query: How many people live in Worcester?

title: Worcester

text: Worcester (/ˈwʊstər/(listen) WUUS-tər) is a city in Worcestershire, England, 31 miles (50km) southwest of Birmingham, 101 miles (163km) west-northwest of London, 27 miles (43km) north of Gloucester and 23 miles (37km) northeast of Hereford. The population is approximately 100,000. The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre, which is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral.

title: Charles Hastings (English physician)

text: Cholera had broken out in Worcester many times. It spread throughout the city in 1832, claiming many lives and recurred in 1849 and 1853 taking children and workers of all ages. It is said that Hastings attended to people in every outbreak, personally seeing every single case and ministering to the sick and dying with no regard for his own health.

title: Word Is Out: Stories of Some of Our Lives

text:
When audiences saw the film, thousands wrote to the Mariposa Film Group’s post office box number listed in the end credits to express how much the film meant to them — and many of them related how viewing the film saved their lives. "People who were alone and hopeless in Idaho, Utah and Kansas for the first time saw realistic
and positive images of gay people on screen," said production assistant Janet Cole.

title: Arizona State Museum

text: Museum staff investigate archaeological sites of past occupiers of North America to discover how people lived, what they ate, what they wore and how they created their art. These people lived day-to-day, created homesites and villages that, in many cases, have crumbled or been destroyed by natural forces.

title: Top Secret America

text: Published July 19, 2010, this first installment focuses on the U.S. intelligence system's growth and redundancies. It questions its manageability, as it has become "so large, so unwieldy, and so secretive that no one knows how much money it costs, how many people it employs, how many programs exist within it, or exactly how many agencies do the same work." The report states that "An estimated 854,000 people, nearly 1.5 times as many people as live in Washington, D.C., hold top-secret security clearances."

title: Kahoolawe

text: While it is not known how many people inhabited Kahoʻolawe, the lack of freshwater probably limited the population to a few hundred people. As many as 120 people might have once lived at Hakioawa, the largest settlement, which was located at the northeastern end of the island—facing Maui.

title: LGBT and rurality

text: Other communities of queer farmers prefer to live a more conventional lifestyle with a house and agricultural land of their own. The documentary "Out Here" portrays the lives of many rural queer people across the United States, and it shows how many queer people make a living and are making a difference in their communities through agriculture.

title: How to Live (biography)

text: According to the book's webpage posted by Other Press, "How to Live" concerns the following: "How to get along with people, how to deal with violence, how to adjust to losing someone you love—such questions arise in most people’s lives. They are all versions of a bigger question: How do you live? This question obsessed Renaissance writers, none more than Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, considered by many to be the first truly modern individual. He wrote free-roaming explorations of his thoughts and experience, unlike anything written before. More than four hundred years later, Montaigne’s honesty and charm still draw people to him. Readers come to him in search of companionship, wisdom, and entertainment —and in search of themselves. Just as they will to this spirited and singular biography."

title: Albert Toney III

text: Albert Toney III was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts. He is the son of a Massachusetts State Police Sergeant and an elementary school teacher. He joined the Worcester Massachusetts Police Department in 1987. He became a father to his biological daughter, Kayla, in 1988. In 1991 he was shot in the line of duty in an incident that killed his then life partner, Robert Domiano Jr, another friend, John Ellison, later perished, and Albert Toney III was the sole survivor. The shooter received life imprisonment for his actions after a nationwide manhunt. As a result of the shooting Albert became the first openly gay police officer on the Worcester Police Department, and he publicly declared that he would focus his efforts on gay civil rights. Albert retired from the police force in 1995 as a result of his injuries from the shooting, but he continued on the path of educating people about the many myths and stereotypes people learn about those who are different than them, particularly the gay and lesbian community and communities of color. In 2001 the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned the 1992 first-degree murder conviction and ordered a new trial based on how the judge who presided over the 1992 trial instructed the jury on the elements of first-degree murder. On March 31, 2003 the shooter was again convicted of first-degree murder by a jury of six men and six women in the Worcester Superior Court and was again sentenced to life imprisonment.

title: Worcester Technical High School

text: When the school moved to Green Hill, the name was once again changed to its current title of Worcester Technical High School. With this move also came the change of the school mascot, going from the Bulldogs to the Eagles. There are many different rumors as to why this happened seeing as how the Bulldog was very closely associated with Worcester Tech for many years.

title: Framing effect (psychology)

text: Participants were asked to choose between two treatments for 600 people affected by a deadly disease. Treatment A was predicted to result in 400 deaths, whereas treatment B had a 33% chance that no one would die but a 66% chance that everyone would die. This choice was then presented to participants either with positive framing, i.e. how many people would live, or with negative framing, i.e. how many people would die.

title: Yahoo! Live

text: The design is similar to the one on Justin.tv. The chat system and video windows are as portable as with ustream.tv. Users can create a channel, authorize their webcam and start broadcasting to the public. Other people can watch, or choose to participate via video, sound or text chat, which can be disabled. Users can also set up profiles and track how many people have watched them stream live, how many broadcasts they have made, and how long they have been on the streaming. Videos are not archived for playback; once it is broadcast, there is no way of recovering the video, and there is no way of streaming other than live, meaning users cannot pre-record videos and then broadcast them.

title: Parcopresis

text: It affects both men and women, of all ages and backgrounds. It is not clear how many people suffer with the condition, and level of severity is a key factor as some people may not find it affects their lives, while others find their lives are dictated by its demands.

title: Chicano poetry

text: These poems primarily deal with how Chicanos deal with existence in the United States and how Chicanos cope with marginalization, racism and vanquished dreams. Many Chicano writers allude to the past glory of the Mesoamerican civilizations and how the indigenous people of those civilizations continue to live through the Chicano people who are predominantly of mestizo (mixed) ancestry.

title: Edwin Tryon Billings

text: Billings was born November 20, 1824, to wheelwright Ira Billings and Eunice Tryon of Massachusetts. He lived in Montgomery, Alabama, intermittently c. 1850-1859; and in Worcester, Massachusetts, c. 1854-1856. He "first visited Worcester in 1854. Billings painted several important Worcester residents, including John Davis and Stephen Salisbury. His work hung in many public buildings including the Worcester County Courthouse and Mechanics Hall."

title: Tornadoes in New England

text:
There have been 34 killer tornadoes in New England's recorded history. Several of these tornadoes have killed people:
Only two tornadoes in the history of New England have killed more than 10 people: the 1953 Worcester Tornado and the 1878 Wallingford tornado. The Worcester Tornado killed as many as 94 people in Worcester, Massachusetts, on June 9, 1953, and the Wallingford Tornado killed as many as 34 in Wallingford, Connecticut, on August 8, 1878. These two tornadoes, both estimated to be of F4 intensity on the Fujita scale, killed more people than the rest of the tornadoes in the region's recorded history combined. Since most New England tornadoes are weak and short-lived, it is understandable why tornadoes causing fatalities are a rare occurrence.

title: Dean Conant Worcester

text: Worcester had a keen interest in public health, but his response to a major 1902–04 outbreak of cholera in Manila and other Philippine cities was highly criticized. The epidemic was particularly severe in the district of Farola in Manila (near present-day San Nicolas) that was home to many of the city's poorest. Worcester ordered the burning of hundreds of houses and forced quarantine of many frightened and homeless Filipinos. Despite these draconian measures taken by Worcester and public health officials, 109,461 people died in Manila and elsewhere in the Philippines. Failure to effectively control this major outbreak and subsequent cholera outbreaks in 1905 and 1908 were major embarrassments for Worcester and drew the ire of the Philippine press often claiming that the public health measures were primarily aimed at clearing slums for the redevelopment of the valuable Manila seaport area. In response, the Insular Department of Interior, primarily under the authorship of Worcester, published a history of these cholera outbreaks with an account of the agency's attempts to control them.

title: Worcester, Massachusetts

text:
Shrewsbury Street is Worcester's traditional "Little Italy" neighborhood and today boasts many of the city's most popular restaurants and nightlife. The Canal District was once an old eastern European neighborhood, but has been redeveloped into a very popular bar, restaurant and club scene.
Worcester is also famously the former home of the Worcester Lunch Car Company. The company began in 1906 and built many famous lunch car diners in New England. Worcester is home to many classic lunch car diners including Boulevard Diner, Corner Lunch, Chadwick Square Diner, and Miss Worcester Diner.

title: The Wide, Wide World

text: Secondary CharactersThis book was originally written with the goal of teaching people a Christian lesson, so many of the themes are Christian in nature and aim to show people how a true Christian ought to live his or her life.The driving conflict of this story is the separation of Ellen from her mother and the effects of this separation on Ellen, including how she misses the mother who had meant everything to her, how she struggles with being a good Christian, and how she deals with people who don’t care about her.

