query: When did Louis Huth become a partner of Frederick Huth & Co?

title: Louis Huth

text: Louis Huth was born at Finsbury in London, the son of Frederick Huth (1774–1864), a merchant and merchant banker born in Germany, who 'came of very humble origins, the son of a soldier [without rank], with only his intelligence and appetite for hard work to single him out from other poor boys at the bottom of the social heap in the small village of Harsefeld in the Electorate of Hanover.'[1] After an apprenticeship to a Spanish merchant in Hamburg, Huth eventually established a business in Corunna, Spain, where he met his wife, an orphan believed to be the daughter of a prominent member of the Spanish Royal court. In 1809, following the invasion of Spain by France, Frederick and his wife and children emigrated to England from Spain and established the family merchant house in London, Frederick Huth & Co. By 1829 Huth had become the banker and financial adviser to the Spanish Queen, Maria Christiana, later Queen Regent, and in due course became financial agent for the Spanish government, for which Huth was rewarded with a knighthood by the Spanish crown. Gradually Huth and Co expanded its business in Europe, particularly Germany, and extended its operations to the Americas, becoming a major accepting house concerned with financing international trade and marketing securities; and by the end of the 1840s the Huths ranked 'immediately below such companies as Barings and Rothschilds.'[2] It has been stated that Frederick 'Huth's reputation was second to none. Notwithstanding his small, slight stature, he had great presence [and] had been known as 'Napoleon of the City'’.[2] The firm, which operated from various premises, latterly 12 Tokenhouse Yard in the City of London (which in due course became the office of the famous stockbroking firm Cazenove & Co), was eventually wound up in 1936, with the partnership of Frederick Huth and Co being dissolved and the business absorbed into the British Overseas Bank Limited (which in turn was itself merged into the Royal Bank of Scotland).

title: Frederick Huth Jackson

text: Frederick Huth Jackson (1863–1921), was a British banker, a partner of the merchant bank, Frederick Huth & Co, founded by his great-grandfather, Frederick Huth.

title: Walde Huth

text: Rejecting an offer of contract by "Vogue", Huth instead co-founded "Schmölz and Huth" with her husband, Karl Hugo Schmölz. Schmölz, also a photographer, was a member of the same Photographer's society that Walde was. Perhaps due to Karl's interest in Architectural photography, the two built their business into a furniture and interior architecture and design studio. Schmölz and Huth quickly became prominent in the furnishing industry, for which it became the photography and advertising leader. The space would serve as an advertising and public relations hub in Cologne, Germany. It stayed in business until closing in 1986, and remains one of Walde Huth's biggest successes.

title: Frederick Huth Jackson

text: From 1918 to 1919, the Rt. Hon. Frederick Huth Jackson, of 64 Rutland Gate, SW was the High Sheriff of the County of London.

title: Louis Huth

text: On 20 May 1905, three months after Huth’s death, a significant part of his collection of eighteenth and nineteenth-century paintings was sold at Christie’s.[21] The sale did not include any works by Whistler, although some of them had already been sold, but did include a large number by Watts, although not his portrait of Mrs Huth. Her portrait by Whistler is in the collection of the Viscount Cowdray having apparently been sold to Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray, in 1923 (a year before Huth's widow died) by Edward Huth, a nephew of Huth. In that regard, Huth's will is instructive. Louis and Helen Huth had no children. Huth left £100,000 to his partners in the firm of Frederick Huth and Co., which included two nephews (one of them being Edward Huth) and one great-nephew (Frederick Huth Jackson),[22] albeit Louis' widow, Helen, took a life interest in the income from that sum; she also received £4,000 and the London house in Mayfair, as well as certain other personal effects at Possingworth and Mayfair. Huth bequeathed her a life-interest in the family portraits (those at Possingworth and at Mayfair) and in the furniture and pictures at the house in Mayfair; upon her death the family portraits were to become the property of his nephew, Edward Huth. Given her life-interest in the family portraits, Helen How must have agreed with her late husband's nephew Edward, the ultimate beneficiary of the family portraits, that he could sell her portrait by Whistler to Viscount Cowdray the year before Helen died. Edward would have been required also to agree to Helen’s private sale to Sir Hugh Lane of one of her portraits by George Watts, who gave it to the Dublin City Gallery in 1908. Helen's death resulted in the 'termination of life interest' and the artworks remaining with her were sold in April 1925.[23]

title: Charles Frederick Huth

text: Charles Frederick Huth (1806–1895) was a British merchant banker, and art collector. He was a partner in Frederick Huth & Co, the bank founded by his father, Frederick Huth.

title: Louis Huth

text: Barbara Bryant has recently provided a more sympathetic opinion of Huth, who 'was noted for his taste and collecting', and she continued,'Helen and Louis Huth formed an extraordinary collection of modern paintings and decorative arts. Huth's tastes turned towards the Aesthetic preoccupations of his friend [Dante Gabriel] Rossetti with whom he vied for the pick of blue-and-white porcelain in the 1860s. At about this time Watts painted Helen again in a work that betrays the increasingly Aesthetic taste of the Huths, as the figure wears pale whitish grey, verging on blue, a colour scheme equally apparent in the first painting they bought from Whistler in 1865, The Symphony in White, No. 3.'[33]

title: Louis Huth

text: Huth was a Director of The London Assurance for Fire, Life and Marine Assurance, although that seems to have been in a non-executive capacity, and he remained a partner in the firm founded by his father, although he was hardly ever involved in it operations following the death of his father. Huth was extremely wealthy, at his death in 1905 leaving an estate then valued at £341,000.[5]

title: Frederick Huth

text: Frederick Huth (1777–1864) was a German-born British merchant and banker, who established the London bank Frederick Huth & Co in 1809.

title: Hans Henry Konig

text: Konig was a partner with his brother Frederick in the banking firm of Konig Brothers in London. In 1923, at the behest of the governor of the Bank of England, the firm merged with Frederick Huth & Company which had been in an increasingly parlous state since the death of Frederick Huth Jackson in 1921. Hans Konig became a partner in the merged firm. According to "The London Gazette", Konig spent much of his career resident in France. In 1936, Frederick Huth & Company was transferred to the British Overseas Bank. and it is likely that Hans Konig retired at that time.

title: Frederick Huth & Co

text: Following the death of Frederick Huth Jackson in 1921, Frederick Huth & Co was in an increasingly parlous state, and the Governor of the Bank of England pushed for it to be amalgamated with Konig Brothers, which duly happened in 1923.

title: Louis Huth

text: Despite the richness of Huth's collection and that of his older brother Charles, which in terms of the pictures it contained arguably surpassed that of Huth,[27] 'the names of Charles and Huth have recently been associated with trafficking in works of art'.[28] It has been suggested that some of Charles's pictures by John Crome were copies by other hands and purchased as such, but that he and his brother Louis passed them off as originals.[29] And while the painter W. P. Frith RA regarded Charles a generous and intelligent patron, Evan R. Firestone considered Huth to be a dealer.[30] While it is true that Huth did dispose of items from his collection during his lifetime, including several works he owned by Whistler,[31] that factor in itself does not justify his classification as a dealer rather than a collector or connoisseur. Apart from discussion of his role in the purchase and sale of a number of works, less than ten, attributed to John Crome, insufficient examination and analysis of his buying and selling of art has been done to enable firm conclusions to be reached. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that a man born into and inheriting considerable wealth, who continued to derive significant financial returns from his share in the bank of Huth and Co in which he was a partner until his death (albeit not actively involved in its management),[32] would have had any need to find alternative sources of remuneration. It also seems unlikely, if not impossible, that Huth, a member of a leading banking family and partnership, would knowingly engage in sharp practice of the sort alleged regarding the paintings by John Crome – a practice that, if uncovered, would destroy his reputation and seriously damage to that of his family and the bank.

title: Frederick Konig

text: Konig and his brother Hans were partners in the banking firm of Konig Brothers in London. In 1923, at the behest of the governor of the Bank of England, the firm merged with Frederick Huth & Company which had been in an increasingly parlous state since the death of Frederick Huth Jackson in 1921. Frederick Konig became a partner in the merged firm.

title: Frederick Huth & Co

text: Frederick Huth & Company was a British bank established in 1809, which became part of British Overseas Bank in 1936.

title: Louis Huth

text: It seems that while as a young man he worked in the firm founded by his father, at least in his early days Huth exhibited little of the work-ethic that characterised his father and which had helped created the financial success of his business; rather Huth, described as ‘frivolous and philandering’ was ‘quite the cock of the roost, a sort of Count D'Orsay; whatever he did immediately became the fashion for all the bucks in town, and when he noticed a young lady (of whom there were a number of pretty ones) her fortune was made.'[9] It was obviously something of a relief to his parents when in 1854, at the age of 33 Huth, ‘the great bachelor’, disclosed his secret romance with Helen Ogilvy, aged 17 (daughter of Thomas Ogilvy of Corrimony, Inverness-shire), whom he then married on 11 April the following year.[10] Mrs Huth was some sixteen and a half years younger than her husband, having been born in September 1837.

