query: Where is the The Winter Palace?

title: Winter Palace

text: The Winter Palace (Russian:Зимний дворец, tr.Zimnij dvorets,IPA:[ˈzʲimnʲɪj dvɐˈrʲɛts]) was the official residence of the Russian Emperors from 1732 to 1917. Today, the palace and its precincts form the Hermitage Museum. Situated between Palace Embankment and Palace Square, in Saint Petersburg, adjacent to the site of Peter the Great's original Winter Palace, the present and fourth Winter Palace was built and altered almost continuously between the late 1730s and 1837, when it was severely damaged by fire and immediately rebuilt.[1] The storming of the palace in 1917, as depicted in Soviet paintings and Eisenstein's 1927 film October, became an iconic symbol of the Russian Revolution.

title: Winter Palace

text: The first Winter Palace was a modest building of two main floors under a slate roof.[9] It seems that Peter soon tired of the first palace, for in 1721, the second version of the Winter Palace was built under the direction of architect Georg Mattarnovy. Mattarnovy's palace, though still very modest compared to royal palaces in other European capitals, was on two floors above a rusticated ground floor, with a central projection underneath a pediment supported by columns.[10] It was here that Peter the Great died in 1725.

title: Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel

text: The Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel, also known as the Old Winter Palace Hotel, is a historic British colonial-era 5-star luxury resort hotel located on the banks of the River Nile in Luxor, Egypt, just south of Luxor Temple, with 86 rooms and 6 suites.

title: Hermitage Bridge

text: On 20 April 1738, the bridge received its first official name of "Upper Embankment Bridge" () after the Upper Embankment street (today's Palace Embankment). However, this name didn't catch on. The name "Winter Palace Bridge" () after the nearby Winter Palace started to circulate in the middle of the 18th century. From the end of the 18th century the bridge was renamed to "Palace Bridge" (not to be confused with the modern Palace Bridge). The current name was established in 1929. The Hermitage Bridge name came from the Hermitage Theater which was built by that time between Winter Canal and Winter Palace.

title: Hasmonean royal winter palaces

text: The Hasmonean royal winter palaces are a complex of Hasmonean and Herodian buildings from the Second Temple period, which were discovered in the western plain of Jericho valley, at Tulul Abu al-'Alayiq, near the place where the Roman road connecting Jericho with Jerusalem enters Wadi Qelt. Two tells are located on either side of Wadi Qelt.

title: Winter Palace

text: In 1895, Nicholas and Alexandra established themselves at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo. This was to be their favoured home for the remainder of the reign. However, from December 1895 they did reside for periods during the winter at the Winter Palace. Architect Alexander Krasovsky was commissioned to redecorate a suite of rooms in the north-west corner of the palace, including the Gothic library.[69]

title: Winter Palace

text: Peter I was succeeded by his widow, Catherine I, who reigned until her death in 1727. She in turn was succeeded by Peter I's grandson Peter II, who in 1727 had Mattarnovy's palace greatly enlarged by the architect Domenico Trezzini.[7] Trezzini, who had designed the Summer Palace in 1711, was one of the greatest exponents of the Petrine Baroque style, now completely redesigned and expanded Mattarnovy's existing Winter Palace to such an extent that Mattarnovy's entire palace became merely one of the two terminating pavilions of the new, and third, Winter Palace.[15] The third palace, like the second, was in the Petrine Baroque style.

title: Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace

text: The Palace was originally built in 1732, as an official residence for the Tsaritsa Anna I of Russia and designed by the architect Francesco Rastrelli. The Tsaritsa found the small Winter palace of Peter the Great insufficiently grand, and had taken over the neighbouring, and grander, palace of Admiral General Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin, this she had rebuilt to form her own Winter Palace.

title: Ice palace

text: An ice palace or ice castle is a castle-like structure made of blocks of ice. These blocks are usually harvested from nearby rivers or lakes when they become frozen in winter. The first known ice palace (or, rather, ice house, ледяной дом in Russian) appeared in St. Petersburg, Russia, and was the handiwork of Empress Anna. Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, commissioned an ice palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, during the winter of 1739-40. Architect Piotr Eropkin and scientist Georg Wolfgang Krafft used huge ice blocks measuring long by wide, joined together with frozen water, to build the palace. The city recreates the ice palace every winter.

title: Georg Johann Mattarnovi

text: In 1715-1719, Mattarnovi managed the construction of the grotto pavilion in the Summer Garden originally designed by Schlüter. He also built two pavilions there, and a colonnade-gallery for an ancient sculpture of Venus. Mattarnovi built the Tsar Peter I's main residence of Saint Peterburg, the so-called "new Winter Palace", or the "third Winter Palace". Originally, as designed by Schlüter, it was a small two-storey house, but in 1719-1721 the building was significantly expanded. The building was the centre of the ensemble of buildings on the Palace Embankment. The Great Hall of the Winter Palace was the site of the public mourning ceremony for Peter I. Mattarnovi's Winter Palace was later torn down, and Giacomo Quarenghi built the Hermitage Theater on the site. In 1718-1719, Mattarnovi built a mansion for the Procurator General of the Senate, P. I. Yaguzhinsky, on the Palace Embankment.

title: Private Apartments of the Winter Palace

text: For a brief period following the revolution, the private apartments were open to the public to display the life of the former rulers, as this was the area of the palace where entry had been gained by the revolutionaries, and as a consequence, much had been destroyed so it is hard to know how accurate the depiction of the imperial private lives could have been. Today, with the exception of the library, the rooms are simply decorated and display part of the Hermitage Museum's vast collection of art; no reference is made to their former use. Much of the art collection displayed in the palace today is not original to the Winter Palace, but has been brought from numerous other palaces and estates which were nationalised after the revolution.

title: World's largest palace

text: Russia's Winter Palace and its annexes were not expanded after the Revolution, but the State Hermitage Museum also occupies other buildings which add to the size of the museum, but not to the palace. The Winter Palace contained of floorspace as a royal residence. However, the modern Hermitage Museum complex, centered on the Winter Palace, contains of floorspace. This includes the Small and the Old Hermitage buildings that were annexes to the main palace, which were used by the Imperial Court and are part of the palace complex. The same is true of the New Hermitage, that was used as a museum for the Imperial collections ever since it was built. All three Hermitages and the Hermitage Theatre can therefore be considered both independent buildings and wings of the Winter Palace. Despite a size which overshadows most other great palaces in Europe, the Winter Palace does not contain as much floorspace, because most of the State apartments in the north and east wings are two floors high.

title: Winter Palace

text: Following the Imperial Family's move to the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo,[77] the Winter Palace became little more than an administrative office block and a place of rare official entertaining. Throughout the year, the family moved from one palace to another: in March, to Livadia; in May to Peterhof (not the great palace, but a 19th-century villa in its grounds); in June, they cruised upon the Imperial Yacht, Standart; August was spent in Poland, at Spala, September was spent back at Livadia, before a return to Tsarskoe Selo for the Winter.[78]

title: Hasmonean royal winter palaces

text: Aqueducts, which were built during the Hasmonean period, enabled the construction of the winter palaces and the farm. Two aqueducts brought water to the site from the following springs that flow year-round:The Hasmonean winter palace, at the northern part of the site, consisted of the following structures:

title: Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel

text: In 1996, the Pavillon, a 4-star annex with 116 rooms, was built in the rear garden of the Winter Palace, close to the swimming pool. The Pavillon shares many amenities with the Winter Palace, including the gardens, pools, tennis courts, terraces and restaurants.

title: Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace

text: Following the assassination of Alexander II, the Winter Palace was never truly inhabited again. The new Tsar Alexander III was informed by his security advisers that it was impossible to make the Winter Palace secure. The Imperial family then moved to the seclusion of the Palace of Gatchina, some 40 miles from St. Petersburg. When in St. Petersburg, the Imperial family resided at the Anichkov Palace, but the Winter Palace was used for official functions. Alexander III, however, was not a lover of society and, when using the Winter Palace, preferred playing bridge in an anteroom to dancing. While most St Petersburg balls did not conclude until 6am, at the Winter Palace, from 2am the Tsar would dismiss the musicians from the orchestra one by one, until only the pianist and a fiddler remained, by which time his guests had taken the hint and gone.

title: Winter Canal

text: Originally the canal was named "Old Palace Canal" (). From 1780 it was called either "Winter House Canal" () or "Winter Palace Canal" (). Townspeople started to call it simply (meaning Winter Canal), and in 1828 the canal was officially renamed to its current name – "Winter Canal" (pronounced in Russian as "Zimnyaya Kanavka", literally meaning "Winter Groove").

title: Winter Palace of Prince Eugene

text: The Winter Palace of Prince Eugene (), also known as the City Palace (), is a high-Baroque palace in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, Austria. Located on a narrow street at Himmelpfortgasse 8, the palace was used as the winter residence of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who spent his summers at the Belvedere. The Winter Palace was designed and constructed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach from 1695 to 1700, and by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt from 1702 to 1724 following his predecessor's plans.

