query: How many died during the Potato Famine?

title: Great Famine (Ireland)

text: The Great Famine (Irish: an Gorta Mór, [anˠ ˈgɔɾˠt̪ˠa mˠoːɾˠ]), or the Great Hunger, was a period in Ireland between 1845 and 1849 of mass starvation, disease, and emigration.[1] With the most severely affected areas in the west and south of Ireland, where the Irish language was primarily spoken, the period was contemporaneously known as Irish: An Drochshaol,[2] loosely translated as the "hard times" (or literally, "The Bad Life"). The worst year of the period, that of "Black 47", is known as Irish: Bliain an Drochshaoil.[3][4] During the famine, about one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland,[5] causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%.[6]

title: History of the potato

text: The Lumper potato, widely cultivated in western and southern Ireland before and during the Great Famine, was bland, wet and poorly resistant to the potato blight, but yielded large crops and usually provided adequate calories for peasants and labourers. Heavy dependence on this potato led to disaster when the blight quickly turned harvest-ready and newly harvested potatoes into a putrid mush. The Irish Famine in the western and southern parts of Ireland between 1845 and 1849 was a catastrophic failure in the food supply that led to approximately a million deaths from famine and (especially) diseases that attacked weakened bodies, and to massive emigration to Britain, the U.S., Canada and elsewhere. During the famine years roughly one million Irish emigrated; this tide was not turned until the 20th century, when Ireland's population stood at less than half of the pre-famine level of 8 million.

title: Potato famine

text: Potato famine may refer to:

title: Great Famine (Ireland)

text: I have called it an artificial famine: that is to say, it was a famine which desolated a rich and fertile island that produced every year abundance and superabundance to sustain all her people and many more. The English, indeed, call the famine a "dispensation of Providence"; and ascribe it entirely to the blight on potatoes. But potatoes failed in like manner all over Europe; yet there was no famine save in Ireland. The British account of the matter, then, is first, a fraud; second, a blasphemy. The Almighty, indeed, sent the potato blight, but the English created the famine.[190]

title: Partridge Island (Saint John County)

text: The island received its largest influx of immigrants in the 1840s during the "Great Famine", also known as the "Irish Potato Famine," when a shortage of potatoes occurred due to potato blight striking Ireland's staple crop. The famine caused millions to starve to death or otherwise emigrate, mainly to North America. During the famine, some 30,000 immigrants were processed by the island's visiting and resident physicians, with 1,196 dying at Partridge Island and the adjacent city of Saint John during the Typhus epidemic of 1847. During the 1890s there were over 78,000 immigrants a year being examined or treated on the island.

title: Highland Potato Famine

text: The Highland Potato Famine () was a period of 19th century Highland and Scottish history (1846 to roughly 1856) over which the agricultural communities of the Hebrides and the western Scottish Highlands () saw their potato crop (upon which they had become over-reliant) repeatedly devastated by potato blight. It was part of the wider food crisis facing Northern Europe caused by potato blight during the mid-1840s, whose most famous manifestation is the Great Irish Famine, but compared to its Irish counterpart it was much less extensive (the population seriously at risk was never more than 200,000 - and often much less) and took many fewer lives (prompt and major charitable efforts by the rest of the United Kingdom ensured relatively little starvation). The terms on which charitable relief was given, however, led to destitution and malnutrition amongst its recipients. A government enquiry could suggest no short-term solution other than reduction of the population of the area at risk by emigration to Canada or Australia. Highland landlords organised and paid for the emigration of more than 16,000 of their tenants and a significant but unknown number paid for their own passage. Evidence suggests that the majority of Highlanders who permanently left the famine-struck regions emigrated, rather than moving to other parts of Scotland. It is estimated that about a third of the population of the western Scottish Highlands emigrated between 1841 and 1861.

title: Irish cuisine

text: In 1845, the Potato Famine (otherwise known as the Great Famine) began when many potato crops in Ireland had been infected with a mold called Potato Blight. This had turned their potatoes diseased and useless, putting many who are already in poverty into deeper poverty . The crop had failed due to potato blight in 1845-46, had little success in 1847, and failed once again in 1848. The starving Irish tried eating the potatoes, and would get extremely sick from eating them. Irish people began eating a diet of eggs, birds, and plants like nettles and chickweeds. Many Farmers would bleed their cattle out and fry the blood, rather than eat their meat. If the cattle were as malnourished as the people, then the resulting meat wouldn't be fit for consumption, so they resorted to using the blood mixed with herbs, garlic, oats and butter, it could be used as good emergency meal. The extremely desperate and malnourished ate rats and worms found off the street.

title: Deer Island (Massachusetts)

text: In the middle of the 19th century, the island was the landing point for thousands of refugees from the Irish Potato Famine, many sick and poverty-stricken. In 1847, a hospital was established to treat incoming immigrants, and during the following two years approximately 4,800 men, women, and children were admitted. Many recovered and went on to new lives, but more than 800 died. In 1850, an almshouse was built to house paupers. Opened in 1853, it was administered by the City of Boston.

title: The Irish Famine (book)

text: The first volume of "The Irish Famine" discusses how the Irish (writers, historians, government officials) have approached the task of describing and creating accounts of the Famine. Tóibín wrote his volume in part, for Irish-Americans; he has been critical of how the Potato Famine of 1845-1850 has been taught in American schools. He mentions that Americans are "full of emotional language, selective quotation and vicious anti-English rhetoric" and that "[Americans] assert, despite all evidence to the contrary, that Ireland remained a net exporter of food during the Famine."

title: The Propitious Esculent

text: In Europe, the potato was not immediately well received. Reader discusses how it was accused of causing leprosy or other ailments and then how cultural groups’ perception of the potato flipped and it became something entirely healthful. The potato also is at the center of demographic and cultural change and this is most clear in the case of Ireland. Reader's explanation of what happened during the great Potato Famine of 1845 to 1850 discusses the biosocial and biopolitical processes of the period. "The Propitious Esculent" proposes that the fate of Ireland was not solely the fault of a fungus but the result of a chain of governmental decisions that were set into motion because of the properties of the potato.

title: Great Famine (Ireland)

text: Sharing much in common with the similar famines in India under British rule,[7][8] the proximate cause of the famine was a natural event, a potato blight,[9] which infected potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, precipitating some 100,000 deaths in total in the worst affected areas and among similar tenant farmers of Europe. The food crisis influenced much of the unrest in the more widespread European Revolutions of 1848.[10] The event is sometimes referred to as the Irish Potato Famine, mostly outside Ireland.[11][12]

title: Indian famine of 1899–1900

text: Estimates of the excess mortality during the famine vary widely. According to historian David Fieldhouse, over 1 million people may have died during the famine of 1899–1900. However, according to anthropologist Brian Fagan, "No one knows exactly how many perished in the great famine, but it could have been as many as four and a half million people." In her study of famines in the Bombay Presidency during the period 1860–1920, South Asianist, Michelle McAlpin estimated the famine of 1899–1900 to have had the highest mortality—at 37.9 deaths per 1000—among all famines and scarcities there between 1876–77 and 1918–19. Anthropologist Daniel W. Attwood asserts that in the Deccan an estimated 166,000 people may have died, and in the entire Presidency a total of 462,000. Historian Ronald E. Seavoy, in his 1986 study on famine in peasant societies, estimates the mortality in the famine to be 3.2 million, whereas historian Aroop Maharatna, in his historical retrospective of the demography of Indian famines, estimates the mortality to be between 3 million and 4.4 million. Archaeologist Daniel T. Chamberlain, citing Maharatna, points out that in Berar Province, the overall mortality rate in 1900 was 150% higher than the baseline rate, and further, also citing Maharatna, that the famine's effect can be seen in the sharp increase in crude death rate (to approximately 9%) in 1900, a sharp drop in the crude birth rate (down to 3%) in 1901, and a "compensating" increase in the birth rate (to approximately 5.5%) in 1902. Public health physician Mark E. Keim considers the mortality in India in the year 1900 to be 1.25 million, and the drought in India that year to be the fifth worst by mortality in the 20th century. Environment and development scholar Arun Agrawal argues that on account of the more liberal government relief in 1898 and 1899, "the number of people who died was far fewer" than in the famine of 1896–97 (whose mortality he puts at nearly 5 million). However anthropologist Fagan considers the famine in 1899–1900 to be the worst on record, suggesting that although the viceroy, Lord Curzon "led the public appeals for humanitarian aid, ... (t)he initiatives from his government ... were grossly inadequate."