title: Louis Huth

text: In an article in The Connoisseur in 1910 the year after Salting's death, W. Roberts commented:'Mr Salting, as is well-known, was a disciple of the late Mr. Louis Huth in the matter of art collecting, and he could have had no more competent a mentor. Mr Huth had for the most part formed his splendid collection – dispersed within recent years – before the pupil had seriously entered the pursuit of objects of art.'[39] Another commentator has noted that following his father’s death and the receipt of his inheritance, Salting embarked on his ‘career’ as an art collector ‘with single-minded determination’ and ‘encouraged in his pursuits by the advice offered by his friend Louis Huth’.[40]

title: Frederick Huth Jackson

text: He was a partner of the private bank, Frederick Huth & Co.

title: Louis Huth

text: As regards porcelain, 'It was Rossetti who introduced [Huth] to the beauty of the china of 'old Nankin' and Louis continued to collect it throughout his life'.[34] Huth owned what at one time was regarded as one of the most important specimens of old Chinese Blue-and-White, the prunus-blossom vase, called a ginger-jar, which was sold at Christie's, when the Huth collection came under the hammer, for no less than £6,195, a huge sum in those days.[35] This oviform (or egg-shaped) vase (lot 31 in the 1905 sale) measures 10¼ inches in height. It is decorated with branches of white prunus-blossom, upon a ground of blue which looks as if marbled. It is an example of the white upon blue, rather than blue upon white. On 3 August 1866, Rossetti had gone to see Huth's famous 'ginger-jar'.[36] The vase's latest outing was also at Christie's, London, on 7 April 1997, where it was sold for £24,000 (an indication of how prices have fallen).

title: Charles Frederick Huth

text: Charles Frederick Huth was born on 7 November 1806 at Corunna, Spain.

title: Louis Huth

text: Louis Huth (22 March 1821 – 12 February 1905), was a British company director and merchant banker. He was a partner in Frederick Huth & Co, the merchant bank established by his father. Huth and his wife, Helen Huth (1837-1924), were significant patrons of the arts, not only possessing a large number of paintings by some of the greatest British artists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but also commissioning works from contemporary artists. Their collection included paintings by artists of the Aesthetic and Symbolist movements, such as James McNeill Whistler RA (1834–1903) and G. F. Watts OM RA (1817 –1904), by both of whom Helen Huth was portrayed in important paintings. Huth, whose collecting extended to antique porcelain, was also a leading influence on the activities of one of the greatest art collectors and connoisseurs of the late Victorian era and the Edwardian years, George Salting (1835-1909), who ultimately left his outstanding collection of art to the British nation.

title: Frederick Huth & Co

text: In 1809, Frederick Huth a German-born British merchant, established the London bank Frederick Huth.

title: Louis Huth

text: Huth and his wife, Helen Huth, lived in London at 28 Hertford Street, Mayfair.[6] Between 1865 and 1869 Huth commissioned the architect Matthew Digby Wyatt to design Possingworth Park, Cross in Hand, Waldron, East Sussex, a red-brick neo-gothic mansion, built by the Uckfield firm of Alexander Cheadle. Possingworth served as Huth's country house. Apparently, it contained 'forty-two bedrooms with a wealth of oak panelling and huge, intricately carved stone fireplaces in lofty reception rooms with beautifully moulded and painted ceilings. Squire Huth and his wife brought to Possingworth the graciousness of the Victorian age, holding elegant dinner parties and lavish dances and balls.'[7] Huth was very generous to the local community near Possingworth, providing a range of social benefits and paying for certain improvements to and objects for the church.[8]

title: Robert Huth

text: When the 2005–06 season started, Huth's chances of becoming a first-choice player at Chelsea in the near future seemed limited with John Terry, William Gallas and Ricardo Carvalho ahead of him in the Chelsea squad. These were the preferred central defenders for Chelsea manager José Mourinho, who had succeeded Ranieri in the summer of 2004. Mourinho did, however, reject a bid for Huth from German club Bayern Munich in the summer of 2005. Huth scored twice for Chelsea, with one against MŠK Žilina in a Champions League qualifier and the other against Birmingham City in the FA Cup. At the end of the 2005–06 season, Huth stated that he was unhappy with his lack of first team chances, prompting Middlesbrough, Wigan Athletic and Everton to submit bids for his services. He stated that he would join Middlesbrough after the 2006 FIFA World Cup after agreeing a five-year deal.

title: Frederick Huth Jackson

text: They had four children (all Huth Jackson):

title: Louis Huth

text: The eldest son of Frederick Huth, his elder brother Charles Frederick Huth (1806–1895), also a collector of art,[3] purchased Oakhurst Manor near Tunbridge Wells in Kent where he lived with his wife Frances and their large family. Another brother, Henry (1815–1878), was a noted bibliophile, building a world-renowned collection of books at his home, Wykehurst Place.[4]

title: Frederick Huth Jackson

text: Following the death of Jackson in 1921, Frederick Huth & Co was in an increasingly parlous state, and the Governor of the Bank of England pushed for it to be amalgamated with Konig Brothers, which duly happened in 1923.

title: Alfred Henry Huth

text: On 16 January 1872, Huth married his first cousin, Octavia, fourth and youngest daughter of Charles Frederick Huth, his father's eldest brother. His wife survived him, without issue.

title: Claire Annabel Caroline Grant Duff

text: In 1894, she married in Frederick Huth Jackson, a partner in the private bank, Frederick Huth and Sons. They had one son, Frederick who married Helen Vinogradoff, daughter of the distinguished historian Sir Paul Vinogradoff, and three daughters: Konradin, later Lady Arthur Hobhouse; Anne, later Anne Fremantle; and Claire, later Countess de Loriol Chandieu.

title: Alfred Henry Huth

text: Born in London on 14 January 1850, he was second son of Henry Huth and Augusta, third daughter of Frederick Westenholz of Waldenstein Castle in Austria. When not quite 12, Huth was taken away, with an elder brother, from school at Carshalton, to travel in the Middle East under the care of Henry Thomas Buckle, the historian. The tour, which began on 20 October 1861, was broken off by the death of Buckle at Damascus on 29 May 1862. Huth's education was continued at Rugby School in 1864, and later at the University of Berlin.

title: Henry Huth (bibliophile)

text: He was the third son of Frederick Huth of Hanover, who settled at Corunna in Spain. Frederick Huth left Spain during the Napoleonic Wars, with his family under convoy of the British squadron, and landed in England in 1809. Here he became a naturalised British subject by act of Parliament, and founded in London a banking firm, Frederick Huth & Co. Henry Huth was born in London. At the age of thirteen he was sent to George Keylock Rusden's school at Leith Hill in Surrey. There, since his father had some idea of putting him in the Indian Civil Service, he learned, in addition to ordinary classics, Persian, Arabic, and Hindustani. In 1833 his father took him into his business.


query: Does One Hundred Years of Solitude have a movie adaptation?

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Shuji Terayama's play One Hundred Years of Solitude (百年の孤独, originally performed by the Tenjo Sajiki theater troupe) and his film Farewell to the Ark (さらば箱舟) are loose (and not officially authorized) adaptations of the novel by García Márquez transplanted into the realm of Japanese culture and history.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Nonetheless, the appearance of love represents a shift in Macondo, albeit one that leads to its destruction. "The emergence of love in the novel to displace the traditional egoism of the Buendías reflects the emergence of socialist values as a political force in Latin America, a force that will sweep away the Buendías and the order they represent."[3] The ending to One Hundred Years of Solitude could be a wishful prediction by García Márquez, a well-known socialist, regarding the future of Latin America.[3]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: One Hundred Years of Solitude (Spanish: Cien años de soledad, American Spanish:[sjen ˈaɲoz ðe soleˈðað]) is a landmark 1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía family, whose patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founded the town of Macondo, a fictitious town in the country of Colombia.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: While One Hundred Years of Solitude has had a large effect on the literary world and is the author's best-selling and most translated work, there have been no movies produced of it as García Márquez never agreed to sell the rights to produce such a film.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: “One Hundred Years of Solitude is the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race. Mr. García Márquez has done nothing less than to create in the reader a sense of all that is profound, meaningful, and meaningless in life.”— William Kennedy, New York Times Book Review [4]

title: Macondo

text: In "In Evil Hour", published the year before "One Hundred Years of Solitude", García Márquez mentions Macondo as the town where Father Ángel was succeeded by the one-hundred-year-old Antonio Isabel del Santísimo Sacramento del Altar Castañeda y Montero, a clear reference to the novel to come.

