query: Who is the leader of India?

title: List of heads of state of India

text: This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the independence of India in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

title: Early Nationalists

text:
To create an all-India political organisation, Banerjee convened the Indian National Conference in 1883 at Kolkata. Banerjee merged the Indian National Conference with the Indian National Congress in 1886 as both organisations had similar objectives. He presided over two sessions of the Congress in 1895 and 1902.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale,known as ""The Political Guru of Gandhi"" as he was the one who guided Mahatma Gandhi to travel around India in order to fight against the British, was one of the social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and also social reform. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions.

title: Indian Home Rule movement

text: Indian home rule movement began in India in the background of World War I. The Government of India Act (1909) failed to satisfy the demands of the national leaders. However, the split in the congress and the absence of leaders like Tilak, who was imprisoned in Mandalay meant that nationalistic response was tepid.

title: Abdul Matlib Mazumdar

text: Abdul Matlib Mazumdar (1890–1980) was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader based in undivided Assam State. In 1946, when India was still under British rule, he became an MLA and also Cabinet Minister of Assam. He was one of the prominent Muslim leaders of eastern India to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. Mazumdar along with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country.

title: India HIV/AIDS Alliance

text: India HIV/AIDS Alliance also organises Leadership awards at the world AIDS day. The award ceremony has two sections. The first section is respecting the existing leaders who have made immense contribution to the community and the sector. And the second section is giving awards to new and emerging leaders. The first Leadership awards were organised in 2016.

title: Vallabhbhai Patel

text: The Governor-General of India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, along with Nehru and Patel, formed the "triumvirate" that ruled India from 1948 to 1950. Prime Minister Nehru was intensely popular with the masses, but Patel enjoyed the loyalty and the faith of rank and file Congressmen, state leaders, and India's civil servants. Patel was a senior leader in the Constituent Assembly of India and was responsible in large measure for shaping India's constitution. He is also known as the "Bismarck of India". Patel was a key force behind the appointment of Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee, and the inclusion of leaders from a diverse political spectrum in the process of writing the constitution.

title: Syed Mahmud

text: Mahmud was one of the members of the Congress Working Committee that endorsed the 1942 Quit India movement, calling for an immediate end to British rule. From August 1942, Mahmud and all of the other top leaders of the Quit India movement were imprisoned, mostly in Ahmednagar Fort. To the surprise of his fellow detainees, the government released Mahmud in October 1944. Initially he implied that he didn't know why he had been freed. Then the British authorities released to the press a letter that he had written to the Viceroy of India. In the letter Mahmud denied participating in the passage of the Quit India Resolution. His colleagues, who would remain imprisoned until May 1945, felt angry and betrayed. Mahmud met with Gandhi, and afterwards apologized for writing the letter and letting down his friends and the movement. Mahmud's standing with Indian nationalists improved over the succeeding years. He was one of the secular Muslim leaders who opposed the Muslim League's demand for the creation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, and worked with other Indian leaders against the resulting communal violence between Muslims and Hindus in Bihar and other parts of India.

text: Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Shantipal is an underground political party in India. The Shanti Pal group emerged as through a split in the North Bengal-Bihar Regional Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), being the pro-Lin Biao faction. The leader of the faction, Shanti Pal, had been a school teacher in Phansidewa who became a key CPI(ML) leader. After forming his own faction Pal remained loyal to the line of the CPI(ML) leader Charu Majumdar. Pal's party combatted landlords in areas like Godda and Sahebganj. The party opposes participation in elections and calls for armed agrarian revolution.

title: Ali Jawad Zaidi

text: During his graduation and later while doing his LLB, he came into contact with leaders of the Indian independence movement, which he joined in the late 1930s. He wrote revolutionary poetry while he led the student's movement along with other student leaders such as Shankar Dayal Sharma, who later went on to become the President of India. His poetry drew praise from Sarojini Naidu, and he was subsequently elected as the Secretary-General of the All India Student’s Federation. He remained the Secretary-General of the All India Students Federation during the Quit India Movement (1942) launched by Mahatma Gandhi.

title: Propaganda and India in World War II

text: Indian nationalist leaders challenged Britain’s propaganda regarding India in the United States primarily through the publication of pamphlets, magazines, articles in newspapers and events. The biggest monthly pamphlet was titled “India Today” and was published by the India League of America. This pamphlet was an opportunity to disseminate the pro-independence arguments of the nationalist Indian Congress Party, and in particular the leader Jawaharlal Nehru. The India League of America also published some broadsheets in 1942, with titles such as “India: Her position in a changing world,” “Storm over India,” and “Can Indians get together?” These publications did not significantly impact American public opinion. A full-page advertisement sponsored by the India League and placed in the Washington Post on May 19, 1943 stressed that “The Time For Mediation is NOW” and listed the names of influential Americans who supported Indian independence, and provided reasons for why it was important.

title: National Democratic Alliance (India)

text: The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is a centre-right coalition of political parties in India. At the time of its formation in 1998, it was led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and had thirteen constituent parties. Its chairman was Late former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Also representing the alliance are L. K. Advani, former Deputy Prime Minister, who is the acting chairman of the Alliance, Narendra Modi, current Prime Minister and Leader of the House in Lok Sabha; and Arun Jaitley, Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha and Finance minister. The coalition ruled from 1998 to 2004. The alliance returned to power in the 2014 General election with a combined vote share of 38.5%. Its leader, Narendra Modi, was sworn in as Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014.

title: Leader of the Opposition (India)

text: In India, Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are accorded statutory recognition. The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, defines the Leader of the Opposition, in relation to either House of Parliament, as 'member of the Council of States or the House of the People, as the case may be, who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case may be*. In the explanation to the said definition it has been clarified that where there are two or more parties in opposition to the Government, in the Council of States or in the House of the People, having the *According to directions issued by the Presiding Officers of both the Houses the minimum numerical strength required for recognition as a political party is one tenth of the total membership of the House.same numerical strength, the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case may be, shall, having regard to the status of the parties, recognise any one of the Leaders of such parties as the Leader of the Opposition for the purposes of this section and such recognition shall be final and conclusive.

title: Binoy Viswam

text: Binoy is married to Shaila. Shaila worked in the Kerala Gramin Bank as officer at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Shaila completed a course from Nottingham University in creative writing. Both Binoy Viswam and Shaila are the children of two prominent Communist Party leaders. Binoy Viswam is the son of C.K.Viswanathan who was a leader of the Communist Party of India. He was the Asst Secretary of its State Committee and is a well-known campaigner and strategist. Shaila is the daughter of Koothattukulam Mary, a party leader turned teacher.

title: Leader of the Opposition (India)

text: While the position also existed in former Central Legislative Assembly of British India, and holders of it there included Motilal Nehru, it received statutory recognition through the "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977" which defines the term "Leader of the Opposition" as that member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha who, for the time being, is the Leader of that House of the Party in Opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised, as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. However, in order to get formal recognition, the concerned party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the House (55 seats in the Lok Sabha). If any party fails to get 10% seats in opposition, the House will not have recognised leader of the opposition. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criterion, not an alliance.

title: Indian independence movement

text: The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".[60][59] The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan.[60]

title: Samastipur district

text: There are many important noted people from this district in India as well as abroad. Samastipur district has produced several nationally as well as internationally recognized scientists and famous leaders, including freedom fighters and political leaders, who have occupied ministerial posts in the Government of India have been recognized.

title: Ratul Puri

text: In 2002, Puri was the Ernst & Young "Entrepreneur of the Year" award for his contribution towards manufacturing industry in India. He is part of the many think tanks that are evolving solutions to usher energy sufficiency in India and was part of the World Economic Forum as one of the Young Global leaders. In 2007, "Business Today" rated him among the "Top 21 Young Leaders" in the country who could shape India’s destiny in the 21st century. "Dataquest" magazine has named him amongst the “Young Brigade in the IT Industry”.

title: Ricky Kej

text: In 2018, Ricky was named in the prestigious "Real Leaders 100 List". Real Leaders (A Signatory to the United Nations) curates this list of leaders who 'Inspire the Future'. In May 2018, Kej was honoured by The House of Commons, Canada for "Outstanding Musical and Humanitarian Achievement". Ricky was the only representative from India. Ricky Kej's life and journey as a musician is now taught to 7th Grade children in India as part of the ICSE syllabus English textbooks. Ricky Kej is notably also a professor at the prestigious National Institute of Advanced Studies (at the Indian Institute of Science). Kej has been named as an ambassador for the Earth Day Network.

title: Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma

text: In Sri Lanka, LSSP had been very active before the war, but the suppression of the party by the colonial authorities and the exile of various leaders to India weakened it severely. Also, the decision to merge LSSP with BLPI was not well established with the primary leaders of the party, who were in British jails. In India, BLPI had activities in a few areas. Many of the activists were exiled LSSPers who were concentrated in Bombay.

title: Annexation of Goa

text: The future leader of the Soviet Union, Leonid Brezhnev, who was touring India at the time of the war, made several speeches applauding the Indian action. In a farewell message, he urged Indians to ignore Western indignation as it came "from those who are accustomed to strangle the peoples striving for independence... and from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder". Nikita Khrushchev, the de facto Soviet leader, telegraphed Nehru stating that there was "unanimous acclaim" from every Soviet citizen for "Friendly India". The USSR had earlier vetoed a UN security council resolution condemning the Indian invasion of Goa.