title: Culture of Ireland

text: The potato would appear to have been introduced into Ireland in the second half of the 16th century, initially as a garden crop. It eventually came to be the main food field crop of the tenant and labouring classes. As a food source, the potato is extremely efficient in terms of energy yielded per unit area of land. The potato is also a good source of many vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin C (especially when fresh). As a result, the typical 18th- and 19th-century Irish diet of potatoes and buttermilk was a contributing factor in the population explosion that occurred in Ireland at that time. However, due to the political rule of the time, the majority of Irish produce (root crops, cereals and animal produce) was exported to Britain, leaving few strains of potato as the sole food source for the Irish. This, along with the spread of potato blight led to shortages and famine, the most notable instance being the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849), which more or less undid all the growth in population of the previous century. The cause of which is attributed by some to an adherence to laissez faire economic policies by the government which kept food exports at the pre famine level leading to disease, death and emigration.

title: British Agricultural Revolution

text: The recovery of food imports after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) and the resumption of American trade following the War of 1812 (1812–1815) led to the enactment in 1815 of the Corn Laws (protective tariffs) to protect cereal grain producers in Britain against foreign competition. These laws were only removed in 1846 after the onset of the Irish Potato Famine in which potato late blight ruined most of the Irish potato crop and brought famine to the Irish people in 1846–50. Though the blight also struck Scotland, Wales, England, and much of Europe, its effect there was far less severe since potatoes constituted a much smaller percentage of the diet than in Ireland. Despite this, Ireland still produced agricultural surpluses during the famine- most of the food was exported to English cities and British authorities refused to close the ports. Hundreds of thousands died in the Irish famine and millions more emigrated to England, Wales, Scotland, Canada, Australia, Europe, and the United States, reducing the population from about 8.5 million in 1845 to 4.3 million by 1921.

title: Irish immigration to Puerto Rico

text: Many Irish who fled their homeland because of the Potato Famine of the 1840s (over one million people died as a result of this famine) immigrated to the United States. A significant number of them went to Puerto Rico after being turned away at American ports because of epidemic outbreaks on board the ships on which they sailed. Many of these Irish settlers were instrumental in the development of the island's hugely successful sugar industry. Said industry was vital to the growing local economy.

title: European Potato Failure

text: History of the potato Great Irish Famine Highland Potato Famine

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: This climate anomaly has been blamed for the severity of typhus epidemics in southeast Europe and along the eastern Mediterranean Sea between 1816 and 1819. The climate changes disrupted the Indian monsoons, caused three failed harvests and famine, and contributed to the spread of a new strain of cholera that originated in Bengal in 1816. Many livestock died in New England during the winter of 1816–1817. Cool temperatures and heavy rains resulted in failed harvests in Britain and Ireland. Families in Wales travelled long distances as refugees, begging for food. Famine was prevalent in north and southwest Ireland, following the failure of wheat, oat, and potato harvests. The crisis was severe in Germany, where food prices rose sharply, and demonstrations in front of grain markets and bakeries, followed by riots, arson, and looting, took place in many European cities. It was the worst famine of the 19th century.

title: Chronology of the Great Famine

text: The Chronology of the Great Famine ( or "An Drochshaol", litt: "The Bad Life") documents a period of Irish history between 1845 and 1852 during which time the population of Ireland was reduced by 20 to 25 percent. The proximate cause was famine resulting from a potato disease commonly known as late blight. Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Irelandwhere a third of the population was entirely dependent on the potato for foodwas exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.

title: Great Famine (Ireland)

text: It is not known exactly how many people died during the period of the famine, although it is believed that more died from disease than from starvation.[160] State registration of births, marriages, or deaths had not yet begun, and records kept by the Roman Catholic Church are incomplete.[fn 4] One possible estimate has been reached by comparing the expected population with the eventual numbers in the 1850s. A census taken in 1841 recorded a population of 8,175,124. A census immediately after the famine in 1851 counted 6,552,385, a drop of over 1.5 million in 10 years. The census commissioners estimated that, at the normal rate of population increase, the population in 1851 should have grown to just over 9 million if the famine had not occurred.[162]

title: Irish people

text: Known as An Górta Mór (The great hunger) in Gaeilge, millions of Irish people died and emigrated during Ireland's largest famine. The famine lasted from 1845 - 1849, it was worst during 1847 which was known as Black '47. The famine occurred due to the extremely impoverished Irish population's staple food the potato being infected with Blight. This meant the crop failed and turned black. Starving people who tried to eat them would only vomit it back up soon afterwards. Soup kitchens were set up but made little difference. The English government produced little aid, only sending raw corn known as 'Peel's Brimstone' to Ireland. It was known by this name after the British PM at the time and the fact that native Irish weren't aware on how to cook corn. This led to little or no improvement. The British government set up workhouses which were disease ridden (with cholera, TB and others) but they also failed as little food was available and many died on arrival as they were overworked. Some English political figures at the time saw the famine as a purge from God to exterminate the majority of the native Irish population.

title: Irish cuisine

text: The over reliance on potatoes as a staple crop meant that the people of Ireland were vulnerable to poor potato harvests. The first Great Famine of 1739 was the result of extreme cold weather, but the famine of 1845–1849 (see Great Irish Famine) was caused by potato blight which spread throughout the Irish crop which consisted largely of a single variety, the Lumper. During the famine approximately one million people died and a million more emigrated.

title: Famines in Czech lands

text: The next recorded famine in Czech lands was the Great Famine, which lasted from 1770 until 1771. The cause of the Great Famine was a disease of grain monoculture and heavy rains. The Great Famine killed twelve percent of the Czech lands’ population, up to 500,000 inhabitants, and radicalized countrysides, which led to peasant uprisings. This famine ended when Czech lands imported and increased potato production by 100 percent. The last famine in Czech lands was in Czech Silesia in 1847. This famine was caused by a potato disease and led to the deaths of over 20,000 people.

title: Genocides in history

text: A small minority of historians regard the Irish Potato Famine (1845–1852) as an example of genocide. During the famine approximately 1 million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight. Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Irelandwhere one-third of the population was entirely dependent on the potato for foodwas exacerbated by a host of political, social, and economic factors that remain the subject of historical debate.

title: Lough Erne

text: Fermanagh escaped the potato blight disease during the Great Famine better than any other county, as the county had so many islands. The potato blight had difficulty travelling over water, compared to the easier transmission across the green hills and fields of most of Ireland. Those Erne islands produced surprising amounts of potatoes (the staple diet on the island, from 1845–1849), whilst the mainland was largely starving in comparison.

title: History of Limerick

text: No statistics exist on how many people in the Limerick area died during the famine. Nationally, the population declined by an average of 20%, half of whom died and half emigrated. While the Great Famine reduced the population of County Limerick by 70,000, the population of the City actually rose slightly, as people fled to the workhouses.

title: Great Famine (Ireland)

text: Highland Potato Famine (agrarian crisis in Scotland at the same time) Tasmania#Removal of Aborigines(1830s) German Potato Famine of WWI Anti-British sentiment Anti-Irish sentiment Great Famine's effect on the American economy History of the potato Irish Famine (1740–41) List of famines List of natural disasters in Britain and Ireland

title: County Mayo

text:
During the early years of the 19th century, famine was a common occurrence, particularly where population pressure was a problem. The population of Ireland grew to over eight million people prior to the Irish Famine (or Great Famine) of 1845–47. The Irish people depended on the potato crop for their sustenance. Disaster struck in August 1845, when a killer fungus (later diagnosed as Phytophthora infestans) started to destroy the potato crop. When widespread famine struck, about a million people died and a further million left the country. People died in the fields from starvation and disease. The catastrophe was particularly bad in County Mayo, where nearly ninety per cent of the population depended on the potato as their staple food. By 1848, Mayo was a county of total misery and despair, with any attempts at alleviating measures in complete disarray.
There are numerous reminders of the Great Famine to be seen on the Mayo landscape: workhouse sites, famine graves, sites of soup kitchens, deserted homes and villages and even traces of undug 'lazy-beds' in fields on the sides of hills. Many roads and lanes were built as famine relief measures. There were nine workhouses in the county: Ballina, Ballinrobe, Belmullet, Castlebar, Claremorris, Killala, Newport, Swinford and Westport.

title: Law of demand

text: Initially proposed by [Sir Robert Giffen], economists disagree on the existence of [[Giffen good]]s in the market. A Giffen good describes an inferior good that as the price increases, demand for the product increases. As an example, during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish Potato Famine]] of the 19th century, potatoes were considered a Giffen good. Potatoes were the largest staple in the Irish diet, so as the price rose it had a large impact on income. People responded by cutting out on [[luxury good]]s such as meat and vegetables, and instead bought more potatoes. Therefore, as the price of potatoes increased, so did the quantity demanded.