title: Grand Church of the Winter Palace

text: The Grand Church of the Winter Palace () in Saint Petersburg, sometimes referred to as the Winter Palace's cathedral, was consecrated in 1763. It is located on the piano nobile in the eastern wing of the Winter Palace, and is the larger, and principal, of two churches within the Palace. A smaller, more private church was constructed in 1768, near the private apartment in the northwest part of the wing. The Grand Church was designed by Francesco Rastrelli, and has been described as "one of the most splendid rooms" in the Palace. Today, the church is an unconsecrated exhibition hall of the State Hermitage Museum.

title: Winter Palace

text: For a long time the Winter Palace was the tallest edifice in the city. In 1844, Nicholas I gave the orders to the effect that private houses should be at least 1 sazhen (2.13 m) lower than the Winter Palace. This rule was effective until 1905.[38]

title: Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace

text: The Concert Hall has an architrave seemingly supported by paired Corinthian columns, the capitals of which serve as plinthes for life-size statues of the various muses. It is decorated in a similar loose Baroque influenced neoclassical style as the Great Anteroom at the western end of the Enfilade. It is indicative of the size of the Winter Palace, that whereas most other royal palaces such as Buckingham Palace, Queluz and Sanssouci all have music rooms, the Winter Palace has a concert hall. This is because it was the intention of the builders of the Winter Palace that their palace should outshine all other royal palaces. In fact Catherine the Great, for whom the enfilade was designed, was delighted when she bought an art collection for the Winter palace that Frederick the Great, the creator of Sanssouci could not afford.

title: Winter Palace

text: In 1881, the revolutionaries were finally successful and Alexander II was assassinated as his carriage drove through the streets of Saint Petersburg. The Winter Palace was never truly inhabited again. The new Tsar Alexander III was informed by his security advisers that it was impossible to make the Winter Palace secure.[64] The Imperial Family then moved to the seclusion of the Palace of Gatchina, some 40 miles (64km) from Saint Petersburg. By comparison with the Winter Palace, the 600 room, moated Gatchina Palace, set within forests, was a cosy family home.[64] When in Saint Petersburg, the Imperial Family resided at the Anichkov Palace, while the Winter Palace was used for official functions. Large economies were made in food and wine. The Tsar was highly interested in the running costs of the Palace, insisting that table linen was not to be changed daily, and that candles and soap were not replaced until completely spent. Even the number of eggs used in an omelette was reduced.[65] While the Tsar economised on household expenses, he added to the Imperial art collection of both the palace and the Hermitage. Officially, the Hermitage Museum had an annual buying allowance of 5,000 rubles, but when this proved insufficient the Tsar would himself purchase items for the museum.[28]

title: Winter Palace

text: Catherine was also responsible for introducing the lasting affection for all things French to the Russian court. While she personally disliked France, her distaste did not extend to its culture and manners.[29] French became the language of the court; Russian was relegated for use only when speaking to servants and inferiors. The Russian aristocracy was encouraged to embrace the philosophies of Molière, Racine and Corneille.[29] The Winter Palace was to serve as a model for numerous Russian palaces belonging to Catherine's aristocracy, all of them, like the Winter Palace itself, built by the slave labour of Russian serfs. The sophistication and manners observed inside the Winter Palace were greatly at odds with the grim reality of life outside its externally gilded walls. In 1767, as the Winter Palace grew in richness and splendour, the Empress published an edict extending Russian serfdom. During her reign she further enslaved over a million peasants.[32] Work continued on the Winter Palace right up until the time of the Empress' death in 1796.

title: Winter Palace

text: In 1905, the Bloody Sunday massacre occurred when demonstrators marched toward the Winter Palace, but by this time the Imperial Family had chosen to live in the more secure and secluded Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, and returned to the Winter Palace only for formal and state occasions. Following the February Revolution of 1917, the palace was for a short time the seat of the Russian Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky. Later that same year, the palace was stormed by a detachment of Red Army soldiers and sailors—a defining moment in the birth of the Soviet state.

title: Private Apartments of the Winter Palace

text: It was in the Private wing of the Winter Palace, following the February Revolution of 1917, that the Russian Provisional Government established itself. A few months later during the October Revolution this was the area of the palace most damaged during the famous Storming of the Winter Palace, a defining moment in Russia's history.

title: Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach

text: She had Hirschholm Palace built, where she spent her summers as a widow, while living in Christiansborg Palace in winter.

title: Kaiserpfalz

text: The "pfalzen" that the rulers visited varied depending on their function. Especially important were those palaces in which the kings spent the winter (winter palaces or "Winterpfalzen"), and the festival palaces ("Festtagspfalzen"), Easter being the most important and celebrated at Easter palaces ("Osterpfalzen").

title: Winter Palace

text: Ignoring the third Winter Palace, the Empress on her return to Saint Petersburg took up residence at the neighbouring Apraksin Palace.[7] In 1732, the Tsaritsa commissioned the architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli to completely rebuild and extend the Apraksin Palace, incorporating other neighbouring houses.[16] Thus, the core of the fourth and final Winter Palace is not the palace of Peter the Great, but the palace of Admiral General Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin.[7]

title: White Hall of the Winter Palace

text: The White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commemorate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a severe fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th-century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants.

title: Winter Palace

text: The Empress' life within the Hermitage, surrounded by her art and friends, was simpler than in the adjacent Winter Palace; there, the Empress gave small intimate suppers. Servants were excluded from these suppers and a sign on the wall read "Sit down where you choose, and when you please without it being repeated to you a thousand times."[26]


query: What is in the classic English breakfast blend?

title: English breakfast tea

text: English breakfast tea is a traditional blend of teas originating from Assam, Ceylon, and Kenya.[1] It is one of the most popular blended teas, common in British tea culture.

title: Breakfast sandwich

text: Although the ingredients for the breakfast sandwich have been common elements of breakfast meals in the English-speaking world for centuries, it was not until the 19th century in the United States that people began regularly eating eggs, cheese, and meat in a sandwich. What would later be known as "breakfast sandwiches" became increasingly popular after the Civil War, and were a favorite food of pioneers during American westward expansion. The first known published recipe for a "breakfast sandwich" was in an 1897 American cookbook.

title: 2ZB

text:
In 2001 the 89.4FM frequency in Kapiti was replaced with the Newstalk ZB network program.
In 2004 a new Classic Hits station was launched in Kapiti on 92.7FM as Classic Hits 92.7, this frequency was previously used for Radio Sport. The new station studios were located on Kapiti road in Paraparaumu and originally had its own local breakfast show with the station running Classic Hits network programming after 10am. Both Newstalk ZB and Classic Hits in Kapiti had their own local advertisements for the Kapiti area.
In 2009 the local breakfast on Classic Hits 92.7 was discontinued and the Classic Hits 90FM Wellington breakfast show became the breakfast show on this station.

title: English breakfast tea

text: Accounts of its origins vary. Drinking a blend of black teas for breakfast is indeed a longstanding British custom. The practice of referring to such a blend as "English breakfast tea" appears to have originated not in England but America, as far back as Colonial times.[2] An additional account (referencing a period-era Journal of Commerce article) dates the blend to 1843 and a tea merchant named Richard Davies in New York City. Davies, an English immigrant, started with a base of Congou and added a bit of Pekoe and Pouchong. It sold for 50 cents a pound, and its success led to imitators, helping to popularize the name.[3] An investigation to find this source failed to locate it but did come upon an earlier reference to the same story in an 1876 edition of the Daily Alta California, citing "a New York commercial journal" and dating the tea's origin to 1844.[4][5] In an 1884 American publication it was noted that "Bohea teas (are) known to trade in this country as "English Breakfast" tea, from its forming the staple shipment to England".[6][4] Accounts of the emergence of the blend in the UK give its origins in Scotland in 1892, where it was initially known simply as "breakfast tea". It was in part popularised by Queen Victoria, having returned with a supply after tasting the tea at Balmoral and it subsequently acquired the prefix "English".[7][8][9][10]

title: Madame Flavour

text: The Earl Grey Twist blend contains lemon myrtle from a farm in Lismore, the Sultry Chai blend is made with Australian mountain pepper leaf from South Gippsland, English Breakfast has organic Assam loose leaves from Sri Lanka, and Mint Lavender blend has lavender from France, and round leaf mint from Gippsland.

title: Prince of Wales tea blend

text: As with many tea blends, such as Earl Grey and English breakfast, there is no set formula for what teas go into a Prince of Wales blend. Many are now produced. In Germany the Paul Schrader GmbH & Co. KG Bremen (founded in 1921) has offered a version since 1958 consisting of Chinese black teas and Darjeeling with a pinch of Lapsang souchong.

title: T2 (Australian company)

text: T2 has a special black tea blend with vanilla for their Melbourne home-city, Melbourne Breakfast Tea, as well as other cities: Brisbane Breakfast with mango, Sydney Breakfast, and Perth Breakfast. In May 2013, T2 created Hobart Breakfast tea.

title: Jumbo Breakfast Roll

text:
"Good suggestions about what you could do
For breakfast. What I could do for breakfast"
Is to wake up, in the morning, and I jump straight outa bed
I grab a hould of luminous jacket and shake off me ould porter head
I haven't time for the fancy breakfast or put muesli in the bowl
I just head to the Statoil garage, for the jumbo breakfast roll

title: Wendy's

text: The newer breakfast menu differs slightly from the ones featured in 1985, and it is structured similarly to its lunch/dinner menu, with value meals and various sides like blended fruit. Menu items include several breakfast sandwiches served on biscuits, frescuit and Kaiser rolls, breakfast burritos, and side orders of hash browns, muffins, and cinnamon sticks. In order to avoid the same issues the original 1985 breakfast offerings faced, the new menu was designed for ease of operation, lower costs, and reduced preparation time.

