query: When was the first Metal Gear Solid video game released?

title: Metal Gear

text: Metal Gear(Japanese:メタルギア,Hepburn:Metaru Gia) is a series of action-adventure stealth video games, created by Hideo Kojima and developed and published by Konami. The first game, Metal Gear, was released in 1987 for MSX home computers. The player often takes control of a special forces operative (usually either Solid Snake or Big Boss), who is assigned to find the titular superweapon "Metal Gear", a bipedal walking tank with the ability to launch nuclear weapons. Several sequels have been released for multiple consoles, which have expanded the original game's plot adding characters opposing and supporting Snake, while there have also been a few prequels exploring the origins of the Metal Gear and recurring characters.

title: Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes

text: Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes is an action-adventure stealth video game co-developed by Silicon Knights and Konami Computer Entertainment Japan for the Nintendo GameCube video game console in March 2004. The game is a remake of "Metal Gear Solid", originally developed by Konami for the PlayStation in 1998.

title: Raiden (Metal Gear)

text: Raiden's role in "Metal Gear Solid 2" has been analyzed by several writers, who emphasized how he is intended to represent the actual player. Early in the game, when Raiden's virtual reality training is mentioned, the game shows scenes from the previous game "Metal Gear Solid" where the players took control of Solid Snake. Raiden's interaction with veteran Solid Snake identify the former as "a "Metal Gear" fan". As the game progresses it is stated that Raiden "has become Snake", having developed skills similar to his from taking part in the Big Shell's fights which resembled the "Metal Gear Solid"s Shadow Moses Island. The recurring plot-twist invollving Raiden's life and the people he often interacts have been praised to the point of being early post-truth content in a video game with his interaction with the Patriots also analysing the way the digital era became relevance over a decade after "Sons of Liberty" was released.

title: Metal Gear Solid

text:
According to 1UP.com, "Metal Gear Solid"'s cinematic style continues to influence modern action games such as "Call of Duty". "Metal Gear Solid", along with its sequel, "", was featured in the Smithsonian American Art Museum's exhibition The Art of Video Games in 2012. During August 2015, Eurogamer, reanalyzed the game's technical and overall impact and claimed that "Metal Gear Solid" has been nothing less than "the first modern video game". In September 2015, "Metal Gear Solid" was voted the best original PlayStation game of all time by "PlayStation.Blog's" users.
The game was a commercial success, shipping over six million copies worldwide. It became one of the most rented games and topped sales charts in the United Kingdom. It sold 1million units in Japan, and approximately 5million units in the United States and Europe. PC Data, which tracked sales in the United States, reported that "Metal Gear Solid" sold 1.06 million copies and earned $51.8 million in revenue during 1998 alone. This made it the country's fifth-best-selling PlayStation release of the year.

title: Metal Gear

text: Expanded re-releases of games in the series were produced as well, such as Integral (Metal Gear Solid), Substance (Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty), and Subsistence (Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater).[27][28][29][30] The series' portable installments are usually set outside the main storyline. Metal Gear: Ghost Babel was released for the Game Boy Color, and several games were released for Sony's PlayStation Portable. In a departure from the series' style, Metal Gear Acid and its sequel used turn-based strategy mechanics based on collectible cards.[31][32]

title: Metal Gear Solid

text: The VR Disc was also released in the PAL region as "Metal Gear Solid: Special Missions" on October 29, 1999. Unlike the Japanese and American versions, "Special Missions" requires a PAL copy of the original "Metal Gear Solid" in order to be played. This change was done since the original "Metal Gear Solid" was released in multiple languages in Europe and "Special Missions" determines the language it uses based on which version of the original game the player owns. When the "Special Missions" disc is loaded into the PlayStation console, the game will ask the player to switch the disc with the first disc from "Metal Gear Solid" in order to load voice and language data before asking the player to switch back to the "Special Missions" disc to start the game. This requirement renders "Special Missions" incompatible with PlayStation 2 consoles made prior to the SCPH-70000 model.

title: Metal Gear Solid Mobile

text: Metal Gear Solid Mobile is a mobile phone installment of the "Metal Gear" series first unveiled in Kojima Productions' 20th Anniversary party. The game was released worldwide. Konami offered the game as a paid download or pre-installed in a "Metal Gear"-branded cell phone. It shows Solid Snake in his attire from "".

title: Metal Gear Solid

text: In September 2004, IDW Publications began publishing a series of "Metal Gear Solid" comics, written by Kris Oprisko and illustrated by Ashley Wood. As of 2006, 12 issues have been published, fully covering the "Metal Gear Solid" storyline. The comic was adapted into a PlayStation Portable game, "Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel" ("Metal Gear Solid: Bande Dessinée" in Japan). It features visual enhancements and two interactive modes designed to give further insight into the publication. Upon viewing the pages, the player can open a "scanning" interface to search for characters and items in a three-dimensional view. Discoveries are added to a database which can be traded with other players via Wi-Fi. The "mission mode" allows the player to add collected information into a library. This information must be properly connected to complete a mission. "Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel" was released in North America on June 13, 2006, Japan on September 21 and the PAL region on September 22. In 2006, the game received IGN's award for Best Use of Sound on the PSP. A DVD-Video version is included with its sequel ("Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinée"), which was released in Japan on June 12, 2008. The DVD version features full voice acting.

title: Metal Gear Solid

text: Metal Gear Solid is an action-adventure stealth video game developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Japan and released for the PlayStation in 1998. The game was directed, produced, and written by Hideo Kojima, and serves as a sequel to the MSX2 video games "Metal Gear" and "", which Kojima also worked on. The game started development in 1996 and was officially unveiled in the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 1997, before eventually releasing in late 1998.

title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: "Metal Gear Solid V Original Soundtrack" was released on September 2nd, 2015, containing 50 tracks selected from both "Ground Zeroes" and "The Phantom Pain". Following this on December 23rd, 2015, was "Metal Gear Solid V Extended Soundtrack", containing 114 tracks again selected from both "Metal Gear Solid V" games. Finally, "Metal Gear Solid V Original Soundtrack The Lost Tapes" was released on March 30th, 2016, primarily consisting of tracks written by Ludvig Forssell for the in-game cassette tapes. The latter two releases also include music that went unused in the game, with "Metal Gear Solid V Extended Soundtrack" in particular containing two tracks from the cut "Mission 51: Kingdom of the Flies".

title: Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty

text: The game's main theme was chosen by the London Philharmonic Orchestra for their "Greatest Video Game Music" compilation, and the theme is a key regular in the "Video Games Live" concert when the "Metal Gear Solid" segment is introduced. A segment of the song's main chorus is included in the closing sequence of "".

title: Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker

text: Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker is an action-adventure stealth video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami for the PlayStation Portable (PSP) in 2010. It is the seventh "Metal Gear" game written, directed, and designed by Hideo Kojima, as well as the second action-based "Metal Gear" title made specifically for the PSP, following ""; it was later released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 as part of the "Metal Gear Solid HD Collection" in North America and Europe and as a stand-alone retail release in Japan. This is the first title in the series to alter the traditional tagline "Tactical Espionage Action" to "Tactical Espionage Operations", referring to the base building and mission mechanics of the game.

title: Metal Gear Solid HD Collection

text: Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is a compilation of remastered ports of "Metal Gear" video games released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011 and PlayStation Vita in 2012. The compilation contains "" and "" on all three platforms, plus "" on the home console versions (outside Japan), with the individual games all branded as "HD Edition". Bluepoint Games handled the conversions of "Metal Gear Solid 2" and "3" (with Armature Studio assisting on the PS Vita versions), while Genki worked on "Peace Walker".

text: Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots is an action-adventure stealth video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami exclusively for the PlayStation 3 console. It is the sixth "Metal Gear" game directed by Hideo Kojima and was released worldwide on June 12, 2008.