title: Irish Famine (1740–41)

text:
In 1740, Ireland had a population of 2.4 million people, most of whom depended on grains (oats, wheat, barley and rye) and potatoes as their staple foods. Half their expenses for food went for grain, 35% for animal products and the remainder for potatoes. Some survived only on oatmeal, buttermilk and potatoes. Over a year, daily consumption of potatoes was estimated at per person. Diets varied according to village locations and individual income, with many people supplementing these staples with river, lake or sea fish, especially herring, and small game such as wild duck. At the time social welfare was an entirely private initiative undertaken on a local level by the village or parish, with the government not being orientated for large-scale relief efforts.
An extraordinary climatic shock, known as the "Great Frost", struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741 following a decade of relatively mild winters. Its cause remains unknown. Charting its course sharply illuminates how climate events can result in famine and epidemic disease, and affect economies, energy sources, and politics.

title: Inishkea Islands

text: During the Irish Famine (1845/47), the people on the Inishkea islands were not immune. Like most places in the west of Ireland, the pattern of lazy beds can be seen on the island wherever there was enough soil to sow potatoes, even on the outer reaches near the cliff edge. While the lack of shelter would have made conditions too harsh for potatoes to flourish, the threat of starvation meant that every option had to be tried. However, unlike other areas of the west coast, the famine did not affect the Inishkeas as badly as the mainland. While the population on the mainland fell dramatically during the famine years, it was the opposite on the Inishkea islands because it would appear that potato blight was confined to the mainland. The prevailing winds would have kept the blight off the islands to a degree. The islanders also had the tradition of fishing.

title: Scottish Canadians

text: Others came as a result of famine. In 1846, potato crops were blighted by the same fungal disease responsible for the Great Irish Famine, and most Highland crofters were very dependent on potatoes as a source of food. Crofters were expected to work in appalling conditions, and although some landlords worked to lessen the effects of the famine on their tenants, many landlords simply resorted to eviction. In particular, John Gordon of Cluny became the target of criticism in newspapers when many of his crofters were reduced to living on the streets of Inverness. Gordon resorted to hiring a fleet of ships and forcibly transporting his Hebridean crofters to Canada, where they were conveniently abandoned on Canadian authorities. Some more sympathetic landlords supplied a free passage to what was hoped to be a better life. Crop failures continued into the 1850s and famine relief programmes became semi-permanent operations. During the ten years following 1847, from throughout the Highlands, over 16,000 crofters were shipped overseas to Canada and Australia.


query: When was Odyssey to the West published?

title: Journey to the West

text: Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. In English-speaking countries, Monkey, Arthur Waley's popular abridged translation is well known.

title: Great River Charter Montessori School

text: In the fall of each year, Junior High students go on an Odyssey Trip. The first year the Odyssey East traveled to Williamsburg, Virginia and Washington, D.C. by charter bus and camped along the way, while visiting important historical and cultural sites. The Odyssey West in 2006-2007 traveled to Jackson, Wyoming where they stayed at the Teton Science School. The major stops along the way were Badlands National Park, Devils Tower, and Yellowstone National Park. In the fall of the 2007-2008 year, students traveled to Williamsburg again camping along the way and visiting different sites including Monticello, Shenandoah National Park and Jamestown. The fall 2009-2010 brings a new direction to the Odyssey. While the opportunity for experiential education outside the classroom and community building is important, the distance and time on the bus will be less. Now the Odyssey West goes to destinations such as Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park, and Devils Tower and the Odyssey East goes to Mackinac Island and Greenfield Village.

title: The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel

text: The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel is an epic poem by Greek poet and philosopher Nikos Kazantzakis, based on Homer's "Odyssey". It is divided into twenty-four rhapsodies as is the original "Odyssey" and consists of 33,333 17-syllable verses. Kazantzakis began working on it in 1924 after he returned to Crete from Germany. Before finally publishing the poem in 1938 he had drafted seven different versions. Kazantzakis considered this his most important work. It was fully translated into English in 1958 by Kimon Friar.

title: Albert Odyssey (1993 video game)

text: The music for "Albert Odyssey" was written and programmed by Sunsoft in-house composer Naoki Kodaka, with the game being his first Super Famicom and role-playing endeavor. On June 25, 1993, Sunsoft released an official soundtrack titled "All Sounds of Albert Odyssey" in Japan published by Datam Polystar featuring all background music and jingles from the game. Later that year, selected music from "Albert Odyssey" was performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra as part of the third Game Music Concert series in Tokyo, Japan, later made available as a commercial album the following December. The two tracks represented were "The Road Walked by Heroes" and "Hometown Tibelis", retitled as "Albert Odyssey Theme" and "God's People" respectively.

title: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey is the 1968 science fiction written by Arthur C. Clarke and the directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is a part of Clarke's "Space Odyssey" series. Both the novel and the film are partially based on Clarke's 1948 short story "The Sentinel", an entry in a BBC short story competition, and "Encounter in the Dawn", published in 1953 in the magazine "Amazing Stories".

title: Shackleton: Antarctic Odyssey

text: Shackleton: Antarctic Odyssey is a graphic novel published in 2014 by First Second. Written and illustrated by Nick Bertozzi, the graphic novel focuses on Ernest Shackleton and his crew during the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914. The book was published during the 100th anniversary of the expedition

title: Odyssey to the West

text: Odyssey to the West is the third and final album by international progressive deathcore trio Slice the Cake. It was self-released on April 1, 2016. It was released simultaneously with "Odyssey to the Gallows". Both releases are part of a concept about a Pilgrim who leaves his betrothed to find God.

title: Trojan Odyssey

text: Trojan Odyssey is a Dirk Pitt novel by Clive Cussler, published first in 2003.

title: Homer

text: Augustus Taber Murray (1866–1940) Homer: Iliad, 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1999). Homer: Odyssey, 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1995). Robert Fitzgerald (1910–1985) The Iliad, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN0-374-52905-1 The Odyssey, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN0-374-52574-9 Robert Fagles (1933–2008) The Iliad, Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN0-14-027536-3 The Odyssey, Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN0-14-026886-3 Stanley Lombardo (b. 1943) Iliad, Hackett Publishing Company (1997) ISBN0-87220-352-2 Odyssey, Hackett Publishing Company (2000) ISBN0-87220-484-7 Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN1-930972-08-3 Odyssey, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN1-930972-06-7 The Essential Homer, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN1-930972-12-1 The Essential Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN1-930972-10-5 Barry B. Powell (b. 1942) "Iliad", Oxford University Press (2013) ISBN978-0-19-932610-5 "Odyssey", Oxford University PressI (2014) ISBN978-0-19-936031-4 "Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books", Oxford University Press (2014) ISBN978-0-19-939407-4 Samuel Butler (1835–1902) The Iliad, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN978-1-934941-04-1 The Odyssey, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN978-1-934941-05-8 Herbert Jordan (b. 1938) Iliad, University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover) Emily Wilson (b. 1971) The Odyssey, W.W. Norton & Company (2017) ISBN978-0-393-08905-9 Rodney Merrill The Iliad, University of Michigan Press (2007) ISBN978-0-472-11617-1 The Odyssey, University of Michigan Press (2002) ISBN978-0-472-11231-9 Jerome Whitcroft Odyssey of Homer, Zeus Press (2018) ISBN978-1-790-72563-2

title: Arthur C. Clarke

text: "2001: A Space Odyssey", Clarke's most famous work, was extended well beyond the 1968 movie as the Space Odyssey series. In 1982, Clarke wrote a sequel to "2001" titled "", which was made into a film in 1984. Clarke wrote two further sequels that have not been adapted into motion pictures: "" (published in 1987) and "" (published in 1997).

title: Odyssey Software

text: After its early attempts at working as an independent game developer Odyssey began taking contracts from other established companies. In 1990, "Moon Ranger", was produced under contract with Color Dreams for the NES. Odyssey established a relationship with American Video Entertainment, who contracted "Deathbots" for the NES. After "Deathbots", Odyssey went on to produce "Solitaire" and "Blackjack", which American Video Entertainment subsequently published. Three other Nintendo titles ("Backgammon", "Cue Stick", and "Poker") were in production but American Video Entertainment went out of business before any of these titles could be published.

title: The Odyssey Institute for Advanced and International Studies

text: Odyssey is renowned for its academics. Aside from being one of the 1700 schools that offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, Odyssey offer one of the best educations you can receive in the west valley.

