query: Who started human rights?

title: History of human rights

text: Some historians suggest that the Achaemenid Persian Empire of ancient Iran established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great. After his conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.[11][12][13] The cylinder has been linked by some commentators to the decrees of Cyrus recorded in the Books of Chronicles, Nehemiah, and Ezra, which state that Cyrus allowed (at least some of) the Jews to return to their homeland from their Babylonian Captivity. Additionally it stated the freedom to practice one's faith without persecution and forced conversions.[14][15]

title: Egyptian Union of Liberal Youth

text:
Life Team (Act for Human Rights)
April - August 2008, EULY, started the "LIFE TEAM" project to produce plays – songs – music – movies etc., to promote human rights and liberal ideas and values . Life Team started with program Act for human rights .this project was funded from freedom house.

title: Alan García

text: With the passage of time, studies of human rights violations in Peru have discovered a close relationship between Garcia and the forces within Peru who promote impunity for human rights violators. Garcia was involved in colonizing the bench by placing inside the judiciary judges who would be sympathetic to perpetrators of human rights violations. Additionally, Garcia was supportive of efforts to punish judges who handed down indictments of perpetrators. Garcia himself was in the presidency during many gross violations of human rights and he has been quite hostile to human rights organizations and to judicial actors who seek justice for victims of human rights violations. During his presidency Garcia sought to tilt the legal playing field in favor of the military and against victims. He also tried to make life difficult for NGOs seeking to help victims. For example, he offered extensive resources to defendants and military officers while creating new laws that would make it difficult for human rights NGOs to do their jobs, receive necessary resources, and pursue the advance of judicial action that attempted to bring human rights violators to justice.

text: The Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF) is an Egyptian human rights organisation based in Cairo. The organisation has been subject to continuous harassment by the Egyptian authorities after reporting on human rights abuses by Al-Sisi regime. ECRF is one of the very few human rights organisations still operating inside a country increasingly hostile to dissent and in which countless civil society organisations have been forced to close. The commission coordinates campaigns for those who have been tortured or disappeared, as well as highlighting numerous incidences of human rights abuses.ECRF started operating in September 2013 as a membership based human rights organisation mainly conducting trainings to activists on the basic concepts of human rights, skills of documentation of violations, strategic campaigning, and legal awareness-raising. These were received by youth activists who requested more engagement into human rights advocacy. Believing that all human beings are capable of defending human rights in their local communities, ECRF focuses on coordinating and accompanying the activists' energy to collectively work on the pressing issues of civil, political, economic, or social rights. This approach aims at documenting and mitigating human rights violations, raising civil awareness and community participation in human rights and development efforts.

title: Human Rights City

text: A Human Rights City is a municipality that refers explicitly to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards and/or law in their policies, statements, and programs. Analysts have observed growing numbers of such cities since 2000... The Human Rights City initiative emerged from the global human rights movement, and it reflects efforts of activist groups to improve respect for human rights principles by governments and other powerful actors who operate at the local/community level. Because of their focus on local contexts, Human Rights Cities tend to emphasize economic, social, and cultural rights as they affect the lives of residents of cities and other communities and their ability to enjoy civil and political human rights.

title: Hossam Bahgat

text: Bahgat started his career as a journalist. He subsequently worked for the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, but he quit his job because of their inaction over the Queen Boat incident, when 52 men were arrested for homosexual acts. Instead, he founded Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, a human rights organization, in 2002. It was the first human rights organization in Egypt to recognize LGBT rights as human rights.

title: American librarianship and human rights

text: Mathiesen has proposed that governments have an obligation to create and fund public libraries, because access to them is a human right. Starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and appealing to recent work in Human Rights Theory, she argues that there is a right to information, which states are obligated to fulfill. Given that libraries are highly effective institutions for ensuring that this right is fulfilled, there is a derived human right to a public library.

title: Gayrussia.ru

text:
Nikolai Baev appealed his arrest to the European Court of Human Rights while Irina Fet appealed to the UN Human Rights Committee. Nikolai Alekseev appealed the case of the banned March to the same Court. In January 2010, the Constitutional Court gave a decision against the three activists who claimed that the law was unconstitutional. In April 2010, the UN Human Rights Committee opened the case of Irina Fet and started communicating with both parties. As of June 2010, the European Court of Human Rights has not yet open the case.
The organization also appealed for one and one picket which were denied. The aim was to be able to challenge the constitutionality of the law at the level of the Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights.

title: American librarianship and human rights

text: 2018 sees the start of a year-long campaign to commemorate the creation of the pivotal Declaration of Human Rights that is one of the three pillars of the United Nations. Human right abuses did not end with the creation of this document, it has and continues to help countless people gain more freedoms. The campaign started in Palais de Challoit in Paris.

title: Medical ethics

text: The human rights era started with the formation of the United Nations in 1945, which was charged with the promotion of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was the first major document to define human rights. Medical doctors have an ethical duty to protect the human rights and human dignity of the patient so the advent of a document that defines human rights has had its effect on medical ethics.[22] Most codes of medical ethics now require respect for the human rights of the patient.

title: Egyptian Organization for Human Rights

text: EOHR acts and reports on both governmental and non-governmental human rights violations. According to its reports issues annually the decade of the late 1980s through to the late 1990s was marked by an increase in torture in Egypt. During this period the organization's activists were regularly harassed and arrested making their work increasingly difficult. Despite these challenges the organization maintained a steady accounting of state and non-state violations of human rights and started a series of publications of human rights books to raise awareness of human rights issues in the country. An attempt to start a theater company to tour villages with plays improvised on human rights topics was scrapped after the organizer was arrested by state security forces. During the last decade of the Mubarak dictatorship the EOHR was represented, while maintaining its independence, on the state sponsored Supreme Council of Human Rights.

title: Women human rights defenders

text: Women human rights defenders (WHRDs) are women who defend human rights, and defenders of all genders who defend the rights of women and rights related to gender and sexuality. Their work and the challenges they face have been recognized by a United Nations (UN) resolution in 2013, which calls for specific protection for women human rights defenders.

title: Right to health

text: According to Mann, health and human rights are complementary approaches for defining and advancing human well-being. In 1994, Jonathan Mann and his colleagues started the “Health and Human Rights Journal” to underline the importance of this inextricable link between health and human rights.

title: Minnesota Department of Human Rights

text: The Minnesota Department of Human Rights educates people within the state of Minnesota about the Human Rights Act, and encourages those who have experienced discrimination—or who believe that they have experienced discrimination—to file complaints with their human rights investigators. While their main office is located in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], due to high demand the Minnesota Department of Human Rights also has a human rights investigator in [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]].

title: Human Rights Logo

text: The Human Rights Logo has its origin in the international "Logo for Human Rights" initiative, which was started in 2010. Its goal was to create an internationally recognized logo to support the global human rights movement. The winning logo was created by Predrag Stakić from Serbia.

title: Confederation of Human Rights Organizations

text: It then started coordinating individuals and groups all over Kerala who were working for human rights.

title: Freedom from discrimination

text: The concept of the right to freedom from discrimination is to the concept of human rights, as human rights are the rights of all humans. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted in 1948, starts with the words "Whereas recognition is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world."

title: Scottish Human Rights Commission

text: The Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) is the national human rights institution for Scotland. It was established by an Act of the Scottish Parliament and started its work in 2008. The Commission is independent of Government, and of the Scottish and Westminster Parliaments. It seeks to promote and protect the human rights of everyone in Scotland, working to increase awareness, recognition and respect for human rights, and make them more relevant and easier to apply in everyday life. The Commission aims to help everyone understand their rights and the shared responsibilities everyone has to each other and to their community.

