query: What is the deepest river in the world?

title: Congo River

text: The great Congo River (Kongo: Nzâdi Kôngo; French: Fleuve Congo; Portuguese: rio Congo), formerly known as the Zaire River under the Mobutu regime, is the second longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume, following only the Amazon. It is also the world's deepest recorded river, with measured depths in excess of 220m (720ft).[2] The Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi River system has an overall length of 4,700km (2,920mi), which makes it the world's ninth-longest river. The Chambeshi is a tributary of the Lualaba River, and Lualaba is the name of the Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, extending for 1,800km (1,120mi).

title: Gunnison River

text: The Gunnison River is formed by the confluence of Taylor and East rivers at Almont in eastern Gunnison County. Just past the town of Gunnison, the river begins to swell into the expanse of Blue Mesa Reservoir, a reservoir formed by Blue Mesa Dam, where it receives the Lake Fork of the Gunnison. Just downstream it is dammed again to form Morrow Point Reservoir, then just downstream of that dam for the final time to form Crystal Reservoir. The reservoirs produce hydroelectric power and supply water for the surrounding areas for both municipal and irrigation use. The reservoirs are the upper part of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, one of the longest, narrowest, and deepest gorges in the world. Below Crystal Dam it begins to roar through massive cataracts and flows through the deepest part of the gorge. At the outlet of the canyon it receives the North Fork River, then downstream near Delta, Colorado, is joined by the Uncompahgre River. It then winds through desert canyonlands, where it receives Kannah Creek, before it empties out of the Dominguez Canyon into the Colorado in Grand Junction, some years rivaling the Colorado River for equal volume.

title: Zagori

text: At the heart of the Vikos–Aoös National Park, the Vikos Gorge or Vikos Canyon is the most impressive and famous natural monument of Zagori. The entire Vikos Gorge channel, a dry seasonal river during most time of the year, is about 38 km long. The deepest part of the gorge is about 12 km long. In the middle of its main part it is crossed by Megas Lakkos, an equally deep and wild branch, far from road access or villages. At the end or the mouth of Vikos Gorge, the Voidomatis river has its sources and then continues to flow through its own smaller gorge. The Vikos Gorge at 990m deep near Monodendri and 1350 m near its end. It is one of the deepest in the world, indeed the deepest in proportion to its width. The Vikos Gorge is also a site of major scientific interest, because it is in almost virgin condition, is a haven for endangered species and contains many and varied ecosystems.

title: List of deepest mines

text: This list of deepest mines includes operational and non-operational mines that are at least , which is the depth of Veryovkina Cave, the deepest known natural cave in the world. The depth measurements in this list represent the difference in elevation from the entrance of the mine to the deepest excavated point.

title: Congo River

text: The river and its tributaries flow through the Congo Rainforest, the second largest rain forest area in the world, second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America. The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon; the third-largest drainage basin of any river, behind the Amazon and Plate rivers; and is one of the deepest rivers in the world, at depths greater than 220m (720ft).[2][8] Because its drainage basin includes areas both north and south of the equator, its flow is stable, as there is always at least one part of the river experiencing a rainy season.[9]

title: Mississippi River

text: At its source at Lake Itasca, the Mississippi River is about 3 feet deep. The average depth of the Mississippi River between Saint Paul and Saint Louis is between deep, the deepest part being Lake Pepin, which averages deep and has a maximum depth of . Between Saint Lois, Missouri, where the Missouri River joins and Cairo, Illinois, the depth averages . Below Cairo, where the Ohio River joins, the depth averages deep. The deepest part of the river is in New Orleans, where it reaches deep.

title: Velebit

text: There are hundreds of "holes" on Velebit. It has the largest and deepest caves in Croatia. The three-part "Lukina jama" cave is 1392 m deep, making it one of the deepest caves in the world, and the deepest in southeast Europe, while the "Slovačka jama" is 1320 m. What makes it unique is that it is completely vertical, steepest in the world. At the bottom of the pothole is a water course or siphon with branches that are still unexplored. A kind of leech was discovered in the pothole, which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and family; it has been named "Erpobdella mestrovi".

title: Lynn Canal

text: Lynn Canal runs about from the inlets of the Chilkat River south to Chatham Strait and Stephens Passage. At over in depth, Lynn Canal is the deepest fjord in North America (outside Greenland) and one of the deepest and longest in the world as well.

title: Chongqing Rail Transit

text: The extreme difference in elevation between the river valleys and the hilly plateaus of Chongqing pose a unique challenge in designing alignments for conventional rail transit lines. The network currently has the world's highest metro-only bridge, the Caijia Rail Transit Bridge for Line 6, spanning the Jialing River valley, with the bridge deck being approximately 100 m above the water. Hongtudi station is the deepest subway station in China and the second-deepest station in the world, after the Kiev Metro's Arsenalna, with Line 10's platforms being more than 94 m below the surface. Liyuchi station, also on Line 10, is the second-deepest station in China, being 76 m below the surface.

title: Crater Lake National Park

text: The lake is deep at its deepest point, which makes it the deepest lake in the United States, the second-deepest in North America and the ninth-deepest in the world. Crater Lake is often referred to as the seventh-deepest lake in the world, but this former listing excludes the approximately depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, which resides under nearly of ice, and the recent report of a maximum depth for Lake O'Higgins/San Martin, located on the border of Chile and Argentina. However, when comparing its average depth of to the average depth of other deep lakes, Crater Lake becomes the deepest in the Western Hemisphere and the third-deepest in the world. The impressive average depth of this volcanic lake is due to the nearly symmetrical caldera formed 7,700 years ago during the violent climactic eruptions and subsequent collapse of Mount Mazama and the relatively moist climate that is typical of the crest of the Cascade Range.

title: Tekezé River

text: The Tekezé or Täkkäze River (, originally meaning "river"), also spelled Takkaze, is a major river of Ethiopia. For part of its course it forms a section the westernmost border of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The river is also known as the Setit in Eritrea, western Ethiopia, and eastern Sudan. According to materials published by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency, the Tekezé River is long. The canyon which it has created is the deepest in Africa and one of the deepest in the world, at some points having a depth of over 2000 meters (6,562 feet).

title: Dreketi River

text: The Dreketi River is located in the island of Vanua Levu in Fiji. It is 65 kilometers in length and the deepest river in Fiji. It is navigable for small crafts for 35 kilometers from its mouth and provides access to large tracts of fertile land through which it passes. This River is the deepest as no one has ever reached the bottom.

title: Canyon

text: The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (or Tsangpo Canyon), along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, is regarded by some as the deepest canyon in the world at 5,500 m (18,000 ft). It is slightly longer than the Grand Canyon in the United States. Others consider the Kali Gandaki Gorge in midwest Nepal to be the deepest canyon, with a 6400 m (21,000 ft) difference between the level of the river and the peaks surrounding it.

title: Democratic Republic of the Congo

text: The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the Congo River, which flows through the entire country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's second largest river by discharge. The "Comité d'études du haut Congo" ("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King Leopold II of Belgium in 1876, and the International Association of the Congo, established by him in 1879, were also named after the river.

title: Tara River Canyon

text:
Tara River Canyon (Montenegrin / , ), also known as the Tara River Gorge, is a canyon in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, through which runs the Tara River.
Measuring from areal of Bistrica in Montenegro to Hum in Bosnia and Herzegovina it is long, with the last 36 kilometers shared between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The canyon at its deepest is around deep. These parameters make the Tara River Canyon one of the deepest river canyons in Europe, and indeed the world.

title: Chelan people

text: Lake Chelan is long and .75 to 2.1 miles wide, and is the third-deepest freshwater lake in the United States and the ninth-deepest in the world with a maximum depth of . Fed by streams from the Cascade Range, the lake flows into the Columbia River from the Chelan River.