title: Magnavox Odyssey series

text: The Odyssey 2000 (Model BH7510) dedicated console was released in 1977. The 2000 was basically an updated version of the Odyssey 300. Like the 300, the Odyssey 2000 uses the AY-3-8500 single-chip design (which is also used in the Odyssey 3000). The Odyssey 2000 is set up for two players and uses a single rotating knob for each player's game control instead of the three knobs used by earlier Magnavox dedicated video game consoles. In addition to the Tennis, Hockey and Squash ("Smash") game variations, the 2000 adds the Practice variation of one-player squash. Points scored during gameplay are shown at the top of the screen when each player scores, and the winner is the first player to gain 15 points. Like earlier Odyssey models, the 2000 is powered by either six "C" batteries or an optional AC adapter.

title: Etrian Odyssey IV

text: Etrian Odyssey IV: Legends of the Titan is a dungeon crawler role playing video game developed and published by Atlus for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the sequel to "Etrian Odyssey III: The Drowned City" and the first in the "Etrian Odyssey" series to be released on the Nintendo 3DS.

title: A Martian Odyssey

text: "A Martian Odyssey" appears in the following Stanley G. Weinbaum collections:"A Martian Odyssey" appears as a 26-page comic book adaptation by Ben Avery and George Sellas in the anthology "Science Fiction Classics: Graphic Classics Volume Seventeen" published in 2009. It is quite faithful to the original story although it leaves out the part about the pyramid-building creatures.

title: Odyssey Works

text: A book about Odyssey Works' ouvre will be published in the Fall of 2016 by Princeton Architectural Press

title: 2061: Odyssey Three

text: 2061: Odyssey Three is a science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke, published in 1987. It is the third book in Clarke's "Space Odyssey" series. It returns to one of the lead characters of the previous novels, Heywood Floyd, and their adventures from the 2061 return of Halley's Comet to Jupiter's moon Europa.

title: Odyssey (children's magazine)

text: In 1991, Kalmbach sold "Odyssey" to Cobblestone Publishing, publisher of "Cobblestone", which in turn was sold to Carus Publishing in 2010. Carus continued publication as part of its Cricket Magazine Group. The magazine expanded its focus to science in general and Ulysses was discontinued as a mascot. Reader questions were answered by microbiologist Cy Borg, and the magazine also featured a short fiction section until 2015.

title: Metamorphosis Odyssey

text: The third part of the Metamorphosis Odyssey was the Marvel Graphic Novel #3, "Dreadstar", published in 1982. It was printed in color, from paintings by Starlin.

title: Enslaved: Odyssey to the West

text: After completing "Heavenly Sword", Ninja Theory intended to develop a sequel but contractual terms with Sony Computer Entertainment forced them to halt the game's production. The studio decided to leave the title and all the technologies built for it to Sony and seek external funding from another publisher for their next project. This would eventually become "Enslaved: Odyssey to the West", powered by Epic Games' Unreal Engine. Initially, Ninja Theory pitched the game to several Hollywood studios as a CGI film, but they were not interested in backing the project. The company dedicated three months to creating promotional materials to convince publishers to sign the game. A number of publishers were shown a detailed design document and a two-minute CGI trailer and the team received enthusiastic responses from them. Initially, they signed a deal with Green Screen, but the firm dissolved a month later. Namco Bandai Games later agreed to publish the game.

title: Odyssey

text: Authors have sought to imagine new endings for the "Odyssey". In canto XXVI of the "Inferno", Dante Alighieri meets Odysseus in the eighth circle of hell, where Odysseus himself appends a new ending to the "Odyssey" in which he never returns to Ithaca and instead continues his restless adventuring.. Alfred, Lord Tennyson in turn expands on this variation in his poem, "Ulysses," published in 1842, . Nikos Kazantzakis aspires to continue the poem and explore more modern concerns in his epic poem "", which was first published in 1938 in modern Greek.

title: Laura Mestre Hevia

text:
Laura Mestre translated Homer's poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, into Spanish, the first woman to do so, but only fragments were published.
She also translated the "epinikia" of Pindar, poems by Sappho and Anacreon, and popular songs of modern Greece in her 1929 "Estudios griegos".
In 1939 she published "Literatura Moderna. Estudios y narraciones".
When she died she left manuscripts and drafts for four books: "Naturaleza, Elementos de Dibujo y Pintura" ("Nature, Elements of Drawing and Painting"), "Las Disertaciones", also called "Morbidezza", "Florencia" and her translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey, with a translation of Cicero's dialogue on friendship, since lost.

title: Odyssey (children's magazine)

text: "Odyssey" debuted in 1979 with Nancy Mack as its founding editor and was published by AstroMedia Corp until it was acquired by Kalmbach Publishing. Kalmbach published the magazine from 1985 to 1991. "Odyssey" focused on astronomy and featured a robot named Ulysses 4-11 as its mascot. Ulysses would answer questions from readers and had his own comic, "The Adventures of Ulysses," , written by Bruce Algozin and Russ Chong, at the end of each issue until 1989. A single panel comic, "Springboard", written John Leatherman, was also featured in the magazine.

title: The Cherryh Odyssey

text: Jeff D’Anastasio, in a review of "The Cherryh Odyssey" in the "SFRA Review" described the book as "a remarkable anthology of personal tributes and literary analysis." He said it is "a must—not only for all of her fans, but also for anyone teaching her works." David G. Hartwell, publisher of "The New York Review of Science Fiction" said that "The Cherryh Odyssey" is "where all future Cherryh scholarship will begin."

title: Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple

text: Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple is an autobiography by John Sculley, former Apple CEO, and John A. Byrne in August 1987, published by Harper & Row. In "Odyssey", Sculley describes his time as CEO of PepsiCo and Apple during the late 1970s and early 80s. The epilogue of the book is dedicated to describing the Knowledge Navigator, a concept of Sculley's.

title: Odyssey (Hayley Westenra album)

text: Odyssey is the second internationally published album by Hayley Westenra. Her other previous albums, with the exception of "Pure", were released only in New Zealand and Australia. It was published by the Decca Music Group label in 2005.

title: A Chinese Odyssey

text: The first part is titled A Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box while the second one is called A Chinese Odyssey Part Two: Cinderella. The film is very loosely based on the Wu Cheng'en novel "Journey to the West".

title: Mephisto Odyssey

text: Mephisto Odyssey now fronted by Johnston and Dejournette continued to release singles on their own label Mephisto Records until 1996 when they signed to the progressive West Coast label City of Angels. At City of Angels the group shared the talent roster with Überzone, Simply Jeff, Christopher Lawrence (DJ), Sandra Collins and future break beat kings, The Crystal Method. After a handful of singles and the release of their first full-length album Catching The Skinny the then duo caught the ear of Warner Bros. Records A & R rep Troy Wallace. Troy offered the duo the chance to work on a remix project with Jane's Addiction for the upcoming maxi single So What! Mephisto Odyssey co produced the remixes with long-time friend and Primal Record Shop owner Barrie Eves who officially joined the group soon after. The official release featured 3 remixes by Mephisto Odyssey and went on to spend 6 weeks in the Billboard maxi singles chart which paved the way for a Warner Bros. Records recording contract (December 1998). DJ Josh Camacho also joined the group soon after the band signed to Warner Bros. as a touring member. To date Mephisto Odyssey are the only artists to officially remix Jane's Addiction.

title: Enslaved: Odyssey to the West

text: Enslaved: Odyssey to the West is an action-adventure video game developed by Ninja Theory and published by Namco Bandai Games. Announced in 2009 as "Enslaved", it was released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in October 2010. As a loose adaptation of the novel "Journey to the West", the game is set 150 years in a future post-apocalyptic world following a global war. Only remnants of humanity survive, along with the still active war machines left over from the conflict. The game's story follows Monkey who is forced to escort Trip home safely after they survive a ship crash. Players play as Monkey, who must combat enemies using his staff from a third-person perspective, engage in different platforming challenges and solve puzzles.

text: Etrian Odyssey 2 Untold: The Fafnir Knight is a role-playing video game developed and published by Atlus for the Nintendo 3DS. It is part of the "Etrian Odyssey" series, and is a remake of the "Etrian Odyssey II: Heroes of Lagaard". It was released in Japan in November 2014, in North America in August 2015, and in Europe in February 2016.

title: A Martian Odyssey

text: In 1970, when the Science Fiction Writers of America voted on the best science fiction short stories before the creation of the Nebula Awards, "A Martian Odyssey" came in second to Asimov's "Nightfall", and was the earliest story to make the list. The chosen stories were published in "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964".


query: Who played the voice of Snow White in Walt Disney's Snow White?

title: Adriana Caselotti

text: Adriana Caselotti (May 6, 1916 – January 18, 1997)[1] was an American actress, voice actress and singer. Caselotti was the voice of the title character of the first Walt Disney animated feature Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, for which she was named as a Disney Legend in 1994, making her the first female voice actor so named.