title: McOndo

text: The urban trilogy "Empire of Dreams" by Giannina Braschi vehemently attacks Magic Realism as a literary dementia that propagates negative stereotypes of the Latin American people. The lead character of the mock novela, "The Intimate Diary of Solitude" is Mariquita Samper, a Macy's makeup artist, who shoots to kill the narrator of "One Hundred Years of Solitude" for exploiting intimacy and solitude.

title: The Fragrance of Guava

text: In the book, Mendoza and García Márquez discussed the works of the Nobel Laureate. There is a chapter dedicated to his writing routine, the main influences in his writing, and how some phenomena that appeared in his novels are based on real events. The author reviewed his own works; commenting that he considered "The Autumn of the Patriarch" a more important literary achievement than "One Hundred Years of Solitude"; and it also describes the years García Márquez had to wait until a work got some recognition, from the "Leaf Storm" his first novel, to One Hundred Years of Solitude passed 15 years.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: According to Antonio Sacoto, professor at the City College of the City University of New York, One Hundred Years of Solitude is considered as one of the five key novels in Hispanic American literature (together with El Señor Presidente, Pedro Páramo, La Muerte de Artemio Cruz, and La ciudad y los perros). These novels, representative of the boom allowed Hispanic American literature to reach the quality of North American and European literature in terms of technical quality, rich themes, and linguistic innovations, among other attributes.[19]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: One Hundred Years of Solitude has received universal recognition. The novel has been awarded Italy's Chianciano Award, France's Prix de Meilleur Livre Etranger, Venezuela's Rómulo Gallegos Prize, and the United States' Books Abroad/Neustadt International Prize for Literature. García Márquez also received an honorary LL.D. from Columbia University in New York City. These awards set the stage for García Márquez's 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature. The novel topped the list of books that have most shaped world literature over the last 25 years, according to a survey of international writers commissioned by the global literary journal Wasafiri as a part of its 25<small data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[46171,46188,7,8]}'>th-anniversary celebration.[20]

title: Juan Gabriel Vásquez

text: Though he recognizes a debt to Gabriel García Márquez, his work is a reaction against magical realism. He has said with regard to "The Secret History of Costaguana", "I want to forget this absurd rhetoric of Latin America as a magical or marvellous continent. In my novel there is a disproportionate reality, but that which is disproportionate in it is the violence and cruelty of our history and of our politics. Let me be clear about this quote, which I suppose refers, in a caringly sarcastic tone, to "One Hundred Years of Solitude". I believed that with this novel, and I can say that reading "One Hundred Years" ... in my adolescence contributed much to my vocation, but I believe that all of the side of magical realism is the least interesting part of this novel. I propose to read "One Hundred Years" like a distorted version of the Colombian history. That is the interesting part; in what makes "One Hundred Years" ... with the massacre of the banana workers or the civil wars of the 19th century, not in the yellow butterflies or in the pigs' tails. Like all grand novels, "One Hundred Years of Solitude" requires us to reinvent the truth. I believe that this reinvention is to make us lose ourselves in the magical realism. And what I have tried to make in my novel is to recount the 19th Century Colombian story in a radically distinct key and I fear to oppose what Colombians have read until now.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: As a metaphoric, critical interpretation of Colombian history, from foundation to contemporary nation, One Hundred Years of Solitude presents different national myths through the story of the Buendía family,[7] whose spirit of adventure places them amidst the important actions of Colombian historical events — such as the Liberal political reformation of a colonial way of life, and the nineteenth-century arguments for and against it; the arrival of the railway to a mountainous country; the Thousand Days' War (Guerra de los Mil Días, 1899–1902); the corporate hegemony of the United Fruit Company ("American Fruit Company" in the story); the cinema; the automobile; and the military massacre of striking workers as government–labour relations policy.[8]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: “One Hundred Years of Solitude works on so many levels, from childlike fantasy to exploration of the grief or happiness that solitude can bring, that it can be re-read without any reduction in enjoyment – in fact, each reading brings a wealth of forgotten or previously unnoticed details to the reader, wrapped in a lightness of style that gives this novel a charisma that assures its appeal.[17]”

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: The magical realist style and thematic substance of One Hundred Years of Solitude established it as an important representative novel of the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s,[1] which was stylistically influenced by Modernism (European and North American) and the Cuban Vanguardia (Avant-Garde) literary movement.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: A recurring theme in One Hundred Years of Solitude is the Buendía family's propensity toward incest. The patriarch of the family, Jose Arcadio Buendía, is the first of numerous Buendías to intermarry when he marries his first cousin, Úrsula. Furthermore, the fact that "throughout the novel the family is haunted by the fear of punishment in the form of the birth of a monstrous child with a pig's tail"[3] can be attributed to this initial act and the recurring acts of incest among the Buendías.[3]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Overall, there is an underlying pattern of Latin American history in One Hundred Years of Solitude. It could be said that the novel is one of a number of texts that "Latin American culture has created to understand itself."[11] In this sense, the novel can be conceived as a linear archive. This archive narrates the story of a Latin America discovered by European explorers, which had its historical entity developed by the printing press. The Archive is a symbol of the literature that is the foundation of Latin American history and also a decoding instrument. Melquíades, the keeper of the historical archive in the novel, represents both the whimsical and the literary.[11] Finally, "the world of One Hundred Years of Solitude is a place where beliefs and metaphors become forms of fact, and where more ordinary facts become uncertain."[8]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Technically, use of particular historic events and characters narratively renders One Hundred Years of Solitude an exemplary work of magical realism, wherein the novel compresses centuries of cause and effect whilst telling an interesting story.[7]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: One Hundred Years of Solitude contains several ideas concerning time. Although the story can be read as a linear progression of events, both when considering individual lives and Macondo's history, García Márquez allows room for several other interpretations of time:

title: The Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: Disney adapted the novel into an animated film, released to cinemas on 25 January 1961 as "One Hundred and One Dalmatians". It became the tenth highest-grossing film of 1961, and one of the studio's most popular films of the decade. It was re-issued to cinemas four times, in 1969, 1979, 1985 and 1991. The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings. It was remade into a live action movie years later.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: One Hundred Years of Solitude is the story of seven generations of the Buendía Family in the town of Macondo. The founding patriarch of Macondo, José Arcadio Buendía, and Úrsula Iguarán, his wife (and first cousin), leave Riohacha, Colombia, after Arcadio kills Prudencio Aguilar after a cockfight, for suggesting Arcadio was impotent. One night of their emigration journey, while camping on a riverbank, José Arcadio Buendía dreams of "Macondo", a city of mirrors that reflected the world in and about it. Upon awakening, he decides to establish Macondo at the riverside; after days of wandering the jungle, José Arcadio Buendía's founding of Macondo is utopic.[3]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: A dominant theme in One Hundred Years of Solitude is the inevitable and inescapable repetition of history in Macondo. The protagonists are controlled by their pasts and the complexity of time. Throughout the novel the characters are visited by ghosts. "The ghosts are symbols of the past and the haunting nature it has over Macondo. The ghosts and the displaced repetition that they evoke are, in fact, firmly grounded in the particular development of Latin American history".[9] "Ideological transfiguration ensured that Macondo and the Buendías always were ghosts to some extent, alienated and estranged from their own history, not only victims of the harsh reality of dependence and underdevelopment but also of the ideological illusions that haunt and reinforce such social conditions."[9]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Renata Remedios, or Meme is the second child and first daughter of Fernanda and Aureliano Segundo.[12] While she doesn't inherit Fernanda's beauty, she does have Aureliano Segundo's love of life and natural charisma. After her mother declares that she is to do nothing but play the clavichord, she is sent to school where she receives her performance degree as well as academic recognition. While she pursues the clavichord with 'an inflexible discipline', to placate Fernanda, she also enjoys partying and exhibits the same tendency towards excess as her father.

title: The General in His Labyrinth

text: In a summary of Edward Hood's book , García Márquez is characterized as an author who uses repetition and (intertextuality between the works of a single author) extensively in his fiction, including in "The General in His Labyrinth". Hood points out some obvious examples of repetition in García Márquez's works: the themes of solitude in "One Hundred Years of Solitude", tyranny in "Autumn of the Patriarch", and the desire for a unified continent expressed by Bolívar in "The General in His Labyrinth". An example of intertextuality can be seen in the repetition of patterns between books. For example, both Jose Arcadio Buendia in "One Hundred Years of Solitude" and Bolívar in "The General in his Labyrinth" experience labyrinthian dreams.

