query: Who won Big Brother Australia 2007?

title: Big Brother (Australian season 7)

text: Big Brother Australia 2007, also known as Big Brother 7, was the seventh season of the Australian reality television series Big Brother. Episodes were broadcast on Network Ten in Australia, and the first episode aired on 22 April 2007. Despite a drop in ratings compared to previous series, and a number of controversies, the then Big Brother executive producer Kris Noble considers the year's series a success.[1] At the end of this season's finale broadcast 30 July 2007, it was announced by host Gretel Killeen that Big Brother would be returning for an eighth season in 2008. In the finale Aleisha Cowcher was announced winner of Big Brother Australia 2007. She won by the closest winning margin ever in the Australian series. The news the following day reported a margin of 51% versus 49% – a difference of 65 votes. This was the last season hosted by Gretel Killeen.

title: List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) housemates

text: Since the start of Big Brother Australia in 2001 there have been a total of 211 housemates. There have been 9 winners of "Big Brother"; six men and three women. The youngest winner is Aleisha Lee Cowcher, who was 20 at the time of winning "Big Brother 7", and the oldest is Terri Munro, who was 52 when she won "Big Brother 8".

title: Carphone Warehouse

text: The company were the sponsors for the United Kingdom's version of "Big Brother" from 2004 to 2007. In 2006, they also sponsored "Celebrity Big Brother" and related "Celebrity Big Brother" shows on Channel 4. On 17 January 2007, in response to alleged racism in "Celebrity Big Brother", Charles Dunstone said: "We are talking to Channel 4. The sponsorship is constantly under review. Clearly we are against racism. Most people understand that the person who has their name associated with the programme does not necessarily condone the content."

title: Jackie O (radio host)

text: In June 2007, she was a cast member of "The Nation" airing on the Nine Network. She was also co-host of the comedy show Surprise Surprise Gotcha on the same network, the series has been called the Australian version of Punk'd which was made famous by pranking many celebrities. In October 2007, she along with her radio partner Kyle Sandilands would take Gretel Killeen's job in hosting the 2008 series of "Big Brother Australia". Killeen hosted the show from its start in 2001 to 2007. Following poor ratings for this 2008 series, Network Ten announced on 14 July 2008 that "Big Brother Australia" would not return in 2009.

title: Big Brother (Australian season 3)

text: Joanne Hams (née Ashton) is from Adelaide, South Australia. She regularly poses in Ralph magazine. Hams Was evicted with an Australian Big Brother record 86% of total votes, which was the largest eviction percentage at that time. This was beaten by Michelle Olsen in 2007 who had 92% of the total evict votes.

title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)

text: In 2000, the reality series "Big Brother" premiered in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. "Celebrity Big Brother" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's "Comic Relief" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success, a second series was later confirmed. "Celebrity Big Brother 2" premiered on 20 November 2002, and concluded when Mark Owen was crowned the winner after 10 days in the house. "Celebrity Big Brother" did not air for the next two years, with Channel 4 choosing to air the spin-off series "" in 2003 and "Big Brother Panto" in 2004. In 2005, the show officially returned with its third series, which launched on 6 January. Lasting for a total of eighteen days, the series was won by Mark "Bez" Berry. The fourth edition of the show premiered on 5 January 2006 and was won by Chantelle Houghton, who ironically enough was the only housemate to not be a celebrity. The fifth series launched on 3 January 2007. This series saw Jade Goody, who had rose to fame after appearing on "Big Brother 3", enter the house as a housemate. The fifth series became the most controversial series to date, when accusations of racism towards housemate Shilpa Shetty arose against Goody and other housemates. Shetty ultimately went on to win the series, while Goody was evicted after spending two weeks in the house. Following the controversy surrounding the fifth series, "Celebrity Big Brother" did not air in 2008. It did, however, return in 2009 and 2010, with the 2010 series being announced as the final one.

title: The Big Adventure

text: The prize money offered was equal to the highest single prize ever given away on Australian television (having been twice awarded on the Nine Network's "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?", and once as the grand prize on Network Ten's "Big Brother Australia" for its 2004 edition). This was later beaten by "Million Dollar Minute" contestant Andrew Skarbek, who won $1,016,000.

title: Nikki Grahame

text: Nicola Rachel-Bert "Nikki" Grahame (born 28 April 1982 in Watford, England) is an English television personality, author, model and fashion designer who rose to fame in 2006 by appearing on "Big Brother 7. "Grahame's conspicuous temper tantrums and volatile, childlike persona divided viewer opinion during her time on "Big Brother" and subsequently led to her being given her own reality television show "Princess Nikki". Grahame won a National Television Award for Most Popular TV Contender in 2006, and featured in a series of advertisements for Domino's Pizza. As of 2007, Grahame writes a regular column in "OK!'s" "Hot Stars" magazine. She appeared in the tenth series of Big Brother, competing in a Silent Disco task against Karly Ashworth, as part of the Big Brother UK Tenth Anniversary Celebrations. After entering the UK Big Brother house again in 2010 she placed 2nd in "Ultimate Big Brother", concluding in her becoming the runner-up. She returned to the sixteenth series of "Big Brother" in 2015 as a Time Warp Housemate.

title: Big Brother Awards (Australia)

text:
"Note: The Big Brother Awards have no relationship to the Big Brother TV programme."
Since 1998, over 50 Big Brother Awards ceremonies have been held in 16 countries. They are presented around the world by the national members and affiliated organisations of Privacy International to corporations, public officials and governments that have shown a blatant disregard for privacy, or who have done the most to threaten personal privacy in their countries.

title: Big Brother (Australian season 11)

text: Big Brother Australia 2014, also known as Big Brother 11, was the eleventh and final series of the Australian reality television series "Big Brother". It began on 8 September 2014 on the Nine Network. The season ended on 26 November 2014, lasting 80 days. It is the shortest Big Brother season to date. The winner of the series was Ryan Ginns, who won a total of . The show's renewal was confirmed by the Nine Network, who air the show, at the end of the previous season's finale. This was the third season of the show to air on the Nine Network after it picked up the series in 2012, following a four-year absence. The show was originally screened on Network Ten. Sonia Kruger continued as the host of the show, and Mike Goldman continued as the narrator.

title: Big Brother (Australian season 6)

text: Big Brother Australia 2006, also known as Big Brother 6, was the sixth season of the Australian reality television series "Big Brother", and was aired on Network Ten in Australia. The series began on 22 April 2006 and finished on 31 July 2006; a duration of 101 days. In the auditions, which had been held in November and December 2005, producers asked for contestants who were "smart, strong, and looking for a fight". The "Launch" was aired on the evening of 23 April 2006 (a 24-hour delay). Fifteen housemates initially entered the house on Day 0, with the addition of three "Intruder" housemates entering the Big Brother House in Week 4, another three Intruders in Week 9, and two replacement housemates entering in Week 12. On Day 100, Jamie was declared the winner of "Big Brother 2006", with Camilla the runner-up. At the time it was the closest winning margin in any Australian series of the show, later beaten by Series 7 in 2007.

title: Big Brother (Australian TV series)

text: Big Brother Australia is based on the international Big Brother series produced by Endemol in the Netherlands which began in 1999. The show's name comes from George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), which revolves around a dystopia in which dictator Big Brother is the all-seeing leader. The series generally constitutes 14 or more contestants who live in an isolated house for several months. Housemates are at all times under the control of Big Brother, a rule enforcing authority figure who monitors behaviour of the housemates, set tasks and punishments and provides the mechanism for contestants to make external requests.

title: Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack

text: The majority of "Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack" was broadcast on E4, with the first hour of the launch show being broadcast on E4 and Channel 4. The live launch, eviction shows, finale and "Big Brother's Little Brother" were hosted by Dermot O'Leary – who had been the host of "Little Brother" since "Big Brother 2" in 2001. In 2007, O'Leary announced his departure from "Big Brother", and "Celebrity Hijack" would be his last. E4 broadcast live coverage from the house, as well as "Big Brother's Big Mouth", which was hosted by Mathew Horne and James Corden, who were guest hosts during "Big Brother 8" the previous summer. They would not return for any subsequent series of "Big Brother" or "Celebrity Big Brother".

title: Big Brother 1 (Bulgaria)

text:
Big Brother 1 was the first season of the first reality show in Bulgaria - Big Brother. The show was aired on Nova Television.
It started on 18 October 2004 and ended on 17 January 2005 and it was hosted by Niki Kanchev and Evelina Pavlova. The winner was Zdravko, who won 200 000 leva. He also participated in the second season of VIP Brother - the season was won by his wife.

title: List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) season 1 housemates

text: Ben Williams, aged 22, from Epping, Victoria, and was a student who went to La Trobe University, North West Melbourne, Victoria, entered the House on Day 1 and was the winner of the first season of Big Brother Australia. Williams started a sports management company, with the money he won from winning Big Brother.