title: 3ZB

text:
The Classic Hits brand that B98FM became part of in 1993 was rebranded as The Hits in 2014.
Between 2012 and 2013 the Christchurch studios were used to broadcast a nationwide drive show on the Classic Hits network, presented by Jason Gunn and Dave Fitzgerald, in addition to the local breakfast show presented by AJ Funnell, Chloe Emirali and Andy Ellis.
On April 28, 2014 all stations part of the Classic Hits network were rebranded as The Hits. A networked breakfast presented by Pauline Gillespie and Grant Kareama was introduced to almost all The Hits stations with the former breakfast announcer moved to present a 6-hour show between 9am and 3pm. At this point local breakfast presenter AJ Funnel began presenting a local show between 9am and 12pm followed by a network show presented by Dave Fitzgerald from the Christchurch studio with separate voice breaks for Christchurch listeners. With Polly and Grant leaving The Hits in 2017 all South Island stations reverted to local breakfast programming. Today Ali Pugh and Dave Fitzgerald present the breakfast show from 6am, followed by network programming from 9am.

title: Al's Breakfast

text: In 2004, Al's Breakfast won a James Beard Foundation award in the "America's Classics Restaurants" category. The award medal now hangs behind the counter at Al's, blending quickly into the explosion of toys, old foreign currency, and other assorted memorabilia that covers every surface.

title: English breakfast tea

text: English breakfast tea is a black tea blend usually described as full-bodied, robust, rich and blended to go well with milk and sugar, in a style traditionally associated with a hearty English breakfast.

title: Senseo

text: The main blends are mild, regular, mocca, dark roast and extra dark and there is also a decaffeinated variety. The blends differ, according to general taste, in different countries. The special blends, Colombia, Kenya and Brazil are blended from arabica coffees from selected plantations and are a little more expensive than the normal blends. There are also coffee pods with added flavors, called Vienna, Rio de Janeiro, Sevilla & Marrackech. More recent varieties launched in selected European markets include cappuccino, café choco and espresso. Douwe Egberts Senseo has launched a Hot Choco variety in Belgium and the Netherlands. Latest launches in Germany are the Guten Morgen breakfast blend and Caffé Crema, an Italian blend. In France, Maison du café Senseo has launched Noir Subtil.

title: Second Cup

text:
The Rainforest Alliance is an international non-profit organization that works to conserve biodiversity and promote the fair treatment of workers. Rainforest Alliance Certified coffee farms must meet standards that include the protection of farms, soils, waterways, and wildlife; the workers are in safe working conditions; and the workers enjoy good housing, medical care, and access to schools for their children. 80% of Second Cup coffees are Rainforest Alliance Certified. CEO Stacey Mowbrey's goal is to obtain environmental and fair trade certifications for every blend on Second Cup's menu. The following certifications will allow this goal to be reached.
As of fall 2011, Second Cup offers 10 Whole Leaf Tea Blends and Herbal Tisanes that are Fair Trade Certified. These include: Earl Grey tea, English breakfast tea, English Breakfast Decaffeinated, green tea, Jasmine tea, Chai tea, Wildberry, Chamomile tea, Mint tea, and Holiday Blend.

title: Full breakfast

text: As nearly everything is fried in this meal, it is commonly called a "fry-up". As some of the items are optional, the phrase "full English breakfast", or "full English" (or "Full Monty") often specifically denotes a breakfast including everything on offer. The latter name became popular after World War II after British Army general Bernard Montgomery (nicknamed Monty) was said to have started every day with a full English breakfast when in the campaign in North Africa.

title: Scenicland FM

text: In 2001 the Community Radio Network was discontinued and all stations become part of the Classic Hits FM network, as a result Scenicland FM was rebranded as Classic Hits Scenicland FM. The station continued to run a local breakfast but now outside breakfast all programming originated from the Classic Hits studios in Auckland.

title: Breakfast

text: The traditional Polish breakfast is a large spread with a variety of sides eaten with bread or toast. Sides include various cold cuts, meat spreads, the Polish sausage kielbasa, tomatoes, Swiss cheese, and sliced pickles. "Twaróg," a Polish cheese, is the breakfast classic and comes in many forms. "Twaróg" can be eaten plain, with salt, sugar, or honey, or it can be mixed with chives into a cream cheese-like spread. Eggs are served often as the main breakfast item, mostly soft-boiled or scrambled. For a quick winter breakfast, hot oatmeal, to which cocoa is sometimes added, is often served. Jam spreads are popular for a quick breakfast, including plum, raspberry, and black or red currant spreads. Breakfast drinks include coffee, milk, hot cocoa, or tea. Traditionally, the Poles avoid heavy-cooked foods for breakfast. For the most part, one will not see fried meats or potatoes in a classic Polish breakfast. Emphasis is placed on a large variety of foods to satisfy everyone at the breakfast table.

title: Icarus Theatre Collective

text: The Icarus Theatre Collective explores the harsh, brutal side of classical and modern drama. The company also values post-modernism and the great surrealists, blending classic stories into a new Theatre of the Absurd, which maintains a cohesive, evocative story. Tales of mutilation, rape, and incest are not anathema to them, they rather choose to relish what others shy away from, show what others daren’t, destroy boundaries when others would create rules.

title: Radio Marlborough

text: In 2001 the Community Radio Network was discontinued and all stations become part of the Classic Hits FM network, as a result Radio Marlborough was rebranded as "Classic Hits Radio Marlborough". The station continued to run a local breakfast but now outside breakfast all programming originated from the Classic Hits studios in Auckland.

title: American Tea Room

text: American Tea Room used a seasonal, rotating selection of over 200 teas from around the world. These teas included rare single estate teas, tea blends, herbal teas, matcha, blooming teas, Earl Grey and English Breakfast blends and more in every tea category, with a majority USDA Organic.

title: Radio Forestland

text: In 1998, Radio Forestland became part of the Community Radio Network with all programming outside of the breakfast show being fed from a central studio originally based in Taupo. In 2001 all Community Radio Network stations became part of the Classic Hits FM network with programming outside of the breakfast show based from Auckland. At this point the station became known as "Classic Hits Radio Forestland." In 2013 the local breakfast was replaced with a feed of the breakfast show from Classic Hits in Hamilton.

title: Coast (radio station)

text: Coast's breakfast programme is hosted by long-time Tauranga broadcaster Brian Kelly, the former host of the Bay of Plenty's Classic Hits breakfast programme. Kelly has been with what is now New Zealand Media and Entertainment since 1970, having worked as a programme trainee and sports broadcasting before hosting the local breakfast show for 33 years. He continues to live in the region, where he remains well known for his support of motorsport and his commentaries and Bay of Plenty Times columns on locals issues.

title: English breakfast tea

text: The black teas included in the blend vary, with Assam, Ceylon and Kenyan teas predominating, and Keemun sometimes included in more expensive blends. Common brands of English breakfast tea include Twinings, Dilmah, Taylors of Harrogate, Ahmad Tea, Tetley and PG Tips.

title: T2 (Australian company)

text: In line with the first store opening in Singapore, in 2017 T2 created Singapore Breakfast tea, evoking kaya toast with a blend of pu'er, green tea, coconut flakes and roasted rice. That same year the Scots Breakfast tea was created, being a blend of a robust black tea base, oats, cocoa husks, vanilla, cinnamon and sweet caramel notes.

title: Cuisine of the Southern United States

text: Today, buttermilk biscuits and sausage gravy are the classic Appalachian breakfast; they are also a common breakfast everywhere where Appalachian people have emigrated. Both North Carolina and West Virginia have statewide biscuit chain restaurants; many Southern or originally-Southern chains offer biscuits and gravy, and when McDonald's introduced a new breakfast menu selling either Egg McMuffins (with English muffins) or a variant with biscuits, the biscuit zone was practically a map of the South.

title: The Hits (radio station)

text: Originally Classic Hits broadcast on 89.4FM as a relay of Classic Hits 90FM in Wellington, this station broadcast on 89.4 as far back as 1991 when the station was 2ZB and later B90FM. In 2001 this relay was dropped and replaced with Newstalk ZB. Classic Hits made a return to the Kapiti area in 2004 on 92.7FM a frequency previously used by Sports Roundup/Radio Sport. Programming on the new station was separate to Classic Hits 90FM in Wellington with the station presenting its own local breakfast. However, in 2009 this local breakfast show was dropped and replaced with Wellington's Classic Hits breakfast show. Following the rebrand to The Hits the Kapiti station takes the same local shows as Wellington.