title: Frank C. Newman

text: A memorial account delivered by the then Boalt Hall dean in 1997 recounted how Newman's work in international human rights law was prompted by a sabbatical year in Geneva, Switzerland, and how on his return he started courses at Berkeley in this area; students and colleagues who were inspired to follow his lead became known as the "Berkeley Crew". Human rights groups Newman worked with included Amnesty International, the American Society of International Law, the International Institute of Human Rights, the United States Institute of Human Rights, the World Affairs Council, and the American Civil Liberties Union.

title: World Sikh Organization

text: The Human Rights Law Network (HRLN) and the World Sikh Organization of Canada (WSO) announced the inauguration of the Khalra Centre for Human Rights Defenders in New Delhi during a conference held in collaboration with other human rights groups from across India on November 19th and 20th, 2011. The Centre has been established to serve as a legal resource for human rights defenders who find themselves in danger or who are attacked and also to undertake research into human rights issues. The foundation of the Centre was welcomed by the human rights defenders present and all attendees rose to pay their respects to the memory of S. Khalra.

title: Hammurabi Human Rights Organization

text: The ideal of creating the Hammurabi Human Rights organization first started in mid-2003 after there was a shift in the government of Iraq. Mr. William Warda and Ms. Pascale Warda started the organization in the Nineveh region of Iraq. Their goal was to get activist involved and to try to expand civil society. They saw that there was a lack of security and more acts of human rights violation across Iraq and decided to act. It was not until April 1, 2005, that the organization would become an NGO. With the Wardas' coordination, it was able to get activists on board with their ideal and formed an official NGO to promote and protect human rights in Iraq.

title: Human Rights Award of Korea

text: The Human Rights Award of Korea () is the highest human rights award of the Republic of Korea, bestowed annually by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea. It was established in 2005 for human rights organizations, and started to award individuals from 2007 to recognise the contribution to Korean and international human rights.

title: List of fact-finding reports on human rights in North Korea

text: Prompted by growing evidence provided by human rights NGOs, during the 1990s and 2000s various UN bodies and parties expressed greater concern on the situation of human rights in North Korea and the opacity of the country's government. That led to another series of reports that were started by the UN Commission on Human Rights (the predecessor of the UN Human Rights Council), which established the mandate for the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK in 2004, issuing reports annually. They are issued in detail to the Human Rights Council, and in a more condensed form to the General Assembly.

title: T'ruah

text: Human Rights Shabbat is an annual T'ruah initiative to educate Jewish communities about the intersection of Jewish values and universal human rights. Started in 2007, Human Rights Shabbat falls before International Human Rights Day, the yearly celebration of the passage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Communities study Jewish text regarding human rights, discuss contemporary human rights struggles, and celebrate the connections between universal human rights and Jewish values. Over 130 communities participated in Human Rights Shabbat in 2012.

title: Humanity in Action

text: Humanity in Action is an international nonprofit organization that educates and connects young people who seek to become leaders on issues related to human and minority rights. The organization, founded in 1997, maintains offices in seven countries: the United States, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its flagship program, the Humanity in Action Fellowship, places more than 100 college students and recent graduates into intensive educational fellowship programs in one of five European cities each year. In 2015, Humanity in Action began a partnership with The National Center for Civil and Human Rights in Atlanta to start a sixth fellowship program, named after Congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis.

title: Louis Henkin

text: While teaching at Columbia Law School starting in the early 1960s and through the Justice and Society Program of the Aspen Institute, Henkin specialized in the development and instruction of human rights law, which he put into practice by establishing the university's Center for the Study of Human Rights in 1978 and creating the Human Rights Institute in 1998. Elisa Massimino, president and chief executive officer of Human Rights First, the nonpartisan organization originally formed by Henkin as the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, said that he "literally and figuratively wrote the book on human rights" and that "[i]t is no exaggeration to say that no American was more instrumental in the development of human rights law than Lou".

title: Vi Đức Hồi

text: In 2008, he was briefly arrested for protesting the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay. In the same year, he published a memoir entitled "Facing Reality, My Path to Joining the Democratic Movement" via the Internet. In it, he wrote: "The biggest loss for a human being is the loss of the right to be a human being; the biggest criminal is the one who robs others of human rights; the most pitiful person is the one who does not understand human rights; the one who deserves criticism most is the one who forgets human rights; the most cowardly person is the one who accepts the loss of human rights. I once deserved to be criticized and was once a coward."

title: Vietnam Human Rights Network

text:
Starting in 2009, the Vietnam Human Rights Network has published annual reports on Human Rights in Vietnam. The reports gather human rights developments as well as egregious human rights violations by the government of Vietnam regarding its citizens' fundamental rights.
The product of cooperation from many human rights activists in Vietnam and in the Diaspora, those annual reports give a faithful picture the human rights situation in Vietnam. Original stories are constantly checked against other sources, such as social networks (Facebook, Twitter etc.), individual blogs, international news or research organizations, and even Vietnamese government news sources and data.
The reports include a number of chapters and articles corresponding to the fundamental human rights as mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Recommendations include concrete and feasible propositions sent to the government of Vietnam, governments and organizations in touch with the government of Vietnam, international human rights NGOs, and the overseas Vietnamese with the aim of ameliorating the situation of human rights for the people of Vietnam.
Furthermore, the VNHRN Annual Reports also carry appendices listing the names of prisoners of conscience currently held in jail in Vietnam or under house arrest.

title: Vietnam Human Rights Network

text:
Information and EducationSeeking International SupportProviding Support to Activists inside VietnamThe Vietnam Human Rights Awards given out by the VNHRN since 2002 were established to highlight achievements in non-violent human rights work in Vietnam. They are also meant to illustrate the solidarity of Vietnamese all over the world with individuals and organizations who have been or are committing themselves to protect the human rights of Vietnamese citizens.
The Awarding Ceremony held for the Vietnam Human Rights Awards is held every year and in a different city on the occasion of International Human Rights Day (December 10). The time for nominating awardees starts in July every year and concludes by the end of September. The results of the selection are announced in mid-November every year. These awards consist of a citation and cash awards amounting to $US10.000 (total) each year.
After over a decade of existence, the Vietnam Human Rights Awards have received positive marks both inside and outside of Vietnam, despite sharp criticism by the Vietnamese authorities of both the awards and the award recipients.

title: Guatemala Human Rights Commission

text: To counteract the lack of public attention to the rise in political and state violence in the 1980s, the Commission published urgent action bulletins, organized speaking tours and delegations, and created “Voiceless Speak,” a program that provides financial assistance to Guatemalans living in the United States who promote peace and respect for human rights in their native country. In 1989, it started the "Guatemala Human Rights UPDATE," a bi-weekly human rights publication. This was published through 2009.

title: Women human rights defenders

text: Like other human rights defenders, women human rights defenders can be the target of attacks as they demand the realization of human rights. They face attacks such as discrimination, assault, threats, and violence within their communities. However, women human rights defenders face additional obstacles based on who they are and the specific rights they defend. This means they are targeted just because they are women, LGBTI people or for identifying with their struggles. They also face additional obstacles connected with systemic discrimination and inequality and because they challenge, or are seen to be challenging, patriarchal power and social norms. They are more at risk of facing gender based violence in the home and the community, and sexist, misogynistic, homophobic, trans-phobic threats, smears and stigmatization, as well as exclusion from resources and power. The women that work to fight for human rights have numerous meetings with the UN Human Rights Council in conjunction with the LGBTQI defenders in Uganda who face prejudice and discrimination as well for The Women Human Rights Defenders understand the struggles being endured.


