query: What's the longest Harry Potter book?

text: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the fifth novel in the Harry Potter series. It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort, O.W.L. exams, and an obstructive Ministry of Magic. The novel was published on 21 June 2003 by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom, Scholastic in the United States, and Raincoast in Canada. Five million copies were sold in the first 24 hours of publication.[1] It is the longest book of the series.

title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the seventh and final novel of the "Harry Potter" series. The book was released on 21 July 2007, ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". It was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing, in the United States by Scholastic, and in Canada by Raincoast Books. The novel chronicles the events directly following "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (2005) and the final confrontation between the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort.

title: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

text: Some evangelicals have supported the Potter books: evangelical author Connie Neal, in her books, "What's a Christian to Do with Harry Potter?", "The Gospel According to Harry Potter", and "Wizards, Wardrobes, and Wookiees: Navigating Good and Evil in Harry Potter, Narnia, and Star Wars", wrote that the books preach Christian values and can be used to educate children in Christian tenets. Mike Hertenstein of "Cornerstone" magazine, in his article "Harry Potter vs the Muggles, Myth, Magic & Joy," uses the term 'Muggles,' used in the books to describe non-magical humans, to describe Christians without imagination. "Christianity Today" published an editorial in favour of the books in January 2000, calling the series a "Book of Virtues" and averring that although "modern witchcraft is indeed an ensnaring, seductive false religion that we must protect our children from," this does not represent the Potter books, which have "wonderful examples of compassion, loyalty, courage, friendship, and even self-sacrifice." Italian Methodist minister Peter Ciaccio analysed the relationship between J. K. Rowling's work and Christian theology, stating that the Harry Potter series is the positive outcome of the encounter of the Jewish-Christian tradition with other important features of the Western cultural heritage (namely Celtic, Nordic and Classical).

title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: Due to its worldwide fame, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" has been translated into many languages. The first translation to be released was the Ukrainian translation, on 25 September 2007 (as "Гаррі Поттер і смертельні реліквії" – "Harry Potter i smertel'ni relikviji"). The Swedish title of the book was revealed by Rowling as "Harry Potter and the Relics of Death" ("Harry Potter och Dödsrelikerna"), following a pre-release question from the Swedish publisher about the difficulty of translating the two words ""Deathly Hallows"" without having read the book. This is also the title used for the French translation ("Harry Potter et les reliques de la mort"), the Spanish translation ("Harry Potter y las Reliquias de la Muerte"), the Dutch translation ("Harry Potter en de Relieken van de Dood") and the Brazilian Portuguese translation ("Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte"). The first Polish translation was released with a new title: "Harry Potter i Insygnia Śmierci" – "Harry Potter and the Insignia of Death". The Hindi translation "Harry Potter aur Maut ke Tohfe" (), which means "Harry Potter and the Gifts of Death", was released by Manjul Publication in India on 27 June 2008. The Romanian version was released on 1 December 2007 using the title ("Harry Potter și Talismanele Morții").

title: Harry Potter

text: "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all "Harry Potter" books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author. Fearing that American readers would not associate the word "philosopher" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" for the American market.

text: In 2001, Evangelical journalist Richard Abanes, who has written several books arguing against new religions and Mormonism, published a polemical text that made similar allegations to the video: "Harry Potter and the Bible: The Menace Behind the Magick". Later editions incorporated comparisons and contrasts between "Harry Potter" and the more overtly Christian works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. In an interview with CBN.com, Abanes remarked that, "One of the easiest ways to know whether a fantasy book or film has real world magick in it is to just ask a simple question, 'Can my child find information in a library or bookstore that will enable them to replicate what they are seeing in the film or the book?' If you go to "The Chronicles of Narnia" and "The Lord of the Rings" what you see in, story magic and imagination, it is not real. You can't replicate it. But if you go to something like "Harry Potter", you can find references to astrology, clairvoyance, and numerology. It takes seconds to go into a bookstore or library and get books on that and start investigating it, researching it, and doing it."

title: Harry Potter (film series)

text: Late in 1997, film producer David Heyman's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling's series of seven Harry Potter novels. The book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review. Consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked "the rubbish title", read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowling's work, he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time.[10]

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling. There have been several such books, the most famous of which is probably "Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong" which was written and published in China in 2002, before the release of the fifth book in Rowling's series, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix".

title: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

text: "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series. The first book in the series, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. The second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003. After the publishing of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", the seventh and final novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", was released 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.

text: The second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", was originally published in the UK on July 2, 1998 and later, in the US on June 2, 1999. "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was then published a year later in the UK on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999. "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003. "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" was published on July 16, 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", was published on July 21, 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.

text: Connie Neal has commented that, "there are 64 real references to witchcraft in the first four "Harry Potter" books, but you have to see them in context to know they are not teaching witchcraft or sorcery. Many of the detractors who have actually read the books already have made up their mind that "Harry Potter" is evil before they read. They have taken a magnifying glass and picked at the books, using literary reductionism to find what they want to find. You can pick up Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" and do the same thing that these people have done with "Harry Potter"; it is ridiculous."

text: Most of the criticism of "Harry Potter" is from fundamentalist evangelical Christian groups, who believe the series' depiction of witchcraft is dangerous to children. Paul Hetrick, spokesman for Focus on the Family, an American Evangelical Christian group based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, outlined the reasons for his opposition to them: "[They contain] some powerful and valuable lessons about love and courage and the ultimate victory of good over evil; however, the positive messages are packaged in a medium – witchcraft – that is directly denounced in Scripture." "Harry Potter" has been the subject of at least six book burnings in the U.S. In 2002, Chick Publications produced a comic book tract titled "The Nervous Witch" that declared "the Potter books open a doorway that will put untold millions of kids into hell." In 2007 Jacqui Komschlies wrote an article in "Christianity Today" comparing "Harry Potter" to "rat poison mixed with orange soda," and said, "We're taking something deadly from our world and turning it into what some are calling 'merely a literary device.

title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text:
Until the official title's announcement on 27 June 2000, the book was called by its working title, 'Harry Potter IV.' Previously, in April, the publisher had listed it as "Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament". However, J. K. Rowling expressed her indecision about the title in an "Entertainment Weekly" interview.
"I changed my mind twice on what [the title] was. The working title had got out — "Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament". Then I changed "Doomspell" to "Triwizard Tournament". Then I was teetering between "Goblet of Fire" and "Triwizard Tournament". In the end, I preferred "Goblet of Fire" because it's got that kind of "cup of destiny" feel about it, which is the theme of the book."

