query: Was Operation Hush successful?

title: Operation Hush

text: The Germans used mustard gas for the first time, supported by a mass of heavy artillery, which captured part of the bridgehead over the Yser and annihilated two British battalions. After several postponements, Operation Hush was cancelled on 14 October 1917, as the advance during the Third Battle of Ypres did not meet the objectives required to begin the attack. In April 1918, the Dover Patrol raided Zeebrugge, to sink block ships in the canal entrance to trap U-Boats, which closed the canal for a short time. From September–October 1918, the Belgian coast was occupied by the Allies, in the Fifth Battle of Ypres.

title: Operation Hush

text: Operation Hush was a British plan to make amphibious landings on the Belgian coast in 1917 during World War I, supported by an attack from Nieuwpoort and the Yser bridgehead, which were a legacy of the Battle of the Yser (1914). Several plans were considered in 1915 and 1916, then shelved due to operations elsewhere. Operation Hush was intended to begin when the main offensive at Ypres had advanced to Roulers, Koekelare and Thourout, linked by advances by the French and Belgian armies in between. Operation Strandfest was a German spoiling attack, conducted on 10 July by Marinekorps-Flandern, in anticipation of an Allied coastal operation.

title: Hush (character)

text: Bruce consented to help Hush on the condition that he allow himself to be treated in, and confined to, Arkham Asylum. Hush agreed, and then immediately escaped after being told that the surgery had been a success. He was intercepted by Batman before he could confront the Joker and demanded that Batman allow him to kill the Joker. Batman seemed to agree and began to leave, but then revealed that he had tricked Hush – the pacemaker was still in his body, and he had been allowed to escape from Arkham. At that moment, the Joker arrived, and Hush begged Batman not to leave him.

title: Hush-A-Phone

text: The manufacture of Hush-A-Phones began in 1921, although the Hush-A-Phone company was first mentioned in "The New York Times" in a 1922 classified advertisement for a "typist-dictaphone operator". At this time, Hush-A-Phone was located in New York's Flatiron District, at 41 Union Square. Only a month later, the company advertised for a salesman, noting that 500 Hush-A-Phones were sold in one week at a business show.

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: In the United States, "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" debuted at number 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 issue dated March 30, 2009. On the Hot Dance/Club Songs chart "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" fared better; it earned them their sixth consecutive number one.

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: In March 2009, it was announced that "Doll Domination" would be reissued in different editions to include new songs including an up-tempo remix of "Hush Hush" titled "Hush Hush; Hush Hush". The remixed version was first performed by Scherzinger at their second concert tour, Doll Domination Tour (2009), during the section where each member performed solo. Freddie Perren and Dino Fekaris received co-writing credits for the song, for containing interpolations of Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" (1978) and includes quotation of the original string arrangement by David Blumberg. "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" was produced by Fair, Dave Audé and Quiz & Larossi while Scherzinger handled vocal production and arrangement with Fair. The remix was described as a "dated faux-disco mess" by Nick Levine of Digital Spy. The following month, the track was available for pre-order with a scheduled release date on April 28, 2009 while the cover art credited Scherzinger as featured artist. Media reports speculated that Scherzinger's exit from the group was imminent as previously released single, "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" also marketed her as a featured singer.

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" is the remix of "Hush Hush", a song by American female group the Pussycat Dolls. The track was written by Andreas Romdhane, Josef Larossi, Ina Wroldsen, Nicole Scherzinger, Dino Fekaris, and Freddie Perren and produced by the former two alongside Ron Fair and Dave Audé. It was released on May 12, 2009 by Interscope Records as the sixth and final single from the revised version of "Doll Domination" (2008). Originally a ballad, the remix features a more up-tempo production and interpolates Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" (1978) with lyrics alluding to an ill-fated relationship. The single release was met with controversy; as with "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)", Scherzinger was billed as a featured artist causing further dissatisfaction within the group and a public outburst by Melody Thornton during one of the group's tour appearance.

title: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962 film)

text: The film's success spawned a succession of horror/thriller films featuring psychotic older women, later dubbed the psycho-biddy subgenre, among them Aldrich's "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte", "What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?", and director Curtis Harrington's "Who Slew Auntie Roo?" and "What's the Matter with Helen?". It was parodied by the Italian comedy film "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?"

title: DVS1

text: After a brief stint behind bars, Khutoretsky went on to open his own club in Minneapolis, run and operate hush studios, run and operate hush sound and make his first steps towards a more legitimate music career.

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: This also led to dissatisfaction with other members; while opening for The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009) in Glendale, Arizona, Melody Thornton addressed the crowd during their break saying, "[...] let me give a shout-out to my family. Thank you for supporting me, even if I'm not featured" referring to the billing of the singles, and encouraging the audience to follow their dreams and to "never let anyone stomp on them, ever." Scherzinger later referred about her billing as a featured artist during a radio interview. "It's no big deal, that doesn't take away from anybody else in the group. That's my role. I wrote 'Hush Hush' as well." Following the controversy, Hush Hush; Hush Hush was ultimately released as a digital download on May 12, 2009 without Scherzinger's billing as a featured artist.

title: Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte (disambiguation)

text: Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte may refer to:

title: Hush hush

text: Hush hush or hush-hush may refer to any of the following:

title: Hushe River

text: The Hushe River is a tributary river to the Shyok River which itself is tributary to the Indus River. The main source of the Hushe River is the Gondogoro Glacier. Some streams also flow from other glaciers of the Hushe valley. The Hushe river joins with Saltoro River at Haldi village before joining the Shyok River. Both the Hushe and Saltoro rivers join the Shyok river at the Tsa thang Ghursa village.

title: The Pussycat Dolls discography

text: After a three-year hiatus in hopes to further Scherzinger's own solo career, the group reunited to record their second and final studio album, "Doll Domination" in September 2008. Scherzinger began to receive a larger input in the recording process as co-writer and co-producer of the album. "Doll Domination" garnered a higher peak position than "PCD" of number four on "Billboard" 200, but failed to match its predecessor's commercial success. Its lead single "When I Grow Up" became another top ten single for the group. "I Hate This Part" was released as the second single and managed to attain similar success. In early 2009, "Doll Domination" was re-released as two compilation albums. The lead single from "Doll Domination 2.0" was "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" which reached number one in 17 countries and follow-up single "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" reached the top 20 worldwide. In 2010, the original recording group line-up disbanded.

title: Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)

text: "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte" is a popular song with music by Frank De Vol and lyrics by Mack David, introduced in the 1964 film "Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte" starring Bette Davis. The song's title appears with varying punctuation in its different versions: this article indicates how each specific version styled the title.

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: Taila Craines of Orange positively reviewed the song's original version. "['Hush Hush'] is an epic ballad promoting the Dolls as strong women who 'never asked for help' from their men."

title: Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)

text: Lyricist Mack David produced a recording of "Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte" by Hoyt Axton while a cover version of "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte" was cut by Bruce Forsyth to compete with the June 1965 UK release of the Patti Page single: neither the Forsyth single - which featured the Mike Sammes Singers - nor that by Page reached the UK charts. Richard Chamberlain's rendition of "Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte" appeared on his September 1965 album release "Joy in the Morning" which consisted of songs from films or stage musicals: "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte" also was featured on the 1965 album "Chris Connor Sings Gentle Bossa Nova". The Bette Davis version of "Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte" was first released on the 1976 album "Miss Bette Davis".

title: The Hush

text: "The Hush" has been certified triple platinum by the BPI for UK sales in excess of 900,000 copies. This makes it the band's second most successful studio album after their previous album, "White on Blonde" (1997), which had been certified 6x Platinum.

title: Cliché (Hush Hush)

text: Being Stan's last activity with Prodan's label, the reissue additionally features three songs—"Lemonade", "Cliché (Hush Hush)" and "All My People"—which were released worldwide as singles, as intended for her second studio album. While "Lemonade" was certified Gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI), the latter songs were moderately successful in Italy and Japan. Commercially, "Cliché (Hush Hush)" peaked at number fifty-three on the Oricon Albums Chart, having sold over 6,100 copies there.

title: Hush (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: "Hush" is the tenth episode in the fourth season of the supernatural drama television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" (1997–2003). It was written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon and originally aired in the United States on December 14, 1999 on The WB Television Network. After reading critical response to the series in which the dialogue was praised as the most successful aspect of the show, Whedon set out to write an episode almost completely devoid of speech. Only about 17 minutes of dialogue is presented in the entire 44 minutes of "Hush".

title: Hush (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Jarett Wieselman of the "New York Post" listed the scene in which Buffy mimes staking The Gentlemen and its humorous misunderstandings by the other characters among the top five best "Buffy" moments, especially praising Sarah Michelle Gellar's (Buffy) comedic acting. Nikki Stafford, author of "Bite Me! The Unofficial Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer" writes "Hush" is "mind-blowing" and "one of the best hours of television ever". For Buffy studies scholar Roz Kaveney, the primary reason "Hush" was successful was the acting strengths of the central cast. "Hush" is Alyson Hannigan's (Willow) favorite episode of the "Buffy" series, and the one Nicholas Brendon (Xander) considers the most frightening. Series writer Jane Espenson stated the episode "redefined what an episode of television could do".

