query: Who wrote the Zelda theme song?

title: Koji Kondo

text: Koji Kondo(近藤 浩治,Kondō Kōji, born August 13, 1961) is a Japanese music composer, pianist, and sound director who works for the video game company Nintendo. He is best known for his involvement in numerous contributions in the Mario and The Legend of Zelda series of video games, among others produced by the company. Kondo was originally hired by Nintendo in 1984, becoming the first person hired by them to specialize in musical composition for games. Shortly after, Kondo was assigned as the sound designer on the 1985 game Super Mario Bros. His sound design for the game, more specifically the musical theme for the overworld, have often been cited as among the most memorable in video games.

title: The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages

text: Reviews of the audio were mixed. Reviewers noted that the sound was hampered by the poor quality of the Game Boy Color's speakers, although it fared favorably compared with other games for the system. The selection of songs was praised for complementing familiar "Zelda" songs and sounds with new music. The "Zelda" theme and the traditional sound effect played upon solving a puzzle were considered welcome additions, but other sound effects were criticized as simplistic "beeps".

title: Where We Land

text: The songs he wrote were inspired by his family and friends. A few of the songs explored the themes of love and fulfilment. "Not Just for the Weekend" was a song he wrote after the birth of his second son, Jagger. The song "Beautiful" is a love song written to his wife Eileen. Other songs in the album explored much darker themes. "Blew It All Away" is a heartfelt song about the suicide of a friend, which happened shortly after another friend died from cancer. Another song, "Alone" was inspired from a friend who was struggling after his father's death. "Shine Like the Sun" is about a friend in Ireland who was experiencing a rough relationship.

title: The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past

text: The score to "A Link to the Past" was composed, arranged, and produced by Koji Kondo. The overworld theme of "The Legend of Zelda" ("Hyrule Overture") returns in "A Link to the Past", redone in S-SMP style. The theme is also featured in "Light World Overworld" and in "End Credits". "A Link to the Past" helped to establish the musical core of the "Zelda" series. While the first game originated the "Hyrule Overture", many recurring motifs of the "Zelda" scores come from "A Link to the Past", including "Zelda's Lullaby" (Princess Zelda's Theme), "Ganondorf's Theme", "Hyrule Castle" (Royal Family Theme), "Kakariko Village" and "Select Screen/Fairy Cave". These themes have been used in subsequent "The Legend of Zelda" games. A soundtrack to "Kamigami no Triforce", entitled "The Legend of Zelda: Sound and Drama", was released by Sony Records in Japan on June 22, 1994. The first disc is 44 minutes long and features rearranged versions of a selection of the game's themes, along with a bonus drama track. The second disc features 54 minutes of the original arrangements for the game and those of the original NES game, "The Legend of Zelda".

title: The Smoggies

text: The main title theme was written by Joe Raposo, who also wrote themes for "Sesame Street", "Shining Time Station", "Three's Company", and "The Electric Company". This song was also composed by Judy Henderson, who also wrote themes for "Arthur", "Mona the Vampire", and "Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat".

title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" spawned a solitary , many prequels and spin-offs and is one of Nintendo's most popular series. It established important characters and environments of the "Zelda" universe, including Link, Princess Zelda, Ganon, Impa, and the Triforce as the power that binds Hyrule together. The overworld theme and distinctive "secret found" jingle have appeared in nearly every subsequent "Zelda" game. The theme has also appeared in various other games featuring references to the "Zelda" series.

title: The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword

text: The script for cinematic scenes was written by Naoki Mori, who joined the project for one and a quarter years in his role: the cinematic director was Shigeki Yoshida, who was brought on at the same time as and worked on the storyboards with Mori. The initial script was proposed by Fujibayashi based on his perception of the game's structure. As the game's theme was the use of the sword, and the sword most associated with the series was the Master Sword, the team decided to make it an origin story for the weapon. An early element was whether to incorporate the creation of Hyrule, while also needing to explain the creation of Skyloft: this initial stage of story development ended up being difficult as their initial story plans were full of contradictions to established series lore due to them wanting to create an origin story for the entire series. These issues were further complicated by the third year of development with the necessity of finalizing the gameplay and environments. Feigning illness, Fujibayashi shut himself away in a hotel room and wrote the synopsis in a single day. Mori wrote the dialogue based on Fujibayashi's synopsis, who needed to work out the fine details with Fujibayashi. A scene Fujibayashi was intent on including was where Zelda jumped from the edge of Skyloft and Link caught her: this was fitted in for the two characters after the end of Link's exam. The early part of the story was quite different from earlier "Zelda" games, playing out in a similar way to a school drama. Once the script was finished, it was handed to Yoshida so his team could create the cinematics. The total number of cinematics was estimated as 79, coming to over 120 minutes.

title: This Life (song)

text: Musician Dave Kushner, of Velvet Revolver, began collaborating with friend and producer Bob Thiele Jr. on the main theme song and end credit theme for the FX television series "Sons of Anarchy". Kushner originally wrote the riff with Shooter Jennings in mind before using it for the theme. Thiele then contacted Curtis Stigers to write lyrics and sing the theme, who recorded the song at Cunningham Audio Production in Boise, Idaho. Show creator Kurt Sutter also cowrote the lyrics to the song. When speaking about why he cowrote the theme for the show, Kushner stated that:

title: Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers

text: The show's opening theme was written (listed in the end credits as words & music) by Mark Mueller, an ASCAP Award-winning pop music songwriter who also wrote the popular theme song for "DuckTales" and produced by Alf Clausen. The song performed over the title credits is sung by Jeff Pescetto (who also performed the "DuckTales" theme song). A full-length version of the theme song was later recorded by the pop group The Jets.

title: Super Mario Bros. theme

text: The song was first performed live on All Night Nippon in 1986. The theme has been featured in many concerts, including "PLAY! Chicago", the Columbus Symphony, the Mario & Zelda Big Band Live, Play! A Video Game Symphony, and others. The Video Games Live concert featured the theme performed by Kondo. In December 2016, "Mario" series creator Shigeru Miyamoto performed the theme on guitar with American hip hop group The Roots on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".

title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: The piece led to Zelda receiving offers from other magazines. In June, a piece by Zelda Fitzgerald, "Eulogy on the Flapper," was published in "Metropolitan Magazine." Though ostensibly a piece about the decline of the flapper lifestyle, Zelda's biographer Nancy Milford wrote that the essay was "a defense of her own code of existence." Zelda described the flapper:

title: Camp Runamuck

text: Composer and bandleader Frank DeVol (who also wrote the series' theme song) played the part of Doc Joslyn in the pilot episode but illness forced him to quit the role, and he was replaced by Leonard Stone for the actual series. DeVol's original theme song was performed by Bobby Darin. Hugo Montenegro provided a new theme song and score to the episodes.

title: Amiibo

text: The Amiibo line for "The Legend of Zelda" initially began solely with the Wolf Link figurine, which is mainly used in "" and later "". It expanded with the 30th Anniversary collection (8-bit Link, "" Link, "" Link, and "The Wind Waker" Zelda), and the "Breath of the Wild" collection (Archer Link, Rider Link, Zelda, Bokoblin, and the Guardian figurine). At E3 2017, Nintendo unveiled several new Amiibo figurines, including wedding-themed Mario, Peach and Bowser figurines which coincided with the launch of the Nintendo Switch game "Super Mario Odyssey", as well as figurines of Chrom and Tiki from the "Fire Emblem" series to tie in with the release of "Fire Emblem Warriors" on Switch and New 3DS systems. Two "Metroid"-themed Amiibo figures released alongside the 3DS remake of "Metroid II", "", and figurines released later based around the four Champions in "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild". Third-party software developer Bethesda Softworks announced that existing Zelda figurines would be compatible with the Nintendo Switch port of "", allowing players to obtain select Zelda items and clothing for their Dragonborn, including the Master Sword, Hylian Shield and the Champion's Tunic from "Breath of the Wild".

