second qubit (the target qubit) if and only if the first qubit (the control qubit) is formula_1.

title: Qubit

text: A number of qubits taken together is a qubit register. Quantum computers perform calculations by manipulating qubits within a register. A qubyte (quantum byte) is a collection of eight qubits.[6]

title: Physical and logical qubits

text: , most technologies used to implement qubits face issues of stability, decoherence, fault tolerance and scalability. Because of this, many physical qubits are needed for the purposes of error-correction to produce an entity which behaves logically as a single qubit would in a quantum circuit or algorithm; this is the subject of quantum error correction. Thus, contemporary logical qubits typically consist of many physical qubits to provide stability, error-correction and fault tolerance needed to perform useful computations.

title: Stabilizer code

text:
An example of a stabilizer code is the five qubit
formula_137 stabilizer code. It encodes formula_138 logical qubit
into formula_139 physical qubits and protects against an arbitrary single-qubit
error. It has code distance formula_140. Its stabilizer consists of formula_141 Pauli operators:
The above operators commute. Therefore, the codespace is the simultaneous
+1-eigenspace of the above operators. Suppose a single-qubit error occurs on
the encoded quantum register. A single-qubit error is in the set formula_143 where formula_144 denotes a Pauli error on qubit formula_145.
It is straightforward to verify that any arbitrary single-qubit error has a
unique syndrome. The receiver corrects any single-qubit error by identifying
the syndrome and applying a corrective operation.

title: Algorithmic cooling

text: The goal of this step is to reversibly redistribute the entropy of all qubits, such that the biases of the qubits are in descending (or non-ascending) order. The operation is done reversibly in order to prevent the entropy of the entire system from increasing (as it cannot decrease in a closed system, see entropy). In terms of temperature, this step rearranges the qubits in ascending order of temperature, so that the reset qubits are the hottest. In the example of the three qubits formula_49, this means that after the compression is done, the bias of qubit formula_51 is the highest and the bias of formula_63 is the lowest. In addition, the compression is used for the cooling of the computational qubits.

title: Quantum decoherence

text:
Since the off-diagonal elements—the coherence terms—decay for increasing formula_106, then the density matrices for the various qubits of the system will be indistinguishable. This means that no measurement can distinguish between the qubits, thus creating decoherence between the various qubit states. In particular, this dephasing process causes the qubits to collapse onto the formula_107 axis.
This is why this type of decoherence process is called collective dephasing, because the "mutual" phases between "all" qubits of the "N"-qubit system are destroyed.

title: Quantum cryptography

text: Unlike quantum key distribution, quantum coin flipping is a protocol that is used between two participants who do not trust each other. The participants communicate via a quantum channel and exchange information through the transmission of qubits. For example, the sender, Alice, will determine a random basis and sequence of qubits and then transmit them to Bob. Bob then detects and records the qubits. Once Bob has recorded the qubits sent by Alice, he makes a guess to Alice on what basis she chose. Alice reports whether he won or lost to Bob and then sends Bob her entire original qubit sequence. Since the two parties do not trust each other, cheating is likely to occur at any step in the process.

title: Quantum complex network

text: Entanglement swapping is a frequent strategy used in quantum networks that allows the connections in the network to change. Lets us suppose that we have 4 qubits, A B C and D, C and D belong to the same station, while A and C belong to two different stations. Qubit A is entangled with qubit C and qubit B is entangled with qubit D. By performing a bell measurement in qubits A and B, not only the qubits A and B will be entangled but it is also possible to create an entanglement state between qubit C and qubit D, despite the fact that there was never an interactions between them. Following this process the entanglement between qubits A and C, and qubits B and D will be lost. This strategy can be use to shape the connection on the network.