title: Snow White

text: One version of Snow White is the 1937 American animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" by Walt Disney. Disney's variation of Snow White gave the dwarfs names and included a singing Snow White. The Disney film also is the only version in which Snow White and her prince meet before she bites the apple; in fact, it is this meeting that sets the plot in motion. Instead of her lungs and liver, as written in the original, the huntsman is asked by the queen to bring back Snow White’s heart. While the heart is mentioned, it is never shown in the box. Snow White is much more mature (about 14). And she is discovered by the dwarfs after "cleaning" the house, not vandalizing it. Furthermore, in the Disney movie the evil queen tries only once to kill Snow White (by a poisoned apple) and fails (this was likely to save time). She then dies by falling down a cliff and being crushed by a boulder, after the dwarfs had chased her through the forest. In the original, the queen is forced to dance to death.

title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text:
The Queen was the first character to meet death in a Disney film. As part of elimination of the original story's more gruesome aspects, and to make Snow White seem more a "nice girl", the Wicked Queen is no longer cannibalistic and her destruction was made "just as certain but more merciful" than in the original story, where she is forced to dance to her death in red-hot iron shoes on her feet as an invited guest at Snow White's wedding. Snow White's role in the Queen's demise was removed, and the Queen "dies more neatly and quickly," as justice is served without resorting to killing or torture. She also invites her own downfall while pushing the boulder, and her fate is only suggested rather than shown. One of the Witch's animators was Ward Kimball, whom Walt Disney let to also draw the two vultures watching her fall "to make it a little easier" for him, as Kimball has been reassigned after his own sequence was cut from the film, since Disney thought these additional dwarfs gag scenes would distract from "the real drama" of the tension between Snow White and her wicked stepmother that was supposed to drive the film.
The original outline of the story featured the Queen's another attempt to kill Snow White, using a poisoned comb, an element taken from the Grimms' version of the tale (the Dwarfs would arrive in time to remove it). The Queen was originally intended to have seven black panthers guarding the entrance to her secret room with the Mirror; a concept art of the Queen walking a pet panther can be seen in The Walt Disney Family Museum and at Disney California Adventure. The books "Snow White: Magic Mirror Book" and "The Complete Story of Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" reveal that the Huntsman was afraid to disobey a command to kill Snow White because the Queen's might feed him to her panthers or shrink him magically "to the size of a walnut". In one 1937 novelization, the Queen vows the Huntsman would pay dearly for allowing her stepdaughter to escape, but first she would deal with Snow White herself. In another version, the Huntsman would too be dragged to the dungeon when the Queen finds out that he has betrayed her, and the Queen might smash her own Mirror in anger.

title: Snow White (Disney character)

text: Originally, Disney could not find what they thought was a suitable voice for Snow White. Around 150 girls auditioned for the role of Snow White, including well-known actresses such as Deanna Durbin, whose voice seemed too old to Disney. One assistant to Disney called music teacher Guido Caselotti, complaining that Hollywood had no singing girls. Caselotti wanted to offer to send their best to listen to the students, but it turned out that his 20-year-old daughter Adriana overheard a conversation on another phone in the house, and she began to sing in a young girl's voice. Her father was confused and told his daughter to get away from the phone, but the casting director liked her voice and invited her to audition. After Walt Disney heard her, he immediately gave her the role. The studio signed a multi-page contract with Adriana Caselotti: she was forbidden to sing in a movie or on the radio before or after the movie premiered because Walt Disney did not want the voice of Snow White to be heard anywhere else. Instead, she received $970 (now worth approximately $).

title: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" on Blu-ray and DVD on February 2, 2016, as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line. It was released on Digital HD on January 19, 2016, with bonus material.

title: Snow White (Disney character)

text: Animators' initial sketches for Snow White's character, some of which bore a resemblance to Betty Boop, did not meet Walt Disney's expectations, as they were too cartoonish. Hamilton Luske, whom Disney had selected as the supervising animator for Snow White's character, was tasked with the challenge of making Snow White more believably human and realistic than any of the Disney studio's previous animated characters. This was a challenge Luske and co-animator Les Clark had previously been asked to explore while developing the character of Persephone for the "Silly Symphonies" animated short "The Goddess of Spring". Of that project, Les Clark later remarked, "I'm sure Walt was thinking ahead to "Snow White"." Though the Persephone character ended up appearing somewhat lifeless and devoid of personality, that experiment in imitating realistic human movement and anatomy was continued and its lessons were applied in the development of Snow White's animation techniques. Snow White and the Queen were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson, who would often override Walt Disney's instructions.

text: Snow White's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland (an opening day attraction dating from 1955), Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris. Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014. The Snow White's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall, where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet. Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster. Snow White, her Prince, the Queen, and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks. Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater hosted "Snow White: An Enchanting Musical" from 2004 to 2006.Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney-produced "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (also known as "Snow White Live!") at the Radio City Music Hall. Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook, respectively; titles included "Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time" and "Will I Ever See Her Again?". It ran from October 18 to November 18, 1979, and January 11 to March 9, 1980, a total of 106 performances.

title: JoAnn Dean Killingsworth

text: Disney also launched a search for actresses who had played Snow White at Disneyland, Disney World and its overseas parks for a planned reunion. However, the company could not locate or identify Disneyland's first Snow White from its opening day, since Killingsworth had been employed by ABC, rather than the Walt Disney Company, for the television special. Killingsworth remained unaware of Disney's planned 1987 Snow White reunion until she was told by a friend about the planned event. She contacted the company and attended the event. Killingsworth was one of approximately 50 former Snow Whites who attended the reunion. She told the "Associated Press" at the time, "I didn't realize Disney was looking for me...If I had, I would have called somebody and said, 'Here I am. Here's Snow White'." Bob Roth, Disney's spokesperson at the time, confirmed that "I'm really quite certain this is the right person." The company gave her a jewelry box to mark the 50th anniversary.

title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: As in the film, the Queen character is featured in 1979 "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" musical version, played by Anne Francine. In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986-1987, and then in 1994–1997 and again in 2000–2001, she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986-1987, and including Elena Koteneva, who was substituted by Davina Lee-Gooding in 1995. Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program "Snow White Live" and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland's "Snow White – An Enchanting Musical" in 2004 and 2006. The Evil Queen was further featured in Disney Live's "Three Classic Fairy Tales" in the section based on the film.

title: JoAnn Dean Killingsworth

text: However, Killingsworth's role as Disneyland's first Snow White remained largely forgotten until 1987, which marked the 50th anniversary of the release of Disney's 1937 animated feature film, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". That year, The Walt Disney Company celebrated 50th anniversary by re-releasing "Snow White" in theaters and public appearances by the character, including the Smithsonian Institution and the Rose Bowl.

title: Snow White (Disney character)

text: Actress and dancer JoAnn Dean Killingsworth became the first person to portray Snow White at Disneyland in 1955. She was hired to play Snow White for Disneyland's opening on July 17, 1955. Killingsworth's Snow White was the only Disney Princess to have own float during Disneyland's first parade down Main Street, U.S.A. on opening day. Since Killingsworth's 1955 debut as Snow White, more than 100 actresses have played the character at Disneyland.

title: 65th Academy Awards

text: There was a minor controversy when Snow White (Disney character) was presenting an award for Best Animated Short Subject. She was voiced by Mary Kay Bergman, Adriana Caselotti, the original voice of Snow White was not aware of this. She was reportedly offended that Disney didn't ask her to voice Snow White during the ceremony.

title: Deanna Durbin

text: During the 1930s, Durbin continued to pursue singing projects. In 1936, she auditioned to provide the vocals for Snow White in Disney's animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", but was rejected by Walt Disney, who said the 15-year-old Durbin's voice was "too old" for the part.

title: Snow White (franchise)

text: The Evil Queen appeared in a starring role in the film "Once Upon a Halloween", a 2005 direct-to-video film in DVD made by Walt Disney Home Entertainment of Walt Disney Pictures, featuring the Evil Queen (from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs") and Disney Villains. The film features clips from Disney movies plus shorts and songs.