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Gabriel García Márquez was one of the four Latin American novelists first included in the literary Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s; the other three writers were the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa, the Argentine Julio Cortázar, and the Mexican Carlos Fuentes. One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) earned García Márquez international fame as a novelist of the magical realism movement within the literature of Latin America.[6]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Critics often cite certain works by García Márquez, such as A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings and One Hundred Years of Solitude, as exemplary of magic realism, a style of writing in which the supernatural is presented as mundane, and the mundane as supernatural or extraordinary. The term was coined by German art critic Franz Roh in 1925.[13]

title: The General in His Labyrinth

text: Like the Patriarch in García Márquez's "The Autumn of the Patriarch", Bolívar was an absolute dictator. The Patriarch is never identified by name; Bolívar, too, is identified chiefly by his title. Bolívar also invites comparison with Colonel Aureliano Buendía in "One Hundred Years of Solitude": both characters believe the wars they have waged have been fruitless and overwhelming, and both face numerous attempts on their lives, but eventually die of natural causes. In his belief that life is controlled by fate, the General resembles Buendía in "One Hundred Years of Solitude" and Santiago Nasar in "Chronicle of a Death Foretold".

title: Dodie Smith

text: Dorothy Gladys "Dodie" Smith (3 May 1896 – 24 November 1990) was an English children's novelist and playwright, known best for the novel "The Hundred and One Dalmatians" (1956). Other works include "I Capture the Castle" (1948), and "The Starlight Barking" (1967). "The Hundred and One Dalmatians" was adapted into a 1961 Disney animated movie version. Her novel "I Capture the Castle" was adapted into a 2003 movie version. "I Capture the Castle" was voted number 82 as "one of the nation's 100 best-loved novels" by the British public as part of the BBC's The Big Read (2003).

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Although One Hundred Years of Solitude has come to be considered one of, if not the, most influential Latin American texts of all time, the novel and Gabriel García Márquez have both received occasional criticisms. Stylistically, Harold Bloom remarked that "My primary impression, in the act of rereading One Hundred Years of Solitude, is a kind of aesthetic battle fatigue, since every page is rammed full of life beyond the capacity of any single reader to absorb... There are no wasted sentences, no mere transitions, in this novel, and you must notice everything at the moment you read it."[22] Additionally, David Haberly alleges that García Márquez may have borrowed themes from several works, such as William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha County, Virginia Woolf's Orlando: A Biography, Defoe's A Journal of the Plague Year, and Chateaubriand's Atala. This, however, is not necessarily a negative criticism, as it involves the concept of intertextuality.[23]

title: One Hundred Years of Solitude

text: Since it was first published in May 1967 in Buenos Aires by Editorial Sudamericana, One Hundred Years of Solitude has been translated into 37 languages and has sold more than 30 million copies.[2][3][4] The novel, considered García Márquez's magnum opus, remains widely acclaimed and is recognized as one of the most significant works in the Spanish literary canon.[5]

title: Latin American Boom

text: He is best known for novels such as "One Hundred Years of Solitude" (1967) and "The Autumn of the Patriarch" (1975), "No One Writes to the Colonel" (1962), and post-Boom work such as "Love in the Time of Cholera" (1985). He has achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for introducing what has been labeled magical realism to the literary world. He experimented with more or less traditional approaches to reality, so that "the most frightful, the most unusual things are told with the deadpan expression". A commonly cited example is the physical and spiritual ascending into heaven of a character while she is hanging the laundry out to dry in "One Hundred Years of Solitude." García Márquez is now considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, as is attested by his winning the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. García Márquez died on April 17, 2014.


query: Was Wilton Norman Chamberlain married?

title: Wilt Chamberlain

text: According to Rod Roddewig, a contemporary of Wilt's, Chamberlain documented his love life using a Day-Timer. Every time Chamberlain went to bed with a different woman, he put a check in his Day-Timer. Over a 10-day period, there were 23 checks in the book, which would be a rate of 2.3 women per day. Chamberlain divided that number in half, to be conservative and to correct for degrees of variation. He then multiplied that number by the number of days he had been alive at the time minus 15 years. That was how the 20,000 number came into existence.[161] In response to public backlash regarding his promiscuity, Chamberlain later emphasized that "the point of using the number was to show that sex was a great part of my life as basketball was a great part of my life. That's the reason why I was single."[162] In a 1999 interview shortly before his death, he regretted not having explained the sexual climate at the time of his escapades, and warned other men who admired him for it, closing with the words: "With all of you men out there who think that having a thousand different ladies is pretty cool, I have learned in my life I've found out that having one woman a thousand different times is much more satisfying."[90] Chamberlain also acknowledged that he never came close to marrying and had no intention of raising any children.[36] However, in 2015 a man named Aaron Levi came forward claiming to be Chamberlain's son based on non-identifying papers from his adoption and information from his biological mother.[163] Chamberlain's sister refused to provide DNA evidence for testing, so Levi's claim is not conclusive.

title: Salisbury

text: The hilltop at Old Sarum lies near the Neolithic sites of Stonehenge and Avebury and shows some signs of early settlement. It commanded a salient between the River Bourne and the Hampshire Avon, near a crossroads of several early trade-routes. During the Iron Age, sometime between 600 and 300 , a hillfort (oppidum) was constructed around it. The Romans may have occupied the site or left it in the hands of an allied tribe. At the time of the Saxon invasions, Old Sarum fell to King Cynric of Wessex in 552. Preferring settlements in bottomland, such as nearby Wilton, the Saxons largely ignored Old Sarum until the Viking invasions led (KIng of Wessex from 871 to 899) to restore its fortifications. Along with Wilton, however, it was abandoned by its residents to be sacked and burned by the Dano-Norwegian king Sweyn Forkbeard in 1003. It subsequently became the site of Wilton's mint. Following the Norman invasion of 1066, a motte-and-bailey castle was constructed by 1070. The castle was held directly by the Norman kings; its castellan was generally also the sheriff of Wiltshire.

title: Seymour Egerton, 4th Earl of Wilton

text: He was the owner and namesake of the Lord Wilton violin. A musician, he was an associate of Arthur Sullivan, of Gilbert and Sullivan. His wife Laura Caroline (1842–1916), daughter of William Russell and Emma Campbell, was a noted beauty in the contemporary society scene. They married on 9 August 1862 and had two children, Arthur George Egerton, 5th Earl of Wilton (1863–1915), and Elizabeth Emma Geraldine Egerton (1865–1953). After his death, in 1899, his wife married Sir Frederick John William Johnstone.

title: Baron Grey de Wilton

text: The second creation was in 1784, when Sir Thomas Egerton (1749–1814) was created Baron Grey de Wilton, of Wilton Castle, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. He was a member of the Egerton family and had in 1756 succeeded to his father's Grey Egerton baronetcy. The 1st Baronet had married Bridget Grey, the sister of Sir Thomas Grey. In 1801, the 1st Baron Grey de Wilton was also made Viscount Grey de Wilton and Earl of Wilton, of Wilton Castle in the County of Hereford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The latter titles were created with remainder to the second and younger sons successively of his daughter Eleanor, wife of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster.

title: John W. Wilton

text: He was born in High Bluff, Manitoba, the son of Henry Wilton and Jean Barron, and was educated in Morden and at Manitoba University. Wilton taught school for five years before coming to Winnipeg in 1901. He studied law, was called to the Manitoba bar in 1906 and practised law in Winnipeg. In 1905, Wilton married Lily L. Hobkirk. He was also president of the National Loan & Investment Corporation and vice-president of the Central Canada Investment Corporation.

title: Maureen Wilton

text: As an adult, Wilton worked in the financial industry, has two children, and is married (now known as Maureen Mancuso). Only when her daughter began competitive running did Wilton take up the sport again and share her running history with her. Wilton and Switzer ran the Toronto GoodLife Half Marathon together in 2010, the reunion documented by John Chipman in a CBC Radio documentary entitled "Did my Mom ever Run?"

title: Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton

text: Arthur and Jane were the parents of Thomas Grey, 15th Baron Grey de Wilton, and Hon. Elizabeth Grey de Wilton, who would have become the 16th Baroness Grey de Wilton upon the death of her brother, the 15th Baron; she married Sir William Cooper and then Sir Francis Goodwin.

title: Charles Herbert (1743–1816)

text: In 1777 Herbert was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber in 1777 and held the post until his death. He was secretary to the Lord Chamberlain from 1782 to 1783. In the 1807 general election the George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke returned him at Wilton again in place of his nephew and namesake, who was acting with the opposition. On 7 March 1808 he unsuccessfully applied to the King to become Master of the Robes. He was re-elected MP for Wilton in 1812.

title: Robert H. Chamberlain

text: On January 10, 1865 Chamberlain married Esther Browning of Hubbardston, Massachusetts, they had two daughters Flora B. (Chamberlain) Weatherby, and Mabel S. Chamberlain

title: George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke

text: At the general election of 1780, Herbert became Member of Parliament for the family borough of Wilton and sided with the Whig opposition. He held the seat until 1784 when he was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and sworn of the Privy Council. He held the seat for Wilton again from 1788 to 1794, the year he inherited his father's titles and estate and also succeeded him as Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire.