title: Janata Party

text: Prime Minister Morarji Desai and the Minister of External Affairs Atal Bihari Vajpayee began significant changes in India's foreign policy, moving away from the course adopted by Indira's government. Both Pakistan and China had celebrated the ouster of Indira Gandhi, who had preserved a hardline stance against India's rival neighbours. In 1979, Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the highest-ranking Indian official to visit Beijing, meeting China's leaders. The Desai government re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which had been severed due to the Sino-Indian War of 1962. Both nations established regular dialogue to resolve long-standing territorial disputes, expand trade and enhance border security. The Desai government ended India's support for the guerrillas loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh, who had been assassinated in 1975 by military officers and replaced by a military regime that sought to distance itself from India.

title: Foreign relations of India

text: Indo-Italian relations, although historically cordial, have gone into a steep downward trend to the point of becoming publicly contentious. In recent times, the state of India-Italy bilateral relations have mirrored the political fortunes of Sonia Maino-Gandhi, the Italian born leader of the Indian National Congress and who was the "de facto" leader of the UPA government of Manmohan Singh. The relationship continues to be polluted by investigations for impropriety in defence deals involving Italy and legal wrangling on matters of court jurisdiction and sovereign immunity after the killing of two Indian fishermen by Italian Navy Marines. Italian actions to politicise the issue has entrenched India's resolve to refuse a political settlement and pursue the case of the Italian marines to a judicial conclusion. Italy has reportedly resorted to opposing India within the European Union and at multilateral forums: from dampening India's efforts in Brussels to going slow on India's bid to join the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

title: Shripad Amrit Dange

text: These events had their direct fall-out in the Communist Party of India. Former nationalist vs. international socialist debate had now turned into a conflict between the Right (the Russian line) and the Left (the Chinese line). Dange, who was supporting the Nehru Government, was the main leader of the Right. After the death of Secretary-General Ajoy Ghosh in January 1962, a truce was established. Dange, who at that time was the head of the All-India Trade Union Congress, became the first chairman of the CPI and the centrist leader, Namboodiripad, became the Secretary-General.

title: All India Progressive Janata Dal

text: All India Janata Dal, was a political party in India. AIJD was launched on December 11, 2002 by several leaders of Janata Dal (Secular) and Janata Dal (United) in Karnataka, including the main JD(U) leader in the state Ramakrishna Hegde and JD(S) leader S. R. Bommai.

title: Leader of the Opposition (India)

text: The Leader of the Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in either House of the Parliament of India.

title: American India Foundation

text: The Fellowship creates a community of socially engaged, global citizens who represent the leaders of tomorrow. Alumni of the program are leaders in international development, academia, journalism, business, entrepreneurship, public health, and other fields. Together they represent a collective force for sustaining a long-term agenda dedicated towards change in India.

title: 2012 Indian vice-presidential election

text:
Ansari filed his nomination papers on 18 Jul United Progressive Alliance chairperson Sonia Gandhi, Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh Samajwadi Party leader Mulayam Singh Yadav, INC general secretary Rahul Gandhi, Nationalist Congress Party leader Sharad Pawar, RLD leader Ajit Singh, National Conference leader Farooq Abdullah, Finance Minister P Chidambaram, Defence MinisterA. K. Antony and RJD leader Lalu Prasad Yadav were among the political leaders who were present to support him at the time of his nomination. His candidature was announced by Sonia Gandhi at a UPA meeting held at Singh's official residence. Sonia Gandhi proposed his nomination by saying: "Mohd Hamid Ansari will complete shortly a term as Vice-President of India. He has presided over the Rajya Sabha with dignity and distinction. The UPA is honoured to nominate him as its candidate for a second term as Vice-President of India. " Sonia Gandhi, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Bahujan Samaj Party leader Satish Mishra and INCMP Motilal Vora then submitted one set of papers each to Viswanathan in support of Ansari's candidature.
Though Mukul Roy of the All India Trinamool Congress had put before the names of Gopalkrishna Gandhi and Krishna Bose, they declined to contest.

title: The Origins of Political Order

text: India is contrasted with China. India could not use extreme force on its population due to the traditional power of the brahmin priestly caste, who protested violence against the populace and war against neighboring states, by refusing to perform ancestral rituals for the Raja leaders. The power of the Brahmins weakening the state's power over its people, and effectively forced a strong accountability on its leaders to the population of India via its priestly class. An example Fukuyama gives of the influence religion had on early Indian rulers is Ashoka (304–232 BCE) of the Maurya Dynasty, who under the influence of Buddhism (rather than Brahmanism) came to regret his conquests in the Kalinga War. He vowed to end his empire, and eventually the entire political system collapsed.

title: Manmohan Singh

text:
"The Independent" described Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency and grace," noting that he drives a Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru. He mentions an incident in his book "Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most things In-between" where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I say the best example is the man who occupies the country's highest office."
In 2010, "Newsweek" magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state, describing him as "the leader other leaders love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political leader should be." Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010. Henry Kissinger described Singh as "a statesman with vision, persistence and integrity", and praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India."

title: K. Kamaraj

text: In 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread propaganda material for the Quit India Movement. The police issued orders to all the leaders who attended this Bombay session. Kamaraj did not want to be arrested before he took the message to all district and local leaders. He decided not to go to Madras and decided to shorten his trip; he saw a large number of policemen waiting to arrest Congress leaders in Arakonam but managed to escape from the police and went to Ranipet, Tanjore, Trichy and Madurai to inform local leaders about the Quit India movement. He reached Virdhunagar after finishing his work and sent a message to the local police that he was ready to be arrested. He was arrested in August 1942. He was under detention for three years and was released in June 1945. This was his last prison term. Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by the British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to more than 3,000 days in jail.

title: Scouting and Guiding in India

text: The Scout and Guide movement in India is served byThe Indian Scout and Guide Fellowship is a voluntary, non-political, social service organisation of adults in India who were once Scouts or Guides in their young days or those who have been leaders in the active movement or those who wish to support the active movement with their resources or spirit of service.


query: When was the first Peanuts comic strip printed?

title: Peanuts

text: Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz that ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. Peanuts is among the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all,[1] making it "arguably the longest story ever told by one human being".[2] At its peak in the mid- to late 1960s, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of around 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages.[3] It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States,[4] and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion.[1]

title: Zombie strip

text: The practice of continuing a zombie comic strip is commonly criticized by cartoonists, particularly younger ones in the new generation, including Bill Watterson and Stephan Pastis. Pastis addressed the issue in his strip, "Pearls Before Swine", in 2005. Mark Tatulli also commented on zombie strips in his strip "Liō" in 2010. and in 2013. After an incident in which United Feature Syndicate secretly retained the services of superhero comic artist Al Plastino to continue the comic strip "Peanuts" in case of an interruption, Charles Schulz, author and creator of "Peanuts", requested that his strip (which, in contrast to most comic strips today, he drew completely on his own with no assistants of any kind) not be continued by another cartoonist after his death; Schulz's family (as well as Universal Uclick, which currently holds the strip's publication rights) has honored his wishes. Since Schulz's death in 2000, "Peanuts" has continued in reruns under the title "Classic Peanuts".

title: Peanuts

text: The final daily original Peanuts comic strip was published on Monday, January 3, 2000. The strip contained a note to the readers of the strip from Schulz and a drawing of Snoopy, with his trusty typewriter, sitting atop his doghouse deep in thought. Beginning the next day, a rerun package premiered in papers that had elected to pick it up (see below). Although Schulz did not draw any daily strips that ran past January 3, he had drawn five Sunday strips that had yet to run. The first of these appeared six days after the last daily, on January 9.

title: LGBT themes in comics

text: Comic strips have also dealt in subtext and innuendo, their wide distribution in print newspapers and magazines limiting their inclusion of controversial material. The first openly gay characters in the US appeared in prominent strips in the late 1970s; representation of LGBT issues in these titles causes vociferous reaction, both praise and condemnation. Today comic strips educating readers about LGBT-related issues are syndicated in LGBT-targeted print media and online in web comics.

title: Violet (Peanuts)

text: Violet was first featured in the February 7, 1951 "Peanuts" strip. From there on, Violet's character changed and developed until she began to become less prominent than the other major characters, with her forthcoming appearances reduced to mere cameos. Her last comic strip appearance, discounting the reruns of the strip, was on the November 27, 1997 "Peanuts" strip.

title: Peanuts

text: Many other cartoonists paid tribute to Peanuts and Schulz by homages in their own strips, appearing on February 13, 2000, or in the week beforehand.[32] The comic was reprinted the day after that, but only had the farewell letter. After Peanuts ended, United Feature Syndicate began offering the newspapers that ran it a package of reprinted strips under the title Classic Peanuts. The syndicate limited the choices to either strips from the 1960s or from the 1990s, although a newspaper was also given the option to carry both reprint packages if it desired. All Sunday strips in the package, however, come from the 1960s.

title: Plunk

text: Plunk was first created in the late 1980s for the Belgian Centre for Comic Strip Art as a fictional example of the merchandising that can be produced with successful comic figures like "The Smurfs" or "Peanuts". In 1990, he became a character in "Taco Zip", the comic strip by Cromheecke which appeared at the time in the Dutch newspaper "De Volkskrant". These comic strips were later reprinted in four albums and twenty years later in one collection.