query: When was the first Spanish Grand Prix?

title: Spanish Grand Prix

text: The first Spanish Grand Prix in 1913 was not actually run to the Grand Prix formula of the day, but to touring car rules, taking place on a 300-kilometre road circuit at Guadarrama, near Madrid, on the road to Valladolid.

title: 1962 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix

text: The 1962 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was a FIM event held on 6 May 1962 at Montjuïc circuit. It was the first round of the 1962 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season and the 100th World Championship Grand Prix held since the championship began in 1949.

title: 1971 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

text: Jack Findlay's victory at the 1971 Ulster Grand Prix not only marked the first victory for a Suzuki motorcycle in the premier 500cc class, but also the first-ever 500cc class victory for a motorcycle powered by a two stroke engine. Kawasaki won their first 500cc class victory at the season ending Spanish Grand Prix at Jarama when Dave Simmonds won the race after Agostini sat out the event after already winning the championship. The inaugural Austrian Grand Prix was held at the new high-speed Salzburgring.

title: 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix

text: It was the first race of six, to date, in the V6 hybrid era that no Mercedes car finished on the podium. The other five races where it has happened are the 2015 Singapore Grand Prix, the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix, the 2017 Monaco Grand Prix, the 2018 Austrian Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix.

title: 1980 Spanish Grand Prix

text: The Spanish Grand Prix was the first race to be affected as part of the FISA-FOCA war. Future races such as the 1981 South African Grand Prix and 1982 San Marino Grand Prix would also see teams not compete as the two organisations competed for control of the sport.

title: San Sebastián Grand Prix

text: During most of its existence, it was the main race event in Spain, since the Spanish Grand Prix had not yet been properly established as a Grand Prix race. The San Sebastián Grand Prix is sometimes retroactively counted as the Spanish Grand Prix, for those years when there was no Spanish Grand Prix held.

title: 1991 Spanish Grand Prix

text: The 1991 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the XXXIII Gran Premio Tío Pepe de España) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 September 1991 at the Circuit de Catalunya. It was the fourteenth race of the 1991 FIA Formula One World Championship, and the first Spanish Grand Prix to be held at Catalunya.

title: BRM P126

text: Reg Parnell Racing entered Piers Courage in the Spanish Grand Prix. He qualified 11th and retired with fuel pump failure. At Monaco Courage qualified 11th and retired with a chassis problem. The Belgian Grand Prix saw the Englishman qualify 7th and retire when his engine blew. At Holland, Courage qualified 14th and retired when he spun off. At the French Grand Prix the Englishman qualified 14th and finished 6th. At Britain, Courage qualified 16th and finished 8th. The German Grand Prix saw the Englishman qualify 8th and finish 8th. At Italy Courage qualified 17th and finished 4th. The Canadian Grand Prix saw the Englishman qualify 14th and retire with a broken gearbox. At the United States, Courage qualified 14th and retired when he ran out of fuel. The Mexican Grand Prix saw the Englishman qualify 19th and retire when his engine blew. Courage left at the end of the year to drive a Brabham entered by Frank Williams. The Team hired Pedro Rodríguez for 1969 but he only took part in three races. In the South African Grand Prix the Mexican qualified 15th and retired with a water leak. At the Spanish Grand Prix he qualified 14th and retired when his engine blew, At Monaco the Mexican qualified 14th and retired when his engine blew.

title: Spanish Grand Prix

text: After this first race, the track fell into financial difficulties, and the organisers had to look for another venue. In 1926, the Spanish Grand Prix moved to the 11-mile Circuito Lasarte on the northern coast near Bilbao, home of the main race in Spain during the 1920s—the San Sebastián Grand Prix. The 1927 Spanish Grand Prix was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship, but the race was still not established and in 1928 and 1929 was run to sports car regulations. The 1930 Spanish Grand Prix for sports cars, scheduled for 27 July, was cancelled due to the bad economic situation following the Wall Street crash in October 1929. The 1931 and 1932 Spanish Grands Prix were also announced, only to be cancelled due to political and economic difficulties. Finally, in 1933 the Spanish Grand Prix was revived at Lasarte with government backing. Following the 1935 race, Spain descended into civil war and racing stopped. In 1946, racing returned to Spain in the form of the Penya Rhin Grand Prix at the Pedralbes street circuit in Barcelona.

title: Gerhard Berger

text: In 1994, Berger recovered from the deaths of close friend Senna and countryman Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, to score an emotional win at Hockenheim for the 1994 German Grand Prix in the Ferrari 412T, the first win for Ferrari since the 1990 Spanish Grand Prix. Berger also scored two pole positions in 1994, the first at Hockenheim and then at Estoril for the 1994 Portuguese Grand Prix where he retired from while leading. Berger was also in the lead at the final round at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix when he made a mistake, letting his former teammate Nigel Mansell pass and win for Williams.

title: Bruno Kneubühler

text: During his career, he competed in every Grand Prix class from 50 cc to 500cc. In his first Grand Prix season in 1972, Kneubühler finished the 500cc season in third place behind the dominant MV Agusta factory racing team of Giacomo Agostini and Alberto Pagani. He also won the season-ending 350cc Spanish Grand Prix held on the Montjuich street circuit, finishing ahead of Renzo Pasolini and János Drapál. A year later, he showed his versatility at the 1973 Spanish Grand Prix by scoring second-place finishes in the 50cc, 250cc and 500cc classes. At the 1974 250cc Dutch TT, he scored a second-place finish ahead of third-place finisher and future three-time world champion Kenny Roberts in the American rider's first Grand Prix race. He had his best year in 1983 when he won two Grand Prix races and finished second to Angel Nieto in the 125cc class.

title: 1986 Spanish Grand Prix

text: The 1986 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jerez on 13 April 1986. This was the first Formula One Spanish Grand Prix since the 1981 race was held at Jarama.

title: 1934 Spanish Grand Prix

text: The 1934 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the IX Gran Premio de España) was a Grand Prix motor race, which was run on 23 September 1934 in Lasarte, Spain. The race lasted 519.45km (17.32km x 30 laps). It was the 9th running of the Spanish Grand Prix.

title: Scott Redding

text: On 22 June 2008 Redding became the back then youngest ever Grand Prix winner, aged 15 years and 170 days, when he won the 2008 British 125cc Grand Prix at Donington Park. Redding took the lead with six laps remaining after pressuring Andrea Iannone into pushing too hard and going off at Craner Curves. Redding held off Frenchman Mike Di Meglio and Spaniard Marc Márquez to win in only his eighth 125cc outing. He became the first British winner of a 125cc race since Chas Mortimer won the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix and the first British winner of a British motorcycle Grand Prix in the 125cc class since 1973, when Tommy Robb won at the 1973 Isle of Man TT, which was then the British round of the world championship. He is also the first British rider ever to win a British round of any Grand Prix class since the British motorcycle Grand Prix moved to Donington Park in 1987. In the first ever two-wheeled race at the famous Indianapolis Motor Speedway in America, Redding secured 4th place, having been in that position when it started to rain due to Hurricane Ike and Red Flag brought the race to a premature end.