title: Big Brother (UK series 13)

text: Big Brother 2012, also known as Big Brother 13, was the thirteenth series of the British reality television series "Big Brother", and the second series to broadcast on Channel 5. The series premiered with a live launch on 5 June 2012 and ran for 70 days, concluding on 13 August 2012. The series was originally planned to run for thirteen weeks, but was cut back to ten weeks in order to accommodate "Celebrity Big Brother 10". The series was won by Luke Anderson, who won half of the £100,000 prize fund, with the remainder taken by Conor McIntyre as part of the White Room twist. Anderson is the second transsexual contestant to win the show, the first being Nadia Almada who won the show back in 2004. The runner-up was Adam Kelly. The series was announced in April 2011 when Channel 5 signed a two-year contract to air the show. With "Big Brother 12" having been broadcast in autumn 2011, this is the first series to air in the show's regular summer period on Channel 5 since it acquired the show from Channel 4 in 2011.

title: List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) season 8 housemates

text: Craig "Barney" Barnett was a 33-year-old Surf Life Saver, model and ex-national level swimmer from Western Australia. He is one of three people who received the most votes from the Australian public in an online video audition. He entered the house on Day 7 as the third most voted person online, but was evicted by Terri on Day 10 during a snap eviction. Barney was also a contestant on the Channel 9 gameshow "1 Versus 100", where he won $108,500. In 2008, Barney was a top 50 national finalist in Cleo Bachelor of the Year. He was also crowned Mr Australia in the 2006 Manhunt Australia national final and went on to finish third runner up in the Manhunt International 2007 World Final. He is a friend of former "Big Brother" contestant Bodie.

title: List of Big Brother 6 (U.S. season) houseguests

text: The following year, the public voted for Janelle to enter the house to compete in "Big Brother: All Stars", along with James, Howie, and Kaysar. She ultimately came in third place, the same as in "Big Brother 6". While in the house, Janelle won a total of five Power of Veto competitions, and four Head of Household competitions. She currently holds the record for the most competitions won in a single season, which is nine. She also won six HoH competitions combined in both "Big Brother 6" and "Big Brother: All Stars", tying her with Rachel Reilly, who appeared in both the twelfth and thirteenth seasons of the show. Janelle is also tied with "Big Brother 8" HouseGuest Daniele Donato for the most Power of Veto competitions won in a single season, with both women winning five. Janelle returned to the house for a third season in "Big Brother 8", in which she hosted the "Janelle-O-Vision" Power of Veto competition, named after her. She also appeared for a food competition in "Big Brother 10", in which a representative from the first nine seasons of the show returned to the house. In 2009, Janelle was seen in an episode of "Big Brother 11", in which she talked with host Julie Chen about the events of the season, along with three other former HouseGuest. Janelle made her sixth appearance during the series fourteenth season, in which she lived in the house as a "mentor" for new HouseGuests. She later entered the game as a HouseGuest, but came in twelfth place.

title: VIP Brother (season 2)

text:
VIP Brother 2 was the second season of the "Big Brother"'s spin-off "VIP Brother". It was aired on Nova Television.
The show started on 26 March 2007 and ended on 27 April 2007. It lasted for 33 Days - 4 Days longer than the previous season, because of the high ratings. VIP Brother 2 was hosted by Niki Kanchev. The winner was Hristina - the only non-VIP housemate (she is also the wife of Big Brother 1's winner Zdravko, who participated in VIPB2, too). Hristina won 100 000 leva.

title: Nikki Grahame

text: On 3 March 2016, Grahame was one of two 'international wildcards' who won a public vote to enter the fourth season of "Big Brother Canada", she entered the house on Day 7 along with Tim Dormer who won the tenth season of "Big Brother Australia". Grahame finished in sixth place, being evicted on 28 April 2016, which was Day 63 of the series, and also her 34th birthday. Grahame returned to the Big Brother UK house for the final time in 2018, during the last UK series, for a task. During her final diary room entry she stated; "there's something about this house where nothing else matters. Big Brother's played a huge part in my life. It will always have a place in my heart. Thank you Big Brother for everything. Literally everything."

title: List of Big Brother (UK) housemates

text: Since the start of Big Brother in 2000 there have been a total of 253 civilian, ten Panto, eight teen, 12 "" and 14 ultimate housemates; 151 men and 170 women. There have been 19 winners of "Big Brother"; eleven men and eight women. The youngest winner is Cameron Cole, who was 19 at the time of winning "Big Brother 19", and the oldest is Jason Burrill, who was 45 when he won "Big Brother 17". Winners Nadia Almada and Luke Anderson have both had gender correcting surgery.

title: Mariano Peluffo

text: His most famous work was in the Gran Hermano's programmes (Big Brothers) (two in 2001 and one in 2002/2003). Between 2003 and 2007, Peluffo worked in "Zoobichos", "Sentí el Verano" and "Vamos a Ganar". On January 9, 2007 he returned to Gran Hermano with the fourth edition and during 2007, Peluffo worked in two more Gran Hermanos (Big Brothers); Gran Hermano Famosos (Big Brother Celebrities) and Gran Hermano 5 (Big Brother 5). He is currently working in Gran Hermano 2011 (Big Brother 2011).

title: Pinoy Big Brother: Season 2

text: Pinoy Big Brother: Season 2 is the second main season of the Philippine ABS-CBN reality television series "Pinoy Big Brother" and the fourth season overall. As with the show's previous main and spin-off seasons, it also aired a companion program on Studio 23. It began with a live party on February 25, 2007. It ran for 126 days until June 30, 2007, which was the longest stay of housemates inside the house until . The season was won by Beatriz Saw, who garnered over 1.5 million votes, or about 30.29% of total votes cast during the open voting, which started on June 17, 2007. This is also the record-breaking highest total of actual votes in the history of Pinoy Big Brother and other all text-based votes reality programs in the Philippines as of now.

title: Big Brother (Australian season 9)

text: Big Brother Australia 2012, also known as Big Brother 9, was the ninth season of the Australian reality television series, "Big Brother". It was the first to air on the Nine Network who signed a deal with Southern Star Group in September 2011 to broadcast the show. The season began with a pre-recorded launch show on 13 August 2012. Benjamin Norris was announced the winner of the ninth season on 7 November 2012, making him the first openly gay person to win "Big Brother Australia". Benjamin proposed to his boyfriend, also named Ben, during the show's finale.

title: List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) season 4 housemates

text: Trevor Butler, from Broken Hill, New South Wales, entered the House on Day 0. He was the winner of Big Brother 2004 and A$1,000,000, and proposed to his girlfriend on stage. Trevor is the only "Big Brother Australia" housemate to have won $1,000,000. On 10 October 2007, Trevor made a celebrity appearance on the ABC Television series "Summer Heights High".

title: Big Brother 14 (U.S. season)

text:
Following Shane's eviction, Dan won the first part of the final Head of Household competition, "Hook, Line, and Sinker" (similar to the "King of The Jungle" endurance HOH from season 10 in which Dan also won). On Day 71, Ian won the second part of the final Head of Household competition, "Climb Time". On Day 75, Ian won the third part of the final Head of Household, "Jury Statements" and became the final Head of Household of the season. Ian then evicted Danielle and chose Dan to take to the final two. The jury was allowed to ask questions to both Dan and Ian, who began to turn against each other. In the end, the jury voted for Ian to win the grand prize by a vote of 6 to 1 over Dan, with Danielle being the only person to vote for Dan. Before the finale ended, Julie Chen announced that Frank was the winner of the $25,000 America's Favorite HouseGuest prize.
Ian Terry now has a record of 4 HOH wins, tying Vanessa Rousso and Steve Moses both from Big Brother 17, Caleb Reynolds from Big Brother 16, Aaryn Gries from Big Brother 15, Rachel Reilly from Big Brother 13, Hayden Moss from Big Brother 12, Janelle Pierzina from Big Brother 7 and Drew Daniel from Big Brother 5.

title: List of Big Brother (Australian TV series) shows

text: The show features live footage from the House; interviews with evicted housemates; and brain teasers where viewers attempt to solve challenges such as word games, and may phone in for a chance to win up to $1000. An online stream was made available for the 2006 season at QuizTV.com.au specifically for viewers in states that do not receive "UpLate" live on television (i.e. South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory), enabling them to enter the competitions. It was possible for this stream to be viewed by those outside of Australia. An online stream was made available once more for the 2007 season. During the 2007 season of "Big Brother" a Sunday evening edition of the show was added.

title: List of Big Brother housemates (UK series 4)

text: She was evicted on Day 8. Following her eviction, she then went on appear in the Big Brother house in Australia. In December 2004, she was one of the housemates who appeared on Big Brother Panto.