title: Harry and the Potters discography

text: Harry and the Potters is the eponymous debut studio album by indie rock band Harry and the Potters, released on 21 June 2003. The album was inspired by the first four novels in the "Harry Potter" book series. It has been released on CD and digital download. In April 2003, the brothers wrote an entire album's worth of songs. The brothers split songwriting responsibilities between the two of them: Joe was responsible for songs dealing with "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", whereas Paul was responsible for songs dealing with "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets". "Harry and the Potters" was recorded at the DeGeorge Family Living Room in Massachusetts. According to Melissa Anelli, Paul wrote the majority of the instrumental tracks on his Casio keyboard, whereas Joe conceptualized most of the vocal tracks. Vocalist Paul DeGeorge later said, "We were pretty much writing songs and then recording them on the spot". This statement emphasizes the band's do-it-yourself amateurishness as an essential aspect of the album. In recording "Harry and the Potters", the band aimed to release the album shortly before the fifth book in the Harry Potter series, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" was released. According to Paul, "We were in a rush to get that stuff done before the 5th book release" and this instinct supports claims it took only two weekends to record the album. Despite the band's purported rush to finish the album, Paul and Joe worked particularly hard on the song "These Days are Dark." Paul DeGeorge used $1,200 of his own money to finance the pressing of the CDs.

text:
However, the Russian Orthodox apologist deacon Andrei Kuraev argued in his 2003 book "Harry Potter in the Church: Between an Anathema and a Smile" that the Harry Potter books are not dangerous. His arguments include the books' similarity with traditional fairy tales and literary classics such as the "Iliad" which no-one calls "Satanic"; the difference between the books' magic and real occult practices; the presence of Christian values such as humility, love, sacrifice and choosing the right over the easy. He quotes other notable Orthodox priests and church officials such as M. Kozlov and S. Pravdoliubov as supporting his position.
The American academic and Orthodox Christian writer John Granger has analyzed the literature in a positive light. Granger, a Christian classicist, has defended the books in his book, "Looking for God in Harry Potter". Granger argues that the books do not promote the occult because none of the magic is based on summoning any sort of demon or spirit; he contrasts occult "invocational" magic (calling up spirit beings to do your bidding) with literature's common "incantational" magic (saying a set phrase to use power from an unspecified source). Indeed, says Granger, the themes of love triumphing over death and choosing what is right instead of what is easy are very compatible with Christianity.

title: Harry Potter

text: The final book in the series, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release. The series has also gathered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each "Harry Potter" book, identical in text but with one edition's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults. Besides meeting online through blogs, podcasts, and fansites, "Harry Potter" super-fans can also meet at "Harry Potter" symposia.

title: The Casual Vacancy

text: The book is dedicated to Rowling's husband, Dr Neil Murray. This was the third time Murray has received a dedication from his wife, after he shared a dedication in the fifth "Harry Potter" book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" and the seventh "Harry Potter" book, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows".

title: John Granger

text: Granger first became interested in Harry Potter when his daughter was given a copy of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". He read the book with the intention of pointing out to his daughter what was wrong with it but instead was impressed by the Christian imagery, classical references, and 'acerbic criticism of muggledom'. Granger's interest grew through discussion with friends in the Port Townsend C. S. Lewis Society. He gave lectures on the subject at the Society and the town's Carnegie Library which lectures were eventually collected into a book, 'Hidden Key to Harry Potter' (Zossima Press, 2002). That book was re-written and re-titled first 'Looking for God in Harry Potter' (Tyndale, 2004, 2006) and now 'How Harry Cast His Spell' (Tyndale, 2008).

text: "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" is the third book in the "Harry Potter" series. The first, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" ("Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the US), was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997 and the second, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", was published on 2 July 1998. Rowling started to write the "Prisoner of Azkaban" the day after she finished "The Chamber of Secrets".

title: The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter

text: The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter: A Treasury of Myths, Legends, and Fascinating Facts is a guide to the fictional "Harry Potter" universe, written by David Colbert. It explores the references to history, legends, and literature in J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" novels. Colbert conceived the idea for "The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter" while quizzing his nephew and nieces about the mythological references in the novels. He later wrote the book while teaching a seminar on self-publishing to graduate students at the University of North Carolina. The book was published in March 2001, without approval from Rowling, and has since received positive reviews from critics. An updated version of "The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter" was published in 2004 by Berkley Books.

title: Harry Potter fandom

text: Rowling has backed fan fiction stories on the Internet, stories written by fans that involve Harry Potter or other characters in the books. A March 2007 study showed that "Harry Potter" is the most searched-for fan fiction subject online. Some fans will use canon established in the books to write stories of past and future events in the "Harry Potter" world; others write stories that have little relation to the books other than the characters' names and the settings in which the fan fiction takes place. On FanFiction.Net, there are over 733,000, while Archive of Our Own has 88,821 stories on Harry Potter . There are numerous websites devoted solely to Harry Potter fan fiction. Of these, according to rankings on Alexa.com, HarryPotterFanfiction.com has grown to be the most popular.

title: Politics of Harry Potter

text: When "Time" magazine asked about The Harry Potter Alliance, Rowling said, "It's incredible, it's humbling, and it's uplifting to see people going out there and doing that in the name of your character. What did my books preach against throughout? Bigotry, violence, struggles for power, no matter what. All of these things are happening in Darfur. So they really couldn't have chosen a better cause." Rowling awarded The Harry Potter Alliance a Fan Site Award in December 2007.

title: Emerson Spartz

text: Using the WYSIWYG site-building tool Homestead, Spartz founded MuggleNet, a Harry Potter news website and forum, in 1999, at the age of twelve. In fall 2006, while a junior at Notre Dame, Emerson co-authored a book, "MuggleNet.com's What Will Happen in Harry Potter 7", which speculated on plot elements of the final Harry Potter book to be released in July 2007. The book remained on the "New York Times" Children's Bestseller List for six months, peaking in the number two position and selling 350,000 copies. In June 2007, Spartz went on a tour with Ben Schoen, another MuggleNet staff member, to promote their work.

title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" has won several awards. In 2007, the book was named one of "The New York Times" 100 Notable Books, and one of its Notable Children's Books. The novel was named the best book of 2007, by "Newsweek" critic Malcolm Jones. "Publishers Weekly" also listed "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" among their Best Books of 2007. In 2008, the American Library Association named the novel one of its Best Books for Young Adults, and also listed it as a Notable Children's Book. Furthermore, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" received the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award.

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: The "Harry Potter" series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling is one of the most translated series of all time, with the first book, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", having been translated into over 74 languages. This includes languages diverse as Azerbaijani, Malayalam and Welsh as well as the dead languages Latin and Ancient Greek. This makes it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. Additionally, regional adaptations of the books have been made to accommodate regional dialects such as the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan.

text: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth book in the Harry Potter series.[2] The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997 with an initial print-run of 500copies in hardback, three hundred of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9to11year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[12][13][14] The second novel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in the UK on 2 July 1998. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[13][14] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 simultaneously by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[15] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book from the series, yet the second shortest film at 2 hours and 18 minutes.[16]

title: Harry Potter

text: The second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", was published on 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.

title: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all "Harry Potter" books in the United Kingdom, on 30 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic—the American publisher of the books—as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights—an unprecedented amount for a children's book by a then-unknown author. The second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998, and in the US on 2 June 1999. "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999, and in the US on 8 September 1999. "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" was published on 16 July 2005, and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.

title: Scholastic Corporation

text: To appeal to American children, in 1997, Scholastic (through Arthur A. Levine Books) purchased the US publication rights to the first "Harry Potter" book, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", which was renamed "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone". It continues to publish "Harry Potter" books, each title a best seller.