title: 1923 Grand Prix season

text: The 1923 Grand Prix season saw Grand Prix motor racing in Europe. For the first time, the Indianapolis 500 was also designated a Grand Épreuve by the International Sporting Commission of the AIACR. The French Grand Prix was held in Tours. The Italian Grand Prix (which was also the European Grand Prix) was held at Monza. Spain entered the Grand Prix circus with the Spanish Grand Prix at Sitges-Terramar and the first San Sebastián Grand Prix at Lasarte.

title: Salvador Cañellas

text: Born in Santa Oliva, Catalonia, Spain, Cañellas had his best year in 1970 when he finished fourth in the 50cc world championship. He became the first Spanish rider to win a Grand Prix when he won the 1968 125cc Spanish Grand Prix. Cañellas won two motorcycle Grand Prix races during his career. He later switched successfully to auto racing (Rallye, Touring Cars and even single seaters) and won the 1972 Spanish Rally Championship. During the 1978 World Rally Championship season, he finished third in the Rally Poland.

title: Chas Mortimer

text: Mortimer began racing in 1965 on a Greeves Silverstone as used by the race school. He competed for most of his career as a privateer riding Yamaha motorcycles. When Mortimer won the 1972 500cc Spanish Grand Prix on a Yamaha, it marked the first 500cc Grand Prix victory for the Japanese manufacturer. He had his best Grand Prix season in 1973 when he finished second to Kent Andersson in the 125cc world championship. Mortimer also competed successfully at the Isle of Man TT, with eight victories at the event. In 1976, he won the Macau Grand Prix.

title: Renault in Formula One

text: Alonso won the opening Bahrain Grand Prix as well as the Australian Grand Prix and finished second in Malaysia behind teammate Fisichella to claim Renault's first one-two finish since René Arnoux and Alain Prost in 1982. Alonso took two more second places, and then wins at his home Grand Prix in Spain, and at the Monaco Grand Prix. Fisichella took 8th, 6th and 3rd-place finishes in the San Marino Grand Prix, European Grand Prix and the Spanish Grand Prix.

title: 2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix

text: The 2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first race of the 2006 Motorcycle Grand Prix season. It took place on the weekend of 24–26 March 2006 at the Jerez circuit.

title: List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

text: Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories, having won 91 times. Lewis Hamilton is second with 73 wins and Sebastian Vettel is third with 52 wins. Kimi Räikkönen holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in at the Malaysian Grand Prix, and his last (to date) in at the United States Grand Prix, a span of 15 years and 212 days. Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins–more than six-and-a-half years between the 1983 South African Grand Prix and the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix. Mario Andretti had to wait the longest time between his maiden victory at the 1971 South African Grand Prix and his second win–coming five years, seven months and 18 days later at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix. Sebastian Vettel holds the record for the most consecutive wins, having won nine Grands Prix in a row from the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix to the 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix. Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix; he was 18 years and 227 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix. Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix.

title: 1994 Spanish Grand Prix

text: The 1994 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 29 May 1994 at the Circuit de Catalunya, Barcelona. It was the 36th Spanish Grand Prix to be held since the first was held at Guadarrama in 1913. It was the fourth to be held at Circuit de Catalunya. It was the fifth race of the 1994 Formula One season.

title: 1972 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

text: In the 250cc division, Saarinen would win a tight race in a season-long battle with Renzo Pasolini and Rod Gould. Angel Nieto claimed a double, winning the 125cc and 50cc championships for Derbi before the Spanish factory announced its pull out from Grand Prix racing. The Yamaha factory won its first-ever 500cc Grand Prix race at the season ending Spanish Grand Prix at Jarama when Chas Mortimer won the race after Agostini sat out the event after already winning the championship,

title: List of Formula One polesitters

text: Lewis Hamilton holds the record for the most pole positions, having qualified first on 83 occasions. Michael Schumacher is second with 68 pole positions.Ayrton Senna is third with 65 poles. Senna holds the record for the most consecutive poles; he qualified in first place eight Grands Prix in a row from the 1988 Spanish Grand Prix to the 1989 United States Grand Prix. Sebastian Vettel is the youngest polesitter, he was 21 years, 72 days old when he qualified in first place for the 2008 Italian Grand Prix. The oldest person to qualify in pole position was Nino Farina, who was 47 years, 79 days old when he was polesitter for the 1954 Argentine Grand Prix. As of the 2018 Brazilian Grand Prix, 98 drivers have been on pole position in the 996 Grands Prix since the first World Championship race, the 1950 British Grand Prix. From 2014 onwards the driver who achieves the most pole positions in a season is awarded the Pole Trophy. The inaugural Pole Trophy was won by Nico Rosberg; the 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 trophies were won by Lewis Hamilton.

title: 2009 Belgian Grand Prix

text: It was Räikkönen's first Grand Prix victory since the 2008 Spanish Grand Prix and Ferrari's only victory of the season. Fisichella's second position gave Force India their first ever championship points and their first podium. This race also marks Fisichella's last points in Formula One, before he became a Ferrari test driver in and Räikkönen's 18th and last Grand Prix victory until the 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and last for Ferrari until the 2018 United States Grand Prix. This was the last race for Luca Badoer.

title: Spanish Grand Prix

text: Since 2003 the race has been well attended thanks to success of Fernando Alonso. Alonso finished second in 2003 and 2005 before taking victory from pole in 2006. Alonso also finished third in 2007, with two further second places in 2010 and 2012, where he finished behind the Williams of Spanish speaking Pastor Maldonado, who won from pole; this was the first win and pole in a Grand Prix for a Venezuelan driver and Williams's first win since the 2004 Brazilian Grand Prix and the team's first Spanish Grand Prix win and pole since 1997. Two Spanish drivers have won the Spanish Grand Prix; Carlos de Salamanca in 1913 and Alonso in 2006 and 2013, with Spanish speaking Juan Manuel Fangio winning in 1951 as well as Maldonado in 2012.

title: Penske PC1

text: The first race of 1975 was the 1975 Argentine Grand Prix and Donohue finished seventh. Donohue retired from the Brazilian Grand Prix because of a handling issue. The South African Grand Prix saw Donohue finish eighth. Donohue retired from the Spanish Grand Prix when he and Alan Jones (Hesketh) crashed after hitting oil dropped onto the circuit by the car of Jody Scheckter (Tyrrell). The Monaco Grand Prix saw Donohue abandon the race after he had an accident. Donohue finished 11th at Belgium. The Swedish Grand Prix saw Donohue finish fifth. The American finished eighth at Holland. The French Grand Prix saw Donohue retire from the race due to transmission failure.

title: 1986 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix

text: The 1986 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1986 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2–4 May 1986 at the Circuito Permanente del Jarama.

title: Börje Jansson

text: Börje Jansson (born November 10, 1942) was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Sweden. His best years were in 1971 and 1972, when he finished third in the 125cc world championship riding for the Maico factory racing team. He won the 1972 125cc East German Grand Prix, marking the first Grand Prix road racing victory for the German motorcycle manufacturer. Jansson won four Grand Prix races in his career. Jansson is the only rider in history to win a Grand Prix riding the Derbi 250 twin (1972 Austrian Grand Prix at the Salzburgring), out of only two races with the Spanish machine.

title: 1955 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix

text: The 1955 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1955 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 1 May 1955 at the Montjuïc circuit.

title: 1951 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix

text: The 1951 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1951 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 8 April 1951 at the Montjuïc circuit.


query: Who is the Mayor of San Francisco?