title: Optical cluster state

text: Logical operations in MQC come about from the byproduct operators that occur during quantum teleportation. For example, given a single qubit state formula_28, one can connect this qubit to a plus state (formula_7) via a two-qubit controlled-Z operation. Then, upon measuring the first qubit (the original formula_28) in the Pauli-X basis, the original state of the first qubit is teleported to the second qubit with a measurement outcome dependent extra rotation, which one can see from the partial inner product of the measurement acting on the two-qubit state:

title: Superconducting quantum computing

text:
One popular gating mechanism includes two qubits and a bus, all tuned to different energy level separations. Applying microwave excitation to the first qubit, with a frequency resonant with the second qubit, causes a formula_21 rotation of the second qubit. The rotation direction depends on the state of the first qubit, allowing a controlled phase gate construction.
More formally, following the notation of, the drive Hamiltonian describing the system excited through the first qubit driving line is

title: Superconducting quantum computing

text: Coupling qubits is essential for implementing 2-qubit gates. Coupling two qubits may be achieved by connecting them to an intermediate electrical coupling circuit. The circuit might be a fixed element, such as a capacitor, or controllable, such as a DC-SQUID. In the first case, decoupling the qubits (during the time the gate is off) is achieved by tuning the qubits out of resonance one from another, i.e. making the energy gaps between their computational states different. This approach is inherently limited to allow nearest-neighbor coupling only, as a physical electrical circuit is to be lay out in between the connected qubits. Notably, D-Wave Systems' nearest-neighbor coupling achieves a highly connected unit cell of 8 qubits in the Chimera graph configuration. Generally, quantum algorithms require coupling between arbitrary qubits, therefore the connectivity limitation is likely to require multiple swap operations, limiting the length of the possible quantum computation before the processor decoherence.

title: D-Wave Two

text: D-Wave Two boasts a CPU of about 512 qubits—an improvement over the D-Wave One series' CPUs of about 128 qubits The number of qubits can vary from chip to chip, due to variations in manufacturing. The increase in qubit count for the D-Wave Two was accomplished by tiling qubit pattern of the D-Wave One. This pattern, named "chimera" by D-Wave Systems, has a limited connectivity such that a given qubit can only interact with at most six other qubits. As with the D-Wave One, this restricted connectivity greatly limits the optimization problems that can be approached with the hardware.

title: Qubit

text: Quantum logic gates, building blocks for a quantum circuit in a quantum computer, operate on one, two, or three qubits: mathematically, the qubits undergo a (reversible) unitary transformation under the quantum gate. For a single qubit, unitary transformations correspond to rotations of the qubit (unit) vector on the Bloch sphere to specific superpositions. For two qubits, the Controlled NOT gate can be used to entangle or disentangle them. Standard basis measurement is an irreversible operation in which information is gained about the state of a single qubit (and coherence is lost). The result of the measurement will be either | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } (with probability | α | 2 {\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}} ) or | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } (with probability | β | 2 {\displaystyle |\beta |^{2}} ). Measurement of the state of the qubit alters the magnitudes of α and β. For instance, if the result of the measurement is | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } , α is changed to 0 and β is changed to the phase factor e i ϕ {\displaystyle e^{i\phi }} no longer experimentally accessible. When a qubit is measured, the superposition state collapses to a basis state (up to a phase) and the relative phase is rendered inaccessible (i.e., coherence is lost). Note that a measurement of a qubit state that is entangled with another quantum system transforms the qubit state, a pure state, into a mixed state (an incoherent mixture of pure states) as the relative phase of the qubit state is rendered inaccessible.

title: Qubit

text: Imagine that these two entangled qubits are separated, with one each given to Alice and Bob. Alice makes a measurement of her qubit, obtaining—with equal probabilities—either | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } or | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } , i.e., she can not tell if her qubit has value “0” or “1”. Because of the qubits' entanglement, Bob must now get exactly the same measurement as Alice. For example, if she measures a | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } , Bob must measure the same, as | 00 ⟩ {\displaystyle |00\rangle } is the only state where Alice's qubit is a | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } . In short, for these two entangled qubits, whatever Alice measures, so would Bob, with perfect correlation, in any basis, however far apart they may be and even though both can not tell if their qubit has value “0” or “1” — a most surprising circumstance that can not be explained by classical physics.

