query: When was the first Tomb Raider published?

title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released in 1996 for Sega Saturn, PlayStation and MS-DOS. Tomb Raider was released for N-Gage devices in 2003, and for the PlayStation Network in North America in August 2009, and in Europe in August 2010. Tomb Raider follows the exploits of Lara Croft, an English archaeologist in search of ancient treasures.

title: Tomb Raider: The Prophecy

text: Tomb Raider: The Prophecy is an action-adventure video game released in November 2002 for the Game Boy Advance, part of the "Tomb Raider" franchise. It was developed by Ubi Soft Milan, and published by Ubi Soft under license from Eidos Interactive.

title: Tomb Raider III

text: "Tomb Raider III" was developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive as a sequel to the 1997 title "Tomb Raider II". Originally, Core Design evisioned "Tomb Raider III" as a "next generation" "Tomb Raider" game built on an entirely new game engine with a new animation system. As artist Stuart Atkinson explained, the "Tomb Raider" team wanted at least two years to develop the game in order to genuinely advance the series, but the producers said that, as with "Tomb Raider II", development would be completed in under a year because there was a strong consumer demand for it. For the original team, who had been living with the series' demanding development schedules for two consecutive years, "it was just too much", Atkinson said. As a result, a new team was brought together from other Core Design projects to build a "Tomb Raider" game for 1998, giving the original team more time to develop their next-generation project.

title: Tomb Raider (comics)

text: The "Tomb Raider" comic book series are based on the video game franchise "Tomb Raider", currently produced by Crystal Dynamics (formerly by Core Design), which features the character of Lara Croft. The original series of comics, which were released between 1999 and 2005, were published by Top Cow and were primarily based on the games released by Core Design. In 2014, following the reboot of the "Tomb Raider" franchise, the series was revived and is currently being published by Dark Horse Comics. The new timeline of events is based upon the rebooted iteration of Lara Croft and her adventures.

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: Following "", Crystal Dynamics was split into two teams; the first beginning work on the next sequential pillar of the "Tomb Raider" franchise, while the second focusing on the newly created spin-off "Lara Croft" series (debuting with "Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light" in 2010). Following pre-announcement media hype while the game's title was under embargo, in November 2010, Square Enix filed for trademark of the slogan for the new "Tomb Raider" game; "A Survivor is Born". On 6 December 2010, Square Enix announced "Tomb Raider" had been in production for nearly 2 years; "Square Enix Ltd. is excited today to announce "Tomb Raider", the new game from Redwood City based studio Crystal Dynamics". Studio head Darrell Gallagher said, "Forget everything you knew about "Tomb Raider", this is an origins story that creates Lara Croft and takes her on a character defining journey like no other". "Game Informer" website and magazine ran a world exclusive cover reveal in its January 2011 issue, as well as exclusive coverage of emerging details directly from Crystal Dynamics from 12 December 2010. "Tomb Raider" was the first game in the series to receive a M rating in the United States.

title: Tomb Raider II

text: Tomb Raider II is an action-adventure video game, part of the "Tomb Raider" series and the sequel to the 1996 video game "Tomb Raider". Developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive, the game was released for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in 1997 and ported to Mac OS in 1998. Eidos released an expansion pack, "Tomb Raider II: Golden Mask" for PC in 1999. The expansion pack includes four bonus levels.

title: Galleon (video game)

text: Announced in "Edge" in 1997, the game went through various incarnations and publishers. As the original designer of Lara Croft, Toby Gard left Core Design shortly after the first "Tomb Raider" game was released. "Galleon" was to be his first independent title following the original "Tomb Raider". "Galleon" was delayed and eventually ported from the original PlayStation to the Dreamcast to the GameCube (as "Galleon: Islands of Mystery") and eventually to the Xbox. The graphical style of the game was intended to have a comic book feel as well as being influenced by Ray Harryhausen's "Sinbad" films and Burt Lancaster vehicles. Gard has since returned to Eidos Interactive as a design consultant for the "Tomb Raider" franchise. The soundtrack was originally composed by Lee Nicklen, though due to breach of contract and the publishers not paying him, the music is now available for free under the GNU license.

title: Tomb Raider (Game Boy Color)

text: "Tomb Raider" was developed by Core Design and published by THQ as the first "Tomb Raider" game for a handheld console. Unlike most Game Boy Color games, which lock down the sprite resolution of the player character at 16 to 32 pixels tall, Core decided to make Lara 48 pixels high to accentuate her looks. The character also features 2000 frames of animation.

title: Tomb Raider II

text: "Tomb Raider II" has an expanded version of "Croft Manor", the tutorial from the first game. Versions of Lara's mansion also appear in "Tomb Raider III" and "".

title: Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation

text: Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation is the fourth instalment in the "Tomb Raider" video game series. It was developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released on PlayStation, Microsoft Windows and on the Dreamcast with exclusive graphical and sound enhancements. The game was a commercial success, selling 5 million copies worldwide, and was the last "Tomb Raider" game released on Sony Playstation's "Greatest Hits".

title: Tomb Raider Chronicles

text: GameSpot were mixed, claiming "The main problem is that the "Tomb Raider" series hasn't grown with the times". They were particularly complimentary of the graphics and said "Regarding the PlayStation version specifically, the graphics look better than ever before. The environments in the first "Tomb Raider" were very sparse and bland, but over the years the developers have been able to squeeze more and more out of the PlayStation. For a game on an aging system, there's a surprising degree of detail in "Tomb Raider Chronicles" -without a significant sacrifice of level size." One particularly scathing review came from "Electronic Gaming Monthly", who said "It should be illegal for you to own money if you even considered buying this crap." While, "GamePro" awarded the game a score of 3.5/5, echoing the view that "Tomb Raider" was somewhat in need of an update, remarking "Despite the improved graphics and imaginative story, "Tomb Raider Chronicles" has the same controls as previous "Tomb Raider" games, and they feel as antiquated as any relic Lara ever unearthed."

title: Tomb Raider: Anniversary

text: "Tomb Raider" is the first game in the titular franchise, and introduced the series' gameplay standards and its protagonist Lara Croft. Developed by British studio Core Design, "Tomb Raider" was a commercial and critical success, and was followed by five successive games between 1996 and 2000. Their sixth "Tomb Raider" game "" was beset by developmental problems and rushed to release, resulting in low sales and mixed critical reception. The game's failure and Core Design's fatigue with the series prompted franchise publisher Eidos Interactive to move development of "Tomb Raider" to the American studio Crystal Dynamics, who rebooted the franchise with "". "Legend" released in 2006 to critical and commercial success.

title: List of Tomb Raider media

text: Four official novels have also been written. The first three, set within the original timeline, were published between 2003 and 2005. The first novel, "The Amulet of Power", was set after the events of "The Last Revelation", while its sequels "The Lost Cult" and "The Man of Bronze" are set after the first novel. Another novel set within the 2013 reboot timeline, "Tomb Raider: The Ten Thousand Immortals", was published in 2014 as a continuation of the original story. A fifth book, titled "Lara Croft and the Blade of Gwynnever", also written by Dan Abnett and Nik Vincent was published in late 2016, and is a stand-alone adventure.

title: Tomb Raider: Curse of the Sword

text: Tomb Raider: Curse of the Sword is an action-adventure video game, part of the "Tomb Raider" series, developed by Core Design and published by Activision under license from Eidos Interactive. It was released for the Game Boy Color in 2001, and it is a sequel to the first "Tomb Raider" for the same system. The next Tomb Raider game for a handheld system was "" for the Game Boy Advance.

