query: What hormones does the thyroid produce?

title: Thyroid hormones

text: Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which has a longer half-life than T3.[1] In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1.[2] T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5'-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production. Edward Calvin Kendall was responsible for the isolation of thyroxine in 1915.[3]

title: Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone

text: Higher levels of thyroid hormone suppress GnIH expression, and lower levels of thyroid hormone are associated with higher GnIH levels. The inactivation of GnIH expression prevents delayed puberty caused by hypothyroidism, demonstrating that GnIH mediates interactions between the HPG and HPT (hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid) axes. Furthermore, thyroid hormone may function in a pathway for photoperiodic regulation of reproduction involving GnIH and energy status. Melatonin modulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production in the anterior pituitary, and TSH promotes thyroid hormone production. Thyroid hormone production influences metabolism and GnIH production, both of which impact reproduction.

title: Thyroiditis

text: The most common and helpful way to diagnose thyroiditis is first for a physician to palpate the thyroid gland during a physical examination. Laboratory tests allow doctors to evaluate the patient for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates, elevated thyroglobulin levels, and depressed radioactive iodine uptake (Mather, 2007). Blood tests also help to determine the kind of thyroiditis and to see how much thyroid stimulating hormone the pituitary gland is producing and what antibodies are present in the body. In some cases a biopsy may be needed to find out what is attacking the thyroid.

title: Thyroid's secretory capacity

text: Thyroid's secretory capacity (GT, also referred to as thyroid's incretory capacity, maximum thyroid hormone output, T4 output or, if calculated from levels of thyroid hormones, as SPINA-GT) is the maximum stimulated amount of thyroxine that the thyroid can produce in a given time-unit (e.g. one second).

title: Thyroid hormones

text: If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormone. The lack of thyroid hormone will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic colloid goitre; see goitre).[36] This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone.

title: Thyroid storm

text: Individuals with thyroid storm tend to have increased levels of free thyroid hormone, although total thyroid hormone levels may not be much higher than in uncomplicated hyperthyroidism. The rise in the availability of free thyroid hormone may be the result of manipulating the thyroid gland. In the setting of an individual receiving radioactive iodine therapy, free thyroid hormone levels may acutely increase due to the release of hormone from ablated thyroid tissue.

title: Thyroid

text: Hormonal output from the thyroid is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, which itself is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus.

title: Iodotyrosine deiodinase

text: Within the thyroid follicular cell, thyroglobulin is hydrolyzed to form thyroid hormones and mono- and diiodotyrosine. The thyroid hormones are released into the bloodstream and the iodinated tyrosines are recycled. However, the breakdown of thyroglobulin produces 6-7 fold more iodinated tyrosines than thyroid hormone. Iodotyrosine deiodinase salvages the iodide from the deiodination of the iodinated tyrosines. Iodotyrosine deiodinase is located on the apical plasma membrane of the thyroid colloid, where mono- and diiodotyrosine are produced from this breakdown of thyroglobulin. Without iodotyrosine deiodinase activity, the iodide would be excreted with the amino acid tyrosine and thyroid hormone biosynthesis would be reduced.

title: Thyroid hormone resistance

text: Yet, since discovery of resistance to thyroid hormones in the absence of thyroid hormone receptor beta mutations, lack of a mutation in a patient does not rule out resistance.

title: Hürthle cell adenoma

text: There are three main treatments for Hürthle cell adenomas. Once the adenoma is detected most often the nodules removed to prevent the cells from later metastisizing. A total thyroidectomy is often performed, this results in a complete removal of the thyroid. Some patients may only have half of their thyroid removed, this is known as a thyroid lobectomy. Another treatment option includes pharmacological suppression of thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Patients with suppressed thyroid function often require oral thyroid replacement (e.g. levothyroxine) in order to maintain normal thyroid hormone levels. The final treatment option is RAI ablation (radioactive iodine ablation). This treatment option is used to destroy infected thyroid cells after total thyroidectomy. This treatment does not change prognosis of disease, but will diminish the recurrence rate. Also, Hürthle cells do not respond well to RAI. However, often doctors suggest this treatment to patients with Hürthle cell adenoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma because some Hürthle cells will respond and it will kill remaining tissue.

title: Selenium

text: The thyroid gland and every cell that uses thyroid hormone use selenium, which is a cofactor for the three of the four known types of thyroid hormone deiodinases, which activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites; the iodothyronine deiodinases are the subfamily of deiodinase enzymes that use selenium as the otherwise rare amino acid selenocysteine. (Only the deiodinase, iodotyrosine deiodinase, which works on the last breakdown products of thyroid hormone, does not use selenium.)

title: Iodine in biology

text: In vertebrate biology, iodine's primary function is as a constituent of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These molecules are made from addition-condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively; iodine accounts for 65% of the molecular weight of T4 and 59% of T3. The thyroid gland actively absorbs iodine from the blood to produce and release these hormones into the blood, actions which are regulated by a second hormone, called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones are phylogenetically very old molecules which are synthesized by most multicellular organisms, and which even have some effect on unicellular organisms.

title: Thyroid hormone receptor beta

text: The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear hormone receptor for triiodothyronine. It is one of the several receptors for thyroid hormone, and has been shown to mediate the biological activities of thyroid hormone. Knockout studies in mice suggest that the different receptors, while having certain extent of redundancy, may mediate different functions of thyroid hormone. Defects in this gene are known to be a cause of generalized thyroid hormone resistance (GTHR), a syndrome characterized by goiter and high levels of circulating thyroid hormone (T-T), with normal or slightly elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Several transcript variants have been observed for this gene, but the full-length nature of only one has been observed so far.

title: Thyroid

text: The thyroid may be affected by several diseases. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, the most common cause being Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder. In contrast, hypothyroidism is a state of insufficient thyroid hormone production. Worldwide, the most common cause is iodine deficiency. Thyroid hormones are important for development, and hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency remains the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability. In iodine-sufficient regions, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also an autoimmune disorder. In addition, the thyroid gland may also develop several types of nodules and cancer.

title: Hyperthyroidism

text: There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Most often, the entire gland is overproducing thyroid hormone. Less commonly, a single nodule is responsible for the excess hormone secretion, called a "hot" nodule. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also cause hyperthyroidism. Functional thyroid tissue producing an excess of thyroid hormone occurs in a number of clinical conditions.

title: Thyroid disease

text: Goiter is the general enlargement of the thyroid that can be associated with many thyroid diseases. The main reason this happens is because of increased signaling to the thyroid by way of TSH receptors to try to make it produce more thyroid hormone. This causes increased vascularity and increase in size (hypertrophy) of the gland. In hypothyroid states or iodine deficiency, the body recognizes that it is not producing enough thyroid hormone and starts to produce more TSH to help stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. This stimulation causes the gland to increase in size to increase production of thyroid hormone. In hyperthyroidism caused by Grave's Disease or toxic multinodular goiter, there is excess stimulation of the TSH receptor even when thyroid hormone levels are normal. In Grave's Disease this is because of a autoantibodies (Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins) which bind to and activate the TSH receptors in place of TSH while in toxic multinodular goiter this is often because of a mutation in the TSH receptor that causes it to activate without receiving a signal from TSH. In more rare cases, the thyroid may become enlarged because it becomes filled with thyroid hormone or thyroid hormone precursors that it is unable to release or because of congential abnormalities or because of increased intake of iodine from supplementation or medication.

title: Thyroid-stimulating hormone

text: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T), and then triiodothyronine (T) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body. It is a glycoprotein hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid. In 1916, Bennett M. Allen and Philip E. Smith found that the pituitary contained a thyrotropic substance.

title: Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis

text: The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)) and responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone until levels in the blood return to normal. Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus as well as anterior pituitary, thus controlling the release of both TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary gland.

title: Thiamazole

text: Thiamazole is a drug used to treat hyperthyroidism such as in Graves' disease, a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland begins to produce an excess of thyroid hormone. The drug may also be taken before thyroid surgery to lower thyroid hormone levels and minimize the effects of thyroid manipulation. Additionally, thiamazole is used in the veterinary setting to treat hyperthyroidism in cats.

title: Thyroid disease

text: Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ. These hormones normally act in the body to regulate energy use, infant development, and childhood development.

title: Thyroid disease

text: There are several hormones that can be measured in the blood to determine how the thyroid gland is functioning. These include the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and its precursor thyroxine (T4), which are produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is another important hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary cells in the brain. Its primary function is to increase the production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland.

title: Thyroid disease

text: There are many changes to the body during pregnancy. One of the major changes to help with the development of the fetus is the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone, produced by the placenta, has similar structure to TSH and can bind to the maternal TSH receptor to produce thyroid hormone. During pregnancy, there is also an increase in estrogen which causes the mother to produce more thyroxine binding globulin, which is what carries most of the thyroid hormone in the blood. These normal hormonal changes often make pregnancy look like a hyperthyroid state but may be within the normal range for pregnancy, so it necessary to use trimester specific ranges for TSH and free T4. True hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is most often caused by an autoimmune mechanism from Grave's Disease. New diagnosis of hypothyroidism in pregnancy is rare because hypothyroidism often makes it difficult to become pregnant in the first place. When hypothyroidism is seen in pregnancy, it is often because an individual already has hypothyroidism and needs to increase their levothyroxine dose to account for the increased thyroxine binding globulin present in pregnancy.