title: Quinsigamond

text: Today, Nipmuc people live on the Chaubunagungamaug Reservation area in Webster, and the Hassanamisco Reservation in Grafton. The Indian population is about 2,000 people. Many continue the old way of life and carry on the traditions of their ancestors. The Quinsigamond Lake region is no longer home to an amusement park but a shopping area, and there are two state parks on the lake. The current usage of Quinsigamond Lake remains popular for recreational use. Many college and area club rowing teams continue to utilize the lake for this sport. As the second largest city in Massachusetts, Worcester became known as "the heart of the commonwealth" and has continued to prosper. Quinsigamond Community College has flourished as one of six biggest colleges in the Worcester Area. It has also continued to proudly bear the iconic original name of "Worcester” and represent the rich cultural Native American history.

title: Worcester

text: Hannah Snell (1723–1792), famous for impersonating a man and enlisting in the Royal Marines, was born and brought up in Worcester. Elizabeth Blower (c. 1757/63 – post-1816), novelist, poet and actress, was born and raised in Worcester. Ann Hatton (1764–1838), writer of the Kemble family, was born in Worcester. James White (1775–1820), founder of first advertising agency in 1800 in London, was born in Worcester. John Mathew Gutch (1776–1861), journalist, lived with his second wife at Barbourne, a suburb north of Worcester, from 1823 until his death. Jabez Allies (1787–1856) a Worcestershire folklorist and antiquarian lived at Lower Wick, now part of Worcester. Sir Charles Hastings (1794–1866), British Medical Association founder, lived in Worcester for most of his life. Revd Thomas Davis, a hymn-writer born in Worcester in 1804 Philip Henry Gosse, naturalist, was born in Worcester in 1810. Mrs. Henry Wood (1814–1887), writer, was born in Worcester. Alexander Clunes Sheriff (1816–1878), City Alderman, businessman and Liberal MP, grew up in Worcester. Edward Leader Williams (1828–1910), designer of the Manchester Ship Canal, was born and brought up at Diglis House in Worcester. Benjamin Williams Leader (1831–1923), brother of previous, landscape artist. Sir Thomas Brock (1847–1922), sculptor, best known for the London Victoria Memorial, was born in Worcester in 1847. Worcestershire Royal Hospital is in a road named after him. Vesta Tilley (1864–1952), music hall performer who adopted this stage name aged 11, was born in Worcester. She became a noted male impersonator. Sir Edward Elgar, composer, was born in 1857 in Broadheath, just outside Worcester, and he lived in the city from the age of two. His father ran a music shop in High Street; a statue of Elgar stands near the original site. His early musical career was based around the city, and his first major work was commissioned for the Three Choirs Festival there. William Morris, Lord Nuffield (1877–1963), founder of Morris Motors and philanthropist, spent the first three years in Worcester. Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy (1883–1929, "Woodbine Willy"), poet and author, was Vicar of St Paul's Church. As an army chaplain in the First World War he would hand out Woodbine cigarettes to men in the trenches. Ernest Payne (1884–1961) was born in Worcester and rode for St Johns Cycling Club, winning a gold medal in team pursuit at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. Sheila Scott (1922–1988), aviator, was born in Worcester. Louise Johnson (1940–2012), biochemist and protein crystallographer, was born in Worcester.[96] Timothy Garden, Baron Garden (1944–2007), Air Marshal and Liberal Democrat politician, was born in Worcester. Dave Mason (born 1946), musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist, was born in Worcester. Lee Cornes (born 1951), comedian and actor known for television roles in Blackadder, The Young Ones and Bottom serieses, was born in Worcester. David McGreavy (born 1951, the "Monster of Worcester"), lived and committed child murders in Worcester. Stephen Dorrell (born 1952), English Conservative politician and government member, was born in Worcester. Karl Hyde (born 1957), English musician, frontman of trance music group Underworld was born in Worcester. Donncha O'Callaghan (born 1979), Irish Rugby Union player. Joined Worcester Warriors in 2015 from Munster Rugby Irish and British and Irish Lions International Kit Harington (born 1986), actor, lived in Worcester attended The Chantry School and Worcester Sixth Form College. He plays the character Jon Snow in Game of Thrones.

title: Worcester, Western Cape

text: When Black Africans returned to Worcester at the end of the First World War, they were mainly employed as cheap labour for new construction programs springing up around town. By 1936, 1271 Black African people were living in the Worcester district.

title: List of people from Worcester, Massachusetts

text: The following is a list of prominent people who were born in Worcester, Massachusetts, lived in Worcester, or for whom Worcester is a significant part of their identity.

title: Museum of Royal Worcester

text: In contrast, the Victorian gallery has deep colours, extravagant exhibition pieces, and works of great craftsmanship. Here it can be seen how travel influenced design and how with the onslaught of the Industrial Revolution more people could afford to buy fine works.

title: Dean of Worcester

text: The Dean of Worcester is the head of the Chapter of Worcester Cathedral in Worcester, England. The current Dean is Peter Atkinson, who lives at The Deanery, College Green, Worcester.

title: Tupã (mythology)

text: Tupã was known for his personality, and this is how many people remember him. He was a very seductive/sexual god. This led to his many children. Tupã and Arasy counselled the humans to live peacefully, to procreate, and to live in love. Tupã then created the spirits of good and evil, Angatupyry and Tau, left them to guide the people down one path or another and departed back into the heavens.

title: Worcester, Western Cape

text: Sub division of the original plots dates back to the 1860s when the town experienced its first economic boon. By the 1890s, when there was a downturn in economic fortune the population grew at a considerable rate, as landless people moved to town. Small industry, business and residence still operated within the original boundaries of the town. During the 1890s Worcester's community would also evolve into an uptown section for rich and middle-class people and a downtown section for so called poor Whites and Coloured people. Even the Dutch Reformed Congregation would censure European and Coloured people living under desegregated circumstances.

title: Jawdat Said

text: "there are many simple Quranic facts we hear but not understand! How many of the disasters arise from this neglect and inattention! How many hundreds of thousands of young people are disappointed, or lose confidence in the seriousness of religious subjects, when they are exposed to the truth, because they live an illusion! It is a problem of a society, the problem of a lost generation replete with illusions."

title: Alexia digital singles

text: The title translates as 'And You Do Not Know' with the song being about the love between two people, how it started and ended and how it has changed their lives, though the one person does not know who they are, with the other knowing they have a physical and emotional desire for them, and how now they 'wander between so many people only in search of you'.

title: Worcester Cathedral

text: An epitaph in Latin to a headmaster Henry Bright of King's College, Worcester, can be found near the north porch. Other notable burials include:The Cathedral Library at Worcester, located since the 19th century in the loft above the South Nave, contains nearly 300 medieval manuscripts, 55 incunabula, and 5500 post-medieval printed books. Of particular note are the Worcester Antiphoner (the only book of its kind to survive the Reformation), the will of King John and a 1225 copy of Magna Carta. The large scriptorium at Worcester produced many manuscripts and was a place of work for many famous scribes, such as the chronicler John of Worcester and the unnamed monk identified by his distinctive handwriting as The Tremulous Hand of Worcester.

title: Mandell Creighton

text: In spring 1885, Creighton accepted an offer from the Prime Minister, William Gladstone, of a residentiary canonry at Worcester Cathedral. As the residency requirement of three months could be met during Cambridge vacations, the Creighton family settled into an annual routine of six moves between Cambridge and Worcester, a distance of over 100 miles. The Worcester experience led Creighton to consider how the relationship of competition between a cathedral and its diocesan parish churches could be turned into one of cooperation, a subject on which he would write scholarly articles. By providing an introduction to the grim realities of city life, Worcester, moreover, awakened Creighton's social consciousness. He joined the Worcester Diocesan Penitentiary Association and was moved by the plight of prison inmates. In a sermon at the Sanitary Congress of Worcester in 1889, he spoke about the effect of a harsh physical life on the moral life, the unwholesome air of the factory, the crowded workshop, the ill-ventilated room, all those things rob the body of its vigour, how they must also act upon the soul! ... uncleanliness, hatred, variance, drunkenness, revelling. Do not these things, think you, come largely from, and are they not greatly affected by, the physical conditions under which life is lived?


query: What years did King Charles XII reign in Sweden?