title: The Hits (radio station)

text:
Also in 1998 all of The Radio Network's remaining local stations formed the Community Radio Network. Each station retained its local brands and breakfast shows, but took network programmes from Lakeland FM in Taupo at other times of the day. South Canterbury's Radio Caroline left Classic Hits to join the new network. Other stations included Lakeland FM, Whanganui's River City Radio, Tokoroa's Radio Forestland, Radio Wairarapa, Marlborough's Radio Marlborough, the West Coast's Radio Scenicland and Ashburton's 3ZE. In 2001 the stations were rebranded as Classic Hits, giving Classic Hits the broadest reach of any station in the country. A new Southern Lakes station was introduced in Queenstown in 2005, and the Radio Waitomo station in Te Kuiti closed down.
In 2008, stations dropped heritage titles from their names. In 2009, a network breakfast show was introduced for King Country and for other markets when local hosts were away. In 2010, the King Country station was scrapped and local weekend breakfast shows were replaced with network shows. In late 2010, highlights of Christchurch and Wellington breakfast shows began to be broadcast during the weekend breakfast timeslot. Classic Hits Southland retained a local breakfast show with an unpaid announcer, and Dunedin produced a highlights show.

title: Congou

text: Congou () is a description of a black Chinese tea variety used by 19th-century tea importers in America and Europe. It was the base of the 19th-century English Breakfast tea blend.

title: Full breakfast

text: A full breakfast is a breakfast meal that typically includes bacon, sausages, eggs and a beverage such as coffee or tea. It comes in different regional variants and is referred to by different names depending on the area. While it is colloquially known as a “fry up” in most areas of Britain and Ireland, it is usually referred to as a "full English breakfast" in England (often shortened to "full English"), and therefore, as a "full Irish", "full Scottish", "full Welsh", “full Cornish”, and the "Ulster fry" in the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Northern Ireland, respectively. It is especially popular in Britain and Ireland to such an extent that many cafes and pubs offer the meal at any time of day as an "all-day breakfast". It is also popular in other English-speaking countries, particularly countries that were a part of the British Empire. On its origin, "Country Life" magazine states, "The idea of the English breakfast as a national dish goes right back to the 13th century and the country houses of the gentry. In the old Anglo-Saxon tradition of hospitality, households would provide hearty breakfasts for visiting friends, relatives and neighbours."

title: Hokonui (radio station)

text: Hokonui was expanded into Ashburton in July 2014 broadcasting on 92.5FM and 96.5FM. This station was originally a local station known as 3ZE and later became part of the Classic Hits network as Classic Hits 92.5. Local programming was reduced to a local breakfast show in the 1990s and for much of the 2000s this show was presented by Phill Hooper. In April 2014 all Classic Hits stations were rebranded as The Hits and in most markets the local breakfast presenter was moved to a daytime 9am - 3pm timeslot. The rebrand of Ashburton's Classic Hits 92.5 to The Hits was not received well by local Ashburton listeners both with a change in music format and the loss of a local breakfast show. In July 2014 a decsision was made to launch Hokonui into the Ashburton market replacing The Hits on 92.5FM, local announcer Phill Hooper became the local breakfast announcer with the station. The Hits remains in Ashburton on 89.3FM with no local programming. Hokonui Ashburton can also be listened to online 24/7 on iHeart Radio.


query: What's a peninsula?

title: Peninsula

text: A peninsula (Latin: paeninsula from paene "almost” and insula "island") is a landform surrounded by water on the majority of its border while being connected to a mainland from which it extends.[1][2][3][4] The surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such; one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, or spit.[5] A point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape.[6] A river which courses through a very tight meander is also sometimes said to form a "peninsula" within the (almost closed) loop of water. In English, the plural versions of peninsula are peninsulas and, less commonly, peninsulae.

title: Gove Peninsula

text: The Gove Peninsula () is at the northeastern corner of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. The peninsula became strategically important during World War II when a Royal Australian Air Force base was constructed at what is now Gove Airport.

title: Cape York Peninsula

text:
The peninsula is formed from the northern part of the Great Dividing Range, folded during the Carboniferous period some 300 million years ago, when Australia collided with what is now parts of South America and New Zealand. The range has experienced significant erosion since.
Around 40 million years ago, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. As it collided with the Pacific Plate on its northward journey, the high mountain ranges of central New Guinea emerged around 5 million years ago. In the lee of this collision zone, the ancient rock formations of what is now Cape York Peninsula remained largely undisturbed.

title: Prehistoric Italy

text: In prehistoric times, the Italian peninsula was rather different from how it is now. During glaciations, for example, the sea level was lower and the islands of Elba and Sicily were connected to the mainland. The Adriatic Sea began at what is now the Gargano Peninsula, and what is now its surface up to Venice was a fertile plain with a humid climate.

title: Antarctic Peninsula

text: The first sighting of the Antarctic Peninsula is disputed but apparently occurred in 1820. The most likely first sighting of the Antarctic Peninsula, and also of the whole Antarctic mainland, was probably on 27 January 1820 by an expedition of the Russian Imperial Navy led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. But the party did not recognize as the mainland what they thought was an icefield covered by small hillocks.

title: History of Italy

text: In prehistoric times, the Italian peninsula was rather different from its current shape. During the last Ice Age, the islands of Elba and Sicily were connected to the mainland. The Adriatic Sea was far smaller, since it started at what is now the Gargano peninsula, and what is now the bay of Venice was a fertile plain with a humid climate.

title: Otago Peninsula

text: A map of recorded Māori archaeological sites for the Otago Conservancy shows many more on the Otago Peninsula than elsewhere in the region. Another showing only those of the Archaic period shows sites clustered on the peninsula and along the coast across the harbour to the west and north. This was one of three more or less distinct clusters on the South Island's south east coast: one from about Oamaru south to Pleasant River; another from Waikouaiti south, which includes the Otago Peninsula and tails off about the Kaikorai estuary; another extending south from the Clutha mouth. The clusters contain a few larger sites. On the Otago Peninsula the one at Little Papanui is of middle size while that at Harwood Township is one of the largest. These and numerous other smaller sites are clearly visible, though often not recognised by visitors for what they are.

title: Jacob Riis Park

text: What is now the site of Jacob Riis Park on the western Rockaway Peninsula was under water as recently as the early 19th century. The peninsula was gradually expanded westward by the natural accretion of sand from tidal action. By 1878, the peninsula extended as far as the current western boundaries of the park. The peninsula reached its current extents by the turn of the 20th century. During the War of 1812, the United States Army erected a blockhouse west of the future park site, on what was then an island. It was demolished in 1818.

title: St. George, Maine

text: The peninsula and its islands were noted for immense flocks of duck, geese and other waterfowl. Although the region was part of the Waldo Patent, General Samuel Waldo complied with requests from Abenaki Indians not to settle immigrants at what was their prized hunting ground. Consequently, the peninsula remained unpopulated until after the close of the French and Indian Wars in 1763. The Revolutionary War further slowed development, but during the 1780s, there was rapid settlement of the peninsula. It was incorporated in 1789 as part of Cushing. On February 7, 1803, the peninsula and its islands were set off and incorporated as St. George, taking its name from the river.

title: Saanich Peninsula

text: Saanich Peninsula is located north of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is bounded by Saanich Inlet on the west, and various straits of the Strait of Georgia on the east, chiefly Haro Strait. The exact southern boundary of what is referred to as the "Saanich Peninsula" (or simply as "the Peninsula") is somewhat fluid in local parlance.

title: Dudley Peninsula

text:
Dudley Peninsula was first visited by European navigators in 1802 when the British navigator, Matthew Flinders, explored its north coast during March 1802. After meeting Flinders at Encounter Bay in April 1802, the Baudin expedition visited the peninsula's north coast later in April 1802 and explored its south coast during January 1803.
Formal settlement commenced in 1836 with a fleet under the control of the South Australian Company arriving at what is now Kingscote on the western part of Kangaroo Island. Some of the people who had been living on that part of Kangaroo Island prior to 1836 moved to the peninsula to avoid being within the jurisdiction of the South Australian Company and thereby making it "most prosperous part of the island and the scene of its first significant agricultural and pastoral development."
The full extent of Kangaroo Island was gazetted on 13 August 1874 as the cadastral division known as the County of Carnarvon simultaneously with the creation of another cadastral division, the Hundred of Dudley, which covers the full extent of what is now the Dudley Peninsula. In 1875, land in the Hundred of Dudley near the north coast of the peninsula was surveyed and given freehold title in response for the demand for agricultural land.
The town of Penneshaw was proclaimed on 12 January 1882. On 7 June 1888, the local government area of the District Council of Dudley was established. This was subsequently merged in 1996 with the District Council of Kingscote to create the Kangaroo Island Council.

title: Semporna Peninsula

text: The Semporna Peninsula is a peninsula in Sabah, Malaysia. The volcano Bukit Tawau Utara, active as recently as the Holocene. is located on the peninsula at . During the last ice age, the peninsula was connected by an isthmus to the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The former isthmus included what is now the active volcanic island Jolo, located at .

title: Garden Peninsula

text: Many of the peninsula's hardwoods were cut down for use in the charcoal-fired iron furnaces operated by the Jackson Iron Company in 1867–1891 at what is now Fayette State Park, on the peninsula's western shore. With its access to Great Lakes shipping, the remaining lumber of the Garden Peninsula was largely logged by the 1890s. However, the area is still home to endemic plants and disjunct populations.

title: Upper Peninsula of Michigan

text: When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula. In 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of what became Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota (previously included in the Indiana and Illinois Territories). When Michigan applied for statehood in the 1830s, the proposal corresponded to the original territorial boundaries.