title: Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty

text: The Japanese version was released on November 29, two weeks after the American version. As with the original "Metal Gear Solid", "Sons of Liberty" was sold in a limited "Premium Package" edition in addition to the standard release, which was packaged in a black box containing the game itself with a reversible cover art on the DVD case (with Snake on one side and Raiden on the other), a video DVD known as the "Premium Disc", which features a collection of "Metal Gear Solid"-related commercials and trailers, a metallic Solid Snake figurine, and an 80-page booklet titled "Metal Gear Chronicle" featuring artwork and commentary about the series.

title: Metal Gear

text: Several promotional DVDs have been released detailing the Metal Gear series. Metal Gear Saga vol. 1 was released in 2006 as a pre-order disc for MGS3: Subsistence. It is divided into five chapters, each dealing with one game of the then five-part Metal Gear series in chronological order (beginning with MGS3), and each includes discussions by Hideo Kojima.[105] Metal Gear Saga vol. 2 was first shown at the 20th Metal Gear Anniversary Party, and then released as a pre-order disc for MGS4. In this, the video is presented as a pseudo-documentary about Solid Snake and is divided into a prologue and four chapters: Naked Snake-the birth of Snake (chronicling the events of MGS3, MG1, and MG2), Liquid Snake-the second snake (MGS), Solidus Snake-the third Snake (MGS2) and Solid Snake-the first Snake (setting the stage for MGS4).[106]

title: Metal Gear

text: The Metal Gear franchise has achieved great success, selling over 53.8 million copies as of March 2018.[8] Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty sold over 7 million copies worldwide,[209] and is followed in sales by Metal Gear Solid, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, all with 6 million.[210][211][212][213] According to Chart-Track, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots was the second fastest-selling PlayStation 3 game in the United Kingdom after Grand Theft Auto IV.[214] The PlayStation Portable games were met with notably lower sales, but it has been analyzed that this was because of the low sales of the console when the games were released.[215] Metal Gear Survive, the first Metal Gear game to be developed since series creator Hideo Kojima left Konami, sold only a fraction of the sales made by Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.[216]

title: Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection

text: Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection is a video game compilation released exclusively for the PlayStation 3. It includes all the mainline "Metal Gear" games directed and designed by Hideo Kojima that were released from 1987 through 2012. Bonus content include motion comic adaptations of the "Metal Gear Solid" graphic novels illustrated by Ashley Wood and a 100-page booklet that catalogs numerous promotional posters, brochures and advertisement related to the games in the compilation. The collection was released in North and South America on July 9, 2013 and in Japan on July 11, 2013. The European version was released on September 13, 2013. and the Australian version was released on October 3, 2013.

title: Metal Gear

text: Following Metal Gear 2's completion, Kojima worked on other projects before directing his third Metal Gear game, Metal Gear Solid, for the PlayStation. It began development in 1994 and debuted at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show,[13] before being released in 1998.[14][15] The success of Metal Gear Solid resulted in a series of sequels, prequels, spin-offs, ports, and remakes for Microsoft Windows, the Game Boy Color, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Metal Gear Solid was followed up by the sequel Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty released in November 2001 for the PlayStation 2. A remake of the original Metal Gear Solid called Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes was made for the Nintendo GameCube in early 2004.[16] Later that year, the third numbered entry, Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, was released on the PlayStation 2. This is the first prequel which was set prior to all the previously released Metal Gear games and which acted as an origin to the franchise.[17][18] These games were followed by a sequel to Snake Eater, Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, which was released on the PlayStation Portable in 2006.[19][20] The series' main storyline was concluded in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots for the PlayStation 3 in 2008.[21][22] The game featured a multiplayer spin-off called Metal Gear Online.[23] In April 2010, another sequel to Snake Eater, Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, was released for the PlayStation Portable and was set shortly after the events of Portable Ops.[24][25] The spinoff game, Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, was released in 2013 on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and in Jan 2014 on Steam(PC). The game is set after Guns of the Patriots and stars Raiden, the protagonist of Sons of Liberty who turned into a cyborg ninja.[26] Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes was released on March 18, 2014 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. Ground Zeroes was much shorter than previous games and served as an introduction to the next game, Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. The latest game in the series is The Phantom Pain, which was released on September 1, 2015 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PC, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.

title: Hideo Kojima

text: Kojima began development on a 3D sequel to Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake in 1994. A gameplay demo of Metal Gear Solid for the PlayStation was first revealed to the public at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show, and was later shown at E3 1997 as a short video.[32] With the release of Metal Gear Solid in , Kojima became an international celebrity among the video game media. Metal Gear Solid was the first in the Metal Gear series to use 3D graphics and voice acting, which gave a more cinematic experience to the game. Metal Gear Solid was highly regarded for its well-designed gameplay and for its characters and storyline, which featured themes of nuclear proliferation and genetic engineering.

title: Metal Gear

text: Metal Gear was the first mainstream stealth game, with the player starting the game unarmed,[223] and sold over a million copies in the United States.[224] Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake evolved the stealth gameplay of its predecessor and is considered one of the best 8-bit games of all time.[225] Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2 are credited with pioneering stealth mechanics.[3] Metal Gear Solid, which debuted at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show,[13] was the first 3D stealth game,[226] and is credited with popularizing the stealth game genre,[4] as well as the hiding-behind-cover mechanic.[227] The series pioneered the integration of cinematic techniques into video games,[3][5] especially Metal Gear Solid which Eurogamer considers the "first modern video game".[3]

title: 1990s in video gaming

text: 1998 is seen as a turning point in gaming history because of the release of "Metal Gear Solid", as well as "" and "". The ninja-themed game "Tenchu: Stealth Assassins" was released several months before "Metal Gear Solid", making it the first 3D stealth based-game. The highly anticipated "Metal Gear Solid" transformed its modestly successful franchise into a large mainstream success. The increased power of the PlayStation console over previous platforms allowed for greater immersion in terms of both story and game environment. "Metal Gear Solid" has been credited with popularizing the stealth genre. The core elements of these games, such as avoiding confrontation, minimizing noise, and attacking antagonists from "the shadows", influenced many future stealth game series.

title: Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty

text: A digital version of the comic, titled "Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinée", was released on June 12, 2008, in Japan. Originally announced as a PlayStation Portable game, similar to the "Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel", the digital comic was released as a DVD film instead. A fully voiced version of the graphic novel adaptation of the first "Metal Gear Solid" is featured as well.

title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: On July 2007, Konami re-released all the mainline "Metal Gear Solid" games from the PlayStation and PlayStation 2, along with the PSP game "Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops", individually and as part of a limited edition box set in Japan commemorating the 20th anniversary of the original "Metal Gear". This edition of "Metal Gear Solid 3" features the first disc from the "Subsistence" version and a new second disc containing only the MSX2 "Metal Gear" games, lacking "Metal Gear Online" (due to the discontinuation of its servers), as well as all the other content that was present in "Subsistence"'s original second disc (Snake vs. Monkey, Duel Mode and Secret Theater). A similar box set was released for the North American market on March 2008, titled "Metal Gear Solid: The Essential Collection", which includes the first disc of "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence" along with the original "Metal Gear Solid" and "Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance", but lacks the second disc with the MSX2 games from the Japanese 20th Anniversary edition.

title: Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake

text: Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake is an overhead action-adventure stealth video game, with the tagline "Tactical Espionage Game", that was originally released by Konami in for the MSX2 computer platform. The game was designed and written by Hideo Kojima, who also designed the MSX2 version of the original "Metal Gear". Due to the declining support for the MSX platform by the time of its production, "Metal Gear 2" was initially released only in Japan; an earlier produced NES game titled "Snake's Revenge" served as the "Metal Gear" sequel in North America and Europe instead. However, Kojima would continue the series years later with "Metal Gear Solid", which follows "Metal Gear 2" and features an in-game plot summary of its events. An English version of "Metal Gear 2" has since been included in "" for the PlayStation 2, as well its "" released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita. The game was also re-released in Japan as a digital download for mobile phones and the Wii Virtual Console.