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: Charles XII, sometimes Carl (Swedish: Karl XII) or Latinized to Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.[1]), was the King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of Wittelsbach. Charles was the only surviving son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder. He assumed power, after a seven-month caretaker government, at the age of fifteen.[2]

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: Charles' death marked the end of autocratic kingship in Sweden, and the subsequent Age of Liberty saw a shift of power from the monarch to the parliament of the estates.[38] Historians of the late 18th and early 19th centuries viewed Charles' death as the result of an aristocratic plot, and Gustav IV Adolf, the king who refused to settle with Napoleon Bonaparte, "identified himself with Charles as a type of righteous man struggling with iniquity" (Roberts).[39] Throughout the 19th century's romantic nationalism Charles XII was viewed as a national hero. He was idealized as a heroic, virtuous young warrior king, and his fight against Peter the Great was associated with the contemporary Swedish-Russian enmity.[40] Examples of the romantic hero idolatry of Charles XII in several genres are Esaias Tegnér's song Kung Karl, den unge hjälte (1818), Johan Peter Molin's statue[40] in Stockholm's Kungsträdgården (unveiled on 30 November 1868, the 150th anniversary of Charles' death)[41] and Gustaf Cederström's painting Karl XII:s likfärd ("Funeral procession of Charles XII", 1878).[42] The date of Charles' death was chosen by a student association in Lund for annual torch marches beginning in 1853.[43]

title: Sweden–Ukraine relations

text: During the Great Northern War Sweden and Hetman Ivan Mazepa formed an alliance in 1708 against Peter I of Russia. But after the defeat at Poltava on 28 June 1709, parts of the Swedish army under king Charles XII and Hetman Ivan Mazepa together with his loyal cossacks had to flee to Bender in Ottoman Turkey where Mazepa soon died. Pylyp Orlyk was then chosen as a Hetman in exile by the cossacks and the Swedish king Charles XII. While in Bender Pylyp Orlyk wrote one of the first state constitutions in Europe. This constitutions was confirmed by Charles XII and it also names him as "the protector of Ukraine".

title: Charles III of Spain

text: During the early years of Charles' reign the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason, Pope Clement XII considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples. He did not recognise Charles of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through the apostolic nuncio, the Pope let Charles know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from Charles' father, the King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer Bernardo Tanucci in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament. Tanucci also implemented a policy of substantially limiting the privileges of the clergy, whose vast possessions enjoyed tax exemption and their own jurisdiction. However, the Neapolitan government also made conciliatory gestures, such as forbidding the return home of the exiled historian Pietro Giannone, unwelcome to the ecclesiastical hierarchy.

title: Charles XIII of Sweden

text: Though known as King Charles XIII in Sweden, he was actually the seventh Swedish king by that name, as Charles IX (reigned 1604–1611) had adopted his numeral after studying a fictitious history of Sweden.

title: History of Charles XII

text: History of Charles XII (""Histoire de Charles XII"") is a historical work by the French historian, philosopher, and writer Voltaire about Charles XII, king of Sweden. It was first published in 1731.

title: Hotel Skeppsholmen

text: The two buildings were built in 1699-1702 to accommodate the 200 bodyguards of King Charles XII. They were built to the design of Nicodemus Tessin the Younger using bricks from several palaces, in Ekolsund, Gripsholm, Nyköping, Eskilstuna, and Svartsjö. As Charles spent most of his reign on the battlefields, however, neither building was used for the original purpose, serving instead to house the poor and homeless. Poor and homeless people of Stockholm emerged in great numbers following Sweden's defeat at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, but were considerably decimated by the Black Death, which hit the city the following year. As Sweden started to create its fleet of galleys in 1715, these two buildings were gradually transformed from hospitals into offices and workshops for the fleet.

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: In 1901, August Strindberg in his play Karl XII broke with the heroization practice, showing an introverted Charles XII in conflict with his impoverished subjects.[44] In the so-called Strindberg feud (1910–1912), his response to the "Swedish cult of Charles XII" (Steene)[45] was that Charles had been "Sweden's ruin, the great offender, a ruffian, the rowdies' idol, a counterfeiter."[46] Verner von Heidenstam however, one of his opponents in the feud, in his book Karolinerna instead "emphasized the heroic steadfastness of the Swedish people in the somber years of trial during the long-drawn-out campaigns of Karl XII" (Scott).[47]

title: Hans Wachtmeister

text: Hans Wachtmeister, Count of Johannishus, ( – ) was admiral general of the Swedish Navy and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden and King Charles XII of Sweden. He served in the Scanian War of 1675–1679 and during the following twenty years of peace worked to build up the Swedish Navy. When the Great Northern War began in 1700 he was able to take his fleet to sea in good condition.

title: Allotment system

text: The new system was put to the test for the first time in 1700, when Sweden, under the reign of Charles XII, was attacked by a coalition of its neighbours Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland in the Great Northern War. The mobilization of the soldiers worked well thanks to the new system, with Sweden mobilizing 43,000 men in allotted regiments, and another 33,000 men from various enlisted regiments. The army was one of the largest in Europe at the time, having modern equipment and being very well-trained and organized. However, three enemies were too much, even though Charles XII forced Denmark to leave the war the same year it started, and forced Saxony to leave the war in 1706. After these successful blows to the coalition, Charles XII had the opportunity to sign a peace with the remaining opponent, Russia. He did not, and this decision would have immense effects on the population. Russia's vast plains did not give Charles XII the possibility to beat his enemy with his superior army; instead, he was forced into a war of attrition, a war he could not win.

title: Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Charles Frederick was born in Sweden, the son of Frederick IV of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and his consort, Hedvig Sophia, daughter of King Charles XI of Sweden. He became reigning duke in infancy, upon his father's death in 1702, co-ruling, however under guardianship till 1717, with his father's cousin King Frederick IV of Denmark in the Duchy of Holstein, a Holy Roman imperial fief, and the Duchy of Schleswig, a Danish fief, there as a vassal to the Danish king. All his life was a legitimate claimant to the throne of Sweden, as "pro forma" heir to Charles XII, who was his maternal uncle.

title: Riksråd

text:
Over the next two centuries the Monarchy and the Riksråd were constant rivals. When Sigismund was crowned in 1594 the Riksråd drafted the charter of Nyköping which took many of the king's powers. During Queen Christina of Sweden's reign a large proportion of crown land was alienated (given to nobles) which led to major financial instability in Sweden.
King Charles XI was Sweden's first absolute monarch who led an immense 'reduction' policy (the retrieval of land from the nobility) in 1654 1.5% of land was the Crown's and 72% belonged to the noblitiy. by 1700, 35.5% of land belonged to the Crown and 33% belonged to the nobility.
This continued until the end of the Swedish absolutists in 1718 when Charles XII was killed during the Great Northern War.

title: Siege of Fredriksten

text:
The Siege of Fredriksten ("Beleiringen av Fredriksten festning") was an attack on the Norwegian fortress of Fredriksten in the city of Fredrikshald,
(now Halden) by King Charles XII of Sweden. While inspecting his troops' lines, Charles XII was killed by a projectile. The Swedes broke the siege off, and the Norwegians held the fortress. Alongside with the Treaty of Nystad three years later, the death of Charles XII marked the end of the imperial era in Sweden, and the beginning of the Age of Liberty (Swedish: "Frihetstiden") in that country.

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: Charles did not pursue the Russian army. Instead, he turned against Poland-Lithuania, which was formally neutral at this point, thereby disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament. Charles defeated the Polish king Augustus II and his Saxon allies at the Battle of Kliszow in 1702 and captured many cities of the Commonwealth. After the deposition of Augustus as king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Charles XII put Stanisław Leszczyński as his puppet on the Polish throne (1704).[11]

title: Pylyp Orlyk

text: After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, he escaped together with Hetman Ivan Mazepa and king Charles XII of Sweden to Bender in the Principality of Moldavia, where Mazepa soon died. Pylyp Orlyk was then chosen as a Hetman in exile by the cossacks and the Swedish king Charles XII. While in Bender Orlyk wrote one of the first state constitutions in Europe. This Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was confirmed by Charles XII and it also names him as "the protector of Ukraine".

title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was five years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government and education emerged during this period. Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe.

title: Johann Patkul

text: Johann Reinhold Patkul (27 July 1660 – 10 October 1707) was a Livonian nobleman, politician and agitator of Baltic German extraction. Born as a subject to the Swedish Crown, he protested against the manner of King Charles XI of Sweden's reduction in Livonia, enraging the king, who had him arrested and sentenced to mutilation and death (1694). Patkul fled from the Swedish Empire to continental Europe, and played a key role in the secret diplomacy (1698-1699) allying Peter I of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and the Poland–Lithuania - as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway - against Charles XII of Sweden, triggering the Great Northern War of 1700-1721. During the first war years, Patkul retained a key role in the communication between the allies and other European courts, holding positions at king Augustus's court first in Augustus's interests (1698-1700), then in tsar Peter's service (1702- ). In late 1705 Patkul fell from Augustus's favor and was arrested and charged with high treason. Throughout the following year he was detained first in Sonnenstein, then in Königstein (both in Saxony), before Charles XII forced Augustus to extradite him by the Treaty of Altranstädt in late 1706. Patkul spent another year in Swedish detention before Charles XII had him broken on the wheel and decapitated.

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: Bain, Robert Nisbet. Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682-1719 (1899) . Bengtsson, F. G. The Life of Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1697-1718 (1960). also published as The sword does not jest. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden (St. Martin's Press 1960). Hattendorf, J. B., Åsa Karlsson, Margriet Lacy-Bruijn, Augustus J. Veenendaal, Jr., and Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier, Charles XII: Warrior King (Rotterdam: Karwansaray, 2018). Hatton, R. M. Charles XII of Sweden (1968). Peterson, Gary Dean. Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (McFarland, 2007).

title: Nişancı Süleyman Pasha

text: On 12 November 1712, he was appointed grand vizier. The main diplomatic problem during his office term was the fate of the King Charles XII of Sweden, who was residing in Ottoman lands after his defeat by the Russian forces in the Battle of Poltava (1709). When Charles XII refused to return to his country Sweden, Süleyman Pasha moved his residence from Bender in Ottoman Moldova to Didymoteicho in Ottoman Greece. But Ottoman Sultan Ahmet III (reigned 1703–1730) did not approve this policy towards a guest of the Empire.

title: Drottningholm Palace

text: During the reign of the kings Charles XI of Sweden and Charles XII of Sweden, the royal court was often present at the palace, which was used for hunting. Hedwig Eleonora used the palace as a summer residence until her death in 1715, also when she had become the undisputed host of the royal court during the absence of Charles XII in Great Northern War (1700–1721).