title: Mayor of San Francisco

text: The current mayor is former District 5 Supervisor and President of the Board of Supervisors London Breed, who won a special election following the death of Mayor Ed Lee on December 12, 2017. Breed will serve out the remainder of Lee's uncompleted term (until January 8, 2020), after which she is eligible to run for two full terms of her own.[3][4]

title: Sirna Therapeutics

text: Sirna selected San Francisco due to its proximity to various scientific institutions, its workforce, and the payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies. Sirna's move was a part of a trend of biotechnology companies moving to San Francisco, bolstered due to a campaign to attract biotechnology companies to San Francisco and tax breaks instituted by Mayor of San Francisco Gavin Newsom. Business leaders of San Francisco who hoped that the city would have a major biotechnology presence had a positive reception to the Sirna decision.

title: Mayor of San Francisco

text: As of 2017, the mayor is paid an annual salary of $297,386,[9] the highest mayoral salary in the United States.[10] Nine city public employees earned higher salaries than the mayor, including the chief investment officer and the managing director of the San Francisco Employees' Retirement System, who oversee the city's pension plan.[9]

title: 1983 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 1983 mayoral election was held to elect the mayor of San Francisco. Incumbent Dianne Feinstein, who had previously been subjected to a failed recall election on April 26 (winning with an 83-percent-favorable vote), was re-elected to her second and final term as mayor. Feinstein, winning with 79.62%, defeated Cesar Ascarrunz, Gloria E. La Riva, Pat Wright, Brian Lantz, and Carrie Drake.

title: 1995 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 1995 San Francisco mayoral election was held on November 7, 1995, with a runoff election held on December 12, 1995. Former Speaker of the California State Assembly Willie Brown defeated incumbent mayor Frank Jordan in a runoff election to become the 41st Mayor of San Francisco.

text:
The November 2011 San Francisco general elections were held on November 8, 2011 in San Francisco, California. The elections included those for San Francisco mayor, district attorney, and sheriff, and eight ballot measures.
George Gascón, the former Chief of the San Francisco Police Department appointed by then-Mayor Gavin Newsom to replace Kamala Harris, ran for his first election.

title: 1999 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 1999 San Francisco mayoral election was held on November 2, 1999, with a runoff election held on December 14, 1999. Incumbent mayor Willie Brown won reelection against supervisor and current Assemblyman Tom Ammiano and nine other candidates for a second term as Mayor of San Francisco.

title: 2015 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 2015 San Francisco mayoral election took place on November 3, 2015, to elect the Mayor of San Francisco, California. Incumbent Mayor Ed Lee won re-election to a second term in office.

title: Mayor of San Francisco

text: To date, 44 individuals have served as San Francisco Mayor. There have been 45 mayoralties due to Charles James Brenham's serving two non-consecutive terms: he is counted chronologically as both the second and fourth mayor. The longest term was that of James Rolph, who served over 18 years until his resignation to become the California governor. The length of his tenure as mayor was largely due to his popularity. During his term, San Francisco saw the expansion of its transit system, the construction of the Civic Center and the hosting of the World's Fair.[14][15] The shortest term was that of Charles Boxton, who served only eight days before resigning from office. Three mayors have died in office: Otis died from illness, Moscone was assassinated, and Lee suffered a cardiac arrest. Dianne Feinstein and London Breed are the only women, Willie Brown and London Breed are the only African Americans, and Ed Lee is the only Asian American to have been elected Mayor.

title: 1991 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 1991 mayoral election was held to elect the 40th mayor of San Francisco. Frank Jordan defeated incumbent Art Agnos, Angela Alioto, Richard Hongisto, and Tom Hsieh to become the 40th mayor of San Francisco.

title: The Way to Happiness

text:
In 2007, The Way to Happiness Foundation produced and distributed pamphlets with sample endorsements from the mayors of Dallas, Texas and San Francisco, California. The books were sent to mayor's offices, accompanied by a letter asking mayors to purchase copies of the books for distribution in their city. The mayor of Dallas did not appreciate this unauthorized usage of the mayor's logo and the official seal of the city of Dallas, stating: "Clearly we were not very comfortable and did not think it was appropriate to use the seal of the city of Dallas, the mayor's logo or my name on something we were not aware of." According to a report in "The Dallas Morning News", the city attorney's office of Dallas looked into possible options of response regarding the matter.
Similarly, in San Francisco, California, the mayor's office also received a boxful of the booklets and voiced displeasure with the unauthorized usage of the mayor's image, logo, and the seal of the city. According to a report by the Associated Press, the city ordered the Scientology group to stop using an unauthorized picture of Mayor Gavin Newsom on its promotional pamphlets. An official spokesman for the mayor of San Francisco released a statement, saying: "The mayor does not support the unauthorized use of his image or the city seal on this booklet." The city attorney for San Francisco wrote a letter to "The Way to Happiness Foundation", citing California state law, which prohibits deceptive and misleading advertising that could create an appearance that the pamphlets are from a government agency. The city attorney also cited San Francisco law, writing that the Board of Supervisors must approve any commercial use of the city's official seal.

title: James Otis (politician)

text: James Otis (August 11, 1826 – October 30, 1875) was a politician from San Francisco. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts to the Otis family, which is counted among the Boston Brahmin families. He moved to San Francisco, California for the 1849 California Gold Rush. He then became an importer and exporter in San Francisco. He then became a member of the Board of Supervisors in 1859 and served until 1862. Otis was then elected Mayor of San Francisco in 1873 and was sworn in on December 1, 1873. He died of diphtheria in San Francisco on October 30, 1875 while still serving his term as mayor. He was the only mayor to die in office until George Moscone's assassination in 1978.

title: Mayor of San Francisco

text: The mayor of San Francisco is elected every four years; elections take place one year before United States presidential elections on election day in November. Candidates must live and be registered to vote in San Francisco at the time of the election. The mayor is usually sworn in on the January 8 following the election. The next election for a full mayoral term will be in 2019.

title: 2018 San Francisco mayoral special election

text: A special election was held for Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco on June 5, 2018. The winner of the election will serve until 2020, filling the unexpired term of Ed Lee, who was elected in 2011 and 2015, and died in office on December 12, 2017. Upon Lee's death, London Breed, President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, became Acting Mayor of San Francisco, but a vote of six supervisors replaced Breed with Supervisor Mark Farrell. The mayoral election was held concurrently with the statewide direct primary election. In San Francisco, the election for the eighth district member of the Board of Supervisors was also on the ballot.

title: San Francisco Public Utilities Commission

text: The SFPUC is headed by a board consisting of five Commissioners, who are nominated by the Mayor of San Francisco and confirmed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Each of the five Commissioners is chosen according to criteria set forth in the San Francisco City Charter:

title: 2007 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 2007 San Francisco mayoral election occurred on November 6, 2007. Voters elected a Mayor of San Francisco and several local officials. Incumbent Mayor Gavin Newsom was re-elected by a good margin. There were 12 candidates on the ballot as well as 6 write-ins.

text: Ed Lee, who was appointed Mayor of San Francisco in 2011 following Gavin Newsom's election as Lieutenant Governor of California, elected to a full term in 2011, and reelected in 2015, died of cardiac arrest on December 12, 2017. London Breed, the President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, became the city's acting mayor.

title: Dogpatch, San Francisco

text: Mexico gained independence from the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1821. In 1844 the Mexican Alta California Governor Juan Alvarado granted Rancho Potrero de San Francisco to Francisco and Ramon de Haro, the 17-year-old twin sons of Don Francisco de Haro, who was then "alcalde" (mayor) of Yerba Buena (present day San Francisco).