title: Alameda, California

text: The island Alameda occupies what was originally a peninsula connected to Oakland. Much of it was low-lying and marshy, but on higher ground than the peninsula and adjacent parts of what is now downtown Oakland were home to one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world. The area was therefore called "Encinal", Spanish for "forest of evergreen oak". "Alameda" is Spanish for "grove of poplar trees" or "tree-lined avenue", and was chosen in 1853 by popular vote.

title: Gove Peninsula

text: Arnhem Land, including the Gove Peninsula, is home to what is commonly referred to as the didgeridoo and Yolngu are master players and craftsmen of the instrument. In this region, the rhythms, techniques and compositions endemic to the people are of outstanding musical interest.

title: Alaska Peninsula

text: In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the Alaskan equivalent of a county, is named after the peninsula.

title: Shawmut Peninsula

text: The name is derived from "Mashauwomuk", an Algonquian word of uncertain meaning. The first recorded use of "Shawmutt" to describe the peninsula occurs in 1630, by the lone settler William Blackstone, in an invitation to John Winthrop to move the site of Winthrop's colonial settlement to the peninsula from what is now Charlestown. The Charlestown peninsula lacked a source of fresh water, while the Shawmut peninsula had an "excellent spring" on the north side of what is now Beacon Hill.

title: Tiburon, California

text: "Tiburón" means "shark" in Spanish. Whether Lt. Juan Manuel de Ayala saw a number of sharks near where he anchored the San Carlos in August 1775, off what is now Angel Island, or whether the tree-covered Tiburon Peninsula looked like a shark we may never know. He named the land Punta del Tiburon, or Shark Point. The Coast Miwok Indians had lived here for thousands of years, but there is no clear concept of what they called the peninsula.

title: Hambleton Peninsula

text: The Hambleton Peninsula lies within the reservoir Rutland Water, in Rutland, England. When the Gwash Valley was dammed in 1975, the area surrounding what was then a ridge were submerged, including a small number of properties in the hamlets of Nether Hambleton and Middle Hambleton. The village of Upper Hambleton survived, and now sits on the peninsula, which is some 3500 metres in length and 1000 metres in width.

title: History of Spain

text: The peoples whom the Romans met at the time of their invasion in what is now known as Spain were the Iberians, inhabiting an area stretching from the northeast part of the Iberian Peninsula through the southeast. The Celts mostly inhabited the inner and north-west part of the peninsula. In the inner part of the peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed culture arose, the Celtiberians. The Celtiberian Wars were fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior from 181 to 133 BC. The Roman conquest of the peninsula was completed in 19 BC.

title: Battle of Ambon

text: Ambon is located in the Maluku (Moluccas) islands, just south of the much larger island of Seram (Ceram). Ambon has what might be described as a "figure eight" or "hourglass" shape, and consists of two peninsulas separated by a narrow isthmus, with long narrow bays on either side of the isthmus. The key airport at Laha is in the west of the Hitu Peninsula – northern part of the island – facing the Bay of Ambon. The town of Ambon is at the opposite side of the bay, on the southern part of the island, Laitimor Peninsula.

title: Kabatepe

text: Kabatepe, or Gaba Tepe, is a headland overlooking the northern Aegean Sea in what is now the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park (), on the Gallipoli peninsula in northwestern Turkey.

title: Stary Krym

text: The name "Crimea" (for the Crimean Khanate, and later also for the peninsula itself) is derived from the name of the city. It became adopted as an alternative term for what used to be known as "Tauris" or "Tauric Peninsula" in western languages from the 17th century.

title: Lindstrom Peninsula

text: In 1953, a small group of Inuit families were resettled on the Lindstrom Peninsula, and others to Craig Harbour, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police trading post who moved to the Lindstrom Peninsula shortly after their arrival. By the 1960s, they developed a community at what is now the Inuit hamlet of Grise Fiord, to the east.

title: Columbia Point, Boston

text: Land-filling had caused the creation of Columbus Park on the peninsula and what was then called “Day Boulevard”, now Morrissey Boulevard, by 1934. There was a huge trash dump on the peninsula which turned into more landfill for other use.

title: Oryzomys peninsulae

text: Alternatively, the ancestor of "Oryzomys peninsulae" may have arrived by rafting during the late Miocene, about six million years ago, when the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula was an island located near what is now Nayarit and Jalisco in western Mexico. Some plants and birds from the area may have a similar biogeographic heritage.

title: History of Seattle before white settlement

text: The "hah-chu-AHBSH" called the peninsula that is now Seward Park "skEba’kst" ("skuh-BAHKST", "nose"); the isthmus was "cqa'lapsEb" ("TSKAH-lap-suhb", "neck"). The isthmus was only a few hundred feet wide and flooded seasonally, turning the peninsula into an island (the lake level was some 9 ft (3m) higher or more). A large wetland and marsh was north of what is now the park entrance circle, at what is now Andrews Bay. The lake, bay, wetlands, and peninsula were richly abundant.

title: Shawmut Peninsula

text: Like much of the Massachusetts landscape, the peninsula was shaped by glacial erosion and moraine deposits left by retreating glaciers at the end of the last ice age. When Europeans arrived, Shawmut was thickly forested. The pre-settlement topography of the peninsula was marked by three hills: Copps Hill, in what is now the North End; Fort Hill, in today's Financial District; and the Trimountain, today's Beacon Hill district. Of the three hills, the Trimountain was by far the largest, a steep-sided mass with three summits. Its name was eventually shortened to Tremont. To the south was a narrow isthmus named Boston Neck that connected the peninsula to the mainland site of Roxbury, now a neighborhood of Boston.

title: Guest Peninsula

text: As originally charted, the westernmost portion of what was then thought to be Guest Island was within the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand, but none of the peninsula is actually within the claimed sector.

title: Dudley Peninsula

text:
The Dudley Peninsula came into existence about 9,500 years BP when Kangaroo Island became separate from what is now Fleurieu Peninsula due to the rise in sea level following the end of the last ice age.
The peninsula has a plateau covering its northern half with a maximum height of about while the southern half has a maximum height in the order of a . Its coastline consists of a cliff-line in the order of to in height with the exception of sandy bays such as Nepean Bay in the north-west coast, Antechamber Bay in the north east coast and Pennington Bay on the south-west coast.
The peninsula has a geological basement of Tapanappa Formation sandstones (from the Kanmantoo Group) which were laid during the early Cambrian period. The basement stratum has undergone extensive erosion to create laterite based soil which covers the northern half of the peninsula. The southern half of the peninsula has a Bridgewater Group limestone which was laid over the basement stratum during the Pleistocene and which has eroded to form a dune field.


query: Who is the current president of the USA?

title: President of the United States

text: Donald Trump of New York is the 45th and current president. He assumed office on January 20, 2017.

title: Atlus USA

text: The current president is Naoto Hiraoka (who is also the Senior Vice President for Sega of America publishing). One of the previous public relations managers was John Hardin, while one of the original staff members was market manager Gail Salamanca. Several personnel have had recurring roles during the history of Atlus USA from their work on both Atlus products and third-party games. A major contributor is Yu Namba, general localization project leader. Namba joined Atlus USA following the release of "" in 1996, and his first work was for "". He would later work on the later "Persona" titles, and multiple "Megami Tensei" titles including "" and the "" duology. Another key member for some time was Nich Maragos: formerly a journalist working at 1UP.com, he joined Atlus USA's localization team in 2006 where his first projects were the third "Devil Summoner" game "" and "Persona 3 FES". He worked on the greater majority of titles localized during the following nine years before moving to work for Nintendo Treehouse prior to 2016. Other prominent staff include Bill Alexander, a vice president of Atlus USA who was project leader on "Odin Sphere"; Tomm Hulett, who worked on the "Digital Devil Saga" duology, "", and was project leader for ""; and Mike Meeker, who acted as editor for both "Persona 4" and "Odin Sphere".

title: International Amateur Radio Union

text: The IARU has an elected President and Vice President, an appointed Secretary and other officials (including regional representatives) forming an Administrative Council. These office holders are presently Timothy Ellam (Canada), President; Ole Garpestad (Norway), Vice-President and Rod Stafford (USA), Secretary. The IARU International Secretariat (IARUIS) is operated by a member society after election by members. Currently, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) operates the IARUIS from its headquarters in Newington, Connecticut, USA.

title: Photographic Society of America

text: Photographic Society of America (PSA) is one of the largest, worldwide, non-profit organizations of its kind. Established in 1934, it is for casual shutterbugs, serious amateurs, and professional photographers. PSA has members in over 75 countries. Membership is currently about 5,500, with 35% outside the USA. The current president of the PSA is Elena McTighe, who took the role in October 2017.

title: Abdel Moneim Wahby

text: Abdel Moneim Wahby (November 11, 1911 – May 8, 1988) was an Egyptian basketball player who played for Al Ahly (basketball), referee and administrator. He has played for the Egypt national basketball team in the 1936 Olympics. As a referee, he worked at the 1948 Olympics and 1952 Olympics (including the USA-USSR final). He served as the president of the Egyptian Basketball Federation (1952-1969), president of AFABA (current FIBA Africa) (1961-1969), Vice President of the FIBA (1961-1968), President of the FIBA (1968-1976) and President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee (1972-1974). He was enshrined as a contributor in the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007.