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: The music video for the "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" was directed by Rich Lee. It features cameo appearances by celebrity blogger Perez Hilton and former VIP Pussycat Doll Carmen Electra, who used to sing lead vocals with the Dolls during their burlesque performances. The video makes use of product placement of Campari, Nokia 5800 XpressMusic and HP Mini 1000 Vivienne Tam Edition. The video premiered on May 26, 2009.

title: There's a Kind of Hush

text: The song was introduced on the 1966 album "Winchester Cathedral" by Geoff Stephens' group the New Vaudeville Band; like that group's hit "Winchester Cathedral", "There's a Kind of Hush" was conceived as a neo-British music hall number although it is a less overt example of that style. The first single version of "There's a Kind of Hush" was recorded in 1966 by Gary and the Hornets, a teen/pre-teen male band from Franklin, Ohio whose version—entitled "A Kind of Hush" produced by Lou Reizner—became a regional success and showed signs of breaking nationally in January 1967; the single would reach No. 4 in Cincinnati and No. 3 in Erie PA. However an expedient cover by Herman's Hermits was released in the US in February 1967 to reach the Top 30 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 in three weeks and proceed to a peak of #4—affording the group their final US Top Ten hit—with Gold certification for US sales of one million units awarded that April. In the UK Herman's Hermits' "There's a Kind of Hush" would reach No. 7. The success of the Herman's Hermits version led to the release of the original New Vaudeville Band track as a single in some territories with both of these versions charting in Australia with peaks of No. 5 (Herman's Hermits) and No. 12 (New Vaudeville Band) and also in South Africa where the New Vaudeville Band bested the Herman's Hermits' No. 9 peak by reaching No. 4.

title: Hush, Hush

text: Hush, Hush is a 2009 "New York Times" bestselling young adult fantasy novel by Becca Fitzpatrick and the first book in her "Hush, Hush" series. The novel received rave reviews and focuses on Nora Grey, a teenager whose life is at risk after beginning a romance with new student Patch, a fallen angel with a dark connection to Nora.

text: "Hush, Hush, Hush, Here Comes the Bogeyman" is a song written by Lawton, Brown, Smith, Lang and Benson. It was recorded in 1932 by British band leader Henry Hall and his Orchestra, with vocals by Val Rosing.

title: Batman: Hush

text: After the story's success, Lee and Loeb were slated to follow the story up with another six issues, but the project failed to materialize. Hush's story was continued by AJ Lieberman in the now discontinued "" title.

title: King County Metro fleet

text: Buses equipped with the GM-Allison E50 and the Allison H 50 EP parallel hybrid systems have a special "hush mode" that allows the buses to operate solely on electric power, reducing tailpipe emissions and noise while operating in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel. Before entering the tunnel, the operator pushes a button that puts the coach into hush mode. While buses are inside stations, the coaches operate solely on electric propulsion (although, while the doors are closed, the engine still rotates in order to operate auxiliary loads). In between the tunnel's stations, the bus uses electric traction to get to , after which a combination of the electric and diesel motors are used. The operation of the diesel engine allows the batteries to recharge. Hush mode is normally deactivated by the operator as they exit the tunnel, but the mode will be automatically deactivated after the coach has traveled a certain distance.

title: Hush Hush; Hush Hush

text: The song was a moderate commercial success, managing to peak top-ten in Australia, Belgium (Wallonia), Finland and France. In the United States, it charted at 73 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. An accompanying music video for the song, directed by Ray Kay, premiered on May 27, 2009. The video was met with mixed reviews, criticizing the over-emphasis on Scherzinger but noted for being "the most revealing Pussycat Dolls video yet".

title: Hush (LL Cool J song)

text: "Hush" is the second single from LL Cool J's eleventh album, "The DEFinition". It was released on February 15, 2005 for Def Jam Recordings, produced by Timbaland, LL Cool J and Eric "NY Nicks, featuring vocals by 7 Aurelius, and was the follow-up to "Headsprung". Though not as successful as "Headsprung" (in North America), "Hush" still managed to make a dent on the Billboard charts; peaking at #26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, #11 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and #14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. However, "Hush" saw top ten success in the United Kingdom, where it entered and peaked at #3 on the UK Singles Chart.

title: Batman: Hush

text: "Batman: Hush" was published in monthly installments within the comic book series "Batman", running from issue #608–619 (December 2002–November 2003) by DC Comics. The first issue of the story arc was a success ranking 1st in the Top 300 comics for the October 2002 period with pre-order sales of 113,061. It was later collected into two volumes as hardcover and softcover, and later in 2005 in an oversized "Absolute Batman: Hush" hardcover slipcase. DC Comics released the story arc in one volume in August 2009. A hardcover collected edition featuring Jim Lee's artwork entirely in pencil form, titled "Batman: Hush Unwrapped Deluxe Edition", was released on February 22, 2011.

title: Cliché (Hush Hush)

text: "Lemonade" was released as the first single from the reissue on 12 June 2012; its music video premiered on 4 June 2012. With music critics comparing the recording to the works of Ace of Base, Britney Spears, Lady Gaga and Kelis, "Lemonade" experienced commercial success in Europe and Japan. It peaked at number one in Bulgaria, and within the top forty in Hungary, Italy, Japan, Romania and Slovakia, being eventually certified Gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) for selling 15,000 copies in Italy. Subsequently, the title track of the record was made available for digital consumption on 3 October 2012, being promoted by a visual filmed by Iulian Moga at Palatul Snagov. The clip later drew comparison to vampire films for teenagers for a scene in which Stan is portrayed in a church surrounded by dark-clothed people. "Cliché (Hush Hush)" charted at number eleven on the Japan Hot 100, and at number fifty on Italy's FIMI chart. A "club-friendly" electro dance recording, "All My People", the last single from "Cliché (Hush Hush)" premiered on 1 May 2013 and featured the vocals of Prodan's fictional character, Manilla Maniacs. It was moderately successful in Italy, Japan and Romania, reaching the top sixty in the territories. The song's music video was compared by Alexandra Necula of Info Music to the work of Madonna, while its choreography to Michael Jackson's 1980s material.


query: When did India gain independence from the British Empire?

title: History of the British Raj

text: The history of the British Raj refers to the period of British rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who in 1876 was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when the British provinces of India were partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, leaving the princely states to choose between them. The two new dominions later became the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (the eastern half of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). The province of Burma in the eastern region of the Indian Empire had been made a separate colony in 1937 and became independent in 1948.

title: Jawaharlal Nehru

text: Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of independence from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. Nehru also maintained good relations with the British Empire. Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth." The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised India's continuing membership of the association. The reaction back home was favourable; only the far-left and the far-right criticised Nehru's decision.

title: India–United Kingdom relations

text: Trade was established between Tudor England and Mughal India in 1600 when Elizabeth I granted the newly formed East India Company a royal charter. After the Mughal Empire's decline in 1707, India was a leading manufacturing country in the world in the early 18th century. It had 22.6 percent share of the world's GDP, by the time British left the country its GDP was near 4%. During 18th century, the East India Company began to gain greater influence in India. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 led to the conquest of Bengal while by 1857, following various treaties and wars with Indian kingdoms (such as the Anglo-Mysore Wars with Tipu Sultan, the Anglo-Maratha Wars and the Anglo-Sikh wars), the East India Company controlled most of the Indian subcontinent. Following the Indian Mutiny of 1857, where Indian sepoys rebelled against their British officers, the East India Company was dissolved the following year. The assets of the British East India Company became so huge that the British government decided to step in. India served as the main base for the British Empire's expansion across Asia and would remain the empire's most important colony until independence. Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1876. From a small trading outpost, India became the jewel in the British crown.

title: Constitution of Pakistan

text: The successful movement led the establishment of Pakistan, independent from British India in 1947. The British Empire divided British India into two, India and Pakistan.

title: Khan Abdul Ghani Khan

text: During a part of Ghani Khan’s life, modern-day Pakistan did not exist. India was under British rule (hence called British India) and was fighting for its independence from the British. On August 15, 1947, India finally gained its independence. And a day before, on August 14, 1947, Pakistan had been born, becoming independent of British India. Hence, before all this independence, the Pashtuns who are now in Pakistan (all except the Swati Pashtuns, since Swat was an independent, princely state until 1964) were under the rule of British India before the partition of India and Pakistan. This is where and why Bacha Khan’s work was significant.

title: Territorial evolution of the British Empire

text: A number of countries (dominions) within the British Empire gained independence in stages during the earlier part of the 20th century. Much of the rest of the Empire was dismantled in the twenty years following the end of the Second World War, starting with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and considered to have ended with the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. There remain, however, 14 global territories which remain under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

title: Battles involving the Maratha Empire

text: The Maratha Empire was at its height in the 18th century under Shahu and the Peshwa Baji Rao I. Losses at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 suspended further expansion of the empire in the North-west and reduced the power of the Peshwas. In 1761, after severe losses in the Panipat war, the Peshwas slowly started losing the control of the kingdom. Many military chiefs of the Maratha Empire like Shinde, Holkar, Gaikwad, PantPratinidhi, Bhosale of Nagpur, Dev (Gade) of Wardha, Pandit of Bhor, Patwardhan, and Newalkar started to work towards their ambition of becoming kings in their respective regions. However, under Madhavrao Peshwa, Maratha authority in North India was restored, 10years after the battle of Panipat. After the death of Madhavrao, the empire gave way to a loose Confederacy, with political power resting in a 'pentarchy' of five mostly Maratha dynasties: the Peshwas of Pune; the Sindhias (originally "Shindes") of Malwa and Gwalior; the Holkars of Indore; the Bhonsles of Nagpur; and the Gaekwads of Baroda. A rivalry between the Sindhia and Holkar dominated the confederation's affairs into the early 19th century, as did the clashes with the British and the British East India Company in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in 1818. Most of the former Maratha Empire was absorbed by British India, although some of the Maratha states persisted as quasi-independent princely states until India became independent in 1947.

title: India–Trinidad and Tobago relations

text: Both nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of Trinidad and Tobago from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 - the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence from British rule. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

title: Foreign relations of India

text: Both nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of Trinidad and Tobago from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence from British rule. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

title: Irredentism

text: All of the European colonies on the Indian subcontinent which were not part of the British Raj have been annexed by India since it gained its independence from the British Empire. An example of such territories was the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa. An example of annexation of a territory from the British Raj was the Indian integration of Junagadh.

title: Self-determination

text: In 1947, India gained independence from the British Empire. The empire was in decline but adapted to these circumstances by creating the British Commonwealth—since 1949 the Commonwealth of Nations—which is a free association of equal states. As India obtained its independence, multiple ethnic conflicts emerged in relation to the formation of a statehood during the Partition of India which resulted in Islamic Pakistan and Secular India. Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India. In 1971 Bangladesh obtained independence from Pakistan.

title: Pakistani nationalism

text: The Muslim desire for independence and a new state for the Indian Muslims, or "Azadi" was born with Kernal Sher Khan, who looked to Muslim history and heritage, and condemned the fact Muslims were ruled by the British Empire and not by Muslim leaders. The idea of complete independence did not catch on until after World War I, when the British reduced civil liberties with the Rowlatt Acts of 1919. When the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar, Punjab (India) of hundreds of unarmed civilians by British forces took place in the same year, the Muslim public was outraged and most of the Muslim political leaders turned against the British. Pakistan was finally gained independence in 1947 on the basis of Two Nation Theory.Today, Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces. The last census recorded the 1981 population at 84.3 million, nearly double the 1961 figure of 42.9 million. By 1983, the population had tripled to nearly 93 million, making Pakistan the world's 9th most populous country, although in area it ranked 34th.

title: Pakistan

text: The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century enabled the Sikh Empire to control larger areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. A rebellion in 1857 called the Sepoy mutiny of Bengal was the region's major armed struggle against the British Empire and Queen Victoria. Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British India that led to motivated religious violence in British India. The language controversy further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The Hindu renaissance witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India. An intellectual movement to counter the Hindu renaissance was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, who helped found the All-India Muslim League in 1901 and envisioned, as well as advocated for, the two-nation theory. In contrast to the Indian National Congress's anti-British efforts, the Muslim League was a pro-British movement whose political program inherited the British values that would shape Pakistan's future civil society. In events during World War I, British Intelligence foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving the nexus of Congress and the German Empire. The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s against the British Empire.

title: Republic Day

text:
India gained its independence on 15 August 1947, after which the process of preparing a constitution was started. The Constitution was passed on 26 November 1949 in the Constituent Assembly. It was adopted on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system. 26 January was selected, because it was this day in 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence was passed.
India achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations): India and Pakistan. India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates of coming into force of its constitution.

title: List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

text: This is a line of countries and territories formerly ruled or administered by the United Kingdom or part of the British Empire, with their independence days. Some countries did not gain their independence on a single date, therefore the latest day of independence is shown with a break down of dates further down.

title: British currency in the Middle East

text: For nearly four hundred years, silver Spanish dollars (pieces of eight) had served as the international currency, and most of these coins were minted in Mexico City, Lima, and Potosi in the New World. The policy of introducing the sterling currency into all of the British colonies began with an imperial order-in-council dated 1825. The timing of the British imperial order-in-council corresponded to the drying up of the source of the Spanish dollars following revolutions in Latin America, and also the introduction of a successful gold standard into the United Kingdom in 1821, based on the gold sovereign. In 1825, the British Empire had not as yet taken on its widest extent. Following the American revolution, Britain's attention switched to India, but British India was originally controlled by the British East India Company. The British government did not take direct control over India until after the Indian mutiny of 1857. Hence the imperial-order-of-council of 1825 did not apply to India. As such, the already circulating silver rupee continued to be the currency of India for the entire duration of the British Raj, and afterwards into independence. The Indian rupee was not only the currency of India but also the currency of an extended region beyond, which stretched across the Indian Ocean to the east coast of Africa, up through the horn of Africa, through Aden and Muscat in Southern Arabia and Eastern Arabia, and along the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf, extending even as far inland as Mesopotamia. These middle eastern territories did not become a part of the British Empire until a period ranging from the 1840s until after the first world war. The Middle East was the last major addition to the British Empire, and therefore just like India, was unaffected by the 1825 imperial order-in-council. The 1825 order-in-council was limited largely to the remnants of the old Empire in North America and the West Indies, along with New South Wales, Gibraltar, and some spoils of the Napoleonic wars such as the Cape of Good Hope, Malta, and Mauritius. It is said that the British Empire had three currency zones, and that the three currencies were the pound sterling, the dollar, and the rupee. The situation in the British territories of the Middle East was however somewhat complicated, because it involved a situation in which Indian rupees, Turkish piastres, and Egyptian piastres gradually gave way to systems based on units of the sterling system, but without ever involving the introduction of the full sterling coinage.

title: History of the world

text: On the Indian subcontinent, the Delhi Sultanate and the Deccan sultanates would give way, beginning in the 16th century, to the Mughal Empire. Starting in the northwest, the Mughal Empire would by the late 17th century come to rule the entire subcontinent,[118] except for the southernmost Indian provinces, which would remain independent. Against the Muslim Mughal Empire, the Hindu Maratha Empire was founded on the west coast in 1674, gradually gaining territory—a majority of present-day India—from the Mughals over several decades, particularly in the Mughal–Maratha Wars (1681–1701). The Maratha Empire would in 1818 fall under the control of the British East India Company, with all former Maratha and Mughal authority devolving in 1858 to the British Raj.

title: Sheikhdom of Kuwait

text: The Sheikhdom of Kuwait ( "") was a sheikhdom which gained independence from the Khalidi Emirate of Al Hasa under Sabah I bin Jaber in the year 1752. The Sheikhdom became a British protectorate between 1899 and 1961 after the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement of 1899 was signed between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British government in India due to severe threats to Kuwait's independence from the Ottoman Empire.

title: Foreign relations of India

text: India's relations with the world have evolved since the British Raj (1857–1947), when the British Empire monopolised external and defence relations. When India gained independence in 1947, few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political party, the Indian National Congress, had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicise its independence struggle. From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had a long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As a member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world.

title: Esan people

text: The Esan Kingdoms often warred among each other. Despite the wars, the Esans kept a homogenous culture which was chiefly influenced by the Benin Empire. However, these kingdoms were colonized, along with the Benin Empire, by the British Empire during September 1897, only gaining independence 63 years later in 1960 when Nigeria became independent from British Colonial rule. After independence, the Esan people have suffered from civil war, poverty, and lack of infrastructure.

title: British Empire

text: The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: Indian independence.[184] India's two major political parties—the Indian National Congress (led by Mahatma Gandhi) and the Muslim League (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah)—had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947.[185] The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan.[186] Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.[187]

title: India–Nigeria relations

text: Both nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of African countries from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1958 – two years before Nigeria officially gained independence from British rule. Since the restoration of democracy in 1998, Nigeria has joined India in becoming the largest democracies in their respective regions with diverse religious and ethnic populations. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

title: Lucknow

text: Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire disintegrated. The third Nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula (r. 1753–1775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitive Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim. Roundly defeated at the Battle of Buxar by the East India Company, he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory. Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence when Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775. The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the Maratha Empire and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab Wazir Ali Khan alienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped Saadat Ali Khan take the throne. He became a puppet king, and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to the East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army. This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the East India Company, although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.

title: Third Anglo-Afghan War

text: The circumstances behind the war were complicated as was the final settlement. In going to war in 1919 against British India, Amir Amanullah's war aims were complicated. Even up against a depleted British Indian Army, a tactical victory was unlikely; however, the war served the dual purpose of deflecting domestic criticism and also offering the opportunity for strategic political gains. As a result of the peace treaty that was negotiated, the British ceased payment of the Afghan subsidy, and thus ended their claim to direct Afghan foreign policy, which had been the "pro quid quo" of the Emir accepting the subsidy. The British had traditionally wanted Afghanistan as a buffer state between India and the Russian Empire. In 1919, the Russian Civil War was raging and any threat from Russia to India at the time was potential rather than real. Moreover, the British were by far the largest supporters of the White movement in the Russian Civil War with the British contributing more arms to the Whites than all of the other nations supporting the Whites did combined. It was assumed in London that if the Whites won the Civil War, a new era in Anglo-Russian relations might possibly open as the victorious Whites might be grateful for British support, rendering the need for a buffer state in Central Asia irrelevant. The British also stopped arms sales from India to Afghanistan. But, as British influence declined, the Afghans were able to gain control of their own foreign affairs and in the aftermath emerged as a fully independent state. The British also made some political gains, most notably the reaffirmation of the Durand Line – which had long been a contentious issue between the two nations – as the political boundary separating Afghanistan from the North-West Frontier, and the undertaking that the Afghans made to stop interference on the British side of the line.

title: Bhavan's College

text: Bhavan's College is a college located at Andheri a neighborhood in West Mumbai, India. It was established in 1946, a year before India gained independence from The British Empire in 1947.

title: Direct rule

text: This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when Britain′s Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.

title: History of India

text: From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure, economic decline and major famines. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched, led by the Indian National Congress, which was later joined by other organisations. The Indian subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

title: Purna Swaraj

text: Before 1930, Indian political parties had openly embraced the goal of political independence from the United Kingdom. The All India Home Rule League had been advocating "Home Rule" for India: dominion status within the British Empire, as granted to Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa. The All India Muslim League favoured dominion status as well, and opposed calls for outright Indian independence. The Indian Liberal Party, by far the most pro-British party, explicitly opposed India's independence and even dominion status if it weakened India's links with the British Empire. The Indian National Congress, the largest Indian political party of the time, was at the head of the national debate. Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 from an All-India Congress Forum. Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire.

title: New Imperialism

text: In the 17th century, the British businessmen arrived in India and, after taking a small portion of land, formed the East India Company. The British East India Company annexed most of the subcontinent of India, starting with Bengal in 1757 and ending with Punjab in 1849. Many princely states remained independent. This was aided by a power vacuum formed by the collapse of the Mughal Empire in India and the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and increased British forces in India because of colonial conflicts with France. The invention of clipper ships in the early 1800s cut the trip to India from Europe in half from 6 months to 3 months; the British also laid cables on the floor of the ocean allowing telegrams to be sent from India and China. In 1818, the British controlled most of the Indian subcontinent and began imposing their ideas and ways on its residents, including different succession laws that allowed the British to take over a state with no successor and gain its land and armies, new taxes, and monopolistic control of industry. The British also collaborated with Indian officials to increase their influence in the region.

title: Telangana

text: When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to remain independent. The Government of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948 after a military operation called Operation Polo. It appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950. He administered the state with the help of English-educated bureaucrats from the Madras and Bombay states, who were familiar with British systems of administration unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad State who used a completely different administrative system. The official language of the state was switched from Urdu to English.

title: 125th Napier's Rifles

text: In 1945, the regiments of the British Indian Army lost the numerals in their titles, and the Rajputanas arrived at their present name of Rajputana Rifles. In 1947, when the Empire of India gained independence from the British Empire and was partitioned into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, the regiment was allocated to India and is now the most senior rifle regiment of the Indian Army.


query: When was the Cretaceous period?

title: Cretaceous

text: The Cretaceous (/krɪˈteɪʃəs/, kri-TAY-shəs) is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period 145 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period 66 mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and the longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation Kreide (chalk, creta in Latin).

title: Late Cretaceous

text: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time, approximately (Ma). It is widely known as the "K–T extinction event" and is associated with a geological signature, usually a thin band dated to that time and found in various parts of the world, known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary). "K" is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period derived from the German name "Kreidezeit", and "T" is the abbreviation for the Tertiary Period (a historical term for the period of time now covered by the Paleogene and Neogene periods). The event marks the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. "Tertiary" being no longer recognized as a formal time or rock unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the K-T event is now called the Cretaceous—Paleogene (or K-Pg) extinction event by many researchers.

title: Cretaceous

text: In the seas, rays, modern sharks and teleosts became common.[28] Marine reptiles included ichthyosaurs in the early and mid-Cretaceous (becoming extinct during the late Cretaceous Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event), plesiosaurs throughout the entire period, and mosasaurs appearing in the Late Cretaceous.

title: Late Cretaceous

text: The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series. The Cretaceous is named after the white limestone known as chalk which occurs widely in northern France and is seen in the white cliffs of south-eastern England, and which dates from this time.

title: Cretaceous Research

text: Cretaceous Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. The journal focuses on topics dealing with the Cretaceous period and the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.

title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The "Cretaceous Normal" (also called the "Cretaceous Superchron" or C34) lasted for almost 40million years, from about , including stages of the Cretaceous period from the Aptian through the Santonian. The frequency of magnetic reversals steadily decreased prior to the period, reaching its low point (no reversals) during the period. Between the Cretaceous Normal and the present, the frequency has generally increased slowly.

title: T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous

text: Filming continued for two weeks on location in Dinosaur Provincial Park. Yet the filmmakers faced a challenge in finding a realistic environment to set the live-action filming portion for the Cretaceous period sequences when Ally finds herself wandering amidst the lush vegetation of 66 million years ago. The location used to film Cretaceous period scenes in the end was in the Olympia rain forest in upper Washington state.

title: Buck Creek basin

text: The structure of the Buck Creek basin is rift-related, controlled by a series of northwest-southwest trending strike-slip faults. These faults are related to a period of rifting that trended to the southwest when the Nachako Plateau area was tectonically active during the Late Cretaceous, Eocene and Early Oligocene periods. The Buck Creek basin is filled with a series of volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks that range in age from the Cretaceous period to the Paleogene period.

title: Geochronology

text: It is important not to confuse geochronologic and chronostratigraphic units. Geochronological units are periods of time, thus it is correct to say that "Tyrannosaurus rex" lived during the Late Cretaceous Epoch. Chronostratigraphic units are geological material, so it is also correct to say that fossils of the genus "Tyrannosaurus" have been found in the Upper Cretaceous Series. In the same way, it is entirely possible to go and visit an Upper Cretaceous Series deposit – such as the Hell Creek deposit where the "Tyrannosaurus" fossils were found – but it is naturally impossible to visit the Late Cretaceous Epoch as that is a period of time.

title: Geology of Hong Kong

text: Although faults are recorded throughout the known geological history of Hong Kong, they are considered to have been most active during the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods when strike-slip and thrust faulting was dominant. Some faults represent structures that were active during the period of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous volcanic activity and facilitated the rise of magma to the surface. Faults in Hong Kong formed interesting features that can be traced to understand their activities.

title: Belemnoidea

text: Belemnoids were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often accompanying their cousins the ammonites. The belemnoids become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period along with the ammonites. The belemnoids' origin lies within the bactritoid nautiloids, which date from the Devonian period; well-formed belemnoid guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Early Carboniferous) onward through the Cretaceous. Other fossil cephalopods include baculites, nautiloids and goniatites.

title: Hybodus

text: Hybodus ("humped tooth") is an extinct genus of Chondrichthyans. First appearing towards the end of the Permian period, and disappearing during the Late Cretaceous, during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods the hybodonts were especially successful and could be found in shallow seas across the world. For reasons that are not fully understood, the hybodonts became extinct near the end of the Late Cretaceous period.

title: Makuleke

text:
Most of the sandstones in the Pafuri region however probably represent the great age of dinosaurs – the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods. During the early parts of the Jurassic, which lasted from approximately 210 million years ago until about 144 million years ago, the area was almost certainly extremely arid as is evidenced by the great sandstones of the region and the many dune and desert structures – such as desert roses – that are found preserved within the rocks of the region. In these sediments have been found the remains of early dinosaurs - possibly those of a species known as "Massospondylus". It was also clearly a period of intense volcanism – with intrusive igneous rocks representing the ejected and intrusive molten matter from the interior of the Earth scattered about the region. The Jurassic was the age of great plant eating sauropods and smaller, carnivorous dinosaurs. This was the age of the origin of vertebrate flight with pterosaurs – flying dinosaurs - and the first birds appearing. The oceans themselves were full of a wide variety of life including many different types of fish, squids and ammonites – fossils of which are plentiful in the slightly younger rocks of the coastal regions to the southeast of the area. This was also a time of global upheaval as the World-continent of Pangea began to break up.
The Jurassic gives way to the Cretaceous Period in the upper rocks of the Makuleke area, and these are particularly evident in the North and East of the Pafuri. In these upper-most rocks - the region still seems to be dominated by deserts but these seem to give way to water born gravels that may indicate the emergence of the ancient Limpopo in the region. This is particularly evident in areas like Matule hill, where abundant gravels contain large and small bone fragments that appear to be those of medium-sized and small dinosaurs. Fossil wood typical of the Cretaceous flora have also been found in the rocks of the region. The Cretaceous Period lasted from about 144 million years ago until 66 million years when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred. While the Cretaceous is often referred to as the end of the age of dinosaurs, many new lifeforms appeared. This is the age of "Tyrannosaurus rex" and the ceratopsian dinosaurs (armoured and horned dinosaurs like "Triceratops"). The abundant marine deposits of the North East coast of South Africa are of this age. There is also the hope of finding the rarest forms of vertebrates alive in this time period – the tiny mammals which would eventually dominate the planet after the Cretaceous extinction event.

title: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) boundary, is a geological signature, usually a thin band of rock. "K", the first letter of the German word "Kreide" (chalk), is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period and "Pg" is the abbreviation for the Paleogene Period.

title: Aphid

text: Aphids, and the closely related adelgids and phylloxerans, probably evolved from a common ancestor some , in the early Permian period. They probably fed on plants like Cordaitales or Cycadophyta. With their soft bodies, aphids do not fossilize well, and the oldest known fossil is of the species "Triassoaphis cubitus" from the Triassic. They do however sometimes get stuck in plant exudates which solidify into amber. In 1967, when Professor Ole Heie wrote his monograph "Studies on Fossil Aphids", about sixty species have been described from the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and mostly the Tertiary periods, with Baltic amber contributing another forty species. The total number of species was small, but increased considerably with the appearance of the angiosperms , as this allowed aphids to specialise, the speciation of aphids going hand-in-hand with the diversification of flowering plants. The earliest aphids were probably polyphagous, with monophagy developing later. It has been hypothesized that the ancestors of the Adelgidae lived on conifers while those of the Aphididae fed on the sap of Podocarpaceae or Araucariaceae that survived extinctions in the late Cretaceous. Organs like the cornicles did not appear until the Cretaceous period. One study alternatively suggests that ancestral aphids may have lived on angiosperm bark and that feeding on leaves may be a derived trait. The Lachninae have long mouth parts that are suitable for living on bark and it has been suggested that the mid-Cretaceous ancestor fed on the bark of angiosperm trees, switching to leaves of conifer hosts in the late Cretaceous. The Phylloxeridae may well be the oldest family still extant, but their fossil record is limited to the Lower Miocene "Palaeophylloxera".

title: Ginkgoales

text: The first "Ginkgo" leaves were found from the Triassic period, but there were many species of "Ginkgo" during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods as well. These periods, known collectively as the Mesozoic era, were when diversity and distribution for all plants were at their highest, including in "Ginkophytes". It was in the early Cenozoic period that "Ginkgophytes" nearly became extinct, specifically during the early Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. The only remaining "Ginkgophyte" was "Ginkgo adiantoides" – a polymorphic species. The Chinese were the ones to save "Ginkgo", as they grew them in their temple gardens. This is why modern "Ginkgo" trees are native to China.

title: Cretaceous

text: Tyrannosaurus rex, one of the largest land predators of all time, lived during the late Cretaceous. Up to 2 m long and 0.5 m high at the hip, Velociraptor was feathered and roamed the late Cretaceous. Triceratops, one of the most recognizable genera of the Cretaceous A pterosaur, Anhanguera piscator Confuciusornis, a genus of crow-sized birds from the Early Cretaceous Ichthyornis was a toothed seabird-like ornithuran from the late Cretaceous period

title: List of North American dinosaurs

text: During the Early Cretaceous, new dinosaurs evolved to replace the old ones. Sauropods were still present, but they were not as diverse as they were in the Jurassic Period. Theropods from the Early Cretaceous of North America include dromaeosaurids such as "Deinonychus" and "Utahraptor", "Acrocanthosaurus", and "Microvenator". Sauropods included "Astrodon", "Brontomerus", and "Sauroposeidon". Ornithischians were more diverse than they were in the Jurassic Period. "Tenontosaurus", "Dakotadon", "Protohadros", and "Eolambia" are some of the ornithopods that lived during this time period. Ankylosaurs replaced their stegosaur cousins in the Cretaceous. Ankylosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of North America include "Sauropelta" and "Gastonia". Therizinosaurs such as "Falcarius" are also known from the Early Cretaceous of North America.

title: Paleogene

text: The Paleogene (; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period. The United States Geological Survey uses the abbreviation P for the Paleogene.

title: Deister-Süntel valley

text:
The Deister-Süntel valley originated in the Cretaceous period when the Süntel and Deister were pushed upwards into anticlines. As a result, deep rock strata from the Jurassic period were brought to the surface.
Until the last ice age the Weser river flowed through the valley. When the ice masses impounded it, however, it looked for another route to the North Sea through the Porta Westfalica (gorge).
Deposits of the Zechstein Sea from the Jurassic period, and later the Weser, as well as quantities of glacial sediment and fossilized vegetation from the Cretaceous period left many natural resources in the Deister-Süntel valley. Today, Wealden sandstones of the best quality are found here along with fossilized marine animals and coal beds. Gypsum, rock salt, gravel and sand occur, as well as salt and sulphur springs and glacial erratics. The wet and swampy landscape that persisted well into the 19th century is now fertile terrain covered with loess soils.

title: Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: The Cretaceous Period (145–66 Ma), overall, had a relatively warm climate which resulted in high eustatic sea levels and created numerous shallow inland seas. In the Late Cretaceous, the climate was much warmer than present; however, throughout most of the period, a cooling trend is apparent. The tropics were much warmer in the early Cretaceous and became much cooler toward the end of the Cretaceous.

title: Alternatives to evolution by natural selection

text:
Catastrophism has found a place in modern biology with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period, as proposed in a paper by
Walter and Luis Alvarez in 1980. It argued that a asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. The event, whatever it was, made about 70% of all species extinct, including the dinosaurs, leaving behind the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. In 1990, a candidate crater marking the impact was identified at Chicxulub in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico.

title: Abelisauroidea

text: Abelisauroids flourished in the Southern hemisphere during the Cretaceous period, but their origins can be traced back to at least the Middle Jurassic, when they had a more global distribution (the earliest known abelisauroid remains come from Australian and South American deposits dated to about 170 million years ago). By the Cretaceous period, abelisauroids had apparently become extinct in Asia and North America, possibly due to competition from tyrannosauroids. However, advanced abelisauroids of the family Abelisauridae persisted in the southern continents until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event  million years ago.

title: Paleontology in Alabama

text: Alabama experienced rifting during the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era due to the breakup of Pangaea. The valleys formed by the rifts had filled with seawater by the Jurassic period. During the Late Cretaceous Alabama was partially covered by seawater once more. A wide variety of different animals lived in this sea. The oysters "Exogyra" and "Gryphaea" were preserved in great abundance during the Cretaceous period. Cretaceous life also included cephalopods, corals, and gastropods. When Alabama's Mooreville Chalk was deposited the area was home to protostegid turtles and the shark "Cretoxyrhina mantelli", which fed on them. Sometimes the shark's feeding activities would leave physical evidence on the turtle's bones that would be preserved when they fossilized. Other Alabama sharks included the genus "Squalicorax", which also commonly left behind tooth tips embedded in the bones of animals it fed on. Broken "Squalicorax" crowns have been found embedded in the bones of mosasaurs and even a young hadrosaur. One kind of turtle that lived in Cretaceous Alabama was "Bothremys", which may have fed on ancient snails. Areas of Alabama not covered by seawater were home to subtropical forests. Armored and duckbilled dinosaurs inhabited the state, as did tyrannosauroids. The local dinosaurs also left behind eggs to fossilize.

title: Cymatoceratidae

text:
Six genera are restricted to the Cretaceous; "Eucymatoceras" and "Heminautilus" from the Lower Cretaceous; "Anglonautilus" from both the Lower and Upper Cretaceous; "Deltocymatoceras", "Epicymatoceras",and "Syrionautilus". "Neocymatoceras" from the Oligocene from the Oligocene is synonymous with "Cymatoceras".
Of the Cymatoceratidae, "Cymatoceras" has the longest temporal range, extending from the Late Jurassic to the Tertiary Oligocene. The only other to cross a period boundary is "Paracymatoceras" which lived during both the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. The others are restricted to a simple period, sometimes to a single epoch.

title: Agathis philippinensis

text: The Agathis is a very ancient family of coniferous trees. The group achieved its maximum diversity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, when it was distributed almost worldwide. At the end of the Cretaceous, when the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct, so did most of the Araucariaceae in the Northern Hemisphere. At least one genus, Agathis, survived into the Eocene.

title: Palaeognathae

text: Feduccia (1995) emphasized the extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary as the probable engine of diversification in the Neornithes, picturing only one or very few lineages of birds surviving the end of the Cretaceous. He also noted that birds around the world had developed ratite-like anatomies when they became flightless, and saw the affinities of modern ratites, especially kiwis, as ambiguous. In this emphasis on the Cenozoic, rather than Cretaceous period, as the time of basal divergences between neornithines, he follows Olson.

title: Lepidosauria

text: Snakes do not have an extensive fossil record; the oldest known fossil is from between early and late Cretaceous period. There were Tertiary fossil snakes that became extinct by the end of the Eocene period. The first colubrid also appeared in the Eocene period. Lizards first appeared in the middle Jurassic period, and this is when the scincomorph and the anguimorph lizards were first seen. The Gekkotans first appear in the late Jurassic period and the iguanians first appear in the late Cretaceous period. The lizards of the Cretaceous period represent extinct genera and species. The majority of amphisbaenians first appeared during the early Cenozoic period. Rhynchocephalian fossils first appear in the Middle Triassic period, between 238-240 million years ago, making them the earliest lepidosaurian fossils found to date. The tuatara can now only be found on small islands off the New Zealand coast. However, fossil records show that it once lived on mainland New Zealand and Rhynchocephalia as a whole was once distributed globally.

title: Outline of dinosaurs

text: Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs at the close of the Mesozoic era. The fossil record indicates that birds evolved within theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period. Some of them survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, including the ancestors of all modern birds. Consequently, in modern classification systems, birds are considered dinosaurs—the only group which survived to the present day.

title: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: The K–Pg boundary marks the end of the Cretaceous Period, the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and marks the beginning of the Paleogene Period, the first period of the Cenozoic Era. Its age is usually estimated at around 66 Ma (million years ago), with radiometric dating yielding a more specific age of 66.043 ± 0.011 Ma.


query: How many chapters did Doraemon have?

title: List of Doraemon chapters

text: The Japanese children's manga series Doraemon was written and illustrated by Fujiko Fujio. It was serialized in various children's manga magazines published by Shogakukan. Total of eight-hundred and fifty chapters were collected in tankōbon by Shogakukan under Tentoumusi comics(てんとう虫コミックス) imprint. The first volume was published on July 31, 1974[1] and the last forty-fifth volume on April 26, 1996.[2] The series is about a robotic cat named Doraemon, who travels back in time from the 22nd century to aid a pre-teen boy called Nobita Nobi(野比 のび太,Nobi Nobita).

title: The Doraemons

text:
Throughout whole anime and manga parts of The Doraemons, there has a significant number of characters that play as supportive role for The Doraemons. Several characters includes significant real and famous figures. Throughout both original and Special manga series, cultural connection and historical legitimacy are highly noticed.
The Doraemons have 2 versions of volumes in this manga:

title: List of Doraemon chapters

text: Doraemon Box Set (volume 1 to 4), 2014/11, ISBN9789810932985

title: Doraemon in Vietnam

text: In the 1993 Book Publishing Conference, the Ministry of Culture reported that "the publishing of "Doraemon" is a shocking event for cleaning up the culture taste of children, both youth and adults." Doraemon also appeared in many cultural events, the Doraemon character is also the Japan Culture Ambassador to Vietnam. Fujiko F.Fujio was awarded the Culture Fighter Award by the Ministry of Culture in 1996.

title: List of Death Note chapters

text:
The "Death Note" manga is licensed by Viz Media for North American distribution under their "Shonen Jump Advanced" imprint. Viz published the first volume on October 10, 2005, and the last on July 3, 2007. A hardcover version of volume 1 was also released by Viz on September 16, 2008. Viz published "Death Note 13: How to Read" on February 19, 2008, and collected the "Death Note" volumes along with "Death Note 13: How to Read" into a box set on October 7, 2008. On October 4, 2016, all 12 original manga volumes and the February 2008 one-shot were released in a single "All-in-One Edition", consisting of 2,400 pages in a single book. The "All-in-One Edition" was released in English on September 6, 2017, resulting in the February 2008 one-shot being released in English for the first time.
Tsugumi Ohba stated that most of the chapter titles for "Death Note" were selected during the development of the thumbnails. He added that sometimes he created several choices and consulted his editor for the final selections. He and his editor often selected the final name of the following chapter while he made corrections to the one that he was currently working on. Ohba had selected the names of chapters 107 and 108 before the thumbnail stages of those chapters. After the selection of the name of Chapter 3, Ohba decided to have each chapter name consist of one Japanese word. Ohba said that around the time of the selection of the name of Chapter 4, he began to "have fun" with the chapter names and begin trying to avoid spoiling plot information through the selection of chapter names. Ohba intended for many of his titles, such as the title of Chapter 7, to have many meanings depending on how one approaches the name. Ohba says that he often discussed titles with his editor when Ohba was unable to create a title that he liked, but that this did not necessarily mean that they would find a better title.

title: Doraemon (2005 TV series)

text: Although the series is more faithful to the original manga, some changes were made. Many of the episodes that adapted chapters from the manga were extended to have a better conclusion or a good moral to the story. In addition, some elements from the manga were toned down. Some examples include all of Doraemon's gadgets that resembled medicine being changed to different appliances, and Nobita's dad (who smoked often in the manga) rarely smoking.