title: Isaac Smith Kalloch

text: In 1879, he decided to run for mayor of San Francisco. It was not long before he came under attack from the "San Francisco Chronicle"'s editor-in-chief, Charles de Young, who was backing another candidate. DeYoung, with the hopes of taking Kalloch out of the mayoral race, accused the minister of having an affair. Kalloch responded by accusing Charles' mother, Amelia, of running a brothel. In response, Charles DeYoung ambushed Kalloch in the streets of San Francisco and shot him twice. Kalloch survived the wounds and with the sympathy of voters was elected the 18th Mayor of San Francisco. He served from 1879 until 1881. On April 23, 1880, Kalloch's son, Isaac Milton Kalloch, entered the Chronicle building and shot and killed Charles DeYoung. After his time in office, Kalloch left San Francisco and moved to the Washington Territory. He died of diabetes in Bellingham, Washington, aged 55.

text: On February 12, 2006, the head of the San Francisco Police Officers Association said that Mayor Gavin Newsom showed "a complete and total lack of respect for the rank and file" in his response to a San Francisco Chronicle series examining San Francisco officers' use of force. In October 2006, the vice president of the San Francisco Police Officers Association, Kevin Martin, was issued a restraining order from Susan Leff, an attorney for San Francisco's police watchdog agency. Both assemblywoman Fiona Ma and Mayor Gavin Newsom been endorsed by the San Francisco Police Officers Association in part due to their opposition to legislation that would increase Californians' access to police disciplinary records by rolling back a 2006 California Supreme Court ruling.

title: San Francisco Police Department

text: The head of the SFPD is the chief of police. The most recent chief is Greg Suhr, who resigned on May 19, 2016, at the request of Mayor Ed Lee. Suhr was appointed despite a recent demotion sequelae to controversy involving official misconduct. He was chosen by Mayor Ed Lee to fill the post left by Chief George Gascon, who resigned on January 9, 2011, to accept an appointment as San Francisco District Attorney by Mayor Gavin Newsom. The San Francisco DA's position had become vacant after then-District Attorney Kamala Harris won her bid in November 2010 to become California's attorney general.

title: San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department

text: Concerns have been expressed by park advocates about the lack of diversity of opinion on the commission and in the department, due to the fact that all of the positions are appointed by the mayor of San Francisco. In the past, there have been efforts to change the selection process for commissioners. A prior proposal included having three commissioners appointed by the mayor of San Francisco, three commissioners appointed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and one additional appointment agreed to by the mayor of San Francisco and the president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. This proposal had 5 votes on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors but was not able to get the sixth vote necessary to put it on the ballot.

title: Government of San Francisco

text: San Francisco utilizes the "strong mayor" form of mayoral/council government, composed of the mayor, Board of Supervisors, several elected officers, and numerous other entities. San Francisco voters use ranked-choice voting to elect the mayor, supervisors, and other elective officers.

title: Mayor of San Francisco

text: The Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government. The officeholder has the duty to enforce city laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch. The Mayor serves a four-year term and is limited to two successive terms.[1] Because of San Francisco's status as a consolidated city-county, the mayor also serves as the head of government of the county; both entities have been governed together by a combined set of governing bodies since 1856.[2]

title: Arthur Ohnimus

text: Ohnimus was born in the "south of the slot" neighborhood of San Francisco on June 3, 1893. He was the son of Louis Juan Ohnimus, who was the Superintendent of Woodward Gardens amusement park in San Francisco (circa 1880s) and later President of the San Francisco Civil Service Commission in 1902. Arthur's mother was Grace D. Pierce, who was a famous San Francisco stage actress who was instrumental in the mayoral campaign of E.E. Schmitz in 1902.

title: Moscone–Milk assassinations

text: The Moscone–Milk assassinations were the killings of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk, who were shot and killed in San Francisco City Hall by former Supervisor Dan White on November 27, 1978. White was angry that Moscone had refused to reappoint him to his seat on the Board of Supervisors, from which he had just resigned, and that Milk had lobbied heavily against his reappointment. These events helped bring national notice to then-Board President Dianne Feinstein, who became the first female mayor of San Francisco and eventually U.S. Senator for California.

title: Charles de Young

text: In 1879, Isaac Smith Kalloch ran for mayor of San Francisco. It was not long before he came under attack from the "San Francisco Chronicle"'s editor-in-chief, Charles de Young, who was backing another candidate. De Young, with the hopes of taking Kalloch out of the mayoral race, accused the minister of having an affair. Kalloch responded by accusing Charles' mother, Amelia, of running a brothel. In response, Charles De Young ambushed Kalloch in the streets of San Francisco and shot him twice. Kalloch survived the wounds and with the sympathy of voters was elected the 18th Mayor of San Francisco. He served from 1879 until 1881. On April 23, 1880, Kalloch's son, Isaac Milton Kalloch, entered the Chronicle building and shot and killed Charles de Young.

title: San Francisco graft trials

text: The San Francisco graft trials were a series of attempts from 1905 to 1908 to prosecute members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz, attorney Abe Ruef, who were receiving bribes, and business owners who were paying the bribes. Political boss and attorney Ruef was at the center of the corruption, acting as attorney to Mayor Eugene Schmitz. He approved all contracts and received hundreds of thousands of dollars in payment from business owners, keeping a portion for himself and distributing the remainder to the Mayor and members of the Board of Supervisors.

title: Paul Horcher

text: After leaving the Assembly, Horcher held various position in the administration of Willie Brown, who by then had been elected mayor of San Francisco. He served under Brown from 1996 until 2004, when Brown's term ended. Following his service to San Francisco, he returned to a real estate and administrative law practice. His niche law practice in San Francisco includes representing massage parlors who have been accused of violating San Francisco Health Code.

title: 2011 San Francisco mayoral election

text: The 2011 San Francisco mayoral election was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2011, to elect the mayor of San Francisco. The incumbent, Ed Lee, succeeded in his bid to become the first elected Asian-American mayor of a major American city.

title: I Left My Heart in San Francisco

text: In December 1961, in the famous "Venetian Room" at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco, Tony Bennett first sang "I Left My Heart in San Francisco". In the audience that night were San Francisco mayor George Christopher and future mayor Joseph L. Alioto. From the 1960s through the 1980s, at San Francisco's premier supper club the "Venetian Room," Bennett sang the city song.


query: When does Menopause start?

title: Menopause

text: Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.[2][8] Menopause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years of age.[3] Medical professionals often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any vaginal bleeding for a year.[4] It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ovaries.[9] In those who have had surgery to remove their uterus but still have ovaries, menopause may be viewed to have occurred at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell.[9] Following the removal of the uterus, symptoms typically occur earlier, at an average of 45 years of age.[10]

title: Heavy menstrual bleeding

text: Where an underlying cause can be identified, treatment may be directed at this. Clearly heavy periods at menarche and menopause may settle spontaneously (the menarche being the start and menopause being the cessation of periods).

title: Phytoestrogen

text:
In some countries, phytoestrogenic plants have been used for centuries in the treatment of menstrual and menopausal problems, as well as for fertility problems. Plants used that have been shown to contain phytoestrogens include "Pueraria mirifica", and its close relative, kudzu, Angelica, fennel and anise.
In a rigorous study, the use of one such source of phytoestrogen, red clover, has been shown to be safe, but ineffective in relieving menopausal symptoms (black cohosh is also used for menopausal symptoms, but does not contain phytoestrogens.) Panax Ginseng contains phytoestrogens and has been used for menopausal symptoms .