title: Criticism of The Walt Disney Company

text: The Walt Disney Company has also been criticized for the lack of feminist values seen on the older, original Disney Princesses. Snow White in particular, is under constant criticism for her lack of feminist ideals. The film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)" features a main protagonist whom at the time, fit the domestic and docile expectations of women in the pre-World War 2 era. Snow White is displayed on screen covered in a long dress, embelished with a white collar, puffy sleeves, red cape, and a red bow constraining her hair; a traditional, modest look on feminity by revealing minimal skin. Through her actions portrayed in the movie, she draws on the traditional femininity that was encouraged in 1930's American culture. In the midst of The Great Depression, women were encouraged to return to the home and care for the household; a theme that is widely displayed in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)." However, with the second resurgence of Disney movies, known as the Disney Renaissance, beginning in 1989 until 1999, Disney transformed the damsel in distress into a strong woman with the desire for adventure. This new approach ushered in a decade of go-getting, proactive heroines, who possessed character traits that coincided with the new era of acceptable sexual roles in a society where women hold the same jobs as men. This is evident in princesses such as Ariel from "The Little Mermaid (1989)", and Belle from "Beauty and the Beast (1991)".

title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The Evil Queen, also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen, and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde, is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Productions' first animated feature film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) and a villain character in the extended Disney's "Snow White" franchise. She is based on the Evil Queen character from the fairy tale "Snow White".

title: The Walt Disney Company

text: Deciding to push the boundaries of animation even further, Disney began production of his first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", premiered in December 1937 and by 1939 became highest-grossing film of that time. "Snow White" was released through RKO Radio Pictures, which had assumed distribution of Disney's product in July 1937, after United Artists attempted to attain future television rights to the Disney shorts. Using the profits from "Snow White", Disney financed the construction of a new studio complex in Burbank, California. The new Walt Disney Studios, in which the company is headquartered to this day, was completed and open for business by the end of 1939. The following year on April 2, Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering.

text: The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead, being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison. Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground, they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest. Together with the woodland creatures, they keep watch over her. A year later, a prince who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin. Saddened by her apparent death, he kisses her, which breaks the spell and awakens her. The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle.Development on "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions, to "The New York Times". One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature-length film.

title: Billy Bletcher

text: He was most active as a voice actor. His voice was a deep, strong and booming baritone. Bletcher provided the voices of various characters for Walt Disney Animation Studios (Black Pete, Short Ghost and the Big Bad Wolf in "Three Little Pigs" and its spin-offs). He auditioned to play one of the dwarfs in Disney's "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937). However, Walt Disney disapproved for fear that people would recognize Bletcher from the studio's Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck short subjects.

title: Snow White Grotto

text: Snow White Grotto is located on the east side of the Sleeping Beauty Castle or Cinderella Castle. The grotto includes statues of Snow White, the seven dwarfs, and a few woodland creatures. Snow White is standing at the top of a cascading waterfall. There is a bridge and a walkway in front of the waterfall as well as a wishing well, the proceeds of which go to local children's charities. The statues were donated anonymously and Walt Disney was determined to incorporate them into the park. The only problem was that whoever made the statues made Snow White the same size as the dwarves, which she is not. Walt Disney Imagineer John Hench used the optical trick of forced perspective to make the statues work. He put Snow white at the top of the waterfall with a Disney-made small deer and put the dwarfs close to ground-level, making Snow White to appear further away, and thus smaller. One rumor as to the origin of the statues is that they were "a gift from an Italian sculptor that had never seen the film, but owned a set of soaps in the form of the princess and the dwarfs. Unfortunately, Snow White was the same size as the dwarfs in the soap set, so the sculptor made her that way." The song "I'm Wishing" was also re-recorded and added to the grotto inside the wishing well in 1991 by Adriana Caselotti, who was the original voice of Snow White from the 1937 production.

title: Snow White (Disney character)

text: Snow White is a fictional character and a main character from Walt Disney Productions' first animated feature film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". The character of Snow White was derived from a fairy tale known from many countries in Europe, the best-known version being the Bavarian one collected by the Brothers Grimm.

title: Snow-White and Rose-Red

text: It is not to be confused with the Grimm fairy tale "Snow White" (which is written "Schneewittchen" in German, rather than "Schneeweißchen") that provided the basis for the Walt Disney film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". This is a completely different version of Snow White and she has nothing in common with the other one other than the fact that she shares her name in English and has an encounter with a dwarf.

title: Hamilton Luske

text: Hamilton Luton Luske (October 16, 1903 – February 19, 1968) was an American animator and film director. He joined the Walt Disney Productions animation studio in 1931 and he was soon trusted enough by Walt Disney to be made supervising animator of Snow White in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".

title: Disney Princess

text: Snow White is the first and original Disney Princess. A main character in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 1st animated feature film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937), Snow White is a beautiful young princess, described by her evil stepmother's Magic Mirror as having 'hair as black as ebony, lips as red as the rose, skin as white as snow' and also dubbed by the Mirror as the 'Fairest Of Them All'. She is forced to seek refuge in the home of the seven dwarfs where she hides from her evil stepmother, Queen Grimhilde, who got angered by the fact that Snow White's beauty was greater than hers. She asked the Huntsman to kill the princess; however, as an act of pity, he ends up setting her free and telling her the Evil Queen's plan. Snow White is often described as a kind, optimistic, tidy and happy person who sees the good in everyone. Originally voiced by Adriana Caselotti and animated by Marc Davis and Les Clark, she and her movie are based on the heroine and story of the German fairy tale "Snow White" (1812) by the Brothers Grimm. She has also been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman, Carolyn Gardener, Katherine Von Till, and most recently Pamela Ribon. A crisp, blood red apple has become her trademark with years of exposure.

title: Snow White's Scary Adventures

text: Snow White's Scary Adventures is a dark ride at the Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Park (Paris) theme parks, and formerly the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. Located in Fantasyland, it was one of the few remaining attractions that was operational on Disneyland's opening day in 1955 (although the present version of the attraction opened in 1983). The ride was also one of the few rides that was operational since opening day in Walt Disney World Resort. The ride's story is based on Disney's 1937 film, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", their first animated feature film.

title: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (soundtrack)

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film, was the first commercially issued film soundtrack. It was released in January 1938 as "Songs from Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (with the Same Characters and Sound Effects as in the Film of That Title)" and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues.

title: Snow White (Disney character)

text: Critical reception towards the character of Snow White has been polarized. "TV Guide "described Snow White as iconic, unique and incomparable, writing, "never again would Walt's heroine have such a fantasy singing voice, and for that reason, she's the favorite heroine of many animation auteurs." Calling Snow White a "fairy-tale princess," Otis Ferguson of "The New Republic "simply described the character as "just what you would have her." "Variety"'s John C. Flinn deemed Snow White "the embodiment of girlish sweetness and kindness, exemplified in her love for the birds and the small animals of the woods that are her friends and, as it subsequently develops, her rescuers."

title: Snow White (franchise)

text: "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", the soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film, was the first commercially issued film soundtrack. It was released in January 1938 as "Songs from Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (with the Same Characters and Sound Effects as in the Film of That Title)" and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues.

text: "Snow White's" success led to Disney moving ahead with more feature-film productions. Walt Disney used much of the profits from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" to finance a new $4.5 million studio in Burbank – the location on which The Walt Disney Studios is located to this day. Within two years, the studio completed "Pinocchio" and "Fantasia" and had begun production on features such as "Dumbo", "Bambi", "Alice in Wonderland" and "Peter Pan".

title: Snow White

text: The fairy tale features such elements as the magic mirror, the poisoned apple, the glass coffin, and the characters of the evil queen and the Seven Dwarfs. The seven dwarfs were first given individual names in the 1912 Broadway play "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and then given different names in Walt Disney's 1937 film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". The Grimm story, which is commonly referred to as "Snow White", should not be confused with the story of "Snow-White and Rose-Red" (in German ""Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot""), another fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm.

title: Walt Disney Pictures

text: The creation of Mickey Mouse and subsequent short films and merchandise generated revenue for the studio which was renamed as The Walt Disney Studio at the Hyperion Studio in 1926. In 1929, it was renamed again to Walt Disney Productions. The studio's streak of success continued in the 1930s, culminating with the 1937 release of the first feature-length animated film, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", which becomes a huge financial success. With the profits from "Snow White", Walt relocated to a third studio in Burbank, California.


query: Is accutane a restricted prescription?

title: Isotretinoin

text: Isotretinoin is a teratogen; there is about a 20–35% risk for congenital defects in infants exposed to the drug in utero, and about 30–60% of children exposed to isotretinoin prenatally have been reported to show neurocognitive impairment.[11] Because of this, there are strict controls on prescribing isotretinoin to women who may become pregnant and women who become pregnant while taking isotretinoin are strongly advised to terminate their pregnancies.[11]

title: Controlled Substances Act

text:
Schedule III substances are those that have the following findings:
Except when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate user, no controlled substance in schedule III or IV, which is a prescription drug as determined under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 301 "et seq."), may be dispensed without a written or oral prescription in conformity with section 503(b) of that Act (21 USC 353 (b)). Such prescriptions may not be filled or refilled more than six months after the date thereof or be refilled more than five times after the date of the prescription unless renewed by the practitioner. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedules III, IV, and V issued by a practitioner, may be communicated either orally, in writing, or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in. Control of wholesale distribution is somewhat less stringent than Schedule II drugs. Provisions for emergency situations are less restrictive within the "closed system" of the Controlled Substances Act than for Schedule II though no schedule has provisions to address circumstances where the closed system is unavailable, nonfunctioning or otherwise inadequate.

title: Isotretinoin

text: Isotretinoin was first marketed as Accutane by Hoffmann-La Roche. It sold well for many years, but in 2009, Roche decided to remove Accutane from the US market after juries had awarded millions of dollars in damages to former Accutane users over inflammatory bowel disease claims. The American College of Gastroenterologists has released a position paper stating that people with inflammatory bowel disease should not be precluded from having their acne treated with isotretinoin. It then became generic and as of 2017 was marketed under many brand names worldwide.[1]

title: IPLEDGE program

text: Some dermatologists have praised isotretinoin for its ability to treat severe acne, with current research calling it "a drug of choice" with "immense promise … in reducing dermal irritation and increasing the therapeutic performance, thus resulting in an efficacious and patient-compliant formulation". However, there have also been many reports and studies criticizing the negative side effects of isotretinoin have been published over the years. The author of a 2002 paper from Harvard Law School wrote: "Accutane also has the potential to destroy lives. Accutane is an extremely dangerous teratogen: It can cause severe birth defects when taken during pregnancy. About one quarter of babies born who have been exposed to Accutane during gestation have major congenital deformities. Those babies born without major malformations frequently develop severe learning disabilities. A whole segment of Accutane babies do not even survive pregnancy: 40% are spontaneously miscarried." The author goes on to compare Accutane to Thalidomide.

title: Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled Substances

text: In 2010, DEA regulations were modified which lifted previous restrictions against the use of electronic prescribing for controlled substances that have presented a major obstacle to e-prescribing proliferation. As healthcare providers move to implement these new regulations, e-prescribing can be expected to reduce paperwork for pharmacies and practitioners, reduce prescription forgery and help integrate prescription records in electronic medical records.

title: Maternal health

text: Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy such as streptomycin, tetracycline, some antidepressants, progestin, synthetic estrogen, and Accutane, as well as over-the-counter drugs such as diet pills, can result in teratogenic outcomes for the developing embryo/fetus. Additionally, high dosages of aspirin are known to lead to maternal and fetal bleeding, although low-dose aspirin is usually not harmful.

title: Prescription drug prices in the United States

text: Another common way that people saved money, was to skip or reduce dosages or fail to fill a prescription entirely due to cost restrictions.

title: South African contract law

text:
Extinctive prescription entails the termination of obligations, and therefore their enforceability, by lapse of time. This ensures finality in business affairs and provides an incentive for persons to enforce their rights when they become due. It is regulated by the Prescription Act and the Institution of Legal Proceedings Against Certain Organs of State Act. The former indicates that claims to a debt are restricted to a certain period of time, after which they fall away; one has to exercise one's rights within that period if one desires performance. This residual time amounts to three years, and prescription begins to run when ‘the debt falls due’. Furthermore, ‘a debt shall not be deemed to be due until certain requirements are satisfied’. These are, on the part of the creditor:
Prescription is backdated accordingly, if necessary.

title: Medication

text: Depending upon the jurisdiction, drugs may be divided into over-the-counter drugs (OTC) which may be available without special restrictions, and prescription drugs, which must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner in accordance with medical guidelines due to the risk of adverse effects and contraindications. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction. A third category, "behind-the-counter" drugs, is implemented in some jurisdictions. These do not require a prescription, but must be kept in the dispensary, not visible to the public, and only be sold by a pharmacist or pharmacy technician. Doctors may also prescribe prescription drugs for off-label use – purposes which the drugs were not originally approved for by the regulatory agency. The Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals helps guide the referral process between pharmacists and doctors.

title: Isotretinoin

text: A CDC report published in 2000[74] showed problems with the Pregnancy Prevention Program and showed that the increase in prescriptions was from off-label use, and prompted Roche to revamp its program, renaming it the "Targeted Pregnancy Prevention Program" and adding label changes like requirements for two pregnancy tests, two kinds of contraception, and for doctors to provide pharmacists with prescriptions directly; providing additional educational materials, and providing free pregnancy tests. The FDA had another advisory meeting in late 2000 that again debated how to prevent pregnant women from being exposed to the drug; dermatologists testified about the remarkable efficacy of the drug, the psychological impact of acne, and demanded autonomy to prescribe the drug; others argued that the drug be withdrawn or much stricter measures be taken. In 2001 the FDA announced a new regulatory scheme called SMART (the System to Manage Accutane Related Teratogenicity) that required Roche to provide defined training materials to doctors, and for doctors to sign and return a letter to Roche acknowledging that they had reviewed the training materials, for Roche to then send stickers to doctors, which doctors would have to place on prescriptions they give people after they have confirmed a negative pregnancy test; prescriptions could only be written for 30 days and could not be renewed, thus requiring a new pregnancy test for each prescription.

title: Regulation of therapeutic goods

text:
Class A
Narcotics, sedative-hypnotics, and amphetamines in this class require a special prescription form:
Class B
Restricted substances which easily lead to addiction like:
Class C - All prescription-only substances

title: Progressive lens

text: When selecting a progressive lens design, an eyecare practitioner will usually ask some lifestyle questions, which coupled with prescription restrictions or recommendations and cost can effectively establish suitability for various models of progressive lens. Different lenses have different glazing restrictions, lens material availabilities, maximum and minimum fitting heights, prescription ranges and as such the variation in quality between higher and lower end varifocal lenses is considerable.

title: Doug Bremner

text:
Bremner's brain imaging studies showed smaller volume of the hippocampus in people with Post traumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse or Vietnam combat; he was the first to publish that relationship. These studies and others resulted in him being one of the most highly cited researchers in the field of Post traumatic stress disorder.
Bremner's research used PET brain imaging to show a decrease in frontal lobe brain function in acne patients treated with Accutane (isotretinoin). He was an expert witness in litigation related to the relationship between Accutane and suicide and depression, including the case of Charles J. Bishop, which he describes in the narrative non-fiction book, "The Goose That Laid the Golden Egg".

title: IPLEDGE program

text: The iPLEDGE Program was instituted as a replacement for the failed SMART program (System to Manage Accutane Related Teratogenicity). Instituted in April 2002, SMART aimed to eliminate isotretinoin-induced birth defects by preventing pregnant women from being prescribed or exposed to the drug. The program mandated two consecutive negative pregnancy tests, birth defect risk counseling and a pledge to use two forms of contraception when engaging in intercourse for all women of childbearing age seeking an isotretinoin prescription. A voluntary registration program called The Accutane Survey was also established. However, no effort was made to verify the compliance of doctors and pharmacists, only a small percentage of women registered in the survey, and isotretinoin's reputation as an acne wonder drug continued to fuel demand for new prescriptions, an increasing number of which were being written and dispensed for relatively minor cases of acne vulgaris without proper screening, supervision or evidence that less risky medications had first been attempted.

title: Bank of America Plaza (Tampa)

text: On January 5, 2002, just four months after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 15-year-old amateur pilot, Charles Bishop, stole a Cessna plane and flew into the Bank of America building in Downtown Tampa. While it killed him, there were no other injuries (because the crash was on a Saturday, when few people were in the building). A suicide note found in the wreckage expressed support for Osama bin Laden. Bishop had been taking a prescription medicine for acne called Accutane that may have had the side effect of depression or severe psychosis. His family later sued Hoffman-La Roche, the company that makes Accutane, for $70 million; however, an autopsy found no traces of the drug in the teenager's system.

title: Tijuana

text: Tijuana has many pharmacies that target visitors from the United States, which sell some medicines without prescriptions and/or at much lower costs than in the U.S. Many medications still require a Mexican prescription, which can be obtained from adjacent doctors' offices. People filling up prescriptions for drugs classified in the US as Schedule II or Schedule III have found it more difficult to locate such medications, and the purchase of pseudoephedrine also has become restricted by Tijuana pharmacies, just as in the U.S. To fill a prescription in Tijuana for any drug covered by the US Controlled Substances Act and legally bring it into the United States requires a prescription from the United States for re-import. Americans can import up to a 90-day supply of non-controlled medications for personal use to the USA from Mexico and other countries.