title: Lara Croft

text: Lara Croft primarily appears in the "Tomb Raider" video game series published by Square Enix Europe (previously Eidos Interactive). The action-adventure games feature the protagonist travelling the world in search of rare objects and mystical artefacts. Croft first appeared in the 1996 video game "Tomb Raider", in which she competes against a rival archaeologist in search of an Atlantean artefact. "Tomb Raider II" (1997) centres on the search for the Dagger of Xian, which is sought by thieves. "Tomb Raider III" (1998) focuses on meteorite fragments that endow humans with supernatural powers. In "" (1999), the first depiction of a young Croft, she is accompanied by her mentor, Werner Von Croy. Lara searches for artefacts associated with the Egyptian god Horus, and later encounters Von Croy as an antagonist. In "Tomb Raider Chronicles" (2000), most of the game relates adventures told via flashbacks. The first portable game, "Tomb Raider" (2000), was released on the Game Boy Color, and follows the character's search for the Nightmare Stone. A second Game Boy Color title, "" (2001), sees Lara Croft facing off against a cult. The next portable game, "" (2002), was released on the Game Boy Advance, and focuses on three magical stones. "" (2003) was released on home platforms, centring on the murder of Professor Von Croy.

title: Tomb Raider

text: The first entry in the series "Tomb Raider" was released in 1996 for personal computers (PC), PlayStation and Sega Saturn consoles. The Saturn and PlayStation versions were released in Japan in 1997. The second game, "Tomb Raider II", launched in 1997, again for PC and PlayStation. A month before release, Eidos finalised a deal with Sony Computer Entertainment to keep the console version of "Tomb Raider II" and future games exclusive to PlayStation until the year 2000. The PlayStation version was released in Japan in 1998. "Tomb Raider III" launched in 1998. As with "Tomb Raider II", the PlayStation version released in Japan the following year. The fourth consecutive title in the series, "", released in 1999. In 2000, with the end of the PlayStation exclusivity deal, the game also released on the Dreamcast. In Japan, both console versions released the following year. "Tomb Raider Chronicles" released in 2000 on the same platforms as "The Last Revelation", with the PlayStation version's Japanese release as before coming the following year.

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Square Enix. "Tomb Raider" is the tenth title in the "Tomb Raider" franchise, and operates as a reboot that reconstructs the origins of Lara Croft. "Tomb Raider" was released on 5 March 2013 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, on 23 January 2014 for OS X, on 27 April 2016 for Linux, and on 7 March 2017 for Shield TV.

title: Tomb Raider: Anniversary

text: "Anniversary" was the first "Tomb Raider" title for the Wii, developed to expand Eidos's game catalogue into new Nintendo consoles. Due to receiving Wii development kits fairly late from Nintendo, the Wii version could not be released at the same time as other home console versions. The PSP, 360 and Wii ports were all handled by Buzz Monkey Software. A port of the console and PC version was developed for OS X by Feral Interactive and Robosoft Technologies and published by Feral Interactive. The mobile phone version was developed by FinBlade. The game was modelled on an earlier trilogy of original "Tomb Raider" games for mobiles.

title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: However, on 16 June, Eidos Interactive announced a 10th Anniversary Edition of Tomb Raider, being developed by Crystal Dynamics instead of Core Design.[23] On 30 October 2006 Eidos announced that this new instalment in the series would be named Tomb Raider: Anniversary. The game is a retelling of the first Tomb Raider. Tomb Raider: Anniversary was released for PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 2, Wii,[24] and Windows platforms. The PlayStation 2 and PC versions were released on 1 June 2007 in Europe, and in the US] on 5 June 2007. The PSP version was released in June, the Xbox 360 version was released in October and the Wii version was released 14 November. The Xbox 360 version of the video game was made available for download from the Xbox Live Marketplace in November 2007 with the Tomb Raider: Legend disc being required to use it. However, the game was also released later on disc to retailers, just like all of the other versions. A mobile version of Tomb Raider Anniversary was developed by FinBlade.

title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: An infamous footnote in Lara's history is the so-called Nude Raider patch. This patch was created externally and was never housed on the Eidos or Core websites. The patch, when added to an existing Tomb Raider game (PC-based versions only), caused Lara to appear naked. Contrary to rumour, there is no nude code in any console version of the game. In 1999, Core Design considered taking legal action against websites, which hosted nude pictures of Lara Croft, stating that "we have a large number of young fans and we don't want them stumbling across the pictures when they do a general search for Tomb Raider".[71] In April 2004, it was falsely alleged that an insider from Eidos reported to a Tomb Raider electronic mailing list that Eidos had begun suing gamers using the Nude Raider patches. Eidos sent cease and desist letters to the owners of nuderaider.com who were hosting the Nude Raider patch, enforcing their copyright of Tomb Raider. Sites depicting nude images of Lara Croft have been sent cease and desist notices and shut down,[72] and Eidos Interactive was awarded the rights to the domain name nuderaider.com.[73]

title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness is an action-adventure game, the sixth instalment in the "Tomb Raider" series, acting as a direct sequel to "Tomb Raider Chronicles" and "". It was developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. The game was released in 2003 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Mac OS X and was the first "Tomb Raider" title to be released for the PlayStation 2 console. The storyline follows Lara Croft as she attempts to clear herself of being the suspect of her former mentor Werner Von Croy's murder while investigating the activities of a black magic cult.

title: Tomb Raider: Anniversary

text: Tomb Raider: Anniversary is an action-adventure video game co-developed by Crystal Dynamics and Buzz Monkey Software. It was published by Eidos Interactive in 2007 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, Wii and mobile phones. It was later ported to OS X in 2008 and PlayStation 3 in 2011. The eighth entry in the "Tomb Raider" series, "Anniversary" is a remake of the first "Tomb Raider" game released in 1996.

title: Tomb Raider

text: The first spin-off title in the series was a game for the Game Boy Color (GBC) titled "Tomb Raider", developed by Core Design and released in 2000. Its sequel, "", was released in 2001 for the GBC. In 2002, a new game for the GBA called "", was developed by Ubi Soft Milan and published by Ubi Soft. In 2003, four "Tomb Raider" titles for mobile phones were released. A platform-puzzler for mobile devices, "Lara Croft Go", was released in 2015.

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: Crystal Dynamics began development of "Tomb Raider" soon after the release of "" in 2008. Rather than a sequel, the team decided to completely reboot the series, re-establishing the origins of Lara Croft for the second time, following "". "Tomb Raider" is set on Yamatai, an island from which Lara, who is untested and not yet the battle-hardened explorer she is in other titles in the series, must save her friends and escape while being hunted down by a malevolent cult. Gameplay elements focus more on survival, although exploration is used within the game when exploring the island and various optional tombs. It is also the first game in the series to have multiplayer and the first game to be published by Square Enix, after the latter's acquisition of Eidos Interactive in 2009. Camilla Luddington was announced to voice and perform as Lara Croft in 2010, replacing Keeley Hawes.

title: Shadow of the Tomb Raider

text: Shadow of the Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game developed by Eidos Montréal in conjunction with Crystal Dynamics and published by Square Enix. It continues the narrative from the 2015 game "Rise of the Tomb Raider" and is the twelfth mainline entry in the "Tomb Raider" series. The game was released worldwide on 14 September 2018 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a further release on macOS and Linux set for 2019.

title: Tomb Raider II

text: While the original "Tomb Raider" was released on both the PlayStation and Sega Saturn game consoles, "Tomb Raider II" was no longer designed for the Sega Saturn despite having been confirmed as a target platform for the game in the first place. Following the cancellation announcement, Adrian Smith cited technical limitations of the console to program an adequate conversion. Core Design had been planning for a Saturn version of "Tomb Raider II" to use the 3D accelerator cartridge designed for the Saturn conversion of "Virtua Fighter 3"; this cartridge was cancelled before "Tomb Raider II" was completed. In September 1997, Sony Computer Entertainment signed a deal with Eidos to make console releases for the Tomb Raider franchise exclusive to the PlayStation, preventing the Sega Saturn or the Nintendo 64 from having any "Tomb Raider" game released for it until 2000, a deal that would prove very beneficial to Sony both in terms of revenue and also in further cementing the PlayStation's growing reputation as the go-to system for must-have exclusive titles.

title: Tomb Raider III

text: Tomb Raider III: Adventures of Lara Croft is an action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released for the PlayStation and Microsoft Windows platforms in 1998. "Tomb Raider III" is the third title in the "Tomb Raider" video game series and a sequel to "Tomb Raider II". The story of the game follows archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft as she embarks upon a quest to recover four pieces of a meteorite that are scattered across the world. To progress through the game, the player must explore five locations (India, South Pacific, London, Nevada, and Antarctica) and complete a series of levels that involve solving puzzles, traverse dangerous locations, and defeating enemies.

title: Tomb Raider: Legend

text: Tomb Raider: Legend is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive. It is the seventh entry in the "Tomb Raider" series and the first in a franchise reboot that reimagined the origins and character of series protagonist Lara Croft. The game released in 2006 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, GameCube, Game Boy Advance (GBA), Nintendo DS (DS), and mobile phones. A PlayStation 3 port was released in 2011.

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: During Microsoft's E3 2014 presentation, "Rise of the Tomb Raider" was announced as a sequel. At Gamescom 2014, Microsoft announced during its press briefing that "Rise of the Tomb Raider" would be exclusive to Xbox consoles at launch. However, the exclusivity was timed, which meant that the title would see a release on other platforms after an unspecified period of time. In December 2014, Microsoft announced that they would be publishing the title for its release on Xbox consoles. "Rise of the Tomb Raider" was released on 10 November 2015 for Xbox One and Xbox 360, and 28 January 2016 for Microsoft Windows. The PlayStation 4 version was released on 11 October 2016, titled the 20 Year Celebration, as it was released 20 years after the original "Tomb Raider" game. This version includes all of the previously released DLC.

title: List of Tomb Raider media

text: Tomb Raider is a media franchise consisting of action-adventure games, comic books, novels, theme park rides, and films, centring on the adventures of the female fictional British archaeologist Lara Croft. Since the release of the original "Tomb Raider" in 1996, the series developed into a franchise of the same name, and Lara went on to become a major icon of the video game industry. The "Guinness Book of World Records" has recognised Lara Croft as the "Most Successful Human Videogame Heroine" in 2006. Six games in the series were developed by Core Design, and the latest four by Crystal Dynamics. The games were first published by Eidos Interactive; Eidos became part of Square Enix on 22 April 2009. Square Enix owns the rights to the "Tomb Raider" trademark and characters of the franchise. Three films, "", "" and "Tomb Raider", have been produced. The first two star American actress Angelina Jolie as Lara Croft, the third Swedish actress Alicia Vikander.


query: What other species belong to the Equidae?

title: Equidae

text: Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus Equus. Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several extinct families.

title: Equus (genus)

text: Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras. Within Equidae, "Equus" is the only recognized extant genus, comprising seven living species. The term equine refers to any member of this genus, including horses. Like Equidae more broadly, "Equus" has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies), and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers, with simpler digestive systems than ruminants, but able to subsist on lower-quality vegetation.

title: Wild horse

text: The horse family Equidae and the genus "Equus" evolved in North America, before the species moved into the Eastern Hemisphere. Studies using ancient DNA, as well as DNA of recent individuals, show the presence of two closely related horse species in North America, the wild horse and "Haringtonhippus francisci", the "New World stilt-legged horse"; the latter has been taxonomically assigned to various names.

title: Brontotheriidae

text: Brontotheriidae, also called Titanotheriidae, is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos, although they were actually more closely related to horses; Equidae and Brontotheriidae make up the suborder Hippomorpha. They lived around 56–34 million years ago, until the very close of the Eocene.

title: Brachygastra lecheguana

text: Bequaert describes the extensive color and shape similarities between "B. lecheguana" and a number of other species with the word “homeochromic” instead of “mimic”. He lists a number of vespid wasps and potter wasps belonging to the genera "Pachodynerus", "Odynerus", and "Ancistrocerus", and several crabronid wasps of the genera "Gorytes" and "Cerceris". Along with wasps, there are several bee species that are homeochromic, including mason bees of the genera "Megachile", "Anthidiellum", "Hypanthidium", and "Dianthidium", Cuckoo bees belonging to the genus "Epeolus", stingless "Trigona" bees, and sweat bees from the genus "Halictus". He also lists a soldier fly of the genus "Stratiomys" as a homeochromic species. While it is unclear what species he is referring to, he cites "Stelis costaricensis" as a homeochromic species, and while "Stelis" is a genus of orchid, he did not elaborate enough to rule out the possibility that he was simply using an outdated name for another insect.

title: Evolution of the horse

text: For a span of about 20 million years, "Eohippus" thrived with few significant evolutionary changes. The most significant change was in the teeth, which began to adapt to its changing diet, as these early Equidae shifted from a mixed diet of fruits and foliage to one focused increasingly on browsing foods. During the Eocene, an "Eohippus" species (most likely "Eohippus angustidens") branched out into various new types of Equidae. Thousands of complete, fossilized skeletons of these animals have been found in the Eocene layers of North American strata, mainly in the Wind River basin in Wyoming. Similar fossils have also been discovered in Europe, such as "Propalaeotherium" (which is not considered ancestral to the modern horse).

title: Fructan

text: Fructans also appear in grass, with dietary implications for horses and other grazing animals (Equidae).

title: Horse

text: Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, Equus asinus; the mountain zebra, Equus zebra; plains zebra, Equus quagga; Grévy's zebra, Equus grevyi; the kiang, Equus kiang; and the onager, Equus hemionus.[142]

title: Odd-toed ungulate

text: The order includes about 17 species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs).

title: Horse

text: The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not.[118] Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals that was dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.[119]

title: Human nature

text: Philosopher of science David L. Hull has influentially argued that there is no such thing as human nature, conceived as a set of intrinsic phenotypic traits (or characters) that are universal among humans, unique to humans, and definitive of what it is to be a member of the species Homo sapiens. Hull argues that variation is a normal feature of all biological species:Periodically a biological species might be characterized by one or more characters which are both universally distributed among and limited to the organisms belonging to that species, but such states of affairs are temporary, contingent and relatively rare.""Hull observes that, in contemporary evolutionary taxonomy, belonging to a particular species does not depend on the possession of any specific intrinsic properties. Instead, belonging to a species depends on standing in the right kind of relations (relations of genealogy or interbreeding, depending on the precise species concept being used) to other members of the species. It follows that there can be no intrinsic properties that define what it is to be a member of the species Homo sapiens.

title: Mountain zebra

text: The mountain zebra ("Equus zebra") is a species in the family Equidae. It is native to south-western Angola, Namibia, and South Africa.

title: African wild ass

text: The African wild ass or African wild donkey ("Equus africanus") is a wild member of the horse family, Equidae. This species is believed to be the ancestor of the domestic donkey, which is usually placed within the same species. They live in the deserts and other arid areas of the Horn of Africa, in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. It formerly had a wider range north and west into Sudan, Egypt, and Libya. About 570 individuals exist in the wild.

title: Evolution of the horse

text: "Dinohippus" was the most common species of Equidae in North America during the late Pliocene. It was originally thought to be monodactyl, but a 1981 fossil find in Nebraska shows some were tridactyl.

title: Indian rhinoceros

text: Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago. The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.

title: Onager

text: The onager is a member of the subgenus "Asinus", belonging to the genus "Equus" and is classified under the family Equidae. The species was described and given its binomial name "Equus hemionus" by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775.

title: Ungulate

text: The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae date from the early Eocene, 54 million years ago. They had been assigned to the genus "Hyracotherium", but the type species of that genus is now considered not a member of this family, but the other species have been split off into different genera. These early Equidae were fox-sized animals with three toes on the hind feet, and four on the front feet. They were herbivorous browsers on relatively soft plants, and already adapted for running. The complexity of their brains suggest that they already were alert and intelligent animals. Later species reduced the number of toes, and developed teeth more suited for grinding up grasses and other tough plant food.

title: Sumatran rhinoceros

title: Equidae

text: Order Perissodactyla (In addition to Equidae, Perissodactyla includes four species of tapir in a single genus, as well as five living species (belonging to four genera) of rhinoceros.) † indicates extinct taxa. Family Equidae Genus †Haringtonhippus[4] Genus †Epihippus Genus †Haplohippus Genus †Heptaconodon Genus †Eohippus Genus †Minippus Genus †Orohippus Genus †Pliolophus Genus †Protorohippus Genus †Sifrhippus Genus †Xenicohippus Genus †Eurohippus Genus †Propalaeotherium Subfamily †Anchitheriinae Genus †Anchitherium Genus †Archaeohippus Genus †Desmatippus Genus †Hypohippus Genus †Kalobatippus Genus †Megahippus Genus †Mesohippus Genus †Miohippus Genus †Parahippus Genus †Sinohippus Subfamily Equinae Genus †Merychippus Genus †Scaphohippus Genus †Acritohippus Tribe †Hipparionini Genus †Eurygnathohippus Genus †Hipparion Genus †Hippotherium Genus †Nannippus Genus †Neohipparion Genus †Proboscidipparion Genus †Pseudhipparion Tribe Equini Subtribe Protohippina Genus †Calippus Genus †Protohippus Genus †Astrohippus Genus †Dinohippus Genus Equus (22 species, 7 extant) Genus †Hippidion Genus †Onohippidium Genus †Pliohippus Genus †Heteropliohippus Genus †Parapliohippus

title: Donkey

text: Donkeys can interbreed with other members of the family Equidae, and are commonly interbred with horses. The hybrid between a jack and a mare is a mule, valued as a working and riding animal in many countries. Some large donkey breeds such as the Asino di Martina Franca, the Baudet de Poitou and the Mammoth Jack are raised only for mule production. The hybrid between a stallion and a jenny is a hinny, and is less common. Like other inter-species hybrids, mules and hinnies are usually sterile. Donkeys can also breed with zebras in which the offspring is called a zonkey (among other names).

title: Javan rhinoceros

text: Of the three distinct subspecies, only one still is known to exist:Ancestral rhinoceroses are held to have first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago. The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.

title: Equidae

text: The family became relatively diverse during the Miocene, with many new species appearing. By this time, equids were more truly horse-like, having developed the typical body shape of the modern animals.[2] Many of these species bore the main weight of their bodies on their central, third, toe, with the others becoming reduced, and barely touching the ground, if at all. The sole surviving genus, Equus, had evolved by the early Pleistocene, and spread rapidly through the world.[3]

title: Hyracotherium

text: Hyracotherium ( ; "hyrax-like beast") is an extinct genus of very small (about 60 cm in length) perissodactyl ungulates that was found in the London Clay formation. This small, dog-sized animal was once considered to be the earliest known member of Equidae before the type species, "H. leporinum", was reclassified as a palaeothere, a perissodactyl family basal to both horses and brontotheres. The remaining species are now thought to belong to different genera, such as "Eohippus", which had previously been synonymised with "Hyracotherium".

title: Trypanosoma equiperdum

text: Τrypanosoma equiperdum is a species of kinetoplastid parasites that causes Dourine or covering sickness in horses and other animals in the family equidae. "T. equiperdum" is the only trypanosome that is not spread by an insect vector. There has been substantial controversy surrounding whether "T. equiperdum" should be considered a unique species, or a strain of "T. evansi" or "T. brucei". "T. equiperdum" is unique in that its kinetoplast, the network of connected rings that make up its mitochondrial DNA, consists of thousands of "minicircles" that are identical in sequence.

title: Equidae

text: The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae date from the early Eocene, 54 million years ago. They used to be assigned to the genus Hyracotherium, but the type species of that genus now is regarded to be not a member of this family. The other species have been split off into different genera. These early Equidae were fox-sized animals with three toes on the hind feet, and four on the front feet. They were herbivorous browsers on relatively soft plants, and already adapted for running. The complexity of their brains suggest that they already were alert and intelligent animals.[1] Later species reduced the number of toes, and developed teeth more suited for grinding up grasses and other tough plant food.

title: Evolution of the horse

text: Three lineages within Equidae are believed to be descended from the numerous varieties of "Merychippus": "Hipparion", "Protohippus" and "Pliohippus". The most different from "Merychippus" was "Hipparion", mainly in the structure of tooth enamel: in comparison with other Equidae, the inside, or tongue side, had a completely isolated parapet. A complete and well-preserved skeleton of the North American "Hipparion" shows an animal the size of a small pony. They were very slim, rather like antelopes, and were adapted to life on dry prairies. On its slim legs, "Hipparion" had three toes equipped with small hooves, but the side toes did not touch the ground.

title: Desmatippus

text: Desmatippus is an extinct, three-toed, browsing member of the Equidae. It lived in what is now North America during the Miocene period (about 23 mya to 5 mya). "Desmatippus" was 60 cm height and 20 kg in weight.

title: Aureobasidium pullulans

text: Due to the relatively recent redefinition of the species, most published work does not yet distinguish between the new species belonging to the previously recognised "A. pullulans" species complex. It is therefore not clear to what extent this knowledge is valid for "A. pullulans" "s. str." and what should be attributed to the three new species.

title: Fundulus pulvereus

text: Another distinguishing characteristic of the bayou killifish also belongs to the subgenera that it belongs to, "Fundulus." All seven species belonging to this subgenera, including "F. pulvereus", are native to the Gulf coast and Atlantic waters of North America. What makes them different from other killifish species is the formation of the maxilla, a bone that helps form the upper jaw of the fish. In "F. pulvereus" and other species belonging to the subgenera "Fundulus", the maxilla has a distinctly concave edge near the back of the bone, toward the brain. In other species belonging to different subgenera, the maxilla may not be concave at all. Instead, they possess a straightened maxilla with no concavity towards the anterior. The purpose of the concavity in the maxilla of "F. pulvereus" is relatively unknown. However, if one were to study the morphology and skeletal structures of many different species of killifish carcasses, they would easily be able to pick out "F. pulvereus" because of their distinctive maxilla.

title: Covering sickness

text: Covering sickness, or dourine (French, from the Arabic "darina", meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of "darin", meaning dirty), is a disease of horses and other members of the family Equidae. The disease is caused by "Trypanosoma equiperdum", which belongs to an important genus of parasitic protozoa, and is the only member of the genus that is spread through sexual intercourse. The occurrence of dourine is notifiable in the European Union under legislation from the OIE. There currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated, there is no cure.


query: Is gaelic still spoken?

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: In the 2011 census of Scotland, 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported as able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides. Only about half of speakers were fully fluent in the language.[1] Nevertheless, there are revival efforts, and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses.[3] Outside Scotland, Canadian Gaelic is spoken mainly in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.

title: Germanic peoples

text: Between c. 1150 and c. 1400, most of the Scottish Lowlands became English culturally and linguistically through immigration from England, France and Flanders and from the resulting assimilation of native Gaelic-speaking Scots although Lowland Gaelic was still spoken in Galloway until the 18th century. The Scots language is the resulting Germanic language still spoken in parts of Scotland and is very similar to the speech of the Northumbrians of northern England. Between the 15th and 17th centuries Scots spread into more of mainland Scotland at the expense of Scottish Gaelic although Gaelic maintained a strong hold over the Scottish Highlands, and Scots also began to make some headway into the Northern Isles. The latter, Orkney and Shetland, though now part of Scotland, were nominally part of the Kingdom of Norway until the 15th century. A version of the Norse language was spoken there from the Viking invasions until replaced by Scots in the 18th and 19th centuries.

title: North Northern Scots

text: The dialect of Caithness is generally spoken in the lowlying land to the east of a line drawn from Clyth Ness to some 4 miles west of Thurso. To the west of that Scottish Gaelic used to be spoken. The Caithness varieties have been influenced by both Gaelic and Norn. The dialect spoken in the neighbourhood of John o' Groats resembles that of Orkney to some extent.

title: Lochearnhead

text: By 1837, the New Statistical Account tells us that in the area, "Gaelic is the language generally spoken, but it has been rather losing ground within the last forty years". At the time of the 1881 Census, when a question about Gaelic was included for the first time, there were still more than 70% in the parish with Gaelic as their first language, and even some with Gaelic as their only language.

title: Isle of Arran

text: Gaelic was still spoken widely on Arran at the beginning of the 20th century. The 1901 Census reported 25–49 per cent Gaelic speakers on the eastern side of the island and 50–74 per cent on the western side of the island. By 1921 the proportion for the whole island had dropped to less than 25 per cent. However, Nils Holmer quotes the Féillire (a Gaelic almanack) reporting 4,532 inhabitants on the island in 1931 with 605 Gaelic speakers, showing that Gaelic had declined to about 13 per cent of the population. It continued to decline until the last native speakers of Arran Gaelic died in the 1990s. Current Gaelic speakers on Arran originate from other areas in Scotland. In 2011, 2.0 per cent of Arran residents aged three and over could speak Gaelic.

title: Scottish people

text: Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language with similarities to Irish. Scottish Gaelic comes from Old Irish. It was originally spoken by the Gaels of Dál Riata and the Rhinns of Galloway, later being adopted by the Pictish people of central and eastern Scotland. Gaelic ("lingua Scottica", "Scottis") became the "de facto" language of the whole Kingdom of Alba, giving its name to the country ("Scotia", "Scotland"). Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread from Galloway into Dumfriesshire. It is unclear if the Gaelic of 12th-century Clydesdale and Selkirkshire came from Galloway or Scotland-proper. The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages, Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century. The Highland clearances actively discouraged the use of Gaelic, caused the numbers of Gaelic speakers to fall. Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to countries such as Canada or moved to the industrial cities of lowland Scotland. Communities where the language is still spoken natively are restricted to the west coast of Scotland; and especially the Hebrides. However, large proportions of Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. A report in 2005 by the Registrar General for Scotland based on the 2001 UK Census showed about 92,400 people or 1.9% of the population can speak Gaelic while the number of people able to read and write rose by 7.5% and 10% respectively. Outwith Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. Gaelic language is recognised as a minority Language by the European Union. The Scottish parliament is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. Gaelic is now used as a first language in some schools and is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of Scotland. It is recognised as an official language of Scotland with "equal respect" to English.

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: In 1018, after the conquest of the Lothians by the Kingdom of Scotland, Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith.[11]:16–18 Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland since the eighth century.[12] For the first time, the entire region of modern-day Scotland was called Scotia in Latin, and Gaelic was the lingua Scotica.[9]:276[13]:554 In southern Scotland, Gaelic was strong in Galloway, adjoining areas to the north and west, West Lothian, and parts of western Midlothian. It was spoken to a lesser degree in north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken.[14]

title: History of Scottish Gaelic

text: What is known as Scottish Gaelic is essentially the Gaelic spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, the Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, although there is still regional variation. For example, the slender 'r' is pronounced in Lewis, where the Gaelic is thought to have been influenced by Norse, and had a pitch accent system.

title: History of Scottish Gaelic

text: All surviving dialects are Highland and/or Hebridean dialects. Dialects of Lowland Gaelic have become defunct since the demise of Galwegian Gaelic, originally spoken in Galloway, which seems to have been the last Lowland dialect and which survived into the Modern Period. By the 18th century Lowland Gaelic had been largely replaced by Lowland Scots across much of Lowland Scotland. According to a reference in "The Carrick Covenanters " by James Crichton, the last place in the Lowlands where Scottish Gaelic was still spoken was the village of Barr in Carrick: only a few miles inland to the east of Girvan, but at one time very isolated. Crichton gives neither date nor details.

title: Gaels

text: The two comparatively "major" Gaelic nations in the modern era are Ireland (which in the 2002 census had 185,838 people who spoke Irish "daily" and 1,570,894 who were "able" to speak it) and Scotland (58,552 fluent "Gaelic speakers" and 92,400 with "some Gaelic language ability" in the 2001 census). Communities where the languages still are spoken natively are restricted largely to the west coast of each country and especially the Hebrides islands in Scotland. However, a large proportion of the Gaelic-speaking population now lives in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland, and Donegal, Galway, Cork and Dublin in Ireland. There are about 2,000 Scottish Gaelic speakers in Canada (Canadian Gaelic dialect), although many are elderly and concentrated in Nova Scotia and more specifically Cape Breton Island. According to the U.S. Census in 2000, there are more than 25,000 Irish-speakers in the United States, with the majority found in urban areas with large Irish-American communities such as Boston, New York City and Chicago.

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: By the early modern era Gaelic had been in geographical decline for three centuries and had begun to be a second class language, confined to the Highlands and Islands. The tradition of classic Gaelic poetry survived longer in Scotland than in Ireland, with the last fully competent member of the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were hereditary poets to the Lords of the Isles and then the Donalds of Clanranald, still working in the early eighteenth century. Nevertheless, interest in the sponsorship of panegyric Gaelic poetry was declining among the clan leaders. Gaelic was gradually being overtaken by Middle Scots, which became the language of both the nobility and the majority population. Middle Scots was derived substantially from Old English, with Gaelic and French influences. It was usually called "Inglyshe" and was very close to the language spoken in northern England, Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI actively despised Gaelic culture. As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge. While Classical poetry used a language largely fixed in the twelfth century, the vernacular continued to develop. In contrast to the Classical tradition, which used syllabic metre, vernacular poets tended to use stressed metre. However, they shared with the Classic poets a set of complex metaphors and role, as the verse was still often panegyric. A number of these vernacular poets were women, such as Mary MacLeod of Harris (c. 1615-1707). Iain Lom (c. 1624–c. 1710) was a Royalist Scottish Gaelic poet appointed poet laureate in Scotland by Charles II at the Restoration. He delivered a eulogy for the coronation, and remained loyal to the Stuarts after 1688, opposing the Williamites and later, in his vituperative "Oran an Aghaidh an Aonaidh", the 1707 Union of the Parliaments.

title: Celtic nations

text: Canadian Gaelic dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in other parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on Cape Breton Island and adjacent areas of Nova Scotia. In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia, and 300 residents of the province considered a Gaelic language to be their "mother tongue".

title: Cape Breton Island

text: The island's residents can be grouped into five main cultures: Scottish, Mi'kmaq, Acadian, Irish, English, with respective languages Scottish Gaelic, Mi'kmaq, French, and English. English is now the primary language, including a locally distinctive Cape Breton accent, while Mi'kmaq, Scottish Gaelic and Acadian French are still spoken in some communities.

title: Gaelic

text: Gaelic is an adjective that means "pertaining to the Gaels". As a noun, it refers to the group of languages spoken by the Gaels, or to any one of the languages individually. Celtic languages are spoken in both Ireland and Scotland, in Scotland it is very often referred to just as "Gaelic", but in Ireland it is referred to as "Irish".

title: Celtic Revival

text: Also Breton is still spoken to a lesser extent in Cape Breton, it is also home to the only Celtic language outside of Europe, Canadian Gaelic.

title: Goidelic languages

text: Dál Riata grew in size and influence, and Gaelic language and culture was eventually adopted by the neighbouring Picts (a group of peoples who may have spoken a Brythonic language) who lived throughout Scotland. Manx, the language of the Isle of Man, is closely akin to the Gaelic spoken in the Hebrides and the Irish spoken in northeast and eastern Ireland and the now-extinct Galwegian Gaelic of Galloway (in southwest Scotland), with some influence from Old Norse through the Viking invasions and from the previous British inhabitants.

title: Braemar

text:
In the 1891 census, 59.2% of the population of Braemar spoke the Gaelic language "habitually", the percentage of those actually able to speak the language (despite not having much opportunity to) would have been somewhat higher. The small crofting township of Inverey ("Inbhir Èidh") was 86.3% Gaelic-speaking, most non-speakers being originally from Lower Deeside. The Gaelic spoken in the Aberdeenshire Highlands shared most features in common with the Gaelic of Strathspey and East Perthshire. The last native-speaker of the local Gaelic dialect died in 1984, though there are still surviving native-speakers of the similar Strathspey dialect.
At the 2001 census, out of a total population of 839 in Crathie and Braemar Civil Parish, only 5 (0.6%) claimed to be Gaelic-speakers.

title: British people

text: There is no single British language, though English is by far the main language spoken by British citizens, being spoken monolingually by more than 70% of the UK population. English is therefore the "de facto" official language of the United Kingdom. However, under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Cornish, Irish Gaelic, Ulster Scots, Manx, Scots and Lowland Scots languages are officially recognised as Regional or Minority languages by the UK Government. As indigenous languages which continue to be spoken as a first language by native inhabitants, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic have a different legal status from other minority languages. In some parts of the UK, some of these languages are commonly spoken as a first language; in wider areas, their use in a bilingual context is sometimes supported or promoted by central or local government policy. For naturalisation purposes, a competence standard of English, Scottish Gaelic or Welsh is required to pass the life in the United Kingdom test. However, English is used routinely, and although considered culturally important, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are much less used.

title: East Sutherland Gaelic

text:
East Sutherland Gaelic ( ) is an obsolescent dialect of Scottish Gaelic which was spoken in fishing villages on the eastern coast of Sutherland, especially in Brora, Golspie, and Embo.
The Scottish Gaelic language has been in decline since the fourteenth century, when its speakers were a majority of Scotland's population, due to the higher prestige of English. The East Sutherland dialect was spoken in coastal villages by fisherfolk descended from Gaelic speakers who had been evicted from the fertile interior valleys of Sutherland during the Highland Clearances of the early nineteeth century. Because of their occupational, social, and geographical isolation, the fisherfolk retained the use of the Gaelic language about half a century longer than surrounding communities, in the process becoming isolated from other dialects of Gaelic. East Sutherland speakers could only understand other dialects of Gaelic with difficulty, if at all. By the turn of the twentieth century, Gaelic was still the community language; there were even a few monolingual speakers. Although the decline of the fishing industry following World War II had impacted the local dialect's viability, when Nancy Dorian started studying the dialect in 1963, there were still more than 200 speakers in Brora, Golspie and Embo, including 105 in Embo, where they were more than a third of the population.

title: Lochearnhead

text: Regular church services were held locally in Gaelic up until 1930, Today the generation which remembers native Gaelic being spoken is fast dying out, and any Gaelic speakers are likely to be either learners or incomers from Gaelic-speaking heartlands. To this day, though, "Church Gaelic" is based on the Perthshire Gaelic dialect. The first Gaelic Bible was translated by Balquhidder minister Robert Kirk.

title: Seas west of Scotland

text: The coastline is part of the Celtic fringe. Gaelic is spoken as a minority language in many parts of the area with strongholds in the Outer Hebrides and Tyrconnel in Donegal. Scottish Gaelic is declining in Scotland although the compulsory teaching of the Irish language in Irish schools means that most Irish citizens understand it to some extent. The variant of Gaelic spoken in Donegal is distinctive, and shares traits with Scottish Gaelic. Its Gaeltacht (Irish speaking area) uses the West Ulster dialect. Inishowen, which lost its Gaeltacht areas in the early 20th century, used the East Ulster dialect.

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic (), known in English as often simply Gaelic, is the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken by people in Atlantic Canada who have their origins in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.

title: HFX Wanderers FC

text: Underneath the club's name reads the Scottish Gaelic motto, "Ar Cala, Ar Dachaigh, Ar n-Anam", which translates to Our Harbour, Our Home, Our Soul. Scottish Gaelic is used to signify that Nova Scotia is one of the few places remaining where the language is still spoken.

title: Galwegian Gaelic

text: George Buchanan, himself a Gaelic speaker, writing in 1575, reported that Gaelic was still spoken in Galloway. In the middle of the century, 1563–1566, an anonymous English military investigator reported that the people of Carrick "for the most part specke erishe".

title: Galwegian Gaelic

text: It is quite possible that even as late as the twelfth century, Cumbric (a Brythonic language related to Welsh) was still spoken in Annandale and lower Strathnith (where a man called Gille Cuithbrecht has the Gaelic nickname "Bretnach" [=Welshman]), but these areas seem to have been thoroughly Gaelicised by the end of that century. A couple of legal terms also survive in medieval documents. The demise of Cumbric in the region is even harder to date than that of Gaelic.

title: Scottish Canadians

text: Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Glengarry County in Ontario. Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada.

title: Inverness

text: Historically, Inverness had a solidly Scottish Gaelic speaking population, with the majority of the population having Gaelic as their first language. From approximately the end of the 19th century, following the 1872 Education Act, Inverness suffered a decline in the number of Gaelic speakers in line with the rest of the once Gaidhealtachd / Scottish Highlands. Despite the local dialect of Scottish Gaelic gradually falling out of use (although it continued to affect local English language dialect), the language is still spoken in other dialects and standardised forms. By the end of the 19th century, some rural areas to the south east of Inverness still had completely Gaelic speaking populations, such as Strath Dearn where almost 100% of the population were still Gaelic speaking.

title: Languages of Scotland

text: The Goidelic language currently spoken in Scotland is Scottish Gaelic. It is widely spoken in the Outer Hebrides, and also in parts of the Inner Hebrides and Scottish Highlands, and by some people in other areas of Scotland. It was formerly spoken over a far wider area than today, even in the recent past, as evidenced by placenames. Galwegian Gaelic is the extinct dialect of Scottish Gaelic formerly spoken in southwest Scotland. It was spoken by the independent kings of Galloway in their time, and by the people of Galloway and Carrick until the early modern period. It was also once spoken in Annandale and Strathnith.

title: Scottish people

text: Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins. Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"). There, in Cape Breton, where both lowland and highland Scots settled in large numbers, Canadian Gaelic is still spoken by a small number of residents. Cape Breton is the home of the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts. Glengarry County in present-day Eastern Ontario is a historic county that was set up as a settlement for Highland Scots, where many from the Highlands settled to preserve their culture in result of the Highland Clearances. Gaelic was the native language of the community since its settlement in the 18th century although the number of speakers decreased since as a result of English migration. As of the modern 21st century, there are still a few Gaelic speakers in the community.

title: Christmas Island, Nova Scotia

text: Gaelic is still spoken by a few elderly residents, as many Highland Scots emigrated to Christmas Island during the Highland Clearances.

title: Galwegian Gaelic

text: Galwegian Gaelic (also known as Gallovidian Gaelic, Gallowegian Gaelic, or Galloway Gaelic) is an extinct dialect of the Goidelic languages formerly spoken in southwest Scotland. It was spoken by the people of Galloway and Carrick until the early modern period. It was once spoken in Annandale and Strathnith. Little (except numerous placenames) has survived of the dialect, so that its exact relationship with other Goidelic languages is uncertain.


query: What is the highest pitch audible to humans?

title: Audio frequency

text: The generally accepted standard range of audible frequencies for humans is 20 to 20,000Hz,[2][3][4] although the range of frequencies individuals hear is greatly influenced by environmental factors. Frequencies below 20Hz are generally felt rather than heard, assuming the amplitude of the vibration is great enough. High frequencies are the first to be affected by hearing loss due to age or prolonged exposure to very loud noises.[5]

title: Mor-Taxan

text: The Mor-Taxans employ two known means of communication. One is verbal or phonetic, and is mainly a spoken language, though occasionally they emit more bestial and guttural sounds. The nature of their language is distinctly alien, but at times the observant listener can hear pieces of a human language. For example, in one episode, as the aliens are talking about our sun (via subtitles), the word "sol" or "solar" can be heard in correspondence. In other, "craft" is audible when discussing a ship. While this fictional language sounds inspired in part of African origin, what real human languages were amalgamated in it are unknown. It is of note, that when the aliens talk in human host bodies, there seems to be little distinction between their voices, both among each other and from those in their natural state. However, whereas their voices are mostly heard in more a high pitch, there are times when an aliens' voice is lower. The reasons for this, either within the show or behind-the-scenes, are unknown.

title: Air raid offense

text: The Scheme is notable for its focus on passing. As many as 65–75% of the calls during a season result in a passing play. The QB has the freedom to audible to any play based on what the defense is showing him at the line of scrimmage. In at least one instance, as a result of the QB's ability to audible, as many as 90% of the run plays called in a season were chosen by audible at the line of scrimmage.

title: Audio frequency

text: An audio frequency (abbreviation: AF) or audible frequency is characterized as a periodic vibration whose frequency is audible to the average human. The SI unit of audio frequency is the hertz (Hz). It is the property of sound that most determines pitch.[1]

title: Singing Tesla coil

text: The singing Tesla coil, sometimes called a zeusaphone, thoramin or musical lightning, is a form of plasma speaker. It is a variation of a solid state Tesla coil that has been modified to produce musical tones by modulating its spark output. The resulting pitch is a low fidelity square wave like sound reminiscent of an analog synthesizer. The high-frequency signal acts in effect as a carrier wave; its frequency is significantly above human-audible sound frequencies, so that digital modulation can reproduce a recognizable pitch. The musical tone results directly from the passage of the spark through the air. Because solid-state coil drivers are limited to "on-off" modulation, the sound produced consists of square-like waveforms rather than sinusoidal (though simple chords are possible).

title: Plasma receiver

text:
Vibrations in the audible frequency range are perceived by humans when air vibrates against their eardrum. Air, or some other vibrating medium such as water, is indispensable in the perception of sound by the human ear. Without it acting as a transmitter, the sound produced by the source will not be perceived by a human.
There is no air in outer space, nor there is any other type of medium capable of transmitting any vibration from a source to a human ear. However, there are sources in outer space that do vibrate at frequencies that would be audible by a human, if only there were some sort of transmitting media to carry those vibrations from the source to a human eardrum.

title: Beat (acoustics)

text: If the two original frequencies are quite close (for example, a difference of approximately twelve hertz), the frequency of the cosine of the right side of the expression above, that is , is often too low to be perceived as an audible tone or pitch. Instead, it is perceived as a periodic variation in the amplitude of the first term in the expression above. It can be said that the lower frequency cosine term is an "envelope" for the higher frequency one, i.e. that its amplitude is modulated. The frequency of the modulation is , that is, the average of the two frequencies. It can be noted that every second burst in the modulation pattern is inverted. Each peak is replaced by a trough and vice versa. However, because the human ear is not sensitive to the phase of a sound, only its amplitude or intensity, only the magnitude of the envelope is heard. Therefore, subjectively, the frequency of the envelope seems to have twice the frequency of the modulating cosine, which means the audible beat frequency is:

title: Harman Kardon

text: In 1959, Harman Kardon marketed the Citation II, an early ultra wideband stereophonic tube amplifier. Designed by Stewart Hegeman, it featured 60 watts/channel output with a frequency response of 18-60,000 Hz at 20 watt output. The company promoted their philosophy of designing high fidelity sound using amplifiers that provided widest possible audio bandwidth. Although the human ear highest audible range is around 20,000 Hz, the full range of sound goes beyond that with harmonics and overtones that may be beyond the hearing range of the human ear. These harmonics interact with other frequencies to produce audible secondary sounds or interference. Harman Kardon promoted the design in audio magazines and product brochures.

title: Cumaca Cave

text: Cumaca Cave is a large cave system located in northern of Trinidad, in the southeastern area of the Northern Range. This cave is sometimes also called Oropouche. The caves are home to bats and Oilbirds ("Steatornis caripensis"). These are the only nocturnal fruit eating birds in the world. They forage at night, navigating by echolocation in the same way as bats, but with a high-pitched clicking sound audible to humans.

title: Pitch class

text:
although there is no formal upper or lower limit to this sequence, only a limited number of these pitches are audible to the human ear.
Pitch class is important because human pitch-perception is periodic: pitches belonging to the same pitch class are perceived as having a similar quality or color, a property called "octave equivalence".

title: Process music

text: Primarily begun in the 1960s, diverse composers have employed divergent methods and styles of process. "A 'musical process' as Christensen defines it is a highly complex dynamic phenomenon involving audible structures that evolve in the course of the musical performance ... 2nd order audible developments, i.e., audible developments within audible developments" . These processes may involve specific systems of choosing and arranging notes through pitch and time, often involving a long term change with a limited amount of musical material, or transformations of musical events that are already relatively complex in themselves.

title: Absolute threshold of hearing

text:
Two methods can be used to measure the minimal audible stimulus and therefore the absolute threshold of hearing.
Minimal audible field involves the subject sitting in a sound field and stimulus being presented via a loudspeaker. The sound level is then measured at the position of the subjects head with the subject not in the sound field.
Minimal audible pressure involves presenting stimuli via headphones or earphones and measuring sound pressure in the subject's ear canal using a very small probe microphone.
The two different methods produce different thresholds and minimal audible field thresholds are often 6 to 10 dB better than minimal audible pressure thresholds. It is thought that this difference is due to:
Minimal audible field and minimal audible pressure are important when considering calibration issues and they also illustrate that the human hearing is most sensitive in the 2–5 kHz range.

title: Studie I

text: The fundamental hypothesis for "Studie I" was that its serial system should begin in the middle of the human auditory range and extend in both directions to the limits of pitch perception. Durations and amplitudes are inversely proportional to the distance from this central reference, so the sounds become both shorter and softer as they approach the upper and lower limits of pitch audibility .

title: Ultrasound

text: Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, because in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing tends to decrease with age. An American cell phone company has used this to create ring signals that supposedly are only audible to younger humans, but many older people can hear the signals, which may be because of the considerable variation of age-related deterioration in the upper hearing threshold. The Mosquito is an electronic device that uses a high pitched frequency to deter loitering by young people.

title: Pitch-accent language

text: However, other researchers claim that the pitch of post-focus words is reduced but sometimes still audible.

title: Classical guitar making

text: One of the important aspects that good luthiers need to understand, is that a single tone consists of the "fundamental and simultaneous overtones". (Historically the scientific analysis of this discovery can be associated with Nicole Oresme, Marin Mersenne and Joseph Sauveur.) The ratio of the "intensity of fundamental" and the various overtones, defines the "colour" (Frequency spectrum) of the tone. Overtones are simply frequencies that are at a multiple of the base fundamental frequency. (Overtones defining colour, do not only occur in instruments, but also in the human voice. When singing a note, there are numerous overtones present. Singers experienced in overtone singing are able to control their voice in such a way, that they can increase the intensity of any high overtone to such an extent, that it becomes clearly audible, whilst simultaneously singing the fundamental. In this way two pitches (fundamental and high-intensity overtone) can be made clearly audible while singing.)

title: Virtual pitch

text: Virtual pitch is an experimentally established phenomenon in humans that can be mathematically described. In its basic form, given a series of pure tones whose frequencies correspond to a harmonic series, one will hear a virtual pitch near the fundamental frequency, even if there is no pure tone at that frequency. The perceptual salience (clarity, probability of noticing) of the virtual pitch depends on how closely the audible partials match lower harmonics above the virtual pitch. In Terhardt's pitch algorithm, virtual pitches are predicted by looking for subharmonic coincidences between audible partials in a complex tone - in other words, by looking for missing fundamentals.

title: Scientific pitch notation

text: Using scientific pitch notation consistently, the MIDI NoteOn message assigns MIDI note 0 to C (five octaves below C or Middle C; lowest note on the two largest organs of the world; about one octave below the human hearing threshold: its overtones, however, are audible), MIDI note 21 to A (the bottom key of an 88-key piano), MIDI note 60 to C (Middle C), MIDI note 69 to A (A440), MIDI note 108 to C (the top key of an 88-key piano), and MIDI note 127 to G (beyond the piano; one octave above the highest note on some keyboard glockenspiels; some notes above the highest-pitched organ pipes).

title: Minimum audibility curve

text: Minimum audibility curve is a standardized graph of the threshold of hearing frequency for an average human, and is used as the reference level when measuring hearing loss with an audiometer as shown on an audiogram.

title: Bullet bow shockwave

text: A bullet bow shockwave will be heard by any witness as long as the bullet speed is faster than the speed of sound, whether the bullet was fired from a weapon giving off an openly audible muzzle blast, or a mechanically-suppress-fired muzzle (Suppressed weapon) blast. If a bullet is fired from a suppressed weapon, a witness can mistake the bullet bow audible shockwave whip-crack for the weapon muzzle blast audible wave, which is a separate audible event. It might be noted here that if one is involved in such an event, that the sound you hear from a suppressed weapon will not be from the point of origin. Most humans will perceive the sound as being omnidirectional or as emanating from the bullet as it passes by.

title: Ring Tone Transfer Language

text: Dotted rhythm patterns can be formed by appending a period (".") character to the end of a duration/beat/octave element.The RTTTL format allows octaves starting from the A below middle C and going up four octaves. This corresponds with the inability of cellphones to reproduce certain tones audibly. These octaves are numbered from lowest pitch to highest pitch from 4 to 7.

title: Ultrasound

text: Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

title: General Instrument AY-3-8910

text: The AY-3-8910 generates tones with base frequencies of up to 125 kHz (4 MHz input clock, or 8 MHz with the YM2149F), well beyond human perception and into the ultrasonic range. The existence of ultrasonic values is a consequence of the frequency-divider design; in order to have adequate resolution at audible frequencies it is necessary for the overall clock rate (and thus the output at small divisors) to be considerably higher than the audible range. Only divisors below 5 give entirely-ultrasonic output frequencies. Frequencies equivalent to the top octave of a piano keyboard can be defined with reasonable accuracy versus the accepted note values for the even-tempered scale, to nearly 1 Hz precision in the A440 range and even more finely at lower pitches. Despite the high maximum frequency, the ability to divide that figure by 4096 means the lowest directly definable output frequency is 30.6 Hz, roughly equal to B0, the third lowest note on a normal 88-key piano, and as good as subsonic with everyday speaker systems. In essence, the chip is able to produce decently musical output at all reasonable pitches found in most compositions.

title: Pitch (music)

text: Pitch depends to a lesser degree on the sound pressure level (loudness, volume) of the tone, especially at frequencies below 1,000 Hz and above 2,000 Hz. The pitch of lower tones gets lower as sound pressure increases. For instance, a tone of 200 Hz that is very loud seems one semitone lower in pitch than if it is just barely audible. Above 2,000 Hz, the pitch gets higher as the sound gets louder. These results were obtained in the pioneering works by S.Stevens and W.Snow . Later investigations, i.e. by A.Cohen, had shown that in most cases the apparent pitch shifts were not significantly different from pitch‐matching errors. When averaged, the remaining shifts followed the directions of Stevens' curves but were small (2% or less by frequency, i.e. not more than a semitone)

title: Vocal register

text: The confusion which exists concerning the definition and number of registers is due in part to what takes place in the modal register when a person sings from the lowest pitches of that register to the highest pitches. The frequency of vibration of the vocal folds is determined by their length, tension, and mass. As pitch rises, the vocal folds are lengthened, tension increases, and their thickness decreases. In other words, all three of these factors are in a state of flux in the transition from the lowest to the highest tones.

title: Greenwood function

text: Georg von Békésy demonstrated physiologically that different frequencies of sound stimulated different regions of the cochlea (Wilson 2004). Based upon the findings of Békésy, Greenwood placed four students under the age of 29 with presumably healthy cochleas in isolation chambers and introduced pure tones within the range of audible frequencies (20-20,000 Hz). Upon application of each tone, he then introduced a second pure tone of the same frequency and then raised and lowered the frequency until it was sufficiently different from the original frequency to become audible (Greenwood 1961a). Subjects responded with a handheld device allowing Greenwood to record exactly at what frequency interval the two pitches were audible and distinct. Experiments were performed over the entire range of audible frequencies (Greenwood 1961a).

title: Ernst Terhardt

text:
If only one virtual pitch is perceived in a sound, it is generally the one with the highest salience. The output of Terhardt’s algorithm for pitch perception is a series of virtual pitches of differing salience, of which the most salient is the prediction for “the” pitch of the sound. The existence of several competing virtual pitches can explain the ambiguity of the pitch of many sounds. Bells with non-harmonic spectra are an obvious example (it is often possible to hear the main virtual pitch as the strike tone at the start of the sound, and the main spectral pitch as a hum tone which becomes directly audible as the sound dies away). But Terhardt and his colleagues also demonstrated that regular harmonic complex tones in speech and music are slightly ambiguous in pitch, which may be the ultimate origin of octave equivalence in music and the perceived tonal affinity of successive tones at octave or fifth intervals.
Terhardt claimed that the root of a chord in western music typically corresponds to its most salient virtual pitch, and that the virtual pitch phenomenon is the ultimate origin of the root effect. He also investigated the perception of roughness in music and claimed that musical consonance and dissonance has two main psychoacoustic components, roughness and harmony, harmony being related to the perception of virtual pitch.

title: Vocal pedagogy

text: Some voice teachers, however, organize registers differently. There are over a dozen different constructs of vocal registers in use within the field. The confusion which exists concerning what a register is, and how many registers there are, is due in part to what takes place in the modal register when a person sings from the lowest pitches of that register to the highest pitches. The frequency of vibration of the vocal folds is determined by their length, tension, and mass. As pitch rises, the vocal folds are lengthened, tension increases, and their thickness decreases. In other words, all three of these factors are in a state of flux in the transition from the lowest to the highest tones.

title: Garden tiger moth

text: Adults can make rasping sounds with their wings and can emit high pitched squeaking sounds that are audible to humans. These sounds have been found to affect bat behavior, as the squeaks of this insect cause bats to avoid the noxious moth. Bats that could associate squeaking or clicking sounds as indicative of toxic prey quickly used sound alone as a deterrent.

title: Scientific pitch notation

text: Although pitch notation is intended to describe sounds audibly perceptible as pitches, it can also be used to specify the frequency of non-pitch phenomena. Notes below E or higher than E are outside most humans' hearing range, although notes slightly outside the hearing range on the low end may still be indirectly perceptible as pitches due to their overtones falling within the hearing range. For an example of truly inaudible frequencies, when the Chandra X-ray Observatory observed the waves of pressure fronts propagating away from a black hole, their one oscillation every 10 million years was described by NASA as corresponding to the B fifty-seven octaves below middle C (or B).

title: Klang (Stockhausen)

text: "Cosmic Pulses" is an exploration of the frontiers between the perceptual realms of pitch and rhythm—visited previously by Stockhausen in "Kontakte" (1958–60)—in which pitches descend below the threshold of pitch perception to become periodic rhythms, and periodic are transformed into audible pitches. It also probes the borders between spatial movement and timbre (, 309–10).