title: Wilton Castle

text: Wilton Castle is a 12th-century Norman castle located in south-eastern Herefordshire, England on the River Wye adjacent to the town of Ross-on-Wye. The castle is named after the manor associated with it.

title: Luke Wilton

text: Wilton married Agnes, the widow of another MP for Wells, Richard Groos.

title: Wilt Chamberlain

text: Wilton Norman Chamberlain was born in Philadelphia, into a family of nine children, the son of Olivia Ruth Johnson, a domestic worker and homemaker, and William Chamberlain, a welder, custodian, and handyman.[9] He was a frail child, nearly dying of pneumonia in his early years and missing a whole year of school as a result.[10] In his early years Chamberlain was not interested in basketball, because he thought it was "a game for sissies".[11] Instead, he was an avid track and field athlete: as a youth, he high jumped 6feet, 6inches, ran the 440yards in 49.0 seconds and the 880yards in 1:58.3, put the shot 53feet, 4inches, and broad jumped 22feet.[12] But according to Chamberlain, "basketball was king in Philadelphia", so he eventually turned to the sport.[13] Because Chamberlain was a very tall child, already measuring 6ft 0in (1.83m) at age 10[14] and 6ft 11in (2.11m) when he entered Philadelphia's Overbrook High School,[2] he had a natural advantage against his peers; he soon was renowned for his scoring talent, his physical strength and his shot blocking abilities.[15] According to ESPN journalist Hal Bock, Chamberlain was "scary, flat-out frightening... before he came along, most basketball players were mortal-sized men. Chamberlain changed that."[16] It was also in this period of his life when his three lifelong nicknames "Wilt the Stilt", "Goliath", and his favorite, "The Big Dipper", were allegedly born.[1]

title: Leslie Chamberlain

text: Les Chamberlain's marriage to Lily (née Geary) (birth registered second ¼ in Wakefield district) was registered during fourth ¼ 1959 in Wakefield district. They had children; Garry J. Chamberlain (birth registered during third ¼ in Lower Agbrigg district), Neil L. Chamberlain (birth registered during July→December in Leeds district), Micheal Anthony Chamberlain (birth registered during third ¼ in Leeds district), and Mark Andrew Chamberlain (birth registered during second ¼ in Leeds district). Les Chamberlain's wife Lily is the youngest sister of Molly who married Stanley Smith, and Peggy who married Albert Firth.

title: Wilton Castle

text: The castle was primarily associated with a branch of the Norman-descended family of Grey, the Barons Grey of Wilton, a prominent dynasty of Norman Marcher Lords in the Welsh Marches, who held it from 1308 or before. The castle passed from the family when William Grey was captured by the French at the end of the defence of Guînes in 1557, and was forced to sell the castle to raise funds for his ransom.

title: David Chamberlain

text: David Chamberlain (born December 25, 1975) is a cross-country skier from the United States. He was born and raised in Wilton, Maine and took up cross-country skiing in high school. He then attended Bates College, and was an All-American in skiing.

title: John Henry Chamberlain

text: In 1859, Chamberlain married Anna Mary Abrahams, daughter of Rev. George Abrahams. Following Chamberlain's death, she married his former professional partner, William Harris, in 1888.

title: As You Like It

text: There is no certain record of any performance before the Restoration. Evidence suggests that the premiere may have taken place at Richmond Palace on 20 Feb 1599, enacted by the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Another possible performance may have taken place at Wilton House in Wiltshire, the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke. William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke hosted James I and his Court at Wilton House from October to December 1603, while Jacobean London was suffering an epidemic of bubonic plague. The King's Men were paid £30 to come to Wilton House and perform for the King and Court on 2 December 1603. A Herbert family tradition holds that the play acted that night was "As You Like It".

title: Wilton Abbey

text: By the early 960's, Wulfthryth was installed as abbess back at Wilton (where she raised her daughter), and Edgar had bestowed the abbey with treasure and land. In 964 Edgar married Ælfthryth, in a Christian ceremony which would have nullified any pagan arrangement with Wulfthryth; because of this, modern historians sometimes refer to her as a "concubine" but the word is inaccurate, given the custom of the time. Having been given wealth by the king, and being of a noble background herself, Wulfthryth used her wealth to build up Wilton's relic collection. She was also able to use her royal connections to protect Wilton in other ways, such as securing the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.

title: Edward Chamberlain (by 1509–1557)

text: Chamberlain was the second son of Sir Edward Chamberlain, MP. His brothers were the MPs Sir Leonard Chamberlain and Sir Ralph Chamberlain. In 1548, he had married Elizabeth Lawrence, daughter of Mr. Lawrence of Fulwell, Oxfordshire. She was the widow of Sir John Welsborne, who had died April 1548. Elizabeth and Chamberlain had one son, Richard.

title: Thomas Egerton, 2nd Earl of Wilton

text: Lord Wilton married firstly Lady Mary Stanley, daughter of the Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, in 1821. They had eleven children, of whom only five reached adulthood:After his first wife's death in December 1858 Lord Wilton married secondly Isabella Smith in September 1863. They had no children. Lord Wilton died in March 1883, aged 82, and was succeeded in the earldom by his third but eldest surviving son Arthur. The Countess of Wilton died in January 1916.

title: Baron Grey de Wilton

text: The first creation was on 23 June 1295, when Reginald de Grey was summoned to the Model Parliament as "Lord Grey de Wilton". This branch of the Grey family of aristocrats was based at Wilton Castle on the Welsh border in Herefordshire. The Greys of Wilton, as well as the other old noble families bearing the name of Grey/Gray, are descended from the Norman knight Anchetil de Greye. Wilton Castle itself passed from the family when the thirteenth Baron was forced to sell it to raise his ransom after being captured in France. Sir Thomas Grey, the fifteenth Baron, was attainted in 1603, forfeiting his titles and honours, after being convicted of treason for his alleged involvement in the Bye Plot against King James I. Grey never married. As the attainder against him was not reversed prior to his death, and as he was the last male-line descendant of the 1st Baron Grey de Wilton, the title became definitively extinct.

title: Rise of Neville Chamberlain

text: Chamberlain had formed a close friendship with his cousin, Norman Chamberlain, who had also served on the City Council and who shared the future Prime Minister's social ideals. In December 1917, Norman Chamberlain was reported missing in action during the Battle of Cambrai, and in February 1918, Norman's body was found—a great blow to Neville Chamberlain, who described Norman as "the most intimate friend I had". Through the rest of his career, Neville Chamberlain laboured to further the ideals of his cousin, and wrote his biography—the only book he ever wrote. Some historians relate Norman's death to a hatred of war on his cousin's part which led to appeasement; according to Chamberlain's biographer Nick Smart, the death did not cause Chamberlain to hate World War I, and any influence on his later positions is far from certain.

title: Wilt Chamberlain

text: Wilton Norman Chamberlain (/ˈtʃeɪmbərlɪn/; August 21, 1936 – October 12, 1999) was an American basketball player who played center position and is considered one of the most prominent and dominant players in NBA history.[1][2] He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the University of Kansas and also for the Harlem Globetrotters before playing in the NBA. Chamberlain stood 7ft 1in (2.16m) tall, and weighed 250 pounds (110kg) as a rookie[3] before bulking up to 275 and eventually to over 300 pounds (140kg) with the Lakers.

title: Baron Ebury

text: The peerage was created in 1857 for the Whig politician Lord Robert Grosvenor. He was the third son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Egerton, 1st Earl of Wilton. Both Lord Robert and his elder brother Lord Thomas were in special remainder to the Viscountcy of Grey de Wilton and Earldom of Wilton created for their maternal grandfather in 1801, and on the latter's death in 1814 Lord Thomas succeeded as second Earl of Wilton. Lord Ebury was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He represented Westminster in Parliament as a Liberal. His grandson, the fifth Baron, served as a government whip from 1939 to 1940 in the government of Neville Chamberlain. In 1999 his eldest son, the sixth Baron, succeeded as eighth Earl of Wilton on the death of his cousin the seventh Earl.

title: Penelope Wilton

text: In 1991, Wilton married Ian Holm. In 1992 they appeared together as Pod and Homily in the BBC's adaptation of "The Borrowers". A year later, they appeared together in a follow-up "The Return of the Borrowers". In 1998, Ian Holm was knighted and Wilton became Lady Holm. They divorced in 2001.

title: William McConnell Wilton

text: Wilton was a member of the Northern Ireland Senate from 1945 until 1953. In the early 1950s, he produced the "Ulster Protestant" newspaper with Norman Porter. Outside Parliament, he led a campaign against activity on Sabbath, and served on the council of the Irish Football Association.

title: Geoffrey de Clinton

text: Geoffrey de Clinton (died c. 1134) was an Anglo-Norman noble, chamberlain and treasurer to King Henry I of England. He was foremost amongst the men king Henry "raised from the dust". He married Lescelina.