title: Big Brother (Australian season 7)

text: Big Brother confirmed on Day 8 that Billy's mission was an overall success, and his reward was becoming an official Big Brother 2007 housemate(who could compete to win Big Brother Australia 2007) on Day 16. On 29 April episode, Big Brother revealed the secret relationship. Three housemates had correctly guessed Hayley and Billy were involved. As fewer than half of the housemates had guessed correctly, Big Brother deemed Hayley and Andrew as successful in their challenge so both were allowed to stay. Big Brother also revealed that as Hayley and Andrew had completed their task successfully $50,000 had been awarded into the prize pool.

title: Big Brother (Australian season 7)

text: On 23 April 2007, the four remaining wild-card housemates not selected to enter the House via the public vote on Days 1 and 2 were isolated in the "White Room". The housemates were Cruz, Demet, Kara, and Harrison. The White Room and its fixtures and fittings were all entirely white, and the housemates had only white clothes to wear. White Room housemates were provided with a white porridge which fulfilled all nutritional needs.[13] In the centre of the room was a red button. At any time, a housemate could press the red button if they wished to leave. This decision to leave was final and the quitting housemate could not return to the Big Brother House or the White Room. The challenge was that the housemate who stayed in the White Room the longest without pressing the red button would become a legitimate Big Brother housemate and enter the main house with the rest of the housemates. Monitors in the Big Brother House allowed the housemates to watch, without audio, the White Room housemates at all times. The White Room housemates were unaware that they were being watched by the Big Brother housemates. Cruz was the first white room resident evicted when he pressed the red button after Big Brother offered $750 to whoever pushed the red button first.[14] In the days after Cruz departed no one else volunteered to leave, so Big Brother ran a set of challenges to decide who from the White Room would move to the main house. First, Kara was evicted when Harrison and Demet nominated her.[15] Then, the Big Brother housemates lodged their votes on who they wanted in the house.[16] Demet won the vote and became an official housemate.[17]


query: How large is Comoros?

title: Comoros

text: At 1,660km2 (640sqmi), excluding the contested island of Mayotte, the Comoros is the fourth-smallest African nation by area. The population, excluding Mayotte, is estimated at 832,322.[4][5] As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations, the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history. The archipelago was first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa, supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration.

title: Comoros national football team

text: The Comoros national football team is the national football team of Comoros, which is controlled by the Comoros Football Federation. It was formed in 1979, joined the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in 2003, and became a FIFA member in 2005.

title: Grand Comoro bulbul

text:
The Grand Comoro bulbul ("Hypsipetes parvirostris") is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.
It is found on the Comoro Islands.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. Until 2011, the Moheli bulbul was considered as a subspecies of the Grand Comoro bulbul. Alternative names for the Grand Comoro bulbul include the Comoro bulbul and Grand Comoro black bulbul.

title: Islam in the Comoros

text: According to the 2006 estimate by the U.S. Department of State, roughly 98% of the population in the Comoros are Muslim. Virtually all Muslims in the Comoros are Sunni belonging to Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. Most adherents are Arab-Swahili, but there are also people of Indian, largely Gujarati, descent.

title: Comoros women's national football team

text: The Comoros women's national football team is the national women's football team of Comoros and is overseen by the Comoros Football Federation. They played their first match on October 28, 2006.

text: The UPDC was established in February 2013 as an alliance of parties that supported President Ikililou Dhoinine. It was initially named the Rally for Democracy in the Comoros ("Rassemblement pour la Démocratie aux Comoros", Radeco), but was later renamed Union for the Development of the Comoros.

title: Comoros

text: The Comoros has an inadequate transportation system, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labour force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labour force, and provides most of the exports. The Comoros is the world's largest producer of ylang-ylang, and a large producer of vanilla.[53]

title: Comoro Islands

text: Like other islands in the region, these islands possess numerous endemic species; here are some of the most notable species:No large African animals (elephants, giraffes, lions, crocodiles, zebras or antelopes) are found on the Comoros, despite the islands being relatively close to the mainland.

title: Comoros fody

text: The Comoros fody ("Foudia eminentissima"), also known as the red-headed fody, is a species of passerine bird in the family Ploceidae. It is found in Comoros, Mayotte and Seychelles. The taxon "aldabrana", was previously oftenconsidered a subspecies of the Comoros fody. Previously, the forest fody from Madagascar was considered a subspecies of the Comoros fody.

title: History of the Comoros (1978–89)

text: Despite international assistance, economic development was slow. Although some Comorans blamed the French, who had yet to restore technical assistance to pre-1975 levels, others suspected that Abdallah, who owned a large import-export firm, was enriching himself from development efforts with the assistance of Denard, who continued to visit the Comoros.

title: Mohamed Saïd Ouma

text:
His 2007 documentary film "Le Mythe de la cinquième île" (The myth of the fifth island) explores how an immigrant from the Comoros islands adjusts to living in Coldharbour Lane in Brixton, London with men from Croatia and Sicily, girls from Spain and Norway.
The short sequel, "Matso, épilogue du mythe de la cinquième île" is a political documentary about illegal migration between the Comoros Island and Mayotte.

title: Moroni, Comoros

text: The volcano which forms the backdrop of the Moroni city has numerous bird species including Comoro pigeon, Karthala scops owl, Comoro cuckoo-roller, Comoro drongo, Comoro thrush, Comoro bulbul, Humblot's flycatcher, Comoro cuckoo-shrike, Kirk's white-eye, Karthala white-eye, Comoro brush-warbler, Comoro green sunbird, and Comoro fody.

title: Military ranks of Comoros

text: The Military ranks of Comoros are the military insignia used by the Military of Comoros. Being a former colony of France, Comoros shares a rank structure similar to that of France. France also provides protection of territorial waters and air surveillance, as Comoros has neither a navy nor an air force.

title: History of the Comoros

text: List of heads of state of the Comoros List of heads of government of the Comoros History of Africa History of Southern Africa Politics of the Comoros

title: Comoros–India relations

text: Comoros–India relations refers to the international relations that exist between Comoros and India. The Embassy of India in Antananarivo, Madagascar is concurrently accredited to Comoros. India also maintains an Honorary Consulate General in Moroni. Comoros maintains an Honorary Consulate in New Delhi.

title: Comoro catshark

text: The Comoro catshark ("Scyliorhinus comoroensis") is a rare catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae. The holotype and only specimen was taken from the Comoros Islands in the Indian Ocean, at a depth of 400 m. The Comoro catshark is not well-documented. The reproduction of this catshark is oviparous.

title: Comoros–Qatar relations

text: Qatar established an embassy in Moroni, Comoros in 2014. The country's inaugural ambassador to Comoros, Mubarak bin Abdulrahman Al Nasser, presented his credentials to the president of Comoros in November 2014.

title: Comoros Super Cup

text: The Comoros Super Cup is a Comorian football competition, held as a game between the reigning champions of the Comoros Premier League and the Comoros Cup. The first edition was held in 2011.

title: Comoros–India relations

text: From India, the highest level visit to Comoros has been at the level of minister of state. Gurjit Singh, Additional Secretary (Africa) in the Ministry of External Affairs, visited Comoros in May 2011 and was the first Indian government official to visit the country. During the visit, India offered to provide Comoros with a soft loan of US$ 35 million for any development projects chosen by the Comoros Government. Minister of State for Science and Technology Y.S. Chowdary visited Comoros in August 2015 as the Prime Minister's Special Envoy and met with President Dhoinine.

title: Exim Bank (Comoros)

text: Exim Bank (Comoros) (EBC), also Exim Bank Comores SA (French), is a commercial bank in the Comoros. The bank is one of the commercial banks licensed by the Central Bank of the Comoros, which is the country's central bank and national banking regulator.

title: Comoros–India relations

text: India was the third largest destination for exports from Comoros in 2015. Bilateral trade between Comoros and India totaled US$ 29.06 million in 2014-15, growing from $20.29 million in the previous fiscal. India exported $17.76 million worth of goods to Comoros, and imported $11.30 million in 2014-15. The main commodities exported by India to Comoros are meat and meat products, textiles and clothing, cereals, and engineering goods. The major commodities imported by India from Comoros are spices, and iron and steel waste.

title: Comoros forests

text: These volcanic islands are rich in wildlife with endemic species including four endangered bird species living on Mount Karthala, the large active volcano on Grand Comoro Island. The islands have a wet tropical climate with a rainy season between October and April.

title: Cuckoo roller

text: It is a medium-large bird, inhabiting forests and woodlands in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Three subspecies are described: the nominate "L. d. discolor" is found in Madagascar and Mayotte Island, "L. d. intermedius" on Anjouan, and "L. d. gracilis" of Grand Comoro. Based on its smaller size, differences in the plumage, and minor difference in the voice, the last of these is sometimes considered a separate species, the Comoro cuckoo roller ("L. gracilis").