title: Koji Kondo

text: In the first The Legend of Zelda, Kondo juxtaposes the game's overworld theme with the theme that plays in dungeons. Kondo remarked on the importance of projecting distinct characters through music, so that the player knows almost immediately where they are within the game.[24] Justin Daniel Sextro, a student at the University of Missouri, wrote that when compared to the overworld theme of The Legend of Zelda, the dungeon theme gives "no pleasure in listening", saying that as the tune is "not lyrical", it ends up sounding "constantly unresolved". He further writes that while there is motion in the music, it was "without direction" in contrast to the "stable surety" of the overworld theme.[25] Kondo used this contrast in other games he worked on, including Super Mario Bros.[26] The "Underwater Theme" from the same game has also been considered a watershed moment for video game music because it was one of the first to established canon of musical tradition.[27]

title: Save Me the Waltz

text: Zelda developed a bond with a young female resident, Dr. Mildred Squires, and toward the end of February she shared an aspect of her novel with Squires, who wrote to Scott that the novel was vivid and had charm. Meanwhile, Scott became worried that Zelda's treatment would consume all his money, so he set aside his novel to work on short stories to fund the treatment. Zelda wrote to Scott from the hospital, "I am proud of my novel, but I can hardly restrain myself enough to get it written. You will like it—It is distinctly École Fitzgerald, though more ecstatic than yours—perhaps too much so." Zelda was writing furiously; she finished the novel on March 9 and sent it to Scott's publisher, their friend Maxwell Perkins at Scribner's.

title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: They wrote frequently, and by March 1920, Scott had sent Zelda his mother's ring, and the two had become engaged. Many of Zelda's friends and members of her family were wary of the relationship, as they did not approve of Scott's excessive drinking, and Zelda's Episcopalian family did not like the fact that he was a Catholic.

title: The Legend of Zelda

text: The Legend of Zelda-themed Monopoly board game was released in the United States on September 15, 2014.[220] A Clue board game in the style of The Legend of Zelda series was released in June 2017.[221] A UNO-styled The Legend of Zelda game was announced in February 2018 for release exclusively at GameStop in North America.[222]

title: Vivir a destiempo

text: Aranza, best known as the singer of "Dime", the theme song to "Mirada de Mujer", sang the opening theme of the series. The song was written and produced by Jorge Avendaño Lührs, who wrote the theme song to 1993's "Corazón Salvaje" starring Edith González. In the opening sequence, the second verse is sung in a higher note.

title: True Tears

text: Two pieces of theme music were used in the visual novel. Noriyatsu Agematsu, who has previously also provided composition for "Galaxy Angel", wrote the opening and ending themes, "Tears in Snow", sung by Hiromi Satō, and , sung by Yozuca*. Tororo, who had previously provided composition and lyrics for the "Da Capo" series, written the lyrics for the songs. Two singles were released containing the two theme songs. The first, a maxi single titled "Tears in Snow", was released on December 23, 2005, containing both the opening theme, and the opening theme used in the first radio show, titled "Melody". The second single, titled "Kimi to Ashita e", was released on April 26, 2006, containing the ending theme and remixed versions of the song.

title: List of Dragon Ball Super episodes

text: Thirteen pieces of theme music are used: two opening themes and eleven ending themes. The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey. The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the "Dragon Ball" series. The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is by Kiyoshi Hikawa. Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number "Genkai Toppa x Survivor". Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music. The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is by Japanese rock band Good Morning America. The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is by Key Talk. The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is by Lacco Tower. The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is by Czecho No Republic. The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is by idol group Batten Showjo Tai. The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is by Arukara. The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is by THE COLLECTORS. The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is "Boogie Back" by Miyu Innoue. The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is "Haruka" by Lacco Tower. The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is "By A 70cm Square Window" by RottenGraffty. The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is "Lagrima" by OnePixcel.

title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Zelda remained in the hospital while Scott returned to Hollywood for a $1,000-a-week job with MGM in June 1937. Without Zelda's knowledge, he began a serious affair with the movie columnist Sheilah Graham. Despite the excitement of the affair, Scott was bitter and burned out. When their daughter Scottie was thrown out of her boarding school in 1938, he blamed Zelda. Though Scottie was subsequently accepted by Vassar College, his resentment of Zelda was stronger than ever before. Of Scott's mindset, Milford wrote, "The vehemence of his rancor toward Zelda was clear. It was she who had ruined him; she who had made him exhaust his talents ... He had been cheated of his dream by Zelda."

title: Mario & Zelda Big Band Live

text: Mario & Zelda Big Band Live CD is a recording of a live big band performance of songs based on the "Mario" and "The Legend of Zelda" game series. The performance was at Nihon Seinenkan Hall on September 14, 2003. There were many artists who performed during this concert.

title: The Legend of Zelda

text: Link, using a design based on Skyward Sword, appears as a playable character in Mario Kart 8 via downloadable content, along with a "Hyrule Circuit" racetrack themed on The Legend of Zelda series.[113] The first pack is named after the series. In Sonic Lost World, a DLC stage based on The Legend of Zelda series was released in March 2014, named "The Legend of Zelda Zone". While built around the core gameplay mechanics of Sonic Lost World, "The Legend of Zelda Zone" incorporates some elements from the Zelda series, including a heart-based vitality meter, rupee collection, and a miniature dungeon to explore.[114]

title: The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask

text: The music was composed primarily by Koji Kondo, with three tracks written by Toru Minegishi. The soundtrack largely consists of reworked music from "Ocarina of Time", complemented with other traditional "Zelda" music such as the "Overworld Theme" and new material. Kondo describes the music as having "an exotic Chinese-opera sound". As the three-day cycle progresses, the theme song of Clock Town changes between three variations, one for each day. IGN relates the shift in music to a shift in the game's atmosphere, saying that the quickened tempo of the Clock Town music on the second day conveys a sense of time passing quickly. The soundtrack was released on June 23, 2000, featuring 112 tracks from the game over two compact discs.

title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: There are a small number of side-scrolling areas in "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening"; these areas were mainly underground tunnels and caves. The series broke away from the top-down style again in 1998 when "" was released on the Nintendo 64, with 3D graphics. A new version of the composition "Temple", arranged by Shogo Sakai, is featured in "Super Smash Bros. Melee", where it is played during the "Hyrule Temple" stage and the "Underground Maze" level. A variation of the track, as well as a new version of the "Grand Palace" level song, also appears in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl". The track was later once again updated and appeared twice, as the "StreetPass Battle Theme" as well as a slower version for the "Battle Victory" music, in the Nintendo 3DS game "", making it the only subsequent "Zelda" game to include theme music that originated in "The Adventure of Link". The StreetPass battle mode is itself inspired by the final boss fight of "Zelda II"; StreetPass fights occur between one player as Link and the other player as Shadow/Dark Link.

title: The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword

text: Using the orchestra enabled a greater expression of emotion, which meant that they used it when creating scores for environments, cinematic scenes, and emotional moments within the story. Conversely, the team were given less freedom to adjust tracks as they had been able to with synthesized tracks. Something new they did for "Skyward Sword" was producing unique themes for specific characters such as Link and Zelda. They also added people singing songs, another element new to the series. One notable element was the game's main theme "Ballad of the Goddess", which was actually a reversed version of the recurring tune "Zelda's Lullaby". Due to the use of an orchestra and the sheer amount of extra work going into the sound design, the music team doubled in size from the standard five-person group, and became the largest sound team at the time to have worked on a Nintendo game. The positive reception of the orchestral score within the company led to the creation of " The Legend of Zelda 25th Anniversary Symphony Concert", a celebratory concert featuring orchestrated versions of classic "Zelda" themes. Music was also woven into the story and gameplay through the use of the harp Link receives, using a recurring theme within the series of music being a central part of the experience. In contrast to previous games, the instrument could be played at any time rather than at specific times and places.

title: The Legend of Zelda

text: "The Legend of Zelda Theme" is a recurring piece of music that was created for the first game of the franchise. The composer and sound director of the series, Koji Kondo, initially planned to use Maurice Ravel's Boléro as the game's title theme, but was forced to change it when he learned, late in the game's development cycle, that the copyright for the orchestral piece had not yet expired. As a result, Kondo wrote a new arrangement of the overworld theme within one day.[7] The "Zelda Theme" has topped ScrewAttack's "Top Ten Videogame Themes Ever" list.[8]

title: La-La-La-Lies

text: In common with several songs off "My Generation", a theme of "La-La-La-Lies" is the "illusion of identity." "Rolling Stone" critic Dave Marsh called it "as personal as anything Pete Townshend ever wrote." The lyrics criticize a friend who lies about the singer. This makes the song a little different than other similarly themed Who songs, as in many of the band's songs about lying their complaint is that someone is lying to them; in "La-La-La-Lies" the complaint is that someone is lying about them. Christopher Ketcham sees "La-La-La-Lies" as representing a related theme common to several Who songs: the difficulty of seeing "the other." Ketcham sees this as also being a theme of "Quadrophenia" and songs such as "My Generation" and "Who Are You."