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: In Roy Andersson's 2014 film A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence, a young Swedish king appears in several scenes while an army in the background sings a song about Charles XII. In one scene, the king has all the women driven out of a bar before he enters, orders mineral water rather than beer, and takes interest in the young male bar assistant, which accords with popular depictions of Charles XII, as a bachelor and teetotaler.

title: Charles XV of Sweden

text: Charles XV & IV also Carl ("Carl Ludvig Eugen"); Swedish: "Karl XV" and Norwegian: "Karl IV" (3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden ("Charles XV") and Norway ("Charles IV") from 1859 until his death. Though known as King Charles XV in Sweden (and also on contemporary Norwegian coins), he was actually the ninth Swedish king by that name, as his predecessor Charles IX (reigned 1604–1611) had adopted a numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden.

title: Charles XII Bible

text: In 1618, during the reign of Gustav II Adolf, a revised version of the Gustav Vasa Bible was published, and the Charles XII Bible was a modernised version of this Bible, including corrections and revised spellings. It remained the official Swedish Bible translation until 1917, and it was used in readings and sermons in the Church of Sweden.

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: Charles fascinated many in his time. In 1731, Voltaire wrote a biography of Charles XII, History of Charles XII. Voltaire portrays the Swedish king in a positive light, against the brutal nature of Peter the Great.[50] Samuel Johnson, a devoted anti-militarian, wrote in his poem "The Vanity of Human Wishes":

title: History of Sweden

text: Russia, Saxony–Poland, and Denmark–Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish empire. Although the young Swedish King Charles XII (1682–1718; reigned 1697–1718) won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, most notably in the stunning success against the Russians at the Battle of Narva (1700), his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious.

title: Treaty of Warsaw (1705)

text: Early in the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden campaigned in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, was king since 1697. Aimed at dethroning his adversary, Charles XII managed to have his candidate Stanisław Leszczyński elected king of Poland on 12 July 1704. Augustus' ally Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, was reluctant to engage Charles XII in a major battle as a consequence of the decisive defeat his army had suffered at Narva in 1700. A faction of the Polish and Lithuanian nobles did not accept Leszczyński's election, which had been imposed in neglect of the commonwealth's customs, and organized in the Sandomir or Sandomierz Confederation in support of Augustus. They declared the election illegal, outlawed Leszczyński's supporters who were organized in the Warsaw Confederation, declared war on Sweden and allied with Russia in the Treaty of Narva.

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XII does not mean that he was the 12th king of Sweden by that name. Swedish kings Erik XIV (1560–1568) and Charles IX (1604–1611) gave themselves numerals after studying a mythological history of Sweden. He was actually the 6th King Charles.[6] The non-mathematical numbering tradition continues with the current King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, being counted as the equivalent of Charles XVI.

title: Kristianstad

text: Pylyp Orlyk was after 1709 chosen as a Hetman in exile by the cossacks and the Swedish king Charles XII. While in Bender Orlyk wrote one of the first state constitutions in Europe. This Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was confirmed by Charles XII and it also names him as "the protector of Ukraine". After 1714 Orlyk now together with several other cossacks followed the Swedish king Charles XII to Sweden. Orlyk with his family and about 40 other Cossacks arrived in Ystad, Sweden in late November 1715. After some months in Ystad they lived in the city of Kristianstad for some years. Orlyk wrote numerous proclamations and essays about Ukraine including the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk.

title: Charles XII of Sweden

text: The 1925 Swedish film Charles XII was a silent epic portraying his reign. In 2007, Oleg Ryaskov again portrayed Charles XII (Eduard Flerov) in the Russian drama The Sovereign's Servant.

title: Emanuel Swedenborg

text: In 1715 Swedenborg returned to Sweden, where he devoted himself to natural science and engineering projects for the next two decades. A first step was his meeting with King Charles XII of Sweden in the city of Lund, in 1716. The Swedish inventor Christopher Polhem, who became a close friend of Swedenborg, was also present. Swedenborg's purpose was to persuade the king to fund an observatory in northern Sweden. However, the warlike king did not consider this project important enough, but did appoint Swedenborg to be assessor-extraordinary on the Swedish Board of Mines ("Bergskollegium") in Stockholm.


query: Where was Preston Albert Watson born?

title: Preston Watson

text: Born in Dundee, Tayside, Scotland on 17 May 1880, the son of Mr Thomas Watson of Balgowan and his wife Jane, Preston Albert Watson was a pupil of the High School of Dundee and showed considerable interest in things mechanical from an early age. Young Preston possessed an analytical mind, and quite often, he, according to the Sunday, 27 October 1984 edition of The Courier and Advertiser newspaper;

title: Preston Watson

text: A further false statement made by James Watson was that Preston had the No. 3 shipped to France and entered into a competition, in which it won a safety award. No evidence of this can be found anywhere. The only competition in France Preston entered any of his aeroplanes in was the Concours de La Sécurité en Aéroplanes, in which his No.3 aeroplane was disqualified. Some sources quote the date in which Watson's No.3 won the safety prize was 1913, but the Concours held between 1 January and 1 July 1914 was the first of its kind.[2][8]

title: Young Einstein

text:
After a day’s worth of heavy drinking, Albert postulates the theory of Mass–energy equivalence (E=MC) as a formula to split beer atoms to create bubbles in beer. After spending all night preparing, he splits a beer atom (with hammer and chisel), which causes the shed to explode. Albert runs to his parents, blackened from the explosion, carrying the formula and a glass of beer with bubbles in it. His father tells him to head to the Australian mainland and patent the formula.
Once arrived, he boards a train for Sydney, where he is introduced to Marie Curie (Odile Le Clezio), a Polish-French scientist studying at the University of Sydney and Preston Preston (John Howard), the pompous manager of the Sydney Patent Office. Marie is fascinated by Albert, while Preston is annoyed by him. Albert tells Marie of his theory, which she finds fascinating.

title: Preston Watson

text: According to the late Mr James Manson, who worked as a labourer with Watson's father's food produce business, Messrs Watson and Philip, Preston built small model aeroplanes and dropped them from the bridge at Ninewells.[2]

title: Preston Watson

text: Confirmation from articles in the Dundee Courier in 1910 confirming completion dates of Watson's first and second aeroplanes pour cold water on the suggestion that he built and flew rocking wing aircraft any earlier. Yet the rumours persist, with no small thanks to the likes of the book The pioneer flying achievements of Preston Watson, which is full of inconsistencies and errors and relies primarily on James Watson's discredited testimony.[2]

title: Preston Watson

text: Preston Watson is interred at Western Cemetery (on the Perth Road) in Dundee.[18]

title: John B. Watson

text: One might consider the experiment Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner carried out to be one of the most controversial in psychology in 1920. It has become immortalized in introductory psychology textbooks as the Little Albert experiment. The goal of the experiment was to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered, classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", a 9-month-old boy. Watson and Rayner conditioned "Little Albert" by clanging an iron rod when a white rat was presented. First, they presented to the boy a white rat and observed that he was not afraid of it. Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod. "Little Albert" responded by crying. This second presentation was repeated several times. Finally, Watson and Rayner presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear. Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented Albert with a rabbit, a dog, and a fur coat. He cried at the sight of all of them. This study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses. As the story of "Little Albert" has made the rounds, inaccuracies and inconsistencies have crept in, some of them even due to Watson himself. Analyses of Watson's film footage of Albert suggest that the infant was mentally and developmentally disabled. An ethical problem of this study is that Watson and Rayner did not uncondition "Little Albert". In 2009, Beck and Levinson found records of a child, Douglas Merritte, who seemed to have been Little Albert. They found that he had died from congenital hydrocephalus at the age of 6. Thus, it cannot be concluded to what extent this study had an effect on "Little Albert"'s life. On 25 January 2012, Tom Bartlett of "The Chronicle of Higher Education" published a report that questions whether John Watson knew of cognitive abnormalities in Little Albert that would greatly skew the results of the experiment. In 2014, however, the journals that initially endorsed Beck and Fridlund's claims about Albert and Watson (the "American Psychologist" and "History of Psychology") published articles debunking those claims

title: Albert Watson II

text: Watson was born January 5, 1909, and grew up in Mount Vernon, Illinois. His father was an Army colonel and his grandfather, Albert Watson was a member of the Supreme Court of Illinois. His family raised him Episcopalian and he remained so throughout his life.

title: Andy Watson (footballer, born 1967)

text: Watson scored his first goals for Blackpool in a 3–3 draw with Preston North End in the West Lancashire derby.