title: Carnelli

text: There is no strict one-to-one relationship between titles and works — "What a Girl Wants" is, unrelatedly, a Christina Aguilera song and an Amanda Bynes movie, while the first Harry Potter book is known both as "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone". Since it is "titles" that aren't allowed to be repeated in the course of a game rather than "works", players may only say "What a Girl Wants" once, but may use both Potter titles separately—unless, of course, the current Carnelli Master decides otherwise.


query: What is the national dish of Scotland?

title: Haggis

text: Although the name "hagws" or "hagese" was first recorded in England c. 1430, the dish is considered traditionally of Scottish origin. It is even the national dish,[6] as a result of Scots poet Robert Burns' poem Address to a Haggis of 1787. Haggis is traditionally served with "neeps and tatties", boiled and mashed separately, and a dram (a glass of Scotch whisky), especially as the main course of a Burns Supper.

title: Scottish Dance Theatre

text: Darkin is a prolific collaborator and her Scottish theatre work includes "Roam" (Grid Iron/National Theatre of Scotland), "Helter Skelter" (Tramway) "You tell us what was, we tell you what is" (National Theatre of Scotland), "Bint Jbeil" (Grid Iron/National Theatre of Scotland), "The Three Musketeers" (Traverse/Belgrade), "Beauty and the Beast" and "Anna Karenina" for Dundee Rep.

title: The Adventures of the Dish and the Spoon

text: The title alludes to "Hey Diddle Diddle", an English nursery rhyme whose last line is "And the Dish ran away with the Spoon". According to the British librarians, the story shows "what happens next in the astonishing tale of the dazzling Dish and Spoon duo, after they run away together". According to the U.S. national library summary, they "become vaudeville stars before turning to a life of crime."

title: Royal Banner of Scotland

text:
As well as forming the basis of the standard of the Duke of Rothesay, the Royal Banner of Scotland has since 1603 been a component of what is now styled the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom; both that version used exclusively in Scotland and that used elsewhere. It similarly appears in the Royal Standard of Canada, with the arms of Canada reflecting the royal symbols of England, Scotland, Ireland and France.
The Flag of Scotland, also known as the Saint Andrew's Cross or more commonly The Saltire, is the national flag of Scotland. The Saltire is the correct flag for all individuals and corporate bodies to fly in order to demonstrate both their loyalty and Scottish nationality. It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8am until sunset, with certain exceptions; for example United Kingdom "National Days".

title: Restaurant Andrew Fairlie

text: Gillian Glover visited the restaurant in 2004 for "The Scotsman", calling the lobster dish with lime and herb butter "so compelling public demand will ensure the poor chap is still smoking lobster shells in his eighties". She agreed with her dining partner that the meal was the best she had eaten in Scotland. Richard Bath, of the newspaper "Scotland on Sunday", was apprehensive of the complexity of the dishes when he visited the restaurant in 2008. However, he was pleased at the "unfussiness" of the menu, praising the veal loin served with veal shin and sweetbreads. He said that the "delicate flavours of the loin meshing with the richer, darker tones of the juicy shin, and rounded off with the tender, velvety sweetbreads to produce an exquisitely balanced dish." He gave the meal a rating of nine out of ten.

title: Greatest Dishes in the World

text:
Greatest Dishes In The World is a five-part cooking based programme presented by Naomi Cleaver. Each week some of Britain's best chefs prepare what they consider to be the best dishes in the world. At the end of the programme restaurant critics judge each dish and decide which is the best. By the end of the series each dish will make up the 'Greatest Menu in the World'.
It was originally shown on Sky1 and is currently being repeated on Sky3.

title: Food and drink prohibitions

text: Offal is the internal organs of butchered animals, and may refer to parts of the carcass such as the head and feet ("trotters") in addition to organ meats such as sweetbreads and kidney. Offal is a traditional part of many European and Asian cuisines, including such dishes as the steak and kidney pie in the United Kingdom or "callos a la madrileña" in Spain. Haggis has been Scotland's national dish since the time of Robert Burns. In northeast Brazil, there is a similar dish to haggis called ""buchada"", made with goats' stomach.

title: Haggis

text: Clarissa Dickson Wright says that it "came to Scotland in a longship [i.e., from Scandinavia] even before Scotland was a single nation."[11] She cites etymologist Walter William Skeat as further suggestion of possible Scandinavian origins: Skeat claimed that the hag– element of the word is derived from the Old Norse haggw or the Old Icelandic hoggva[12] (höggva meaning 'to chop' in modern Icelandic[13]), Modern Scots hag, meaning 'to hew' or strike with a sharp weapon, relating to the chopped-up contents of the dish.

title: Kedgeree

text: The dish was listed as early as 1790 in the recipe book of Stephana Malcolm of Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire. The National Trust for Scotland's book "The Scottish Kitchen" by Christopher Trotter notes the Malcolm recipe and other old examples, expressing the belief that the dish was devised by Scottish regiments hankering for the tastes of India.

title: White pudding

text: White pudding, oatmeal pudding or (in Scotland) mealy pudding is a meat dish popular in Ireland, Scotland, Northumberland, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland.

title: National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000

text: The National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, an Act of the Scottish Parliament, sets out 4 main aims of the national parks of Scotland. It also lays out criteria for what qualifies a park for National Park status, and the process necessary to create such features. The Act in itself does not establish any new National Parks; it merely creates powers for the designation of National Parks.

title: Eugene Wason

text: Wason attended a Burns Night dinner in honour of the Allied Nations at the Criterion Restaurant in London on 25 January 1918 as one of the guests of the London Robert Burns Club. Unfortunately however the guests had to do without the traditional dish of haggis. The haggis had been ordered but owing to the food restrictions in Scotland caused by the war, the necessary ingredients were not available. This was ironical in view of Wason’s previous role as Chairman of the Committee on Food Production in Scotland. The guests had to make do with what The Times newspaper report of the event described as ‘an Italian dish’ (otherwise unspecified) but which was properly piped in by the bagpipes.

title: Vern Cotter

text: In Cotter's final campaign as Scottish Coach, Scotland had their most successful Six Nations despite finishing 4th in the table. They won all three of their home games, beating Ireland 27–22, Wales 29–13 - in what was Scotland's first win over Wales since 2007 - and Italy 29–0 - which was the first time that Scotland had not conceded any points in a test match since beating Canada 41–0 in 2008. It was also the first ever time they kept Italy pointless and in a Six Nations game. Leading into the fourth round, Scotland were still within a chance of winning the Championship, however with a loss to France in round 2 (22–16) and then England in the fourth round (61–21) Scotland could not secure the Championship. However had France and Ireland not had their respective wins in the final round, Scotland would have finished in their highest ever positioning in the Six Nations of second.

title: Culture of Guyana

text: Guyanese cuisine is similar to the rest of the Anglo Caribbean, especially Trinidad, where the ethnic mix is somewhat similar. The food reflects the ethnic makeup of the country and its colonial history, and includes Ethnic groups of African, Creole, East Indian, Portuguese, Amerindian, Chinese and European (mostly British) influences and dishes. The food is diverse and includes dishes such as Dal bhat, curry, roti and cookup rice (the local variation on the Anglo-Caribbean rice and peas. The one pot meal while not the national dish is one of the most cooked dishes. With its various versions, according to what type of meat, beans and other ingredients available, is a true reflection of the country.