title: William Kenrick (Birmingham MP)

text: On 26 August 1862, Kenrick married Mary Chamberlain (1938–1918), Joseph's sister, at the Union Chapel, Islington. His sister Harriet had married Joseph Chamberlain in July 1861; they were the parents of statesman Austen Chamberlain. After Harriet's death in 1863, Chamberlain married Harriet and William's cousin, Florence Kenrick, in 1868. Joseph and Florence were the parents of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

title: Samuel Selwyn Chamberlain

text: On September 15, 1873 Chamberlain married Mary T. Munson. At the time of his death Chamberlain was married and had one son.

title: Egerton family

text: The Egertons are an ancient Cheshire family, seated at Oulton Park near Tarporley since the Middle Ages. An ancestor of the 1st Baronet, William le Belward, took the surname of Egerton from the lordship of Egerton, which he inherited. In 1617, Roland Egerton was created a baronet (see Grey Egerton baronets). He later represented Wootton Bassett in Parliament and married Bridget, sister and co-heir of Thomas Grey, 15th Baron Grey de Wilton. In 1784, the 7th Baronet was created Baron Grey de Wilton and in 1801 he was further created Viscount Grey de Wilton and Earl of Wilton. These titles were created with special remainder to the second and the younger sons successively of his daughter Lady Eleanor Egerton, who married Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster. On Lord Wilton's death in 1814 the barony became extinct, while he was succeeded in the viscountcy and earldom according to the special remainder by his grandson Thomas Grosvenor (1799–1882), who assumed the surname of Egerton. The Grey Egerton baronetcy passed to a distant relative, the 8th Baronet. The ninth Baronet was in 1825 granted by Royal Warrant the right to assume for themselves only the additional surname of Grey and the arms and supporters of Grey de Wilton. The viscountcy and earldom of Wilton continued to descend in this branch of the family until the death of the 7th Earl in 1999. When he died without children, his titles passed to Francis Grosvenor, 6th Baron Ebury (b. 1934), a descendant of Robert Grosvenor (1801–1893), 1st Baron Ebury, the third son of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster and his wife Eleanora Egerton, daughter of the 1st Earl of Wilton.


query: Has there been a Batgirl movie?

title: Batgirl

text: Batgirl is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, depicted as female counterparts to the superhero Batman. Although the character Betty Kane was introduced into publication in 1961 by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff as Bat-Girl, she was replaced by Barbara Gordon in 1967, who later came to be identified as the iconic Batgirl. The character debuted in Detective Comics #359, titled "The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl!" (January 1967) by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino, introduced as the daughter of police commissioner James Gordon.

title: Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl

text: Batgirl and Supergirl start tracking Professor Hamilton and the Joker. Barbara leads Supergirl to an underground room, which is lead-lined and protected with a Kryptonite doorway. Batgirl leads Kara to a room and they discover the body of baby Kal-El, preserved in a test tube. This is the actual basis of Lex's "solar battery" invention, and the discovery makes Supergirl furious. Lex claims that he feared Kal-El would become dangerous, and that is why he killed him and befriended Supergirl when she arrived on Earth. Ready to meet her fury with Joker's strength, Luthor awaits while Batgirl and Supergirl rush towards him. Supergirl battles the Joker, but is unable to match his strength because the steroid serum he has been taking is infused with Kryptonite. However, Batgirl rescues her. Kara is about to kill Lex, but Batgirl stops her. Lex was the man who hired Joe Chill to murder Bruce's parents, which means he is also responsible for the death of Barbara's parents and must be brought to justice. Luthor, Hamilton and the Joker are arrested, and a friendship between Batgirl and Supergirl starts to grow, even to the point of an out-of-uniform Kara coming to Barbara's latest book signing.

title: Batgirl

text: Stephanie Brown became the featured character of the Batgirl series from 2009 to 2011. DC subsequently relaunched all their monthly publications during The New 52 relaunch. In the revised continuity, Barbara Gordon recovers from her paralysis following a surgical procedure and stars in the relaunched Batgirl series as the titular character. These changes were retained as part of the 2016 DC Rebirth event. As Batgirl, Barbara Gordon has been adapted into various media relating to the Batman franchise, including television, film, animation, video games, and other merchandise. The character's popularity from adaptations factored into the decision to have her return to the comics, and Dan DiDio, co-publisher of DC Comics, expressed that she is the best-known version of the character.

title: Cluemaster

text: Cluemaster finally reappears after Stephanie Brown has become the new Batgirl. He is revealed to be the man who has been funding the Reapers, a group of young supervillains who have been battling Batgirl.

title: Batgirl

text: Batman: Bruce Wayne – Murderer? (Batgirl #24) Batman: Bruce Wayne – Fugitive Vol. One (Batgirl #27 and #29) Batman: Bruce Wayne – Fugitive Vol. Three (Batgirl #33) Batman War Games: Act One – Outbreak (Batgirl #55) Batman War Games: Act Two – Tides (Batgirl #56) Batman War Games: Act Three – Endgame (Batgirl #57)

title: Batgirl

text: While Barbara Gordon and Cassandra Cain have both been the subject of academic analysis regarding the portrayal of women in comics, commentary on Barbara Gordon's Batgirl has focused on her character's connection to the women's liberation movement, doctoral degree and career as a librarian, while analysis of Cassandra Cain's Batgirl has focused on the character's double minority status as a woman and a person of color. Since her debut in DC Comics publication, and fueled by her adaptation into the Batman television series in 1967, Barbara Gordon's Batgirl has been listed among fictional characters that are regarded as cultural icons.[84] Author Brian Cronin, in Was Superman A Spy?: And Other Comic Book Legends Revealed (2009) notes that following her 1967 debut, "Batgirl was soon popular enough to appear regularly over the next two decades and Yvonne Craig certainly made an impression on many viewers with her one season portraying young Ms. Gordon."[27] In 2011, IGN ranked Barbara Gordon 17th in the Top 100 Comic Books Heroes.[85] Cassandra Cain's Batgirl has become one of the most prominent Asian characters to appear in American comic books, and her understated sexuality is notable as being contrary to the common sexual objectification of female characters, especially those of Asian descent.[28]

title: List of The Lego Movie characters

text: Lord Voldemort (voiced by Eddie Izzard in "The Lego Batman Movie", Liam O'Brien in "Lego Dimensions") is an evil wizard who is the leader of the Death Eaters. He is among the Phantom Zone inhabitants that assists Joker in his attack on Gotham City. During the fight against Batman, Robin, Batgirl, Alfred Pennyworth, and Gotham City's native villains, Voldemort is defeated by Batgirl and Catwoman where he is the first villain sent back to the Phantom Zone.

title: Barbara Gordon in other media

text: During the third season, Batgirl aided Batman and Robin in solving several mysteries and even saved them from near death by herself on several occasions. Unfortunately, Batgirl's addition to the cast was not enough to save the series from cancellation. Although the promotional short has been mistakenly thought of as a pilot for Batgirl's own spin-off, it is highly unlikely ABC would have agreed to give her own series since Batman had been in danger of cancellation since the end of its first season. According to the book "DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes", Batgirl's addition to the cast "was a sign of desperation. Ratings were down and there was hope that a new character might give the show a shot in the arm."

title: Barbara Gordon

text: Since the series relaunch in September 2011, "Batgirl" has remained within the top 30 of the 300 best-selling monthly comic book publications sold in North America. Monthly estimated sales figures are as follows: "Batgirl" #1 with 81,489 copies (ranked 12th overall), "Batgirl" #2 with 75,227 (ranked 14th), "Batgirl" #3 with 62,974 (ranked 18th), "Batgirl" #4 with 53,975 (ranked 23rd), "Batgirl" #5 with 51,327 (ranked 26th), and "Batgirl" #6 with 47,836 (ranked 30th). The hardcover edition of volume 1, "Batgirl: The Darkest Reflection", which collects issues #1-6, made "The New York Times" Best Seller list, alongside "Animal Man: The Hunt", "Batman & Robin: Born to Kill", "Batman: Detective Comics", "Wonder Woman: Blood", "Batwoman: Hydrology", "Green Lantern: Sinestro".

title: Batgirl

text: On March 13, 2015 DC Comics released 25 Joker-themed variant covers for its various monthly series for release that June, in celebration of the character's 75th anniversary. Among them was a cover to Batgirl #41 by artist Rafael Albuquerque that took its inspiration from The Killing Joke. The cover depicts the Joker standing next to a tearful Batgirl, who has a red smile painted across her mouth. The Joker has one hand holding a revolver draped over Batgirl's shoulder and is pointing to her cheek with the other hand, as if gesturing to shoot her.