title: Thyroid disease

text: Hypothyroidism is a state in which the body is not producing enough thyroid hormones, or is not able to respond to / utilize existing thyroid hormones properly. The main categories are:

title: Hypothalamus

text: Findings have suggested that thyroid hormone (T4) is taken up by the hypothalamic glial cells in the infundibular nucleus/ median eminence, and that it is here converted into T3 by the type 2 deiodinase (D2). Subsequent to this, T3 is transported into the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. Thyroid hormone receptors have been found in these neurons, indicating that they are indeed sensitive to T3 stimuli. In addition, these neurons expressed MCT8, a thyroid hormone transporter, supporting the theory that T3 is transported into them. T3 could then bind to the thyroid hormone receptor in these neurons and affect the production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thereby regulating thyroid hormone production.

title: Hypothalamic disease

text: The thyroid gland is an auxiliary organ to the hypothalamus-pituitary system. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus signals to the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid to secrete T and T thyroid hormones. Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when TSH secretion from the pituitary is impaired, whereas tertiary hypothyroidism is the deficiency or inhibition of TRH.

title: Iodotyrosine deiodinase

text: Iodotyrosine deiodinase, also known as iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1, is a type of deiodinase enzyme that scavenges iodide by removing it from iodinated tyrosine residues in the thyroid gland. These iodinated tyrosines are produced during thyroid hormone biosynthesis. The iodide that is scavenged by iodotyrosine deiodinase is necessary to again synthesize the thyroid hormones. After synthesis, the thyroid hormones circulate through the body to regulate metabolic rate, protein expression, and body temperature. Iodotyrosine deiodinase is thus necessary to keep levels of both iodide and thyroid hormones in balance.

title: Thyroid hormone resistance

text: Thyroid hormone resistance (sometimes Refetoff syndrome) describes a rare syndrome in which the thyroid hormone levels are elevated but the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is not suppressed, or not completely suppressed as would be expected. The first report of the condition appeared in 1967. Essentially this is decreased end organ responsiveness to thyroid hormones. A new term "impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone" has been suggested in March 2014 by Refetoff et al.

title: Thyroid hormone resistance

text: Normal thyroid hormone function requires normal thyroid hormone transport across cell membrane, appropriate deiodination, thyroid hormone nuclear receptor, thyroid hormone response elements, co-activators, co-repressors, and normal histone acetylation. Any abnormalities in this chain can result in thyroid hormone resistance and it has not been as well studied as the various forms of insulin resistance.

title: Fetal programming

text: Thyroid hormones play an instrumental role during the early development of the fetus's brain. Therefore, mothers suffering from thyroid-related issues and altered thyroid hormone levels may inadvertently trigger structural and functional changes in the fetal brain. The fetus is able to produce its own thyroid hormones from the onset of the second trimester; however, maternal thyroid hormones are important for brain development before and after the baby is able to synthesize the hormones while still in the uterus. Due to this, the baby may experience an increased risk of neurological or psychiatric diseases later in life.

title: Thyroid disease in women

text: The thyroid is a small gland in the front of the neck. The thyroid makes hormones called T3 and T4 that regulate how the body uses energy. Thyroid hormone levels are controlled by the pituitary gland, which is a pea-sized gland in the brain. It makes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which triggers the thyroid to make thyroid hormone.


query: When was the AED invented?

title: Automated external defibrillator

text: The first use of an external defibrillator on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck.[29] The portable version of the defibrillator was invented in the mid-1960s by Frank Pantridge in Belfast, Northern Ireland, a pioneer in emergency medical treatment.[30][31]

title: Associated Equipment Distributors

text: On the professional lobbying front, AED hired the former assistant director at the IRS to lobby Congress on tax issues on its behalf. For grassroots lobbying, AED runs an annual legislative week for its members. Members of AED contact Congress to discuss issues related to the equipment industry. On the campaign and elections side, AED runs a political action machine (PAC) that gives campaign donations to federal candidates. AED outsources some of its lobbying activity. For example, in 2013, AED hired attorney Donald A. Barnes to lobby on behalf of AED on tax issues. Before lobbying, Barnes previously served as the Assistant to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue at the IRS.

title: Kaohsiung International Airport

text: The Automated External Defibrillator (AED): The airport has installed five units of AEDs at the international flight terminal and 2 units of AEDs at the domestic flight terminal. This enables any passenger in a life-threatening situation to be able to receive emergency aid, simply by following the AED voice guidance, even for non-medically trained persons, before the ambulance arrives, to increase the first aid success rates.

title: Police vehicles equipped with automated external defibrillators in North America

text: Between January 1, 1990, and January 31, 1995, a study was conducted across 7 rural municipalities in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. This study examined the impact of dispatching police officers who were equipped with AEDs, to suspected SCAs, on survival rates from SCA in rural communities. In total, 200 police officers received CPR and AED training and 30 AEDs were deployed. Over the course of the study a 3.5 minute (51%) decrease in the interval between the 9-1-1 call and the application of the AED was observed. The study concluded that in the "7 suburban communities, police use of AEDs decreased time to defibrillation and was an independent predictor of survival to hospital discharge."

title: Service de police de la Ville de Laval

text: In 2012 the Service de Police de la Ville de Laval purchased 22 automated external defibrillators (AED) which saved 14 lives in less than 2 years. The Service de Police de la Ville de Laval then acquired an additional 48 AEDs. These combined 70 AEDs allow for an AED to be placed in every patrol car and community police centre.

title: Ségéne

text: Before Ségéne died, Bishop Aed of Sletty, County Laois, placed his Leinster diocese under the protection of Armagh using a procedure of surrender and regrant. This was an important event as it emphasized the primacy of Armagh over Kildare. The Additamenta to the Book of Armagh record Aed’s visit as follows- “"Aed was bishop in Slebte. He went to Armagh. He brought his inheritance (i.e. The diocese of Sletty) to Ségéne in Armagh. Ségéne returned the inheritance to Aed, and Aed offered his inheritance and his kin and his church to Patrick for ever. Aed left his inheritance in the possession of Conchad (i.e. Conchad succeeded Aed as bishop of Sletty). Conchad went to Armagh, and Fland Feblae [Bishop of Armagh 689-716] gave him his church, and Conchad himself took the abbacy."”

title: Defibrillation

text:
Trained health professionals have more limited use for AEDs than manual external defibrillators. Recent studies show that AEDs does not improve outcome in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrests. AEDs have set voltages and does not allow the operator to vary voltage according need. AEDs may also delay delivery of effective CPR. For diagnosis of rhythm, AEDs often require the stopping of chest compressions and rescue breathing. For these reasons, certain bodies, such as the European Resuscitation Council, recommend using manual external defibrillators over AEDs if manual external defibrillators are readily available.
As early defibrillation can significantly improve VF outcomes, AEDs have become publicly available in many easily accessible areas. AEDs have been incorporated into the algorithm for basic life support (BLS). Many first responders, such as firefighters, policemen, and security guards, are equipped with them.

title: Aed Carabao

text: Aed produced the first album of the group Hammer in 1979. With this album, Hammer became known. In 1980, Aed composed the song "Teuk Kwaai Tui" ('Wild Buffalo') for Hammer to record for their album "Bpak Dtai Baan Rao" ('Our Southern Home'). That album vaulted Hammer to fame. Later, Aed worked with Hammer to come out with an album named "Khanchanmueang" with a folk-"look thung" musical style. He participated in composing songs for a movie starring the singer Phonom Napon in 1981.

title: AED

text: Aed or AED may refer to:

title: Fland Feblae mac Scandláin

text: Before Bishop Ségéne died, Bishop Aed of Sletty, County Laois, placed his Leinster diocese of Sletty under the protection of Armagh using a procedure of surrender and regrant. This was an important event as it emphasized the primacy of Armagh over Kildare. Bishop Conchad, who was Aed’s successor in Sletty, subsequently went to Armagh when Fland Feblae was made Bishop in order to renew the vows of obedience to him. The Additamenta to the Book of Armagh record those events as follows- “"Aed was bishop in Slebte. He went to Armagh. He brought his inheritance [i.e. The diocese of Sletty] to Ségéne in Armagh. Ségéne returned the inheritance to Aed, and Aed offered his inheritance and his kin and his church to Patrick for ever. Aed left his inheritance in the possession of Conchad (i.e. Conchad succeeded Aed as bishop of Sletty). Conchad went to Armagh, and Fland Feblae gave him his church (i.e. Sletty), and Conchad himself took the abbacy."”

title: AED (non-profit)

text: Other programs included the AED Center for Youth Development and Policy Research, which began the Promising Practices in Afterschool System in 1999 with funding from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. AED's Middle Start program provided research-based professional development programs that invigorate teaching and learning resulting in improved rigor, equity, and achievement. The National Security Education Program David L. Boren Fellowships for graduate students, offered by George Washington University, are provided by AED. GreenCOM, sponsored by AED, is the strategic environmental communication project of the U.S. Agency for International Development, providing services to USAID missions and environmental and agricultural program managers worldwide. AED was a major partner in USAID's "DOT-COM Alliance," leading the dot-ORG program (one of the three programs).

title: Aedh Ua Conchobair

text: ""1226:A great rebellion was raised by Toirrdelbach and Aed, sons of Ruaidri [O Conchobair], and Aed O Neill, to wrest the kingship of the province from Aed mac Cathail Chrobdeirg. This was done at the instance of Donn Oc MacAirechtaig, royal chieftain of Sil Murray, who wished to revenge himself for the confiscation of his land and patrimony; and when he revolted the whole of Connacht revolted—Sil Murray and West Connacht with Aed O Flaithbertaig its king—excepting only Mac Diarmata, Cormac son of Tomaltach."