title: Scottish cuisine

text: The mobile nature of Scots society in the past required food that should not spoil quickly. It was common to carry a small bag of oatmeal that could be transformed into a basic porridge or oatcakes using a "girdle" (griddle). It is thought that Scotland's national dish, haggis, originated in a similar way: A small amount of offal or low-quality meat, carried in the most inexpensive bag available, a sheep or pig's stomach. It has also been suggested that this dish was introduced by Norse invaders who were attempting to preserve their food during the long journey from Scandinavia.

title: Belgian cuisine

text: Though Belgium has many distinctive national dishes, many internationally popular foods like hamburgers and spaghetti bolognese are also popular in Belgium, and most of what Belgians eat is also eaten in neighbouring countries. 'Belgian cuisine' therefore usually refers to dishes of Belgian origin, or those considered typically Belgian.

title: Cullen skink

text: Cullen skink appears in many traditional Scottish cookery books and appears in numerous restaurants and hotel menus throughout Scotland, the UK, and internationally. In 2012 a "Guardian" columnist described the dish as "the milky fish soup which has surely replaced your haggises and porridges as Scotland's signature dish".

title: Mansaf

text: Though mansaf is frequently referred to as Jordan's "national dish", Massad states that mansaf is not a truly "traditional" dish, but is rather a more recent dish which was developed during the Hashemite-Mandatory era of the early 20th century, and then promulgated as a "national" dish following independence. Massad notes that the current form of mansaf differs from the independence-era and Mandate-era recipes, but is portrayed by the state as a dish that is both national and a Bedouin tradition, despite it also historically being a dish of the peasants and Bedouins of the neighboring regions of Palestine and Syria.

title: Indonesian art

text: Some popular Indonesian dishes such as "nasi goreng", "gado-gado", "sate", and "soto" are ubiquitous in the country and considered as national dishes. The official national dish of Indonesia however, is "tumpeng", chosen in 2014 by Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy as the dish that binds the diversity of Indonesia's various culinary traditions.

title: Scotland national football team 1920–39 results

text: The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in international association football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It is the joint-oldest national football team in the world, alongside England, Scotland's opponents in what is now recognised as the world's first international football match, which took place at Hamilton Crescent in Glasgow in November 1872.

title: National symbols of Indonesia

text: For the culturally and ethnically diverse nation such as Indonesia, the national dishes are not just staple, popular or ubiquitous dishes such as Nasi Goreng or Gado-gado. It may also be considered as the dishes that transcend cultural and ethnics differences, yet still retain common Indonesian cuisine traits. It has to be able to cross boundaries of diverse Indonesian culture and ethnic groups. As a result, it is impossible to nominate a single national dish of Indonesia. Sate and Soto are good examples of Indonesian national dishes, since there is no singular satay or soto recipes. Both dishes have myriad variations and recipes and are adopted regionally across Indonesia.

title: Chicken tikka masala

text: Chicken tikka masala is a dish of chunks of roasted marinated chicken (chicken tikka) in a spiced curry sauce. The sauce is usually creamy and orange-coloured. There are multiple claims to its place of origin, including the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent or Glasgow in Scotland. It is among the United Kingdom's most popular dishes, leading a government minister, Robin Cook, to claim in 2001 that it was "a true British national dish".

title: National dish

text: This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.

title: National dish

text: A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country. A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:

title: Deep-fried Mars bar

text: The dish originated at chip shops in Scotland as a novelty item, but was never mainstream. Since various mass media began reporting on the practice in the mid-1990s, in part as a commentary on urban Scotland's notoriously unhealthy diet, the popularity of the dish has spread. The product has not received support from Mars, Inc., who said "deep-frying one of our products would go against our commitment to promoting healthy, active lifestyles."

title: Gematria

text: Minor dishes may be served before, during, or after a meal, to add interest and variety; they are the appetizers, side dishes, desserts, tid-bits — never to be served as main dishes. In other words, these sciences, while important, are yet only auxiliary and secondary. What is primary is the Torah. What is central is the life-giving law.

title: List of French dishes

text: There are many dishes that are considered part of the French national cuisine today. Many come from haute cuisine in the fine-dining realm, but others are regional dishes that have become a norm across the country. Below are lists of a few of the more common dishes available in France on a national level.

title: Pease pudding

text:
Peasemeal brose, also known as brosemeal, is a traditional breakfast dish in the north of Scotland. In Scotland it is made in the traditional way and usually eaten with butter, and either salt or honey.
In parts of the Midlands, it replaces mushy peas as a traditional accompaniment to fish and chips and is thought to be the original side order, only to be later replaced with mushy peas due to a lack of knowledge or availability of the dish.

title: National dish

text: According to Zilkia Janer, a lecturer on Latin American culture at Hofstra University, it is impossible to choose a single national dish, even unofficially, for countries such as Mexico, China or India because of their diverse ethnic populations and cultures. The cuisine of such countries simply cannot be represented by any single national dish. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven into a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.

title: 1990 Five Nations Championship

text: This was Scotland's final Grand Slam in the Five Nations and penultimate overall win, as they would later win the final 1999 Five Nations Championship on points difference. It also remains Scotland's most recent Grand Slam win, as they have yet to win a Grand Slam since Italy joined what became the Six Nations Championship in 2000.

title: Powsowdie

text: Powsowdie is a Scottish sheep's-head broth or soup. Traditional preparation of the soup includes sheep's trotters as an ingredient. Dried peas and barley can also be used as additional ingredients. Powsowdie has been described as a speciality dish in Edinburgh, Scotland. Powsowdie is less popular and less known in contemporary times; it was more prominent during times when "all parts of an animal were used in cooking and nothing was wasted". The National Library of Scotland included powsowdie in a 2015 food history exhibition named "Lifting the lid", which was an exhibit of historic Scottish recipe books that included example dishes.


query: What's the national bird of Malaysia?

title: Rhinoceros hornbill

text: The rhinoceros hornbill is the state bird of the Malaysian state of Sarawak and the country's National Bird.[2] Some Dayak people, especially the Ibanic groups, believe it to be the chief of worldly birds or the supreme worldly bird, and its statue is used to welcome the god of the augural birds, Sengalang Burong, to the feasts and celebrations of humankind. Contrary to some misunderstandings, the rhinoceros hornbill does not represent their war god, who is represented in this world by the brahminy kite.[3][4]

title: What Bird is That?

text: What Bird is That? A Guide to the Birds of Australia is a book first published in 1931 by Angus & Robertson in Sydney. Authored and illustrated by Neville William Cayley, it was Australia’s first fully illustrated national field guide to birds, a function it served alone for nearly 40 years. In 1960 it was rated the all-time best seller in Australian natural history.