title: Metal Gear

text: The series as a whole (namely concerning the Kojima-directed titles) is often regarded as one of the most influential of all time and has received largely critical acclaim from critics and players. Most of the numbered installments are considered to be some of the greatest video games of all time. Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty currently possesses 95.09% on GameRankings and 96/100 on Metacritic, making it the highest-scoring game of the series to date.[146][147] In 2002, IGN's editors ranked Metal Gear Solid as the best PlayStation game ever.[217] In Game Informer Magazine's list of top 200 games of all time, Metal Gear Solid 2 ranked at No. 50 on the list.[218] Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater was also voted as the fifth greatest PlayStation game in a poll from PlayStation Official Magazine (UK).[219] Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2 were featured in the Smithsonian American Art Museum's "The Art of Video Games" exhibition taking place from March 16 to September 30, 2012.[220] Games have won multiple awards such as Metal Gear Solid, which won the "Excellence Award for Interactive Art" by the Japan Media Arts Festival,[221] and Metal Gear Solid 2, which was given the Game of the Year award by Game Informer.[222]

title: Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection

text: "The Legacy Collection" consists of two discs and a booklet. The first disc contains "Metal Gear Solid 4", already updated with trophy support. The second disc is a dual-layered Blu-ray disc that contains the "Metal Gear Solid HD Collection", plus motion comic versions of IDW's "Metal Gear Solid" graphic novels (which adapted the storylines of the first two "Metal Gear Solid" games with artwork by Ashley Wood). The motion comics were previously released in Japan as a two-disc DVD set in 2008 titled "Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinée", but were not released in English until their inclusion in this set. The original "Metal Gear Solid" and its expansion are not included in either disc, but rather are downloaded from the PlayStation Store using voucher codes included in the set.

title: Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty

text: In 2009, "Wired" included the game in its list of "The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade" at #13, concluding that every "videogame story that subverts a player’s expectations owes a debt to the ground broken by "Metal Gear Solid 2"." The artistic influence of "Metal Gear Solid 2" can be seen in later video games such as Goichi Suda's similarly postmodern game "Killer7", the similarly metanarrative game "Portal", the survival horror title "", and particularly the first-person shooter "BioShock", which featured a similar plot twist to "Metal Gear Solid 2". Several game mechanics developed in "Metal Gear Solid 2", such as the cover system and laser sight mechanic, have since become staples of stealth games as well as shooters, including "Kill Switch" (2003), "Resident Evil 4" (2005) and "Gears of War" (2006). According to Kojima, "Metal Gear Solid 2" paid more "attention to the surroundings" in real-time and later "games like "Call of Duty" have followed this trend of making your surroundings more realistic."

title: Raiden (Metal Gear)

text: Following "Metal Gear Solid 4"s release, Raiden also appeared in more lists. IGN's Jesse Schedeen listed Raiden as one of the "gaming icons" and most valuable players of 2009, in response to his role in an upcoming "Metal Gear" title. Dave Meikleham of GamesRadar wrote an article entitled "Why "Metal Gear Solid: Rising" ["Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance"] will make you love Raiden", explaining why fans who disliked the character would find his character and role appealing in the game. In a 2010 "Famitsu" readers' poll, Raiden was voted the 42nd most popular video game character. In 2013, "Complex" ranked Raiden as the 12th greatest soldier in video games, "even as he's not as cool as Solid Snake," while GamesRadar called "Revengeance" "perhaps the greatest cyborg ninja game of all time" and "PLAY" ranked Raiden as the second top ninja in games. While surpassed by Solid Snake, GamesRadar listed Raiden as the second best video game hero of all time.

title: Metal Gear Solid

text:
The game was titled "Metal Gear Solid", rather than "Metal Gear 3", due to the fact that the MSX2 versions of the previous "Metal Gear" games were not widely released, particularly "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake", which was only released in Japan and was not ported to any other platform at the time (an unrelated sequel to the first "Metal Gear", titled "Snake's Revenge," was released outside Japan for the NES instead, which was developed without Kojima's involvement). The word "Solid" was chosen due to the switch from 2D to 3D computer graphics.
Development for "Metal Gear Solid" began in mid-1995 with the intention of creating the "best PlayStation game ever". Developers aimed for accuracy and realism while making the game enjoyable and tense. In the early stages of development, the Huntington Beach SWAT team educated the creators with a demonstration of vehicles, weapons, and explosives. Weapons expert Motosada Mori was also tapped as technical adviser in the research, which included visits to Fort Irwin and firing sessions at Stembridge Gun Rentals. Kojima stated that "if the player isn't tricked into believing that the world is real, then there's no point in making the game". To fulfill this, adjustments were made to every detail, such as individually designed desks.

title: Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake

text: A version of "Metal Gear 2" for mobile phones was released in Japan on October 1, 2004, for the i-mode, EZweb, and Vodafone services prior to the release of "" through the service. This was the first time the game was ported to another platform since its original MSX2 release. In 2005, Konami released an expanded edition of "Metal Gear Solid 3" subtitled "Subsistence", which included, among other new content, remade versions of "Metal Gear" and "Metal Gear 2". The release of "Subsistence" in North America and the PAL region marked the first time "Metal Gear 2" received an official international release. This version is also included in the "HD Edition" of "Metal Gear Solid 3" released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in and for PlayStation Vita in .


query: Who won the 2010 European Grand Prix?

title: 2010 European Grand Prix

text: The 2010 European Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 27 June at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain. It was the ninth round of the 2010 Formula One season. The 57-lap race was won by Red Bull driver Sebastian Vettel who started from pole position. Lewis Hamilton finished second for the McLaren team and his teammate Jenson Button came in third. It was Vettel's second win of the season, and the seventh of his Formula One career.

title: Adelinde Cornelissen

text: At the 2009 European Dressage Championship she won with Parzival team and individual (Grand Prix Spécial) gold and in the Grand Prix Freestyle she won the silver medal. At the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games Cornelissen was eliminated in the Grand Prix due to blood being visible in Parzival's mouth as a result of Parzival having bitten his tongue.

title: Sports in Asia

text: Formula One started adding more races in Asia with the Malaysian Grand Prix in 1999, followed by the Bahrain Grand Prix and Chinese Grand Prix in 2004, Singapore Grand Prix in 2008, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in 2009, Korean Grand Prix in 2010, Indian Grand Prix in 2013 and Azerbaijan's European Grand Prix in 2016.

text: The 2010 Individual Speedway Polish Championship () was the 2010 version of Individual Speedway Polish Championship organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM). The Championship was won by Janusz Kołodziej, who beat Krzysztof Kasprzak in the Run-off. Third was Rafał Dobrucki. Kołodziej, who won 2009 (host in 2010), 2010 Golden Helmet and 2010 Speedway World Cup was award nomination to the 2011 Speedway Grand Prix. The defending Champion, Tomasz Gollob, who was a 2010 Speedway Grand Prix leader, resigned from the IMP Final.

title: Kiira Korpi

text: Korpi decided to try new choreographers, and worked on her competitive programs with Shae-Lynn Bourne and David Wilson. She began the season at the 2010 Nebelhorn Trophy, which she won for the first time in her career. Her assigned Grand Prix events were the 2010 NHK Trophy and the 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard. She placed fourth at the NHK Trophy, then won her first Grand Prix title at the Trophée Eric Bompard. The combined results left her as the first alternate for the Grand Prix Final. Her next event was Finnish nationals, which she won for the second time in her career. Korpi won the bronze medal at the 2011 European Championships.