title: Aed mac Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

text: Aed was one of at least two sons of King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair by different women. The Annals of Tigernach contain references to Aed's death, "sub anno" 1159:

title: Automated external defibrillator

text: It is also important to ensure that the AED unit's batteries have not expired. The AED manufacturer will specify how often the batteries should be replaced. Each AED has a different recommended maintenance schedule outlined in the user manual. Common checkpoints on every checklist, however, also include a monthly check of the battery power by checking the green indicator light when powered on, condition and cleanliness of all cables and the unit, and check for the adequate supplies [15]

title: DAMAC Properties

text: The following year, DAMAC Properties recorded total revenue of AED 3.7 Billion, a 5% increase from the previous year while the 2018 total revenue was recorded at AED 5.2 billion with a gross profit of AED 1.9 billion and a net profit of AED 1.1 billion.

title: Defibrillation

text: AEDs can be fully automatic or semi-automatic. A semi-automatic AED automatically diagnoses heart rhythms and determines if a shock is necessary. If a shock is advised, the user must then push a button to administer the shock. A fully automated AED automatically diagnoses the heart rhythm and advises the user to stand back while the shock is automatically given. Some types of AEDs come with advanced features, such as a manual override or an ECG display.

title: Dubai Financial Market

text:
Like the revenue, DFM's net profit dropped sharply from the period ended 2007 till 2011. In 2007, DFM profits reached 1,439.6 million including none operational profits coming from IPO of AED 468 million. In 2008, profits are only AED 605 million. The next year, in 2009, the profit dropped even further and reached 346.62. In 2010, another drop took place and profits reached AED 79 million. Unfortunately, in 2011, DFM recorded a loss of AED 6.45 million. From the trend, we can imply that the situation is not improving, but is deteriorating year after year. DFM BOD members, executives, and managers are working hard to get out DFM from this unforeseen dilemma.
Due to the consistent efforts of the DFM BOD members and Management team, DFM was able to turnover the situation in 2013 and gain a +608.5% growth in net profits, to become AED 285 million from the AED 35 million in the previous year. and the following year the market have occurred profits of AED 759 million with a growth rate of 166.3%. The next three years the market have seen a sharp decline in profit to hit AED 233.5 million in 2017.

title: Automated external defibrillator

text: All AEDs approved for use in the United States use an electronic voice to prompt users through each step. Because the user of an AED may be hearing impaired, many AEDs now include visual prompts as well. Most units are designed for use by non-medical operators. Their ease of use has given rise to the notion of public access defibrillation (PAD), which experts agree has the potential to be the single greatest advance in the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest since the invention of CPR.[19] Some advances include a CPR feedback device by Zoll and Cardiac Science, non-polarized pads (they can be placed in either location) by Cardiac Science, a status indicator most AEDS, and simple voice and text prompts with an adjustable skill level, on most AEDs.

title: History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

text: The idea for an automated defibrillator was first conceived by Dr. Arch Diack, a surgeon in Portland, Oregon. His prototype, literally assembled in a basement, utilized a unique defibrillatory pathway – tongue to chest. There was a breath detector that was a safeguard to prevent shocking breathing persons. The electrode was essentially a rate counter, far cruder than today’s sophisticated VF detectors. The production model weighed 35 pounds and gave verbal instructions. It was an idea ahead of its time. Most people viewed it as a curiosity. By the late 1980s, however, other manufacturers entered the field leading to the automated external defibrillators (AEDs) we have today. Current AEDs, like regular defibrillators, use electrode pads attached to the chest. AEDs are programmed to guide the operator (with a series of voice prompts) through the procedure. The pads once attached automatically detect the type of heart rhythm and if VF is present the AED instructs the operator to press a button (usually flashing red) to shock the patient. From EMT defibrillation with AEDs, there was a natural and logical progression to first responder defibrillation (AEDs used by police or security personnel), next widespread Public Access Defibrillation (AEDs used by lay persons in public locations such as airports, schools, exercise facilities, etc.) and finally home AED including the opportunity to purchase AEDs over the counter without a prescription.

title: Jordan de Exeter

text: The kings' sons of Connacht made another hosting, to burn and pillage Athenry, at the feast of Mary in mid-autumn. They went thither, a great host, including Toirrdelbach son of Aed and Aed son of Aed, and the Sheriff of Connacht was there to meet them, with many Galls. The Galls asked for a truce on that day, on account of its sanctity; in honour of Mary Mother whose day it was. The princes would not grant that truce to honour Mary or the Crucifixion, but attacked the town, though Toirrdelbach was unwilling. When Jordan [D'Exeter] and the Galls saw this they issued from the town against the princes. Mary wrought a miracle then; for when the princes and their followers saw the horsemen in arms and armour making towards them, horror and dread seized them and they were put to flight. Aed son of Aed O Conchobair was killed there, and Diarmait Ruad son of Cormac O Mailsechlainn, O Cellaig's two sons, Brian of the Wood son of Magnus, Carrach Insiubail son of Niall O Conchobair, Baethgalach Mac Aedacain, Mathgamain son of Tadc son of Diarmait Bachlach O Conchobair, Lochlainn O Conchobair's two sons, Domnall son of Cormac Mac Diarmata, Findanach Mac Branain, Cu Muman Mac Casurlaig and many others.""

title: Aed mac Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

text: There are two, possibly three, sons of Ruaidri, known to have been called Aed or Aedh:Aedh Muimhneach may be identical with Crown Prince Aed, or yet another son.

title: Carabao (band)

text: Carabao was originally formed in the Philippines with three members, Aed, Keo, and a third member named Khai, all of whom sang and played guitar. They stopped playing together when Aed returned to Thailand. However, Aed continued to play music and write songs, contributing a song to the popular songs for the Thai Muslim life band "Hammer," and playing as a backing member of the band "Hope." After the experience of playing with other bands, he decided that he wanted to revive Carabao so that he could have his own band. He persuaded Keo to return and switch to bass.

title: Education in Dubai

text: Tuition at these private schools range from AED 1,725 to AED 107,200 per year, and Dubai's annual revenue from private schooling fees is AED 5.35bn. 39% of students pay less than AED 10,000 in tuition per year.

title: AED Oil

text: AED entered administration as a result of an international arbitration panel that went against AED over Puffin oilfield. The court awarded Sea Production a settlement of $US72.39 million.

title: Automated external defibrillator

text: In order to make them highly visible, public access AEDs are often brightly coloured and are mounted in protective cases near the entrance of a building. When these protective cases are opened or the defibrillator is removed, some will sound a buzzer to alert nearby staff to their removal, though this does not necessarily summon emergency services; trained AED operators should know to phone for an ambulance when sending for or using an AED. In September 2008, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation issued a 'universal AED sign' to be adopted throughout the world to indicate the presence of an AED, and this is shown on the right.[11]

title: Omen (Star Wars novel)

text: Once the Skywalkers reach the Rift, they encounter an Aing-Tii ship. After receiving directions, Luke and Ben arrive at a small moon and find an Aing-Tii craft waiting for them. The lone Aing-Tii presents them with a challenge: to communicate with him via the Force. While using the Force, the Skywalkers are shocked to find that the monk shines in the Force just as brightly as Luke, but the Aing-Tii's presence differs than any others they have felt. The encounter is too much for Ben, and he is forced to give up. Luke, however, maintains contact for quite some time and passes the test. They learn the Aing-Tii's name is Tadar'Ro. Tadar'Ro gives them the coordinates to the Aing-Tii homeworld.

title: Emirate of Sharjah

text: Metered Taxis are available in Sharjah for the intra-city as well as the inter-city travel. The base fare is AED 11.50 with AED 1 charged for every 650 meters of travel. For intra-city travel, the minimum fare is AED 11.50 and for Sharjah to Dubai travel, base fare is AED 20.

title: Dubai College

text: The school fees for 2018-2019 are AED 80,808 for Year 7 to Year 11 and AED 91,503 for Year 12 and Year 13. A Personal Debenture is required for all new students joining the school to the value of AED 25,000, which will be returned less any outstanding sums owing when the student leaves.

title: AED (non-profit)

text: Concurrent with the settlement agreement AED executed a transfer of virtually all of its existing programs and employees to another USAID contractor NGO, Family Health International. The AED programs combined with FHI to create a new entity, FHI 360. With that, AED effectively ceased to exist.

title: First Gulf Bank

text: FGB reported a total net profit of AED 5.66 billion in 2014, which represents an 18% increase when compared with AED 4.77 billion achieved in 2013. 2014 also marked the 15th consecutive year of uninterrupted net profit growth for the bank.

title: St. John Ambulance of Malaysia

text: SJAM was the first in Malaysia to introduce the use of AED in 2001 - it began when all EMAS ambulances in Kuala Lumpur, operated by SJAM Wilayah Persekutuan, were fitted with an AED each.


query: Who first published The House of Mirth?

title: The House of Mirth

text: &Mirth The House of Mirth is a 1905 novel by the American author Edith Wharton. It tells the story of Lily Bart, a well-born but impoverished woman belonging to New York City's high society around the turn of the last century.[lower-alpha 1] Wharton creates a portrait of a stunning beauty who, though raised and educated to marry well both socially and economically, is reaching her 29th year, an age when her youthful blush is drawing to a close and her marital prospects are becoming ever more limited. The House of Mirth traces Lily's slow two-year social descent from privilege to a tragically lonely existence on the margins of society. In the words of one scholar, Wharton uses Lily as an attack on "an irresponsible, grasping and morally corrupt upper class."[2]

title: The House of Mirth (disambiguation)

text: The House of Mirth is a novel by Edith Wharton.