title: The Message in the Bottle

text: Percy's example is of a boy on a hunting trip who sees a bird and asks what it is. The African-American accompanying him and his father calls the bird a "blue dollar", which excites the boy until his father corrects him and tells him the bird is actually a blue darter. The term "blue darter" may describe what the bird does and what color it is, says Percy, but "blue dollar" in some mystical way gets at what the bird actually "is". When the boy saw the bird, he formed a subjective impression of it—what Percy calls the bird's "apprehended nature" (72)--and in some sense the mistaken name "blue dollar" gets right at the heart of that apprehended nature.

title: Malaysia national baseball team

text: The Malaysia national baseball team is the national baseball team of Malaysia. The team represents Malaysia in international competitions.

title: Malayan peacock-pheasant

text: While a small amount of selective logging is tolerated by this bird, it depends on sufficient primary forest to persist. Most Malay peacock-pheasants today live in protected areas in Malaysia, namely Taman Negara National Park and Krau Wildlife Reserve in Pahang, and perhaps Sungkai Sambar Deer and Pheasant Wildlife Reserve in Perak and Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve in Selangor. There are also a few reports from less strictly-protected areas, such as Pasoh Forest Reserve in Negeri Sembilan. In areas where they receive protection and where suitable habitat is plentiful, the Malay peacock-pheasant can be fairly common, and thus become a flagship species for ecotourism and other forms of sustainable development. A zoo population exists, numbering 189 birds in 35 sites in 1993. Its studbook is maintained by the New York Zoological Society and Wildlife Conservation International. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Malaysia is preparing a captive breeding program to bolster the population in reserves and prevent inbreeding depression by release of captive-bred birds.

title: Malacca Zoo

text: The zoo was established in 1963, along with the National Zoo of Malaysia (Zoo Negara), but its management was later taken over by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Malaysia in 1979. This enhanced its operations and upgraded its services for the public's benefit. It was used as a wildlife rescue base before it was opened to the public by the then Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad on 13 August 1987. Although it has long been opened to the public, its primary roles as a rescue base and an animal sanctuary remain unchanged. It now houses many birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects, and is the second largest zoo behind the National Zoo in Ulu Klang.

title: What Bird is That?

text: The "Signature Edition What Bird is That?" was published by Australia's Heritage Publishing in 2011, the latest release of Cayley’s “big bird book” complete with Lindsey’s revisions. It is 832 pages, features 769 birds and includes all 460 of Cayley’s full-colour paintings, many showing groups of related birds. New to this edition was an accompanying e-book "What Bird Call is That?", which identifies and illustrates 101 birds from "What Bird is That?", as well as providing sound files of each featured bird’s distinctive call. The sound files were provided by David Stewart.

title: Malaysia National Basketball League

text: The Malaysia National Basketball League (Petronas-Molten Malaysia National Basketball League for sponsorship reason), often abbreviated to the MNBL, was the pre-eminent men's basketball league in Malaysia, organised by the Malaysia Basketball Association (MABA). The competition started as Malaysian Basketball League (MBL) in 1981. In 2002, MABA appointed Mr. Tan Kee Hian () to handle the competition and changed the league's name to Malaysia National Basketball League (MNBL).

title: Environment of Malaysia

text: Malaysia is home to 15500 species of higher plants, 746 birds, 379 reptiles, 198 amphibians, and 368 species of fish. There are also 286 species of mammals in Malaysia, of which 27 are endemic and 51 are threatened. Some of these mammals are found in both Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. The former has 193 species of mammals, while the latter has 215. Among the mammals that are native to Malaysia include the Asian elephant, the Indochinese tiger, the leopard cat and the pot-bellied pig. Endangered species include the orangutan, the tiger, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Singapore roundleaf horseshoe bat. The tropical moist broadleaf forests of Peninsular Malaysia consist of 450 species of birds and over 6000 different species of trees, of which 1000 are vascular plants that occur naturally in karsts. The rainforests of East Malaysia are denser, with over 400 species of tall dipterocarps and semihardwoods.

title: Kinabalu Park

text: Kinabalu Park (), established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is Malaysia's first World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO in December 2000 for its "outstanding universal values" and the role as one of the most important biological sites in the world with more than 4,500 species of flora and fauna, including 326 bird and around 100 mammal species, and over 110 land snail species.

title: Malaysia

text: Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998. The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism. It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world's animal species. High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest. There are about 210 mammal species in the country. Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia, with many endemic to the mountains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo. 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes and 80 species of lizards. There are about 150 species of frogs, and thousands of insect species. Malaysia's exclusive economic zone is 1.5 times larger than its land area, and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot. The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world. Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species. The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world.

title: Malaysia national football team

text: The Malaysia national football team () is the national association football team of Malaysia and is controlled by the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM). The national team was founded in 1963 Merdeka Tournament one month before the establishment of the Malaysian Federation. Malaysia national football team is recognised by FIFA as the successor of the defunct Malaya national football team. The Malaysian team is nicknamed "Harimau Malaya" in reference of the Malayan tiger.

title: Gillian Bird

text: In July 2014 news sites outside of Australia reported that an unprecedented suppression order was issued by the Supreme Court of Victoria for an affidavit from Bird relating to allegations that Securency and Note Printing Australia (NPA) agents had made bribes totaling million of dollars for the purposes of securing contracts to manufacture polymer banknotes to Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, and other countries. A copy of the order published by Wikileaks, reportedly showed that Bird's affidavit and the very fact that the suppression order existed, was suppressed on national security grounds throughout Australian media.

title: Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)

text: In 2008, DAP initially introduced "Rocket Kid", a rocket as the party's official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election. This was then changed to Ubah bird, a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013. DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics, hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation. Its merchandise such as plush toys, buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public. The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary, Chong Chieng Jen, who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people. The name "Ubah", which means "change" in Malay, is in line with the party's aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government. In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume, "Ubah" now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya, Indian costume for Deepavali, Chinese costume for Chinese New Year, Santa Claus costume for Christmas, and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people. On 13 July 2013, a gigantic float known as the "Ubah Inflatable Bird (Water Ubah)" was officially launched at IJM Promenade, Jelutong, Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng.

title: National Zoo of Malaysia

text:
With over 100 species of birds from all around the world, walk in Aviary is also home to a variety of free flying birds. The Birds Photo Corner in the aviary lets visitors take souvenir photos with a variety of macaws and cockatoos on weekends.
These indoor exhibits are home to fruit bats, the largest bat in the world, which are sometimes called flying foxes, as well as mousedeer and a Malayan tapir.

title: Michael Backman

text: Backman has written extensively about Malaysia, often favourably. However, in 2006, Backman penned a column for the Melbourne Age newspaper in which he questioned the Malaysian government's wasteful spending. Playing on Malaysia's national catchcry ‘Malaysia Boleh! (Can!)’ Backman said that if the government did not change its ways then that would be ‘Malaysia Bodoh! (Stupid!)’ The column was published as UMNO, Malaysia's ruling party, was holding its general assembly. Dissatisfaction with UMNO was growing in Malaysia and Backman's column was immediately spread widely in Malaysia and among expatriate Malaysians by the Internet. Journalists asked the then Trade Minister Rafidah Aziz what she thought of Backman's remarks. She said that she didn’t care what Backman said because he was a foreigner and that she had better not catch a Malaysian saying such things. The minister's comments were reported in the Malaysian media and they caused still more anger among Malaysians annoyed that apparently a foreigner can comment on how Malaysia is run but Malaysians cannot. Meanwhile, the column continued to circulate and Backman reportedly received more than a thousand e-mails in support from Malaysians.

title: List of animals of Malaysia

text:
This is a list of animals found in Malaysia. Malaysia is a humid country, with its rainforest hosting a huge
animal species. There are around 361 mammals species, 250 reptile species, and 150 frog species found in Malaysia. 677 bird species are found on Peninsular Malaysia alone (and 694 for Malaysia). Malaysia's large Robertus kontol gancet sama pantat gabriel

title: Kuala Lumpur Bird Park

text: A gated attraction, Kuala Lumpur Bird Park () is a public aviary in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is a popular tourist attraction in the country, receiving an annual average of 200,000 visitors. It is located adjacent to the Lake Gardens within a KL green lung in Bukit Aman, close to the National Mosque and Royal Malaysian Police Museum. The Bird Park houses more than 3,000 birds representing more than 200 species in an enclosed aviary. About 90% are local birds and 10% were imported from countries such as Australia, China, Holland, Indonesia, New Guinea, Tanzania and Thailand.

title: Malaysian Hockey Confederation

text:
The Malaysian Hockey Confederation (MHC) is the national governing body for Malaysia men's national field hockey team, Malaysia women's national field hockey team, Malaysia national under-21 field hockey team, Malaysia national women's under-21 field hockey team, Malaysia national indoor hockey team and Malaysia national women's indoor hockey team than also manage the field hockey in Malaysia. It is affiliated to the Asian Hockey Federation (AHF) and member of the International Hockey Federation (FIH).
The current MHC president is Dato' Sri Subahan Kamal.

title: National Zoo of Malaysia

text: The Lake Birds exhibit includes painted storks, Black-headed ibis, egrets, swans, pelicans, Black-crowned night heron, and milky storks.

title: Malaysia women's national football team

text: The Malaysia women's national team is Malaysia's national women's football team and is controlled by the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM). The team represents Malaysia in international women's football. The Malaysian team is now nicknamed as Harimau Malaya.

title: Maya-1

text: The satellite, later dubbed as Maya-1 was developed mainly through the second Joint Global Multination Birds Project (Birds-2) initiated by the Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech) in Japan. The project is managed by a team composed of 11 graduate students from Bhutan, Japan, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The two other satellites developed under Birds-2; BHUTAN-1 of Bhutan and UiTMSAT-1 of Malaysia. The first iteration of the project (Birds-1) was a joint effort by Bangladesh, Ghana, Japan, Mongolia, and Nigeria.

title: List of birds of Malaysia

text: Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. There are 35 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Malaysia.

title: List of birds of Malaysia

text: This is a list of the bird species recorded in Malaysia. The avifauna of Malaysia include a total of 781 species, of which four are endemic, three have been introduced by humans and ten are rare or accidental. Forty-five species are globally threatened.

title: Postage stamps and postal history of Malaysia

text:
During 1965 Malaysia issued its first definitive stamps. The stamps featured orchids for the State low values and birds for the Malaysia high values.
Each State had its own set, identical with the exception of the State name and Rulers portrait or State crest as applicable. The eight high values were printed in portrait format, featuring Malaysian birds, and had 'MALAYSIA' printed on them in place of State names.

title: Kuala Lumpur Bird Park

text: The bird park is part of the Lake Gardens, which were established in 1888. In addition to the bird park, which was created in 1991, the gardens include an artificial lake, the National Monument, the Kuala Lumpur Butterfly Park, the Deer Park, Orchid and Hibiscus gardens, and the former Malaysia Parliament House. It is one of the world's largest covered bird parks. The park has been sited on a hillside in Bukit Aman, with netted walk-in aviaries hugging the slopes and folds on the hillside.

title: Malaysian Nature Society

text: The MNS Conservation initiatives are also guided by key documents such as the Important Bird Area (IBA) data which has been compiled since 1997 with the assistance of the MNS Bird Conservation Council and Birdlife International. Conservation is also guided by the MNS Blueprint for Conservation (established in 1974) which calls for the conservation of notable areas such as national parks, reserves, islands, national monuments, wildlife sanctuaries, marine reserves and research sites in Peninsular Malaysia.

title: Birds-2

text: Three countries participated in the Birds-2 program: Bhutan, the Philippines, and Malaysia. UiTMSAT-1 was Malaysia's first satellite built by a university. Bhutan's satellite, Bhutan-1, was the country's first satellite. The Philippines built their first cubesat, Maya-1.

title: Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia

text: The Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia (Malay: "Muzium Kesenian Islam Malaysia") was officially opened on 12 December 1998. The museum is located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur’s tourist belt amidst the lush greenery of Perdana Botanical Gardens and within walking distance to the National Mosque, Bird Park and National Planetarium.

title: Melaka Bird Park

text: The Melaka Bird Park () is a bird park in Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. With a total area of 1.8 hectares, it is the largest bird park in Asia.

text: The Malaysia women's national basketball team is a national basketball team of Malaysia. It is managed by the Malaysia Basketball Association (MABA). (Malay: "Persatuan Bola Keranjang Malaysia").


query: When is the next rover heading to Mars?

title: Mars 2020

text: Mars 2020 is a Mars rover mission by NASA's Mars Exploration Program with a planned launch in July or August 2020.[1] It will investigate an astrobiologically relevant ancient environment on Mars, investigate its surface geological processes and history, including the assessment of its past habitability, the possibility of past life on Mars, and the potential for preservation of biosignatures within accessible geological materials.[5][6] It will cache sample containers along its route for a potential future Mars sample-return mission.[6][7][8]

title: Lyn Hagan

text:
After interest from a project scientist at ESA, she is simultaneously beginning to structure a
project that may see art on Mars for the next ExoMars Rover mission. Her
suggestion is to choreograph a dance for the robot on Mars for when the scientific mission is
over using its autonomous navigation system.

title: List of Mars landers

text: The following table is a list of successful and unsuccessful Mars landers. As of 2018, 16 lander missions and 5 sub-landers (Rovers and Penetrators) attempted to land on Mars. Of 16 landers, only InSight Mars Lander is currently in operation on Mars. This list excludes rovers, such as Spirit ("Mars Exploration Rover-A"), Opportunity (Mars "Exploration Rover-B") and Curiosity ("Mars Science Laboratory").

title: Exploration of Mars

text: As part of the ExoMars program, ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency plan to send the ExoMars rover in 2020 to search for evidence of past or present microscopic life on Mars.[96] The Mars 2020 rover mission by NASA will be launched in 2020, and it is based on the Mars Science Laboratory design. The scientific payload will be focused on astrobiology.[97] It will include a miniature robotic Mars Helicopter Scout. The 2020 Chinese Mars Mission is planned to comprise an orbiter, a lander and a small rover.[98] The United Arab Emirates will send an orbiter to Mars, the Hope Mars Mission, in 2020.[99][100] India's ISRO plans to send a follow-up mission to its Mars Orbiter Mission in the 2021–2022 timeframe; it is called Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MOM-2). This mission will consist of an orbiter, and probably a rover.[101]

title: Mars Exploration Rover

text: NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers: MER-A "Spirit" and MER-B "Opportunity"—to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004. Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A "Spirit" was active until 2010, while MER-B "Opportunity" was active until 2018, and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off-Earth wheeled vehicle.