title: Crater Lake

text: The lake is across, with a caldera rim ranging in elevation from and an average lake depth of . The lake's maximum depth has been measured at , which fluctuates slightly as the weather changes. On the basis of maximum depth, Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States, the second-deepest in North America (after Great Slave Lake in Canada), and the ninth-deepest lake in the world. Crater Lake is often cited as the seventh-deepest lake in the world, but this ranking excludes Lake Vostok in Antarctica, which is beneath about of ice, and the recent depth soundings of O'Higgins/San Martín Lake, which is along the border of Chile and Argentina.

title: Motueka

text: The source of the Pearse River near Motueka is the deepest known cold-water cave in the world.

title: SNOLAB

text: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was the world's deepest underground experiment since the Kolar Gold Fields experiments ended with the closing of that mine in 1992. With the deepest underground laboratory in North America at 2100 metre water equivalent depth, and the deepest in the world at 4800 m.w.e., many other groups were interested in conducting experiments in the 6000 m.w.e. location.

title: Yellala Falls

text:
The Yellala Falls ("Rapides de Yelala" or "Chutes Yelala"; also spelled as "Ielala") are a series of waterfalls and rapids on the Congo River just upstream from Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The falls are the lowest of a long series of rapids that render the river unnavigable, forcing colonial explorers to travel by foot as far as the Stanley Pool upstream.
The Congo is the third largest river in the world by volume of water discharged, and the deepest in the world. The section of river that ends with the Yellala falls has over 300 species of fish, many found nowhere else.

title: Lamprechtsofen

text: Lamprechtsofen (also called Lamprechtshöhle or, together with a connected cave, Lamprechtsofen-Vogelschacht) is a limestone karst river cave in Austria. With a depth of , it is one of the deepest caves in the world. Before the discovery of the Krubera Cave in Georgia, it was the deepest-known cave in the world. Lamprechtsofen is located northwest of Weißbach bei Lofer (Salzburg), Austria, in the Leogang Mountains.

title: Tibet

text: Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at , the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.

title: Upper Mustang

text: The main hydrographic feature of Mustang is the Gandaki River. The river runs southward towards Nepal Terai, bisecting Mustang. Routes paralleling the river once served as a major trade route between Tibet and India, especially for salt. Part of the river valley in the southern Mustang District forms the Kali Gandaki Gorge, by some measures the deepest gorge in the world.

title: Aesthetic Realism

text: Aesthetic Realism is a philosophy founded in 1941 by poet and critic Eli Siegel (1902–1978). It is based on three core principles. First, the deepest desire of every person is to like the world on an honest or accurate basis. Second, the greatest danger for a person is to have contempt for the world and what is in it—contempt defined as the false importance or glory from the lessening of things not oneself. Third, the study of what makes for beauty in art is a guide for a good life: "All beauty is a making one of opposites, and the making one of opposites is what we are going after in ourselves."

title: Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone

text: The eastern boundaries of the Tonga and Kermadec Plates constitute the subduction zone of the Pacific Plate, characterized by a trench about 2,000 km in length. The trench is continuous, but has different names for different sections: Hikurangi Trench, the Kermadec Trench and the Tonga Trench. The Tonga Trench is the second deepest trench in the world at about 10,800 m, with the deepest point, Horizon Deep, being the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest point in the world, after the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The eastern boundary of the Kermadec Plate is also the site of the Kermadec Trench, which is the fifth deepest trench in the world at about 10,000 m. The eastern boundary of the Tonga Plate is one of the fastest subduction zones with a rate of up to 24 cm/yr.

title: Tara (river)

text: The Tara River cuts the Tara River Canyon, the longest canyon in Montenegro and Europe and second longest in the world after Grand Canyon, at 78 kilometers in length and 1,300 meters at its deepest. The canyon is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is a part of Durmitor National Park.

title: Yarlung Tsangpo

text: When leaving the Tibetan Plateau, the River forms the world's largest and deepest canyon, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon.

title: Quesnel Lake

text: Quesnel Lake is a glacial lake or fjord in British Columbia, Canada, and is the major tertiary of the Fraser River. With a maximum depth of 610 meters (although the true maximum depth is unknown), it is claimed to be the deepest fjord lake in the world, the fifth-deepest lake in BC, and the deepest lake in the Cariboo region.

title: Katuwa Chaupari

text: Sarangde River flows from East-West and gets mixed into Modi River and the Chinne River flowing in the East-North direction passing through Alapeshwor Cave merges into Modi Khola flowing from West to South. At Modi Beni (informally:Modi Muni), the Modi River merges to the Kali Gandaki River, the only river in the World where Saligram Stone (a holy black stone) are found and also has deepest gorge in the world. Sarangde Khola has pools like Bulbule, Sarangde, Pahare, Lamhe, Talpale and others.

title: Russia

text: Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface water resources. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake. Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Other major lakes include Ladoga and Onega, two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the total renewable water resources. Of the country's 100,000 rivers, the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest river in Europe, but also because of its major role in Russian history. The Siberian rivers Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Amur are among the longest rivers in the world.


query: What does endorheic mean?

title: Endorheic basin

text: An endorheic basin (also endoreic basin or endorreic basin) (from the Ancient Greek: ἔνδον, éndon, "within" and ῥεῖν, rheîn, "to flow") is a limited drainage basin that normally retains water and allows no outflow to other external bodies of water, such as rivers or oceans, but converges instead into lakes or swamps, permanent or seasonal, that equilibrate through evaporation. Such a basin may also be referred to as a closed or terminal basin or as an internal drainage system or interior drainage basin.

title: Buada Lagoon

text: The lagoon is classified as an endorheic lake, meaning there is no outflow to other bodies of water such as oceans or rivers.

title: Endorheic basin

text: Endorheic regions tend to be far inland with their boundaries defined by mountains or other geological features that block their access to oceans. Since the inflowing water can evacuate only through seepage or evaporation, dried minerals or other products collect in the basin, eventually making the water saline and also making the basin vulnerable to pollution.[2] Continents vary in their concentration of endorheic regions due to conditions of geography and climate. Australia has the highest percentage of endorheic regions at 21 percent while North America has the least at 5 percent.[6] Approximately 18 percent of the earth's land drains to endorheic lakes or seas, the largest of these land areas being the interior of Asia.

title: What Does Anything Mean? Basically

text: "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" was released 1 October 1985 on record label Statik.

title: List of endorheic basins

text:
The following is a list of endorheic basins—watersheds which do not drain to the sea.
Some of the Earth's ancient endorheic systems include:

title: What Does Anything Mean? Basically

text: "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" has been generally well received by critics.

title: Kent Bach

text: In his paper, "Content Ex Machina" Bach argues against over-interpreting what he labels the "contextualist platitude" which he defines as: “Generally what a speaker means in uttering a sentence, even if the sentence is devoid of ambiguity, vagueness, or indexicality, goes beyond what the sentence means.” Bach asserts that context does not establish meaning but is merely one of several conversational principles. He states that “context does not determine (in the sense of constitute), but merely enables the hearer to determine (in the sense of ascertain) what the speaker means.” Context provides constraints on what a speaker can reasonably mean and on what a hearer can reasonably interpret a speaker to mean. “contextualist platitude” does not preclude the “older picture of language and communication” and “a fairly standard semantic-pragmatic distinction.” Pragmatic considerations and context do not contribute to the content of what is said. Bach admits that there is meaning in utterances beyond the semantic content of a sentence, but he maintains that context does not determine speaker meaning but rather constrains how a speaker can expect to be understood and helps the hearer understand what is said. “We need the level of locutionary act and, correlatively, a strict, semantic notion of what is said in order to account for (the content of) what a speaker does in uttering a sentence independently of whatever communicative intention (if any) he has in uttering it and regardless of how the content of that intention may depart from the semantic content of the sentence.”