title: An Humorous Day's Mirth

text: An Humorous Day's Mirth is an Elizabethan era stage play, a comedy by George Chapman, first acted in 1597 and published in 1599.

title: Merry England

text: The concept of "Merry England" originated in the Middle Ages, when Henry of Huntingdon around 1150 first coined the phrase "Anglia plena jocis". His theme was taken up in the following century by the encyclopedist Bartholomeus Anglicus, who claimed that "England is full of mirth and of game, and men oft-times able to mirth and game".

title: The House of Mirth

text: The Play of the novel The House of Mirth (1906), by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch.[21][22] La Maison du Brouillard (1918), directed by Albert Capellani, featured Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart; a French silent film. The House of Mirth was presented on radio's Theatre Guild on the Air December 14, 1952. The one-hour adaptation starred Joan Fontaine and Franchot Tone.[23] The House of Mirth (1956), directed by John Drew Barrymore. Matinee Theatre: Season 2, Episode 56. (4 December 1956) The House of Mirth (1981), directed by Adrian Hall. A television film for the Public Broadcasting System in the U.S. Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth(1995) adapted for the stage by Dawn Keeler. The play was performed by the Cambridge Theatre Company at the Theatre Royal in Winchester, England. After the initial production, the play toured England for nine weeks. This modern adaptation offers a late-twentieth-century interpretation of Lily Bart's story that emphasizes freedom, relationships, and tragedy.[18] The House of Mirth (2000), directed by Terence Davies, featured Gillian Anderson as Lily Bart.[24]

title: The House of Mirth

text: When I wrote House of Mirth I held, without knowing it, two trumps in my hand. One was the fact that New York society in the nineties was a field as yet unexploited by a novelist who had grown up in that little hot-house of tradition and conventions; and the other, that as yet these traditions and conventions were unassailed, and tacitly regarded as unassailable.

title: The House of Mirth

text: The House of Mirth spotlights social context as equally important to the development of the story's purpose, as the heroine.[lower-alpha 4] "Mirth" contrasted with "mourning" also bespeaks a moral purpose as it underscores the frivolity of a social set that not only worships money, but also uses it ostentatiously solely for its own amusement and aggrandizement. At the time the novel takes place, Old New York high society was peopled by the extraordinarily wealthy who were conditioned by the economic and social changes the Gilded Age (1870–1900) wrought. Wharton's birth around the time of the Civil War predates that period by a little less than a decade. As a member of the privileged Old New York society,[lower-alpha 5] she was eminently qualified to describe it authentically. She also had license to criticize the ways New York high society of the 1890s had changed without being vulnerable to accusations of envy motivated by coming from a lower social caste.[lower-alpha 6] She accused her peers of having lost the sense of noblesse oblige of their forebears.

title: William Morton Fullerton

text: It was Fullerton's extensive knowledge of the world of publishing that led him to assist author Edith Wharton (with whom, at the time, he was involved) in publishing the French translation of her classic novel The House of Mirth, through a well-known magazine.

title: The House of Mirth (2000 film)

text: "The House of Mirth" has an 81% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, whose critical consensus says, "Despite being a period piece, "The House of Mirth"s depiction of social cruelty still feels chilling and relevant for today." Metacritic rated it 78/100.

title: The Muse’s Tragedy

text: The year 1887 was very important to her because she wrote her first major book: "The decoration of House". Her creativity can be seen through the house she designed and built named The Mount (in 1901). This house had inspired her, for example she wrote The House of Mirth in 1911.

title: The House of Mirth

text: The final title Wharton chose for the novel was The House of Mirth (1905), taken from the Old Testament:

title: The House of Mirth

text: Because of the novel's commercial success, some critics classified it as a genre novel. However, Wharton's pastor, then rector of Trinity Church in Manhattan, wrote to tell her that her novel was "a terrible but just arraignment of the social misconduct which begins in folly and ends in moral and spiritual death."(310)[2] This moral purpose was not lost on the literary reviewers and critics of the time who tended to categorize it as both social satire and a novel of manners. Carol Singley in her Introduction to Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth: A Case Book states, "[The House of Mirth] is a unique blend of romance, realism, and naturalism,[and thus] transcends the narrow classification of a novel of manners." (3)[4] The House of Mirth was Wharton's second published novel[2] and was preceded by two novellas, The Touchstone (1900), Sanctuary (1903), and one full-length novel, The Valley of Decision (1902). Her subsequent important novels are Ethan Frome (1911), The Custom of the Country (1913), and The Age of Innocence (1920) for which she won the Pulitzer Prize in 1921.[2][5] These works influenced a host of American authors for two generations. They include F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby), Sinclair Lewis (Main Street), John O'Hara (Appointment in Samarra), and Louis Auchincloss (The House of Five Talents).[3][6][7]

title: The House of Mirth (1918 film)

text: The House of Mirth is a 1918 American silent melodrama film directed by French film director Albert Capellani, starring Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart. It is a cinema adaptation of Edith Wharton's 1905 novel "The House of Mirth" and the first ever cinema adaptation of any of her work. It is not known whether the film currently survives.

title: The House of Mirth

text: Before publication as a book on October 14, 1905, The House of Mirth was serialized in Scribner's Magazine beginning in January 1905. It attracted a readership among housewives and businessmen alike. Charles Scribner wrote Wharton in November 1905 that the novel was showing "the most rapid sale of any book ever published by Scribner."[2] By the end of December sales had reached 140,000 copies.[2][3] Wharton's royalties were valued at more than half a million dollars in today's currency. The commercial and critical success of The House of Mirth solidified Wharton's reputation as a major novelist.[3]

title: The House of Mirth (1981 film)

text: The House of Mirth is a 1981 American television film directed by Adrian Hall. It is based on Edith Wharton's novel of the same name. It stars Geraldine Chaplin as the protagonist, Lily Bart. The film was part-funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. It was broadcast on WNET on 2 November 1981.

title: The House of Mirth

text: The central theme of The House of Mirth is essentially the struggle between who we are and what society tells us we should be. Thus, it is considered by many to be as relevant today as it was in 1905.[14] If its sole subject had been the excesses and lives of the rich and famous, by themselves, it is doubtful it would have remained popular for as long as it has. The House of Mirth continues to attract readers over a century after its first publication, possibly due to its timeless theme. That the life and death of Lily Bart matters to modern readers suggests that Wharton succeeded in her purpose: to critique "a society so relentlessly materialistic and self-serving that it casually destroys what is most beautiful and blameless within it." [4]

title: The House of Mirth

text: Ned Silverton—A young man, whose first intention was to live on proofreading and write an epic, but ended up living off his friends. Ned's romantic relationship at the Bellomont house party is with Carry Fisher. Six months later Ned accompanies Lily and the Dorsets on their Mediterranean cruise. He has an affair with Mrs Dorset, who manages to keep it concealed from most of society.

title: The Third Part of the Pilgrim's Progress

text: Tender-Conscience when parted from the Interpreter comes to the place where Christian found the cross and the sepulchre. On either side of the cross were now erected two houses as competing lodging places for pilgrims. On the right was the House of Mourning, and on the left was the House of Mirth. The House of Mirth is like an ale house with carousing men, but the House of Mourning is tended by pious women called "matrons." Tender-Conscience decides to go to the House of Mourning despite the agitation induced in the men of the House of Mirth, who form a mob surrounding the House of Mourning demanding that Tender-Conscience be handed over to them. Three shining ones appear to Tender-Conscience promising to rescue him. The first shining one breathes on Tender-Conscience making him a new creature, the second clothes him in a white robe in place of his crimson clothes, and the third one gives him a sealed roll. With this change Tender-Conscience is able to get by unrecognized by the men from the House of Mirth and, so, go on his way.

title: The House of Mirth

text: In the contemporary book review "New York Society Held up to Scorn in three New Books" (15 October 1905) The New York Times critic said that The House of Mirth is "a novel of remarkable power" and that "its varied elements are harmoniously blended, and [that] the discriminating reader who has completed the whole story in a protracted sitting, or two, must rise from it with the conviction that there are no parts of it which do not properly and essentially belong to the whole. Its descriptive passages have verity and charm, it has the saving grace of humor, its multitude of personages, as we have said, all have the semblance of life."[19]

title: The House of Mirth

text: Wharton revealed in her introduction to the 1936 reprint of The House of Mirth her choice of subject and her major theme:

title: Girth & Mirth

text: Girth & Mirth (G&M) is an organized network of social groups for a gay subculture based on positive attitudes towards larger bodies and fat fetishism. First formed in San Francisco in 1976, early chapters were established in Boston and New York. Girth & Mirth gatherings were predecessors of the Convergence events, launched by the national Affiliated Bigmen's Club (ABC) in 1986, and collaboratively organized with various G&M chapters in subsequent years. The popularity of Girth & Mirth clubs led to a broader chubby culture that intersected with bear groups in the early 1990s. Over time Girth & Mirth chapters overlapped with, or became absorbed by, ABC, which itself was renamed the Big Gay Men's Organization (BGMO) in 2013.

title: The House of Mirth (2000 film)

text: The House of Mirth is a 2000 drama film written and directed by Terence Davies. An adaptation of Edith Wharton's 1905 novel "The House of Mirth", the film stars Gillian Anderson. It is an international co-production between the United Kingdom, Germany, and United States. The film has an 81% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, which called it "chilling and relevant" in its critical consensus.