title: Preston Watson

text: It is worth remembering that in the 15 May 1914 issue of Flight magazine, Preston Watson himself stated that, in his own words, "these gentlemen, the Wrights, were the first to fly in a practical way", and at no time during his life did he ever contradict that statement. By contrast, James' and others' testimonies to the dubious claims of Preston's powered-flight-before-the-Wrights are riddled with inconsistencies, changes of facts and general errors. Bearing this in mind, it is difficult to refute Preston's own words on the matter.[2][7]

title: Albert Watson (footballer, born 1985)

text: Albert Watson (born 8 September 1985) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays for Icelandic club KR as a defender.

title: Albert Watson (South Carolina)

text: In 1948, Watson married the former Lillian Audrey Williams (born 1926), and the couple had three children, Albert Watson, Jr., Kimberly C. Watson, and Clark P. Watson. A Southern Baptist deacon, Watson had a twin brother, Allan R. Watson (1922-2001), who was a Baptist minister and served as the pastor of churches in Florida and Alabama. He preached at the White House in September 1969. A second brother, Claude Watson, Jr., of Columbia, died in 2003.

title: Preston Watson

text: Nowadays, the efforts of the competitors and judges at the Concours are all-but forgotten, but many of the features pioneered at the event were to resurface on modern aircraft. For Preston Watson, the event proved less than successful, but it illustrated his dedication to his work. One positive consequence of his entry was that his theories became known to a wider audience after the article in Flight magazine that year, where he went into detail about his rocking wing method of control. [16]

title: Albert Watson (South Carolina)

text: Albert William Watson was born in 1922 to Claude Watson, Sr. and his wife in Sumter in central South Carolina. His family moved and he was reared near the state capital of Columbia in Lexington County, where he attended public schools. He subsequently enrolled at the former North Greenville Junior College in Greenville, South Carolina. During World War II, Watson served as a weather specialist in the United States Army Air Corps, the forerunner of the Air Force.

title: Albert Watson (footballer, born 1903)

text: Albert Watson (born 19 August 1903) was an English professional football midfielder. He made nearly 400 league appearances for Blackpool between 1923 and 1936.

title: Albert Watson (footballer, born 1985)

text: Born in Belfast, Watson made his senior-club debut for Ballymena United on 4 December 2001 in a 1–1 draw against Institute, at 16 years of age. He attracted interest from Linfield in February 2008, although any interest concluded when Watson signed a new contract with Ballymena a few days later. In January 2011, Watson made his 300th appearance for the club.

title: Preston Watson

text: There have also been claims that Watson also built and flew an unpowered "Wright Type" glider, but there is little substantial evidence to support this; Preston Watson himself never made the claim and reports of a glider only emerged after James Watson admitted that the claim to powered flight before the Wrights in 1903 was false and the machine Preston flew that year was a glider in the December 1955 issue of Aeronautics magazine. While he might have begun constructing a glider at some stage in his life, no evidence can be found that verifies the claim he flew it.[2]

title: Preston Watson

text: It is known that Preston Watson constructed three powered aeroplanes, of which only two were able to become airborne under their own power. [3] [5] [12]

title: Preston Watson

text: "At the secluded little village of Forgandenny, Perthshire, near Preston, A. Watson, a well-known motorist of Dundee, has built a machine to his own designs. Mr Watson does not wish details of his aeroplane to be made public till he has tested it in practice, which he hopes to do within the next few days."

title: Preston Watson

text: With the declaration of war in August 1914, Watson hoped to volunteer for service with the Royal Flying Corps - he had held a commission as a volunteer with the Royal Forfarshire Yeomanry, but was refused, being described as too old to fly. In a letter to his wife Beatrice, written presumably in the later months of 1914, published in Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith's book The pioneer flying achievements of Preston Watson, Preston explains a meeting with Lithuanian born Leo Anatole Jouques, employed by the War Office to manufacture aeroplanes under licence by his firm Jouques Aviation Works at Willesden and apparently well connected, who suggested to him he might be able to assist him with a commission with the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough.[2]

title: Preston Watson

text: What makes the assertion that Preston Watson built a glider, or any aircraft in 1903 questionable is that James Watson publicly contradicts himself on more than one occasion.[7][8]

title: Preston Watson

text: Preston Albert Watson (1880–1915) was a Scottish aviation pioneer, who conceived his own original method of controlling an aeroplane in flight. This was his rocking wing method of lateral control, which consisted of a secondary smaller wing mounted above the main wing on an A-frame that could pivot about its longitudinal axis.[1] Watson's method of lateral control was applied by him in three different aeroplanes; the first was built in late 1909, the second in July 1910 and his third in 1913. [2] [3] [4] [5]

title: Preston Watson

text: Preston Watson's achievements have been clouded by erroneous claims of powered flight before the Wright Brothers. This originated from his younger brother James Watson, who brought to the public's greater attention in an article published in the Manchester Guardian newspaper in December 1953. There was an article in The Scots magazine in October 1953 released by one J.D. Leslie, but it is dismissed owing to inaccuracies. Since then, Preston's name has been associated with this false claim and his actual work in promoting aviation is often overlooked.[2]

title: Albert Watson (footballer, born 1985)

text: Watson has captained the Northern Irish under-23 side.

title: Preston Watson

text: Facts about Preston Watson remain as obscure to the public today as before December 1953, and although James Watson later publicly denied the claims he made about his brother,.[8] there are still many who refuse to accept that his tale has been so comprehensively debunked. This is unfortunate, considering the work that Preston actually carried out, and the conviction and enthusiasm he had for his subject matter. It is truly lamentable that he isn’t remembered for his pioneering work, regardless of the fact that it has proven to be fruitless.[2][8]

title: Preston Watson

text: Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and professional aviation researcher Charles Gibbs-Smith vigorously investigated the Watson claim.[8] The presentation of Gibbs-Smith's findings to him eventually forced a change of tack from Watson the Younger. Published in the December 1955 issue of Aeronautics magazine titled A pioneer in Scotland, James changed his story from that published in the same magazine previously, stating that "Preston's first aeroplane was without an engine" and that "trial flights were made at Errol in the summer of 1903". In a letter to Gibbs-Smith, James also wrote, "I make no claim that the 'machine' Preston used at Errol in 1903 was a powered machine."[7][8]

title: James F. Byrnes

text: In 1965, Byrnes spoke out against the "punishment" and "humiliation" of South Carolina U.S. Representative Albert W. Watson, who had been stripped of his congressional seniority by the House Democratic Caucus after endorsing Goldwater for president. Byrnes openly endorsed Watson's retention in Congress as a Republican in a special election held in 1965 against Democrat Preston Callison. Watson secured $20,000 and the services of a GOP field representative in what he termed "quite a contrast" to his treatment from Democratic House colleagues.

title: Albert Watson (footballer, born 1918)

text: Albert Watson (1 June 1918 – 22 October 2009) was a professional footballer, who played for Huddersfield Town and Oldham Athletic. He was born in Bolton on Dearne, near Barnsley, Yorkshire. For many years he had a sports shop in Sunderland trading as Willie Watson Sports, and he died in Sunderland in 2009.

title: Preston Watson

text: Only after being pressured by Gibbs-Smith after first making his claims in 1953 did James Watson admit that the aircraft Preston flew in 1903 was a glider. Prior to this admission, there was never any mention of a Watson built glider, neither by James, the eyewitnesses James presented in support of his original claim, nor significantly, by Preston Watson himself.[2][7][8]

title: Preston Watson

text: Preston Watson's achievements, although not spectacular are today regarded with scepticism because of the erroneous claims of powered-flight-before-the-Wrights in the summer of 1903 that originated from his younger brother James. According to Alistair W. Blair and Alistair Smith in The pioneer flying achievements of Preston Watson, James Watson began collating information on the claim in a letter to the Science Museum, London dated 21 October 1949. In the 15 December 1953 issue of the Manchester Guardian newspaper, James had an article published referencing the claim, although it wasn't the first public acknowledgement of it. Following this, James Watson approached the Royal Aeronautical Society via a joint dinner with the Royal Aero Club at the Dorchester Hotel, London, commemorating 50 years since the Wright Brothers' first powered flight on 17 December 1903, with evidence, including photographs and eye-witness accounts that Preston Watson flew a powered aeroplane before the Wright Brothers.[2] A further article appeared in the February 1954 issue of Aeronautics magazine titled The Watson History, in which James Watson re-iterated his claim, although the magazine's editor cautiously advised readers that; "we would say that we are not convinced that Preston Watson can upset existing priority claims for controlled and sustained flight".[2]


query: What is the origin of the word algebra?

title: Algebra

text: The word algebra comes from the Arabic الجبر (al-jabr lit. "the reunion of broken parts") from the title of the book Ilm al-jabr wa'l-muḳābala by the Persian mathematician and astronomer al-Khwarizmi. The word entered the English language during the fifteenth century, from either Spanish, Italian, or Medieval Latin. It originally referred to the surgical procedure of setting broken or dislocated bones. The mathematical meaning was first recorded in the sixteenth century.[5]

title: Algebra homomorphism

text: If "A" and "B" are two unital algebras, then an algebra homomorphism formula_5 is said to be "unital" if it maps the unity of "A" to the unity of "B". Often the words "algebra homomorphism" are actually used in the meaning of "unital algebra homomorphism", so non-unital algebra homomorphisms are excluded.