title: 2010 Korean Grand Prix

text: The 2010 Korean Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Korean Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 October 2010 at the Korea International Circuit in Yeongam, South Jeolla, South Korea. It was the seventeenth round of the 2010 Formula One season and the first Korean Grand Prix. The 55-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Fernando Alonso, who started from third position. Lewis Hamilton finished second for McLaren and Alonso's teammate Felipe Massa was third. This was the first time since the 2008 Australian Grand Prix that neither Red Bull was classified.

title: Ahmet Arslan (athlete)

text:
From 2007 on, Ahmet Arslan won the European championships six times in a row. In 2010, he won the gold medal also at the WMRA Grand Prix. He was the silver medallist at the 2011 World Mountain Running Championships, coming second behind American Max King. In the absence of the American, he won the continental title at the 2011 European Mountain Running Championships held in Turkey. He won that year's WMRA Grand Prix series. He began 2012 with a win at the Montée du Grand Ballon race.
He has won the Red Bull 400 meter twice in a row.

title: Individual dressage at the 2015 European Dressage Championships

text: Great Britain's Charlotte Dujardin won gold medal in both Grand Prix Special and Grand Prix Freestyle, repeating her success from 2013 European Dressage Championship held in Herning, Denmark. Kristina Bröring-Sprehe representing the host nation Germany won a silver medal in both Grand Prix Freestyle and Grand Prix Special. Hans Peter Minderhoud of Netherlands won a bronze in special, his first ever individual championship medal while Spain's Beatriz Ferrer-Salat won a bronze in freestyle, the first medal for Spain since 2005.

title: 2010 Turkish Grand Prix

text: The 2010 Turkish Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Turkish Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 May 2010 at the Istanbul Park circuit near Istanbul, Turkey. It was the seventh round of the 2010 Formula One season and the sixth Turkish Grand Prix. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton who started from second position. His teammate Jenson Button finished second, and Red Bull driver Mark Webber came in third.

title: Alexandra Merkulova

text: Merkulova's junior international debut came in 2008. After winning all-around gold at the 2008 Junior Grand Prix Final in Bratislava and in the 2010 Junior Grand Prix in Innsbruck, she won the all-around gold at the 2009 Pesaro Junior World Cup, the 2010 Saint Petersburg Junior World Cup and won 3 gold medals in team, rope and ball at the 2010 European Junior Championships. Merkulova then won gold at the inaugural Youth Olympic Games held in Singapore.

title: 2010 Spanish Grand Prix

text: The 2010 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the LII Gran Premio de España) was the fifth round of the 2010 Formula One season. It was held on 9 May 2010 at the Circuit de Catalunya. It was the first European race of the 2010 season, and was ultimately won by Red Bull's Mark Webber after the Australian qualified on pole and led every lap of the race.

title: Australian Grand Prix

text: The Grand Prix returned to Albert Park in 1956, Melbourne's Olympic Games year to play host to a group of visiting European teams, led by Stirling Moss and the factory Maserati racing team who brought a fleet of 250F Grand Prix cars and 300S sports racing cars. Moss won the Grand Prix from Maserati teammate Jean Behra. That 1956 race would inspire the next great era of the Grand Prix.

title: Tal Flicker

text: On June 1, 2013, Flicker won his first international contest as a senior after defeating Ivan Spirin from Russia in the final of the European Open Bucharest. On September 12, 2014, he won a bronze medal in Grand Prix Zagreb, his first medal in a Grand Prix. In 2015 he won the European Open in Rome, and won bronze at the Grand Prix in Jeju, South Korea. He then won bronze at the 2016 Judo Grand Prix Zagreb.

title: Roman Zaretsky

text: The Zaretskys rebounded in 2009–2010. After a 5th-place finish at the 2009 Cup of China, the two won their first Grand Prix medal at the 2009 Skate America, where they were second in the free dance, and were named alternates for the Grand Prix Final. They won their next event, the Golden Spin in Zagreb, and skated to a 7th-place finish at the 2010 Europeans, their best result yet at that event.

title: 2010 Speedway Grand Prix of Scandinavia

text: The Grand Prix was won by Pole Rune Holta who beat World Champion Jason Crump, new Grand Prix lider Tomasz Gollob and host rider Fredrik Lindgren. It was second GP winning by Holta, after 2008 Swedish Grand Prix in Gothenburg.

title: 2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix

text: The 2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixteenth round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 15–17 October 2010 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit. Australian Casey Stoner won his fourth consecutive home race, which was also his last win for Ducati and Ducati's last win until the 2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix.

title: 2010 Speedway Grand Prix Qualification

text: The 2010 Individual Speedway World Championship Grand Prix Qualification were a series of motorcycle speedway meetings used to determine the three riders who qualified for the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix. The top eight riders finishing the 2009 Grand Prix series automatically qualified for 2010. The final round of qualification – the Grand Prix Challenge – took place on 18 September 2009, in Coventry, England. The Grand Prix Challenge was won by Magnus Zetterström who finished ahead of Chris Holder and former Grand Prix rider Jarosław Hampel. All three riders qualified for the 2010 Grand Prix.

title: Tong Jian

text: For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.

title: Pang Qing

title: 2010 Speedway Grand Prix of Croatia

text: The first-ever Croatian Grand Prix was won by Greg Hancock from the United States, who beat British Chris Harris, World Champion Jason Crump and Fredrik Lindgren of Sweden in the Final. It was his eleventh Grand Prix winning. Hancock also won first-ever British (1995), Czech Republic (1997), Australian (2002) and Latvian (2006) Grands Prix. Croatian Grand Prix was 130th-ever Grand Prix meeting in history. Today winner, Greg Hancock is only rider who started in all 130 events. It was first final in the 2010 season without any Pole.

title: 2010 Australian Grand Prix

text: The 2010 Australian Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Qantas Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 28 March 2010 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was the second round of the 2010 Formula One season. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver Jenson Button who started from fourth position. Robert Kubica finished second for the Renault team and Ferrari driver Felipe Massa came in third.

title: Fabian Bourzat

text: Péchalat/Bourzat began the 2010–11 season with wins at the Nebelhorn Trophy and the Finlandia Trophy; the former was their first international gold medal at any level. They initially used Amélie for their short dance but replaced it with Doctor Zhivago prior to the 2010 Cup of China. Their programs scored well and they won their first Grand Prix by a large margin. They won their second Grand Prix title at 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard. They also set new personal best scores of 65.48 in the short dance and 96.34 in the free dance. Their results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final, where they won the silver medal. Their went on to French nationals, and won their second national title. At the 2011 European Championships they placed first in both the short dance and the free dance to win the gold medal, setting new personal bests in both segments of the competition. It was their first medal at an ISU Championship. They produced France's fifth ice dancing European title.

title: Massimo Scali

text:
In the 2008-09 season, Faiella/Scali finished second at the Trophee Eric Bompard and won their first Grand Prix event, the 2008 NHK Trophy. This qualified them for their first Grand Prix final, where they finished fourth. They won their first European medal, a silver, behind Russians Jana Khokhlova / Sergei Novitski. At the 2009 World Championships, a fall in the original dance ended their hopes of medal contention, and they finished eighth.
In the 2009–10 Olympic season, Faiella/Scali began their season with a bronze medal at the 2009 Cup of China. They withdrew from their next Grand Prix event due to Faiella's illness. At the 2010 Europeans, they won both the original dance and the free dance on their way to their second European silver medal. They finished fifth at the Olympics. Faiella fell ill after the Olympics and returned to the ice only four days before the World Championships. The duo won their first world medal, a bronze, in Turin.