title: Rover (space exploration)

text: On 26 November 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars. The mission successfully landed the robotic "Curiosity" rover on the surface of Mars in August 2012. The rover is currently helping to determine whether Mars could ever have supported life, and search for evidence of past or present life on Mars.

title: Timekeeping on Mars

text: When a spacecraft lander begins operations on Mars, the passing Martian days (sols) are tracked using a simple numerical count. The two Viking missions, Mars Phoenix and the Mars Science Laboratory rover "Curiosity" count the sol on which each lander touched down as "Sol 0", as does the InSight mission. Mars Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers instead defined touchdown as "Sol 1".

title: Curiosity (rover)

text: Previous NASA Mars rovers became active only after the successful entry, descent and landing on the Martian surface. "Curiosity", on the other hand, was active when it touched down on the surface of Mars, employing the rover suspension system for the final set-down.

title: Northwest Passage Drive Expedition

text: The expedition’s main objective was to deliver the Mars Institute’s "HMP Okarian" rover (aka "Moon-1 Humvee Rover"), a modified Humvee serving as a planetary pressurized rover simulator, from the North American mainland to the Haughton-Mars Project Research Station on Devon Island. Once delivered, the "HMP Okarian" would be used for research - through simulations of planetary excursion missions - to plan future human Moon and Mars exploration. The Northwest Passage Drive Expedition was proposed by HMP principal investigator Pascal Lee when rover operations on Devon Island using the HMP’s first Humvee alone, the "Mars-1", proved too risky, and a second Humvee (the "HMP Okarian") became needed at the HMP site.

title: Ames Research Center

text: In addition, Ames has played a support role in a number of missions, most notably the "Mars Pathfinder" and Mars Exploration Rover missions, where the Ames Intelligent Robotics Laboratory played a key role. NASA Ames was a partner on the Mars "Phoenix", a Mars Scout Program mission to send a high-latitude lander to Mars, deployed a robotic arm to dig trenches up to 1.6 feet (one half meter) into the layers of water ice and analyzing the soil composition. Ames is also a partner on the Mars Science Laboratory and its "Curiosity" rover, a next generation Mars rover to explore for signs of organics and complex molecules.

title: Opportunity (rover)

text: Opportunity, also known as MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B) or MER-1, is a robotic rover active on Mars since 2004. Launched on July 7, 2003 as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover program, it landed in Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004, three weeks after its twin "Spirit" (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. With a planned 90 sol duration of activity (slightly more than 90 earth days), "Spirit" functioned until getting stuck in 2009 and ceased communications in 2010, while "Opportunity" was active as of June 10, 2018 when a dust storm forced it to hibernation. It has operated sols since landing, having exceeded its operating plan by (in Earth time). "Opportunity" has operated for over 55 times its designed lifespan. As of June 10, 2018 when contact was lost, the rover had traveled a distance of .

title: Opportunity mission timeline

text:
Opportunity began the year at the edge of Endeavour Crater's Cape York, and the total distance travelled since landing on Mars was . After completing work at Matijevic Hill the "Opportunity" rover headed south to the rim of Endeavour Crater. Next, the rover headed south across a gap in the rim to a place the researchers called Botany Bay, then up onto the next rim segment to the south. There are two hills to the south of it, one called Solander Point and farther south is Cape Tribulation. The current aim is for "Opportunity" to reach Solander Point before winter reaches the Martian southern hemisphere as the area has ground tilted to the north allowing the rover to stay active during the winter months. In addition Solander Point has a large geological stack for Opportunity to explore.
In April 2013, the rover passed through a three-week-long solar conjunction, when communication with Earth was blocked because of the Sun. The rover arm was positioned on a rock during that time so the APXS could collect data.

title: Alexander Kemurdzhian

text: In 1963-1973 A.L.Kemurdzhian headed works on the design and creation of the self-propelled automatic chassis of Soviet Moon rovers and Mars rovers. Under his leadership planetary rovers developed as robotic transport vehicles of space appropriation, and his group developed the first-ever planet research vehicles - «Lunokhods», Prop-M Rover (Apparatus of the Cross-Country Capability Estimate), apparatus for the jump movement at the moon of Mars – Phobos. Devices designed under his leadership also yielded data on physicomechanical properties of soil of the Moon and Venus.

title: Kobie Boykins

text: After leaving R.P.I Kobie took a career at NASA in their Jet Propulsion Laboratory, working on trips from Mars to planet Earth. Kobie Boykins is a senior mechanical engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Boykins has now been working at NASA for 22 years and enjoys working in the laboratory as of 1996. He worked with his team to design the solar array systems for the Mars exploration rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity", and designed the actuators on the Mars rover "Curiosity," the name of both wings. This system generates power so the Mars Rover can operate while on Mars. Two rechargeable batteries are held inside the Mars Exploration Rover; these batteries are power sources for the rover when the sun is not shining. (epically at night time). The rover can generate about 140 watts of power when fully illuminated and need about 100 watts for motion. The solar array system is attached to the rover and looks almost like wings, although they cannot be used for flight they are crucial for the system to function properly.

title: Oregon State University Mars Rover

text: The OSU Mars Rover is a student-organized project, which designs, builds, and tests a remotely operated terrestrial rover every year. The rover competes in the University Rover Challenge (URC), hosted by the Mars Society. The team is composed of students in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Software Engineering, and Science at Oregon State University.The University Rover Challenge, hosted by the Mars Society, is an international competition to design a mobile robotic platform that can perform several tasks. Each task is worth 100 points.

title: Space probe

text: The Mars Exploration Rovers, "Spirit" and "Opportunity" landed on Mars to explore the Martian surface and geology, and searched for clues to past water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 and landed in 2004. Communication with "Spirit" stopped on sol 2210 (March 22, 2010). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended. "Opportunity" arrived at Endeavour crater on 9 August 2011, at a landmark called "Spirit Point" named after its rover twin, after traversing from Victoria crater, over a three-year period. As of January 26, 2016, "Opportunity" has lasted for more than twelve years on Mars — although the rovers were intended to last only three months.

title: Exploration of Mars

text: The USSR intended to have the first artificial satellite of Mars beating the planned American Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 Mars orbiters. In May 1971, one day after Mariner 8 malfunctioned at launch and failed to reach orbit, Cosmos 419 (Mars 1971C), a heavy probe of the Soviet Mars program M-71, also failed to launch. This spacecraft was designed as an orbiter only, while the next two probes of project M-71, Mars 2 and Mars 3, were multipurpose combinations of an orbiter and a lander with small skis-walking rovers that would be the first planet rovers outside the Moon. They were successfully launched in mid-May 1971 and reached Mars about seven months later. On November 27, 1971 the lander of Mars 2 crash-landed due to an on-board computer malfunction and became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars. On 2 December 1971, the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing, but its transmission was interrupted after 14.5 seconds.[45]

title: Curiosity (rover)

text: "Curiosity" has an advanced payload of scientific equipment on Mars. It is the fourth NASA unmanned surface rover sent to Mars since 1996. Previous successful Mars rovers are "Sojourner" from the Mars Pathfinder mission (1997), and "Spirit" (2004–2010) and "Opportunity" (2004–present) rovers from the Mars Exploration Rover mission.