title: The House of Mirth (2000 film)

text: "The House of Mirth" premiered at the New York Film Festival on 23 September 2000. Sony Pictures Classics released it in the US on 22 December 2000. There, it grossed $48,770 in its opening weekend and $3 million in total. The worldwide total is $5.1 million.

title: Mike Thaler

text: "Heaven and Mirth": Thaler worked with illustrator Dennis Adler on a ten book series called "Heaven and Mirth" published by Cook Communications Ministries. (2000–2001)

title: The House of Mirth

text: Auchincloss, Louis (1961). Edith Wharton and her New Yorks, Reflections of a Jacobite. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Barnett, Louise K.(1989). Language, gender and society in The House of Mirth. Connecticut Review 11.2 (Summer), 54-63. Commander, Katherine Lucille (2008). "Tragedy in The House of Mirth: The decline of Lily Bart" University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects. in in Rattray, L.(ed.).(2012). Edith Wharton in Context. New York: Cambridge University Press. 400pp. Showalter, Elaine, The death of the lady (novelist): Wharton's House of Mirth in Carol J. Singley, ed. (2003). Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, A Case Book, pp.39–61. New York: Oxford University Press. p.337. ISBN0-19-515603-X. Singley, Carol J., Introduction in Carol J. Singley, ed. (2003). Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, A Case Book,pp.3–24. New York: Oxford University Press. p.337. ISBN0-19-515603-X. in in in Wolff, Cynthia Griffin, Lily Bart and the drama of femininity in Carol J. Singley, ed. (2003). Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth, A Case Book,pp.209–228. New York: Oxford University Press. p.337. ISBN0-19-515603-X.

title: Mirth & Girth

text: Members of the Art Institute Board met the day after the incident and agreed not to display "Mirth & Girth" any further. Chairman Marshall Field also issued a formal apology for displaying the painting and agreed to consider demands that the school both hire more black administrators and accept more black students. Field also published the apology in each of the city's daily metropolitan newspapers. After the apology was issued, Polsby strongly criticized Field's refusal to more aggressively stand up for the students' First Amendment rights.

title: The House of Mirth

text: The novel The House of Mirth (1905) has been adapted to radio, the stage and the cinema.

title: The House of Mirth

text: The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth.

title: Wit and Mirth, or Pills to Purge Melancholy

text:
Wit and Mirth: Or Pills to Purge Melancholy is the title of a large collection of songs by Thomas d'Urfey, published between 1698 and 1720, which in its final, six-volume edition held over 1,000 songs and poems. The collection started as a single book compiled and published by Henry Playford who had succeeded his father John Playford as the leading music publisher of the period. Over the next two decades, "Pills" went through various editions and expanded into five volumes; in 1719 Thomas D'Urfey reordered and added to the work to produce a new edition (also in 5 volumes) with the title "Songs Compleat, Pleasant and Divertive", published by Jacob Tonson. Volumes I and II now consisted entirely of songs (words, not tunes) by D'Urfey. The edition sold out quickly and in the second printing D'Urfey reverted to the "Pills" title. He added Volume 6 in 1720.
The title itself may derive from a 1599 pamphlet "A Pil to Purge Melancholie".

title: Michael J. Rosen

text: "Mirth of a Nation: The Best Contemporary Humor", originally published in 2000, is an anthology of contemporary humor written by over fifty comedians, writers, and other funny fellows, and edited by Michael J. Rosen. "Mirth of a Nation" was reviewed positively by "January Magazine", a review in which Jonathan Shipley said that “Michael Rosen, author and editor of many notable books for adults and children as well as the literary director of The Thurber House, has collected some funny writing. Seriously, it's good stuff.” When interviewed, Michael J. Rosen said that “Mirth... and More Mirth of a Nation make another claim: That humor writing is seriously funny. Now of course I mean "genuinely" funny, but I also mean also "seriously" as in "profound" — humorists are among the few dependable sources of honest (re)calibration and reality checking.” The volume was later published in 2002 as an audiobook, and in 2007 in hardcover format. Rosen also edited two additional humor anthologies in the same vein, "More Mirth of a Nation" (published November 2002), and "May Contain Nuts" (published September 2004).


query: What is the best racing game of 2018?

title: The Game Awards 2018

text: The Game Awards 2018 was an award show that honored the best video games of 2018. As with previous Game Awards, the event was hosted by Geoff Keighley at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on December 6, 2018. God of War won three awards, including for game of the year, while Red Dead Redemption 2 won the most overall awards with four. It was live streamed on over 40 platforms worldwide, with viewership numbers of over 26 million. In addition to the awards, a number of new games and content for them was revealed during the event.

title: Team Sonic Racing

text: A demo version was playable at E3 2018 in June. The demo featured one track and six playable characters. "Kotaku" described the demo as underwhelming and unfavorably compared it to "Mario Kart". They argued that it lacked ambition and called its character lineup shallow, especially when compared to that of "Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed". A more optimistic opinion came from "IGN": although they considered the power-ups generic, they felt the game still had a good foundation and that the team gameplay was satisfying. "Hardcore Gamer" nominated it as E3's best racing game, but it lost to "Forza Horizon 4". Sega released a trailer to promote the game at E3, featuring the theme song and an in-depth look at the gameplay. Another demo was playable at Gamescom in August 2018. More details were revealed, including the new character Dodonpa, aspects of the story, and racetracks based on levels in "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" (1994) and "Sonic Unleashed" (2008). The game won the "Best Casual Game" award at the 2018 Gamescom Awards. "Team Sonic Racing" was also present at PAX West in August, where attendees were given an exclusive poster, and the Tokyo Game Show in November.

title: Persona 5

text: It was ranked as one of the best games of 2017 by "Eurogamer", "Zero Punctuation", "Polygon", "The Verge", "GamesRadar+", and "Electronic Gaming Monthly" end of year lists. Ray Porreca of "Destructoid" named it his 5th best game of 2017. The website also nominated the game for "Best PS4 Game" at its Game of the Year Awards 2017. Readers and staff of "Game Informer" voted it as their best role-playing game of 2017, as well as having the best narrative and cast. In their reader's choice awards, it also came in second place for "Best Sony Game" and third place for Game of the Year. The game won the Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game at the New York Game Awards 2018. It was also nominated for the "Best Visual Art" award at the Game Developers Choice Awards. In addition, it was nominated for best role-playing game at the 2018 D.I.C.E. Awards, and for "Excellence in Musical Score" and "Excellence in Art" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards. At the 2018 NAVGTR Awards, the game won the "Art Direction, Contemporary"; "Costume Design"; "Direction in a Game Cinema"; "Game, Franchise Role Playing"; and "Writing in a Drama" awards.

title: Real Racing 2

text: TouchArcade's Eli Hodapp scored the game 5 out of 5, and echoed other reviews in calling it the best racing game on the App Store. However, he went further, arguing it may be the best game in any genre on the App Store; "it's without a doubt the current king of iOS racing games. I'd go as far as calling it the perfect iPhone game. The controls are perfectly suited to the platform, the graphics are fantastic, and "Real Racing 2" is compatible with every iOS device [...] There aren't many other games that showcase what the iOS platform is capable of more than "Real Racing 2", so much so, that Apple should just be bundling it with their devices. Do not miss this game." TouchGen's Nigel Wood gave the game 4.5 out of 5 and an "Editor's Choice" award, writing "Firemint have once more crafted the ultimate racing game on iOS devices [...] "Real Racing 2" is near perfect and out performs the original in every aspect." The game would go on to win TouchGen's "Game of the Year 2010" award.

title: Forza Motorsport 7

text: "Forza Motorsport 7" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. In "Game Informer"s Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, the game took the lead for "Best Racing Game", while it tied in third place with "Slime Rancher" for "Best Microsoft Game". It won the award for "Best Racing Game" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards, whereas its other nominations were for "Best Xbox One Game" and "Best Graphics".

title: God of War (2018 video game)

text: The game was nominated for "Game of the Show", "Best PlayStation 4 Game", and "Best Action Game" at IGN's Best of E3 2016 Awards. It won the award for "Game of the Year", "Best PlayStation 4 Game", "Best Action-Adventure Game", "Best Art Direction", and "Best Story" in IGN's Best of 2018 Awards, while it was a runner-up for "Best Graphics", and was nominated for "Best Music".

title: Team Sonic Racing

text: Journalists noted Webber's comments just alluded to the "Sega All-Stars" name and did not discount the premise of a new "Sonic" racing game, and further rumors of a game without any other Sega IPs involved arose in the same month. Sega scheduled a "Sonic"-related announcement for its March 16, 2018 show at the South by Southwest convention. While Sega did not reveal the racing game there, the official series Twitter account teased it. In May 2018, after leaking in a Walmart retail listing, Sega confirmed the game was in development for the Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. "Eurogamer" expressed disappointment that it did not include any non-"Sonic" characters as playable racers, which they believed was one of the best things about "Sonic & Sega All Stars Racing" and its sequel. However, they remained optimistic, believing Sumo Digital's experience with "Sonic" would ensure the game would be a similar, "fundamentally brilliant arcade racer".