title: Drugs controlled by the German Betäubungsmittelgesetz

text: Anlage III controlled substances are tradable and prescriptible, but only on a special prescription form. The prescription must be necessary in that its purpose cannot be met by other means. Summary of Product Characteristics for those substances are restricted to professional circles.

title: IPLEDGE program

text: The iPLEDGE program is a risk management distribution program mandated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for isotretinoin, marketed as Absorica, Claravis, Amnesteem, Myorisan, and Zenatane, and sometimes referred to by its former brand name, Accutane. Isotretinoin is a prescription medication that is highly effective in treating severe acne and moderate acne that doesn't respond to other treatments, however carries a high risk of causing severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy ("see Teratogenicity of isoretinoin"). The goals of the iPLEDGE REMS (risk evaluation and mitigation strategy) Program are to prevent fetal exposure to isotretinoin and to inform prescribers, pharmacists, and patients about isotretinoin’s serious risks and safe-use conditions.

title: Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

text: Some PBS medications are restricted and require prior approval from Medicare Australia. These are noted as "authority required benefits" on the Schedule. Again, the PBAC has deemed that the cost-benefit analysis is favourable only under in specific indications/patients under certain circumstances. Authority may be obtained by telephone to Medicare Australia (known as "phone approval") or in writing from an authorised delegate of the Minister for Health. Prescriptions must be written on Authority Prescription Form, and the approval number must be noted on the prescription. Pharmacists cannot dispense the item as a pharmaceutical benefit unless it has been approved by Medicare Australia (indicated by the presence of the approval number).

title: History of Tampa, Florida

text: On January 5, 2002, just four months after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 15-year-old amateur pilot Charles Bishop crashed a Cessna plane into the Bank of America Plaza. Bishop died, but there were no other injuries (because the crash occurred on a Saturday, when few people were in the building). A suicide note found in the wreckage expressed support for Osama bin Laden. Bishop had been taking a prescription medicine for acne called Accutane that may have had the side effect of depression or severe psychosis. His family later sued Hoffman-La Roche, the company that makes Accutane, for $70 million; however, an autopsy found no traces of the drug in the teenager's system.

title: Phenobarbital

text: The level of regulation includes Schedule IV Non-Narcotic (depressant) (ACSCN 2285) in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act 1970—but along with a few other barbiturates and at least one benzodiazepine, and codeine, dionine, or dihydrocodeine at low concentrations, it also has exempt prescription and had at least one exempt OTC combination drug now more tightly regulated for its ephedrine content. The phenobarbitone/phenobarbital exists in subtherapeutic doses which add up to an effective dose to counter the overstimulation and possible seizures from a deliberate overdose in ephedrine tablets for asthma, which are now regulated at the federal and state level as: a restricted OTC medicine and/or watched precursor, uncontrolled but watched/restricted prescription drug & watched precursor, a Schedule II, III, IV, or V prescription-only controlled substance & watched precursor, or a Schedule V (which also has possible regulations at the county/parish, town, city, or district as well aside from the fact that the pharmacist can also choose not to sell it, and photo ID and signing a register is required) exempt Non-Narcotic restricted/watched OTC medicine.

title: Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies

text: The REMS program developed out of previous systems dating back to the 1980s for monitoring the use of a small number of high-risk drugs such as the Accutane, which causes serious birth defects, Clozaril, which can cause agranulocytosis, and Thalidomide, which is used to treat leprosy but causes serious birth defects. The 2007 Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act created section 505-1 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which allowed for the creation of the REMS program for applying individual monitoring restrictions to medications.

title: Medical prescription

text: Some prescriptions will specify whether and how many "repeats" or "refills" are allowed; that is whether the patient may obtain more of the same medication without getting a new prescription from the medical practitioner. Regulations may restrict some types of drugs from being refilled.

title: Over-the-counter drug

text: For example, many drugstores have moved products containing pseudoephedrine, an OTC product, into locations where customers must ask a pharmacist for them. A prescription is not required; the change has been made in an effort to reduce methamphetamine production. Since the passage of the Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act and the subsequent federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, the purchase of pseudoephedrine is restricted. Sellers of pseudoephedrine must obtain and record the identity of the purchaser and enforce quantity restrictions. Some states may have more stringent requirements (such as Oregon, where a medical prescription is required to purchase any quantity of pseudoephedrine). After initial attempts to control methamphetamine use (by requiring documentation of sale with government issued ID as well as limits on the quantity an individual could purchase) failed to realize meaningful reductions in methamphetamine use and production, Mississippi passed House Bill 512 in the State Senate on February 2, 2010 "to require a prescription from a licensed medical professional to purchase over-the-counter medicines with pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or any other precursor chemical that can readily and illicitly be converted into methamphetamine, Methcathinone or any active/scheduled analogs of Phenylethylamines/ amphetamine." However, products containing the substance are still OTC in most states, since no prescription is required.

title: Ephedrine

text: Ephedrine was freely available in pharmacies in Germany until 2001. Afterwards, access was restricted since it was mostly bought for unindicated uses. Similarly, ephedra can only be bought with a prescription. Since April 2006, all products, including plant parts, that contain ephedrine are only available with a prescription.

title: James Marshall (actor)

text: In summer 2010, Marshall sued the pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-LaRoche (a unit of Roche Holding AG) for $11 million in damages for injuries which, he claimed, resulted from his taking the drug Accutane. He claimed he had suffered Accutane-related gastrointestinal distress so severe that it necessitated a four-month hospital stay and the surgical removal of his colon. He asserted that these injuries had derailed his acting career. Stars Martin Sheen (a longtime family friend), Brian Dennehy, Esai Morales and Rob Reiner (Marshall's director on "A Few Good Men") were to testify on his behalf. Roche had removed Accutane from the market in 2009 due to a spate of similar claims.

title: 2006 Oregon Ballot Measure 44

text: Oregon law authorizes the Oregon Prescription Drug Program, which is intended to reduce prescription drug costs and to make prescription drugs available to participants at the lowest possible cost. At the time the measure was passed, existing law authorized the program's administrator to negotiate price discounts, to purchase prescription drugs on behalf of participants, and to reimburse pharmacies. At the time, only Oregon residents over age 54 whose gross annual income did not exceed 185% of federal poverty guidelines and who had not had private prescription drug benefit coverage for the past 6 months were eligible to participate in the Program. Measure 44 eliminated those restrictions and expands Program eligibility to all Oregon residents who have no prescription drug coverage except Medicare Part D.

title: IPLEDGE program

text: Although the goal of the program is to prevent pregnancies of women who take the drug, male patients must also participate in anti-pregnancy restrictions, primarily due to fears that male isotretinoin users might share their prescriptions with females without their physicians' knowledge. There has been no link to birth defects from Accutane associated with males using the drug, though male sexual dysfunction has been suggested by one study. As this has not been conclusively proven, this is not acknowledged as a side effect in the official literature accompanying the medication.

title: Pimple

text: Severe acne usually indicates the necessity of prescription medication to treat the pimples. Prescription medications used to treat acne and pimples include isotretinoin, which is a retinoid. Historically, antibiotics such as tetracyclines and erythromycin were prescribed. While they were more effective than topical applications of benzoyl peroxide, the bacteria eventually grew resistant to the antibiotics and the treatments became less and less effective. Also, antibiotics had more side effects than topical applications, such as stomach cramps and severe discoloration of teeth. Common antibiotics prescribed as of 2001 by dermatologists included doxycycline and minocycline. For more severe cases of acne dermatologists might recommend accutane, a retinoid that is the most potent of acne treatments. However, accutane can cause various side effects including vomiting, diarrhea, and birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

title: Medicine in China

text: Physicians control the distribution of prescription drugs. Some hospitals and clinics stipulate patients must buy prescription drugs from the hospitals or directly from the physicians who make the prescriptions. Such a restriction aims to prevent the loss of sales on prescription drugs to retailers, but retailing drug stores are unhappy with such a restriction, and some of them have tried all means to lure away prescription drugs buyer from hospitals. For instance, they offer to pay drug buyers half a dollar for each prescription the buyers brought to the drug stores. Normally a prescription is effective on the day it is issued, but it can be effective within three days of prescription under certain conditions.

title: Transient acantholytic dermatosis

text: Sweating causes lesions to form, but lesions aggravated by sweat usually return to "normal" fairly quicklyavoiding sweat is not a reason to avoid exercise. Minor outbreaks can be controlled with prescription strength topical cortisone creams. More severe eruptions usually clear up after treatment for one to three months with Accutane or tetracycline. If these fail or the outbreak is severe, PUVA phototherapy treatments, antifungal medication and cortisone injections are alternatives.