title: Artemisinin

text: The Chinese company Artepharm created a combination artemisinin and piperaquine drug marketed as Artequick. In addition to clinical studies performed in China and southeast Asia, Artequick was used in large scale malaria eradication efforts in the Comoros. Those efforts, conducted in 2007, 2012, and 2013–14, produced a 95–97% reduction in the number of malaria cases in the Comoros.

title: Elections in the Comoros

text: Several referendums have been held in the Comoros. In 1958 the islands voted in favour of the new French constitution, which resulted in them becoming part of the French Community (rejection would have led to independence). An independence referendum was held in 1974, which resulted in a large majority (95%) in favour of independence. However, one island, Mayotte, voted against referendum, and was subsequently separated from the rest of the Comoros to remain under French control.

title: Comoros

text: There is a government-owned national newspaper in Comoros, Al-Watwan,[70] published in Moroni. Radio Comoros is the national radio service and Comoros National TV is the television service.

title: Grand Comoro day gecko

text: Grand Comoro day gecko (Phelsuma v-nigra comoraegrandensis ) is a small diurnal subspecies of geckos. It lives in the Comoros and typically inhabits trees and bushes. The Grand Comoro day gecko feeds on insects and nectar.

title: List of years in the Comoros

text: This is a list of years in the Comoros. See also the history of the Comoros. For only articles about years in the Comoros that have been written, see .

title: Comoros

text: Among the earliest accounts of East Africa, the works of Al-Masudi describe early Islamic trade routes, and how the coast and islands were frequently visited by Muslims including Persian and Arab merchants and sailors in search of coral, ambergris, ivory, tortoiseshell, gold and slaves. They also brought Islam to the people of the Zanj including the Comoros. As the importance of the Comoros grew along the East African coast, both small and large mosques were constructed. Despite its distance from the coast, the Comoros is situated along the Swahili Coast in East Africa. It was a major hub of trade and an important location in a network of trading towns that included Kilwa, in present-day Tanzania, Sofala (an outlet for Zimbabwean gold), in Mozambique, and Mombasa in Kenya.[15]

title: Outline of Comoros

text:
List of ecoregions in Comoros
NoneDemographics of Comoros

title: Football in the Comoros

text: Comoros joined the Confederation of African Football in 2003 following the formation of the Comoros Football Federation, the national football association, in 1979. Comoros were accepted as full members of FIFA in 2005.


query: What is the number one cause of fecal incontinence?

title: Fecal incontinence

text: FI is a sign or a symptom, not a diagnosis,[7] and represents an extensive list of causes. Usually, it is the result of a complex interplay of several coexisting factors, many of which may be simple to correct.[7] Up to 80% of people may have more than one abnormality that is contributing.[8] Deficits of individual functional components of the continence mechanism can be partially compensated for a certain period of time, until the compensating components themselves fail. For example, obstetric injury may precede onset by decades, but postmenopausal changes in the tissue strength reduce in turn the competence of the compensatory mechanisms.[1][9] The most common factors in the development are thought to be obstetric injury and after effects of anorectal surgery, especially those involving the anal sphincters and hemorrhoidal vascular cushions.[1] The majority of incontinent persons over the age of 18 fall into one of several groups: those with structural anorectal abnormalities (sphincter trauma, sphincter degeneration, perianal fistula, rectal prolapse), neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, spina bifida, stroke, etc.), constipation/fecal loading (presence of a large amount of feces in the rectum with stool of any consistency), cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction (dementia, learning disabilities), diarrhea, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, disability related (people who are frail, acutely unwell, or have chronic/acute disabilities), and those cases which are idiopathic (of unknown cause).[7][10] Diabetes mellitus is also known to be a cause, but the mechanism of this relationship is not well understood.[11]

title: Fecal incontinence

text: The fecal incontinence severity index is based on four types of leakage (gas, mucus, liquid stool, solid stool) and five frequencies (once to three times per month, once per week, twice per week, once per day, twice or more per day). Other severity scales include: AMS, Pescatori, Williams score, Kirwan, Miller score, Saint Mark's score and the Vaizey scale.[5]

title: Anismus

text: Symptoms include tenesmus (the sensation of incomplete emptying of the rectum after defecation has occurred) and constipation. Retention of stool may result in fecal loading (retention of a mass of stool of any consistency) or fecal impaction (retention of a mass of hard stool). This mass may stretch the walls of the rectum and colon, causing megarectum and/or megacolon, respectively. Liquid stool may leak around a fecal impaction, possibly causing degrees of liquid fecal incontinence. This is usually termed encopresis or soiling in children, and fecal leakage, soiling or liquid fecal incontinence in adults.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: Functional FI is common.[23] The Rome process published diagnostic criteria for functional FI, which they defined as "recurrent uncontrolled passage of fecal material in an individual with a developmental age of at least 4 years". The diagnostic criteria are, one or more of the following factors present for the last 3 months: abnormal functioning of normally innervated and structurally intact muscles, minor abnormalities of sphincter structure/innervation (nerve supply), normal or disordered bowel habits, (i.e., fecal retention or diarrhea), and psychological causes. Furthermore, exclusion criteria are given. These are factors which all must be excluded for a diagnosis of functional FI, and are abnormal innervation caused by lesion(s) within the brain (e.g., dementia), spinal cord (at or below T12), or sacral nerve roots, or mixed lesions (e.g., multiple sclerosis), or as part of a generalized peripheral or autonomic neuropathy (e.g., due to diabetes), anal sphincter abnormalities associated with a multisystem disease (e.g., scleroderma), and structural or neurogenic abnormalities that are the major cause.[24]

title: Anal fissure

text: The main concern with surgery is the development of anal incontinence. Anal incontinence can include inability to control gas, mild fecal soiling, or loss of solid stool. Some degree of incontinence can occur in up to 45 percent of patients in the immediate surgical recovery period. However, incontinence is rarely permanent and is usually mild. The risk should be discussed with one's surgeon.

title: Surgical management of fecal incontinence

text: In fecal incontinence (FI), surgery may be carried out if conservative measures alone are not sufficient to control symptoms. There are many surgical options described for FI, and they can be considered in 4 general groups.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: 1 - those continent for solid and liquid stool and also for flatus. 2 - those continent for solid and liquid stool but incontinent for flatus (with or without urgency). 3 - those continent for solid stool but incontinent for liquid stool or flatus. 4 - those incontinent to formed stool (complete incontinence).[29]

title: Pelvic floor dysfunction

text: Pelvic floor dysfunction may include any of a group of clinical conditions that includes urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, sensory and emptying abnormalities of the lower urinary tract, defecatory dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and several chronic pain syndromes, including vulvodynia. The three most common and definable conditions encountered clinically are urinary incontinence, anal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: Several severity scales exist. The Cleveland Clinic (Wexner) fecal incontinence score takes into account five parameters that are scored on a scale from zero (absent) to four (daily) frequency of incontinence to gas, liquid, solid, of need to wear pad, and of lifestyle changes.[1] The Park's incontinence score uses four categories:

title: Fecal incontinence

text: FI may present with signs similar to rectal discharge (e.g. fistulae, proctitis or rectal prolapse), pseudoincontinence, encopresis (with no organic cause) and irritable bowel syndrome.[5]

title: Prolapse

text: Surgery is most often successful for people who still have some control over their bowel movements. If the anal sphincter is damaged, surgery may correct the prolapse but not be able to completely correct fecal incontinence (lack of control of bowel movements). Fecal incontinence can both potentially improve or worsen after prolapse surgery.

title: Rectal discharge

text:
Rectal discharge is intermittent or continuous expression of liquid from the anus (per rectum). Normal rectal mucus is needed for proper excretion of waste. Otherwise, this is closely related to types of fecal incontinence (e.g. fecal leakage) but the term rectal discharge does not necessarily imply degrees of incontinence. Types of fecal incontinence that produce a liquid leakage could be thought of as a type of rectal discharge.
Different types of discharge are described. Generally "rectal discharge" refers to either a mucous or purulent discharge, but, depending upon what definition of rectal discharge is used, the following could be included:

title: Irritant diaper dermatitis

text: It is usually considered a form of irritant contact dermatitis. The word "diaper" is in the name not because the diaper itself causes the rash but rather because the rash is associated with diaper use, being caused by the materials trapped by the diaper (usually feces). Allergic contact dermatitis has also been suggested, but there is little evidence for this cause. In adults with incontinence (fecal, urinary, or both), the rash is sometimes called incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD).