title: The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks

text: The music in the game was composed by Toru Minegishi, Manaka Tominaga, ands Asuka Ota. Minegishi wrote the main overworld music and shared the work on field, character and event themes with Tominaga. Series sound composer Koji Kondo contributed the ending theme, while Ota was responsible for some of the music in the multiplayer mode.

title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" was directed and designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka (credited as S. Miyahon and Ten Ten respectively in the closing credits). Miyamoto produced the game, and Tezuka wrote the story and script. Keiji Terui, a screenwriter who worked on anime shows such as "Dr. Slump" and "Dragon Ball", wrote the backstory for the manual, drawing inspiration from conflicts in medieval Europe. Development began in 1984, and the game was originally intended to be a launch title for the Famicom Disk System. The development team worked on "The Legend of Zelda" and "Super Mario Bros." concurrently, and tried to separate their ideas: "Super Mario Bros." was to be linear, where the action occurred in a strict sequence, whereas "The Legend of Zelda" would be the opposite. In "Mario", Miyamoto downplayed the importance of the high score in favor of simply completing the game. This concept was carried over to "The Legend of Zelda". Miyamoto was also in charge of deciding which concepts were ""Zelda" ideas" or ""Mario" ideas." Contrasting with "Mario", "Zelda" was made non-linear and forced the players to think about what they should do next. According to Miyamoto, those in Japan were confused and had trouble finding their way through the multi-path dungeons, and in initial game designs, the player would start with the sword already in their inventory. Rather than merely simplifying matters for players, Miyamoto forced the player to listen to the old man who gives his their sword, and encouraged interaction among people to with share their ideas with each other to find the various hidden secrets, a new form of gaming communication. Relatedly, this concept turned into the root of another series to be developed many years in the future: ""Zelda" became the inspiration for something very different: "Animal Crossing". This was a game based solely on communication."

title: Zelda Fitzgerald

text: Painting Zelda Fitzgerald as an artist in her own right, Deborah Pike wrote a biography titled "The Subversive Art of Zelda Fitzgerald" (2017). Pike notes Zelda's creative output as "an important contribution to the history of women's art with new perspectives on women and modernity, plagiarism, creative partnership, and the nature of mental illness," based on literary analysis of Zelda's published and unpublished work as well as her husband's.


query: When was the National Symphony Orchestra formed?

title: Czech National Symphony Orchestra

text: The Czech National Symphony Orchestra (ČNSO) (Czech: Český národní symfonický orchestr) is a symphony orchestra in Prague in the Czech Republic. It was established in 1993 by trumpet player Jan Hasenöhrl. Libor Pešek is the orchestra's chief conductor, having taken over in 2007 from American conductor Paul Freeman who commenced with the orchestra in 1996.[2]

title: Antti Siirala

text: Siirala is and was invited to play with orchestras like Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Bamberger Symphoniker, Bochumer Symphoniker, hr-sinfonieorchester Frankfurt, Museumsorchester Frankfurt, SWR Sinfonieorchester Freiburg und Baden-Baden, NDR Radiophilharmonie Hannover, Gürzenich-Orchester Köln, WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln, Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz, Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, Wiener Symphoniker, Tonkünstlerorchester Wien, Orchestre National de Belgique, Orchestre National de Lille, City of Birmingham Symphony, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony London, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Irish National Symphony, Orchestra del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Residentie Orkest Den Haag, Iceland Symphony Orchestra, Swedish National Orchestra, Swedish Radio Symphony, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Sinfonia Varsovia, St. Petersburger Symphoniker, Estonian National Symphony, Detroit Symphony, New Jersey Symphony, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra, New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra as well as with the orchestras of Melbourne and Queensland.

title: Louis Lortie

text: He has also appeared as a soloist with the BBC Philharmonic, Cleveland Orchestra, Orchestre National de France, Calgary Symphony, Toronto Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, Vancouver Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony, Netherlands Radio Orchestra, the Warsaw Philharmonic, the BBC Scottish, Gewandhaus Leipzig, Concertgebouw Orchestra, Dallas Symphony, Baltimore Symphony, Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Dresden Philharmonic, Taiwan National Symphony, Chicago Symphony, BBC Symphony, Bournemouth Symphony, Bonn Beethoven Orchestra, Hong Kong Philharmonic, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Montreal Symphony, Quebec Symphony, Prague Philharmonia, Bern Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

title: Nikos Athineos

text: As invited conductor, he has conducted various many great European orchestras like London Philharmonic in two performances during the Athens Festival (1989), Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, English Chamber Orchestra, Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra, Munich Symphony Orchestra, Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, Sinfonia Varsovia, Gustav Mahler Orchestra of Prague, Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra, Bulgarian National Radio Symphony Orchestra etc. cooperating with great soloists as Rostropovich, Agnes Baltsa, MIsha Maiski, David Garet, Lars Vogt, Kolja Blacher etc. He has also repeatedly collaborated with all the significant Greek Orchestras as the Athens State Orchestra, Thessaloniki State Orchestra, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Greek National Opera’s Orchestra, Camerata of Athens, Athens Symphony Orchestra, Thessaloniki Symphony Orchestra and Patras Symphony Orchestra.

title: ABC Radio and Regional Content

text: Increasing pressure throughout the 1980s led the ABC to divest its orchestras in 1990. They formed Symphony Australia, an umbrella organisation that coordinates the now independent state-based orchestras (still owned by the ABC). The Sydney Symphony Orchestra was the first to be corporatised in 1996 when Sydney Symphony Orchestra Holdings Pty Ltd was formed.

title: Stephen Hough

text: Hough has appeared as a soloist with major orchestras around the world including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Dallas Symphony, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Toronto Symphony, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic, the English Chamber Orchestra, the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Malaysian Philharmonic, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, the Colorado Symphony Orchestra, the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, and the National Symphony Orchestra (Taiwan).

title: Myron Michailidis

text: Michailidis has conducted the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonic Orchestra of Erfurt, the Braunschweig State Orchestra, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, the Rome Symphony Orchestra, the Shanghai Opera Symphony Orchestra, the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra, the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Bucharest National Opera, the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra, the National Radio Orchestra of Romania, the Οdessa Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bilkent Symphony Orchestra, the Μexico State Orchestra, as well as all Greek symphony orchestras, including the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra, the Athens State Orchestra, the Greek Radio Symphony Orchestra ERT, and the Greek National Opera Orchestra.

title: History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation

title: Singapore Symphony Orchestra

text:
In 1973, at the opening ceremony of the Japanese Garden in Jurong, the then-defence minister Dr. Goh Keng Swee described the absence of a professional symphony orchestra in Singapore as "a minor scandal". An initial proposal to establish a national symphony orchestra was not accepted, as it did not plan for the inclusion of Singaporean musicians. In 1977, a largely amateur Singapore Philharmonic Orchestra was formed under the leadership of Yoshinao Osawa. Its success spurred further interest in the idea of a national symphony orchestra. After consulting with conductor Choo Hoey about the feasibility of setting up an orchestra that would include Singaporean musicians, Goh Keng Swee persuaded the Cabinet to support the establishment of a professional orchestra. The orchestra would be supported by public funds, and was intended to serve as a flagship arts company for the enrichment of the local culture scene. In 1978, with the support of the Cabinet, the Singapore Symphony Orchestra was registered as Singapore Symphonia Co. and rehearsals began in December, with 8 Singaporean members and 27 members from overseas.
The SSO made its debut with its first performance at the Singapore Conference Hall on 24 January 1979, with its first Resident Conductor Choo Hoey. The orchestra had 41 members, 14 of whom were Singaporean. The Singapore Symphony Chorus was then formed in 1980. In 1980, the Victoria Concert Hall became home to the orchestra.

title: Roberto Abbado

text: In 1998 he made a successful Boston Symphony Orchestra debut, opening his symphonic career in the USA. He also conducted many concerts with The Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, New York Philharmonic Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, National Symphony Washington D.C., Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, Houston Symphony Orchestra, St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra.

title: Pavel Berman

text: Berman has appeared as a soloist and/or conductor with such orchestras as Italian Virtuosi, Moscow Virtuosi, Mantua Chamber Orchestra, Haydn Orchestra of Bolzano and Trento, Teatro Farnese Orchestra, Teatro Filarmonico Orchestra, Teatro Carlo Felice Orchestra, RAI National Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonic Orchestra of Fenice, Santa Cecilia Orchestra, Moscow Symphony Orchestra, Prague Philharmonic Orchestra, Prague Symphony Orchestra, National Radio Orchestra of Romania, Gulbenkian Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Teatro Nacional de São Carlos Orchestra, Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn, Staatskapelle Dresden, Berliner Symphoniker, Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, China Philharmonic Orchestra, etc.

title: Emmanuel Fratianni

text: In 2010, Emmanuel became the Principal Conductor of Video Games Live. Since then, Emmanuel has guest conducted extensively around the world for many renowned orchestras including the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, National Symphony Orchestra, Houston Symphony Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Utah Symphony Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Nashville Symphony Orchestra, North Carolina Symphony Orchestra, Spanish National Symphony Orchestra, Beijing Opera and Performing Arts Orchestra and Chile National Symphony Orchestra as well as multi platinum artist David Foster and Friends. In summer 2015 Emmanuel Fratianni will make his debut guest conducting the Czech National Symphony Orchestra.

title: National Theater and Concert Hall, Taipei

text: Ensembles appearing at the Hall include the Juilliard String Quartet, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra and the Vienna Boys Choir. Concerts by visiting orchestras are often broadcast to overflow crowds numbering in the thousands who fill the Square. Professional Taiwanese ensembles that regularly appear in the hall include the National Symphony Orchestra, the Taipei Symphony Orchestra, the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, the Evergreen Symphony Orchestra, the Taipei Chinese Orchestra, the Taiwan National Choir, the Formosa Singers, and the Taipei Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus.

title: Alexander Briger

text: The list of other orchestras Alexander Briger has conducted includes the London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Academy of St Martin in the Fields, London Sinfonietta, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Hanover Band, Orchestra of the Welsh National Opera, RTE Orchestra, Dublin, Orchestre de Paris, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Orchestre Philharmonique de Strasbourg, Ensemble InterContemporain, Paris Chamber Orchestra, Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse, Konzerthausorchester Berlin, Frankfurt Radio Orchestra, Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen, SWR Sinfonieorchester, Stuttgart, Nordwestdeutscherundfunk Orchester, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Danish Symphony Orchestra, Belgium National Orchestra, Flemish Radio Symphony, Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg, Camerata Salzburg, Japanese Virtuoso Symphony Orchestra, Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, Beijing Symphony Orchestra and Orquesta Nacional do Porto.

title: Kenneth Kiesler

text: Kiesler has conducted many of the world’s leading ensembles including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Washington’s National Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Utah Symphony Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, San Diego Symphony Orchestra, Chamber Orchestra of Paris, Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra and Haifa Symphony Orchestra in Israel, Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra in Japan, Daejeon Philharmonic Orchestra and Pusan Symphony Orchestra in Korea, Zhejiang Symphony Orchestra in China, New Symphony Orchestra in Bulgaria, Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra in Mexico, OSESP in São Paulo, Brazil, Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra in San Juan, Albany Symphony Orchestra, Florida Symphony Orchestra, Fresno Philharmonic Orchestra, Long Beach Symphony Orchestra, Long Island Philharmonic Orchestra, Memphis Symphony Orchestra, New Hampshire Symphony Orchestra, Omaha Symphony Orchestra, Portland Symphony Orchestra, Richmond Symphony Orchestra, Virginia Symphony Orchestra. He has conducted at the Aspen, Atlantic, Breckenridge, Meadowbrook, Sewanee and Skaneateles music festivals.

title: Patrick Summers

text: Summers is also in demand as a symphonic conductor, often in collaboration with other artists, such as sopranos Renée Fleming and Christine Brewer. In 2010, Summers led pianist Yuja Wang and the Russian National Orchestra on an eight-city U.S. tour. Summers made his debut at the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet in a gala concert celebrating the company's 50th anniversary season, and his debut with the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra in Ljubljana conducting Michael Daugherty's "Metropolis Symphony". In addition, he has conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the Tanglewood Music Festival, the Colorado Symphony, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Munich Symphony Orchestra, the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the National Symphony Orchestra at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, the Orchestra of St. Luke's, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony, and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra.

title: Anthony Dean Griffey

text: Griffey has been a frequent performer of concert repertoire, and has appeared with many of the world's leading orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, Boston Symphony, London Philharmonic, Montreal Symphony, Toronto Symphony, Vancouver Symphony, Orchestre de Paris, London Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony, St. Luke's Chamber Orchestra, Milwaukee Symphony, Minnesota Orchestra, Houston Symphony, Philadelphia Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, RAI National Symphony Orchestra, San Diego Symphony, Vara Radio Orchestra - Amsterdam, The Halle, NHK Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Seattle Symphony, Chicago Symphony, Tonhalle Orchester Zürich, Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, Orquesta Nacional de España, and the Berlin Philharmonic.

title: Ottawa Symphony Orchestra

text: In 1944, Ottawa musicians formed an orchestra with Allard de Ridder as the conductor. The 75-player ensemble was officially called the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra until 1952, but it was commonly known as the Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra. The Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra was suspended in 1960 because there was not sufficient funding to pay the musicians' salaries. When the National Arts Centre announced the formation of the National Arts Centre Orchestra (NACO), a resident, full-time professional orchestra based in Ottawa, the board of the Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra dissolved the ensemble.

title: Ligia Amadio

text: Ms. Amadio has been invited to guest conduct many of the world`s finest orchestras. Highlights of her international conducting appearances include Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra, Simfoniki RTV Slovenija, Jerusalém Symphony Orchestra, Israel Chamber Orchestra, the Iceland Symphony Orchestra, State of México Symphony Orchestra, Sodre Symphony Orchestra, Thailand Philarmonic Orchestra, State of São Paulo Symphonic Orchestra, Baden-Badener Philharmonie, Buenos Aires Philharmonic Orchestra, Chile National Symphony Orchestra, Perú National Symphony Orchestra, Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra, Orkiestrę Symfoniczną Filharmonii Szczecińskiej, Orkiestra Symfoniczna Filharmonii Czestochowskiej, Ensemble Contrechamps, Savaria Symphony Orchestra, The Congress Symphony Orchestra, Silesian Opera Orchestra, Arpeggione Städtisches Kammerorchester, Lebanese Philharmonic Orchestra, National Philharmonic of Moldova, in addition to the most important Brazilian and Argentinian orchestras.

title: National Academy Orchestra of Canada

text: Graduates from the National Academy Orchestra hold, or have held positions with virtually every major orchestra across Canada (e.g. Toronto Symphony, Vancouver Symphony, National Arts Centre Orchestra, Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal, Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony, Symphony Nova Scotia, Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra, Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, Edmonton Symphony, Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra) and orchestras across North America and around the world. Many form their own ensembles, go on to be teachers or entrepreneurs across the country.

title: Courtney Lewis

text: Lewis made his major American orchestral debut in November 2008 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, and has since appeared with the Atlanta Symphony, National Symphony Orchestra, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Minnesota Orchestra, Milwaukee Symphony, Naples Philharmonic, Alabama Symphony Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic, RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland, and Ulster Orchestra. Recent and upcoming engagements include debuts with the Vancouver Symphony, Houston Symphony, Lausanne Chamber Orchestra, Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony, and Memphis Symphony, as well as returns to the Minnesota Orchestra, Alabama Symphony, and RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland.

title: Enrique Diemecke

text: Maestro Diemecke is a frequent guest of orchestras throughout the world, most notably the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, French National Orchestra, BBC Symphony, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, L’Orchestre de Paris, Residentie Orkest in The Hague, Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Warsaw Philharmonic, the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in Brisbane, the Russian National Orchestra, the Bogota Philharmonic, the Puerto Rico Symphony, Simon Bolivar Orchestra in Caracas, Orchestre National de Lorraine, the National Orchestra of Montpellier, the Valladolid Symphony, ORCAM Madrid, Orchestre de Isle de France, and the symphony orchestras of Baltimore, Houston, Minnesota, and Auckland.

title: Jon Kimura Parker

text: Parker has appeared as soloist with many of the world's leading orchestras, including the Bergen Philharmonic, the Berlin Radio Symphony, the Bournemouth Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the National Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony, the Scottish National Orchestra, the Warsaw Philharmonic, the St Paul Chamber Orchestra, as well as every major Canadian orchestra. As guest soloist, Parker has toured the Pacific Rim with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Japan with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, Germany with the Royal Philharmonic, Western Canada with the National Arts Centre Orchestra and North America with the Hallé Orchestra.

title: Inma Shara

text: Some of her most recent commitments included her collaboration with some of the best orchestras in the world, such as the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the London City Chamber Orchestra, as well as the Czech National Symphony Orchestra, the Russian National Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rome Symphony Orchestra, the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, the Milan Symphony Orchestra, l’Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (Switzerland), the Lithuanian National Symphony Orchestra, the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra, the Parma Symphony Orchestra, the Ukraine National Symphony Orchestra, among many other orchestras… including the most important Spanish Orchestras. In addition to collaborate with great soloists as renowned as Mischa Maisky, Boris Berezovsky and Shlomo Mintz, among others.

title: Rory Macdonald (conductor)

text: Among the orchestras he has conducted are the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC Philharmonic, BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Lahti Symphony, Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse, Royal Northern Sinfonia, Copenhagen Philharmonic Orchestra, Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, Queensland Symphony Orchestra, West Australian Symphony Orchestra, Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Flemish Philharmonic, Staatsorchester Stuttgart, Essen Philharmonic, Bremer Philharmoniker, San Diego Symphony and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Orchestral debuts in 2017/18 include the Prague Philharmonia, the Hague Residentie Orchestra, Filarmonica del Teatro Comunale di Bologna (Filarmonica di Bologna) and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra.

title: Yoshikazu Fukumura

text: Fukumura has made recordings and conducted festivals and subscription concerts with the Hong Kong Philharmonic, Central Philharmonic Orchestra in Beijing, Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, KBS Symphony Orchestra in Seoul, Seoul Philharmonic, National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra, Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra, Bangkok Symphony, Pan Asian Philharmonic in Bangkok, Calcutta Foundation Orchestra in India, Delhi Symphony Orchestra.

title: Steven De Groote

text: After winning the Van Cliburn, De Groote's international career took him all over the world. In the United States, he performed with orchestras such as the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington DC, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, the Denver Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra and the Philadelphia Orchestra; in Canada, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra; in Europe, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, the Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestre National de France, and the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (Baden-Baden), the Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn and in Britain, with nearly all the major British orchestras.

title: Asheville Symphony Orchestra

text:
The Asheville Symphony Orchestra is a professional orchestra in Asheville, North Carolina, United States. The symphony's current conductor and Music Director is Darko Butorac who succeeded Daniel Meyer in 2018.
Lamar Stringfield organized and conducted orchestra concerts in Asheville beginning in the mid-1920s. He formed the predecessor to the Asheville Symphony Orchestra for an exhibition concert in 1927 and won the Pulitzer Prize for his musical composition, "From the Southern Mountains" in 1928, eventually leaving Asheville to found the North Carolina Symphony in Chapel Hill in 1932. With the nation's highest per capita dept from the Great Depression, Asheville did not see another serious attempt to form a symphony orchestra until an application for incorporation was filed for the Asheville Symphony Society, Inc., in 1958.

title: Sarah Hicks

text: As a guest conductor, Hicks has appeared with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, Florida Symphony, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Milwaukee Symphony, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, National Symphony Orchestra, Des Moines Symphony, Las Vegas Philharmonic, Danish National Symphony Orchestra, Prime Philharmonic (Seoul, Korea), East Slovak State Opera Theatre, New National Theatre Tokyo, and the Orchestra of Teatro La Fenice.

title: Michael Stern (conductor)

text: After leaving the Saarbrücken Radio Symphony Orchestra, Stern founded the IRIS Orchestra in Germantown, Tennessee, which specializes in playing American contemporary music. Beyond his work with IRIS, he frequently appeared throughout North America as a guest conductor of many symphony orchestras, including a series of concerts at the New York Philharmonic in the summer of 2001, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Symphony, the Houston Symphony, the Baltimore Symphony, the Toronto Symphony, Ottawa's National Arts Centre Orchestra, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, and Washington, D.C.'s National Symphony Orchestra. He also began regular appearances at the Aspen Music Festival. In September 2001, Stern led the Vienna Radio Symphony on a tour of China.

title: Fernando Velázquez (composer)

text: He has also conducted, among others, The Basque National Orchestra, The Community of Madrid Orchestra, The London Philarmonic Orchestra, The RTVE Symphony Orchestra, London Metropolitan Orchestra, Malaga Symphony Orchestra, Budapest Symphony Orchestra, Royal Seville Symphonic Orchestra, Bilbao Symphony Orchestra, Extremadura Symphony Orchestra, Navarra Symphony Orchestra, Czech National Orchestra, Asturias Symphony Orchestra and Galicia Symphony Orchestra. In recent years, he has taken time to record the majority of his productions with State funded Spanish orchestras.


query: Where is the worlds tallest building?

text: The world's tallest artificial structure is the 829.8-metre-tall (2,722ft) Burj Khalifa in Dubai (of the United Arab Emirates). The building gained the official title of "Tallest Building in the World" and the tallest self-supported structure at its opening on January 9, 2010. The second-tallest self-supporting structure and the tallest tower is the Tokyo Skytree. The tallest guyed structure is the KVLY-TV mast.

title: List of tallest buildings in Frankfurt

text: The tallest structure in Frankfurt is the Europaturm, which rises however, the observation tower is not generally considered a high-rise building as it does not have successive floors that can be occupied. The tallest habitable building in Frankfurt is the Commerzbank Tower, which rises and 56 floors. As of October 2011, the structure is the 197th-tallest building in the world, the seventh-tallest building in Europe and the second-tallest building in the European Union. The second-tallest building in the city is the Messeturm, which rises tall and has 55 floors. The 10 tallest buildings in Germany are located in Frankfurt.

title: List of future tallest buildings

text: This list of future tallest buildings ranks the tallest buildings in the world which are planned or currently under construction. The Burj Khalifa with a roof height of is currently the world's tallest building.

title: List of tallest buildings in Toronto

text: The city then experienced a second, much larger building boom, which was at its peak between 1967 and 1976. This period saw the construction of Canada's three tallest buildings and 6 of its top 10 (at the time). When finished, the TD Tower was the 14th tallest building in the world (1967). The TD Tower would soon be followed by Commerce Court West, the 14th tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1972. Later, Canada's current tallest building, the First Canadian Place, became the 6th tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1975. After the mid-1970s, the pace of the boom slowed considerably but continued onto the early 1990s, culminating with the construction of the city's and Canada's second and third tallest buildings: Scotia Plaza and the TD Canada Trust Tower.

title: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou

text: This list of tallest buildings in Guangzhou lists skyscrapers in Guangzhou, China by height. The tallest building in Guangzhou is currently Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre, which stands tall. It is also the third-tallest building in China and the seventh-tallest in the world. Though generally not considered as a building, standing tall, Canton Tower is tallest structure in Guangzhou.

title: JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)

text: The JPMorgan Chase Tower, formerly Texas Commerce Tower, is a , , 75-story skyscraper at 600 Travis Street in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It is currently the tallest building in the city, the tallest building in Texas, the tallest five-sided building in the world, the 19th-tallest building in the United States, and the 107th-tallest building in the world.

title: Oakland (Pittsburgh)

text: Some of the most impressive architecture in Oakland is on Pitt's campus. In 1925, work began on what was then the world's tallest educational building, the 42-story Cathedral of Learning. Although the Cathedral of Learning is now the fourth-tallest educationally purposed building in the world, it remains the world's second tallest university building, the tallest educational building in the Western Hemisphere, and the second tallest gothic-styled building in the world. Oakland is also home to the university's French-Gothic revival Heinz Memorial Chapel and St. Paul Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh. It is also home of the main branch of the Carnegie Library, the Carnegie Museum, and Phipps Conservatory.

title: List of tallest buildings in Dallas

text: List of tallest buildings in Texas / the United States / the world List of tallest buildings in Austin, Texas List of tallest buildings in Fort Worth List of tallest buildings in Houston List of tallest buildings in San Antonio

title: List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates

text: This list of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates ranks skyscrapers in the UAE based on official height. The tallest building in United Arab Emirates is Burj Khalifa, which rises and contains 163 floors. The tower has stood as both the tallest building in the world and the tallest man-made structure of any kind in the world since its completion in January 2010. The second-tallest building in United Arab Emirates is the Princess Tower, which also stands as the world's second tallest residential skyscraper after the 432 Park Avenue in New York City, NY. The skyscrapers of United Arab Emirates are mostly located in Dubai, and Abu Dhabi.

text:
It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever constructed, surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral.
* – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built.

text:
The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers, which excludes religious buildings, were:
The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), that of measuring to the highest architectural element. Other criteria would generate a different list. Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list, but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor. Using the criteria of highest tip (including antennae), the World Trade Center in New York City was the world's tallest building from 1972 to 2000, until the Sears Tower in Chicago (which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center) had its antenna extended to give that building the world's tallest tip; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa. Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world's tallest buildings by the highest–tip criteria.

title: Wenzhou World Trade Center

text: Wenzhou World Trade Center () is a 68-floor supertall skyscraper in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. Construction of the building began on 9 June 2003 and was completed in 2010 at 333 m (1,093 ft), giving it the title of the 25th-tallest building in the world. It is located in the downtown area of Wenzhou where it stands as the tallest building in the city, the tallest in Zhejiang province and the 18th-tallest in China.

title: List of future tallest buildings

text: This section lists the total number of skyscrapers in each country or city featured in the future world's 50 tallest buildings. Only cities with more than one building featured in the world's future 50 tallest buildings are included in the 'tallest by city' section. (Only at the list.)

title: List of tallest buildings in Ontario

text: The tallest building in the province of Ontario is First Canadian Place 298 meters (978 feet). Completed in 1976, it is also the tallest building in Canada and the 68th tallest building in the world. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest building in the world outside of Chicago and New York City.

title: Empire State Building

text: With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012. , it is the fourth-tallest building in New York City after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, and 30 Hudson Yards. It is the fifth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City, as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building is the 28th-tallest in the world , the tallest being Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the sixth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower.

title: List of tallest buildings

text: History of the world's tallest buildings List of tallest buildings by height to roof List of tallest twin buildings and structures List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of architects of supertall buildings List of cities with the most skyscrapers List of cities with the most high-rise buildings List of future tallest buildings List of tallest buildings in Asia List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia List of tallest buildings and structures List of largest buildings List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest hotels List of tallest residential buildings List of tallest structures List of tallest structures by country Skyscraper Index

title: List of tallest buildings

text: Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the world's tallest building. Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, is the 2nd tallest building. The Abraj Al-Bait Towers in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the 3rd tallest building. Ping An Finance Centre, in Guangdong, China, is the 4th tallest building. Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea, is the 5th tallest building. One World Trade Center in New York City, is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou, China, is the tied 7th tallest building. China Zun in Beijing, China, is the 9th tallest building. Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010; it is now 10th. The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 11th tallest building. The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, and are still the tallest twin buildings. Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago, United States, was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998.

title: List of tallest buildings in Luanda

text: Luanda is the capital and largest city in Angola. Due to decades of civil war, Angola lacked significant development until very recently. Currently, there are 12 buildings that stand taller than . The tallest building in the city is the 25-storey, Intercontinental Hotel & Casino completed in 2011. The second-tallest building in the city is Edificio GES, standing at tall with 25 storeys. Several of the tallest buildings in the Angola are currently under construction in the city. If completed, Torre De Angola at will be the tallest building in Africa and in the top 100 tallest in the world. On the other hand, when they are finished, the Angola World Trade Center twin towers will be the tallest twin buildings in Africa at and tall.

title: List of tallest buildings in Taipei

text: This list of tallest buildings in Taipei ranks skyscrapers in the Taiwanese capital of Taipei by height. The tallest building in Taipei is currently the 101–story Taipei 101, which rises and was completed in 2004. It was officially classified as the world's tallest from 2004 to 2010. Now, it is still the tallest building in Taiwan, Asia's 6th tallest building and the world's 9th tallest building. There are currently several buildings over 200m under construction in Taipei, including the Gate of Taipei towers A and B, which are under planning and will reach and respectively, and the Taipei Sky Tower, which is under construction in Xinyi District and will reach .

text: The tallest building in the world, as of 2021, is Burj Khalifa. The title of "world's tallest building" has been borne by various buildings, such as the Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building.

title: List of tallest buildings in Kuwait

text: This list of tallest buildings in Kuwait ranks skyscrapers in Kuwait by height. The tallest building in Kuwait is currently the 80–story Al Hamra Firdous Tower, which rises and was completed in 2011, it is also the world's fifteenth-tallest building. Liberation Tower is currently the second-tallest completed tower in Kuwait, built in 1996 it rises . Should it be constructed, the Burj Mubarak Al Kabir would be tall, it would become the world's tallest building, standing one metre taller than the approved Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

title: List of tallest buildings in Chicago

text: Chicago, the third-largest city in the United States, is home to 1,315 completed high-rises, 44 of which stand taller than . The tallest building in the city is the 108-story Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), which rises in the Chicago Loop and was completed in 1974. Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world from its completion, and remained the tallest building in the United States until May 10, 2013 when it was overtaken by One World Trade Center in New York City. The second-, third- and fourth-tallest buildings in Chicago are the Trump International Hotel & Tower, the Aon Center and 875 North Michigan Avenue, respectively. Of the ten tallest buildings in the United States, four are located in Chicago. Due to the contributions of Jeanne Gang and Natalie de Blois, Chicago has several of the tallest women-designed towers in the world. , the entire city had 105 buildings at least tall.

title: U.S. Steel Tower

text: U.S. Steel Tower, also known as the Steel Building, or UPMC Building (the largest tenant), (formerly USX Tower), is a 64-story, skyscraper at 600 Grant Street in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219. It has with of leasable space. It is the tallest skyscraper in Pittsburgh, the fifth tallest building in Pennsylvania, the 52nd tallest in the United States, and the 200th+ tallest building in the world. It is the tallest building in the world with a completely flat roof. It held its opening dedication on September 30, 1971.

title: CN Tower

text: "Guinness World Records" has called the CN Tower "the world's tallest self-supporting tower" and "the world's tallest free-standing tower". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading "tallest building" at least once, it has also listed it under "tallest tower", omitting it from its list of "tallest buildings." In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to "World's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure". Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building, thereby awarding the title of world's tallest building to Taipei 101, which is shorter than the CN Tower. The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa, then under construction, exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 (see below).

title: List of tallest buildings in New York City

text: New York City, the most populous city in the United States, is home to over 6,486 completed high-rise buildings of at least 35 meters, of which at least 113 are taller than . The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, which rises . The 104-story skyscraper also stands as the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest building in the world. The second-tallest building in the city is 432 Park Avenue, standing at , and the third-tallest is the recently-topped-out 30 Hudson Yards. Not counting its antenna, the 4th-tallest is the 102-story Empire State Building in Midtown Manhattan, which was finished in 1931 and rises to , increased to by its antenna. It is the fifth-tallest building in the United States and the 37th-tallest building in the world.

text: From the 13th century until 1894, the world's tallest building was always a church or cathedral. Old St Paul's Cathedral with its spire was completed in the 13th century. The central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed Old St Paul's in the early 14th century. The Lincoln Cathedral's spire collapsed in 1549, beginning a long interval where the status of world's tallest building was borne by shorter buildings. St. Mary's Church in Stralsund became the world's tallest building after the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral's spire. The central tower of St. Pierre's Cathedral was tallest from 1569 until it collapsed in 1573, making St. Mary's the tallest once again. In 1647, the bell tower of St. Mary's burned down, making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world's tallest building.