title: Miss Universe

text: The Miss Universe Organization is the organization that currently owns and runs the Miss Universe, Miss USA and Miss Teen USA beauty contests. Based in New York, the organization is owned by WME/IMG. The current president is Paula Shugart. The organization sells television rights to the pageants in other countries.

title: Mihail Alexandrov

text: Alexandrov, who has dual Bulgarian/USA citizenship, swam for the USA's Northwestern University from 2003 to 2007. In March 2007 he set a USA National Record in the 100 yard breaststroke (51.56) at the NCAA Division I Swimming and Diving Championships, while swimming for Northwestern. This was despite the fact that he had not swum internationally for the USA at that time and that he was viewed as a Bulgarian swimmer. The USA Swimming rules at the time allowed for the USA National mark to be set by a swimmer who "could" represent the USA in international competition (his dual citizenship allowed for this) and who at the time of the swim was not representing another country (he was swimming for the country-neutral Northwestern University at the time of the swim). USA Swimming's rules have subsequently been altered so that only swimmers currently representing the USA internationally can set the "American" Record. Alexandrov's record was broken in 2012 by Kevin Cordes.

title: Faulkner USA

text:
Faulkner USA has developed a diverse portfolio of public and private construction projects over its 40+ year history. Merging in 2002 with Landmark Organization LP, Faulkner USA became Austin’s largest construction company and a national powerhouse with annual revenues totaling over $300 million that year.
Mark Schultz currently serves as President and Chairman for Faulkner USA.

title: Castlestone Management

text: Castlestone Management was founded in 1996 by former Co-Head of the International Equity Department, NatWest Markets USA and President of the Macquarie Bank USA (1997-2000) Angus Murray, who serves as Castlestone Managements current Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

title: Geoff Garin

text: Geoff Garin (born 1953) is an American pollster, who served as co-chief strategist for the latter part of Senator Hillary Clinton's 2008 Presidential campaign. He was a pollster and strategist in 2011-2012 for Priorities USA Action, the superPAC that supported Barack Obama's reelection, and currently serves in those same roles for Priorities USA in support of Hillary Clinton's election as president.

title: Spain–United States relations

text: According to 2012 the USA Global Leadership Report, 34% of Spaniards approve of U.S. leadership, with 33% disapproving and 34% uncertain. According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 43% of Spanish people view the USA influence positively, with only 25% expressing a negative view. A 2017 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 60% of Spaniards had a negative view of the US, with only 31% having a positive view. The same study also showed only 7% of Spaniards had confidence in current the USA leader, President Donald Trump, with 70% having no confidence in the current US president.

title: USA Powerlifting

text: USA Powerlifting (USAPL) is the national affiliate for the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) in the United States. The USAPL sanctions all local, regional and national IPF meets in the country. The current president of the USAPL is Larry Maile.

title: Kahr Arms

text: Kahr Arms is an American small arms manufacturer founded by Justin Moon, son of Sun Myung Moon, the founder of the Unification Church, who currently serves as CEO and President. It is currently under the Kahr Firearms Group, a USA based firearms manufacturer, which includes Kahr Arms, Thompson Auto-Ordnance, and Magnum Research.

title: Jim Smith (ice hockey)

text: Jim Smith is the current president of USA Hockey. He was elected as the organization's fifth president since 1937 in 2015. He succeeds Ron DeGregorio, who retired after 12 years in the position. Smith is a head coach of the Hornets Sled Hockey team, which skates out of Mount Prospect Ice Arena. He also is the co-founder of Allegra Marketing, Print and Mail, located in Elk Grove Village, Illinois.

title: North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission

text: In accordance with the Convention, the Commission elects a President and Vice-President who serve two-year terms with the condition that both positions are not held by representatives of the same party. Suam Kim (Republic of Korea) currently holds the office of President and James Balsiger (USA) holds the office of Vice-President.

title: Gay USA

text: Frequently, the folks who work on and/or for "Gay USA" refer to themselves as the "Gay USA Team." In alphabetical order, the team currently consists of:

title: Mercaz USA

text: In 1998, the Israel Policy Forum asked American Jewish groups to sign a letter encouraging President Bill Clinton to continue his current policy toward the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority. Mercaz USA chose not to endorse the letter, saying, "It is not a reflection of the contents of the letter one way or another. It was not a letter coming out of the American Zionist Movement or the Presidents Conference, the two organizations to which Mercaz belongs."

title: Lutheran Student Movement – USA

text: LSM-USA is a self-governing student organization within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. A National Council, made up of sixteen elected voting members and five non-voting members, meets throughout year to oversee organizational business and allow for National Council members to support one another in their ministry. The Council consists of the President; the Vice President, who also serves as the LSM-USA liaison to the ELCA's Lutheran Youth Organization (LYO); the Advocate for Diversity and Service Learning; an intern, a non-voting member who is paid for by the ELCA; presidents of the thirteen different regions; a web specialist; a liaison from the board of the LYO; and a national staff advisor, usually the campus minister of a university-based Lutheran campus ministry.

title: USA Wrestling

text: USA Wrestling today has more than 159,000 members, composed of wrestlers, coaches, officials, state federations, and others interested in the sport. The organization is governed by a Board of Directors, including of a President, the preceding past President, two Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and various members, including active wrestlers, the chairman of the state chairmen's council, representatives from the Kids and Junior Divisions, and representatives from the NCAA, the NAIA, the NFHS, the NJCAA, the National Wrestling Coaches Association, the Armed Forces Sports Council, the United States Wrestling Officials Association, and other associations that may be involved in amateur wrestling. An executive director (currently Rich Bender) supervises the day-to-day operations of USA Wrestling with his staff.

title: Presiding bishop

text: Ray R. Sutton is the current Presiding Bishop. This church continues apostolic succession through George D. Cummins who left the Episcopal Church, USA in the 19th century.

title: Families USA

text: Families USA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan consumer health advocacy organization. It was co-founded in 1981 by attorney Ronald Pollack, its current executive director, and Philippe Villers, the organization’s current president. Families USA is an influential advocate in Washington, D.C., and has played a leading role on virtually every major piece of health care legislation, especially the Affordable Care Act (ACA — also known as "Obamacare"), the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), numerous Medicaid measures, and the Medicare Part D plan.

title: NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group

text: Hammer ordered a reorganization that creates the Entertainment Networks group with Chiller, Cloo, Syfy, and USA Network by transferring two Syfy executives out and placing USA Network president Chris McCumber in charge of the group as president. Transferred Syfy executives include the executive vice president of original content, who moved to the post of executive vice president of scripted content under the chief content officer of NBCU Cable, and the president of Syfy and Chiller, who moved to president of strategy and commercial growth at NBCU Cable. Sprout was also added to Lifestyle Network. On September 9, 2017, Sprout will be renamed Universal Kids while the Sprout brand would be used for its pre-school programming block.

title: Eric Lax

text: He is a past president of PEN Center USA; and is currently a Vice President of PEN International; and a member of the board of "The Los Angeles Review of Books".

title: SoCal Olympians

text: The current president is Tamara Christopherson, who represented Team USA in the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

title: Abdel Azim Ashry

text: Ashry played in the Egyptian first division basketball league in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon retiring, he became a referee, calling in the 1948 Olympic Games (including the USA-France final), 1950 World Championship (including the Argentina-USA final), 1952 Olympic Games (including the USA-USSR final) and 1954 World Championship (including the USA-Brazil final). Subsequently, he served as the president of the Egyptian Basketball Federation in 1972-1985, the president of the Egyptian Olympic Committee in 1978-1985 and secretary general of AFABA (currently FIBA Africa) in 1965-1997. In 1997, he was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit. He was enshrined in the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 as a contributor.

text:
The International Institute for General Systems Studies was established in 1994 and located in Pennsylvania, USA. The current president and director is Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest.
In the advisory board of the institute several scientists from several countries participate or have participated such as Gerrit Broekstra (The Netherlands), Guisseppi A. Forgionne (USA), George Klir (USA), Ganti Prasada Rao (India), Achim Sydow (Germany), Yasuhiko Takahara, (Japan), Xuemou Wu (China), Wayne Wymore (USA), and Gerard de Zeeuw (England)

title: Plan USA

text:
Plan International USA employs 97 staff and has a separate governing body and Executive Team from Plan International. As of 2010, the members of the board of directors include:
Tessie San Martin, Ph.D. is the current President/CEO.

title: International Youth Nuclear Congress

text: The current Network President of IYNC is Denis Janin (France). Past Presidents are: Alexander Tsibulya (Russia), 2000–2006, Lisa Stiles (USA), 2006–2008, Hans Korteweg (Belgium), 2008-2010 and Miguel Millán (Spain) 2010-2012, Nicolas Anciaux (Belgium) 2012-2014, Melissa Crawford (USA) 2014-2016.

title: CZ-USA

text: The current president of CZ-USA is Alice Poluchova.

title: Miss Kentucky USA

text: The Miss Kentucky USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kentucky in the Miss USA pageant. The current director for the Miss Kentucky USA and Miss Kentucky Teen USA titles is Connie Clark Harrison. Harrison is former Miss Kentucky USA 1976 who was the only representative for Kentucky to win the Miss Congeniality award at the national level.

title: Jeff Solem

text: Jeff Solem is a retired American soccer player who spent four seasons in the North American Soccer League. He is currently the president of Uhlsport USA.


query: Can you cure orientia tsutsugamushi?