title: Sacral nerve stimulation

text: Fecal incontinence, the involuntary loss of stool and flatus release afflicting mainly elderly people, can also be treated with sacral nerve stimulation as long as patients have intact sphincter muscles. The FDA approved the approach for treating the fecal incontinence in March 2011. The etiology is not well understood yet and both conservative treatments (like antidiarrheics, special diet and biofeedback) and surgical treatments for this disorder are not regarded as ideal options.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: Fecal incontinence (FI), also known as anal incontinence, or in some forms encopresis, is a lack of control over defecation, leading to involuntary loss of bowel contents—including flatus (gas), liquid stool elements and mucus, or solid feces. FI is a sign or a symptom, not a diagnosis. Incontinence can result from different causes and might occur with either constipation or diarrhea. Continence is maintained by several interrelated factors, including the anal sampling mechanism, and usually there is more than one deficiency of these mechanisms for incontinence to develop. The most common causes are thought to be immediate or delayed damage from childbirth, complications from prior anorectal surgery (especially involving the anal sphincters or hemorrhoidal vascular cushions), altered bowel habits (e.g., caused by irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, food intolerance, or constipation with overflow incontinence),[1] and receptive anal sex.[2][3][4] An estimated 2.2% of community dwelling adults are affected.[5]

title: Pudendal nerve entrapment

text: Other than positional pain and numbness, the main symptoms are fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence.

text: The relative effectiveness of surgical options for treating fecal incontinence is not known. A combination of different surgical and non-surgical therapies may be optimal.

title: Rectal discharge

text: Anal carcinoma is much less common than colorectal cancer. The most common form is squamous cell carcinoma, followed by adenocarcinoma and melanoma. SCC usually occurs in the anal canal, and more rarely on the anal margin. Anal margin SCC presents as a lesion with rolled, everted edges and central ulceration. Symptoms include a painful lump, bleeding, pruritus ani, tenesmus, discharge or possibly fecal incontinence. SSC in the anal canal most commonly causes bleeding, but may also cause anal pain, a lump, pruritus ani, discharge, tenesmus, change in bowel habits and fecal incontinence. Because these symptoms are so unspecific, and because symptoms of anal carcinoma may not always be typical, this can lead to delays in diagnosis.

title: Sacral nerve stimulation

text: Pascual et al. (2011) revised the follow up results of the first 50 people that submit to sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) to treat fecal incontinence in Madri (Spain). The most common cause for the fecal incontinence was obstetric procedures, idiopathic origin and prior anal surgery, and all these people were refractory to the conservative treatment. The procedure consisted of placing a temporary pulse generator connected to a unilateral electrode at S3 or S4 foramen for 2–4 weeks. After it was confirmed that the SNS was decreasing the incontinence episodes, the patients received the definitive electrode and pulse generator that was implanted in the gluteus or in the abdomen. Two patients did not show improvement in the first step and did not receive the definitive stimulator. Mean follow up was 17.02 months and during this time the patients showed improvement in the voluntary contraction pressure and reduction of incontinence episodes. Complications were two cases of infection, two cases with pain and one broken electrode. Therefore, although the reason the SNS is effective is unknown, this procedure had satisfactory results in these clinical cases with a low incidence of complications, and the study concluded that it was a good option for treatment of anal incontinence.

text: Diversion colitis is inflammation of the section of gut through which stool no longer passes. This condition arises because normally the lining of the gut obtains some of its nutrients from the fecal stream. This condition may cause a foul smelling, mucous rectal discharge from the distal, unused colon.

title: Bowel management

text: The medical definition of fecal incontinence is the incapacity to voluntarily hold feces in the rectum. There are two subgroups to those with fecal incontinence: real fecal incontinence and pseudoincontinence.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: There is a continuous spectrum of different clinical presentations from incontinence of flatus (gas), through incontinence of mucus or liquid stool, to solids. The term anal incontinence often is used to describe flatus incontinence,[7] however it is also used as a synonym for FI generally. It may occur together with incontinence of liquids or solids, or it may present in isolation. Flatus incontinence may be the first sign of FI.[5] Once continence to flatus is lost, it is rarely restored.[7] Anal incontinence may be equally disabling as the other types.[25] Fecal leakage, fecal soiling and fecal seepage are minor degrees of FI, and describe incontinence of liquid stool, mucus, or very small amounts of solid stool. They cover a spectrum of increasing symptom severity (staining, soilage, seepage and accidents).[1] Rarely, minor FI in adults may be described as encopresis. Fecal leakage is a related topic to rectal discharge, but this term does not necessarily imply any degree of incontinence. Discharge generally refers to conditions where there is pus or increased mucus production, or anatomical lesions that prevent the anal canal from closing fully, whereas fecal leakage generally concerns disorders of IAS function and functional evacuation disorders which cause a solid fecal mass to be retained in the rectum. Solid stool incontinence may be called complete (or major) incontinence, and anything less as partial (or minor) incontinence (i.e. incontinence of flatus (gas), liquid stool and/or mucus).[5]

title: Puerperal disorder

text: Urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence have been linked to all methods of childbirth, with the incidence of urinary incontinence at 6 months postpartum being 3-7% and fecal incontinence 1-3%.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: Symptoms can be directly or indirectly related to the loss of bowel control. The direct (primary) symptom is a lack of control over bowel contents which tends to worsen without treatment. Indirect (secondary) symptoms, which are the result of leakage, include pruritus ani (an intense itching sensation from the anus), perianal dermatitis (irritation and inflammation of the skin around the anus), and urinary tract infections.[1] Due to embarrassment, people may only mention secondary symptoms rather than acknowledge incontinence. Any major underlying cause will produce additional signs and symptoms, such as protrusion of mucosa in external rectal prolapse. Symptoms of fecal leakage (FL) are similar, and may occur after defecation. There may be loss of small amounts of brown fluid and staining of the underwear.[5]

title: Fecal incontinence

text: This may occur when there is a large mass of feces in the rectum (fecal loading), which may become hardened (fecal impaction). Liquid stool elements are able to pass around the obstruction, leading to incontinence. Megarectum (enlarged rectal volume) and rectal hyposensitivity are associated with overflow incontinence. Hospitalized patients and care home residents may develop FI via this mechanism,[7] possibly a result of lack of mobility, reduced alertness, constipating effect of medication and/or dehydration.

title: Biofeedback

text: Level 3: Probably efficacious. This designation requires multiple observational studies, clinical studies, waitlist-controlled studies, and within subject and intrasubject replication studies that demonstrate efficacy. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) assigned alcoholism and substance abuse, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, fecal disorders in children, fecal incontinence in adults, insomnia, pediatric headache, traumatic brain injury, urinary incontinence in males, and vulvar vestibulitis (vulvodynia) to this category.

title: Fecal incontinence

text: Anorectal anomalies and spinal cord defects may be a cause in children. These are usually picked up and operated upon during early life, but continence is often imperfect thereafter.[5]

title: Anal sex

text: Repetitive penetrative anal sex may result in the anal sphincters becoming weakened, which may cause rectal prolapse or affect the ability to hold in feces (a condition known as fecal incontinence). Rectal prolapse is relatively uncommon, however, especially in men, and its causes are not well understood. Kegel exercises have been used to strengthen the anal sphincters and overall pelvic floor, and may help prevent or remedy fecal incontinence.

title: Enuresis

text: Finally, a small number of cases of incontinence are caused by physical problems in the urinary system in children. A condition known as urinary reflux or vesicoureteral reflux, in which urine backs up into one or both ureters, can cause urinary tract infections and incontinence. Rarely, a blocked bladder or urethra may cause the bladder to overfill and leak. Nerve damage associated with the birth defect spina bifida can cause incontinence. An ectopic ureter, a misplacement of the ureter outside the bladder, can also commonly cause incontinence. In these cases, the incontinence can appear as a constant dribbling of urine.

title: National Association For Continence

text: General Audience: Bladder retraining, Urinary Catheterization of Men and Women, Fecal Incontinence, Incontinence and Odor Control, Overactive bladder

title: Fecal incontinence

text: Risk factors include age, female gender, urinary incontinence, history of vaginal delivery (non-Caesarean section childbirth), obesity,[25] prior anorectal surgery, poor general health and physical limitations. Combined urinary and fecal incontinence is sometimes termed double incontinence, and it is more likely to be present in those with urinary incontinence.[43]


query: What is the oldest building in Stockholm?

title: Architecture in Stockholm

text: The buildings that survive from this period are mostly churches and royal buildings, since these were built from more durable materials than most other buildings from that period. Birger Jarls torn (The Tower Of Birger Jarl) was considered the oldest building in the entire city, however, it is now known to have been erected by Gustav Vasa in the 16th century. The Riddarholmen Church from the late 13th century is considered to be the oldest surviving building in Stockholm. While it came to serve as the church of choice for royal burials, another church, the Storkyrkan (Great Church) came to be used for coronations. Both of the churches have been redesign several times since their erection.