title: Auto Union

text:
In 1935, the engine had been enlarged to displacement, producing . Achille Varzi joined the team and won the Tunis Grand Prix and the Coppa Acerbo. Stuck won the Italian Grand Prix, plus his usual collection of hill-climb wins, again taking the European Mountain Championship. The new sensation, Rosemeyer, won the Czech Grand Prix.
Stuck also managed to break speed records, reaching on an Italian "autostrada" in a closed-cockpit streamliner. Lessons learned from this streamlining were later applied to the T80 land speed record car.
For 1936, the engine had grown to a full , and was now producing ; in the hands of Rosemeyer and his team-mates, the Auto Union Type C dominated the racing world. Rosemeyer won the Eifelrennen, German, Swiss, and Italian Grands Prix, as well as the "Coppa Acerbo". He was crowned European Champion (Auto Union's only win of the driver's championship), and also took the European Mountain Championship. Varzi won the Tripoli Grand Prix, while Stuck placed second in the Tripoli and German Grands Prix, and Ernst von Delius took second in the "Coppa Acerbo".

title: German Grand Prix

text: In 2006 it was announced that from 2007 until 2010, the German Grand Prix would be shared between the Nürburgring GP circuit (former home of the European and Luxembourg Grands Prix) and the Hockenheimring. The former would hold the races in 2007 and 2009 and the latter in 2008 and 2010. However, the name for the 2007 Grand Prix was later changed. While it was originally intended to be the German Grand Prix, owing to a dispute with Hockenheim over the naming rights of the race, the race was eventually held under the title "Großer Preis von Europa" (European Grand Prix). By 2009, the circuits appeared to have resolved their disputes as the Nürburgring race was held under the German Grand Prix title.

title: Ilana Kratysh

text: She placed third at a 2012 Grand Prix Wrestling tournament in Belarus. Kratysh won the silver medal at the European Wrestling Championships in 2013 at , and that year she also won gold medals in the Grand Prix Faltz Open in Austria, Ukraine Grand Prix tournament, and a Grand Prix event in Sassari, Italy. She won the silver medal at the European Wrestling Championships in 2014 at . She also won a silver medal at 69 kg at the Grand Prix of Paris in February 2014. In March 2014, she was ranked third in the world in the 67 kg freestyle rankings.

title: 2010 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden

text: The 2010 FIM Dig Deep Streetwear Swedish Grand Prix was the second race of the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on May 8 at the Ullevi stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Swedish Grand Prix was won by Dane Kenneth Bjerre who beat Tomasz Gollob, Andreas Jonsson and Greg Hancock in the final. It was first GP winning for Bjerre.

title: 2010 Singapore Grand Prix

text: The 2010 Singapore Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 SingTel Singapore Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 September 2010 at the Marina Bay Street Circuit, Marina Bay, Singapore. It was the fifteenth race of the 2010 Formula One season, and the third Singapore Grand Prix held as part of the Formula One World Championship. The 61-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Fernando Alonso who started in pole position. Sebastian Vettel finished second for Red Bull, his teammate Mark Webber was third.

title: European Grand Prix

text: 1983: John Player Special Grand Prix of Europe[5] 1984: AvD-Großer Preis von Europa[6] 1985: Shell Oils Grand Prix of Europe[7] 1993: SEGA European Grand Prix[8] 1999 – 2001: Warsteiner Grand Prix of Europe[9] 2002 – 2004: Allianz Grand Prix of Europe[10] 2008 – 2010:Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe[11]

title: Formula One

text: European Grand Prix at Valencia Street Circuit (2008; discontinued after 2012) Singapore Grand Prix at Marina Bay Street Circuit (2008) Abu Dhabi Grand Prix at Yas Marina Circuit (2009) Korean Grand Prix at Korean International Circuit (2010; discontiuned after 2013) Indian Grand Prix at Buddh International Circuit (2011; discontinued after 2013) United States Grand Prix at Circuit of the Americas (2012) Russian Grand Prix at Sochi Autodrom (2014) European Grand Prix at Baku City Circuit (2016; renamed the Azerbaijan Grand Prix from 2017) French Grand Prix at Circuit Paul Ricard (2018)


query: Who founded the Pearl Brewing Company?

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: The site owned and operated by the Pearl Brewing Company was originally known as both the J. B. Behloradsky Brewery (1881–1883) and the City Brewery.[3] Privately held and poorly run for two years, the City Brewery was purchased by an investment group in 1883. The investment group was composed of local businessmen and several moguls already involved in brewing at San Antonio's other major brewery, the Lone Star Brewing Company. Together they formed the San Antonio Brewing Company (1883–1888), and began to raise capital to fully restart and improve operations at the brewery.[4] In 1886, after three years, the company had secured the necessary capital and began full-time operations at the brewery again. The name San Antonio Brewing Association was used as a parent to the brewing company, since it also managed some of the founding members' other business interests. Functionally, the business structure worked, but it caused confusion with city officials, customers, and business partners; therefore, in the end, the investment group dissolved the San Antonio Brewing Company and used the San Antonio Brewing Association (1888–1918) name for all operations and business transactions. Thus, in seven years, the same brewery had three different names.[5] In addition, the name City Brewery was frequently used. The first logos used for the San Antonio Brewing Company/Association even featured the name City Brewery in the logo. City Brewery was carried over from the Behloradsky days and was used until the beginning of Prohibition in 1918.[5]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: In 1961, the Pearl Brewing Company officially purchased the M. K. Goetz Brewing Company.[18] Overall, the merger of the two companies was a success. Beers from both companies began to be produced at the two facilities. Goetz brewed all of the Pearl beers for easier distribution in the north, and Pearl produced Goetz's Country Club malt liquor. Country Club proved very successful for Pearl, and in fact is the only Goetz beer still in production by Pabst today under the Pearl Brewing Company name. The merger was not without its problems, but overall the transition occurred smoothly. Pearl took over as the corporate headquarters and some duplicate jobs were eliminated. The production side of Goetz remained intact, with Pearl treating Goetz employees just as they did the employees in San Antonio, like family.[19]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Pearl, Pearl Light, and Country Club are still available to this day, but only in small volumes and in select markets such as Texas and Oklahoma. Today's distribution is greatly reduced from the 47-state coverage Pearl's beers once enjoyed. In addition, the variety in which Pearl's beers were available has also decreased. Although previously produced and sold in every form, such as bottles, cans, and kegs, the current iteration of Pearl is only available in 12-packs of 12-oz. cans. Likewise Country Club has been reduced to only 40-oz. bottles.[32] Many who have tasted Pearl before and after the Pabst merger claim the formula has changed; customers say today's Pearl tastes like a weaker version of Budweiser. Officially, though, Pabst claims the formula used for today's Pearl is the same that was originally bought by the San Antonio Brewing Association back in 1886.[33]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: It is not uncommon to see beers named after the towns where they were brewed. For example, Texas' own Shiner is brewed in Shiner, Texas.[53] So, seeing a local brewery name a beer after the town or city is pretty common. However, what is not common is a town named after a beer. That is exactly what happened, though, in Texas with Pearl. In a small community just west of Yoakum, Texas, a small store had the highest Pearl beer single-point sales for a number of years prior to Prohibition.[54] Walter G. Hagens' general store was the focal point of the community, and it had sold Pearl's beers by the truckload and still sold a rather large volume of the Prohibition-era nonalcohol Pearl. The idea to name the town after Pearl was concocted by Hagens and the local Pearl distributor, R. J. Eslinger.[55] In 1942, the motion passed and the German/Czech town became known as Pearl City.[56]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Although narrowly defeated in the vote to be acquired by Pabst, McGimsey and fellow members of Pearl's board still pushed for change in the company. The predominant theme throughout was growth. The acquisition of Pearl by a larger company was no longer considered, but then how could the company really grow and hope to compete with industry leaders such as Anheuser-Busch, Miller, and Pabst? Pearl considered expanding the San Antonio brewery to increase production, but after researching the idea, Pearl realized expanding the brewery could only gain them a nominal production increase and ultimately would not be worth the overall investment.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Today, the Pabst Brewing Company is a marketing company; Pabst no longer owns or operates any of their former breweries. Pabst contracts out the brewing of all of their beers to other brewers. By far, Pabst's largest agreement is with Miller Brewing Company, which produces Pabst's major brands, as well as Pearl and Lone Star.[31] Although Pabst's more popular beers such as Colt 45, Stroh's, and Pabst Blue Ribbon are produced at virtually every Miller facility, Pearl is only brewed at the Ft. Worth location.[31]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: After 118 years of brewing along the San Antonio River, the doors to the Pearl Brewery closed.[30]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Production and market-wise, the 1950s were similar to the late 1940s. In the early '50s, the San Antonio Brewing Association felt they needed to increase the association of their number one product, Pearl lager beer, with the company itself.[16] In marketing research, the association found that most consumers believed the San Antonio Brewing Association encompassed more than a single brewery; in fact, the public thought San Antonio Brewing Association referred to all brewing in San Antonio in general. Therefore, in 1952 the San Antonio Brewing Association changed its name to the Pearl Brewing Company (1952–present).[17]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Prior to Prohibition, Texas was a hot spot for beer production. With a strong German and European influence, small and regional breweries were found throughout the state. San Antonio enjoyed the distinction of having two of Texas’ largest breweries: Lone Star Brewery and the San Antonio Brewing Association. Prohibition, though, changed the face of brewing and forced almost every brewery out of business. When the Volstead Act and Prohibition went into effect on January 16, 1920, Lone Star Brewing Company ended sales, shut the brewery doors, and dissolved the company.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: The triple Xs were adopted by the San Antonio Brewing Association to portray two things: the high quality of their beers, and the pride that workers put into their products. The triple Xs may be gone from company and Pearl beer logos, but it has not completely vanished. In the 1960s, Pearl absorbed the Goetz Brewing Company and made Country Club Malt Liquor one of Pearl's key products. When Country Club received its only product makeover a few years after the buyout, it gained the triple Xs in its logo. The Xs were situated in the top-center of the logo's crown. Country Club is still produced today, and it still carries the “xXx” mark of Pearl.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: The triple-X logo has long been associated with Pearl. In fact, it was used at the brewery even before Pearl beer became synonymous with the company. When the San Antonio Brewing Association bought the City Brewery and opened it for business in the 1880s, they used the triple Xs in the brewery's logo. Three large Xs were enclosed in a circle, with the words “City Brewery” on both sides or around the outside of the circle. This was the brewery's first logo under the San Antonio Brewing Association, thus it appeared on all of their advertising and the majority of their bottled and kegged beers.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: With the end of Prohibition, so too came the end of the Alamo Foods Company. The company went back to their prior name: San Antonio Brewing Association (1933–1952). Most believed beer production would quickly return to the levels before the 1920 ban. However, Pearl's hard times were not over yet. In 1933, the nation was still deep in the grips of the Great Depression. Although most of the public would have loved to enjoy a Pearl, the financial situation of most made buying beer an unaffordable luxury. Through her skillful management, Emma Koehler kept the brewery afloat through the Depression, selling beer to those who could afford it and continuing many of the business ventures that had carried the brewery through Prohibition.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: The Texas Transportation Company (TXTC) was a class III short-line railroad in San Antonio that serviced the Pearl Brewery. The company operated electric locomotives on their 1.3-mile (2.1km) line for more than 113 years.[49] TXTC was started as a private company in 1887 until it was chartered on September 24, 1897.[50] In the early days when the Lone Star Brewing Company was located on W. Jones Avenue, TXTC serviced both breweries. Service ended for the line when the Pearl Brewery closed in 2001.[49]