title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Tin Labyrinth

text: When Nobita and Doraemon visits a snow mountain nearby, they plan to ski, but Nobita, as usual, asks Doraemon for a gadget to help him. Although irritated, Doraemon gives Nobita a high powered ski, but Nobita sets off before he can fully explain how it works, much to the robots anger. Sure enough, Nobita cannot stop the ski and got separated from Doraemon. While Doraemon is searching for the boy with the take copter, he spots a zeppelin, thinking it's the hotel's staff. But unexpectedly, it shoots fireworks at him, knocking him out from the sky. Meanwhile, Nobita, worried that Doraemon left him from anger, returns to the hotel, expecting him to be there. But everyone, including the tin robots, are nowhere to be seen. When he takes a peek in the basement, a scary, talking door scares him off, and he returns home.

title: List of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia chapters

text: The list of chapters in the next section includes notes relating to the many quirks that have occurred in the history of the naming of chapters. Two names, Gamma and Zeta, were reissued in the Fraternity's early days, while two other names, Mu Epsilon and Mu Kappa, have never been issued and likely never will considering how far out of sequence they would be. The Mu Kappa name designation was approved for use by a group at Kentucky State University in June 1980, but by September 1981 circumstances had changed such that the necessary faculty support and student interest had dissolved before a chapter could be formed, and the National Executive Committee officially withdrew the approval for a charter on September 3, 1981. During the 1950s and 1960s, rapid expansion meant that chapters were being chartered on dates very close to one another. In fact, in 1960 as many as ten chapters were chartered in the span of a single week. This resulted in many chapter names being issued that did not necessarily correspond to the relative order in which the chapters were chartered. Finally, there are three sheltering institutions that have each housed two chapters with different names. In all three of these cases, the reason is that the first chapter chartered at the institution was expelled and the later petitioning group requested that a new chapter be installed instead of the expelled chapter being reactivated.

title: List of Doraemon chapters

text: There have been two series of bilingual, Japanese and English, volumes of Doraemon by SHOGAKUKAN ENGLISH COMICS called "Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future", and two audio versions.

title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016

text: They take the boy into the cave and when he regains consciousness, Shizuka gives him food and Doraemon uses the translation taro in order to understand him. He tells them that his name is Kukuru and he belongs to the Light Tribe, who got attacked by the Dark Tribe and enslaved all of his people. Nobita and Doraemon decide to help him. Kukuru is mistrustful as they are led by a powerful "King of the Spirits", Gigazombi, but as Doraemon demonstrates the secret gadgets he has, Kukuru hails him as a god much to the annoyance of Doraemon. Pegasus, Dragon and Griffin are left behind as Doraemon fears arriving on them will cause too much of a scene, and they trace the Dark Tribe using Takekoputa, eventually finding and fighting them. However their shaman proved to be strong and gave them a challenge; his ability to generate force fields is worrying to Doraemon and he wonders how an object in the Stone Age has such powers. Using the Hirarimando Doraemon reflects the shaman's attacks back to him, seemingly destroying it. They take the tribe to Japan to give them a peaceful place to live and return to the 21st century, but Nobita is worried as his pets were nowhere to be seen.

title: List of Doraemon characters

text: One can turn Doraemon off by pulling his balloon tail. Doraemon is considered a substandard product because many of his robotic features (i.e. radar whiskers and cat-calling bell) malfunctioned after production due to an accident in the factory while he was being built. Due to this malfunction, Doraemon did not do well at the robot's school and during the final presentation show, he performed badly and nobody wanted to hire him, until baby Sewashi pushed the button. His parents were a bit reluctant, but since Sewashi liked him, they hired Doraemon, and he took care of him until Sewashi himself sent him to the past to take care of Nobita. Despite this, Doraemon shows a lot of intelligence and common sense. Whenever he hangs out with his friend Mii-Chan (a cute street cat), he calls it 'important and busy work' as excuses for not doing work when Nobita or his mother ask him to do something when he will be going out with Mii.

title: Doraemon (character)

text:
Politician Osamu Fujimura is known as the "Doraemon of Nagatacho" due to his figure and warm personality. Sumo wrestler Takamisugi was nicknamed "Doraemon" because of his resemblance to the character.
ESP Guitars, have made several Doraemon shaped guitars.

title: List of Doraemon characters

text: Doraemon's favourite food is (known as "fudgy pudgy pie" in the English version of the manga, "yummy buns" in the English, and "dora-cakes/bean jam buns" in other versions), a Japanese treat filled with red bean paste. While it might explain the origin of his name, it was revealed in one of the manga chapters that his name originates from the Japanese word for "stray cat", and the ending which is part of traditional Japanese names, as seen also in, for example, Ishikawa Goemon. Doraemon is also appeared in Perman series and Mitsuo's friend.

title: Doraemon: Nobita's New Great Adventure into the Underworld

text: Back to Nobita's house, the boy is bored of the real world and wish for the existence of a Magical world where he can use magic to solve everything. However, Doraemon states that magic is just a superstition and there is no way such world could be created. At the same time when they re-enter their room, a life-sized statue of Doraemon fell down from the sky, which staggered both. As they fix the problems, Gian and Suneo call them as they found another statue of Nobita out on the field. Doraemon and Nobita are confused and choose to leave these statues in their backyard. Until night, the family was surprised when the statues appear inside of the house, in another standing position. Doraemon and Nobita don't have time to find out the truth, so they simply put the statues in Doraemon's magic pocket. At midnight, Doraemon suddenly catches a stomachache and rushes to the future to check, where his pain stops and he denies to have a scan through to detect the problem. He returns to the 21st century, where Nobita tells him that they can use the "What if" Telephone Booth to materialize a Magic World.

title: Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King

text: Nobita sees a fish tail, and tells Doraemon he saw a mermaid. They take pictures, and hear a scream. The shadows of a mermaid and a shark appear. Nobita's father tells police he saw a shark swim past the cigarette store. Nobita and Doraemon ask how he could see it without his goggles, and see that the fish are still there but the water is gone. A boy, Dekisugi, looks through his telescope and sees a mermaid and a shark. Nobita looks for the shark, who is behind him. Doraemon throws a frog into the shark's mouth. The shark and other fish return to the ocean, and the mermaid falls onto a tree branch.

title: Doraemon: Nobita and the Haunts of Evil

text: Soon, Nobita wanted some adventure, and asks Doraemon for that. Doraemon launched a rocket to find unexplored areas in the planet by taking satellite pictures, mainly from Africa. They have left searching for it, knowing that it would be very difficult to handle too many pictures. However, Peko tinkered with the device while Nobita and Doraemon is away, and found a mysterious giant statue somewhere in Africa. Excited that they might have found something no one has discovered, Nobita, Doraemon, and all of their friends including Shizuka, Gian, and Suneo planned to go to an expedition to find the statue.

title: Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World

text:
Nobita was reading a picture book in which he sees Adam and Eve disobeying God and eating the forbidden fruit in the garden of Eden. He commented that their descendants have to face many difficulties because of Adam and Eve's mistake. Then Doraemon reminded Nobita that he had to do his summer vacation research homework. Nobita decided to see his friends research homework, only to be discouraged to see how all of them were having something to do.
Upon going to the future to view his completed homework, Nobita received a package of World Creation set ordered by Doraemon to help him with his work.Thus, Nobita started creating He creates a new Solar System using "elements of the universe" dust and describe the process on the observatory diary. Nobita ded encounter some problems, including being beaten by Gian for outrunning him with the homework after Gian and Suneo's mutual project for their homework failed, and letting his artificial sun devour the other planets due to Nobita's forgetfulness. But Doraemon reversed the time so they saved the project and got to see how Earth settles to have life, from tiny cells to fish-like organism. Doraemon took Nobita to his universe. To speed up the process, Doraemon catches the ancestor of dinosaurs, a eusthenopteron and uses the Evolution-Devolution Beam on it to evolve it though there was a small bug disrupting Nobita. That night Gian decided to go to meet Nobita to apologize him and persuade him for a position on the project, but caught a strange falling star. He followed it and saw two humanoid mantis-like creature talking. The creatures saw Gian and chase him but retreated when the time patrol came in their way; all was perceived as a sleep walk by Gian. The next day, the first fish to ever walk on land had been seen, and soon followed by the ruling of the dinosaurs, which brought so much joy for Doraemon and Nobita. But soon an asteroid hit the Earth, which caused the dinosaurs perish. Nobita went devastated, but Doraemon comforted him.
Gian, Suneo and Shizuka joined the project. All of them entered Nobita's universe, where they got to see the earth during the Ice Age from which not only they made a satisfying record about the people, animal, life style after helping a group of primitive kids who look like Nobita, Suneo and Gian find their way home, but also set the first step in superstition since Nobita presented with the kids, gave them the tool and called himself Kami.That day Gian ostentatiously revealed the project with two other friends, which caught the attention of the mantis-like creatures.
The next day, only Doraemon, Nobita and Shizuka visited the universe, where they saw sign of civilization, but in the early stage as shown with poor agriculture, witch doctor and habit of human sacrifice. They also met the presumably descendants of the primitive kids, now in different class, and encountered a giant two-head centipede-like monster ư Doraemon and Shizuka wandered off to other countries, while Nobita headed to Japan and followed his look-alike named Nobina, a herb merchandiser, who is treated badly by Suneo's looka-like, a royal doctor named Sunemaro. Nobina, on the way home, rescues a beetle-like creature whom he call Chunko. When Chunko disappeared, Nobina went look for it and reunite with her when a couple . When the daughter of Suneo's look-alike vanishes, they go to the mountain to look for her, and see a spirit. The spirit is actually a gathering of thousands of insect people, trying to scare away the people. Fortunately, the daughter is found.