title: Peanuts

text: In the 1980s and the 1990s, the strip remained the most popular comic in history,[31] even though other comics, such as Garfield and Calvin and Hobbes, rivaled Peanuts in popularity. Schulz continued to write the strip until announcing his retirement on December 14, 1999, due to his failing health.

title: Dave Sim

text: Inspired by Charles Schulz's "Peanuts" and "Outhouses of the North", a small book of cartoons published by the Highway Bookshop in northern Ontario, Sim spent 1975 and 1976 developing a comic strip called "The Beavers". Highway Bookshop published the strip as a book in 1976. A second book failed to materialize when the publisher shut down. Sim then pursued syndication, pitching "The Beavers" to the "Kitchener-Waterloo Record". With Day inking the strips, a year's worth was produced in three days. Sim also wrote or drew stories published in anthologies such as "Phantacea" and "Star*Reach". "The Beavers" also saw print in "Star*Reach's" sister funny animals comic "Quack!".

title: Comic strip formats

text: The first distinction in comic strips formats is between the daily comic strip and the Sunday strip. A daily strip is usually carried on a standard newspaper page, often alongside other strips and non-comics matter (such as crossword puzzles). It is usually printed as either a horizontal strip (longer than it is tall) or a box (roughly square) in black and white, although in recent years syndicates have offered daily strips in color, and newspapers with the ability to print it as such have done so.

title: Shermy

text: Shermy is a fictional character from the comic strip "Peanuts", by Charles Schulz. Schulz named him after a friend from high school. When Peanuts made its debut on October 2, 1950, Shermy had the first lines of dialogue in the series, ending with "Good ol' Charlie Brown . . . How I hate him!"

title: Gasoline Alley

text: Examples of the full page Sunday strip were printed in "The Comic Strip Century" (1995, reissued in 2004 as "100 Years of Comic Strips"), edited by Bill Blackbeard, Dale Crain and James Vance. Moores' dailies and Sundays have appeared in "Comics Revue" monthly, as have the first Scancarelli strips. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative US postage stamps.

title: Peanuts

text: The entire run of Peanuts, covering nearly 50 years of comic strips, was reprinted in Fantagraphics' The Complete Peanuts, a 26-volume set published over a 12-year period, consisting of two volumes per year published every May and October. The first volume (collecting strips from 1950 to 1952) was published in May 2004; the volume containing the final newspaper strips (including all the strips from 1999 and seven strips from 2000, along with the complete run of Lil' Folks[66]) was published in May 2016,[67] with a twenty-sixth volume containing outside-the-daily-strip Peanuts material by Schulz appeared in the fall of that year. A companion series, titled Peanuts Every Sunday and presenting the complete Sunday strips in color (as the main Complete Peanuts books reproduce them in black and white only), was launched in December 2013; this series will run ten volumes, with the last expected to be published in 2022.

title: New Adventures of Queen Victoria

text: Often, the strip comments about the comics industry itself; such as during mid-late June 2007 when the strip commented about shrinking page sizes of newspapers and the proliferation of "reruns" of comics no longer drawn such as "Peanuts". "Peanuts" was parodied again in late October 2007, when instead of the normal strip characters an entire week of strips was devoted to an "interview" with what a middle-aged Charlie Brown might look like, discussing David Michaelis' controversial biography "Schulz and Peanuts." Part of the parody has him married to Lucy van Pelt, who henpecks him.

title: Patty (Peanuts)

text: The first published strip in which Patty was featured was in the very first "Peanuts" comic strip, on October 2, 1950. Since her first published appearance, Patty's character developed and appeared frequently until the character began to suffer a decrease in usage. She became less and less prominent until her succeeding appearances are reduced to mere cameos. Both before and after she sank into the background, Patty usually appeared either with her best friend Violet or with the rest of Charlie Brown's baseball team. Her last comic strip appearance was a rerun of a 1992 strip which was republished as the November 27, 1997, strip.

title: Peanuts

text: Peanuts continues to be prevalent in multiple media through widespread syndication, the publication of The Complete Peanuts, the release of several new television specials (all of which Schulz had worked on, but had not finished, before his death), and Peanuts Motion Comics. Additionally, BOOM! Studios has published a series of comic books that feature new material by new writers and artists, although some of it is based on classic Schulz stories from decades past, as well as including some classic strips by Schulz, mostly Sunday color strips.

title: Tom Everhart

text: The paintings using Schulz's comic strip, Peanuts, as subject matter began and replaced the skeleton and nature related paintings in 1988. The inspiration came to Everhart in Johns Hopkins Hospital, where he was undergoing several operations for stage 4 colon / liver cancer in the summer of 1988. Everhart recalls lying in a hospital bed surrounded by enough flowers to open a florist shop, piles of art books and a stack of Peanuts comic strips sent to him by Schulz. The light streaming in from the window almost projected the new images of his future Schulz inspired paintings on the wall. All the images in Everhart's work are in some respect derived from Schulz's Peanuts comic strip.

title: Charlie Mensuel

text: Tagged ""The newspaper full of humour and comic strips"", it also adopted the slogan, ""The newspaper one reads on the couch while munching chocolate"". "Charlie" was originally the French version of a contemporary Italian magazine, "linus". Like its Italian counterpart, it took its name from one of the characters of the comic strip "Peanuts", in that case Charlie Brown. The comics featured in "Charlie" included French originals as well as translations of American strips — "Peanuts" and others — and of Italian stories originally published in "Linus".

title: Peanuts

text: In 1948, Schulz tried to have Li'l Folks syndicated through the Newspaper Enterprise Association, a firm run by the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain. Schulz would have been an independent contractor for the syndicate, unheard of in the 1940s, but the deal fell through. Li'l Folks was dropped in early 1950. Later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate—also operated by Scripps-Howard—with his best work from Li'l Folks. When his work was picked up by United Feature Syndicate, they decided to run the new comic strip he had been working on. This strip was similar in spirit to the panel comic, but had a set cast of characters rather than different nameless little folk for each page. The name Li'l Folks was very close to the names of two other comics of the time: Al Capp's Li'l Abner and a strip titled Little Folks, so to avoid confusion, the syndicate settled on the name Peanuts, after the peanut gallery featured in the Howdy Doody TV show.[11]

title: Charles M. Schulz

text: Later that year, Schulz approached United Feature Syndicate with the one-panel series "Li'l Folks", and the syndicate became interested. By that time Schulz had also developed a comic strip, usually using four panels rather than one, and to Schulz's delight, the syndicate preferred that version. "Peanuts" made its first appearance on October 2, 1950, in seven newspapers. The weekly Sunday page debuted on January 6, 1952. After a slow start, "Peanuts" eventually became one of the most popular comic strips of all time, as well as one of the most influential. Schulz also had a short-lived sports-oriented comic strip, "It's Only a Game" (1957–59), but he abandoned it after the success of "Peanuts". From 1956 to 1965 he contributed a single-panel strip, "Young Pillars", featuring teenagers, to "Youth", a publication associated with the Church of God.

title: The Complete Peanuts

text: The Complete Peanuts is a series of books containing the entire run of Charles M. Schulz's long-running newspaper comic strip "Peanuts". The series was published at a rate of two volumes per year, each containing two years of strips (except for the first volume, which includes 1950–1952). Slipcased sets of two volumes are also available. The series comprises a total of 26 volumes, including a bonus book with sketches, interviews, and other extra material. These hardcover books were first published between 2004–2016. Later "Fantagraphics Books" also began publishing the series in a softcover format. A companion series titled "Peanuts Every Sunday", collecting only the Sunday strips of the "Peanuts" series, was launched by Fantagraphics in 2013 and is scheduled to run until 2022.

title: Peanuts

text: Charles Schulz had always resisted republication of the earliest Peanuts strips, as they did not reflect the characters as he eventually developed them. However, in 1997 he began talks with Fantagraphics Books to have the entire run of the strip, which would end up with 17,897 strips total, published chronologically in book form.[65] In addition to the post-millennium Peanuts publications are BOOM! Studios restyling of the comics and activity books, and "First Appearances" series. Its content is produced by Peanuts Studio, subsequently an arm of Peanuts Worldwide LLC.

title: Skippy (comic strip)

text:
An early influence on cartoonist Charles Schulz and an inspiration for his "Peanuts", "Skippy" is considered one of the classics of the form. In "Vanity Fair", humorist Corey Ford described it as "America's most important contribution to humor of the century", while comics historian John A. Lent wrote, "The first half-century of the comics spawned many kid strips, but only one could be elevated to the status of classic... which innovated a number of sophisticated and refined touches used later by Charles Schulz and Bill Watterson..." Comics artist Jerry Robinson said,
"Skippy" started in 1923 as a cartoon in "Life" and became a syndicated comic strip two years later through King Features Syndicate. Creator Crosby retained the copyright, a rarity for comic strip artists of the time.

title: Snoopy

text: Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle[3] in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, like The Peanuts Movie. Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in other countries. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs.[4][5]

title: 1940s in comics

text: "Li'l Folks", the first comic strip by "Peanuts" creator Charles M. Schulz, debuts mainly in Schulz's hometown paper, the "St. Paul Pioneer Press", on June 22. "Li'l Folks" can almost be regarded as an embryonic version of "Peanuts", containing characters and themes which were to reappear in the later strip: a well-dressed young man with a fondness for Beethoven a la Schroeder, a dog with a striking resemblance to Snoopy, and even a boy named Charlie Brown.