title: Lake Cuitzeo

text: Lake Cuitzeo lies in an endorheic basin, which does not drain to the sea. The basin has an area of , lying mostly in Michoacán, with the northern part of the basin in Guanajuato state. Michoacán's capital, Morelia, lies in the Cuitzeo basin south of the lake. The basin of the Lerma River lies to the east and north, and the basin of the Balsas River lies to the south, separated by the mountains of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The endorheic basin of Lake Pátzcuaro lies to the west.

title: Rozzano Locsin

text: Nurses use and encounter technology in nearly every aspect of their profession. What does it mean to be technologically competent? What does it mean to be a caring nurse? How does technology support nursing work? How does it hinder nursing work? How can nurses care for their patients as technological advancements are introduced nearly every day? "Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing: A Model for Practice" provides insight and answers into how nurses can express their nursing by being technologically competent. As such, Locsin sustains the understanding that being technological competent is being caring.

title: Marcel Danesi

text: His works typically offer readers an approachable invitation to the use of semiotics to help explain everyday phenomena. For instance, his book "Quest for Meaning: A Guide to Semiotic Theory and Practice" provides readers with a simple three-fold way of considering semiotic inquiry as trying to answer "What does it Mean? How does it convey meaning? And Why does it mean what it means?"

title: Differentiable manifold

text: Suppose "M" and "N" are two differentiable manifolds with dimensions "m" and "n", respectively, and "f" is a function from "M" to "N". Since differentiable manifolds are topological spaces we know what it means for "f" to be continuous. But what does ""f" is " mean for ? We know what that means when "f" is a function between Euclidean spaces, so if we compose "f" with a chart of "M" and a chart of "N" such that we get a map that goes from Euclidean space to "M" to "N" to Euclidean space we know what it means for that map to be . We define ""f" is " to mean that all such compositions of "f" with charts are . Once again, the chain rule guarantees that the idea of differentiability does not depend on which charts of the atlases on "M" and "N" are selected. However, defining the derivative itself is more subtle. If "M" or "N" is itself already a Euclidean space, then we don't need a chart to map it to one.

title: Adam Cost

text:
When asked in 1993 by a "The New York Times" Style reporter what it all meant, Cost said, "If you could give us [Cost and Revs] the meaning of life, I’d give you the meaning of us." At that time the posters included a phone number; those who called heard a woman's recorded voice repeat their questions back to them: "My intuition tells me that you're asking yourselves who are Revs and Cost and what are they doing? What is it? What does it mean? What does it mean? What does it mean?"
Cost and Revs continued to write in New York City with impunity, highly visible examples of the graffiti that Mayor Rudolph Giuliani was determined to eradicate. One letter writer called Cost "probably the worst graffiti vandal in the history of New York."

title: Endorheic basin

text: List of endorheic basins Sink (geography)– Depression within an endorheic basin where water collects with no visible outlet

title: Cognitive semantics

text: As a field, semantics is interested in three big questions: what does it mean for units of language, called lexemes, to have "meaning"? What does it mean for sentences to have meaning? Finally, how is it that meaningful units fit together to compose complete sentences? These are the main points of inquiry behind studies into lexical semantics, structural semantics, and theories of compositionality (respectively). In each category, traditional theories seem to be at odds with those accounts provided by cognitive semanticists.

title: Annabel Port

text:
"Chorus"
Oh what does it mean when the pubs are all packed at five-thirty?
Oh what does it mean when we're all having fish for our tea?
Oh what does it mean when Top of the Pops is on the telly?
Oh yes, the weekend's nearly here;
So sing along with meeee-ee hee hee...

title: Endorheic basin

text: Endorheic lakes are bodies of water that do not flow into the sea. Most of the water falling on Earth finds its way to the oceans through a network of rivers, lakes and wetlands. However, there is a class of water bodies that are located in closed or endorheic watersheds where the topography prevents their drainage to the oceans. These endorheic watersheds (containing water in rivers or lakes that form a balance of surface inflows, evaporation and seepage) are often called terminal lakes or sink lakes.[4]

title: Endorheic basin

text: Though a large portion of Europe drains to the endorheic Caspian Sea, Europe's wet climate means it contains relatively few terminal lakes itself: any such basin is likely to continue to fill until it reaches an overflow level connecting it with an outlet or erodes the barrier blocking its exit. Exceptions include:

title: What Does Anything Mean? Basically

text: "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland.

title: Two Dogmas of Empiricism

text: Paul Grice and P. F. Strawson criticized "Two Dogmas" in their (1956) article "In Defense of a Dogma". Among other things, they argue that Quine's skepticism about synonyms leads to a skepticism about meaning. If statements can have meanings, then it would make sense to ask "What does it mean?". If it makes sense to ask "What does it mean?", then synonymy can be defined as follows: Two sentences are synonymous if and only if the true answer of the question "What does it mean?" asked of one of them is the true answer to the same question asked of the other. They also draw the conclusion that discussion about correct or incorrect translations would be impossible given Quine's argument. Four years after Grice and Strawson published their paper, Quine's book "Word and Object" was released. In the book Quine presented his theory of indeterminacy of translation.

title: Analytic–synthetic distinction

text: Paul Grice and P. F. Strawson criticized "Two Dogmas" in their 1956 article "In Defense of a Dogma". Among other things, they argue that Quine's skepticism about synonyms leads to a skepticism about meaning. If statements can have meanings, then it would make sense to ask "What does it mean?". If it makes sense to ask "What does it mean?", then synonymy can be defined as follows: Two sentences are synonymous if and only if the true answer of the question "What does it mean?" asked of one of them is the true answer to the same question asked of the other. They also draw the conclusion that discussion about correct or incorrect translations would be impossible given Quine's argument. Four years after Grice and Strawson published their paper, Quine's book "Word and Object" was released. In the book Quine presented his theory of indeterminacy of translation.

title: Noncommissioned officer's creed

text:
So, what does this mean to me as an NCO?
What this means is, I as an NCO will continually seek to better myself by going to my career schooling and absorbing what I learn from my senior NCO's, it means that I will lead to the best of my abilities and treat all soldiers with respect, courteousness and fairness.

title: Dzungaria

text:
The Dzungarian basin does not have a single catchment center. The northernmost section of Dzungaria is part of the basin of the Irtysh River, which ultimately drains into the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the region is split into a number of endorheic basins. In particular, south of the Irtysh, the Ulungur River ends up in the (presently) endorheic Lake Ulungur. The Southwestern part of the Dzungarian basin drains into the
Aibi Lake. In the west-central part of the region, streams flow into (or toward) a group of endorheic lakes that include Lake Manas and Lake Ailik. During the region's geological past, a much larger lake (the "Old Manas Lake") was located in the area of today's Manas Lake; it was fed not only by the streams that presently flow toward it but also by the Irtysh and Ulungur, which too were flowing toward the Old Manas Lake at the time.

title: Rhetorical situation

text: In essence, Vatz claims that the definitive elements of rhetorical efforts are the struggle to create for a chosen audience saliences or agendas, and this creation is then followed by the struggle to infuse the selected situation or facts with meaning or significance. What are we persuaded to talk about? What are we persuaded it means or signifies? These questions are prior to: What does the situation make us talk about? or, What does it intrinsically mean?

title: What Does Anything Mean? Basically

text: What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik.

title: P.S.K. What Does It Mean?

text: "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" (also written as "P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was affiliated. The highly influential song is considered the first hardcore rap song and features incidents of graphic sex, gunplay, drug references and one of the first uses of the word "nigga" in a rap song (earlier uses include "Scoopy Rap" and "Family Rap" in 1979, and "New York New York" in 1983).

title: Sherman Alexie

text: Alexie's poetry, short stories and novels explore themes of despair, poverty, violence and alcoholism among the lives of Native American people, both on and off the reservation. They are lightened by wit and humor. According to Sarah A. Quirk from the "Dictionary of Library Biography," Alexie asks three questions across all of his works: "What does it mean to live as an Indian in this time? What does it mean to be an Indian man? Finally, what does it mean to live on an Indian reservation?" The protagonists in most of his literary works exhibit a constant struggle with themselves and their own sense of powerlessness in white American society.

title: Megha Ramaswamy

text: "Newborns" is a short film that attempts to provide a lens to the survivors of acid violence, to look forward and gaze back. The film takes us through the ennui of their domestic and public spaces in a nameless dystopian city, its factories, houses and motels, and its promises, never honoured. Through the film, Laxmi Agarwal and her friends, human rights activists and a survivors of acid violence, gaze back at us, as we contemplate together the meaning of memory and loss. What does beauty mean to survivors of acid violence? What does beauty mean to people in their environment? How do the two world-views interact? What do concepts of 'fear', 'power', 'innocence' and 'beauty' mean to us?

title: What Else Does the Time Mean?

text: What Else Does The Time Mean? is the 46th album from avant-folk/blues singer/songwriter Jandek, released by Corwood Industries (#0784). It is his third release in 2006, following January's' "Khartoum Variations" and February's live double-album "Newcastle Sunday".

title: Endorheic basin

text: Both permanent and seasonal endorheic lakes can form in endorheic basins. Some endorheic basins are essentially stable, climate change having reduced precipitation to the degree that a lake no longer forms. Even most permanent endorheic lakes change size and shape dramatically over time, often becoming much smaller or breaking into several smaller parts during the dry season. As humans have expanded into previously uninhabitable desert areas, the river systems that feed many endorheic lakes have been altered by the construction of dams and aqueducts. As a result, many endorheic lakes in developed or developing countries have contracted dramatically, resulting in increased salinity, higher concentrations of pollutants, and the disruption of ecosystems.

title: Antonio Cañizares Llovera

text: In response to an interview in December 2008 Cardinal Cañizares Llovera stated regarding the best way to receive the Eucharist: "What does it mean to receive communion in the mouth? What does it mean to kneel before the Most Holy Sacrament? What does it mean to kneel during the consecration at Mass? It means adoration, it means recognizing the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist; it means respect and an attitude of faith of a man who prostrates before God because he knows that everything comes from Him, and we feel speechless, dumbfounded, before the wondrousness, his goodness, and his mercy. That is why it is not the same to place the hand, and to receive communion in any fashion, than doing it in a respectful way; it is not the same to receive communion kneeling or standing up, because all these signs indicate a profound meaning."

title: The Killing (Danish TV series)

text: As well as the UK, DR also sold the series to a number of other broadcasters worldwide, and "The Killing" was eventually shown in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Russia and Spain with varying degrees of success. Producer Piv Bernth described the broad appeal of the show as "groundbreaking", and explained what she believed to be the root of its popularity: "It's the first time you have a detective drama over 20 episodes – other series had one killing per episode. And we also have this three-plot structure – what does it [a murder] mean for a police investigator, what does it mean for the parents, what does it mean for the politicians. It's not just about finding the murderer. That's important, but it's not all."


query: How long is the Canadian-US border?

title: Canada–United States border

text: The Canada–United States border (French: frontière Canada–États-Unis), officially known as the International Boundary (French: Frontière Internationale), is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second- and fourth-largest countries by area, respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including portions of maritime boundaries in the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525mi) long, of which 2,475 kilometres (1,538mi) is Canada's border with Alaska. Eight Canadian provinces and territories (Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and thirteen U.S. states (Alaska, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine) are located along the border.

title: Canadian Border Peak

text: Canadian Border Peak, , originally known simply as Border Peak, is a mountain at the head of Slesse Creek in the Cascade Mountains of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. As its name suggests, it is near the Canada–US border and is connected via a high ridge or col to American Border Peak, which is slightly higher at . The two together are known as the Border Peaks or American-Canadian Border Peaks and are most easily visible within nearby settled parts of Canada from the northern part of Sumas Prairie and the western part of Chilliwack Prairie in the area of Greendale, which is just east of the boundary between the cities of Chilliwack and Abbotsford.

title: Armstrong–Jackman Border Crossing

text: The Armstrong–Jackman Border Crossing is a border crossing on the Canada–United States border, located southeast of Saint-Théophile, Quebec and northwest of Jackman, Maine. The border crossing is the northern terminus of U.S. Route 201, which also has the road name Old Canada Road north of Jackman, and the southern terminus of Quebec Route 173, also known as Route-du-Président-Kennedy - the existing Quebec Autoroute 73 already heads in the direction of this US/Canadian border crossing, as the closest Canadian freeway of any kind in the area.

title: Northgate Border Crossing

text:
The Northgate Border Crossing connects the cities of Bowbells, North Dakota and Alameda, Saskatchewan on the Canada–US border. It is reached by North Dakota Highway 8 on the American side and Saskatchewan Highway 9 on the Canadian side. This border crossing opened in 1962, when Highway 8 was built, which passed a half mile west of the small town of [[Northgate After being idle for years, the [[Canadian National Railway]] upgraded its tracks at this crossing to support rail traffic from the [[Bakken oil field]]. The US upgraded its border station on Highway 8 in 2004.
[[File:Northgate ND old border station.jpg|thumb|left|Abandoned US border station at the former Northgate border crossing]]

title: Blaine, Washington

text: Much of Blaine's economy is based on cross-border Canadian trade. The eastern side of the city accommodates a number of import/export warehouses, freight and courier services and gas stations serving long-haul cargo trucks. The Customs and Border Protection branch of the Department of Homeland Security operates two border inspection stations in Blaine. The Blaine Sector Headquarters of the US Border Patrol employs hundreds of federal law enforcement officers and support staff in the community.

title: United States border security concerns

text: Directly after the events of September 11, 2001, the Federal Government typically placed a higher priority on obvious aspects of homeland security, such as intelligence reform, as opposed to border security. However, the government as well as the American public eventually reasoned that in order for a high-magnitude attack like September 11 to occur, something had to be seriously wrong with the border security apparatuses that were in place at the time. After all, every single one of the terrorist hijackers on September 11 had been a recipient of a temporary U.S tourist visa, which means they were legally allowed to be in the United States. If nineteen men who were committed to causing harm to Americans were capable of getting past the government screening restrictions that were in place, one could only imagine how great of a threat to America was posed by the largely unchecked long Canada–US border, the long Mexico–US border, and the many unsecured ports. However, the American public also questions why cracking down on illegal entries will hinder the ability of terrorists who enter the country legally.

title: Interlude (Saint Etienne album)

text: The U.S. release of the CD also includes the short and long edits of the "How We Used to Live" music video; the Canadian release does not.

title: Peace Arch

text: Peace Arch Park consists of Peace Arch Provincial Park on the Canadian side and Peace Arch State Park on the American side of the border. Within the park is a major border crossing (between Interstate 5 on the U.S. side and British Columbia Highway 99 on the Canadian side). The Peace Arch symbolizes a long history of peace between the two nations. Because of the Peace Arch monument, the border crossing between Surrey and Blaine is popularly known as the "Peace Arch Border Crossing". In Canada, the crossing is officially named Douglas after Sir James Douglas, the first governor of the Colony of British Columbia. It is one of the busiest border crossings between Canada and the United States, and the busiest such crossing west of Detroit.

title: B visa

text: As with other non-immigrant U.S. visas, a B-1/B-2 visa has a validity period (from 1 month to 10 years), allows for one, two or multiple entries into the U.S., and elicits a period of stay (maximum 6 months) recorded by the Customs and Border Protection officer at the port of entry on the individual's form I-94. The validity period determines how long the visa may be used to enter the U.S., while the period of stay determines how long the person may stay in the U.S. after each entry.

title: Laurier-Cascade Border Crossing

text: The Laurier-Cascade Border Crossing connects the town of Kettle Falls, Washington with Christina Lake, British Columbia on the Canada–US border. This crossing is the point at which the road signed as US Route 395 on the American side and British Columbia Highway 395 on the Canadian side, the Kettle River, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the runway of the Avey Field State Airport all traverse the Canada–US border.

title: U.S. Route 9 in New York

text: The roadway continues as the East Service Road, unsigned NY 971B, for another . This was the former route of US 9 to the border prior to the construction of the Northway. It is devoid of any development save some long vacant and abandoned lots, finally ending in a parking lot south of the border from which the Canadian customs station at the south end of Autoroute 15 is visible.

title: Black Friday (shopping)

text: The large population centers on Lake Ontario and the Lower Mainland in Canada have always attracted cross-border shopping into the US states, and as Black Friday became more popular in the US, Canadians often flocked to the US because of their lower prices and a stronger Canadian dollar. After 2001, many were traveling for the deals across the border. Starting in 2008 and 2009, due to the parity of the Canadian dollar compared with the American dollar, several major Canadian retailers ran Black Friday deals of their own to discourage shoppers from leaving Canada.

title: Saskatchewan Highway 36

text: Highway 36 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Montana Highway 13 at the US border near Port of Coronach to Highway 2. Highway 36 is about long.

title: Smuggling tunnel

text: On January 25, 2006, a tunnel was found on the US-Mexico border by a joint US Drug Enforcement Administration, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and US Border Patrol task force. The long tunnel runs from a warehouse near the Tijuana airport to a warehouse in San Diego. When discovered, it was devoid of people, but it did contain of marijuana. It was high and up to deep. The floor was made of cement, and the walls were exposed clay, with lights lining one side, a ventilation system to keep fresh air circulating, and a water drainage system to remove infiltrating ground water. Authorities said it was unclear how long the tunnel had been in operation.

title: Rainy Lake

text: Visitors to Canada must report to a Canada Customs office before going ashore in Canada. However, US and Canadian citizens and permanent residents traveling on the lake who wish to go ashore can apply for a CANPASS Remote Area Border Crossing (RABC) permit allowing them to enter into Canada without reporting to Canadian customs. Boaters entering US waters from Canada, and who are citizens or permanent residents of the US and Canada, can apply for the Canadian Border Boat Landing Program (I-68 Permit Program) which allows them to report to US Customs and Border Protection by telephone. With proper documentation, these permits can be obtained at the US and Canadian customs offices located near the International Bridge in International Falls and Fort Frances, respectively.

title: Eastport-Kingsgate Border Crossing

text: The Eastport-Kingsgate Border Crossing connects the town of Bonners Ferry, Idaho with Yahk, British Columbia on the Canada–US border. It can be reached by U.S. Route 95 on the American side and British Columbia Highway 95 on the Canadian side. The Spokane International Railroad first crossed the border at this location in 1906, connecting Spokane with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Canada built its first border station at Kingsgate later that year; the US station is one of two in Idaho, and many trucks travel between British Columbia and the US Interstate system at Interstate 90 a hundred miles to the south. This crossing is open 24 hours per day, 7 days per week.

title: Rainy Lake

text: Rainy Lake spans the Canada–United States border. The laws of Canada and the Province of Ontario apply to the portions of the lake on the Canadian side of the border; the laws of the US and the State of Minnesota apply to those portions on the US side of the border. The relevant law enforcement agencies of each country are responsible for the portions of the lake within their borders. The Canadian and US Coast Guards maintain navigational aids on their respective sides of the border. Boaters and fishermen must be aware of the requirements imposed by relevant jurisdictions while traveling or fishing on Rainy Lake (see "External links").

title: Three Nations Crossing

text: The Akwesasne Mohawk continue to stage periodic protests which result in the temporary closure of the crossing. In 2014 they objected to a process that made their crossing more tedious; they feel it violates their treaty rights of free passage. When they travel from the US to their land on Cornwall Island, they must cross the second bridge into Canada, in order to report for inspection at the new Canadian border station, before they can return to Cornwall Island. Discussions are being pursued between government agencies about moving the Canadian border inspection facility to the US side of the border, but there are many questions associated with the effects on Canadian enforcement and prosecution if they were operating on US soil.

title: Canadian blues

text: Due to Canada's long shared border with the birthplace of the blues, the United States, there has always been collaboration and contact between Canadian blues artists and their US counterparts. Top Canadian blues artists perform at major US blues bars and festivals and travel to the US to play and record with influential US blues artists. Similarly, US blues bands routinely play in Canadian clubs and blues festivals, and perform and record with Canadian blues artists. For example, Canadian blues guitarist/singer JW-Jones has invited the US bluesman Kim Wilson (lead singer for The Fabulous Thunderbirds) to Canada to play with JW Jones' band and so that Wilson could record with Jones and act as record producer on one of Jones' mid-2000s albums.

title: How Long, How Long Blues

text: "How Long, How Long Blues" was Carr and Scrapwell's biggest hit. They subsequently recorded six more versions of the song (two of them, unissued at the time), as "How Long, How Long Blues, Part 2", "Part 3", "How Long Has That Evening Train Been Gone", "New How Long, How Long Blues", etc. There are considerable variations in the lyrics, many of which have since fallen out of use in modern performances. Most versions begin with the lyric "How long, how long, has that evening train been gone?"

title: Canada–United States border

text: Anderson, Christopher G. Canadian Liberalism and the Politics of Border Control, 1867–1967 (University of British Columbia Press; 2012) 280 pages; studies pivotal episodes in Canadian immigration policy that shed light on more restrictive approaches today. Paulus, Jeremy and Asgary, Ali. (2010) Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 77. Culture and the Canada–US Border, an international research network dedicated to studying cultural representation, production and exchange on and around the Canada–US border.

title: Estcourt Station, Maine

text: Although the border crossing was constructed for Canadians to enter the North Maine Woods, it is very busy with Canadians who check in at the US border station via Rue de la Frontiere/Estcourt Road (a Canadian road), take the road back to the gas station which is again in US territory, and buy cheaper gasoline there. The station is probably the only one in the eastern United States that displays its prices in Canadian dollars per liter. After the purchase they return on Rue de la Frontiere, check in at the Canadian border station, and officially reenter Canada.

title: General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper

text: On 14 October 2013, an MQ-9 began patrolling the Manitoba portion of the U.S.-Canada border. The UAV is based at Grand Forks Air Force Base and will watch the -long border. The drone will not carry weapons and needs permission to enter Canadian airspace. U.S. authorities fear that drug smugglers, migrants, and terrorists may exploit the long border. The use of the unmanned surveillance aircraft is an enhancement of the partnership between U.S. and Canadian agencies.

title: How Long (Ace song)

text: "How Long" is a 1974 song by the British group Ace from their album "Five-A-Side". It reached No. 3 in the US and Canadian charts, and No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart.

title: Canadian blues

text: Due to Canada's proximity to the United States (there is a huge shared border), and to the fact that most of the Canadian population lives close to the border, many US blues artists have played in Canadian towns and cities. As well, many Canadian musicians and bands have been able to play in US towns, particularly Canadians who live near US cities close to the border, such as Detroit and Chicago. These two elements have given Canadian blues musicians a substantial opportunity to be directly influenced by US artists. Canadian blues is based on the major US blues styles, such as Chicago Blues and Mississippi Blues. The proximity of the two countries also facilitates collaborative projects featuring artists from both countries. For example, the Canadian bluesman JW-Jones had his third album, "My Kind Of Evil" (2004), produced by the US artist Kim Wilson (singer and harmonica player for The Fabulous Thunderbirds), and subsequent albums included collaborations with US saxophonist David "Fathead" Newman and US blues artists such as Little Charlie Baty, Junior Watson, Richard Innes, and Larry Taylor. Canadian harp player and band leader David Rotundo has visited many of the key US blues regions, which greatly influenced his musical development.

title: Aroostook Valley Country Club

text:
The Aroostook Valley Country Club is a golf course which straddles the Canada–US border, between the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The club, located near Perth-Andover, New Brunswick and Fort Fairfield, Maine, has its course (except part of the tee area for the ninth hole, and possibly part of a sand trap on the first hole) and clubhouse on the Canadian side of the border and its parking lot and pro shop on the American side. Although the course is located entirely on one side of the border, three holes are close enough to the border that crooked shots enter the United States. The club was founded in 1929; its position on the border allowed American golfers to bypass Prohibition without passing through customs. Current club membership is roughly half Canadian and half American.
Since the only entry to the course is on the American side of the border, American golfers can use the entire club without reporting to a Port of Entry. Canadian golfers historically used a small local road, Brown Road, to cross the border and access the country club; while Canada had a seasonal border checkpoint on the road, entry to the U.S. had been unsecured since the 1950s. In 2008, however, the U.S. border officials closed the unpatrolled border crossing on Brown Road, citing increased concerns over terrorism and a drug sale on the course in 2006. The closure required Canadian golfers to make a detour through Fort Fairfield to access the course and was criticized by the Fort Fairfield town manager and the country club's golf pro. U.S. Senator Susan Collins and Canadian MP Mike Allen proposed that U.S. border officials establish a new seasonal border checkpoint on Brown Road. As of 2012–13, there is a seasonally open border checkpoint along the Brown Road on the Canadian side.

title: National cinema

text: Canadian cultural and film critics have long debated how Canadian national cinema can be defined, or whether there is a Canadian national cinema. Most of the films shown on Canadian movie screens are US imports. If "Canadian national cinema" is defined as the films made in Canada, then the canon of Canadian cinema would have to include lightweight teen-oriented fare such as "Meatballs"(1979), "Porky's" (1983) or "Death Ship" (1980). Other critics have defined Canadian national cinema as a "...reflection of Canadian life and culture." Some critics argue that there are "two traditions of filmmaking in Canada." The "documentary realist tradition" espoused by the federal government's National Film Board and avant-garde films.

title: U.S. Route 281

text: The highway's northern terminus is at the International Peace Garden, north of Dunseith, North Dakota, at the Canadian border, where it continues as Highway 10. The route between Dunseith and the border is shared with North Dakota Highway 3. US 281 has two southern termini. The western terminus is at Periférico Luis Echeverría at International Blvd in Hidalgo. The southern eastern terminus of US 281 is in Brownsville, Texas, just short of the Mexican border. The two spurs come together at Cage Blvd just north of Hidalgo. Thus, US 281 is the only continuous three-digit US route to extend from the Canadian border to the Mexican border.

text: The Bridgewater - Centreville Border Crossing connects the towns of Bridgewater, Maine and Centreville, New Brunswick on the Canada–US border. The crossing is reached by Boundary Line Road on the American side and by New Brunswick Route 110 on the Canadian side. The US and Canadian governments both built new border stations at this crossing in 1976. In 2012, the US replaced its border station once again. It is open from 6am to 10pm.

title: U.S. Route 85 in North Dakota

text: U.S. Route 85 (US 85) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from the Mexican border in El Paso, Texas, north to the Canadian border in Fortuna, North Dakota. In the state of North Dakota, US 85 travels from the South Dakota state line north to the Canadian border.

title: Canadian County, Oklahoma

text: The Canadian River enters the western border of the county about north of the southwest corner at an elevation of and flows southeast about , where it becomes the southern border of the county. Its course within the county is long, and the elevation where it leaves the county is . Named tributaries include Dry Creek and Boggy Creek,


query: When did feminist science fiction become popular?

title: Science fiction

text: Forrest J Ackerman is credited with first using the term "Sci-Fi" (analogous to the then-trendy "hi-fi") in 1954.[9] As science fiction entered popular culture, writers and fans active in the field came to associate the term with low-budget, low-tech "B-movies" and with low-quality pulp science fiction.[10][11][12] By the 1970s, critics within the field such as Knight and Terry Carr were using sci-fi to distinguish hack-work from serious science fiction.[13] Peter Nicholls writes that "SF" (or "sf") is "the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers".[14] Robert Heinlein found even "science fiction" insufficient and suggested the term speculative fiction to be used instead, which has continued to be applied to "serious" or "thoughtful" science fiction.

title: Science in popular culture

text: Popular science, which is a more simplified and vague version of a given scientific topic, was developed to combat the specificity of the sciences. Usually in the form of written media at the time, this allowed scientific ideas to be presented to the public in a way they could understand it. It became very popular with the public as it made science seem as though it had no boundaries, that anything was possible. From popular science stemmed science fiction, which was constructed from a blend of observations and fantasy and didn’t need consistency, since it was not truly real. It substituted science for magic since the audience didn’t necessarily need to know how it did what it did, but rather what it did do. It allowed for imagination to collide with science to form fantasy. Popular response of the sciences continues to be a combination of support and distrust depending on the topic.

title: Index of feminism articles

text:
Family, matrifocal
- Female bonding (compare Male bonding)
- Female chauvinism (compare Male chauvinism)
- Female education
- "Female privilege": see Male privilege)
- Female superiority
- Feminazi
- Feminine psychology (compare Masculine psychology)
- Femininity (compare Masculinity)
- Feminisation of the workplace
- Feminism (compare Masculism)
- Feminism and equality
- Feminism and modern architecture
- Feminism and the Oedipus complex
- Feminism in Australia
- Feminism in culture
- Feminism in Egypt
- Feminism in France
- Feminism in India
- Feminism in international relations
- Feminism in Japan
- Feminism in Nepal
- Feminism in Poland
- Feminist anthropology
- Feminist archaeology
- Feminist art movement
- Feminist art movement in the United States
- Feminist economics
- Feminist effects on society
- Feminist existentialism
- Feminist film theory
- Feminist geography
- Feminist history
- Feminist history in the United Kingdom
- Feminist history in the United States (see also Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution)
- Feminist legal theory
- Feminist literary criticism
- Feminist movement
- Feminist movement in the United States
- Feminist movements and ideologies
- Feminist philosophy
- Feminist political ecology
- Feminist revisionist mythology
- Feminist rhetoricians, list of
- Feminist school of criminology
- Feminist science fiction
- Feminist Sex Wars
- Feminist sexology
- Feminist sociology
- Feminist Studies
- Feminist theology
- Feminist theory
- Feminist theory in composition studies
- Feminist therapy
- Feminist views on BDSM
- Feminist views on pornography
- Feminist views on prostitution
- Feminist views on sexuality
- Feminist views on transgenderism and transsexualism
- Feminists, list of
- Feminization of poverty
- Fiction, women's
- Film theory, feminist
- Fiction, science, feminist
- Fiction, science, women in
- First-wave feminism
- First women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries, timeline of
- First World War, women in the
- France, feminism in
- French structuralist feminism

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Anti-utopian philosophies and feminist science fiction come to odds in the possibility of achieving utopia. In "Rehabilitating Utopia: Feminist Science Fiction and Finding the Ideal", an article published in Contemporary Justice Review, philosophers against the dream of utopia argue that "First is the expectation that utopia justifies violence, second is the expectation that utopia collapses individual desires into one communal norm, and third is the expectation that utopia mandates a robotic focus on problem-solving." In feminist science fiction, utopias are often realized through a communal want for an ideal society. One such novel is summarized in the aforementioned article, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's novel "Herland", in which "Gilman perfectly captures the utopian impulse that all problems are solvable. She establishes a society where every consideration about a question aims for the rational answer." Gilman's utopia is presented as something attainable and achievable without conflict, neither enabling violence nor extinguishing individualism.

title: The Girl Who Was Plugged In

text: Finally, Stevenson and Hicks discuss the interesting and noteworthy parallel between P. Burke and Delphi, and Alice Sheldon and her pseudonym James Tiptree Jr. Stevenson points out that by writing under a male pseudonym Sheldon was able to obtain a more "attractive" exterior with which she could connect to the male dominant science fiction writing community). Hicks believe that Sheldon herself experienced a form or disembodiment where she could only fulfill the ideals of the science fiction community by assuming a male persona. By the numerous ways Tiptree touched on essential feminist topics in a single short story, it becomes clear why she was one of the most prominent feminist science fiction writers in her time.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Works of feminist science fiction are often similar in the goals they work towards as well as the subjects and plotlines they focus on in order to achieve those goals. Feminist science fiction is science fiction that carries across feminist ideals and the promotion of societal values such as gender equality, and the elimination of patriarchal oppression. Feminist science fiction works often present tropes that are recurrent across science fiction with an emphasis on gender relations and gender roles. Many elements of science fiction, such as cyborgs and implants, as well as utopias and dystopias, are given context in a gendered environment, providing a real contrast with present-day gender relations while remaining a work of science fiction.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: In her article "Redefining Women's Power through Feminist Science Fiction", Maria DeRose suggests that, "One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If this is true, then the very low status of women in science fiction should make us ponder about whether science fiction is civilized at all". The women's movement has made most of us conscious of the fact that Science Fiction has totally ignored women. This "lack of appreciation" is the main reason that women are rebelling and actively fighting to be noticed in the field anyway.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Feminist science fiction is sometimes taught at the university level to explore the role of social constructs in understanding gender.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Perhaps the most obvious attraction of science fiction to women writers – feminist or not – is the possibilities it offers for the creation of a female hero. The demands of realism in the contemporary or historical novel set limits which do not bind the universes available to science fiction. Although the history of science fiction reveals few heroic, realistic, or even original images of women, the genre had a potential recognized by the women writers drawn to it in the 1960s and 1970s. Before this time, the appeal for women writers was not that great. The impact of feminism on the science fiction field can be observed not only in science fiction texts themselves, but also on the development of feminist approaches to science fiction criticism and history, as well as conversations and debates in the science fiction community. One of the main debates is about the representation of women in science fiction.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Utopia as an ideal to strive for is not a concept wholly limited to feminist science fiction, however many non-feminist science fiction works often dismiss utopia as an unachievable goal, and as such, believe that pursuits for utopia should be considered dangerous and barren. Anti-utopian theory focuses on the 'how' in the transition from present to society to a utopian future. In feminist science fiction, the achievement of a utopian future depends on the ability to recognize the need for improvement and the perseverance to overcome the obstacles present in creating a utopian society.

title: History of feminism

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, feminist science fiction emerged as a subgenre of science fiction that deals with women's roles in society. Female writers of the utopian literature movement at the time of first-wave feminism often addressed sexism. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Herland (1915) did so. Sultana's Dream (1905) by Bengali Muslim feminist Roquia Sakhawat Hussain depicts a gender-reversed purdah in a futuristic world.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: By the 1970s, the science fiction community was confronting questions of feminism and sexism within science fiction culture itself. Multiple Hugo-winning fan writer and professor of literature Susan Wood and others organized the "feminist panel" at the 1976 World Science Fiction Convention against considerable resistance. Reactions to the appearance of feminists among fannish ranks led indirectly to the creation of "A Women's APA" and WisCon.

title: List of lesbian fiction

text:
" - Ella WryleeThese science fiction works frequently address the issue of feminist/lesbian separatist communities. See Lesbian science fiction for a more detailed review.
Fanfiction writers have produced many works in which female characters from fictional sources (such as television shows, movies, video games, anime, manga or comic books) are paired in romantic, spiritual, or sexual relationships. The genre is known by a variety of terms, including femslash, saffic, yuri and f/f slash. Lesbian content in fanfiction dates at least to 1977, but has become more popular during the 1990s and 2000s.

title: Feminist science fiction

text:
Feminist science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction (abbreviated "SF") focused on theories that include feminist themes including but not limited to gender inequality, sexuality, race, economics, and reproduction. Feminist SF is political because of its tendency to critique the dominant culture. Some of the most notable feminist science fiction works have illustrated these themes using utopias to explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist, or dystopias to explore worlds in which gender inequalities are intensified, thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue.
Feminist science fiction (SF) distinguishes between "female" SF authors and "feminist" SF authors. Both female and feminist SF authors are historically significant to the feminist SF subgenre, as female writers have increased women's visibility and perspectives in SF literary traditions, while the feminist writers have foregrounded political themes and tropes in their works. Because distinctions between female and feminist can be blurry, whether a work is considered feminist can be debatable, but there are generally agreed-upon canonical texts, which help define the subgenre.

title: Nebula Award

text: The Nebula Awards have been described as one of "the most important of the American science fiction awards" and "the science-fiction and fantasy equivalent" of the Emmy Awards. Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of the premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of "Salon" terming it "science fiction's most prestigious award", and Justine Larbalestier, in "The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction" (2002), referring to it and the Hugo Award as "the best known and most prestigious of the science fiction awards". Brian Aldiss, in his book "Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction", claimed that the Nebula Award provided "more literary judgment" while the Hugo was a barometer of reader popularity, rather than artistic merit, though he did note that the winners of the two awards often overlapped. David Langford and Peter Nicholls stated in "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction" (2012) that the two awards were often given to the same works, and noted that some critics felt that the Nebula selection reflected "political as much as literary ability" as it did not seem to focus as much on literary talent over popularity as expected.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Virginia Wolf relates to this aspect of feminist science fiction in the article "Feminist Criticism and Science Fiction for Children". As she discusses the scarcity of women in the field, she states, "During the first period, that of the nineteenth century, apparently only two women wrote Science Fiction, Mary Shelley and Rhoda Broughton," and continues, "In the early twentieth century, a few women were successful Science Fiction writers". But, "The times changed. Repression gave way to questioning and outright rebellion, and in the Science Fiction of the 1960s stylistic innovations and new concerns emerged 'Many of their stories, instead of dealing with the traditional hardware of science fiction, concentrated on the effects that different societies or perceptions would have on individual characters'". Andre Norton, a semi-well known analyst of Science fiction argues along these lines as well. As Norton explored one or more novels she came across, she realized that the creation of characters and how they are shown is a clear connection to the real world situation. From here, she goes in depth of characters in these feminist novels and relates them to the real world. She concludes here article along these lines. She wanted to get the idea out that feminists have a way to get their voice out there. Now, all their works are famous/ popular enough for their ideas to be let out. Virginia Wolf can attest to this fact. She introduced the idea that women were not represented well in the field till the early 1900s and added to the fact by stating, "Women are not represented well in Science Fiction".

title: Aline Valek

text: In one of her interviews, Valek explains that science fiction can be a tool used by feminist writers to raise questions about gender roles, transphobia, race, and sexuality. Within feminist science fiction, Valek and Lady Sybylla organized a collection of ten short stories called "Universo Desconstruido". She claims that through this genre different points of view emerge and it contributes to bring reflection about how the world is and should be. According to Cranny-Francis, feminist science fiction is not a generic fiction with female protagonists. In fact, feminist writers can act as a political actors. Science fiction "may be a site for the allegorical description of social injustices displaced in time and/or place from the reader's own society, but still clearly recognizable as a critique of that society". In Universo Desconstruido, Valek also published a short story. In her tale – Eu, Incubadora – Valek imagines a society in which abortion is equivalent to murder and no women would be able to terminate a pregnancy under any circumstances. Diana, the main character, is judged in the court of law because she refuses the role of being a mother and transferred her unborn child to a machine which works as an incubator. In her judgement, questions about life, abortion, individual choice, women's body, freedom and gender roles are brought as an attempt to justify her decision against a male jury and authorities. Valek draws a parallel between the microcosm of Diana's judgment in court and the actual Brazilian society. Currently in Brazil, there is a growing effort by the religious, right wing politicians in parliament to restrict, even more, access to abortion. In this sense, Valek uses science fiction as a way to challenge phallocentric concepts of abortion and women's body which are used to propagate domination and inequality. She employs pop culture as a political tool and brings into this universe an actual debate which takes place in Brazilian society. Similarly, bell hooks (1994) talks about how important it is to bring a feminist discourse on the terrain of popular culture. In this domain, feminist ideas can be heard by a wider audience located outside of universities. She argues that if feminist ideas stay away from popular culture, we are responsible for an increase in hegemonic antifeminist discourse. In this sense, bell hooks talks about a feminist activism through pop culture which it can be seen through Valek work as a writer and editor.

title: Science fiction

text: Feminist science fiction poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles, the role reproduction plays in defining gender and the unequal political and personal power of men over women. Some of the most notable feminist science fiction works have illustrated these themes using utopias to explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist, or dystopias to explore worlds in which gender inequalities are intensified, thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue.[143]

title: Science fiction studies

text: The modern field of science fiction studies is closely related to popular culture studies, a subdiscipline of cultural studies, and film and literature studies. Because of the ties with futurism and utopian works, there is often overlap with these fields as well. The field also has spawned subfields, such as feminist science fiction studies.

title: The Dispossessed

text: There is some disagreement as to whether "The Dispossessed" should be considered a feminist utopia or a feminist science fiction novel. According to Mary Morrison of the State University of New York at Buffalo, the anarchist themes in this book help to promote feminist themes as well. Other critics, such as William Marcellino of SUNY Buffalo and Sarah Lefanu, writer of "Popular Writing and Feminist Intervention in Science Fiction," argue that there are distinct anti-feminist undertones throughout the novel.

title: Feminism in culture

text: In the 1960s, the genre of science fiction combined its sensationalism with political and technological critiques of society to produce feminist science fiction. With the advent of feminism, questioning women's roles became fair game to this "subversive, mind expanding genre". Two early texts are Ursula K. Le Guin's "The Left Hand of Darkness" (1969) and Joanna Russ' "The Female Man" (1970). They serve to highlight the socially constructed nature of gender roles by creating utopias that do away with gender. Both authors were also pioneers in feminist criticism of science fiction in the 1960s and '70s, in essays collected in "The Language of the Night" (Le Guin, 1979) and "How To Suppress Women's Writing" (Russ, 1983). Another major work of feminist science fiction has been "Kindred" by Octavia Butler.

title: History of science fiction

text:
Wells and Verne had quite a few rivals in early science fiction. Short stories and novelettes with themes of fantastic imagining appeared in journals throughout the late 19th century and many of these employed scientific ideas as the springboard to the imagination. "Erewhon" is a novel by Samuel Butler published in 1872 and dealing with the concept that machines could one day become sentient and supplant the human race. Although better known for Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle also wrote early science fiction, particularly using the character of Professor Challenger. Rudyard Kipling's contributions to the genre in the early 1900s made Campbell describe him as "the first modern science fiction writer". Other writers in the field were Bengali science fiction authors such as Sukumar Ray and Begum Roquia Sakhawat Hussain, who wrote the earliest known feminist science fiction work, "Sultana's Dream". Another early feminist science fiction work at the time was Charlotte Perkins Gilman' "Herland".
Wells and Verne both had an international readership and influenced writers in America, especially. Soon a home-grown American science fiction was thriving. European writers found more readers by selling to the American market and writing in an Americanised style.

title: Feminist science fiction

text: In the 1970s, the first feminist science fiction publications were created. The most well-known are fanzines "The Witch and the Chameleon" (1974–1976) and "Janus" (1975–1980), which later became "Aurora SF" (Aurora Speculative Feminism) (1981–1987). Windhaven, "A Journal of Feminist Science Fiction" was published from 1977 to 1979 by Jessica Amanda Salmonson in Seattle. Special issues of magazines linked to science fiction meetings were also published at that moment, like the Khatru symposium's fanzine "Women in Science Fiction" in 1975.

title: Gender in speculative fiction

text: These works coincided with the beginnings of application of feminist theory to SF. creating a self-consciously feminist science fiction. Feminist SF has been distinguished from earlier feminist utopian fiction by its greater attention to characterisation and inclusion of gender equality.

title: Science fiction

text: Anthropological science fiction Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction Biopunk Christian science fiction Climate fiction Comic science fiction Cyberpunk Dieselpunk Dying Earth Feminist science fiction Gothic science fiction Libertarian science fiction Military science fiction Mundane science fiction Planetary romance Social science fiction Space opera Space Western Steampunk

title: Marleen S. Barr

text: Marleen Barr teaches communication and media studies at Fordham University, New York City. She is notable for her significant contributions to science fiction studies, for which she won a Pilgrim Award from the Science Fiction Research Association in 1997. Her primary contributions have been her foundational work in the field of feminist science fiction criticism; her 1981 anthology "Future Females: A Critical Anthology" "served as an introduction and eye-opener to the field of Feminist Science Fiction."

title: Feminist science fiction

text: Representations of utopian and dystopian societies in feminist science fiction place an increased emphasis on gender roles while countering the anti-utopian philosophies of the 20th century. Male philosophers such as John Rawls, Isaiah Berlin, and Michael Oakeshott often criticize the idea of utopia, theorizing that it would be impossible to establish a utopia without violence and hegemony. Many male authored works of science fiction as well as threads of philosophical utopian thought dismiss utopias as something unattainable, whereas in feminist science fiction, utopian society is often presented as something both achievable and desirable.

title: Suzy McKee Charnas

text: Charnas' work focuses on the sociological and the anthropological—rather than exclusively the technological—dimensions of science fiction. Her background in history and economics, as well as her experiences in Nigeria, have had a profound impact on her work. She had keenly explored the genres of Western, adventure, and science fiction in the books she had read earlier in her life, yet she realized that these books lacked strong female characters. She considers Ursula K. Le Guin's "The Left Hand of Darkness" to have been a major inspiration for the initiation of her writing career, as it was one of the first feminist novels she had encountered. Despite this, she did not intend to write feminist literature. Her work did not take a feminist slant until after the first draft of "Walk to the End of the World", which she had originally intended to be political satire.

title: Zenna Henderson

text: Henderson was one of the first 203 female science fiction authors to publish in American science fiction magazines between 1926 and 1960. She never used a male pseudonym. In an essay on the increase in women authors of science fiction in 1950, Sam Merwin mentioned her as an up-and-coming woman SF writer. Her first story was published in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in 1951. Her work has been referred to as feminist, but perhaps more accurately is cited as pre-feminist. Some feminist critics disliked the gender stereotypes present in her fiction, though her work depicts middle-aged and old women as well as women's relationships. In an analysis of "Subcommittee," Farah Medlesohn examines how Henderson uses stereotypical gender roles to emphasize how feminine communication is conducive to peacemaking. In "Subcommittee," the wife of a general, Serena, befriends an alien mother and her child. Through their sharing of "women's things" like cooking and knitting, Serena finds out that the aliens need salt to continue their species. After hearing that peace negotiations are deteriorating, Serena interrupts a meeting with her revelation and a proposed solution. Unlike other popular science fiction at the time, which often centered around war with aliens, "Subcommittee" focuses on conflict resolution. The characters' gender roles enabled the ending plot twist, but were not the focus of speculation.

title: Feminist literature

title: Feminist science fiction

text: However, feminists have also created science fiction that directly engages with feminism beyond the creation of female action heroes. Television and film have offered opportunities for expressing new ideas about social structures and the ways feminists influence science. Feminist science fiction provides a means to challenge the norms of society and suggest new standards for how societies view gender. The genre also deals with male/female categories, showing how female roles can differ from feminine roles. Hence feminism influences the film industry by creating new ways of exploring and looking at masculinity/femininity and male/female roles. A contemporary example of feminist science fiction television can be found in "Orphan Black", which deals with issues of reproductive justice, science, gender, and sexuality.