title: Järntorget (Stockholm)

text:
During the 18th and 19th century, the square was used as a greengrocer's market place and the buildings around it became known as distinguished addresses. "Sundbergs konditori", the oldest confectioner's shop in town, on Number 83, was founded in 1785.
The numbers of the buildings surrounding the square are continuous with those on Västerlånggatan, and are therefore listed here counter clockwise from the southern end of Västerlånggatan:

title: Royal College of Music, Stockholm

text: The Royal College of Music, Stockholm (Swedish Kungliga Musikhögskolan i Stockholm) is the oldest institution of higher education in music in Sweden, founded in 1771 as the conservatory of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. The conservatory was made independent of the Academy in 1971.

title: Stockholm

text: Stockholm Jazz Festival is one of Sweden's oldest festivals. The festival takes place at Skeppsholmen in July.[73] Stockholm Pride is the largest Pride event in the Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of July every year. The Stockholm Pride festival always ends with a parade and in 2007, 50,000 people marched with the parade and about 500,000 watched.[74] The Stockholm Marathon takes place on a Saturday in early June each year. The Nobel Banquet takes place at Stockholm City Hall every year on 10 December. The Stockholm Culture Festival (Swe: Stockholms kulturfestival) is a summer festival held annually around the middle of August. The Stockholm Water Festival (Swe: Vattenfestivalen) was a popular summer festival held annually in Stockholm between 1991 and 1999. Manifestation, a yearly ecumenical Christian festival with up to 25,000 participants. Summerburst Music festival The Stockholm International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Stockholm each year since 1990.

title: Pikeville College Academy Building

text:
It is the oldest building on the campus of what is now the University of Pikeville, and is in fact the oldest educational building in Pike County. It is a two-story brick building on a stone foundation; its bricks were made on site.
It has also been known as the Pikeville Collegiate Institute Building.

title: History of Stockholm

text: The name 'Stockholm' easily splits into two distinct parts – Stock-holm, "Log-islet", but as no serious explanation to the name has been produced, various myths and legends have attempted to fill in the gap. According to a 17th-century myth the population at the viking settlement Birka decided to found a new settlement, and to determine its location had a log bound with gold drifting in Lake Mälaren. It landed on present day Riddarholmen where today the Tower of Birger Jarl stands, a building, as a consequence, still often erroneously mentioned as the oldest building in Stockholm. The most established explanation for the name are logs driven into the strait passing north of today's old town which dendrochronological examinations in the late 1970s dated to around 1000. While no solid proofs exists, it is often assumed the Three Crown Castle, which preceded the present Stockholm Palace, originated from these wooden structures, and that the medieval city quickly expanded around it in the mid 13th century. In a wider historical context, Stockholm can be thought of as the capital of the Lake Mälaren Region, and as such can trace its origin back to at least two much older cities: Birka (c. 790–975) and Sigtuna, which still exists but dominated the region c. 1000–1240 — a capital which has simply been relocated at a number of occasions.

title: Stockholm Waterfront

text: Stockholm Waterfront, also known as "Klara Hotell och Konferens" is a building for offices, conferences and hotels. The building is located at Klarabergsviadukten in central Stockholm, at the place where previously stood, overlooking Riddarfjärden. The complex is built for three functions, called "Waterfront Building" (for offices), "Radisson Blu Stockholm Waterfront" (for hotel) and "Stockholm Waterfront" (for congresses). Architect is the White arkitekter firm. Radisson Blu operates the hotel and congress parts and was opened on January 20, 2011.

title: Storkyrkan

text: Storkyrkan (, "The Great Church"), officially named Sankt Nikolai kyrka (Church of St. Nicholas) and informally called Stockholms domkyrka (Stockholm Cathedral), is the oldest church in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. Originally the main parish church of Stockholm, it currently also serves as the seat of the Lutheran Bishop of Stockholm within the Church of Sweden since the creation of the Diocese of Stockholm in 1942. It is an important example of Swedish Brick Gothic. Situated next to the Royal Palace, it forms the western end of Slottsbacken, the major approach to the Royal Palace, while the streets Storkyrkobrinken, Högvaktsterrassen, and Trångsund passes north and west of it respectively. South of the church is the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building facing Stortorget and containing the Swedish Academy, Nobel Library, and Nobel Museum.

title: History of Stockholm

text: In 1923 the Stockholm municipal government moved to a new building, the Stockholm City Hall. The Stockholm International Exhibition was held in 1930. In 1967 the city of Stockholm was integrated into Stockholm County.

title: Grill family

text: Ersta is one of the many "malmgårdarna" (suburban manors) built in Stockholm during the 17th and 18th century. At these manors, wealthy, noble families from different parts of Sweden, could enjoy the same comforts as in their homes in the country. The manors were built in the suburbs, close to what constituted Stockholm in the 17th century and 18th century. The city has grown considerably since then, and these locations are now considered to be part of central Stockholm. Many of the buildings, the entire manor or part of them, are still in use and embedded in the modern cityscape.

title: Stockholms Auktionsverk

text: Stockholms Auktionsverk (Swedish for "Stockholm's Auction House"), founded in 1674 in Sweden, is the world's oldest auction house.

title: Prehistory and origin of Stockholm

text: A modern story dated back to the mid 17th century, tells how the population of Birka, a historical city on Lake Mälaren, grew too rapidly, and the Gods then consulted urged parts of the population to emigrate to a new site. To determine where to build the new city, it was decided a log bound with gold should point out where to settle by sailing ashore on the site, and, occasionally, it landed on an islet in what is today central Stockholm. According to a 17th-century myth, the tower Birger Jarls torn, often and erroneously said to be the oldest building in Stockholm, was built on this location.

title: Walls of Stockholm

text: During the late 14th century people began to build plots outside the city walls. These lands had been gradually extended by paddings, and through rectification and land elevations. When Stockholm's oldest city walls lost its strategic significance, a new defensive wall was built further west and east.

title: List of the oldest church buildings in Mexico

text: The following is a list of the oldest extant church in each of the administrative divisions of Mexico. The first place of Christian worship in what would become Mexico was in what is now known as La Antigua, Veracruz, founded by the Spanish in 1519.

title: Stockholm Music Museum

text:
Since 1979 the Stockholm Music Museum is located in the splendid former Crown Bakery, in the same quarter as the Court Stables, beside the Royal Dramatic Theatre, in central Stockholm. The Crown Bakery dates from the 17th century, and is Stockholm’s oldest industrial building.
This building has a long and eventful history and has through the centuries performed a number of functions: bakery, weapon depot, spirits store. Yet almost all the time—from the 1640s to 1958—it has been a bakery for the armed forces in Stockholm. It even boasted mobile ovens which could be used during field exercises. In 1945 the building was ravaged by a fire which destroyed its upper floors in the northern part–where the Concert Hall is now located.

title: Culture in Stockholm

text: The city's oldest section is Gamla stan (Old Town), located on the original small islands of the city's earliest settlements and still featuring the medieval street layout. Some notable buildings of Gamla Stan are the large German Church ("Tyska kyrkan") and several mansions and palaces: the "Riddarhuset" (the House of Nobles), the Bonde Palace, the Tessin Palace and the Oxenstierna Palace. The oldest building in Stockholm is the Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After a fire in 1697 when the original medieval castle was destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a baroque style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 18th century.

title: Järntorget (Stockholm)

text: The second oldest square in Stockholm, slightly younger than Stortorget, Järntorget dates back to around 1300 and remained the city's most important trade centre for centuries — constantly busy and crowded, scents and noise intermixing while goods were transported from shore to shore across the square and up and down the attics of the surrounding buildings.

title: Architecture in Stockholm

text: The oldest part of Stockholm is Gamla Stan (The Old Town), which contains some of the city's oldest buildings and ruins. One example is the ruins of the Castle Of Three Crowns, which was erected in the 13th century by the Swedish king Birger Jarl.

title: Bromma Church

text: Bromma kyrka is a round church in the borough Bromma in Stockholm, Sweden. The oldest parts of the church were built in the later 12th century as a fortress church, and the church is among Stockholm's oldest buildings.

title: Fredrik August Lidströmer

text: Fredrik August Lidströmer (1787–1856), son of Jonas Lidströmer. Swedish architect, artist and marine officer and Stockholm's City architect. Grown up in the naval city of Karlskrona and came to Stockholm to help his father with construction of the Obelisk at Slottsbacken adjacent to the royal palace, and then continued with the construction of the quays surrounding the waters of the capital and he is the architect of Stockholm's oldest official park, the Strömparterren, between the Royal Palace in Stockholm and the Opera House, just opposite today's Parliament building (Riksdagen)

title: Central Sundbyberg

text: Central Sundbyberg ("Centrala Sundbyberg") is considered the oldest and most original part of Sundbyberg Municipality in Sweden. It is one of Stockholm's oldest satellite towns. Its proximity to Stockholm City Centre, nostalgic environment and well-connected transportation networks has made this part of town an attractive housing area.