title: Women's Health Initiative

text: The WHI trial was limited by low adherence, high attrition, inadequate power to detect risks for some outcomes, and evaluation of few regimens. Subsequent to publication of the WHI, controversy arose regarding the applicability of its findings to women just entering menopause. To be properly double blinded, the study required that women not be perimenopausal or have symptoms of menopause. As the average age of menopause is 51, this resulted in an older study population, with an average age of 63. Only 3.5% of the women were 50–54 years of age, the time when women usually decide whether to initiate hormonal therapy. Further analysis of WHI data, however, demonstrated that there is no gained preventive benefit in starting hormone therapy soon after menopause.

title: Midlife crisis

text: Cognitively, those of this age period tested better than when they were 25, in tasks measuring long-ago memorized information, or "crystallized intelligence". This refutes the presumption of women losing much of their cognitive ability during menopause. Forgetting words or numbers does not happen to the degree popular culture would suggest of menopausal women. Conversely, people over the age of 25 perform worse at tasks that require fluid intelligence, understood as inventive, adaptive cognition that is able to learn new ideas and synthesize new strategies. In general, as people age, they gain more accumulated information, but gradually lose the ability to analyze and synthesize novel information.

title: Menopause

text: HRT may be reasonable for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes.[67] It is the most effective treatment option, especially when delivered as a skin patch.[68][69] Its use, however, appears to increase the risk of strokes and blood clots.[70] When used for menopausal symptoms some recommend it be used for the shortest time possible and at the lowest dose possible.[70] Evidence to support long term use however is poor.[68]

title: Anovulation

text: Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) is a very powerful treatment for infertility. It consists of a combination of LH and FSH. From menopause onwards, the body starts secreting LH and FSH in large quantities due to the slowing down of the ovarian function. This excess of hormones is not used by the body and is expelled in the urine. HMG is therefore collected from the urine of menopausal women. The urine then undergoes purification and a chemical treatment. The resulting hMG induces the stimulation of several ovarian follicles. This increases the risk of producing several oocytes during the same cycle, and thus the risk of multiple pregnancies.

title: A Humiliating Business

text: Bree is rollerskating with Keith when she gets hot and dizzy out of nowhere and falls off her skates. She is examined by a medic who tells her that it is a hot flash and she is starting menopause. Bree is horrified. She goes to her OB/GYN, but there is a substitute working as her regular OB/GYN is out on maternity leave. She and the sub hit it off, and Bree reveals that she is in a relationship with a man 17 years her junior, and asks for ways to hide the symptoms. Later, Bree meets Keith's parents for dinner at a local restaurant; Keith's mother just happens to be the substitute OB/GYN. Throughout dinner, Keith's mom drops hints about Bree's visit to her until Bree finally admits to being menopausal. Ashamed, Bree leaves the restaurant. Keith finds her later, and tells her that he doesn't care about her being menopausal or having children with his DNA. They can always adopt. Bree sadly tells him that she does not want to have children again. Keith is upset, but asks Bree to forget the conversation for a while so that they can be happy. Bree agrees.

title: Atrophic vaginitis

text: "Vulvovaginal atrophy," and "atrophic vaginitis" have been the preferred terms for this condition and cluster of symptoms until recently. These terms are now regarded as inaccurate in describing changes to the entire genitourinary system occurring after menopause. The term "atrophic vaginitis" suggests that the vagina is inflamed or infected. Though this may be true, inflammation and infection are not the major components of postmenopausal changes to the vagina. The former terms do not describe the negative effects on the lower urinary tract which can be the most troubling symptoms of menopause for women. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) was determined to be more accurate than "vulvovaginal atrophy" by two professional societies. The term atrophic vaginitis does not reflect the related changes of the labia, clitoris, vestibule, urethra and bladder.

title: International Menopause Society

text: The aim of the WSSM is to promote knowledge among health-care providers on menopause-related issues. It provides courses, educational programs and lectures in the field of adult women's health and menopause in liaison with national or regional menopause societies when requested.

title: Wulf H. Utian

text:
In 1976 Utian co-determined the first internationally accepted definitions of menopause and time-related events.
In 1985 Utian publicly disagreed with the medical definition of menopause agreed upon by the International Menopause Society. He believed menopause to be a potential endocrinopathy (disease of the endocrine system), with potential adverse physical effects on pelvic and extra-pelvic organs such as bone, cardiovascular system, brain, skin and sensory organs. He has written that menopause has been recognized by society as a stage of life as far back as Biblical times. Utian has stated that the symptoms women experience when their ovaries shut down are due to an evolutionary lag, as the endocrine system of the human female has not kept pace with the increase in life expectancy human beings have experienced recently. Utian is known as the world's most prolific author of studies in the field of menopause, including 26 authored or co-authored articles during the first ten years of the field's existence and more than 200 over his career.

title: North American Menopause Society

text: In 1994 NAMS launched "Menopause", a peer-reviewed scientific journal meant to provide a forum for clinical research, applied basic science, and practice guidelines on all aspects of menopause.The scope of "Menopause" encompasses many varied biomedical areas, including internal medicine, family practice, obstetrics, gynecology, medical subspecialties such as cardiology and geriatrics, epidemiology, pathology, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and pharmacology. Additional professional educational material provided by NAMS includes the textbook "Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide"; position statements on hormone therapy, management of menopausal symptoms, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and other topics; an annual scientific conference; and the e-mail newsletters "First to Know," "Menopause Care Updates", and "Menopause e-Consult".

title: Menopause

text: The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5).[62][63] The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years.[63] Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.[64]

title: Oophorectomy

text: Women who have had bilateral oophorectomy surgeries lose most of their ability to produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone, and lose about half of their ability to produce testosterone, and subsequently enter what is known as "surgical menopause" (as opposed to normal menopause, which occurs naturally in women as part of the aging process). In natural menopause the ovaries generally continue to produce low levels of hormones, especially androgens, long after menopause, which may explain why surgical menopause is generally accompanied by a more sudden and severe onset of symptoms than natural menopause, symptoms that may continue until the natural age of menopause. These symptoms are commonly addressed through hormone therapy, utilizing various forms of estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, or a combination.

title: Catamenial epilepsy

text: The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), to lessen the effects of menopause, has shown severe negative effects on the seizure patterns of women with catamenial epilepsy. During perimenopause, women with catamenial epilepsy generally experience an increase in seizure frequency, and HRT use does not change this likelihood. However HRT use after perimenopause has been significantly associated with an increase in seizure frequency and severity. Women progressing through peri- and post-menopause using HRT may be in greater need of anticonvulsant medication monitoring to maintain or reduce seizure occurrence. These same results have not been seen in laboratory counterparts. Adult female rats that have been ovariectomized, a parallel state to menopause, show increased seizure frequency overall. There are, however, several factors that could explain this difference, including ovariectomized rats do not have the analogous brain hormones milieu as menopausal women. Several studies following HRT use in women with catamenial epilepsy have demonstrated more influencable data than animal models, in this case.