title: Peanuts Motion Comics

text: Peanuts Motion Comics is a series of animated cartoon shorts based on 1964 strips of Charles Schulz' comic strip, "Peanuts". The series premiered on iTunes in 2008 with the support of the Schulz estate. The first season consists of 20 cartoon shorts, paired into 10 episodes. The episodes employ signature themes and plotlines from the classic strips. The first season was released to DVD on March 9, 2010. Animation production was done by Studio B Productions.

title: Peanuts

text: Cartoon tributes have appeared in other comic strips since Schulz's death in 2000 and are now displayed at the Charles Schulz Museum.[50] In May 2000, many cartoonists included a reference to Peanuts in their strips. Originally planned as a tribute to Schulz's retirement, after his death that February it became a tribute to his life and career. Similarly, on October 30, 2005, several comic strips again included references to Peanuts and specifically the It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown television special.

title: Li'l Folks

text: Later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate (also a Scripps Company) with "Li'l Folks", and the syndicate became interested. However, by that time Schulz had also developed a comic strip (also called "Li'l Folks"), typically using four panels rather than one. The strip was similar in spirit to the panel comic, but it had a set cast of characters, rather than different nameless little folk for each page. The syndicate preferred the strip; however, the name "Li'l Folks" was too close to the names of two other comics of the time: Al Capp's "Li'l Abner" and a strip titled "Little Folks". To avoid confusion, the syndicate chose the name "Peanuts", after the peanut gallery featured in the "Howdy Doody" TV show. "Peanuts" made its first appearance on October 2, 1950, in seven newspapers.

title: Twin Cities Pioneer Press

text: From 1947 to 1949, the newspaper printed the comic strip "Li'l Folks", by Twin Cities native Charles M. Schulz. This comic introduced a number of characters who would later return in 1950 in the syndicated comic strip "Peanuts", including Charlie Brown and a dog strongly resembling Snoopy.

title: Wee Pals

text: When cartoonist Morrie Turner began questioning why there were no minorities in the comic strips, his mentor, "Peanuts" cartoonist Charles M. Schulz, suggested he create one. Morris' first attempt, "Dinky Fellas", featured an all-black cast, but found publication in only one newspaper, the "Chicago Defender". Turner integrated the strip, renaming it "Wee Pals", and on February 15, 1965, it became the first American syndicated comic strip to have a cast of diverse ethnicity.


query: How long does a mathematics degree take?

title: Bachelor of Mathematics

text: A BMath program generally lasts three years with a fourth "honours" year in China and Australia and University of Waterloo (Canada). BMath programs are increasingly taking about five years to complete because of coop or internship placements.

title: Open University of Israel

text: The Open University is open to anyone who wishes to study towards a bachelor's degree, without any prerequisites or screening process. However, the Open University still has high standards and demands academic achievements from its graduates. Another way in which the Open University is "open" is in the study path it offers to its students. When enrolling in the university, the student does not need to decide the primary focus of his or her degree, nor to determine in advance the pace of the degree (how many years the studies will take). In fact, it is possible to take only a single course or several courses without receiving a degree, or to take several courses per semester, until finally enough courses relevant to a certain academic area have been taken to be eligible for a degree.

title: Tad Williams

text: And how long does it take Williams to research one of his books?

title: Isosceles triangle

text: Long before isosceles triangles were studied by the ancient Greek mathematicians, the practitioners of Ancient Egyptian mathematics and Babylonian mathematics knew how to calculate their area. Problems of this type are included in the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.

title: Bachelor of Mathematics

text: In practice, this is essentially equivalent to a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree with a speciality in mathematics. Relatively few institutions award Bachelor of Mathematics degrees, and the distinction between those that do and those that award B.Sc or B.A. degrees for mathematics is usually bureaucratic, rather than curriculum related. However, schools that offer Bachelor of Mathematics degrees argue for a separate degree, maintaining that the study of mathematics is vastly different from other fields.

title: German Actuarial Society

text: To become a member of the Society, a student needs to pass a series of examinations. As of 2015, there are a total of nine exams specific to actuarial work, three more exams that deal with areas that affect actuaries but are not mathematical in their nature, and a specialisation exam. There are also two exams to begin the qualification process if a student does not hold a degree in mathematical area. Students who have degrees in mathematics or finance are exempted from some of these exams.

title: GCE Advanced Level

text: Normally, students take between 3 and 5 A Levels in their first year of sixth form, and most cut back to 3 in their second year. This is because university offers are normally based on 3 A Levels. Unlike other level 3 qualifications such as the International Baccalaureate, A Levels have no specific subject requirements, so students have the opportunity to combine any subjects they wish to take. However, students normally pick their courses based on the degree they wish to pursue at university: most degrees require specific A Levels for entry, such as A Level Mathematics for a Mathematics degree.

title: Philosophy of science

text: Philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the philosophical foundations and implications of mathematics. The central questions are whether numbers, triangles, and other mathematical entities exist independently of the human mind and what is the nature of mathematical propositions. Is asking whether "1+1=2" is true fundamentally different from asking whether a ball is red? Was calculus invented or discovered? A related question is whether learning mathematics requires experience or reason alone. What does it mean to prove a mathematical theorem and how does one know whether a mathematical proof is correct? Philosophers of mathematics also aim to clarify the relationships between mathematics and logic, human capabilities such as intuition, and the material universe.

title: How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?

text: "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?" reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1999. Although not released on vinyl, it was given a dual-CD release in the UK. B-sides included a remix of "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?" as well as acoustic versions of three other songs: "Perfect 10", "Big Coin", and "Rotterdam". On 18 March 1999 the band performed "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?" live on the BBC's music programme, "Top of the Pops".

title: Marcus Feldman

text: Marcus Feldman was born and raised in Perth, Australia. His father Simon Feldman was an engineer, and this inspired him to take up mathematics. He studied at the University of Western Australia from where he matriculated in 1959, and graduated (with majors in mathematics and statistics) in 1964. In 1966 he obtained Master of Science degree in mathematics from Monash University. He went abroad to US to join a PhD programme at Stanford University. He earned his degree in 1969 under the supervision of Samuel Karlin in the Department of Mathematics. Karlin influenced him to pursue his research in population genetics using his computational know-how.

title: That Thing Called Tadhana

text: On the bus to Baguio, Mace associates a film being shown to a memory she has with her ex-boyfriend. Then at a stopover, after she does the same to everything that Anthony comes up with, she strikes up a deal with him as a means of conditioning herself against the habit. Still, Mace cannot help but ask ""- how does one forget?"" and ""- how long does one take to do it?"". Anthony points out that ""- what's important is to forget"" - how and how long was ""- up to her"".

title: Zbigniew Marciniak

text: He graduated mathematic studies in 1976 on the Department of Mathematic, IT and Mechanics of Warsaw University. In 1982 he was taking a PhD degree in Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and postdoctoral degree in 1997. Dr. Marciniak specializes in Group theory and Ring theory.

title: WIMATS

text: WIMATS support inputs of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, vector, set notations and Greek alphabets. The graphical user interface is very user friendly, and training does not take a long time. This software fulfills a long felt need for the availability of Mathematics and Science study materials at the Higher Secondary and College level for the visually impaired persons. With the introduction of this software, visually impaired persons will no longer need to worry about the availability of books for mathematics and science courses.

title: Tertiary education in New Zealand

text: Typically, a bachelor's degree will take three years, and a further year of study will lead to an Honours degree. Not every degree follows this 3+1 pattern: there are some four year degrees (which may or may not be awarded with Honours), and some specialist bachelor's degrees which take longer to complete. Typically, Honours may be awarded with first class, upper second class, lower second class or third class, but this can vary from degree to degree. A bachelor's degree may be followed by a master's degree. A candidate who does not hold an Honours degree may be awarded a master's degree with honours: such a degree usually involves two years study, compared to one year for a master's degree for a candidate who does have an Honours degree. A candidate who has either a master's degree or a bachelor's degree with Honours may proceed to a doctoral degree.

title: IB Group 5 subjects

text: The Further Mathematics HL course (SL before 2014) is designed for students with a high degree of competence and interest in mathematics, and who "intend to study mathematics at university, either as a subject in its own right or as a major component of a related subject." Students who take this course most often also take Mathematics HL and knowledge of all material from the Core curriculum of Mathematics HL is necessary and presumed, as well as knowledge of at least one of the four Options offered in Mathematics HL. The curriculum for Further Mathematics HL includes all of the topics from all four of these Options, for which 144 hours of instruction are allotted, and additional topics from geometry and linear algebra, for which 96 hours of instruction are allotted. There are no optional topics in Further Mathematics HL.

title: Problem solving

text: One reason irrelevant information is so effective at keeping a person off topic and away from the relevant information, is in how it is represented. The way information is represented can make a vast difference in how difficult the problem is to be overcome. Whether a problem is represented visually, verbally, spatially, or mathematically, irrelevant information can have a profound effect on how long a problem takes to be solved; or if it's even possible. The Buddhist monk problem is a classic example of irrelevant information and how it can be represented in different ways:

title: Overhead (computing)

text: Algorithmic complexity is generally specified using Big O Notation. This makes no comment on how long something takes to run or how much memory it uses, but how its increase depends on the size of the input. Overhead is "deliberately" not part of this calculation, since it varies from one machine to another, whereas the fundamental running time of an algorithm does not.