title: Shor's algorithm

text: The quantum circuits used for this algorithm are custom designed for each choice of formula_1 and each choice of the random formula_38 used in formula_57. Given formula_58, find formula_59 such that formula_60, which implies that formula_61. The input and output qubit registers need to hold superpositions of values from formula_62 to formula_63, and so have formula_48 qubits each. Using what might appear to be twice as many qubits as necessary guarantees that there are at least formula_1 different values of formula_66 that produce the same formula_67, even as the period formula_53 approaches formula_69.

title: Algorithmic cooling

text: The irreversible case is an extension of the reversible case: it uses the reversible algorithm as a subroutine. The irreversible algorithm contains another procedure called "Refresh" and extends the reversible one by using a heat bath. This allows for cooling certain qubits (called "reset qubits") without affecting the others, which results in an overall cooling of all the qubits as a system. The cooled reset qubits are used for cooling the rest (called "computational qubits") by applying a compression on them which is similar to the basic compression subroutine from the reversible case. The "insulation" of the computational qubits from the heat bath is a theoretical idealization that does not always hold when implementing the algorithm. However, with a proper choice of the physical implementation of each type of qubit, this assumption fairly holds.

text:
We perform the above operations for our example. Perform a Hadamard on qubits
two and three. The matrix becomes
Perform a CNOT from qubit one to qubit two and from qubit one to qubit three.
The matrix becomes
The first row is complete. We now proceed to clear the entries in the second
row. Perform a Hadamard on qubits one and four. The matrix becomes
Perform a CNOT from qubit one to qubit two and from qubit one to qubit four.
The matrix becomes
The first two rows are now complete. They need one ebit to compensate for
their anticommutativity or their nonorthogonality with respect to the
symplectic product.

title: Qubit

text: Controlled gates act on 2 or more qubits, where one or more qubits act as a control for some specified operation. In particular, the controlled NOT gate (or CNOT or cX) acts on 2 qubits, and performs the NOT operation on the second qubit only when the first qubit is | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } , and otherwise leaves it unchanged. With respect to the unentangled product basis { | 00 ⟩ {\displaystyle \{|00\rangle } , | 01 ⟩ {\displaystyle |01\rangle } , | 10 ⟩ {\displaystyle |10\rangle } , | 11 ⟩ } {\displaystyle |11\rangle \}} , it maps the basis states as follows:

title: Quantum error correction

text: Let formula_7 be the quantum state to be transmitted. With no error correcting protocol in place, the transmitted state will be correctly transmitted with probability formula_8. We can however improve on this number by "encoding" the state into a greater number of qubits, in such a way that errors in the corresponding "logical qubits" can be detected and corrected. In the case of the simple three-qubit repetition code, the encoding consists in the mappings formula_9 and formula_10. The input state formula_1 is encoded into the state formula_12. This mapping can be realized for example using two CNOT gates, entangling the system with two ancillary qubits initialized in the state formula_13. The encoded state formula_14 is what is now passed through the noisy channel.

title: Algorithmic cooling

text: The algorithm operates on an array of equally (and independently) biased qubits. After the algorithm transfers heat (and entropy) from some qubits to the others, the resulting qubits are rearranged in increasing order of bias. Then this array is divided into two sub-arrays: "cold" qubits (with bias exceeding a certain threshold chosen by the user) and "hot" qubits (with bias lower than that threshold). Only the "cold" qubits are used for further quantum computation. The basic procedure is called "Basic Compression Subroutine" or "3 Bit Compression".

title: Lateral computing

text: In a quantum computer, the fundamental unit of information (called a quantum bit or qubit), is not binary but rather more quaternary in nature. This qubit property arises as a direct consequence of its adherence to the laws of quantum mechanics, which differ radically from the laws of classical physics. A qubit can exist not only in a state corresponding to the logical state 0 or 1 as in a classical bit, but also in states corresponding to a blend or quantum superposition of these classical states. In other words, a qubit can exist as a zero, a one, or simultaneously as both 0 and 1, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability for each state. A quantum computer manipulates qubits by executing a series of quantum gates, each a unitary transformation acting on a single qubit or pair of qubits. In applying these gates in succession, a quantum computer can perform a complicated unitary transformation to a set of qubits in some initial state.