title: Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher

text:
A mid-range rover concept was originally included in the planning work of the Mars Architecture Tiger Team (MATT). By the time of the MATT-3 report in 2009, the potential mission was referred to with several different working names, including both 'Mid-Range Rover' and 'Mars Prospector Rover', and the mission concept was generically envisioned as including a single Mars Exploration Rover or Mars Science Laboratory-class rover with precision landing and sampling/caching capability. To provide a name that fit the mission concept better, it was changed in August 2009 from the generic Mid-Range Rover (MRR) to Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C).
In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept, ExoMars (ESA) and MAX-C (NASA). One suggestion was that the new vehicle be built in Europe and take on a combination of European and USA instruments. NASA proposed to provide a launch rocket and the "Sky Crane" landing system. In February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts, and when Congress reinstated funding for Mars exploration after a loud outcry from planetary scientists and enthusiasts, NASA announced in December 2012 the Mars 2020 rover and, later, that it would indeed prepare a sample cache.

title: Next Mars Orbiter

text: The orbiter was initially proposed to be launched in September 2022 to link ground controllers with rovers and landers and extend mapping capabilities expected to be lost when the "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" and "2001 Mars Odyssey" stop functioning, but officials elected to focus on flying a sample-return mission first and incorporate a Mars telecom orbiter in that mission architecture, now envisioned for the late 2020s.

title: Electra (radio)

text: When NASA's landers and rovers land safely on Mars, Electra can provide precise Doppler data which, when combined with "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" position information, can accurately determine the location of the lander or rover on the surface of Mars. Electra can also provide UHF coverage to Mars landers and rovers on the surface using its nadir-pointed (pointed straight down at the surface) antenna. This coverage would be important to landed crafts on Mars that might not have sufficient radio power to communicate directly with Earth by themselves.

title: Next Mars Orbiter

text: Another suggested feature under study is "the sample rendezvous capture and return capability." The samples cached by the Mars 2020 rover would be placed in Mars orbit by a future Mars ascent vehicle. From there, the orbiter would rendezvous, transfer the samples into a capsule and send it back to Earth.

title: University Rover Challenge

text: The University Rover Challenge (URC) by the Mars Society is a robotics competition for university level students that challenges teams to design and build a rover that would be of use to early explorers on Mars. The competition is held annually at the Mars Desert Research Station, outside Hanksville, Utah in the United States. The site was selected by the Mars Society for its geographic similarity to Mars: In addition to being a largely barren desert area, the soil in the area has a chemical composition similar to Martian soil. The competition has also expanded internationally to include the European Rover Challenge, Canadian International Rover Challenge, and the Indian Rover Challenge as part of the Rover Challenge Series.

title: Schiaparelli EDM lander

text: An important date in its development was 2005, when the ESA council approved 650 million Euros for a Mars rover and static lander. At this time the idea was for a single launch bringing both a Mars Exploration Rover class rover and instrumented static lander to Mars with a simpler cruise stage;in this case the static lander both landed the rover and performed its own studies. However to accomplish its mission goals within the constraints of a Soyuz launcher, the rover was budgeted for 6 kg at one point. This led to the search for bigger rockets; the Ariane V, Atlas V, and Proton were evaluated. As heavier launchers were considered, heavier rovers from 180 even up to 600 kg were considered, and eventually the idea of test lander to offload risk from the rover lander was taken seriously and fit well with a two launch setup that allowed for a heavier orbiter and a heavier rover. Another factor was if the demonstrator should wait in Mars orbit for the Global dust storm to start. Early in the development, the idea was for the lander to be carried by a dedicated cruise stage called the "Carrier Module". Eventually, the Trace Gas Orbiter mission was merged into ExoMars becoming the mother-ship for the EDM.

title: Crewed Mars rover

text: Crewed Mars rovers are vehicles for transporting people on the planet Mars, and have been conceptualized as part of human mission to that planet. Two types of crewed Mars rovers are pressurized and unpressurizedunpressurized designs may have open seating for a crew in Mars space suits, and another style has a pressurized interior for people to work without a space suit. Pressurized rovers have been envisioned for short trips from a Mars base, or they may be equipped to be more of a mobile base or laboratory. They are also called "manned Mars rovers"

title: Crewed Mars rover

text: Crewed Mars rovers are a component of many designs for a human mission to the planet Mars. For example, the Austere Human Missions to Mars proposal proposed including two rovers on its unmanned power and logistics cargo lander. Each rover could hold a crew of two in a pressurized environment, with power coming from a Stirling radioisotope generator.

title: Spirit (rover)

text: Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a robotic rover on Mars, active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of NASA's ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission. It landed successfully on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, "Opportunity" (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover became stuck in late 2009, and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010.

title: Viewshed analysis

text: In another example the United States Geological Survey (USGS) used a viewshed analysis to assist NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project. When NASA needed to find appropriate landing spots for the Mars rovers, they turned to the USGS to map the best possible sites. Part of the analysis included a viewshed of the possible site selections. In this case the viewshed indicates the areas which may or may not be visible by the Mars rovers from each landing site (MER Landing Site Viewshed Analysis).

title: Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander

text: The 2001 Surveyor lander spacecraft was built under contract to NASA by the Lockheed Martin corporation. Except for the solar arrays, the basic lander design is identical to that of the Mars Polar Lander, which had been intended to be the first of a series of low-cost "Mars Surveyor" landers sent to Mars. Prior to mission cancellation, cost overruns and technical problems caused the Lander design to be rescoped, and the planned large Athena rover was replaced by a small rover duplicating the "Sojourner" which was a part of the Mars Pathfinder mission. (The Athena did later make it to Mars, however, with two such rovers making up the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2004. The second of these, MER-B "Opportunity", landed at Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander's target site, Meridiani Planum.)

title: Mars 2020

text: Astrobiology Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher, a cancelled astrobiology rover Climate of Mars ExoMars rover, to be launched in 2020 Exploration of Mars Life on Mars List of missions to Mars Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Mars Orbiter Mission Water on Mars

title: List of rocks on Mars

text:
' Rover – July 4, 1997; "Last Earth Contact" – September 27, 1997.
Mars landing coordinates: ' Rover – January 4, 2004; "Last Earth Contact" – May 25, 2011.
Mars landing coordinates: ' Rover – January 25, 2004; CURRENTLY ACTIVE.
Mars landing coordinates: "" Lander – May 25, 2008; "Last Earth Contact" – November 10, 2008.
Mars landing coordinates: ' Rover – August 6, 2012; CURRENTLY ACTIVE.
Mars landing coordinates: ()