title: The New 52

text: In late November 2012, Rich Johnston of Bleeding Cool had noted the possibility of Gail Simone leaving "Batgirl" and possibly DC Comics as a whole. In December 2012, Gail Simone had revealed that she was no longer the writer of "Batgirl", despite the title being a consistent top-seller which had received favorable reviews. She had been informed by her new editor, Brian Cunningham, via e-mail of the creative change. Ray Fawkes would fill-in for two issues, "Batgirl" #17 and #18. Twelve days after being fired, however, Gail Simone had announced that she had been re-hired as the writer of "Batgirl", and that she would return following Fawkes' issues.

title: Barbara Gordon in other media

text: The promotional short was able to renew the series for a third season and add Batgirl to its regular cast. Batgirl's official debut was in the episode "Enter Batgirl, Exit Penguin". The Penguin kidnaps Commissioner Gordon's daughter Barbara, binds her to a chair and gags her, and hides her in the next-door apartment which is being redecorated. The dynamic duo make it their mission to rescue her. The Penguin plans to marry her, thinking that becoming Commissioner Gordon's son-in-law would make him immune from arrest. He ungags her and forces her to agree to this by threatening to have Gordon killed. Pretending to be locked behind a secured door, Barbara makes her transformation into Batgirl and assists Batman and Robin in defeating the Penguin as they have been gassed and hung over a vat of acid. During the episode, Alfred Pennyworth discovers her secret identity - but he vows never to reveal it. He claims she left a few minutes ago when the fight has finished, by which time Barbara has changed back.

title: Barbara Gordon

text: Reacting to "The Killing Joke" and Barbara Gordon's later character development as Oracle in "Batman: Gotham Knights", Ray Tate, a reviewer at Comics Bulletin, wrote "[t]here is absolutely no reason why Barbara Gordon should be in a wheelchair. Alan Moore and Brian Bolland meant" The Killing Joke" as an imaginary tale dealing with the iconography of Batman and the Joker ... [Batman] himself is a certifiable genius in biochemistry. There are countless examples of Batman employing that which is only theoretical in his fight against crime. His knowledge of stem cell technology should surpass that of the real world. There is simply no reason for Barbara Gordon to be confined to that wheelchair." Regarding her representation as a character living with a disability, and her effectiveness as a hero compared to her incarnation as Batgirl, Tate asserts "[i]t's ridiculous to think somebody wakes up thinking how lucky they are to be confined to a wheelchair, and yet the attitude around DC and among the fans is that Oracle is the better character over Batgirl because of her handicap. Rubbish. Batgirl has fought more crime and done more to aid Batman as Batgirl than she has as Oracle. Batgirl has saved Batman's life on numerous occasions. Oracle has not. Barbara in this incarnation is not a bad character, but she is not better because she no longer hunts the night in cape and cowl." In an article for "Bitch" magazine entitled "The Cold Shoulder: Saving Superheroines from Comic-book Violence", Shannon Cochran noted a long history of inequality regarding the treatment of female heroes. She quotes Gail Simone, who discussed the gender difference regarding the treatment of Batman and Batgirl regarding paralysis: "Both had their backs broken [Batman broke his in a dramatic Batcave confrontation with the villain Bane; Batgirl broke hers when she was ambushed in her home and shot in the spine by the Joker, never given a chance to fight]. Less than a year later, Batman was fine. Batgirl—now named Oracle—was in a wheelchair and remained so for many years."

title: Babs Tarr

text: In 2014, her Japanese-influenced fan art caught the eye of DC Comics which hired her to draw a new "Batgirl" series. She later became the first long-term female artist to work on a Bat-Comic. Since then, she has been hired by Young Animal, Marvel Comics, and Image Comics. As her previous focus was primarily illustration, early issues of her work on "Batgirl" were sketched out by Cameron Stewart, and then passed over to Tarr to color, add details to, and enhance. Since then, Tarr has illustrated and done the covers for other DC Comics series, such as Black Canary and Gotham Academy. She has also worked for Hasbro, Disney, Boom! Comics, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Boston Globe, and Brand X. Her manga-inspired style has become more popular after Batgirl's popularity in the comic book industry, and it has found its way into other comics that Tarr has worked on.

title: Batgirl

text: Barbara Gordon makes two cameo appearances in the first season of the animated series Young Justice, and is added as a recurring character in season two where she has adopted her Batgirl persona. Dina Meyer starred as Barbara Gordon in the television series Birds of Prey (2002). Although this series focused on her role as Oracle, the series included flash-backs of the character's history as Batgirl. In the film Batman & Robin, Alicia Silverstone played a variation of the character: Barbara Wilson, Alfred Pennyworth's niece. She appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Rosario Dawson. The character is introduced as Barbara Gordon taking over from her father Jim Gordon to become the new Police Commissioner of Gotham. Towards the end of the film, she dons her cowl and teams up with Batman as Batgirl in addition to her role as Commissioner.

title: Starling (comics)

text: Starling gets manipululated by Choke and she tries to kill Batgirl, when Batgirl tries to warn Canary that Starling has been compramised, but Canary just tells her that 'Starling is the only person she can trust'. Dinah is later proven wrong when Starling is commanded to kill Katana.

title: Batman

text: The informal name "Batman family" is used for a group of characters closely allied with Batman, generally masked vigilantes who either have been trained by Batman or operate in Gotham City with his tacit approval. They include: Barbara Gordon, Commissioner Gordon's daughter, who has fought crime under the vigilante identity of Batgirl and, during a period in which she was confined to a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker, the computer hacker Oracle; Helena Bertinelli, the sole surviving member of a mob family turned vigilante, who has worked with Batman on occasion, primarily as the Huntress and as Batgirl for a brief stint; Cassandra Cain, the daughter of professional assassins David Cain, and Lady Shiva, who succeeded Bertinelli as Batgirl.

title: Knightfall (comics)

text: With Batgirl bleeding profusely, Charise lectures her on how it's the fault of people like her that Gotham is overrun with crime. When Batgirl collapses on the floor, she calls Bonebreaker to come dispose of her body, but Batgirl steadies herself and brings the fight to Charise. During the fight, Charise decides to show Batgirl just who she is behind the mask of Knightfall. She tells Batgirl her story: her father's corrupt ways, Trevor's slaughtering of her family, and how she'd chosen to go to Arkham to learn the way of criminals. She also reveals that the other man in the cage with Ricky is, in fact, Trevor, who she's been meticulously torturing for the last few months as his punishment. Batgirl is horrified by this and they continue fighting, although she is still fading from her stab wound. Charise has the upper hand until Ricky grabs her from inside the cage and gives Batgirl a clear hit. Charise goes down, but mocks Batgirl, telling her that she has more than enough officials in her pocket to stay out of prison, with no cop who would even dare arrest her. Batwoman and McKenna then step in, with McKenna more than willing to be the cop who makes that arrest. Charise still taunts Batgirl, claiming that she'll tear Gotham apart, but Batgirl firmly accepts the challenge.

title: Batgirl: Year One

text: In 2009, Warner Premiere converted "Batgirl: Year One" into a motion comic. ""'s executive producer Bruce Timm and co-director Lauren Montgomery expressed interest in producing an animated movie based on "Batgirl: Year One". But DC cancelled all plans for an adaptation. However, the final episode of "", as part of Bat-Mite's alternate reality mini-movies, featured a CGI-animated clip of a Batgirl show including elements of "Batgirl: Year One".

title: Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl

text: As the news of the kidnapping reaches the JSA, Batgirl sets it upon herself to save Luthor single-handedly. Supergirl is told by Wonder Woman that Batgirl will not allow any Metahumans to enter Gotham, but Supergirl becomes infuriated and rushes to Gotham anyway. Batgirl sees Supergirl as a threat to her mission. She confronts her but Supergirl avoids a lengthy battle by reasoning with Batgirl. Meanwhile, Professor Hamilton reveals that he is holding Luthor captive so that he can expose to the world how he and Lex discovered the solar battery. He claims that Lex ruined his life and reputation when he tried to reveal the truth to the world. The Joker has been using a mineral-based steroid-like serum (possibly a variant of the Venom steroid used by Bane in regular continuity) to enhance his strength so that he can win Batgirl's attention. Luthor offers the Joker employment with the additional incentive of more of the minerals on which Hamilton based his steroid serum.