title: James C. Spencer

text: From a previous marriage to the former Oneita Hildebrand, Spencer had a son, Charles H. Spencer (born 1954), who is married to Anita Spencer, of Houston, Texas. James and Oneita Spencer lived in Texarkana, but the obituary does not indicate whether their residence was in Texas or Arkansas or how long they lived there. In 1936, Spencer received a degree in textile engineering from Texas Tech, presumably motivated by cotton which was then prevalent in east Texas. Nine years later upon his discharge from the military in 1945, Spencer served on the police force of the U.S. House of Representatives while he attended law school at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. His obituary does not indicate if he received a law degree. With his second marriage, he moved to Lubbock to take a position with the U.S. Postal Service, which he held until his retirement in the middle 1980s. He was a member of the Masonic lodge.

title: Predispositioning theory

text: But how does one ascribe weights to certain parameters, establishes the degree of conditionality, etc.? How does the evaluative process go in indeterministic systems?

title: Academic degree

text: Some universities award a Master's as a first degree following an integrated programme of study (an 'integrated master's degree'). These degrees are usually designated by the subject, such as Master of Engineering for engineering, Master of Physics for physics, Master of Mathematics for mathematics and so on; it usually takes four years to read for them. Graduation to these degrees is always with honours. Master of Engineering in particular has now become the standard first degree in engineering at the top UK universities, replacing the older Bachelor of Engineering.

title: Software performance testing

text: Performance testing can be combined with stress testing, in order to see what happens when an acceptable load is exceeded. Does the system crash? How long does it take to recover if a large load is reduced? Does its failure cause collateral damage?

title: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences

text:
The Department of Mathematics at the Courant Institute offers PhDs in Mathematics, Atmosphere-Ocean Science, and Computational Biology; Masters of Science in Mathematical Finance, Mathematics, and Scientific Computing.
The Graduate Department of Computer Science offers a PhD in computer science. In addition it offers Master of Science degrees in computer science, information systems (in conjunction with the Stern School of Business), and in scientific computing. For the PhD program, every PhD computer science student must receive a grade of A or A- on the final examination for algorithms, systems, applications, and a PhD-level course chosen by the student that does not satisfy the first three requirements, such as cryptography and numerical methods. Students may take the final exam for any these courses without being enrolled in the course.

title: Plate trick

text: In mathematics and physics, the plate trick, also known as Dirac's string trick, the belt trick, or the Balinese cup trick, is any of several demonstrations of the idea that rotating an object with strings attached to it by 360 degrees does not return the system to its original state, while a second rotation of 360 degrees, a total rotation of 720 degrees, does. Mathematically, it is a demonstration of the theorem that SU(2) (which double-covers SO(3)) is simply connected. To say that SU(2) double-covers SO(3) essentially means that the unit quaternions represent the group of rotations twice over.

title: Mathematical knowledge management

text: Mathematical knowledge management (MKM) is the study of how society can effectively make use of the vast and growing literature on mathematics. It studies approaches such as databases of mathematical knowledge, automated processing of formulae and the use of semantic information, and artificial intelligence. Mathematics is particularly suited to a systematic study of automated knowledge processing due to the high degree of interconnectedness between different areas of mathematics.

title: Project Mathematics!

text: Discusses how scaling objects does not change their shape and how angles stay the same. Also shows how ratios change for perimeters, areas and volumes.

title: Chennai Mathematical Institute

text: Since 1998, CMI has offered a B.Sc.(Hons) degree in Mathematics and Computer Science. This three-year program also includes courses in Humanities and Physics. Many students, after completion of the B.Sc. degree, have pursued higher studies in Mathematics and Computer Sciences from universities both in India and abroad. Some students also go into industry while others take up subjects such as finance.In 2001, CMI began separate M.Sc. programmes in Mathematics and in Computer Science. In 2009, CMI began to offer a new programme M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics, which is scheduled to be replaced with a new M.Sc. in Data Science programme in 2018.

title: Assured clear distance ahead

text: Drivers need not and are not required to precisely determine the maximum safe speed from real-time mathematical calculations of sight distances and stopping distances for their particular vehicle. Motor vehicle operators of average intelligence are constantly required to utilize their kinesthetic memory in all sorts of driving tasks including every time they brake to a full stop at a stop line in a panoply of conditions. Like throwing a softball, one does not have to mathematically calculate a trajectory or firing solution in order to hit a target with repeated accuracy. During the earliest stages of learning how to drive, one develops a memory of when to start braking (how long it takes) from various speeds in order to stop at the limit line. While there may be a degree of variance of such skill in seasoned drivers, they generally do not have the discretion in engaging in a behavior such as driving a speed above which no reasonable minds might differ as to whether it is unsafe or that one could come to a stop within the full distance ahead.

title: Actuarial credentialing and exams

text: Actuarial training in Sweden takes place at Stockholm University. The five-year master's program (for those with no previous university-level knowledge in mathematics, or without a bachelor's degree in mathematics) covers the subjects mathematics, mathematical statistics, insurance mathematics, financial mathematics, insurance law and insurance economics. The program operates under the Division of Mathematical Statistics . For those with a bachelor's degree in mathematics statistics or with a master's degree in mathematics, a two years full-time master's degree Aktuarieprogrammet has been created since 2002, at Stockholm University, which has a long history of research on insurance mathematics.

title: Desert Storm (roller coaster)

text: After boarding the train, it moves forward and begins going up the hill. At the top, it takes a narrow turn and takes a steep dive, does its first loop, makes a wide turn, does its second loop, does a 360 degree turn that interlocks with the second loop, makes a wide turn and does another 360 degree turn, takes another large drop as it makes a last wide turn, and returns to the station.

title: Buckingham π theorem

text: Suppose a car is driving at 100 km/h; how long does it take to go 200 km?

title: The Ceremony (1971 film)

text: "The Ceremony" makes use of many long takes. Some of the more private conversations during the ceremonies are played out throughout static long takes, with none of the characters moving around the screen. Wide-angle tracking shots are often used to help establish locations, as the film does not make usage of the 180 degree rule in its editing.


query: What is Japan's number one crop?

title: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan

text: The most striking feature of Japanese agriculture is the shortage of farmland. The 49,000 square kilometres (19,000sqmi) under cultivation constituted just 13.2% of the total land area in 1988. However, the land is intensively cultivated. Rice paddies occupy most of the countryside, whether on the alluvial plains, the terraced slopes, or wetlands and coastal bays. Non-paddy farmland share the terraces and lower slopes and are planted with wheat and barley in the autumn and with sweet potatoes, vegetables, and dry rice in the summer. Intercropping is common: such crops are alternated with beans and peas.

title: Cash crop

text: The situation in which African nations export crops while a significant number of people on the continent struggle with hunger has been blamed on developed countries, including the United States, Japan and the European Union. These countries protect their own agricultural sectors, through high import tariffs and offer subsidies to their farmers, which some have contended is leading to the overproduction of commodities such as cotton, grain and milk. The result of this is that the global price of such products is continually reduced until Africans are unable to compete in world markets, except in cash crops that do not grow easily in temperate climates.

title: List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017 (Japan)

text: The following is a list of number-one singles on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart in 2017. Koi successfully reached Japan's Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2017, by reaching number-one for 11 non-consecutive weeks.

title: Araya Site

text: The is a late Japanese Paleolithic settlement located in the former town of Kawaguchi in what is now part of the city of Nagaoka, Niigata in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It was found to contain one of the largest number of stone tools of any site thus far discovered in Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2004.

title: List of 2018 box office number-one films in Japan

text: The following is a list of 2018 box office number-one films in Japan by week. When the number-one film in gross is not the same as the number-one film in admissions, both are listed.

title: List of 2004 box office number-one films in Japan

text: The following is a list of 2004 box office number-one films in Japan. When the number-one film in gross is not the same as the number-one film in admissions, both are listed.

title: List of 2016 box office number-one films in Japan

text: The following is a list of 2016 box office number-one films in Japan. When the number-one film in gross is not the same as the number-one film in admissions, both are listed.

title: List of 2017 box office number-one films in Japan

text: The following is a list of 2017 box office number-one films in Japan. When the number-one film in gross is not the same as the number-one film in admissions, both are listed.

title: Hero (Namie Amuro song)

text: The single fared better through digital outlets in Japan, peaking at the top spot on the Recochoku Ringtone Charts and Japan's iTunes Store chart. It debuted at number 44, number 48, and number six on the Japan Hot 100 chart, Radio Songs Chart, and Hot Singles Sales chart, all hosted by "Billboard". The track entered the top ten in its second week for the first two charts, whilst it slipped to 19 on the latter. In the wake of the 2016 Summer Olympics, the single rose to number three, number two, and number 14 on all three charts respectively. The B-side track "Show Me What You've Got" reached number 95 on the Japan Hot 100 chart for a sole week.