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O. tsutsugamushi is naturally maintained in the mite population by transmission from female to its eggs (transovarial transmission), and from the eggs to larvae and then to adults (transtadial transmission). The mite larvae, called chiggers, are natural ectoparasites of rodents. Humans get infected upon accidental contact with infected chiggers. A scar-like scab called eschar is a good indicator of infection, but is not ubiquitous. The bacterium is endemic to the so-called Tsutsugamushi Triangle, a region covering the Russian Far East in the north, Japan in the east, northern Australia in the south, and Afghanistan in the west. One million infections are estimated to occur annually. Antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline are the main prescription drugs; chloramphenicol and tetracyclin are also effective. Diagnosis of the infection is difficult and requires laborious techniques such as Weil–Felix test, rapid immunochromatographic test, immunofluorescence assays, and polymerase chain reaction. There is no working vaccine.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: The taxonomic confusion worsened. In 1931 Norio Ogata gave the name Rickettsia tsutsugamushi,[16] while Rinya Kawamüra and Yoso Imagawa independently introduced the name Rickettsia akamushi.[17] Kawamüra and Imagawa discovered that the bacteria are stored in the salivary glands of mites, and that mites feed on body (lymph) fluid, thereby establishing the fact that mites transmit the parasites during feeding.[18]

title: Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century

text:
Epidemic typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia Prowazekii; it comes from lice. Murine Typhus is caused by the Rickettsia Typhi bacteria, from the fleas on rats. Scrub Typhus is caused by the Orientia Tsutsugamushi bacteria, from the harvest mites on humans and rodents.
Queensland tick typhus is caused by the Rickettsia Australis bacteria, from ticks.

title: Weil–Felix test

text: Typhus group rickettsiae ("Rickettsia prowazekii", "R. typhi") react with "P. vulgaris" OX19, and scrub typhus ("Orientia tsutsugamushi") reacts with "P. mirabilis" OXK. The spotted fever group rickettsiae ("R. rickettsii", "R. africae", "R. japonica", etc.) react with "P. vulgaris" OX2 and OX19, to varying degrees, depending on the species.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: Genome comparison shows only 657 core genes among the different strains.[32] With about 42-47% of repetitive sequences, O. tsutsugamushi has the most highly repeated bacterial genome sequenced so far.[33] Repeated DNA sequence includes short repetitive sequences, transposable elements (including insertion sequence elements, miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements, a Group II intron), and a greatly amplified integrative and conjugative element (ICE) called the rickettsial amplified genetic element (RAGE).[31] RAGE is also found in other rickettsial bacteria. In O. tsutsugamushi, however, RAGE contains a number of genes including tra genes typical of Type IV secretion systems and gene for ankyrin repeat–containing protein. Ankyrin repeat–containing proteins are secreted through a Type I secretion system into the host cell. The precise role of Type IV secretion system in O. tsutsugamushi is not known. It may be involved in horizontal gene transfer between the different strains.[1]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O. tsutsugamushi has a special adaptation for surviving in the host cell by evading the host immune reaction. Once it interacts with the host cells, it causes the host cell membrane to form a transportation bubble called a clathrin-coated vesicle by which it gets transported in the cytoplasm moves. Inside the cytoplasm, it makes an exit from the vesicle (now known as an endosome) before it is destroyed (in the process of cell-eating called autophagy) by the lysosome.[39] It then moves towards the nucleus, specifically at the perinuclear region, where it starts to grow and multiply. Unlike other closely related bacteria which use actin-mediated processes for movement in the cytoplasm (called intracellular trafficking or transport), O. tsutsugamushi is unusual in using microtubule-mediated processes similar to those employed by viruses such as adenoviruses and herpes simplex viruses. Further, the escape (exocytosis) from an infected host cell is also unusual. It forms another vesicle using the host cell membrane, gives rise to small bud, and releases itself from the host cell surface while still enclosed in the vesicle. The membrane-bound bacterium is formed by interaction between cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as well as HtrA, a 47-kDa protein on the bacterial surface.[40] However, the process of budding and importance of membrane-bound bacterium are not yet understood.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O. tsutsugamushi infection was first reported in Japan by Hakuju Hashimoto in 1810, and to the Western world by Theobald Adrian Palm in 1878. Naosuke Hayashi first described it in 1920, giving the name Theileria tsutsugamushi. Owing to its unique properties, it was renamed Orientia tsutsugamushi in 1995. Unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, it is not easily stained with Gram stain, as its cell wall is devoid of lipophosphoglycan and peptidoglycan. With highly variable membrane protein, a 56-kDa protein, the bacterium can be antigenically classified into many strains (sub-types). The classic strains are Karp (which accounts for about 50% of all infections), Gilliam (25%), Kato (less than 10%), Shimokoshi, Kuroki and Kawasaki.[4] Within each strain, enormous variability further exists.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: Orientia tsutsugamushi (from Japanese tsutsuga meaning "illness", and mushi meaning "insect") is a mite-borne bacterium belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae and is responsible for a disease called scrub typhus in humans.[1] It is a natural and an obligate intracellular parasite of mites belonging to the family Trombiculidae.[2][3] With a genome of only 2.4–2.7 Mb, it has the most repeated DNA sequences among bacterial genomes sequenced so far. The disease, scrub typhus, occurs when infected mite larvae accidentally bite humans. Primarily indicated by undifferentiated febrile illnesses, the infection can be complicated and often fatal.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: No licensed O. tsutsugamushi vaccines are currently available. The first vaccines were developed in the late 1940s, but failed in the clinical trials.[77][78] Considered an ideal target, the unique 56-kDa protein itself is highly variable in its chemical composition in different strains. An effective vaccine for one strain is not useful for another. An ideal vaccine should give protection to all the strains present locally. This complexity makes it difficult to produce a usable vaccine.[79] A vaccine targeting the 47-kDa outer membrane protein (OMP) is a promising candidate with experimental success in mice against Boryong strain.[80]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: The earliest record of O. tsutsugamushi infection was in the 3rd century (313 CE) in China.[5] Japanese were also familiar with the link between the infection and mites for centuries. They gave several names such as shima-mushi, akamushi (red mite) or kedani (hairy mite) disease of northern Japan, and most popularly as tsutsugamushi (from tsutsuga meaning fever or harm or illness, and mushi meaning bug or insect). Japanese physician Hakuju Hashimoto gave the first medical account from Niigata Prefecture in 1810. He recorded the prevalence of infection along the banks of the upper tributaries of Shinano River.[6] The first report to the Western world was made by Theobald Adrian Palm, a physician of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society at Niigata in 1878. Describing his first-hand experience, Palm wrote:

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: “Scrub typhus is probably one of the most underdiagnosed and underreported febrile illnesses requiring hospitalization in the region. The absence of definitive signs and symptoms combined with a general dependence upon serological tests make the differentiation of scrub typhus from other common febrile diseases such as murine typhus, typhoid fever and leptospirosis quite difficult.”[59]