title: Menopause

text: Removal of the uterus without removal of the ovaries does not directly cause menopause, although pelvic surgery of this type can often precipitate a somewhat earlier menopause, perhaps because of a compromised blood supply to the ovaries.. The time between surgery and possible early menopause is due to the fact that ovaries are still producing hormones.[30]

title: Menopause

text: While not conclusive, evidence does exist to support the idea that female-biased dispersal existed in pre-modern humans. The closest living relatives to humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and both mountain gorillas and western lowland gorillas, are female-biased dispersers.[113] Analysis of sex specific genetic material, the non-recombining portions of the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA, show evidence of a prevalence of female-biased dispersal as well; however, these results could also be affected by the effective breeding numbers of males and females in local populations.[114] Evidence of female-biased dispersion in hunter-gatherers is not definitive, with some studies supporting the idea,[113] and others suggesting there is no strong bias towards either sex.[115] In killer whales, both sexes mate non-locally with members of a different pod but return to the pod after copulation.[116] Demographic data shows that a female’s mean relatedness to the group does increase over time due to increasing relatedness to males.[117] While less well-studied, there is evidence that short-finned pilot whales, another menopausal species, also display this behavior.[118] However, mating behavior that increases local relatedness with female age is prevalent in non-menopausal species,[113] making it unlikely that it is the only factor that determines if menopause will evolve in a species.

title: Wulf H. Utian

text: Utian is credited for describing menopause as a potential health-related issue in 1967. He has described the situation that led to his discovery as occurring when he was invited to visit a large pharmaceutical firm in West Berlin. He has stated that "A new female hormone was mentioned and thereby started my interest in the subject. Upon me return [home] I approached the Chairman of the Department of Gynaecology of the University of Cape Town ... and spelled out my plans for a menopause clinic." This clinic, named the Femininity Clinic (later renamed the Mature Woman Clinic), was the first of its kind in the world, located at the Groote Schuur Hospital. In 1976 he also became one of the three co-founders of the International Menopause Society. Utian ultimately left South Africa due to conflicts with the Apartheid government, including his objections to the treatment of non-white physicians in the country's hospitals.

title: Menopause

text: There is no evidence of consistent benefit of alternative therapies for menopausal symptoms despite their popularity.[80] The effect of soy isoflavones on menopausal symptoms is promising for reduction of hot flashes and vaginal dryness.[16][81] Evidence does not support a benefit from phytoestrogens such as coumestrol,[82] femarelle,[83] or the non-phytoestrogen black cohosh.[16][84] There is no evidence to support the efficacy of acupuncture as a management for menopausal symptoms.[85] As of 2011 there is no support for herbal or dietary supplements in the prevention or treatment of the mental changes that occur around menopause.[86] A 2016 Cochrane review found not enough evidence to show a difference between Chinese herbal medicine and placebo for the vasomotor symptoms.[87]

title: Menopause

text: The date of the final menstrual period is usually taken as the point when menopause has occurred.[17] During the menopausal transition and after menopause, women can experience a wide range of symptoms.

title: Women's health

text: Equally challenging for women are the physiological and emotional changes associated with the cessation of menses (menopause or climacteric). While typically occurring gradually towards the end of the fifth decade in life marked by irregular bleeding the cessation of ovulation and menstruation is accompanied by marked changes in hormonal activity, both by the ovary itself (oestrogen and progesterone) and the pituitary gland (follicle stimulating hormone or FSH and luteinizing hormone or LH). These hormonal changes may be associated with both systemic sensations such as hot flashes and local changes to the reproductive tract such as reduced vaginal secretions and lubrication. While menopause may bring relief from symptoms of menstruation and fear of pregnancy it may also be accompanied by emotional and psychological changes associated with the symbolism of the loss of fertility and a reminder of aging and possible loss of desirability. While menopause generally occurs naturally as a physiological process it may occur earlier (premature menopause) as a result of disease or from medical or surgical intervention. When menopause occurs prematurely the adverse consequences may be more severe.

title: International Menopause Society

text: "World Menopause Day / Month". IMS has designated October 18 as World Menopause Day. In observation of the Day, the IMS and the member national societies of CAMS distribute materials and organize activities to inform women about menopause, its management and the impact of estrogen loss. Since it is not always possible for local societies to arrange activities for this specific day, the IMS has now designated October as World Menopause Month. Local societies can also collaborate with other organizations working in the field of adult women's health, such as societies for osteoporosis and breast cancer, to organize joint events. World Menopause Month can also be a call to implement policies that support research and treatment in the area of menopausal health.

title: Anovulation

text: Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. However, a woman who does not ovulate at each menstrual cycle is not necessarily going through menopause. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility.

title: Ethinylestradiol

text: EE is also used as menopausal hormone therapy. The main reason for using HRT in menopausal women is to relieve common vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and flushing. Studies have found that estrogen replacement helps improve these symptoms when compared to a placebo. Other common menopause symptoms such as vaginal dryness (which can cause pain during sexual intercourse), vaginal itching, and depressed mood, can benefit from HRT. In addition to treatment of menopausal symptoms, EE has been used as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. However, it is no longer commonly used nor recommended for this purpose, with estradiol having largely superseded it.

title: Hypogonadism

text: Testing serum LH and FSH levels are often used to assess hypogonadism in women, particularly when menopause is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the history of having ceased menstruation coupled with high levels aids the diagnosis of being menopausal. Commonly, the post-menopausal woman is not called hypogonadal if she is of typical menopausal age. Contrast with a young woman or teen, who would have hypogonadism rather than menopause. This is because hypogonadism is an abnormality, whereas menopause is a normal change in hormone levels. In any case, the LH and FSH levels will rise in cases of primary hypogonadism or menopause, while they will be low in women with secondary or tertiary hypogonadism.

title: Menopause

text: Menopause is usually a natural change.[5] It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco.[4][13] Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of chemotherapy.[4] At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.[2] While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine.[14] Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start.[15]

title: Menopause

text: In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular,[11][12] which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow.[11] During this time, women often experience hot flashes; these typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shivering, sweating, and reddening of the skin.[11] Hot flashes often stop occurring after a year or two.[8] Other symptoms may include vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, and mood changes.[11] The severity of symptoms varies between women.[8] While menopause is often thought to be linked to an increase in heart disease, this primarily occurs due to increasing age and does not have a direct relationship with menopause.[8] In some women, problems that were present like endometriosis or painful periods will improve after menopause.[8]

title: Menopause

text: The theories discussed above assume that evolution directly selected for menopause. Another theory states that menopause is the byproduct of the evolutionary selection for follicular atresia, a factor that causes menopause. Menopause results from having too few ovarian follicles to produce enough estrogen to maintain the ovarian-pituitary-hypothalamic loop, which results in the cessation of menses and the beginning of menopause. Human females are born with approximately a million oocytes, and approximately 400 oocytes are lost to ovulation throughout life.[129][130]

title: Letrozole

text: Tamoxifen is also used to treat hormonally-responsive breast cancer, but it does so by interfering with the estrogen receptor. However, letrozole is effective only in post-menopausal women, in whom estrogen is produced predominantly in peripheral tissues (i.e. in adipose tissue, like that of the breast) and a number of sites in the brain. In pre-menopausal women, the main source of estrogen is from the ovaries not the peripheral tissues, and letrozole is ineffective.

title: Kathleen I. Pritchard

text: Pritchard also explored the effects of HRT on women and the potential for developing breast cancer. HRT is usually given to women who are estrogen deficient or menopausal women to lessen their symptoms of menopause. Through her studies of long-term HRT effects, Pritchard discovered there is a 53% higher risk for women developing cancer with a HRT combination of progesterone and estrogen, but only a 34% higher risk in women who just receive estrogen. Another risk of HRT is its cardiovascular effects such as blood clotting and dense breast tissue making it harder to read a mammogram. Pritchard suggests alternatives to combat estrogen deficiency and menopausal symptoms. Alternatives include Vitamin E, calcium supplements, venlafaxine, clonidine, and diet. She concludes that it may not be as effective, but it does not have the increased risk for breast cancer.