title: List of tallest buildings in Taiwan

text: This list of skyscrapers in Taiwan ranks skyscrapers in Taiwan by height. The tallest building in Taiwan is currently the 101–story Taipei 101, which rises and was completed in 2004. It was officially classified as the world's tallest from 2004 to 2010. Now, it is still the tallest building in Taiwan, Asia's 6th tallest building and the world's 9th tallest building. There are currently six buildings over 200m under construction in Taiwan, including the Taipei Twin Tower 1, which is under planning and will reach and the Taipei Sky Tower, which is under construction in Taipei and will reach .

title: 432 Park Avenue

text: As completed, 432 Park Avenue is the third-tallest building in the United States and the tallest residential building in the world. It is the second-tallest building in New York City, behind One World Trade Center, and ahead of the Empire State Building. It is also the first, and so far only, building in New York City outside the World Trade Center Complex to be taller than the original Twin Towers. Upon completion, it became the tallest building in the world known by its street address.

title: List of tallest buildings in Melbourne

text: During the 2000s, over 20 high-rise structures were completed, including the Eureka Tower, which overtook 120 Collins Street as the tallest building in Melbourne, and further became the second-tallest in Australia (although tallest to its roof). Eureka Tower was also the tallest residential building in the world, until surpassed by Ocean Heights and the HHHR Tower in Dubai. It is currently the 15th-tallest apartment building in the world.

text: The Empire State Building stood as the tallest building in the world from its completion until 1972, when the 110-story North Tower of the original World Trade Center was completed. At , The World Trade Center held the title until the completion of the 108-story Willis Tower (formerly known as the Sears Tower) in Chicago in 1974. The World Trade Center towers were destroyed by terrorist attacks in 2001, and the Empire State Building regained the title of tallest building in the city. It remained the tallest until April 2012, when the construction on One World Trade Center surpassed it. The fifth-tallest building in New York is the Bank of America Tower, which rises to , including its spire. If the Twin Towers were still standing today, they would be the third- and fourth-tallest buildings in the city, or second and third assuming the new buildings would not have been built. Only 432 Park Avenue is taller.


query: Is Kazakhstan a slavic state?

title: Slavs

text: Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group. They are native to Eurasia, stretching from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe all the way north and eastwards to Northeast Europe, Northern Asia (Siberia), the Caucasus, and Central Asia (especially Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) as well as historically in Western Europe (particularly in East Germany) and Western Asia (including Anatolia). From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit the majority of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Today, there is a large Slavic diaspora throughout North America, particularly in the United States and Canada as a result of immigration.[1]

title: Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan

text: On the other hand, ethnic Kazakhs and Uzbeks have been immigrating in large numbers to Kazakhstan ever since the collapse of the USSR. These immigrants come not only from the southern Central Asian states such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but also from the Kazakh dominated areas in Xinjiang and Mongolia. The Kazakh government is actively encouraging the settlement of these compatriots (known as "Oralman") in Slavic dominated North and East Kazakhstan as well as the German dominated Karaganda Region, in order to dilute the minority populations there. There is also a low intensity immigration of ethnic Slavs from the less tolerant neighboring nations like Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan into Kazakhstan. An estimated 400,000 Uzbeks have migrated to Kazakhstan in recent years

title: Gavrilov

text: Gavrilov (Cyrillic alphabet: Гаврилов), or Gavrilova (feminine; Гаврилова) is a Slavic last name, derived from the first name "Гаврила", "Гаврило" (Gavrila, Gavrilo, i.e., Gabriel). It was also transliterated in other languages as Gawrilov, Gawriloff, Gavriloff; Belarusian: Haurylau,(Гаўрылаў); Ukrainian: Gavryliv (Гаврилів). It is one of the most common surnames in Russia and Bulgaria and former Soviet states such as Kazakhstan.

title: Ed Bok Lee

text: Lee was raised in South Korea, North Dakota and Minnesota. He studied Slavic and Central Asian Studies at the University of Minnesota; Kazakh State Al-Farabi University in Almaty, Kazakhstan; Indiana University and the University of California, Berkeley, where he was enrolled in the Ph.D. Program in Slavic Languages and Literatures. He later received a Master of Fine Arts from Brown University.

title: Russian language

text: Russian () is an East Slavic language, which is official in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It was the "de facto" language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 25 December 1991.

title: Military band

text: While retaining a lot of Soviet/Russian military music that was composed in the Soviet era, military bands in the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan and/or the Ministry of Internal Affairs perform indigenous marches that are native to Kazakhstan and were made by Kazakh composers. The Military Band Service is responsible for the organization, layout, and instruction of all military bands under its command. The most notable Kazakh military band is the Presidential Band of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is used for state ceremonies carried out by the State Security Service of Kazakhstan in the presence of the President of Kazakhstan in his/her position as the Supreme Commander in Chief of the national military. Military bands are also maintained in the Ministry of Defense and the National Guard, as well as in the 4 regional commanda of the country. Most of the leadership in these bands also work in the State Concert Band of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

title: Civil service in Kazakhstan

text: The civil service in Kazakhstan is the role of civil servants in public agencies, which is aimed at realization of objectives and functions of the state. A civil servant in Kazakhstan is a citizen of Kazakhstan who has a public position in the state agency, executing official duties in order to implement tasks and functions of the state. His/her salary is paid by republican, local budget, or from the means of the National Bank of Kazakhstan.

title: Constitution of Kazakhstan

text: Article 2 states that Kazakhstan is a unitary state and the government is presidential. The government has jurisdiction over, and is responsible for, all territory in Kazakhstan. Regional, political divisions, including location of the capital, are left open to lower level legislation. "Republic of Kazakhstan" and "Kazakhstan" are considered one and the same.

title: Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan

text: Slavic and Germanic groups have been emigrating en masse since the 1960s, and the movement accelerated during the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union. This has resulted in the reduction of the proportion of European ethnic groups in the population by more than half. More than 50% of the European Soviet ethnic groups have left Kazakhstan since 1989, and just 15% of the pre-1989 ethnic German population remains now in the country.

title: Civil service in Kazakhstan

text:
Generally, reforms in civil service of Kazakhstan can be divided into three main phases:
In 1997 the President introduced the development program of Kazakhstan – 2030 during the President’s Address to the people of Kazakhstan. Strategy of "Kazakhstan-2030: Prosperity, security and improved living standards for all Kazakhs". One of the long-term goals of this program was to produce a professional state. In other words, the content of the civil service system was affected as a driving force of administrative reform. According to Knox, who studied reforms of civil service in Kazakhstan, this program introduced the following goals of administrative reforms: “1. To increase the effectiveness of the government working collectively as a state organ and individually through the role of each minister; 2. to implement modern information technology and eliminate bureaucracy in government bodies. 3. to create an effective and optimal structure of state bodies. 4. to restrict state interventions in the economy”. In addition, in 2007 the President of Kazakhstan signed a Decree entitled “Measures aimed at Modernizing the Public Administration System in the Republic of Kazakhstan”. This Decree proposed to enhance civil service, professional skills and efficiency of public bodies, and the quality of administration procedures.

title: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

text: In "Rebuilding Russia," an essay first published in 1990 in "Komsomolskaya Pravda" Solzhenitsyn urged Soviet Union to grant independence to all the non-Slav republics, which he claimed were sapping the Russian nation and he called for the creation of a new Slavic state bringing together Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Kazakhstan that he considered to be Russified.

text: The museum has been created in the framework of the "Cultural Heritage" State Program on behalf of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. July 2, 2013 the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan № 675 was issued on the establishment of the Republican State Institution "National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan" of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. "

title: Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities

text: The union claims to represent Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery), that is to say the revival of historical Slavic religion, upon which indigenous Slavic customs and traditions rely. The organisation aims at the consolidation of Slavic Native Faith communities across the different Slavic states, as well as the cooperation with non-Slavic modern Pagan organisations in Europe, the United States and Canada.