title: Algebraic geometry

text: A polynomial in variables vanishes at all points of a line passing through the origin if and only if it is homogeneous. In this case, one says that the polynomial "vanishes" at the corresponding point of P. This allows us to define a "projective algebraic set" in P as the set , where a finite set of homogeneous polynomials vanishes. Like for affine algebraic sets, there is a bijection between the projective algebraic sets and the reduced homogeneous ideals which define them. The "projective varieties" are the projective algebraic sets whose defining ideal is prime. In other words, a projective variety is a projective algebraic set, whose homogeneous coordinate ring is an integral domain, the "projective coordinates ring" being defined as the quotient of the graded ring or the polynomials in variables by the homogeneous (reduced) ideal defining the variety. Every projective algebraic set may be uniquely decomposed into a finite union of projective varieties.

title: Algebra

text: The word "algebra" has several related meanings in mathematics, as a single word or with qualifiers.

title: Algebra

text: Some areas of mathematics that fall under the classification abstract algebra have the word algebra in their name; linear algebra is one example. Others do not: group theory, ring theory, and field theory are examples. In this section, we list some areas of mathematics with the word "algebra" in the name.

title: Algebra

text: As a single word without an article, "algebra" names a broad part of mathematics. As a single word with an article or in plural, "an algebra" or "algebras" denotes a specific mathematical structure, whose precise definition depends on the author. Usually, the structure has an addition, multiplication, and a scalar multiplication (see Algebra over a field). When some authors use the term "algebra", they make a subset of the following additional assumptions: associative, commutative, unital, and/or finite-dimensional. In universal algebra, the word "algebra" refers to a generalization of the above concept, which allows for n-ary operations. With a qualifier, there is the same distinction: Without an article, it means a part of algebra, such as linear algebra, elementary algebra (the symbol-manipulation rules taught in elementary courses of mathematics as part of primary and secondary education), or abstract algebra (the study of the algebraic structures for themselves). With an article, it means an instance of some abstract structure, like a Lie algebra, an associative algebra, or a vertex operator algebra. Sometimes both meanings exist for the same qualifier, as in the sentence: Commutative algebra is the study of commutative rings, which are commutative algebras over the integers.

title: Universal enveloping algebra

text: The isomorphism of formula_91 and formula_136, "as associative algebras", leads to the concept of the algebra of symbols formula_170. This is the space of symmetric polynomials, endowed with a product, the formula_171, that places the algebraic structure of the Lie algebra onto what is otherwise a standard associative algebra. That is, what the PBW theorem obscures (the commutation relations) the algebra of symbols restores into the spotlight.

title: Word problem for groups

text: What is remarkable about this is that the algebraically closed groups are so wild that none of them has a recursive presentation.

title: Word problem (mathematics)

text: In algebra, one often studies infinite algebras which are generated (under the finitary operations of the algebra) by finitely many elements. In this case, the elements of the algebra have a natural system of finite encoding as expressions in terms of the generators and operations. The word problem here is thus to determine, given two such expressions, whether they represent the same element of the algebra.

title: Loop algebra

text: This isn't precisely what would correspond to the direct product of infinitely many copies of , one for each point in , because of the smoothness restriction. Instead, it can be thought of in terms of smooth map from to ; a smooth parametrized loop in , in other words. This is why it is called the loop algebra.

title: Algebra

text: The word algebra is also used in certain specialized ways. A special kind of mathematical object in abstract algebra is called an "algebra", and the word is used, for example, in the phrases linear algebra and algebraic topology.

title: Scheme (mathematics)

text: The origins of algebraic geometry mostly lie in the study of polynomial equations over the real numbers. By the 19th century, it became clear (notably in the work of Jean-Victor Poncelet and Bernhard Riemann) that algebraic geometry was simplified by working over the field of complex numbers, which has the advantage of being algebraically closed. Two issues gradually drew attention in the early 20th century, motivated by problems in number theory: how can algebraic geometry be developed over any algebraically closed field, especially in positive characteristic? (The tools of topology and complex analysis used to study complex varieties do not seem to apply here.) And what about algebraic geometry over an arbitrary field?

title: Lyndon word

text:
A theorem of Radford states that a shuffle algebra over a field of characteristic 0 can be viewed as a polynomial algebra over the Lyndon words. More precisely, let "A" be an alphabet, let "k" be a field of characteristic 0 (or, more general, a commutative ℚ-algebra), and let "R" be the free noncommutative "k"-algebra . The words over "A" can then be identified with the "noncommutative monomials" (i.e., products of the "x") in "R"; namely, we identify a word ("a","a"...,"a") with the monomial "x""x"..."x". Thus, the words over "A" form a "k"-vector space basis of "R". Then, a "shuffle product" is defined on "R"; this is a "k"-bilinear, associative and commutative product, which is denoted by ш, and which on the words can be recursively defined by
The "shuffle algebra" on the alphabet "A" is defined to be the additive group "R" endowed with ш as multiplication. Radford's theorem now states that the Lyndon words are algebraically independent elements of this shuffle algebra, and generate it; thus, the shuffle algebra is isomorphic to a polynomial ring over "k", with the indeterminates corresponding to the Lyndon words.

title: Graded Lie algebra

text: In mathematics, a graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra endowed with a gradation which is compatible with the Lie bracket. In other words, a graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra which is also a nonassociative graded algebra under the bracket operation. A choice of Cartan decomposition endows any semisimple Lie algebra with the structure of a graded Lie algebra. Any parabolic Lie algebra is also a graded Lie algebra.

title: Apollonius of Perga

text: Variables are defined in Apollonius by such word statements as “let AB be the distance from any point on the section to the diameter,” a practice that continues in algebra today. Every student of basic algebra must learn to convert “word problems” to algebraic variables and equations, to which the rules of algebra apply in solving for x. Apollonius had no such rules. His solutions are geometric.

title: Algebraic

text: Algebraic may refer to any subject related to algebra in mathematics and related branches like algebraic number theory and algebraic topology. The word algebra itself has several meanings.

title: Word problem (mathematics)

text:
The word problem on free Heyting algebras is difficult.
The only known results are that the free Heyting algebra on one generator is infinite, and that the free complete Heyting algebra on one generator exists (and has one more element than the free Heyting algebra).

title: Algebra (disambiguation)

text:
The word 'algebra' is used for various branches and structures of mathematics. For their overview, see Algebra.
The bare word "algebra" may refer to:

title: Free algebra

text: For "R" a commutative ring, the free (associative, unital) algebra on "n" indeterminates {"X"...,"X"} is the free "R"-module with a basis consisting of all words over the alphabet {"X"...,"X"} (including the empty word, which is the unit of the free algebra). This "R"-module becomes an "R"-algebra by defining a multiplication as follows: the product of two basis elements is the concatenation of the corresponding words:

title: Banach *-algebra

text: In other words, a Banach *-algebra is a Banach algebra over formula_3 which is also a *-algebra.

title: Heyting algebra

text: The problem of whether a given equation holds in every Heyting algebra was shown to be decidable by S. Kripke in 1965. The precise computational complexity of the problem was established by R. Statman in 1979, who showed it was PSPACE-complete and hence at least as hard as deciding equations of Boolean algebra (shown coNP-complete in 1971 by S. Cook) and conjectured to be considerably harder. The elementary or first-order theory of Heyting algebras is undecidable. It remains open whether the universal Horn theory of Heyting algebras, or word problem, is decidable. À propos of the word problem it is known that Heyting algebras are not locally finite (no Heyting algebra generated by a finite nonempty set is finite), in contrast to Boolean algebras which are locally finite and whose word problem is decidable. It is unknown whether free complete Heyting algebras exist except in the case of a single generator where the free Heyting algebra on one generator is trivially completable by adjoining a new top.

title: History of algebra

text: Nevertheless, the Hispano-Arabic hypothesis continues to have a presence in popular culture today.[85] It is the claim that algebraic x is the abbreviation of a supposed loanword from Arabic in Old Spanish. The theory originated in 1884 with the German orientalist Paul de Lagarde, shortly after he published his edition of a 1505 Spanish/Arabic bilingual glossary[86] in which Spanish cosa ("thing") was paired with its Arabic equivalent, شىء (shayʔ), transcribed as xei. (The "sh" sound in Old Spanish was routinely spelled x.) Evidently Lagarde was aware that Arab mathematicians, in the "rhetorical" stage of algebra's development, often used that word to represent the unknown quantity. He surmised that "nothing could be more natural" (Nichts war also natürlicher...) than for the initial of the Arabic word—romanized as the Old Spanish x—to be adopted for use in algebra.[87] A later reader reinterpreted Lagarde's conjecture as having "proven" the point.[88] Lagarde was unaware that early Spanish mathematicians used, not a transcription of the Arabic word, but rather its translation in their own language, "cosa".[89] There is no instance of xei or similar forms in several compiled historical vocabularies of Spanish.[90]

title: Lyndon word

text: Lyndon words have an application to the description of free Lie algebras, in constructing a basis for the homogeneous part of a given degree; this was Lyndon's original motivation for introducing these words. Lyndon words may be understood as a special case of Hall sets.

title: Linear Lie algebra

text: In algebra, a linear Lie algebra is a subalgebra formula_1 of the Lie algebra formula_2 consisting of endomorphisms of a vector space "V". In other words, a linear Lie algebra is the image of a Lie algebra representation.

title: Algebraically closed field

text: The field "F" is algebraically closed if and only if it has no finite algebraic extension because if, within the previous proof, the word "algebraic" is replaced by the word "finite", then the proof is still valid.

title: Shuffle algebra

text: In mathematics, a shuffle algebra is a Hopf algebra with a basis corresponding to words on some set, whose product is given by the shuffle product "X" ⧢ "Y" of two words "X", "Y": the sum of all ways of interlacing them. The interlacing is given by the riffle shuffle permutation.

title: Categorification

text: The word (de)categorification doesn't refer to a precise mathematical procedure, but rather to a class of possible analogues. It's used in a similar way to the words like 'generalization', and not like 'sheafification'. Sometimes, the context of an object suggests a natural direction for a categorification of it. For example, in representation theory of Lie algebras mathematicians study modules over some specific algebras. In this case, there are several frameworks for what exactly a categorification of such a module should be, e.g., so called (weak) abelian categorifications, discussed later in the article.

title: FOIL method

text:
The FOIL method is a special case of a more general method for multiplying algebraic expressions using the distributive law. The word "FOIL" was originally intended solely as a mnemonic for high-school students learning algebra. The term appears in William Betz's 1929 text, "Algebra for Today", where he states:
... first terms, outer terms, inner terms, last terms. (The rule stated above may also be remembered by the word FOIL, suggested by the first letters of the words first, outer, inner, last.)
William Betz was active in the mathematics reform movement in the United States at that time, had written many texts on elementary mathematics topics and had "devoted his life to the improvement of mathematics education."

title: Monadic Boolean algebra

text: Monadic Boolean algebras form a variety. They are to monadic predicate logic what Boolean algebras are to propositional logic, and what polyadic algebras are to first-order logic. Paul Halmos discovered monadic Boolean algebras while working on polyadic algebras; Halmos (1962) reprints the relevant papers. Halmos and Givant (1998) includes an undergraduate treatment of monadic Boolean algebra.

title: Conditional event algebra

text: The classification of an algebra makes no reference to the nature of the objects in the domain, being entirely a matter of the formal behavior of the operations on the domain. However, investigation of the properties of an algebra often proceeds by assuming the objects to have a particular character. Thus, the canonical Boolean algebra is, as described above, an algebra of subsets of a universe set. What Lewis in effect showed is what can and cannot be done with an algebra whose members behave like members of such a set of subsets.


query: When was the sonG "Oh Danny Boy" written?

title: Danny Boy

text: Initially written to a tune other than "Londonderry Air", English lawyer and lyricist Frederic Weatherly wrote the words to "Danny Boy" in Bath, Somerset in 1910. After his Irish-born sister-in-law Margaret (known as Jess) in the United States sent him a copy of "Londonderry Air" in 1913 (an alternative version of the story has her singing the air to him in 1912 with different lyrics), Weatherly modified the lyrics of "Danny Boy" to fit the rhyme and meter of "Londonderry Air".[2][3]

title: Wow Oh Wow

text: "Wow Oh Wow" is a song by Irish hip pop duo Jedward. It is the third single released from their second album, "Victory". It was released as a digital download on 18 November 2011. The song is written by Oritsé Williams of boy band JLS, and songwriters Johannes Joergensen, Savan Kotecha, Daniel Klein of Deekay.

title: Barry McGuigan

text: Barry McGuigan was born in Clones, County Monaghan, Ireland. His father was singer Pat McGuigan (died 1987). Pat McGuigan sang "Danny Boy" before several of his son's matches. This inspired the Hacienda Brothers' song "If Daddy Don't Sing Danny Boy", written by boxer and musician Chris Gaffney.

title: Oh Boy (Cam'ron song)

text: Mariah Carey recorded and released an answer song to "Oh Boy" in 2002 for her ninth album "Charmbracelet" called, "Boy (I Need You)". The song is sometimes referred as "Oh Boy Part 2" and also features samples from "I'm Going Down" by Rose Royce. Cam'ron also appeared on the song. The remix version also features Cam'ron, Juelz Santana, Jim Jones, and Freeway. It was referred as "Oh Boy Part 3". It is the 2nd official remix of "Oh Boy". The song & the remix version was also produced by Just Blaze.

title: Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)

text:
Written and produced by Mads Hauge (co-writer of Natasha Bedingfield's "Soulmate") and Phil Thornalley (co-writer of Natalie Imbruglia's "Torn"), "Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)" is an uptempo electropop song which opens with siren-like synths and melodramatically soulful vocal. The song is composed of many synthesisers, drum machine and keyboards. It is composed in the key of D#minor. It has 120 beats per minute and runs through a moderate electropop-oriented beat. The song's lyrics tell the story of a teenage girl who is restricted by parents into not getting into a relationship with another boy. The girl then goes out at night out of rebellion and keeps questioning her parents' reaction to everything she is doing throughout her night out. Lott explained the song to Digital Spy:
"It's about sneaking out the house and going to see a specific person without your parents knowing about it. It's a really cool song because it suits my age and I can relate to it. I mean, there have been a couple of occasions when I might have sneaked out the house and not told my mum and dad."

title: Conway Twitty

text: When "It's Only Make Believe" was first released, because of vocal similarities, many listeners assumed that the song was actually recorded by Elvis Presley, using "Conway Twitty" as a pseudonym. Twitty would go on to enjoy rock-and-roll success with songs including "Danny Boy" (Pop number 10) and "Lonely Blue Boy" (Pop number 6). "Lonely Blue Boy", originally titled "Danny", was recorded by Presley for the film "King Creole" but was not used in the soundtrack. This song led to him naming his band the Lonely Blue Boys. They subsequently became the Twitty Birds.

title: Broken Heels

text: Musically "Broken Heels" is an up-tempo dance-pop, synthpop and R&B song with a dance-oriented beat. "Broken Heels" has a distinctly faster tempo than Burke's previous single "Bad Boys". The song opens with Burke singing the "Hey-ey-ey/Hey-ey-ey" hook which transitions into a spoken portion where Burke says: "RedOne, you know I can do it better than you/I can do it even better in broken heels". The song's middle 8 features Burke singing a "Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh/Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh" hook.

title: All of Me (Boy Oh Boy)

text: Written and produced by Stock Aitken & Waterman, the song is a typical, well-produced quality dance pop record of their golden era. Written especially for Sabrina, the lyrics, production and even the melody are slightly reminiscent of Sabrina's international breakthrough hit "Boys": the structure of the introductions are similar (bass line kicking in with the title of the song being sung/spoken), and while the chorus in "Boys" is built around the phrase 'Boys, boys, boys', in "All Of Me" it is 'Boy, oh, boy'. A favorite among Sabrina fans as well as Stock Aitken & Waterman enthusiasts, this song further solidified Sabrina's status as more than just a one-hit-wonder.

title: Uncontrolled (album)

text: The album's songs featured seven different sound producers, with longtime collaborator Nao'ymt and new collaborator T-SK producing four songs each. Nao'ymt, who had worked with Amuro since 2005 on songs such as "Baby Don't Cry" and "Hide and Seek," worked on four tracks, "Break It," "Get Myself Back," "Fight Together" and "Tempest." T-SK, who began working with Amuro in 2011, produced "Go Round," "Let's Go," "Love Story" and "Yeah-Oh" — all songs written by Australian band The Nervo Twins. In addition to the songs with the Nervo Twins, Amuro worked on three additional songs with the Nervo Twins' music publishing company, the Sweden based Razor Boy Music Publishing. "In the Spotlight (Tokyo)," "Hot Girls" and "Only You" were produced by Henrik Nordenback, Michael Smith and Peter Mansson respectively. Of the seven songs featuring Razor Boy Music Publishing artists, five were sung entirely in English. Of these songs, Tiger wrote Japanese lyrics for "Let's Go" "Love Story," and the Japanese versions of "Go Round / Yeah-Oh!" that appear on the single were written by and Double respectively.

title: Oh boy, oh boy, oh boy!

text: The song, which depicts a British Navy visit to Vinga, has become a standard sing-along song in Sweden.

title: Oh, Boy! (The Crickets song)

text: "Oh, Boy!" is a song written by Sonny West, Bill Tilghman and Norman Petty. It was originally recorded by Sonny West in the late 1950s but did not achieve commercial success. It was later recorded by Buddy Holly and the Crickets between June 29 and July 1, 1957, at Petty Studios in Clovis, New Mexico, with Holly singing lead vocals and the Picks providing backing vocals. The song is in an A-A-B-A format with a 12-bar blues verse and an 8-bar bridge. (Holly also covered another West song, "Rave On".)

title: Lasse Dahlquist

text: Lars Erik ("Lasse") Dahlquist (14 September 1910 in Örgryte (grew also up in Lidingö) – died 14 October 1979 on Brännö, Gothenburg archipelago due to laryngeal cancer) was a Swedish composer, singer and actor. Many of his songs are among the most popular sing-along songs in Sweden, such as "Oh boy oh boy oh boy" and "Gå upp och pröva dina vingar".

title: Boy Oh Boy (Alexandra Stan song)

text: "Boy Oh Boy" was written by Andy Grasu, Marius Mirică and Stan, with production handled by Mirică and Stan. Both Narcotic Creation and representatives of Alexandra Stan Records served as co-producers. The single was made available for digital download on 30 June 2017 by Alexandra Stan Records, the singer's own label, as she desired to work independently.

title: Boy Oh Boy (Alexandra Stan song)

text: "Boy Oh Boy" is a song recorded by Romanian singer Alexandra Stan for her fourth studio album, "Mami" (2018). It was digitally released on 30 June 2017 through Alexandra Stan Records, her own label, due to the singer's desire to work independently. The track was written by Andy Grasu, Marius Mirică and Stan, while production was handled by Mirică and Stan. Musically, "Boy Oh Boy" is a 90s–influenced electropop song with dancehall and reggae elements revolving around a girl's need to be loved and Stan's volatile relationship with her partner.

title: Danny's Song

text: In 1971, Loggins and Jim Messina released "Sittin' In" and, although the album yielded no Top 40 radio hits, "Danny's Song" received a significant amount of radio airplay. Loggins wrote the song for his brother, Danny Loggins, in 1970 when Danny became the father of a boy named Colin – his first son.

title: Oh Boy (The Mood I'm In)

text: In 1977, the song was recorded by UK pop group Brotherhood of Man. The group had won the Eurovision Song Contest the year before and were looking for their next big hit when their producer Tony Hiller came upon this song. Given a new pop slant, the song became a hit in Europe, including the UK where it peaked at #8 during a 12-week run. It featured on their upcoming album "Oh Boy!".

title: I'll Be Your Everything (Tommy Page song)

text: The song was co-written by Page along with Jordan Knight and Danny Wood of the pop boy band New Kids on the Block. While on tour with the New Kids in 1989, Page was playing piano at a hotel one night when Knight approached him, and the two played piano together for a period of time. Knight played Page a verse from what would become "I'll Be Your Everything", a song that Knight wanted to save for a future solo project. The two later collaborated on finishing the song, and Page asked if he could record it for his next album. Knight agreed and produced the track, and fellow band members Danny Wood and Donnie Wahlberg participated in the project as well.

title: Danny Boy

text: "Danny Boy" is considered to be an unofficial signature song and anthem, particularly by Irish Americans and Irish Canadians.[7] "Danny Boy" is considered the Anthem of Northern Ireland. Due to the complicated politics of Northern Ireland, an area governed by the United Kingdom on the island of Ireland (and populated by people of Irish and Scottish descent), anthems of both of those countries are used by their respective communities to indicate allegiance. For several sporting events where Northern Ireland competes individually, such as the Commonwealth Games, the local song “A Londonderry Air” is used as its anthem.[8][9] The song is popular for funerals; but, as it is not liturgical, its suitability as a funeral song is sometimes contested.[10] In 1928, Weatherly himself suggested that the second verse would provide a fitting requiem for the actress Ellen Terry. On 13 April 2013, the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation released the concert album of the 2011 Girls' Generation Asia Tour. The song is on CD 2, track number 7.[11] Figure skating world champion Javier Fernández skated an exhibition program to Danny Boy choreographed by David Wilson, which Fernández debuted in Boston following his victory at the 2016 World Figure Skating Championships.[12] Danny Boy, without lyrics, was the theme song for the television show Make Room for Daddy (1953-1957), later The Danny Thomas Show (1957-1964). Opera singer Renée Fleming sang "Danny Boy" at the funeral service for Senator John McCain on 1 September 2018. Danny Boy, with modified lyrics and music was used in Rubén Blades' album Mundo.

title: Boy Oh Boy (The Wilkinsons song)

text: "Boy Oh Boy" is a song recorded by Canadian country music group The Wilkinsons. It was released in March 1999 as the third single from their album "Nothing but Love". The song reached number 3 on the Canadian "RPM" Country Tracks chart and number 50 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

title: Gerry Goffin

text: At college he met Carol Klein, who had started writing songs under the name Carole King. They began collaborating on songwriting, with King writing the music and Goffin the lyrics, and began a relationship. When King became pregnant, they left college and married in August 1959 when he was 20 and she was 17. Goffin began working with a chemicals manufacturer, and wrote the lyrics for Carole King's 1959 single "Oh Neil", an answer song to her friend Neil Sedaka's "Oh! Carol". Goffin added the words to the tune written by Sedaka and Howard Greenfield, who both worked under Don Kirshner at the Aldon music publishing company in Manhattan; the single's B-side, "A Very Special Boy", was a Goffin-King composition. Although the record was not a hit, the couple both secured contracts to write songs professionally at Aldon.

title: Rockferry (song)

text: "Rockferry" was available for download on 19 November 2007 and was released on 3 December 2007 on limited edition 7" vinyl, with only 500 copies. A free download of the track was originally available via a link published on 15 October 2006 in "Observer Music Monthly". The cover and music video was taken in a shoot at the Ffestiniog Railway in Porthmadog, which was renamed for the occasion. The B-side "Oh Boy" was written by Richard J. Parfitt. Duffy cites "Oh Boy" as the song which meant she was discovered.

title: Oh boy, oh boy, oh boy!

text: Oh boy, oh boy, oh boy! is a song written by Lasse Dahlquist, and released as a recorded song in 1946. The song has also been recorded by Alf Robertsson and Charlie Norman.

title: Oh Heart

text: "Oh Heart" is a debut song written by Kathie Baillie, Michael Bonagura and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music group Baillie & the Boys. It was released in June 1987 as the first single from the album "Baillie & the Boys". The song reached #9 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

title: Boy Oh Boy (Racey song)

text: Boy oh Boy is a pop song by the British pop group Racey and it is their fourth single release. The song was written by Glo Macari and Roger Ferris, produced by Mickie Most and released 1979 on the RAK Records label. It reached #2 in South Africa, spending 19 weeks on the top 20.

title: Love You Better (Oh Land song)

text: "Love You Better" is from Oh Land's third studio album, "Wish Bone" (2013). The album was released on 16 September 2013 by Tusk or Tooth Records and A:larm Music. The song was written and produced by Oh Land, with David Poe serving as an additional songwriter. Poe played his guitar on the track and Danny Cheung served as the track's sole engineer. According to the singer, "it is a song that means a lot to [her]" because it serves as a "delicate, melancholy ode to wisdom and age". Oh Land spoke regarding the song's meaning and inspiration:

title: Danny Boy

text: "Danny Boy" is a ballad set to an ancient Irish melody. English songwriter Frederic Weatherly wrote the lyrics, which are usually set to the Irish tune of the "Londonderry Air". The song was written in a small town called 'Limavady'[1] It is most closely associated with Irish communities.

title: Oh Darling (Alisa Mizuki song)

text: "Oh Darling" is a single by Japanese recording artist Alisa Mizuki, released under the unit name Convertible, which is composed of Mizuki and Japanese model Kayato. It was released on July 8, 1998 as the third single from Mizuki's fifth studio album "Innocence". The title track was written by Tetsuya Komuro and Marc Panther (credited as Marc) and composed and produced by Komuro. "Oh Darling" is Mizuki's fifth A-side to be produced by Komuro, the first since "Promise to Promise" (1996). The song served as theme song for the Fuji TV Getsuku drama "Boy Hunt", starring Mizuki herself.

title: Oh Boy (The Mood I'm In)

text: "Oh Boy (The Mood I'm In)" is a popular song written by Tony Romeo. It has been recorded by Diana Trask and Brotherhood of Man, among others.

title: Oh, What Songs of the Heart

text:
"Oh, What Songs of the Heart" is a Mormon hymn, the text of which was written by Joseph L. Townsend, a Latter-day Saint poet who lived in the late 19th and early 20th century. The music was written by Latter-day Saint musician William Clayson. It is one of the few hymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that implies the existence of a Heavenly Mother.Oh, what songs of the heart
We shall sing all the day,
When again we assemble at home,
When we meet ne'er to part
With the blest o'er the way,
There no more from our loved ones to roam!
When we meet ne'er to part,
Oh, what songs of the heart
We shall sing in our beautiful home.

title: Londonderry Air

text: The most popular lyrics for the tune are "Danny Boy" ("Oh Danny Boy, the pipes, the pipes are calling"), written by English lawyer Frederic Edward Weatherly in 1910, and set to the tune in 1913.

title: River Queen

text: The film features the song "Danny Boy" sung in Maori and English. The film is set in 1868, and the lyrics for "Danny Boy" were written in 1910 and adapted to the traditional Irish melody "Londonderry Air". It is possible the melody was known in New Zealand at the time, but another 42 years were to pass before the lyrics were written by Frederick Weatherly.