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: The Pearl Brewing Company (also known as the Pearl Brewery or just Pearl) was an American brewery, established in 1883 in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA. In 1985, Pearl's parent company purchased the Pabst Brewing Company and assumed the Pabst name. In 1999, the Pabst Brewing Company began transferring its production to Miller Brewing, on a contract basis, and closing all of its breweries. Pearl beer is still in production at Miller's Ft. Worth, Texas facility, but the Pearl Brewery in San Antonio was closed in 2001.[1] Since then, the former brewery was purchased by Silver Ventures, Inc., which has made the property the crown jewel in revitalization efforts of southern Midtown and northern Downtown San Antonio.[2]

title: The History of Ranching (Winn)

text: For over two decades Buck Winn's work was the centerpiece in the Pearl's Corral Room. While the painting was there, it was oblivious of the changes occurring around it. By the 1970s the company running the brewery was very different from the one that had built the Corral Room back in the 1950s. The San Antonio Brewing Association had changed its name to the Pearl Brewing Company in 1952. By the 1970s the Pearl Brewing Company name had remained, but Southdown Corporation out of Houston, Texas, was now in charge of Pearl. Southdown's ideas for the brewery were drastically different from when Pearl was an independent company, and these new ideas spilled over to the Corral. After 20 years of use, the Corral as a whole was less than pristine. Southdown decided to remodel the Corral to bring it up to the current building codes and give it new look. Unfortunately, America's fascination with the old West was long over, so Southdown decided to renovate the Corral Room into the Lillie Langtry Room and renamed the Pearl Corral to the Jersey Lilly.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Pearl was successful, not only in Texas, but on a national level, as well. Larger companies saw this success and made many attempts to buy out Pearl and their beers. Almost all offers were never even considered. In what would turn out later to be ironic, one company came very close to buying out the Pearl Brewing Company in the 1950s: Pabst Brewing Company. B.B. McGimsey, who was Pearl's plant manager, shareholder, and the face of Pearl at most events, began gaining support to sell the brewery off.[16] McGimsey was a charismatic leader whom most of the employees liked and respected. McGimsey's influence also reached other board members, and when the offer came from Pabst, it was not as easily dismissed. Details of the offer have long been lost, but one can surmise it was a good deal given the consideration given to it by Pearl. McGimsey believed that Pearl's stance as an independent Texas brewer would never allow them to truly compete on a national level with brewers from St. Louis and Milwaukee. Ultimately, the sale to Pabst was defeated by Otto A. and the other shareholders, but only by the slimmest of margins.[16] Pearl maintained its independence, for now.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Judson was part of the company, but in many ways it was still very independent. Financial backing came down from Pearl, but Judson still made decisions on their own, setting their own strategic goals independently of Pearl. Whatever the decisions were at Judson, they obviously worked. From the day Pearl acquired them, until they were sold off to members of the Atkinson's Candy family in 1983, Judson remained a profitable business. When the Atkinsons bought Judson, the only real evidence of ownership by a larger company, and one in a completely different industry, was the office furniture and supplies. Everything in the Judson offices were labeled with "Property of the Pearl Brewing Company" and items such as pencils, pens, ashtrays, notepads, and even first aid kits were branded with the Pearl logos.[21]

title: Pearl City, Texas

text: The community was named after the Pearl Brewing Company's Pearl beer.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: In 1952, when the San Antonio Brewing Association changed its name to the Pearl Brewing Company, the triple Xs joined the Pearl name as a dominant image on the product and the company as a whole. The triple Xs were back on the company logo and were used on almost all of Pearl's advertisements. The Xs held this significant role to the end of production at the brewery in 2001, when the brewery closed its doors and the company logo was abandoned. As production of Pearl and Pearl Light spun up at Miller's Fort Worth facility, the product logos were redesigned. The updated label does not use the triple Xs, so a significant part of company identity has been virtually eliminated from the Pearl beers. However, Pearl's Country Club malt liquor still displays the XXXs in its logo.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Rather than building a second brewery and potentially putting the company at risk, Pearl decided to purchase an existing brewery to increase production and the distribution network. Overall, buying out another brewery meant a larger initial investment, but the new brewery would be able to put out Pearl beer almost immediately and therefore help recoup costs more quickly. From a short list of potentials, the M. K. Goetz Brewing Company in St. Joseph, Missouri, seemed the perfect fit for Pearl's plans. Goetz's historic brewery would allow increased production levels and the ability to use the well-established distribution network to help Pearl reach untapped markets. In addition, Pearl gained access to the Goetz line of beers, from pilsners to malt liquors.