title: Stockholm Court House

text: The Stockholm Court House () is situated on Kungsholmen in Central Stockholm, Sweden. The building is connected to the Stockholm Police House through an underground pedestrian walkway. The Stockholm District Court is situated in the building.

title: Stockholm City Theatre

text: Stockholm City Theatre is situated in the heart of Stockholm, in the building commonly known as Kulturhuset, the large lighted glass building at Sergels torg (Sergel's Square), near the Sergel fountain and the Stockholm City roundabout. Kulturhuset is one of Stockholm's most popular public buildings and, besides the theatre, also includes small cafés, book shops, a bar and a restaurant, a library, various exhibitions, public debates, lectures, book signings, a small medieval museum, and workshops.

title: Stockholm

title: Stockholm University

text: Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university. As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large.

title: Södra Teatern

text:
Södra Teatern ("Southern Theatre") is a theatre, located in the "Söder"-district (Södermalm) in Stockholm. It is one of Stockholm's most appreciated private theatres. Established in 1859, it is Stockholm's oldest private theatre. It has two restaurants, outdoor terraces and seven stages.
“… a palace of entertainment with an intellectual bite”. ("Dagens Nyheter", Swedish newspaper)
Since 1997, focus has been set on staging international performances. The theatre houses diverse events, spanning from club-scene entertainment, concerts, theatre and readings to children's philosophy.
The venue is the oldest theatre in Stockholm and is situated in the heart of the city. Although built as a theatre, the main focus today is on music. Over 600 events were staged in 2010, 2011 was expected to see around 1000 events.
Facts:

title: Mynttorget

text: On N.4 Stockholms Stads Brandförsäkringskontor ("The Stockholm Fire Insurance Office"), in short Brandkontoret, was established in 1746 as a result of the devastating fire at the Royal Palace in 1697. It is thus the oldest insurance company in Sweden, a company owned by its insured customers. In 1806 the building was acquired and the office of Brandkontoret has since then been located here. The building was earlier known as the Rosendal Palace ("Rosendalska palatset"), designed by C F Adelcrantz (1716–1796) and Erik Palmstedt (1741–1803) in a transitional style bridging Rococo and Gustavian Classicism, in 1773–1780 the location of the Royal Academy of the Arts.

title: Geography of Stockholm

text: One of the oldest bridges was located where today Stallbron is found, immediately south of the Riksdag Building. The first stone bridge, Norrbro, was built in front of the Royal Palace under Gustav III.

title: Samfundet S:t Erik

text: Itself founded in 1901, the association is the oldest organisation to promote the preservation of historical structures in Stockholm. It co-founded the Stockholm Beauty Council ("Stockholms skönhetsråd") in 1918 and the Stockholm City Museum in 1937.

title: Walls of Stockholm

text: Stockholm's oldest city wall was originally a fortification line built during the second half of the 13th century around Stadsholmen. This line of fortifications is thus intimately connected with the origin of Stockholm, founded by Birger Jarl around the year 1250. The old city wall exact design and location is disputed and unknown. According to one common belief, they are remnants of the oldest city wall preserved in buildings where the wall once was. At the excavations and building surveys, however, such residues have never been found.


query: Where did the 2014 Bundy standoff take place?

title: Bundy standoff

text: The 2014 Bundy standoff was an armed confrontation between supporters of cattle rancher Cliven Bundy and law enforcement following a 21-year legal dispute in which the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM) obtained court orders directing Bundy to pay over $1 million in withheld grazing fees for Bundy's use of federally-owned land adjacent to Bundy's ranch in southeastern Nevada.

title: Bundy standoff

text: After the BLM announced that it would release the gathered cattle, Bundy demanded that the county sheriff disarm the National Park Service "at Lake Mead and Red Rock park and all other parks where the federal government claims they have jurisdiction over."[90] He requested that the arms be delivered within one hour.[90] Bundy further demanded that county bulldozers or loaders be used to "tear down that entrance places where they ticket us and where they injure us and make us citizens pay their fees."[91] The demands, which he described as a "mandate from we the people",[92] were not met.

title: 2014 Las Vegas shootings

text: During the April 2014 Bundy standoff, in which the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) attempted to round up cattle belonging to rancher Cliven Bundy, who refused to vacate public land, Jerad Miller was said to have been among the armed protesters who joined Bundy during the incident. According to Bundy's son, Ammon Bundy, the Millers were present during the standoff for a few days, but had been instructed by a militia member to leave due to "their radical beliefs", which did not align with the protest's main issues. They were also instructed to leave because Jerad Miller was a felon in possession of a firearm. Carol Bundy later commented, "I have not seen or heard anything from the militia and others who have came to our ranch that would, in any way, make me think they had an intent to kill or harm anyone."

title: Bundy standoff

text: On the morning of April 12, an armed crowd rallied under a banner that read "Liberty Freedom For God We Stand". Most had signs, many of which chided "government thugs". Addressing the protesters, Bundy said, "We definitely don't recognize [the BLM director's] jurisdiction or authority, his arresting power or policing power in any way" and "We're about ready to take the country over with force!" After the BLM announced a suspension of the roundup, Bundy suggested blocking a highway.[66] Armed protesters blocked a portion of Interstate 15 for more than two hours, causing traffic backups for three miles in both directions.[77] Protesters also converged at the mouth of Gold Butte, the preserve where the cattle were corralled, and a tense, hour-long standoff ensued. BLM rangers warned over loudspeakers that they were prepared to use tear gas.[66] Former Arizona Sheriff Richard Mack, who was with the protesters, said that they were "strategizing to put all the women up at the front. If they are going to start shooting, it's going to be women that are going to be televised all across the world getting shot by these rogue federal officers".[16] Protesters with rifles took positions on a highway overpass, seemingly offering cover as horse-mounted wranglers led protesters to face off against heavily equipped BLM rangers and snipers.[66] Utah Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox, who officially traveled to the Bundy standoff to convey that Utah did not want the cattle, put the number of federal agents present at over 200.[78] According to Las Vegas assistant sheriff Joe Lombardo, there were 24 BLM rangers and Las Vegas deputy sheriffs present at the standoff.[79] Las Vegas police were not allowed to wear protective gear because of fear that it would be seen as a provocation.[80] Clark County Sheriff Gillespie blames the escalation of the situation on the BLM, stating to the Las Vegas Review-Journal that the BLM has lied to him about having a place to take the cattle and the BLM did not attend town-hall meetings and disregarded his advice as County Sheriff.[81]

title: Timeline of the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

text: The previous night, Cliven Bundy was arrested for events during the 2014 Bundy standoff, after he flew into Portland to support Fry, Banta, and the Andersons.

title: Bunkerville, Nevada

text: In the spring of 2014, Bunkerville was the scene of the Bundy standoff, an armed confrontation between protesters and law enforcement over the non-payment of the grazing fees by Cliven Bundy, a local rancher.

title: Bundy standoff

text: About 1,500 Bundy supporters attended a celebration on April 18, where they ate Bundy beef, read cowboy poetry, and wore "domestic terrorist" name tags,[18] referencing a comment made by Nevada Senator Harry Reid.[130] Bundy said he would continue holding a daily news conference.[18]

title: W. Cleon Skousen

text: In an op-ed, Chris Zinda of "The Independent" points out a book co-published by Cliven Bundy, the central figure of a 2014 standoff with the Bureau of Land Management. According to Zinda, it lays out Bundy's motivations behind the standoff, which he describes as "a combination of LDS theology and Skousen constitutional theory".

title: Bundy standoff

text: Two people who were briefly at the ranch during the standoff were later involved in a shootout in Las Vegas. Cliven Bundy said that the couple, Jerad and Amanda Miller, had been asked to leave the ranch after a few days because they were "very radical" and did not align themselves with the protest's main issues.[120] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Jerad and Amanda Miller were two of "perhaps hundreds of thousands" who saw the outcome of the Bundy standoff as "a huge victory against the federal government," which "may have pushed them over the edge."[121] This shooting occurred on June 8, 2014, when Jerad and Amanda Miller killed two Las Vegas police officers and an armed civilian before Amanda Miller took her life. Jerad Miller was fatally wounded and died during a shootout with police.[122] Interior Secretary Sally Jewell reacted to the shootings, saying, "It's very important to bring lawbreakers to justice. ... [Bundy] put our people in grave danger by calling in armed civilians from around the country, and that's not okay." Carol Bundy said, "I have not seen or heard anything from the militia and others who have came to our ranch that would, in any way, make me think they had an intent to kill or harm anyone."[123]

title: Ammon Bundy

text: In September 2016, Ammon and Ryan Bundy (through Ammon's lawyers, Philpot and Marcus Mumford), filed a motion seeking to permit his client to wear "cowboy" attire in court. The U.S. Marshals Service's policy barred the defendants from wearing ties, boots, and belts, for safety reasons. Denying the motion on grounds that this policy is rational and that the Bundys did not show their attire would prejudice their case, Judge Brown said Ammon was "dressed better than most people in the building, period." On October 27, 2016, a jury acquitted seven of the defendants. Five of them were released but Ammon Bundy and his brother Ryan remained in federal custody pending trial on charges related to the 2014 Bundy standoff.