title: Slavs

text: The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006). Today the modern Slavic people come from a wide variety of genetic backgrounds, the frequency of the Haplogroup R1a which is a DNA, is a human Y chromosome lineage and ranges accordingly: 63.39% by the Sorbs, 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 47% in Russia, 39% in Belarus, 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Bosnia & Herzegovina.[28] Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

title: History of Kazakhstan

text: A week after the election, Nazarbayev became the president of an independent state when the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed documents dissolving the Soviet Union. He quickly convened a meeting of the leaders of the five Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), raising the possibility of a Turkic confederation of former republics as a counterweight to the Slavic states of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in whatever federation might succeed the Soviet Union. This move persuaded the three Slavic presidents to include Kazakhstan among the signatories of a recast document of dissolution. Kazakhstan's capital lent its name to the Alma-Ata Protocol, the declaration of principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 16 December 1991, five days before the declaration, Kazakhstan became the last of the republics to proclaim its independence.

title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: They are commonly used in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and to an extent in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. It is named after the East Slavic language group that the Russian language belongs to. They are also found occasionally in the Balkans among older generations.

title: Kazakhstan–United States relations

text:
Then President Obama repeatedly emphasized Kazakhstan's important leadership role in global nuclear disarmament.
The United States and Kazakhstan reaffirmed their shared commitment to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Threat reduction and nonproliferation remain a cornerstone of US-KZ joint efforts to ensure global and regional security. The United States welcomes Kazakhstan's efforts to establish a regional Nuclear Security Training Center in Kazakhstan. The United States supported Kazakhstan's offer to host an IAEA Low-Enriched Uranium Bank. The Obama administration worked closely with Nazarbayev administration to finalize the agreement for Kazakhstan to host the IAEA LEU Fuel Bank. In 2015, the U.S. government concluded an agreement with the IAEA to host a LEU bank in Kazakhstan.

title: Village

text: Auyl () is a Kazakh word meaning "village" in Kazakhstan. According to the 2009 census of Kazakhstan, 42.7% of Kazakhs (7.5 million people) live in 8172 different villages. To refer to this concept along with the word "auyl" often used the Slavic word "selo" in Northern Kazakhstan.

title: Russians

text: Russians (, "russkiye") are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Brazil, and Canada.

title: Kazakhstan–United States relations

text: Cooperation strengthened after the September 11, 2001 attacks as the United States sought strategic partners near Afghanistan, and later near Iraq, nations whose governments aided and abetted terrorism in both Kazakhstan and the United States. Counter-terrorism plays an increasingly important role in Kazakhstan's relations with the United States and the United Kingdom, which are at an all time high. Kazakhstan has taken Uzbekistan's place as the favored partner in Central Asia for both Russia and the United States in the New Great Game.

title: Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan

text: Most of the immigration has been directed towards Russia, but small numbers have been immigrating to Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia also. Before the German authorities stopped the repatriation of ethnic Germans and their non-German relatives, Germany was one of the most favored destination for all the ethnic groups. It is estimated that close to half of the 4.5 million Soviet Germans and their Slavic kin who now live in Germany are originally from Kazakhstan. Currently on average close to 2,000 ethnic Germans emigrate from Kazakhstan to ethnic German dominated areas in Russia such as Azovsky Nemetsky National District (Deutsche Nationalkreis Asowo) in Omsk Oblast and Nemetsky National District (Nationalkreis Halbstadt) in Altai Krai. Also, out of the 1.2 million Russian speaking Jews and Slavs who live in Israel, a significant portion is from Kazakhstan.

title: Kazakhstan–United States relations

text: The United States welcomes Kazakhstan's leadership role in supporting security in Afghanistan and the region, including through its assistance to the Afghan National Security Forces and contribution to the Istanbul Process. The United States values Kazakhstan's $50 million scholarship program to educate one thousand Afghan students in Kazakhstan's universities. The United States welcomes Kazakhstan's economic connectivity efforts, in particular, its investments in regional infrastructure such as the Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan railroad and the Caspian seaport of Aktau. The United States and Kazakhstan will continue to work closely together to support stability, peace, and prosperity in Afghanistan and the region.

title: Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan

text:
Table: Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan (detailed census data)
Total Slavic/European population 27.0% in 2009 (compared with 60.3% in 1959, 57.3% in 1970, 54.5% in 1979, 49.8% in 1989 and 39.0% in 1999).

title: Kazakhstan

text: According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups:

title: Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan

text: Most of the inter-ethnic marriages in Kazakhstan has been between various Slavic or Germanic groups (Russian - Ukrainian, German - Ukrainian, Russian - Polish or German - Russian). Inter-marriages between Turkic and European ethnic groups are increasing, but still quite rare.

title: Russians

text: The Russians share many cultural traits with other East Slavic ethnic groups, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states.

title: Auyeskhan Makatayevich Kyrbasov

text: He is the laureate of state prize of Kazakhstan in science and technology, Honoured Artist of diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Honoured Worker of Kazakhstan, was awarded by Certificate of Honour of Supreme Soviet of Kazakhstan, corresponding member of Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Chairman of Council "Association of Diplomats of Kazakhstan".

title: Kanat Saudabayev

text:
Kanat Bekmyrzayevich Saudabayev (Kazakh language: Қанат Бекмырзаұлы Саудабаев, "Qanat Bekmırzaulı Sawdabayev") is a Kazakhstani politician who was born next to Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan in 1946. Saudabayev has served as the Secretary of State of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 15 May 2007. On September 4, 2009, he was appointed Secretary of State - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking on the responsibility for spearheading Kazakhstan's preparation for and holding of the rotating chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in 2010.
The Secretary of State operates immediately under the leadership of the President of Kazakhstan, and is directly responsible to the President. The Secretary of State develops proposals on main dimensions of domestic and foreign policies for the President. At the request of the President, the Secretary of State represents his interests in international affairs, in relations with the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, state bodies, political parties and other public organizations.

title: Demographics of Kazakhstan

text: Total fertility rate by regions of Kazakhstan: Mangystau - 3.80, South Kazakhstan - 3.71, Kyzylorda - 3.42, Atyrau - 3.29, Jambyl - 3.20, Aqtobe - 2.70, Almaty (province) - 2.65, Almaty (city) - 2.65, City of Astana - 2.44, West Kazakhstan - 2.29, Aqmola - 2.19, East Kazakhstan - 2.07, Qaragandy - 2.04, Pavlodar - 1.98, North Kazakhstan - 1.72, Qostanay - 1.70, Republic of Kazakhstan - 2.65. Thus it can be seen that fertility rate is higher in more traditionalist and religious south and west, and lower in the north and east, where the percentage of Slavic and German population is still relatively high.

title: Kazakhstan's membership in the United Nations Security Council

text:
On June 28, 2016, at a vote at UN headquarters in New York, Kazakhstan, having won 138 votes out of 193 UN member states, for the first time was elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for 2017–2018. Kazakhstan's work in the UN Security Council began on January 1, 2017. Kazakhstan is the first state of Central Asia region that was elected to UN Security Council. As a non-permanent member of UN Security Council Kazakhstan pays a great attention to the regional challenges and the issue of Afghanistan, in particular such threats like terrorism growth, illegal drugs production, human trafficking, and also the presence of "Islamic State" and Al-Qaida.
The UN Security Council is a standing body of the United Nations, which is entrusted with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council consists of 15 members, 5 of which are permanent (United Kingdom, China, Russia, United States, France), and 10 are non-permanent, elected by the UN General Assembly for a two-year period for 5 countries each year. In 2017, non-permanent members of the UN Security Council include Bolivia, Egypt, Italy, Kazakhstan, Senegal, Ukraine, Uruguay, Sweden, Ethiopia, Japan.
Kazakhstan became a member of the UN on March 2, 1992. On April 15, 1992 Ms Akmaral Arystanbekova was appointed as the first Permanent Representative of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the United Nations by the decree of the President of Kazakhstan. On June 5, 1992 was signed the Presidential Decree on the establishment of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the UN. On February 16, 1993, the UN Office in Kazakhstan was opened. Mr Norimasa Shimamura is the UN Resident Coordinator in the Republic of Kazakhstan since December 2015, and Mr Kairat Umarov is a Permanent Representative of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the United Nations.