title: 2112: The Birth of Doraemon

text: Doraemon returned to Robot School, training to become the best robot cat to serve people. However, due to his manufacturing defect caused by the electrical surge, he had problems in all of his classes. After a meeting with Principal Teraodai, principal of the Robot School, Doraemon was sent to a training class made for special robots. Here Doraemon met the robot cat Noramyako again. Two of his classmates, Jaibee and Kenta, which have personalities similar to Gian and Suneo, tried to snatch Doraemon's pocket but Noramyako again saved him. Over time, Doraemon befriended Jaibee and Kenta, as well as other Doraemon-type robots (the Doraemons).

title: Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Treasure Island

text: Captain Silver then moves on the final stage of his plan. Having seen humanity's destruction in the future, he is determined to launch his pirate ship into space and colonize a new planet with all of the treasure he has acquired. However, this requires him to drain the Earth's energy to get the power he needs to reach space. Doraemon warns that taking Earth's energy will result in its destruction so Nobita, his friends, Flock, and Sarah attack the pirate ship again. Gian and Suneo stay behind to occupy the pirates while Nobita, Doraemon, Flock, and Sarah confront Captain Silver directly. While Nobita and Doraemon delay the activation of the pirate ship's engine, Flock is able to seize control of the ship and eject the energy the back into Earth. Captain Silver comes to realize how badly he had neglected his children, and abandons his plans, promising to be a better father to them.

title: The Doraemons

text: "The Doraemons" (main): The main series of The Doraemons, created by , who was also the original designer of the game story and characters. The series keep on the life and adventures of the Doraemons, and some of the chapters include the anime movie stories.

title: Doraemon (character)

text: According to scholar Anne Allison, Doraemon may have been the foundation for Pokémon, arguing that there are many parallels between the two ideas, mainly being that Doraemon and the Pokémon are both centered on a service plus friend relationship. She notes that the main difference between the two is that Doraemon occurs in a real place in Japan and addresses real-life situations, whereas Pokémon takes place in a fantasy world with no ties to Japan, which helped it become more relatable to foreigners and become globally popular.

title: List of Doraemon chapters

text: The manga is in full-color available in English on Amazon Kindle in North America. As of October 16, 2016 a total of 200 volumes have been released.

title: Doraemon in Vietnam

text: In early 2011, parodies of Doraemon began to flourish within the Vietnamese online community. They are pages taken from the original manga, with the dialogues changed for humor. The content of these stories revolve around contemporary social issues under the witty view of the youth. Several fan clubs of this genre have been established on forums and social networks, some even organizes their own competition. At the same time, many parodies music videos of Doraemon manga also appeared and were collectively called "Doraemon Music Video".

title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: As Nobita's future has been changed for the better, Doraemon's programming commands him to return to the future in 48 hours. Noticing that Doraemon has a hard time to leave due to his worry for Nobita, Nobita confronts and have a brutal fight with Gian to prove that he is able to defend himself without Doraemon. Seeing that Nobita refuses to give up, Gian forfeits as Doraemon tearfully takes Nobita home before leaving in peace the next day. During April Fools, Nobita is tricked by Gian into believing that Doraemon has returned. In anger, he drinks a solution Doraemon gave to him which turns all lies into truth and vice versa. Finishing his retribution against Suneo and Gian, Nobita goes back home while lamenting that Doraemon will never return. To his surprise, Doraemon suddenly returns and tells Nobita that he has got permission to stay with him because Nobita said that Doraemon would never return, still with the effects of the potion, and it became a truth. They both hug and cry in happiness.

title: 2112: The Birth of Doraemon

text: At the river bank, Sewashi wondered where Doraemon has gone. In the same area, the two terrorists from earlier in the movie appeared, being chased by Time Patrol. They took Sewashi hostage and threatened to hurt him if they are followed. Doraemon appeared on the scene and jammed the exhaust pipe of the terrorists' spaceship with his head, causing the spaceship to crash and the terrorists to be caught. Sewashi was saved but Doraemon lost his pocket during the rescue. When Dorami and Noramyako found Sewashi and Doraemon, Noramyako apologized to Doraemon for laughing at him earlier and commented on how she liked his new look and voice.

title: Doraemon (1986 video game)

text: In this game, Doraemon must travel through three different chapters in order to save Nobita and his friends, who have all been kidnapped. Each world is actually a different game with its own style of genre and game play system, and was designed by a different lead designer. The first chapter is an action game that takes place in a pioneer that scrolls continuously in four directions. The second chapter is a shooter game that scrolls through the evil den automatically in both horizontal and vertical directions. The third chapter is an aquatic adventure game where each screen scrolls over to the next. Each world must be completed by defeating a boss at the end. Then the player will advance to the next chapter, until all three bosses have been vanquished. Power-ups can be obtained in each chapter to increase Doraemon's strength and health meter. One power-up from the next chapter can be found in the first two chapters to give you an advantage when you finally arrive there.

title: 2112: The Birth of Doraemon

text: The short film is sort of a prequel to the entire series, it showed the life of Doraemon before traveling to the 20th century: How he was made, how he was partially broken, how he lost his ears, how he met the Nobi family and decides to return to the past to help Nobita. It premiered on March 4, 1995 in Japan, sharing the same bill with . The original movie was made in order to understand the initial setup of the Doraemon Manga.

title: List of Doraemon chapters

text: The Doraemon manga has been published in English in print by Shogakukan Asia. Unlike the Amazon Kindle releases these volumes are in black and white instead of color.

title: List of Doraemon Plus chapters

text: Doraemon+ (ドラえもん＋) is a collection of "short story" chapters of Fujiko F. Fujio's "Doraemon" (as opposed to the so-called "long story" standalone volumes of "Daichōhen Doraemon") that did not make the 45 published volumes. It was released as six volumes between April 25, 2005 to December 6, 2014, however 122 more chapters are not included in these five volumes as well.

text: Unable to endure the mid-summer heat, Doraemon transports Nobita and his friends to a huge iceberg floating in the South Pacific. While creating an amusement park with the secret gadget "Ice-Working Iron", Nobita finds a mysterious golden ring in the ice and he asks Doraemon to search how old the golden ring was. After learning that the ring was buried in Antarctica 100,000 years ago, Doraemon tells Nobita and his friends that nobody had discovered Antarctica until 1773, Doraemon and his friends change their clothes to winter clothes and use Anywhere Door to visit Antarctica in search of its owner. After facing many threats they come across the ruins of a huge city buried in the ice, and then travel back in time to meet Carla and Professor Hyakkoi, who are connected to the mysterious ring; however, the group must fight for survival as Doraemon risks plunging the Earth into another ice age.The film ends with showing Doraemon and his friends saying farewell to their friend Carla and Professor as they prepare to leave earth, after this Doraemon and his friends return to the home, Doraemon shows Nobita the planet's (where Carla and Professor lived or home planet of Carla and Professor) ice is melting and after some time the planet returns to it normal condition and in the last sentence of the film before credits, Nobita's Mom calls him and Doraemon for dinner. The planet's position was given to Doraemon by professor. Doraemon uses a telescope to view the planet.Debuting on 371 screens with Toho distributing, "Doraemon the Movie 2017: Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi" earned $6.1million on 592,036 admissions in its first weekend and ranked 1 on Japanese box office. Doraemon's 37th film made highest second weekend gross and highest total after second weekend in the franchise and is the fastest Doraemon's film to reach ¥4billion milestone within 37 days of release.