title: Batman: Death of the Family

text: Batman pursues Joker to the edge of a large drop. Batman claims that he knows Joker's true identity. As Batman threatens to whisper it in his ear, Joker jumps over the edge and falls out of sight, his face separated from him. Batman finds a notebook which Joker claimed held the secret identities of the Bat-Family, but discovers it is blank. Meanwhile, the Bat-Family are gassed into attacking each other, but manage to fight off the gas' influence. Later, in Wayne Manor, Batman tells a recovering Alfred that after finding the joker playing card in the cave, he confronted Joker about it in Arkham Aslyum as Bruce Wayne. Joker failed to acknowledge him and Batman realized that he did not care who Batman was under his mask. The members of the Bat-Family decline to meet with Batman. Later, Batman studies the chemical makeup of the gas Joker used on the Bat-Family, and finds an inert isotope; the chemical compound "Ha".In "Batgirl" #13, Barbara Gordon's mother is attacked in her home by three men in clown masks and Hawaiian shirts, referencing the Joker paralyzing Barbara in "". In "Batgirl" #14, Barbara receives a call from someone she believes to be Joker, warning her that men are also coming for her; three men wearing clown masks break in, but Barbara defeats them. The caller reveals that they know Barbara is Batgirl. As Batgirl, she finds the Joker holding her mother in a skating rink where he has killed all the patrons. After confronting the Joker, she learns that the caller is her psychopathic brother James and he led her to Joker to save their mother. Joker then presents Batgirl with her mother's severed finger bearing her wedding ring, and asks Batgirl to marry him. In "Batgirl" #15, Batgirl determines that she is going to break Batman's rule and finally kill Joker. Batgirl meets Joker at a church, accompanied by his goons and a priest. James calls and tells Joker to leave Batgirl and their mother alone, but Joker refuses, prompting James to travel to the church. After the wedding, Joker attempts to cut off Batgirl's limbs, intending to store her in his basement to keep her from cheating on him. James arrives and claims he has freed his mother, allowing Batgirl to fight Joker's henchmen. James betrays Batgirl, rendering her unconscious and trading her to Joker in exchange for his mother's life. When Batgirl awakens, the Joker prepares to show her an unseen item on a cloche; the story is concluded in "Batman" #17.

title: Batgirl

text: Since the series relaunch in September 2011, Batgirl has remained within the top 30 of the 300 best-selling monthly comic book publications sold in North America. Monthly estimated sales figures are as follows: Batgirl No. 1 with 81,489 copies (ranked 12th overall),[52] Batgirl No. 2 with 75,227 (ranked 14th),[53] Batgirl No. 3 with 62,974 (ranked 18th),[54] Batgirl No. 4 with 53,975 (ranked 23rd),[55] Batgirl No. 5 with 51,327 (ranked 26th),[56] and Batgirl No. 6 with 47,836 (ranked 30th).[57] The hardcover edition of volume 1, Batgirl: The Darkest Reflection, which collects issues #1–6, made The New York Times Best Seller list, alongside Animal Man: The Hunt, Batman & Robin: Born to Kill, Batman: Detective Comics, Wonder Woman: Blood, Batwoman: Hydrology, Green Lantern: Sinestro.[58]

title: Batgirl: Year One

text: Barbara changes back into her civilian clothes and bids goodbye to Robin. When she makes it back home, she is confronted by her father who has been searching her room. Before either of them can say anything he receives an emergency call and rushes out of the house. Barbara follows him and finds that GCPD Headquarters has been set ablaze by Firefly and Killer Moth. Barbara decides to suit up as Batgirl once again.

title: Convergence (comics)

text: One year after the dome has surrounded Gotham, Stephanie Brown (Batgirl), Tim Drake, and Cassandra Cain of New-Earth are waiting in the El Inferno desert when they are attacked by Catman of Flashpoint who states that he was transported here while fighting Gorilla Grodd. It is discovered that Batgirl was chosen to fight Catman. In a flashback sequence from when the dome first appeared, it is revealed that Stephanie had quit being Batgirl. Cassandra and Stephanie are living together when the news announces that several of Gotham's champions have been selected to fight the champions of other cities and that the winner of this fight ensures the survival of their city. Batgirl is on the list while Black Bat and Red Robin are not. Stephanie, a year out of shape, begins training with Cassandra. They are interrupted by stampeding Gotham City citizens eager to leave after dome dissolves. Batgirl is then surrounded by a force meant to take her to the contest when Tim and Cass grab on. This transports all three of them to the El Inferno desert.

title: Batman: The 12 Cent Adventure

text: In addition to training from Batman, Stephanie also received training from Batgirl and the Birds of Prey for a brief period under the leadership of Oracle. Forming a close Bond with Batgirl and Spoiler performed many feats such as Young Justice’s invasion of Zandia. However, most of her activities were limited to the greater Gotham area. Some roles Stephanie has been known to carry other than the Spoiler have been the fourth Robin as well as the third Batgirl within the DC franchise. As far as the Batman comics go Stephanie was the only one to assume both roles within the mainstream continuity. However both roles were either short lived or called into question as Batman fired Stephanie for disobeying a direct order in the field, for if she can’t be trusted there she can’t be trusted with his life. Stephanie was also called into question of being responsible enough to presume the role as the new Batgirl due to her inadvertent causation of the gang war that shook Gotham after stealing Batman’s plans.

title: Batman: Night of the Owls

text: Batgirl proceeds to meet a Talon named Mary, who when she sees Batgirl simply strokes her across the face. Batgirl swipes a piece of paper from Mary. Balloon bombs set off by the Court of Owls also begin to go off at random spots. Batgirl then pushes Mary into a balloon bomb, killing her. However, Mary's healing factor keeps her barely alive, and Batgirl keeps her tied up to the Batsignal, which at that point had been sabotaged to display a massive owl. Batgirl then switches the owl with the original bat. The Outlaws capture Mr. Freeze and Red Hood ends up having a "heart to heart" with a Talon, who eventually decides that he wants to be in control of the second time he is killed, and so begs Red Hood to execute him. The battle against the Owls begin to go the way of the Gotham citizens. Alton then awakens, believing himself to finally be free from fear and all that has bound him. Mr. Freeze, however, escapes and tries to kill Bruce Wayne, but once again ends up being stopped twice in one day.

title: Batgirl

text: In addition to live-action television and animation, the character has appeared in a number of video games included in the Batman franchise. She appears in The Adventures of Batman & Robin and Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu voiced by Tara Strong. She also appears in Lego Batman for the PC, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, DS, and PlayStation Portable.[96] In Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure, The Barbara Gordon incarnation of Batgirl appears when Maxwell heads to Arkham Asylum to battle The Scarecrow. The other three Batgirls (Bette Kane, Stephanie Brown and Cassandra Cain) can be spawned and all three are playable in the Wii U version. The most recent video game featuring Batgirl is Batman: Arkham Knight, available for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC. The developers created a side story named "A Matter of Family" in which the player is able to control Batgirl. Robin is also playable, but only in fight scenes. The plot tells about Batgirl entering an amusement park where Joker maintains her father, commissioner James Gordon, captive, as well as other cops. A child version of Barbara Gordon made an appearance in the television series Gotham. Actor Ben McKenzie teased about seeing Batgirl as a child in the series.[97][98] Film director Nicolas Winding Refn revealed in an interview with Collider that he would like to direct a Batgirl movie.[99]

title: Lynx (comics)

text: In the One Year Later period, she had returned from the dead, having been brought back by League of Assassin Mystics, only to be killed again by Batgirl immediately after. Lynx' corpse was put into a Batgirl costume, and Robin was framed by Batgirl for the murder. Robin set off to prove his innocence, and that the girl in the costume was not the real Batgirl. In the end, he was successful.

title: Batgirl

text: Batgirl has officially been represented by four different characters – and two claimants – beginning with her introduction in 1961.

title: Stephanie Brown (comics)

text: Like most of the Batman family, Stephanie Brown has no superhuman powers. She has been trained extensively by Batgirl, Batman, and the Birds of Prey in martial arts, acrobatics, strength training, interrogation, and detective skills. She carries a belt similar to that used by other Gotham vigilantes containing a grappling hook, tracking devices, and various other crime fighting paraphernalia. During "Gotham Underground", the Penguin gave her an unknown device that allowed her to become completely invisible. According to Tim Drake, this "ability" was achieved through stolen technology. According to "Batgirl" writer Bryan Q. Miller, the ability to become invisible has not been incorporated into Stephanie's Batgirl costume.

title: Batgirl

text: Batgirl continued to appear in DC Comics publications throughout the late 1960s and 1970s as a supporting character in Detective Comics, in addition to guest appearances in various titles such as Justice League of America,[13] World's Finest Comics,[14] The Brave and the Bold,[15] Adventure Comics,[16] and Superman.[17] In the early-1970s Batgirl reveals her secret identity to her father (who had already discovered it on his own) and serves as a member of the United States House of Representatives. She moves to Washington, D.C., intending to give up her career as Batgirl, and in June 1972 appeared in a story entitled "Batgirl's Last Case."[18] Julius Schwartz brought her back a year later in Superman #268 (1973)[17] in which she has a blind date with Clark Kent, establishing their friendship, and fights alongside Superman. Batgirl and Superman team up twice more, in Superman #279 and DC Comics Presents #19. Batgirl also guest-starred in other Superman related titles such as #453 of Adventure Comics and in Superman Family #171, where she teams with Supergirl.