title: Falls City Brewing Company

text: In 1977, Falls City representatives approached Billy Carter, brother of President Jimmy Carter, about marketing a signature brand to capitalize on Billy's fame as the beer-drinking black sheep of the Carter family. Falls City brewed several test batches in hopes that one would meet Carter's approval and could be marketed as Billy Beer. Carter, who had long been a Pabst Blue Ribbon drinker, chose one of the Falls City formulas and the brewery quickly developed a marketing campaign for Billy Beer. Realizing that a regional brewery could not fulfill national demand for the product, Falls City licensed several other independent regional breweries to brew and package Billy Beer. Those breweries were Cold Spring Brewing Company of Cold Spring, Minnesota; Pearl Brewing Company of San Antonio, Texas; and West End Brewing Company in Utica, New York. Billy Beer became a briefly-popular fad due to the company's expensive, large-scale marketing campaigns and promotion by Carter, however the cheaply made beer quickly fell out of favor, and in 1978 it was discontinued.

title: Billy Beer

text: Billy Beer was a beer first made in the United States in July 1977, by the Falls City Brewing Company. It was promoted by Billy Carter, whose older brother Jimmy was the incumbent President of the United States. In October 1978, Falls City announced that it was closing its doors after less than a year of Carter's promotion. The beer was produced by Cold Spring Brewing, West End Brewing, and Pearl Brewing Company.

title: Jackson Brewing Company

text: In 1935, Jackson Brewing Company entered a legal dispute with Jacksonville Brewing Company over the "Jax Beer" trademark, used by both companies. This resulted in a compromise in which Jacksonville Brewing Company got exclusive rights to sell in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, while Jackson Brewing got states to the west. Jackson Brewing expanded in the 1940s, as demand increased. In the 1950s, the company suffered competition from the growing national breweries. In 1954, it bought exclusive rights to the Jax trademark from the Jacksonville company, which ended brewing operations. This move made Jackson Brewing the 10th largest brewery in the U.S., and the largest in the South. However, Jackson Brewing entered financial straits and was acquired by Pearl Brewing Company in 1974. Pearl continued producing Jax Beer until 1984, when it was acquired by Pabst Brewing Company and took on Pabst branding.

title: Pabst Brewing Company

text: The Pabst Brewing Company () is an American company that dates its origins to a brewing company founded in 1844 by Jacob Best and was, by 1889, named after Frederick Pabst. It is currently a holding company which contracts the brewing of over two dozen brands of beer and malt liquor: these include its own flagship Pabst Blue Ribbon, as well as brands from now defunct breweries including P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company, G. Heileman Brewing Company, Lone Star Brewing Company, Pearl Brewing Company, Piels Bros., Valentin Blatz Brewing Company, National Brewing Company, Olympia Brewing Company, Falstaff Brewing Corporation, Primo Brewing & Malting Company, Rainier Brewing Company, F & M Schaefer Brewing Company, Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, Jacob Schmidt Brewing Company and Stroh Brewery Company.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: The strangest twist to the seemingly endless rivalry involved a small candy company in San Antonio, called Judson Candies. In 1965, the Pearl Brewing Company bought Judson Candies from the three sons whose father had helped found the business.[20] On its own, Judson was a profitable company that had an established name in the candy industry. Judson was not on the level of Hershey or Mars, but did have strong sales in the Southwest. Pearl simply made the Judson sons an offer they could not refuse. So, in 1965, Judson Candies joined the Pearl and Goetz families under the umbrella of the Pearl Brewing Company.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: Pearl's three brews receive little or no marketing dollars, thus lack advertising campaigns. However, Pabst did launch an independent Pearl website which featured several pictures, history, and a state distributor locator.[32] This website has been canned since ca. 2016.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: In 1969, Pearl was acquired by Southdown, a conglomerate that started out in the sugar industry.[25] In 1977, Pearl was sold to General Brewing of San Francisco, owned by Paul Kalmanovitz.[26] Kalmanovitz specialized in leveraged buy-outs,[27] which take over businesses to sell off their parts for profit, closing plants and laying off employees. After a takeover in St. Louis, brewery employees there flew the American flag at half-staff and upside down.[28] Kalmanovitz acquired the Pabst breweries, going back to 1844, in 1985 and united his holdings under the name Pabst Brewing Company.

title: Pearl Brewing Company

text: During these name changes, the brewery found the product that would become their signature brew. Pearl beer was formulated and first brewed in Bremen, Germany, by the Kaiser–Beck Brewery, which produces Beck's beer. Pearl beer's name came from Kaiser–Beck's brewmaster, who thought the foamy bubbles in a freshly poured glass of the brew resembled sparkling pearls.[6] In Germany, the brew was called "Perle". When brought to the United States, the spelling was changed to English: Pearl. In 1886, the first bottles and wooden kegs of American Pearl beer rolled off the line and into local tap rooms.[3]

title: Lone Star Brewing Company

text: Detroit-based Stroh Brewery Co. then bought Heileman and closed the San Antonio brewery in 1996 moving beer production to Longview, Texas and signaling the end of San Antonio as a major brewing town. Milwaukee-based Pabst bought most of the Stroh brands, including Lone Star, in 1999, and began brewing Lone Star at the San Antonio Pearl Brewery to great fanfare. In 2000, the Pearl Brewery was closed because it was outdated and would have been too expensive to continue to operate or to bring up to date. Production of Lone Star is currently contracted out to non-Pabst owned breweries (e.g. Miller Brewing Company in Fort Worth).

title: City Brewing Company

text: In 1999 the old G. Heileman Brewing Company's former brewery buildings in La Crosse were bought by a group of investors who founded the City Brewing Company.


query: How often does the UEFA Champions League occur?

title: UEFA European Championship

text: The UEFA European Championship (known informally as the Euros) is the primary association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), determining the continental champion of Europe. Held every four years since 1960, in the even-numbered year between World Cup tournaments, it was originally called the UEFA European Nations' Cup, changing to the current name in 1968. Starting with the 1996 tournament, specific championships are often referred to in the form "UEFA Euro [year]"; this format has since been retroactively applied to earlier tournaments.

title: Liverpool F.C. 2005–06 UEFA Champions League qualification

text: Liverpool F.C. qualified for the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League by a special dispensation from UEFA. The Premier League was allocated four places in the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League season as of right. UEFA allowed Liverpool to compete as champions of the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, but would not allocate an extra place. The selection of the four clubs to enter the Champions League was the decision of the Football Association (FA). The FA's rule was that the first four in the final English Premier League table would enter the Champions League. The FA were firm on this ruling, awarding the fourth and final English place in the competition to Liverpool's local rivals Everton F.C., since Everton finished fourth in the 2004–05 FA Premier League. Liverpool had finished fifth in the table. The public reaction to this decision prompted UEFA to make a one-off exception for Liverpool to enter the tournament, as the winners of the Champions League had traditionally entered the tournament the next season to defend the title, while also keeping Everton's spot which gave English teams five places for the 2005–06 Champions League. UEFA amended the qualification criteria for the Champions League winner to enter the subsequent tournament to prevent a recurrence.

title: Super League Greece

text: The Superleague is currently entitled to two entrants into the UEFA Champions League. The Super League champion directly enters the second qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League. The second through fifth place teams in the Super League enter a play-off for the second Greek entry. The play-off winner enters the UEFA Champions League's second qualifying round, a four-legged tie from which the winner advances to the play offs of the UEFA Champions League. The winner of the Greek Cup qualifies for the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League.