title: Bundy standoff

text: On May 8, Clark County sheriff's officials said that they were interviewed by the FBI as part of an investigation into armed Bundy supporters who confronted federal officers during the standoff.[117] The investigation was confirmed by Clark County Sheriff Doug Gillespie, who stated "I've said all along there has to be accountability for what took place on April 12."[118]

title: Cliven Bundy

text: About a week after the climax of the standoff, on April 19, 2014, Bundy spoke about witnessing a civil disturbance, the 1965 Watts riots. Bundy described his views about unhappiness at that time and criticized what he saw as government interference and its influence on African Americans. He recalled later seeing a public housing project in North Las Vegas where some of the older residents and the children sat on the porch. He said:

title: Larry Klayman

text: In 2016, Klayman unsuccessfully applied in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada for permission to represent Cliven Bundy in the criminal case stemming from the 2014 Bundy standoff. Klayman did not formally represent Bundy at his criminal trial, but rather conferred with Bundy and his family members. The judge dismissed the case, the government appealed the dismissal, and Klayman said he would represent Bundy on appeal. Following the dismissal of the federal criminal charges against Bundy, Klayman, on his behalf, sued in state court for a declaration that the federal government cannot own land in Nevada. Klayman also filed a lawsuit against the federal government on behalf of two of Bundy's codefendants who were found not guilty; Klayman filed a similar lawsuit on behalf of Bundy's son, Ryan.

title: Ammon Bundy

text: He is the son of rancher Cliven Bundy, who was the central figure of the 2014 Bundy standoff regarding unpaid grazing fees on federally-owned public land.

title: Bundy standoff

text: J. J. MacNab, who writes for Forbes about anti-government extremism, described Bundy's views as inspired by the sovereign citizen movement, whose adherents believe that the county sheriff is the most powerful law-enforcement officer in the country, with authority superior to that of any federal agent, local law-enforcement agency or any other elected official.[29] On April 12, 2014, Bundy "ordered" Clark County Sheriff Doug Gillespie to confront the federal agents, disarm them and deliver their arms to Bundy within an hour of his demand, and later expressed disappointment that Gillespie did not comply.[29][30][31]

title: Patriot movement

text: The movement was connected to, and received a boost in profile from, the 2014 Bundy standoff and 2016 Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Two members of the movement, Jerad Miller and Amanda Miller, killed two police officers and a civilian during a violent shooting rampage in Las Vegas after leaving the Bundy standoff; they pinned a note to one of their victims saying "This is the beginning of the revolution."

title: Gavin Seim

text: Ammon Bundy participated in the Bundy standoff in 2014 and led armed militants in the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in 2016. Bundy was scheduled to speak at the "I Will NOT Comply" event that Seim organized in 2014, but Bundy did not show up.

title: Bob Thorpe (politician)

text: In April 2014, Thorpe travelled at his own expense to meet with people gathered at Cliven Bundy's ranch in Nevada. During the weekend of his visit, Bundy supporters engaged in an armed standoff with law enforcement officers. Upon returning to Arizona, Thorpe reportedly urged Arizona state legislators to support Cliven Bundy.

title: Independent American Party

text: During the early stages of the Bundy standoff in April 2014, the IAP supported the group's position as a rebellion against injustice. The IAP distanced itself from the group's "anti-government extremism" and invited Cliven Bundy to speak at the IAP summit in August 2014.

title: Bundy standoff

text: Bundy accumulated more than $1 million in unpaid grazing fees and court-ordered fines.[18][19] The Portland Oregonian newspaper reported in May 2014 that the amount that Bundy owed stood in "stark contrast" to the situation in Oregon, where just 45 of the state's roughly 1,100 grazing permit holders collectively owed $18,759 in past-due payments to the BLM, and only two ranchers had unpaid fees more than 60 days past due.[20] Excluding Bundy's unpaid fees, the total of all late grazing fees owed nationwide to the BLM was only $237,000.[21]

title: Bundy standoff

text: On April 15, 2014, a group of Republican state legislators from Arizona, including Representatives Bob Thorpe (R-Flagstaff), David Livingston (R-Peoria), Kelly Townsend (R-Mesa), Senators Judy Burges (R-Sun City West), and Kelli Ward (R-Lake Havasu City) traveled to Mesquite, Nevada, to support Bundy in his standoff with the BLM.[136][137]

title: Ammon Bundy

text: Bundy participated in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Bunkerville, Nevada, in which his father, Cliven Bundy, was the central figure. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) attempted to confiscate Cliven's cattle for grazing on public land for years without a permit.

title: Bundy standoff

text: In May 2014, Bundy changed his political affiliation from the Republican party to the Independent American Party.[34]

title: Bundy standoff

text: After the roundup was suspended, Cliven Bundy received several certified letters from the BLM that he refused to open.[97][98] A BLM spokesperson said that the letters included notices that "provide Mr. Bundy the opportunity to buy back the gathered cattle." The spokesperson did not explain why the agency had sent Bundy notices regarding cattle that had been released to him.[99]

title: Cliven Bundy

text: Cliven D. Bundy (born April 29, 1946) is an American cattle rancher from Bunkerville, Nevada who was federally incarcerated awaiting a trial with bail denied for his alleged role in the 2014 Bundy standoff. On December 20, 2017, because of prosecutorial misconduct violating the federal Brady rule, his case was declared a mistrial by Judge Gloria Navarro and his charges were dismissed. He vocally advocated a philosophy opposed to what he views as federal government overreach. He initiated the 2014 Bundy Standoff in Nevada, an armed standoff with federal and state law enforcement over defaulted grazing fees. He is the father of Ammon Bundy, who in 2016 also led another armed standoff against the government, the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon.

title: Gavin Seim

text: Ammon Bundy, who had participated in the Bundy standoff (which arose from a dispute between Bundy's father and the United States Bureau of Land Management), was scheduled to speak at the event, but did not show up.

title: Bundy standoff

text: Before the round-up, the Bureau of Land Management contacted state and local authorities.[9] The bureau advised Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto of the agency's proposed actions.[9] Clark County sheriff Doug Gillespie relayed information from the BLM and helped negotiate an end to the standoff.[58] In 2012 and again during the 2014 roundup, the BLM had reportedly offered to buy Bundy's cattle and give him proceeds from their eventual sale. According to Cliven Bundy's son, Ammon Bundy, Gillespie also delivered an offer for the bureau to leave the area and keep the cattle.[9]

text: On October 27, 2016, Ammon Bundy and six other defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy to impede federal officers and possession of firearms in a federal facility by a jury. One defendant was found not guilty of theft of a government-owned truck, and the jury was hung on charges of theft of surveillance cameras by another defendant. The judge released five of the defendants, but returned Ammon and Ryan Bundy to federal custody because they also face trial related to the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. At the end of the trial, Marcus Mumford, Ammon Bundy's lawyer, argued with the judge that Bundy should be released immediately on the grounds that the court did not have a detainer, and the United States Marshals Service had no document authorizing Bundy's detention. Both of the Bundy brothers had been ordered to be held without bail in January when they were charged. After the judge admonished him for yelling at the bench, six U.S. Marshals surrounded the defense table and then tackled Mumford and tased him when he resisted. A spokesman for the Marshals Service said Mumford was arrested because he "was resisting and preventing Marshals from taking Ammon Bundy out of the courtroom and back into custody." Other lawyers described the Marshals' actions as a sharp break from customary courtroom decorum. On March 13, 2017, federal prosecutors dropped the unusual charges brought against Mumford for his outburst at his client's verdict.

title: Cliven Bundy

text: On February 10, 2016, Cliven Bundy was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) at the Portland International Airport while he was on his way to support the Malheur Standoff. He was placed in federal custody, facing federal charges related to his own standoff with the Bureau of Land Management in 2014. His trial was scheduled for 2017. On January 8, 2018, judge Gloria M. Navarro dismissed with prejudice all charges against Cliven Bundy and his sons, criticizing prosecutors for willful violations of defendants' due process rights, including failing to properly turn over evidence to their lawyers.

title: Bundy standoff

text: During a June 3, 2014, radio program Cliven Bundy spoke with a small group of candidates for Clark County sheriff. He did not endorse any candidate, but he said that he did not want a peacemaker in that position. "You gonna be a peacemaker," said Bundy, "you're gonna be on the BLM's side."[102]