title: DropMix

text: The game was nominated for "Best Family/Social Game" at the 2017 Game Critics Awards, and for "Best Mobile Game" in "Destructoid"s Game of the Year Awards 2017. It was also nominated for the Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game at the New York Game Awards 2018, and for "Family Game of the Year" at the 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and won the award for "Game, Music or Performance Based" at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards; in addition, it was nominated for "Excellence in Convergence" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards, and for "Best Music/Sound Design" and "Technical Achievement" at the 2018 Webby Awards.

title: Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010 video game)

text: In 2010, at the E3 2010, Game Critics Awards gave "Hot Pursuit" the Best Racing Game award. "Hot Pursuit" was named the Best Driving Game at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards. "Hot Pursuit" was awarded Best Racing Game by GameSpot, 1UP, GameSpy, and Shacknews. VGChartz awarded "Hot Pursuit" the Best Racing Game on Xbox 360, while GameTrailers and Game Revolution nominated "Hot Pursuit" for Best Racing Game. "Hot Pursuit" was awarded Best Competitive Multiplayer on Xbox 360 by IGN, as well as a nomination for Most Addictive Game on Xbox 360, while GamesRadar nominated it for Multiplayer That Broke The Mold. Giant Bomb gave "Hot Pursuit" the Most Improved Franchise award, while Gamereactor awarded "Hot Pursuit" for the Year's Fastest.

title: What Remains of Edith Finch

text: "What Remains of Edith Finch" was met with very positive reception from critics, who praised its story and presentation, and is considered an example of video games as an art form. It won British Academy Games Award for Best Game 2017, and won the Best Narrative category at both the 2018 Game Developers Choice Awards and The Game Awards 2017, among other awards and nominations.

title: 2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings

text: The 2018 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, sponsored by Longines was the 2018 edition of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings. It was an assessment of Thoroughbred racehorses issued by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) on 24 January 2019. It included horses aged three or older which competed in flat races during 2018. It was open to all horses irrespective of where they raced or were trained.

title: Life Is Strange: Before the Storm

text: It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017. At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards, it was nominated for Best Audio and Best Performer for Kylie Brown. It won the award for Best Soundtrack and Most Touching Moment ("The Tempest" school play with Chloe and Rachel) in "Game Informer"s 2017 Adventure Game of the Year Awards, while it took the lead for Best Adventure Game in their Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards. "Eurogamer" ranked the game 16th on their list of the Top 50 Games of 2017. It was nominated for the "Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards, and for "Game Beyond Entertainment" at the 14th British Academy Games Awards; it won the award for "Song Collection" at the 2018 NAVGTR Awards, whereas nominations were for "Game, Franchise Adventure" and "Writing in a Drama". At the 2018 Webby Awards, the game won the People's Voice Award for "Best Writing" and for "Public Service & Activism", while nominated for "Strategy/Simulation". It received the "Game of the Year" and "Most Significant Impact" awards at the 2018 Games for Change Awards, with a nomination for "Best Gameplay". In 2018, Ivor Novello Awards nominated it for "Best Original Video Game Score".

title: Rocket League

text: In 2017, the game was nominated for "e-Sports Game of the Year" and "Still Playing" at the Golden Joystick Awards, and for "Best Spectator Game" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for "Best Post-Launch Support" in "Game Informer" 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards. In 2018, the game was nominated for "eSports Game of the Year" at the Golden Joystick Awards. The game won the award for "Fan Favorite Sports/Racing Game" at the Gamers' Choice Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Fan Favorite eSports Game". It was also nominated for "eSports Title of the Year" at the Australian Games Awards.

title: Dirt Rally

text: The month after the release, "The Official PlayStation Magazine" listed "Dirt Rally" as the 16th best PS4 game of all time. "The Telegraph" listed it in their top games of 2016. TechRadar included the game on their list of the "10 best racing games on PC". Octane magazine put it at #1 on their list of the best sim racing games. At the BAFTAs, the game was nominated for the award for best sports game of 2016. "Game Informer" gave it their award for best racing game of the year. Gameplanet listed it as one of their best games of the year. Alphr put "Dirt Rally" in their top 5 PS4 racing games. PCGamesN said it was in the top 3 most realistic PC racing games.

title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Kingdom Hearts III was nominated by IGN for the Best Game of E3 2018, Best PlayStation 4 Game of E3 2018, Best Xbox One Game of E3 2018, and Best Action Game of E3 2018.[144] It also won the Momocon E3 Choice 2018 Game Award, and was nominated for Unreal's E3 awards.[145]

title: The Messenger (2018 video game)

text: The game won several awards before its release. It won the Start-Up Numix in 2016. It also won Best Music and Best Gameplay during the Montreal Indie Game Festival of 2017. Jeremy Parish ("Polygon") wrote a feature article on the website saying: ""The Messenger" stands apart from decades of "Ninja Gaiden" wannabes by presenting players with the tightest controls I've ever encountered in a game of this style". The game was presented to PAX South 2018 where several outlets praised the game as their best of show including Techraptor and Frank Howley. At The Game Awards 2018, it was nominated for "Best Independent Game" and "Best Debut Indie Game", winning the latter. It was also nominated for "Best Debut" with Sabotage at the Game Developers Choice Awards.

title: Table Top Racing

text: The game has received multiple awards. It was awarded "iOS or Android Game of the Week" by Pocket Gamer, "App of the Day" by Pocket Lint, "Game of the Month" by Slide To Play, and "Game of the Month" by What Mobile. It was nominated for "Best Game" at the 2013 TIGA Awards, and for "Best Use Of Gaming" at the 2013 Big Chip Awards. Playrise Digital was nominated for Best Publisher at the 2013 Mobile Entertainment Awards, and The Appsters Awards, and won the "Best Startup" category at the 2013 TIGA Awards. It also featured in AndroidShock's "Best of January 2014" as one of the best games of the month.

title: Real Racing 2

text: IGN's Levi Buchanan scored the game 9 out of 10, giving it an "Editor's Choice" award, and writing ""Real Racing 2" is without a doubt the best racing game in the App Store today [...] With excellent handling and beautiful visuals, "Real Racing 2" lays down a new marker for iPhone sim racers." Chris Hall of 148Apps scored the game 4.5 out of 5, echoing Buchanan in calling it the best racing game on the App Store; "in the racing sim category of the App Store, there really isn't another game that is as impressive as "Real Racing 2"." The Appera's Daniel Silva scored the game 10 out of 10, also claiming it to be the best racing game on the App Store; ""Real Racing" was the king of racing games on the App Store when it was released, and kept that title until now. The only thing to replace that is the sequel which makes the original seem like child's play. "Real Racing 2" is fantastic, and I can't recommend it enough." AppSpy's Andrew Nesvadba scored it 5 out of 5, stating ""Real Racing 2" is the perfect pocket companion for fans of racing titles and a definite must grab."

title: Divinity: Original Sin II

text: A month after release, the game sold over 700,000 copies, with over a million sold by November 2017. The game was nominated for "Best Role-Playing Game" at The Game Awards 2017; it was also nominated for "Game of the Year" and "Best Story", and was a runner-up for best PC game and best RPG at IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. The game also received a nomination for "Best PC Game" at "Destructoid"s Game of the Year Awards 2017. The staff of "PC Gamer" voted it as their game of the year for 2017, where it was also nominated for the "Best Co-Op Game" award. The staff of "GameSpot" voted it as their fifth best, while "Eurogamer" ranked it 11th on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017". Readers and staff of "Game Informer" gave it the "Best PC Exclusive", "Best Turn-Based Combat", and "Best Side-Quests" awards, and also placed it second for the "Best Co-op Multiplayer" award. The game was also nominated for "Role-Playing Game of the Year" at the D.I.C.E. Awards, for "Game Engineering" and "Game, Franchise Role Playing" at the NAVGTR Awards, and for "Best Sound Design for an Indie Game" and "Best Music for an Indie Game" at the Game Audio Network Guild Awards; and won the award for "Multiplayer" at the 14th British Academy Games Awards. It was also nominated for "Music Design" and "Writing or Narrative Design" at the 2018 Develop Awards. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were nominated for "Best RPG" at the 2018 Game Critics Awards, and won the award for "Best Role-Playing Game" at Gamescom 2018, whereas its other nomination was for "Best Strategy Game".

title: NBA 2K19

text: The game was nominated for "Best Sports/Racing Game" at The Game Awards 2018, for "Fan Favorite Sports/Racing Game" at the Gamers' Choice Awards, and for "Sports, Racing or Fighting Title of the Year" at the Australian Games Awards.

title: Pro Evolution Soccer 2018

text: "Eurogamer" ranked the game 43rd on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017". The game won the award for "Best Sports Game" at the Gamescom 2017 Awards, and was nominated for "Best Sports Game" at the Game Critics Awards, "Best Multiplayer Game" at the 35th Golden Joystick Awards, and for "Best Sports/Racing Game" at The Game Awards 2017. It won the award for "Best Gameplay" at "Game Informer"s 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards.

title: Nick Joseph

text: Nick Joseph (born 21 March 1998 in Choiseul) is a Saint Lucian track and field athlete who specializes in the 100 metres and the 200 metres. He competed for Saint Lucia at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships. At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Joseph competed in the men's 100 m in which he was drafted into heat two. As they were almost about to commence the race, the race was stopped after Joseph committed a false start, he was later disqualified and wasn't able to advance through to the later rounds. Joseph also competed at the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships in the 60 metre event. He ran the race in a time of 7.07 seconds, a personal best, but finished seventh out of eight sprinters, but this wasn't enough to advance to the later rounds.