title: Agrivoltaic

text: In 2004 in Japan, Akira Nagashima developed a demountable structure that he tested on several crops. Since then, many field projects have been installed in Japan with a large number of crops (citrus fruits, peanuts, eggplants, cucumbers, cabbage, rice, vines, mushrooms ...) or livestock. Removable structures allow farmers to remove or move facilities based on crop rotations and their needs. Increasingly large plants with capacities of several MW have been developed since 2004 with permanent structures and dynamic systems. For example, a 35 MW power plant, installed on 54 ha of crops, was commissioned in 2017. The shading rate of this plant is 50%, a value higher than the 30% shading usually used on Japanese agrivoltaic power plants. Farmers cultivate, among others, ginseng, ashitaba and coriander. Soon, the island of Ukujima should host a solar power plant of 480 MW, part of which will be agrivoltaics. The project has been under study since 2013 and the various partners have signed an agreement for the start of construction in 2019.

title: Crop factor

text: The depth of field may change, depending on what conditions are compared. Shooting from the same position, with the same lens and same f-number as a non-cropped (full-frame) 35 mm camera, but enlarging the image to a given reference size, will yield a reduced depth of field. On the other hand, using a different lens with the same field of view as the non-cropped camera (matching the 35 mm-equivalent focal length), at same f-number, the smaller camera's depth of field is greater.

title: List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2013 (Japan)

text: This is a list of number one singles on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart in Japan in 2013. The week's most popular songs in Japan, ranked by the Hanshin Corporation and based on radio airplay measured by Plantech and sales data as compiled by SoundScan Japan.

title: What It Is to Burn

text: "What It Is to Burn" charted at number 99 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 1 on the Heatseekers Albums charts. It also charted at number 177 in the UK. "Letters to You" charted in the UK at number 39. "What It Is to Burn" charted at number 15 on the Alternative Songs chart and number 35 on the Mainstream Rock chart. By April 2003, the album had sold over 200,000 copies in the US. By October 2007, the album had sold over 400,000 copies. "Metal Hammer" ranked the album at number 17 on their best of 2002 albums list. Shezhaad Jiwani of "Chart Attack" said the album was one of emo's landmark releases, leading the genre alongside albums by Glassjaw and the Used. In 2013, the group celebrated the album's 10th anniversary by performing it in its entirety. It was initially for one show, before being expanded to two US tours, a European tour, and performances in Japan and Australia. The album has been a massive influence on Saosin's "Saosin" (2006), Young Guns' "All Our Kings Are Dead" (2010), A Day to Remember's "What Separates Me from You" (2010), D.R.U.G.S.'s "D.R.U.G.S." (2011), and The Amity Affliction's "Chasing Ghosts" (2012).

title: List of 2019 box office number-one films in Japan

text: The following is a list of 2019 box office number-one films in Japan by week. When the number-one film in gross is not the same as the number-one film in admissions, both are listed.

title: Cover crop

text: Some cover crops are used as so-called "trap crops", to attract pests away from the crop of value and toward what the pest sees as a more favorable habitat (Shelton and Badenes-Perez 2006). Trap crop areas can be established within crops, within farms, or within landscapes. In many cases the trap crop is grown during the same season as the food crop being produced. The limited area occupied by these trap crops can be treated with a pesticide once pests are drawn to the trap in large enough numbers to reduce the pest populations. In some organic systems, farmers drive over the trap crop with a large vacuum-based implement to physically pull the pests off the plants and out of the field (Kuepper and Thomas 2002). This system has been recommended for use to help control the lygus bugs in organic strawberry production (Zalom et al. 2001). Another example of trap crops are nematode resistance white mustard ("Sinapis alba") and radish ("Raphanus sativus"). They can be grown after a main (cereal) crop and trap nematodes, for example the beet cyst nematode and Columbian root knot nematode. When grown, nematodes hatch and are attracted to the roots. After entering the roots they cannot reproduce in the root due to a hypersensitive resistance reaction of the plant. Hence the nematode population is greatly reduced, by 70-99%, depending on species and cultivation time.

title: List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2011 (Japan)

text: This is a list of number one singles on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart in Japan in 2011. The week's most popular songs in Japan, ranked by the Hanshin Corporation and based on radio airplay measured by Plantech and sales data as compiled by SoundScan Japan.

title: Typhoon Noul (2015)

text: On May 11, Noul impacted the Ryukyu Islands of Japan as a weakening typhoon. The Yaeyama Islands experienced unexpectedly strong winds, with Ishigaki measuring its highest sustained winds during May on record at ; records there began in 1897. To the east, sustained winds of and gusts to were observed on Shimoji-shima. Across Okinawa, the storm's high winds and waves damaged crops, accounting for ¥2.8 billion (US$23.3 million) in crop damage. Most of the crop damage occurred in the Miyako District, where the storm also caused power outages. On Tokunoshima island, the storm damaged 13 houses and injured six people. The typhoon also caused 47 flights to be canceled, stranding 4,300 people. Noul dropped heavy rainfall across Japan that set daily May records, including on Ishigaki Island. Rainfall also spread into the main islands of Japan, reaching in the Tōkai region. One person in Kyoto sustained significant injuries after falling amid high winds. The storm also delayed oil shipments from Japan's oil refineries.

title: Barley yellow mosaic virus

text: The main problem with the BaYMV, or any cereal virus for that matter, is that it is an important cash crop for a number of different uses. Some examples include animal feed, beer and alcohol production, and a number of other essential items. This valuable resource has suffered tremendous losses due to the barley yellow mosaic virus. Numbers have reached upwards of 50% yield loss in the United Kingdom at times, and up to 80% yield loss in Japan. This would equate to losing 255 million dollars in one year in the UK, and even more in Japan if barley yields remain steady. The most significant problems can be found in Eastern Asia and the United Kingdom.

title: Japan and weapons of mass destruction

text: At the close of World War Two, the U.S. planned to attack Japan's food supply with anti-crop chemical agents and by July 1945 had stockpiled an amount of chemicals "sufficient to destroy one-tenth of the rice crop of Japan." However, logistical problems would have reduced that estimate.

title: List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2012 (Japan)

text: This is a list of number one singles on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart in Japan in 2012. The week's most popular songs in Japan, ranked by the Hanshin Corporation and based on radio airplay measured by Plantech and sales data as compiled by SoundScan Japan.

title: List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2014 (Japan)

text: This is a list of number one singles on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart in Japan in 2014. The week's most popular songs in Japan, ranked by the Hanshin Corporation and based on radio airplay measured by Plantech and sales data as compiled by SoundScan Japan.

title: Economic liberalization in Myanmar

text: The liberalization also implied the freedom for farmers to crop what they want and consequently to practice multiple cropping, eventually being less reliant on the growth of only one crop and the variations in the market prices of those ones. Farmers are more likely to secure their income and consequently gain access to food and other basic necessities.

title: Cochliobolus miyabeanus

text: "Cochliobolus miyabeanus" is an important plant pathogen because it causes a common and widespread rice disease that causes high level of crop yield losses. It was a major cause of the Bengal famine of 1943, where the crop yield was dropped by 40% to 90% and death of 2 million people was recorded. It is a possible agroterrorism weapon. It was used as biological anti-crop weapon that aimed to attack staple crops of specific places. United States treated this pathogen as a biological weapon when attacking Japan during the Second World War; "Cochliobolus miyabeanus" was used as the biological anti-crop agent that attacked staple foods in Japan, which was rice. Other known severe crop loss cases caused by "Cochliobolus miyabeanus" are globally distributed. In the Philippines, rice seedling mortality rate records up to 60%. In India and Nigeria, it can reduce total crop yield by up to 40%. Similar losses are observed in Suriname and Sumatra.

title: Tynisha Keli

text: Her single "Love Hurts" with Japanese rapper Coma-Chi debuted at number one on her birthday in 2010, becoming her first number one single in Japan. The second single "The Right Way" was released worldwide the day before (27 July). Later, "The Right Way" was released in Japan as well and ranked number one on "Japan's Western Rekochoku Ringtone Charts". It became Keli's second number one single.

title: Genetically modified food in Asia

text: Japan has not approved any commodity GM crops to be grown in Japan, but does allow import of agricultural products made from GM crops and food made of imported GM ingredients. Japan does however allow cultivation of GM flowers (e.g. Blue roses).

title: Crop rotation

text: There are numerous factors that must be taken into consideration when planning a crop rotation. Planning an effective rotation requires weighing fixed and fluctuating production circumstances: market, farm size, labor supply, climate, soil type, growing practices, etc. Moreover, a crop rotation must consider in what condition one crop will leave the soil for the succeeding crop and how one crop can be seeded with another crop. For example, a nitrogen-fixing crop, like a legume, should always precede a nitrogen depleting one; similarly, a low residue crop (i.e. a crop with low biomass) should be offset with a high biomass cover crop, like a mixture of grasses and legumes.

title: Jungfrau Park

text: Controversy struck again in August 2005 when Erich von Däniken decided to have a special exhibition on crop-circles and also a hoaxing-competition. Due to the fact that no school classes nor hoaxers replied to the competition, land surveyor and artist Vitali Kuljasov was asked to create a complex crop circle. The creation of the crop-circle would be caught on surveillance that was set up at the park to document the work of Vitali Kuljasov. The webcam was set up the night before the event was to take place in order to test the position and clarity for the big event. This is when a mysterious formation appeared. Investigators came to Mystery Park to make sense of what had taken place. Very experienced field investigators examined the crop-circle and concluded it was obviously man-made due to amateur mistakes and a crooked performance. However, there was disagreement between one investigator who did not believe the crop-circle was done by a human hoaxer and blamed the "mistakes" on people coming to view it. Investigators then used the webcam that was testing the night the crop circle "appeared" in order to gather more information. The web-cams showed little about what went on that night due to the darkness and camera angles but the biggest pieces of evidence found were the appearance of car headlights coming and leaving around the time the crop-circle was estimated to have "appeared". There was also one person pressed into the field that night which disproved the idea that multiple guests could have made the crop-circle appear to be manmade. Investigators did not find who was behind this hoax but they concluded it was created by human hoaxers.

title: International Civil Aviation Organization

text: ICAO also assigns 3-letter airline codes (versus the more-familiar 2-letter IATA codes—for example, UAL vs. UA for United Airlines). ICAO also provides telephony designators to aircraft operators worldwide, a one- or two-word designator used on the radio, usually, but not always, similar to the aircraft operator name. For example, the identifier for Japan Airlines International is JAL and the designator is Japan Air, but Aer Lingus is EIN and Shamrock. Thus, a Japan Airlines flight numbered 111 would be written as "JAL111" and pronounced "Japan Air One One One" on the radio, while a similarly numbered Aer Lingus would be written as "EIN111" and pronounced "Shamrock One One One". In the US, FAA practices require the digits of the flight number to be spoken in group format ("Japan Air One Eleven" in the above example) while individual digits are used for the aircraft tail number used for unscheduled civil flights.

title: Plantation complexes in the Southern United States

text: Today, as was also true in the past, there is a wide range of opinion as to what differentiated a plantation from a farm. Typically, the focus of a farm was subsistence agriculture. In contrast, the primary focus of a plantation was the production of cash crops, with enough staple food crops produced to feed the population of the estate and the livestock. A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had or more of land and produced one or two cash crops for sale. Other scholars have attempted to define it by the number of slaves that were owned.

title: Cyclone Bingiza

text: When Bingiza made its first Madagascar landfall, it became the first cyclone to strike the country in the cyclone season. It first moved through the Masoala National Park, a sparsely-populated protected region with significant numbers of trees. In Vinanivao, located along the Masoala peninsula, the cyclone destroyed half of the buildings as well as the roads and bridges, leaving it only accessible by boat. The cyclone affected five districts, primarily Mananara Nord. There, an early report indicated that 80% of the houses were destroyed, along with one hospital and four other health facilities. The high winds caused heavy crop damage, including to rice and banana, which left minimal food supplies in some areas. The vanilla crop was also severely affected, and the mayor of Mananara was uncertain whether any of the crop could be harvested. Bingiza struck at what one relief worker described as the "worst time of year for a cyclone", because many farmers were unable to replant their damaged crops. The cyclone damaged 40% of the food crops and 10% of the cash crops in Manambolosy, as well as 70% of the food crops in Antanambaobe. Overall, the cyclone destroyed 405.23 km (156.46 mi) of rice fields, as well as 101.67 km (39.26 mi) of other crops. The cyclone also damaged the road infrastructure in Mananara, which made it difficult to transport fish in the region to other areas of the country. The resulting crop and road damage resulted in increased food prices.

title: Crop acreage base

text: Crop acreage base is a crop-specific measure equal to the average number of acres planted (or considered planted) to a particular program crop for a specified number of years. The crop-specific nature of this measurement was important prior to the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127), which adopted an inclusive measure of base acreage and allowed planting flexibility among the program crops. The sum of the crop acreage bases for all program crops on a farm could not exceed the farm acreage. The acreage base was used in determining the number of acres a farmer, under an acreage reduction program, had to remove from normal crop production and devote to conserving uses in order to be eligible for USDA price and income supports.


query: How much does a male emperor penguin weigh?

title: Emperor penguin

text: The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 122cm (48in) in height and weighing from 22 to 45kg (49 to 99lb). The dorsal side and head are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches. Like all penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat.

title: Penguin

text: The largest living species is the emperor penguin ("Aptenodytes forsteri"): on average, adults are about tall and weigh . The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin ("Eudyptula minor"), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around tall and weighs . Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates ("see also" Bergmann's rule). Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human. These were not restricted to Antarctic regions; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region around 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today.

title: Reindeer

text: The females usually measure in length and weigh . The males (or "bulls" as they are often called) are typically larger (to an extent which varies between the different subspecies), measuring in length and usually weighing . Exceptionally large males have weighed as much as . Weight varies drastically between seasons, with males losing as much as 40% of their pre-rut weight.

title: Emperor Blackgate

text: During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Emperor Blackgate appears as a member of the Crime Syndicate of America's incarnation of the Secret Society of Super Villains. Bane retrieves Emperor Blackgate for the Penguin as part of their agreement. When he brings him to the Penguin, he tells Emperor Blackgate that the Arkham fighters are not scared of Bane as he does not instill fear as Batman did.

title: Royal penguin

text: They inhabit the waters surrounding Antarctica. Royals look very much like macaroni penguins, but have a white face and chin instead of the macaronis' black visage. They are long and weigh . Males are larger than females. Royal penguins breed only on Macquarie Island and, like other penguins, spend much of their time at sea, where they are assumed to be pelagic.

title: Emperor penguin

text: The penguins start courtship in March or April, when the temperature can be as low as −40°C (−40°F). A lone male gives an ecstatic display, where it stands still and places its head on its chest before inhaling and giving a courtship call for 1–2seconds; it then moves around the colony and repeats the call. A male and female then stand face to face, with one extending its head and neck up and the other mirroring it; they both hold this posture for several minutes. Once in pairs, couples waddle around the colony together, with the female usually following the male. Before copulation, one bird bows deeply to its mate, its bill pointed close to the ground, and its mate then does the same.[65]

title: Penguin

text: Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the emperor and the king penguins, lay only one. With the exception of the emperor penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins share the incubation duties. These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea.

title: Macaroni penguin

text: The macaroni penguin ("Eudyptes chrysolophus") is a species of penguin found from the Subantarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula. One of six species of crested penguin, it is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some authorities consider the two to be a single species. It bears a distinctive yellow crest, and the face and upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts. Adults weigh on average and are in length. The male and female are similar in appearance; the male is slightly larger and stronger with a relatively larger bill. Like all penguins, it is flightless, with a streamlined body and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine lifestyle.

title: Daddy at Home

text: The series' Chinese title literally means "penguin father". As the series is about house husbands, the title was derived from the fact that Emperor penguins are the only penguin species of which the male is fully responsible for incubating the eggs.

title: Happy Feet Two

text: When the penguins return to Emperor-Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls of ice. The Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins. Meanwhile, Mumble, Erik and Atticus deliver meager supplies of fish to the trapped penguins. Erik attempts to deliver a fish to Gloria by flying and nearly tossing himself over the edge of the iceberg. Mumble scolds Erik for his beliefs, saying that no penguin can fly and that none of the emperor penguins will be able to escape.Gloria sends Mumble off to hunt for fish, calming Erik and the rest of the hysterical Emperor-Land. In the process, Bill becomes inspired to create another swarm of krill but Will refuses, preferring to adhere to his new predator lifestyle.

title: Erect-crested penguin

text: This is a small-to-medium-sized, yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin, at and weighing . As in all penguin species, the male is slightly larger than the female and the birds weigh the most prior to moulting. It has bluish-black to jet black upperparts and white underparts, and a broad, bright yellow eyebrow-stripe which extends over the eye to form a short, erect crest.

title: Bird nest

text: King penguins and emperor penguins also do not build nests; instead, they tuck their eggs and chicks between their feet and folds of skin on their lower bellies. They are thus able to move about while incubating, though in practice only the emperor penguin regularly does so. Emperor penguins breed during the harshest months of the Antarctic winter, and their mobility allows them to form huge huddled masses which help them to withstand the extremely high winds and low temperatures of the season. Without the ability to share body heat (temperatures in the centre of tight groups can be as much as 10C above the ambient air temperature), the penguins would expend far more energy trying to stay warm, and breeding attempts would probably fail.

title: Penguin (character)

text: During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Penguin is among the villains recruited by the Crime Syndicate of America to join the Secret Society of Super Villains. With the heroes gone, Penguin becomes the Mayor of Gotham City and divides the different territories among the inmates of Arkham Asylum. Bane retrieves Ignatius Ogilvy (now calling himself Emperor Blackgate) for the Penguin as part of their agreement. When he brings him to the Penguin, he tells Emperor Penguin that the Arkham fighters are not scared of Bane as he does not instill fear as Batman did.

title: Emperor penguin

text: Adult emperor penguins stand up to 110–130cm (43–51in) tall.[8] The weight ranges from 22.7 to 45.4kg (50 to 100lb) and varies by sex, with males weighing more than females. It is the fifth heaviest living bird species, after only the larger varieties of ratite.[9] The weight also varies by season, as both male and female penguins lose substantial mass while raising hatchlings and incubating their egg. A male emperor penguin must withstand the extreme Antarctic winter cold for more than two months while protecting his egg. He consumes nothing during this entire time, except for occasionally water in the form of snow. Most male emperors will lose around 12kg (26lb) while they wait for their eggs to hatch.[10] The mean weight of males at the start of the breeding season is 38kg (84lb) and that of females is 29.5kg (65lb). After the breeding season this drops to 23kg (51lb) for both sexes.[11][12][13]

title: Emperor penguin

text: A Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution study in January 2009 found that emperor penguins could be pushed to the brink of extinction by the year 2100 due to global climate change. The study constructed a mathematical model to predict how the loss of sea ice from climate warming would affect a big colony of emperor penguins at Terre Adélie, Antarctica. The study forecasted an 87% decline in the colony's population, from three thousand breeding pairs in 2009 to four hundred breeding pairs in 2100.[48]

title: Hispaniolan oriole

text:
Similar to other tropical orioles, the males and females appear alike in color
The Hispaniolan oriole does not show as much yellow as the Bahama oriole ("Icterus northropi"), but it does show the most yellow out of the other Greater Antillean orioles including the Cuban oriole ("Icterus melanopsis") and the Puerto Rican oriole ("Icterus portoricensis")
The shoulders, thighs, and bottoms of adult orioles are yellow while the rest of the oriole is black. On average, the Hispaniolan oriole is about 20–22 cm long. Males also on average weigh 35-38 g which is slightly more than the females who on average weigh 33-40g.

title: Kairuku grebneffi

text: Kairuku grebneffi is an extinct species of giant penguin. It is among the tallest and heaviest penguins attested to, weighing 50% more than modern emperor penguins. The species is marked by a slender body and long, slender bill. "K. grebneffi" lived in what is now New Zealand during the late Oligocene, going extinct around 25 million years ago. Bones of the species were first discovered in 1977, but it was not classified as a distinct species until 2012.

title: King penguin

text: The king penguin stands at tall and weighs from . Males are slightly larger than females. The mean body mass of adults from Marion Island was for 70 males and for 71 females. Another study from Marion Island found that the mean mass of 33 adults feeding chicks was . Thus the average weight of the king penguin is similar or just slightly higher than that of the largest living flying birds.

title: Happy Feet

text: Every emperor penguin sings a unique song called a "heartsong" to attract a mate. If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis' care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. As a result, their son, Mumble, is unable to sing, but he can tap dance instead. Nevertheless, he is enamored with Gloria, a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of her age. One day, Mumble encounters a group of hostile skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, which he says is from an alien abduction. Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice.

title: List of Madagascar (franchise) characters

text:
A group of the NYC adélie penguin spies. Skipper is a major character in the first film, but Kowalski, Rico, and Private are supporting characters and don't talk much until "The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper". All four penguins have major roles in the first sequel and supporting roles in the second sequel.
Skipper is the leader of the adélie penguins (despite their color-schemes not matching the real species) and is the main character in the TV show. He has dark, sapphire-blue eyes and his body is wider than those of the other three penguins. Like the rest of the penguins, he has no idea what is expected of the penguin species, other than to "smile and wave." At one point, Private used a bird biology book to tell the other penguins how to act, but since the penguins usually need the chimpanzees Phil and Mason to translate for them, it was unclear how either he or Private were able to read the biology book, which is presumably written in English. His sidekicks, Kowalski, Rico, and Private don't talk much until "The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper".

title: Penguin

text: Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water (heat loss in water is much greater than in air). The emperor penguin has a maximum feather density of about nine feathers per square centimeter which is actually much lower than other birds that live in antarctic environments. However, they have been identified as having at least four different "types" of feather: in addition to the traditional feather, the emperor has afterfeathers, plumules, and filoplumes. The afterfeathers are downy plumes that attach directly to the main feathers and were once believed to account for the bird's ability to conserve heat when under water; the plumules are small down feathers that attach directly to the skin, and are much more dense in penguins than other birds; lastly the filoplumes are small (less than 1 cm long) naked shafts that end in a splay of fibers— filoplumes were believed to give flying birds a sense of where their plumage was and whether or not it needed preening, so their presence in penguins may seem inconsistent, but penguins also preen extensively.

title: Emu

text:
The emu is the second tallest bird in the world, only being exceeded in height by the ostrich;
the largest individuals can reach up to in height. Measured from the bill to the tail, emus range in length from , with males averaging and females averaging . Emus are the fourth or fifth heaviest living bird after the two species of ostrich and two larger species of cassowary, weighing slightly more on average than an emperor penguin. Adult emus weigh between , with an average of in males and females, respectively. Females are usually slightly larger than males and are substantially wider across the rump.

title: Emperor penguin

text: After laying, the mother's food reserves are exhausted and she very carefully transfers the egg to the male, and then immediately returns to the sea for two months to feed.[63] The transfer of the egg can be awkward and difficult, especially for first-time parents, and many couples drop or crack the egg in the process. When this happens, the chick inside is quickly lost, as the egg cannot withstand the freezing temperatures on the icy ground for more than one to two minutes. The male spends the dark, stormy winter incubating the egg in his brood pouch, balancing it on the tops of his feet, for around 65-75 consecutive days until hatching.[65] The emperor penguin is the only species where this behaviour is observed; in all other penguin species both parents take shifts incubating.[69] By the time the egg hatches, the male will have fasted for around 120days since arriving at the colony.[65] To survive the cold and winds of up to 200km/h (120mph), the males huddle together, taking turns in the middle of the huddle. They have also been observed with their backs to the wind to conserve body heat. In the four months of travel, courtship, and incubation, the male may lose as much as 20kg (44lb), from a total mass of 38 to 18kg (84 to 40lb).[70][71]

title: Magellanic penguin

text: Magellanic penguins are medium-sized penguins which grow to be tall and weigh between . The males are larger than the females, and the weight of both drops while the parents nurture their young.

title: Emperor penguin

text: Both male and female emperor penguins forage for food up to 500km (311mi) from colonies while collecting food to feed chicks, covering 82–1,454km (51–903mi) per individual per trip. A male returning to the sea after incubation heads directly out to areas of permanent open water, known as polynyas, around 100km (62mi) from the colony.[52]

title: Palaeeudyptinae

text: The giant penguins, Palaeeudyptinae, are an extinct subfamily of penguins. It includes several genera of medium-sized to very large species – including "Palaeeudyptes marplesi", the 1.5 meter tall "Icadyptes salasi", "Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi" which grew tall or even larger, and the massive "Pachydyptes ponderosus" which weighed at least as much as an adult human male.

title: Emperor penguin

text: An efficient swimmer, the emperor penguin exerts pressure with both its upward and downward strokes while swimming.[54] The upward stroke works against buoyancy and helps maintain depth.[55] Its average swimming speed is 6–9km/h (3.7–5.6mph).[56] On land, the emperor penguin alternates between walking with a wobbling gait and tobogganing—sliding over the ice on its belly, propelled by its feet and wing-like flippers. Like all penguins, it is flightless.[14] The emperor penguin is a very powerful bird. In one case, a crew of six men, trying to capture a single male penguin for a zoo collection, were repeatedly tossed around and knocked over before all of the men had to collectively tackle the bird, which weighs about half as much as a man.[57]

title: Kairuku grebneffi

text: "Kairuku grebneffi" were nearly long and stood tall. Adult individuals weighed an estimated , 50% more than modern emperor penguins. "K. grebneffi" had the longest humerus bone of any penguin extant or attested to in the fossil record. The bird had a longer bill and more slender body compared to living penguins. Relative to its body size, its flippers were longer and probably more flexible than those of extant species. The bird had short, thick legs, but overall, looked much like a modern penguin "from a distance." "K. grebneffi" is distinguished from its sister species "K. waitaki" primarily on the basis of vertebrae spacing and by having a straight tipped bill, compared to the curved tip of "K. waitaki". Additionally, all known specimens of "K. grebneffi" are larger, although small sample size prevents that from being a diagnostic characteristic.

title: Emperor penguin

text: Like all penguin species, emperor penguins have streamlined bodies to minimize drag while swimming, and wings that are more like stiff, flat flippers.[14] The tongue is equipped with rear-facing barbs to prevent prey from escaping when caught.[15] Males and females are similar in size and colouration.[11] The adult has deep black dorsal feathers, covering the head, chin, throat, back, dorsal part of the flippers, and tail. The black plumage is sharply delineated from the light-coloured plumage elsewhere. The underparts of the wings and belly are white, becoming pale yellow in the upper breast, while the ear patches are bright yellow. The upper mandible of the 8cm (3in) long bill is black, and the lower mandible can be pink, orange or lilac.[16] In juveniles, the auricular patches, chin and throat are white, while its bill is black.[16] Emperor penguin chicks are typically covered with silver-grey down and have black heads and white masks.[16] A chick with all-white plumage was seen in 2001, but was not considered to be an albino as it did not have pink eyes.[17] Chicks weigh around 315g (11oz) after hatching, and fledge when they reach about 50% of adult weight.[18]

title: Emperor penguin

text: The only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter,[2] emperor penguins trek 50–120km (31–75mi) over the ice to breeding colonies which generally range from a few hundred to several thousand individuals. The female lays a single egg, which then is incubated for just over two months by the male while the female returns to the sea to feed; parents subsequently take turns foraging at sea and caring for their chick in the colony. The entire process is repeated annually. The typical lifespan of the emperor penguin is around 20years in the wild, although observations suggest that some individuals may live considerably longer, up to 50years of age.