title: Trombiculidae

text: Although the harvest mite chigger usually do not carry diseases in North American temperate climates, "Leptotrombidium deliense" is considered a dangerous pest in East Asia and the South Pacific because it often carries "Orientia tsutsugamushi", the tiny bacterium that causes scrub typhus, which is known alternatively as the Japanese river disease, scrub disease, or "tsutsugamushi". The mites are infected by the "Rickettsia" passed down from parent to offspring before eggs are laid in a process called transovarial transmission. Symptoms of scrub typhus in humans include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O. tsutsugamushi has four major surface-membrane proteins (antigens) having molecular weights 22 kDa, 47 kDa, 56 kDa and 110 kDa. A 56-kDa protein is the most important because it is not produced by any other bacteria, and is responsible for making the genetic diversity in different strains.[49] It accounts for about 10–15% of the total cell protein. The 22-kDa, 47-kDa or 110-kDa antigens are not normally detected by sophisticated diagnostic tests. But clinical tests easily detect the 56-kDa protein, making it the main target in diagnosis.[50] The protein assists the adhesion and entry of the bacterium into host cells, as well as evasion of the host's immune reaction. It varies in size from 516 to 540 amino acid residues between different strains, and its gene is about 1,550 base pairs long. It contains four hypervariable regions, indicating that it synthesise many antigenically different protein but of the same kind.[46] There are also 11-kDa and 60-kDa protein inside the bacterium which are very similar to GroES and GroEL of the bacterium Escherichia coli, but not that of Rickettsia species.[51] GroES and GroEL are heat shock proteins belonging to the family of molecular chaperones in bacteria. DNA analysis have shown that the GroES and GroEL genes are indeed present in O. tsutsugamushi with slight variation in different strain and they produce the 11-kDa and 60-kDa proteins.[52]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O.tsutsugamushi is naturally transmitted in the mite population belonging to the genus Leptotrombidium. It can be transmitted from female to its eggs through the process called transovarial transmission, and from the eggs to larvae and adults through the process of transtadial transmission. Thus, the bacterial life cycle is maintained entirely in mites. Infection to rodents and humans is an accidental transmission from the bite of mite larvae, and not required for reproduction or survival the bacterium. In fact, in rodents and humans the transmission is stopped, and the bacterium meets a dead end.[26]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O. tsutsugamushi belongs to Gram-negative bacteria and is a permanent (obligate) parasite in mites. A unicellular organism, it is rod shaped and measures 0.5 to 0.8µm wide and 1.2 to 3.0µm long. Due to similarity, it was initially categorised in the genus Rickettsia, but later assigned a separate genus, Orientia,[20] which it shares (so far) only with Candidatus Orientia chuto.[21] It is larger and broader, but shorter than other rickettsial bacteria. During reproduction, it divides (by binary fission) into two daughter cells by the process of budding. While undergoing budding, it accumulates on the host cell surface unlike other bacteria. One complete budding takes 9 to 18 hours.[22]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: Scrub typhus is historically endemic to the Asia-Pacific region covering the Russian Far East and Korea in the north to northern Australia in the south and Afghanistan in the west, including islands of the western Pacific Oceans such as Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the Indian Subcontinent. This geographic region is popularly called the Tsutsugamushi Triangle.[53] However, it has spread to Africa, Europe and South America.[60] One billion people are estimated to be at risk of infection at any moment and an average of one million cases occur every year in the Tsutsugamushi Triangle. In the absence of proper medical care, the case fatality rate can go beyond 30% to as high as 70% in some areas.[36] The burden of scrub typhus in rural areas of Asia is huge, accounting for up to 20% of febrile sickness in hospital, and seroprevalence (positive infection on blood test) over 50% of the population.[61] More than one-fifth of the population carry the bacterial antibodies, i.e., they had been infected, in endemic areas. South Korea has the highest level incidence (with its highest of 59.7 infection out of 100,000 people in 2013), followed by Japan, Thailand, and China at top of the list.[55]

title: Leptotrombidium

text: Leptotrombidium () is a genus of mites in the family Trombiculidae, that are able to infect humans with scrub typhus ("Orientia tsutsugamushi" infection) through their bite. The larval form (called chiggers) feeds on rodents, but also occasionally humans and other large mammals. They are related to the harvest mites of the North America and Europe.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: The main symptom of O. tsutsugamushi infection is high (febrile) fever; however, the symptom is not unique and is similar to a group of acute undifferentiated fever, which includes those of malaria, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, murine typhus, chikungunya, and dengue fever.[65][66] This makes precise clinical diagnosis difficult, which often leads to misdiagnosis. The initial indications are fever with chills, associated with headache, muscle pain (myalgia), sweating and vomiting. The appearance of symptoms (incubation period) takes between 6 and 21 days.[53] A useful diagnosis is the presence of an inflamed scar called eschar, which is regarded as "the most useful diagnostic clue in patients with acute febrile illness". Eschar is formed on the skin where an infected mite bit, usually seen in the armpit, groin or any abdominal area. In rare cases, it can be seen on the cheek, ear lobe and dorsum of the feet.[67] But the problem is that eschar is not always present. At the highest record, only 55% of scrub typhus patients had eschar during an outbreak in south India.[68] Also that eschar is not specific to scrub typhus, as other rickettsial diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever,[69] Brazilian spotted fever,[70] and Indian tick typhus.[71][72] Using DNA analysis by advanced polymerase chain reaction, different rickettsial infection can be identified from eschars.[73][74]

title: Scrub typhus

text: Enormous antigenic variation in "Orientia tsutsugamushi" strains is now recognized, and immunity to one strain does not confer immunity to another. Any scrub typhus vaccine should give protection to all the strains present locally, to give an acceptable level of protection. A vaccine developed for one locality may not be protective in another, because of antigenic variation. This complexity continues to hamper efforts to produce a viable vaccine.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: For more than 60 years there was no consensus on the choice of name – both R. orientalis and R. tsutsugamushi were equally used. Akira Tamura and colleagues reported in 1991 the structural differences of the bacterium from Rickettsia species that warranted separate genus, and proposed the name Orientia tsutsugamushi.[19] Finally in 1995, they made a new classification based on the morphological and biochemical properties, formally creating the new name O. tsutsugamushi.[20]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: The aetiology of the disease was never apparent. In 1908 a mite theory of the transmission of tsutsugamushi disease was postulated by Taichi Kitashima and Mikinosuke Miyajima.[8] In 1915 a British zoologist Stanley Hirst suggested that the larvae of mite Microtrombidium akamushi (later renamed Leptotrombidium akamushi) which he found on the ears of field mice could carry and transmit the infection.[9] In 1917 Mataro Nagayo and colleagues gave the first complete description of the developmental stages such as egg, nymph, larva, and adult of the mite; and also asserted that only the larvae bites mammals, and are thus the only carriers of the parasites.[10] But then the actual infectious agent was not known, and it was generally attributed to either a virus or a protozoan.[11]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: The causative pathogen was first identified by Naosuke Hayashi in 1920. Confident that the organism was a protozoan, Hayashi concluded, stating, "I have reached the conclusion that the virus of the disease is the species of Piroplasma [protozoan] in question... I consider the organism in Tsutsugamushi disease as a hitherto undescribed species, and at the suggestion of Dr. Henry B. Ward designate it as Theileria tsutsugamushi." [12] Discovering the similarities with the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii, Mataro Nagayo and colleagues gave a new classification with the name Rickettsia orientalis in 1930.[13][14] (R. prowazekii is a causative bacterium of epidemic typhus first discovered by American physicians Howard Taylor Ricketts and Russell M. Wilder in 1910; and described by a Brazilian physician Henrique da Rocha Lima in 1916.[15])

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O. tsutsugamushi is most often detected from blood serum using Weil–Felix test. Weil–Felix test is the most simple and rapid test, but it is not sensitive and specific as it detects any kind of rickettsial infection. More sensitive tests such as rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT), immunofluorescence assays (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and DNA analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used.[35][27] IFA is regarded as the gold standard test, as it gives reliable result. However, it is expensive and not specific for different rickettsial bacteria.[75] ELISA and PCR can detect O. tsutsugamushi-specific proteins such as the 56-kDa protein and GroEL so that they are highly specific and sensitive.[76] On the other hand, they are highly sophisticated and expensive techniques.

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: O.tsutsugamushi infection can be treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, rifampicin, roxithromycin, and tetracyclin. Doxycycline is the most commonly used and is considered as the drug of choice because of high efficacy and quick action. But in pregnant women and babies it is contraindicated, and azithromycin is the drug of choice. In Southeast Asia, where doxycycline and chloramphenicol resistance have been experienced, azithromycin is recommended for all patients.[62] A randomized controlled trial and systematic review showed that azithromycin is the safest medication.[63][64]

title: Orientia

text: The genus comprises the species "Orientia tsutsugamushi" and "Orientia chuto", which both cause scrub typhus in humans.

title: Scrub typhus

text: Scrub typhus or bush typhus is a form of typhus caused by the intracellular parasite "Orientia tsutsugamushi", a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium of family Rickettsiaceae first isolated and identified in 1930 in Japan.

title: Rickettsiosis

text: In the past, rickettsioses were considered to be caused by species of Rickettsia. However, scrub typhus is still considered a rickettsiosis, even though the causative organism has been reclassified from "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi" to "Orientia tsutsugamushi".

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: The World Health Organization in 1999 stated that:

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: In rodent and human infections, Leptotrombidium deliense is the most universal vector of O. tsutsugamushi. L. pallidum, L. fletcheri and L. scutellare are also carriers in many countries. In addition, L. akamushi is an endemic carrier in Japan, L. chiangraiensis and L. imphalum in Thailand, L. gaohuensis in China, and L. arenicola in Malaysia and Indonesia.[3] In parts of India, a different mite species, Schoengastiella ligula is also a major vector.[34] The third-stage larvae, commonly referred to as chiggers, are the only ectoparasitic stage feeding on the body fluids of rodents and other opportunistic mammals. Thus, they are the only stage in the life of mites that cause infection. Wild rats of the genus Rattus are the principal natural hosts of the chiggers.[35] Chiggers feed only once on a mammalian host. The feeding usually takes 2 to 4 days. Contrary to most parasites, they do not feed on blood, but instead on the body fluid through the hair follicles or skin pores. They possess a special feeding apparatus called stylostome on their heads. Their saliva can dissolve the host tissue around the feeding site, so that they ingest the liquefied tissue. O. tsutsugamushi is present in the salivary glands of mites and is released into the host tissue during this feeding.[36]

title: Orientia tsutsugamushi

text: There is no complete immunity to O. tsutsugamushi infection. Enormous antigenic variation among O. tsutsugamushi strains makes the immune system unable to fully recognise them. An infected individual may develop a short-term immunity but that disappears after a few months, and immunity to one strain does not confer immunity to another.[79] An immunisation experiment was done in 1950 in which 16 volunteers still developed the infection after 11–25 months of primary infection.[81] It is now known that the longevity of immunity depends on the strains of the bacterium. When reinfection occurs with the same strain as the previous infection, there can be immunity for 5–6 years (experimentally in monkeys).[82]