title: Mario Kart Wii

text: With 37.14 million copies sold worldwide as of September 30, 2018, the game is the best-selling "Mario" game for the Wii console, second-best-selling game for Wii and is the best-selling racing video game of all time.

title: God of War (franchise)

text: "Chains of Olympus" was praised for "fantastic" graphics and "tight and responsive" controls for the PSP at the time. In 2008, IGN awarded "Chains of Olympus" the "Best PSP Action Game", and in September 2010, it was listed as the best PSP game by "GamePro". "God of War III" received praise for its graphics, in particular of Kratos; at the time, IGN stated that Kratos was "perhaps the single most impressive-looking character ever in videogames." IGN also said that, at the time, "God of War III" "redefines what the word 'scale' means with regards to videogames, as it throws you into scenes with Titans that are larger than entire levels in some other games." "God of War III" received awards for "Most Anticipated Game of 2010" and "Best PS3 Game" at the 2009 and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, respectively. The game also won the "Artistic Achievement" award at the 2011 BAFTA awards. "Ghost of Sparta" was praised for its graphics and story, with Chris Pereira of 1UP saying that it was "a more personal story than the [previous] "GOW" games." It received several awards at E3 2010, including "Best Handheld Game", "Best PSP Game", and "PSP Game of Show", and won "Best Handheld Game" at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards. 2018's "God of War" received particular praise for its art direction, graphics, combat system, music, story, use of Norse mythology, characters, and cinematic feeling. Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors. It won several awards, among which were "Game of the Year" and "Best Game Direction" at The Game Awards 2018 and "Best Storytelling" and "PlayStation Game of the Year" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards.

title: FIFA 18

text: "Eurogamer" ranked the game 30th on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017". The game won the award for "Best Sports Game" at the 2017 Game Critics Awards, and was nominated for "Best Console Game (Nintendo Switch)" and "Best Sports Game" at the Gamescom 2017 Awards. It was also nominated for "Best Multiplayer Game" at the Golden Joystick Awards, and for "Best Sports/Racing Game" at The Game Awards 2017. It won the award for "Best Story" at "Game Informer"s 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards, while it took the lead for "Best Sports Game" in their Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for "Sports Game of the Year" at the 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and was nominated for "Game, Franchise Sports" at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, and for "eSports Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards.

title: Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp

text: Less than a week before its worldwide release, the game won the award for "Studio of the Year" (Nintendo EPD) at the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards; after it was released, it was nominated for "Best Mobile Game" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. In "Game Informer"s Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, it took the lead for "Best Simulation Game". It was also nominated for the A-Train Award for Best Mobile Game at the New York Game Awards 2018, for "Mobile Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards, and for "Mobile Game of the Year" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards.

title: Dead Cells

text: The game was nominated for "Best Indie Game" at the 2017 Ping Awards, and was a runner-up for "Best Action Game" at IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for "Best Indie Game" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards, whereas its other nominations were for "Best Visual Design" and "Ultimate Game of the Year". It also won the award for "Best Action Game" at The Game Awards 2018, whereas its other nomination was for "Best Independent Game". It was also nominated for "Fan Favorite Indie Game" at the Gamers' Choice Awards, and for "Independent Game of the Year" at the Australian Games Awards, and won the Off Broadway Award for Best Indie Game at the New York Game Awards.

title: F1 2017 (video game)

text: Alphr put it at number 6 on their list of the best racing games on PS4 2017. The game was nominated for "Best Racing Game in "IGN"s Best of 2017 Awards, and for "eSports Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards; and won the award for "Best Racing Game" at The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards 2018.

title: Kelvin Masoe

text: Kelvin Masoe (born 4 March 1999 in Satuiatua) is a Samoan track and field sprinter who competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. He attended school at Vaiola College on the island of Savaii in Samoa. He competed for Samoa at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in the men's 100 m and the men's 200 m sprint events. In the men's 100 m, Masoe was drafted into heat 2 of the competition, he ran the race in a new personal best of 10.72 seconds and finished fifth place out of out of seven athletes, this time was unable to advance Masoe through to the later rounds. In the men's 200 m, Masoe was drafted into heat 7 and finished seventh out of the eight athletes that raced beating only Pako Seribe who did not finish the race. Masoe ran the race in another personal best of 21.98 seconds but was not enough to advance through to the later rounds of competition.

title: Dirt 4

text: The game was nominated for "Best Racing Game" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for the same "Best Racing Game" category in "Game Informer"s Best of 2017 Awards and their 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards, and in their Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, it came in fourth place for the same category with only 12.5% of the votes. "Polygon" ranked the game 28th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017. It was also nominated for "Racing Game of the Year" at the 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and for "Game, Franchise Racing" and "Sound Effects" at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards.

title: Danger Mouse (2015 TV series)

text:
In July 2017, it was announced that an official Danger Mouse mobile game was in development by 9th Impact and the game "Danger Mouse: The Danger Games" was released on iOS App Store and Google Play Store in August 2017. The game is a multiplayer racing battle with card trading.
It was nominated for "Best Mobile Game" at the 2017 Best of Gamescom awards, but lost to "". It was also nominated for "Best Racing Game" at The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards 2018, but lost to "F1 2017".


query: Who named the blue-footed booby?

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby was described by the French naturalist Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1882 under the current binomial name Sula nebouxii.[6] The specific epithet was chosen to honor the surgeon, naturalist, and explorer Adolphe-Simon Neboux (1806-1844).[7] There are two recognized subspecies:[8]

title: Blue-footed booby

text: Since the blue-footed booby preys on fish by diving headlong into the water, its nostrils are permanently closed, and it has to breathe through the corners of its mouth. Its most notable characteristic is its blue-colored feet, which can range in color from a pale turquoise to a deep aquamarine. Males and younger birds have lighter feet than females.[2] Its blue feet play a key role in courtship rituals and breeding, with the male visually displaying its feet to attract mates during the breeding season.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue color of the blue-footed booby's webbed feet comes from carotenoid pigments obtained from its diet of fresh fish. Carotenoids act as antioxidants and stimulants for the blue-footed booby's immune function, suggesting that carotenoid-pigmentation is an indicator of an individual's immunological state.[17] Blue feet also indicate the current health condition of a booby. Boobies that were experimentally food-deprived for forty-eight hours experienced a decrease in foot brightness due to a reduction in the amount of lipids and lipoproteins that are used to absorb and transport carotenoids. Thus, the feet are rapid and honest indicators of a booby's current level of nourishment.[17] As blue feet are signals that reliably indicate the immunological and health condition of a booby, coloration is favored through sexual selection.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The name booby comes from the Spanish word bobo ("stupid", "foolish", or "clown") because the blue-footed booby is, like other seabirds, clumsy on land.[3] They are also regarded as foolish for their apparent fearlessness of humans.[2]

title: Siblicide

text: In these three booby species, hatching order indicates chick hierarchy in the nest. The A-chick is dominant to the B-chick, which in turn is dominant to the C chick, etc. (when there are more than two chicks per brood) Masked booby and Nazca booby dominant A-chicks always begin pecking their younger sibling(s) as soon as they hatch; moreover, assuming it is healthy, the A-chick usually pecks its younger sibling to death or pushes it out of the nest scrape within the first two days that the junior chick is alive. Blue-footed booby A-chicks also express their dominance by pecking their younger sibling. However, unlike the obligately siblicidal masked and Nazca booby chicks, their behavior is not always lethal. A study by Lougheed and Anderson (1999) reveals that blue-footed booby senior chicks only kill their siblings in times of food shortage. Furthermore, even when junior chicks are killed, it does not happen immediately. According to Anderson, the average age of death of the junior chick in a masked booby brood is 1.8 days, while the average age of death of the junior chick in a blue-footed booby brood may be as high as 18 days. The difference in age of death in the junior chick in each booby species is indicative of the type of siblicide that the species practices. Facultatively siblicidal blue-footed booby A-chicks only kill their nest mate(s) when necessary. Obligately siblicidal masked and Nazca booby A-chicks kill their sibling no matter if resources are plentiful or not; in other words, siblicidal behavior occurs independently of environmental factors.

title: Grand-Îlet

text: The island is frequented by sea turtles, which come to reproduce there, but it is the home of the seabirds: magnificent frigatebird ("Fregata magnificens"), brown booby, masked booby, terns, double-crested cormorant ("Phalacrocorax auritus"), pelican, petrels nest on the cliff of the island. Red-footed booby ("Sula sula") and blue-footed booby ("Sula nebouxii") are only observable on Grand-Îlet, among the islands of Guadeloupe department. The waste of these birds results in a strong concentration of guano on the rocks and beaches.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby is distributed among the continental coasts of the eastern Pacific Ocean from California to the Galápagos Islands down into Peru.[14] It is strictly a marine bird. Its only need for land is to breed and rear young, which it does along the rocky coasts of the eastern Pacific.[13]

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby is a specialized fish eater, feeding on small schooling fish such as sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and flying fish. It will also take squid and offal. The blue-footed booby hunts by diving into the ocean after prey, sometimes from a great height, and can also swim underwater in pursuit of its prey. It can hunt singly, in pairs, or in larger flocks. Boobies travel in parties of about 12 to areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it will signal to the rest of the group and they will all dive in unison, pointing their bodies down like arrows.[4]

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) is a marine bird native to subtropical and tropical regions of the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is one of six species of the genus Sula – known as boobies. It is easily recognizable by its distinctive bright blue feet, which is a sexually selected trait. Males display their feet in an elaborate mating ritual by lifting them up and down while strutting before the female. The female is slightly larger than the male and can measure up to 90cm (35in) long with a wingspan of up to 1.5m (5ft).[2]

title: Blue-footed booby

text: Blue-footed boobies make raucous or polysyllabic grunts or shouts and thin whistling noises. The males of the species have been known to throw up their head and whistle at a passing, flying female. Their ritual displays are also a form of communication.

title: Masked booby

text: Compared to other species of boobies such as the blue-footed booby, siblicide is obligatory in the masked booby. One reason is because the masked boobies build very shallow flat nests, so older chicks can expel their younger siblings with relative ease. Blue-footed booby parents, meanwhile, build nests with steeper sides, thus preventing some older chicks from engaging in siblicidal behaviour.

title: Peruvian booby

text: The Peruvian booby is within the genus "Sula". It shares this genus with other boobies, including the blue-footed booby, the red-footed booby, the brown booby, the masked booby, and the Nazca booby.

title: Peruvian booby

text: There are no subspecies of Peruvian booby, but some members of the species have been seen to hybridize with blue-footed boobies.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The female blue-footed booby lays two or three eggs. Eggs are laid about four to five days apart. Both male and female take turns incubating the eggs, while the non-sitting bird keeps watch. Since the blue-footed booby does not have a brooding patch, it uses its feet to keep the eggs warm. The incubation period is 41–45 days. Usually, one to two chicks are hatched from the two to three eggs originally laid. The male and female share parental responsibilities. The male will provide food for the young in the first part of their life because of his specialized diving. The female will take over when the demand is higher.[10] Chicks feed off the regurgitated fish in the adult's mouth. If the parent blue-footed booby does not have enough food for all of the chicks, it will only feed the biggest chick, ensuring that at least one will survive.[5]

title: Isla de la Plata

text:
Isla de la Plata is a small island off the coast of Manabí, Ecuador, and is part of Parque Nacional Machalilla. It can be reached by boat from the city of Puerto López, which is 40 kilometers away.
On the island, there is a large diversity of animal species, including the blue-footed booby, red-footed booby, and the Nazca booby. Another species found here is the South American sea lion.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: Like other sexually size-dimorphic birds, female blue-footed boobies usually favor the smaller sex during times of food scarcity. Booby chicks do not show clear differences in size based on sex, but females do grow faster than males, which means they require greater parental investment. Blue-footed boobies display behavior that is described in the Flexible Investment Hypothesis, which states that a female will adjust the allocation of resources to maximize her lifetime reproductive success. This was shown in an experiment in which females had their flight feathers trimmed, so that they had to expend more energy during flights to obtain food for their broods. Female chicks of such mothers were more strongly affected than their brothers, in that they had lower masses and shorter wing lengths.[25]

title: Siblicide

text: Blue-footed boobies are less likely to commit siblicide and if they do, they commit it later after hatching than masked boobies. In a study, the chicks of blue-footed and masked boobies were switched to see if the rates of siblicide would be affected by the foster parents. It turns out that the masked boobies that were placed under the care of blue-footed booby parents committed siblicide less often than they would normally. Similarly, the blue-footed booby chicks placed with the masked booby parents committed siblicide more often than they normally did, indicating that parental intervention also affects the offspring's behavior.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: Mates can recognize each other by their calls. Researchers have analyzed calls of blue-footed boobies and conducted playback experiments. Although calls differed between sexes, unique individual signatures were present. It was found that both males and females can discriminate the calls of their mates from others.[37]

title: Blue-footed booby

text: Food problems may be the cause of an observed failure of the birds to even try to breed. The results of the research suggest this is related to a decline in sardines (Sardinops sagax), an important part of the boobies’ diet. Earlier work on Española Island saw successful breeding in blue-footed boobies that have access to sardines, in which case their diet consists essentially wholly of sardines. However, sardines have been largely absent from the Española area since 1997, as has been shown from Nazca boobies there, who also prefer sardines but can breed using other prey. In 2012–13, roughly only half of prey items in the boobies' diet were sardines. No evidence was seen of other possible causes for the decline, such as effects of humans, introduced predators, or disease.[39]

title: Red-footed booby

text: Red-footed booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, including harsh squawks and the male's display of his blue throat, also including short dances.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby usually lays one to three eggs at a time. The species practices asynchronous hatching, in contrast to many other species whereby incubation begins when the last egg is laid and all chicks hatch together. This results in a growth inequality and size disparity between siblings, leading to facultative siblicide in times of food scarcity.[5] This makes the blue-footed booby an important model for studying parent–offspring conflict and sibling rivalry.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby is one of only two species of booby that raises more than one chick in a breeding cycle.

title: Seabird breeding behavior

text: Boobies are another group of seabirds known for their mating displays. Brown ("Sula leucogaster"), red-footed ("S. sula") and blue-footed boobies ("S. nebouxii") have at least nine described parts to their mating display. Sky pointing in boobies is similar to albatrosses; in the brown booby, sky pointing is described as a display where the male throws his head backwards, stretches his neck out, and usually gives a whistling vocalization. Parading is a well-known display in boobies as well; in this display, one individual in the pair - usually the male - walks upright, with his tail erect, swaying in an exaggerated manner from side to side while taking small steps. In blue-footed and red-footed boobies, parading also includes lifting and flaunting their brightly colored feet at their prospective partner.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby is monogamous, although it has the potential to be bigamous.[16] It is an opportunistic breeder, with the breeding cycle occurring every 8 to 9 months.[22] The courtship of the blue-footed booby consists of the male flaunting his blue feet and dancing to impress the female. The male begins by showing his feet, strutting in front of the female. Then, he presents nest materials and finishes the mating ritual with a final display of his feet.[23] The dance also includes "sky-pointing", which involves the male pointing his head and bill up to the sky while keeping the wings and tail raised.[24]

title: Blue-footed booby

text: Concerns of a decline in the booby population of the Galápagos Islands prompted a research project in its cause. The project, completed in April 2014, confirmed the population decline.[38] The blue-footed booby population appears to be having trouble breeding and thus is slowly declining. The decline is feared to be long-term, but annual data collection is needed for a firm conclusion that this is not a normal fluctuation.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: However, booby parents may not be as indifferent as they seem. Experimental evidence suggests that the parental behavior described above may be masking parent-offspring conflict. It was discovered that blue-footed booby parents make steep-sided nests that serve to deter the early ejection of the younger chick by the older sibling. This is in direct contrast to the masked booby, a species in which siblicide is obligate due to the ease in which older siblings can eject younger chicks from their flat nests. When blue-footed booby nests were experimentally flattened, parents restored them to their original steepness.[31] In another experiment, blue-footed booby chicks that were placed in masked booby nests were more likely to engage in siblicide, which reveals that parental care somehow affects the level of siblicide.[32] Parents also appear to respond more frequently to chicks that are in poorer body conditions during periods of food deprivation.[33] Egg-mass analysis shows that in clutches produced at the beginning of the breeding season, the second egg in a nest were, on average, 1.5% heavier than the first. Since heavier eggs give rise to heavier chicks that have greater fitness, this evidence indicates that parents may try to rectify any disadvantages that accompany a late hatching date by investing more into the second egg.[34] Hormonal analysis of eggs also shows that there appears to be no parental favoritism in regards to androgen allocation. It is important to note, however, that this may simply be that the species has evolved simpler ways to manipulate asymmetries and maximize parental reproductive output.[35] Experiments show that what may at first appear to be parental cooperation with the elder chick may in fact mask a genetic parent-offspring conflict.[36]

title: Peruvian booby

text:
The Peruvian booby has brown upperparts, and white underparts, as well as a white head. There is noticeable white mottling on the upper side of the wings. Their wing-coverts are tipped white, creating a scale-like pattern. They have a long, pointed, grey bill. Their feet are webbed and also grey; as opposed to the characteristic colouring of the blue-footed and red-footed boobies
Female boobies tend to be larger than their male counterparts: their bodies an average of 19% heavier, and their wings 4% larger.

title: Blue-footed booby

text: The blue-footed booby is on average 81cm (32in) long and weighs 1.5kg (3.3lb), with the female being slightly larger than the male. Its wings are long and pointed and brown in color. The neck and head of the blue-footed booby are light brown with white streaks while the belly and underside exhibit pure white plumage.[12] Its eyes are placed on either side of its bill and oriented towards the front, enabling excellent binocular vision. Its eyes are a distinctive yellow, with the male having more yellow in its irises than the female. Blue-footed booby chicks have black beaks and feet and are clad in a layer of soft white down. The subspecies S. n. excisa that breeds on the Galápagos Islands is larger than the nominate subspecies and has lighter plumage especially around the neck and head.[9]

title: Peruvian booby

text: The Peruvian boobies are thought to have a parapatric relationship with the blue-footed booby, and it is believed that their lineage diverged from 0.25-0.45 million years ago. Hybridization between the two species is far from unheard of; with hybrid females successfully able to lay eggs and raise resultant chicks. Hybridization occurs most frequently between female Peruvian boobies and male blue-footed boobies, while the inverse hybridization does still occur. It is speculated that this preference is a result of the more exaggerated sexual display of the male blue-footed booby, possibly causing him to seem a more captivating sexual partner than his Peruvian counterpart.

title: Cross-fostering

text: In one experiment, siblicide was shown to be somehow related to parental care. When non-obligate siblicidal blue-footed boobies were swapped with obligate siblicidal masked booby chicks, it was found that the blue-footed chicks exhibited more siblicidal behavior.