title: 2021 UEFA Super Cup

text: The 2021 UEFA Super Cup will be the 46th edition of the UEFA Super Cup, an annual football match organised by UEFA and contested by the reigning champions of the two main European club competitions, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. The match will feature the winners of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League and the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League.

text: The 2018 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was the final match of the 2017–18 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 17th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the ninth season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. It was played at the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine, on 24 May 2018, between German side Wolfsburg and French side Lyon. This was the last time that a host city for the Women's Champions League final is automatically assigned by which city won the bid to host the men's Champions League final.

title: Qarabağ FK

text: The Baku Olympic Stadium and Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium is used for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europe League games, where the record attendance for Qarabağ occurred on 27 September 2017, in a UEFA Champions League group stage match attended by 67,200 fans against Roma.

title: 2004–05 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of 72 teams from 48 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Kazakhstan, Andorra and San Marino). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:

text: The 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was the final match of the 2013–14 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 13th season of the UEFA Women's Champions League football tournament and the fifth since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup. The match was held at Estádio do Restelo in Lisbon on 22 May 2014. Reigning champions Wolfsburg played Champions League debutants Tyresö in the final and successfully defended their title.

title: 2015–16 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of 78 teams from 53 of the 54 UEFA member associations participated in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:

title: 2004–05 UEFA Champions League

text: The 2004–05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992. The competition was won by Liverpool, who beat Milan on penalties in the final, having come back from 3–0 down at half-time. Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was named as UEFA's Footballer of the Year for his key role in the final and throughout the Champions League season. The final, played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, is often regarded as one of the best in the history of the tournament. With eight goals, Manchester United's Ruud van Nistelrooy was the top scorer for the third time in four seasons.

title: 2015 UEFA Europa League Final

text: As winners, Sevilla earned the right to play against the winners of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League, Barcelona, in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup. Moreover, for the first time, a place in the UEFA Champions League was reserved for the UEFA Europa League winners, meaning that Sevilla automatically qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League despite not qualifying through their domestic league position. They were guaranteed to enter at the group stage, since the 2015 Champions League finalists (Juventus and Barcelona) have already qualified for the group stage via their domestic leagues and therefore the berth in the group stage reserved for the Champions League title holders are not used.

title: Spanish football clubs in international competitions

text: During the 2005–06 European season La Liga became the first league to have its clubs win both the Champions League and UEFA Cup since 1997, as Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League and Sevilla won the UEFA Cup. This feat was repeated three times in a row: during the 2013–14 season as Real Madrid won their tenth European Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their third UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League; during the 2014–15 season as Barcelona won their fifth European Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League; during the 2015–16 season as Real Madrid won their eleventh European Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their fifth UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League (first team to win three consecutive editions of this competition).

title: 2017 UEFA Europa League Final

text: Manchester United earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Real Madrid, in the 2017 UEFA Super Cup. They also entered the group stage of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, as the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders was not used. Police of Stockholm took measures against potential terrorist attacks which they described as "the new normality", since two had occurred in Stockholm in 2010 and 2017, and also prepared for potential clashes between supporters.

text: For some time it was unclear whether Liverpool would be granted the right to defend their title or be consigned to the UEFA Cup. UEFA initially stood by the rules that each country could only have four Champions League spots and suggested that the FA could nominate Liverpool instead of Everton, similar to how Real Madrid displaced Real Zaragoza for Spain's fourth Champions League entry, while the FA argued that these rules were unfair and should be amended in retrospect. The League of Wales champions Total Network Solutions offered to play a two-legged tie for TNS' place in the first qualifying round.

title: 2013 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2013 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, the 58th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 21st season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: An open bidding process was launched on 22 September 2017 by UEFA to select the venues of the finals of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, and UEFA Women's Champions League in 2020. Associations had until 31 October 2017 to express interest, and bid dossiers must be submitted by 1 March 2018. Associations hosting matches at UEFA Euro 2020 were not allowed to bid for the 2020 UEFA Champions League final.

text: The 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2018–19 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 18th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 10th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. This is the first time since the final is played as a single match that a host city for the Women's Champions League final is not automatically assigned by which city won the bid to host the men's Champions League final, although the same association is still allowed to host both finals by the UEFA bid regulations. It will be played at the Groupama Arena in Budapest, Hungary on 18 May 2019.

title: UEFA Europa League

text: A team may qualify for European competitions through more than one route. In all cases, if a club is eligible to enter the UEFA Champions League then the Champions League place takes precedence and the club does not enter the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Europa League place is then granted to another club or vacated if the maximum limit of teams qualifying for European competitions is exceeded. If a team qualifies for European competition through both winning a cup and league placing, the "spare" UEFA Europa League place will go to the highest placed league team which has not already qualified for European competition, depending on the rules of the national association, or vacated, if the described limit is reached.

title: 2014 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2014 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League, the 59th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 22nd season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

title: Premier League

text: An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers. UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. At that time, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League. This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea – who had won the Champions League that summer, but finished sixth in the league – qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League.

title: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers

text:
The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.
Bold indicates players taking part in the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League.

title: APOEL FC

text: APOEL's greatest moment in the European competitions occurred in the 2011–12 season, when the club participated in the group stages of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League (along with FC Porto, Shakhtar Donetsk, and Zenit St. Petersburg). The club achieved qualification for the quarter-finals of the competition by topping the group and eliminating Olympique Lyonnais in the last 16, becoming the only Cypriot club to reach the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals. APOEL's European competitions highlights also include appearances in the group stages of the 2009–10 and 2014–15 UEFA Champions League and the group stages of the 2013–14, 2015–16, and 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. They marked their most successful UEFA Europa League campaign during the 2016–17 season, when they managed to top their group (along with Olympiacos, Young Boys, and Astana) and eliminated Athletic Bilbao in the round of 32, to reach the last 16 of the competition for the first time in their history. APOEL is the only Cypriot club who have reached the group stages (and the knockout stages) of both major UEFA competitions (UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League). In the 2016–17 season, APOEL drew an average home league attendance of 7,126 and their highest league attendance was 15,462. Both were the highest in the league.

title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of 79, 80, or 81 teams from 54 of the 55 UEFA member associations are expected to participate in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:

title: European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics

text: This table does not include appearances made in the qualification stage.This table does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.Bold indicates ongoing season and active player in the season.The following players have scored four goals in one European Cup/UEFA Champions League match. Only Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ferenc Puskás, Sándor Kocsis, Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski managed to do this from the quarter-final stage onwards and Ferenc Puskás is the only footballer to score four goals in a final (1960).The following players have managed to score five goals in one European Cup/UEFA Champions League match:

title: 2019 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2019 UEFA Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, the 64th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 27th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It will be played at the Wanda Metropolitano in Madrid, Spain on 1 June 2019.

title: 2021 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2021 UEFA Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League, the 66th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 29th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

title: 2018–19 UEFA Champions League

text: 79 teams from 54 of the 55 UEFA member associations participate in the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:

title: 2016–17 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of 78 teams from 53 of the 55 UEFA member associations were expected to participate in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League (the exceptions being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, and Kosovo, whose participation was not accepted in their first attempt as UEFA members). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:

title: 2012–13 UEFA Champions League

text:
A total of 76 teams from 52 of the 53 UEFA member associations participate in the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which do not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Since the winners of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, Chelsea, failed to qualify for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League through their domestic league (finishing sixth in the 2011–12 Premier League), and because of the restriction that no association can have more than four teams playing in the Champions League, Chelsea's entry in the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League as title holders came at the expense of Tottenham Hotspur, the fourth-placed team of the 2011–12 Premier League (which entered the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League instead).

text: The 2021 UEFA Women's Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 20th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 12th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League.

title: 2005–06 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of 74 teams from 49 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Andorra and San Marino). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association: