query: What kind of weather does Oklahoma have?

title: Climate of Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City lies in a temperate humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), with frequent variations in weather daily and seasonally, except during the consistently hot and humid summer months. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Oklahoma City's climate transitions toward semi-arid further to the west, toward humid continental to the north, and toward humid subtropical to the east and southeast. The normal annual mean temperature is 61.4°F (16.3°C); the coolest year was 1895 with a mean of 57.9°F (14.4°C), while the warmest 2012 at 64.1°F (17.8°C). Precipitation averages 36.52 inches (928mm) annually, falling on an average 84 days, with the warmer months receiving more; annual precipitation has historically ranged from 15.74in (400mm) in 1901 to 56.95in (1,447mm) in 2007.[1] The sun shines about 69% of the time, with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 60% in December to 80% in July.[2]

title: Eliot A. Cohen

text: If you have somebody there [at Defense] who's already made it clear that he does not want to engage in a confrontation with Iran, what kind of negotiating leverage do we have? ... You want to have as secretary of defense somebody who's the heavy. Somebody who's the guy who looks as if he's perfectly capable of waging war against you and happy to do it. That's just kind of elementary negotiating tactics.

title: 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak

text: As observations and forecasts began to indicate an increasing likelihood of widespread severe weather conditions even more favorable for strong tornadoes, the SPC issued a moderate risk of severe weather at 11:15 a.m. CDT for portions of Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas along and near the Interstate 40 corridor. By 3:00 p.m. CDT, it had become evident that a widespread severe weather event was imminent; the Storm Prediction Center upgraded locations within the moderate risk area to a high risk of severe weather around 4:00 p.m. CDT as wind shear profiles, combined with volatile atmospheric conditions, had made conditions highly conducive for a significant tornadic event across most of Oklahoma, southern Kansas and north Texas, including the likelihood of violent, damaging tornadoes. The SPC issued a tornado watch by mid-afternoon as conditions gathered together for what would be a historic tornado outbreak. By the time thunderstorms began developing in the late-afternoon hours, CAPE values over the region had reached to near 6,000 J/kg. Large supercell thunderstorms developed and in the late afternoon through the mid-evening hours of that Monday, tornadoes began to break out across the state.At approximately 3:30 p.m. CDT, a severe thunderstorm began forming in Tillman County in southwestern Oklahoma; a severe thunderstorm warning was issued for this storm by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman at 4:15 p.m. CDT. The storm quickly developed supercell characteristics and began exhibiting potentially tornadic rotation, resulting in the National Weather Service issuing the first tornado warning of the event for Comanche, Caddo and Grady counties approximately 35 minutes later at 4:50 p.m. CDT.

title: Autotelic

text: "Art, then, is about itself, but this information does not help me to answer my questions, for I do not understand it. What, for example, would Pope or Dante have understood if this statement had been made to them regarding the poems which I have just mentioned? Or what can we understand with regard to these poems? About all we can deduce from such a passage is that the artist does not really know what he is doing; a doctrine which we shall find suggested and elucidated elsewhere, and which leads directly to the plainest kind of determinism."

title: Oklahoma State Highway 136

text: State Highway 136 (abbreviated SH-136) is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs across Texas County in the Oklahoma Panhandle, from the adjoining state of Texas in the south to Kansas in the north. SH-136 does not have any letter-suffixed spur routes branching from it, however, it does have a truck route bypassing downtown Guymon.

title: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4s and two F/EF5s.

title: KTEN

text: In November 2005, KTEN began utilizing "TrueView Doppler 10/4" (later renamed "First Alert True View Radar" in 2012), a Doppler radar system that utilizes live VIPIR data from radars operated by National Weather Service radar sites out of Oklahoma City and Frederick, Oklahoma, Fort Worth, Texas and Shreveport, Louisiana for use by station meteorologists for weather segments within its newscasts and for severe weather cut-ins (KTEN does not operate a radar site within proximity to its studios). The radar utilizes a radar beam wavelength that, because each of the sites used provides overlapping coverage of the station's viewing area, is less prone to attenuation interference from precipitation located near each of the sites in comparison to shorter wavelength radars.

title: Del City, Oklahoma

text:
Del City is in a region dominated by the Cross Timbers, an area of prairie and patches of forest at the eastern extent of the Great Plains. The region is essentially a transition buffer between the wetter and more forested Eastern Oklahoma and the semi-arid high plains of Western Oklahoma, and experiences extreme swings between dry and wet weather patterns. Climate is dominated by large differences in annual rainfall totals, with Central Oklahoma's western boundary receiving far less rain than compared to its eastern boundary. Because of these convergences of dry and wet weather patterns, Del City is located at the heart of what is known as Tornado Alley, and is in one of the most tornado-prone areas in the United States.
Eagle Lake located within Del City the lake is located in the northern part of the city and is the only large body of water. The lake is stocked with bass, catfish, bluegill, carp, and crappie.

title: NAACP

text: During the 2000 Presidential election, Lee Alcorn, president of the Dallas NAACP branch, criticized Al Gore's selection of Senator Joe Lieberman for his Vice-Presidential candidate because Lieberman was Jewish. On a gospel talk radio show on station KHVN, Alcorn stated, "If we get a Jew person, then what I'm wondering is, I mean, what is this movement for, you know? Does it have anything to do with the failed peace talks?"..."So I think we need to be very suspicious of any kind of partnerships between the Jews at that kind of level because we know that their interest primarily has to do with money and these kind of things."

title: Political views of Richard Dawkins

text: In 2009, Dawkins agreed to give a talk at the University of Oklahoma, and the Oklahoma House of Representatives introduced bills attacking him, declaring that his views on evolution are "contrary and offensive to the views and opinions of most citizens of Oklahoma." In his speech, the professor argued that "what's really offensive is the bizarre idea that a state university should only ever hear opinions that its citizens agree with. If that principle is ever accepted you can kiss goodbye anything that a university stands for. What on earth is a university for if it only reinforces opinions that students and the public already hold?" Dawkins has argued against campaigns by far-left groups on university campuses to have speeches by internationally renown figures cancelled. In a 2015 interview, Dawkins said "If you only ever get exposed to ideas you agree with, what kind of university would that be?" He has argued against campaigns to block speakers like Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Bill Maher, Maryam Namazie and Germaine Greer.

title: Edwin Kessler

text: Kessler maintained a lifelong interest in politics—local, state, and federal—with particular interests in conservation, the environment, anti-corruption and transparency in government. He advocated wind power and other alternative energy, sustainable transport, and sustainable agriculture, managing near Purcell, Oklahoma which included cattle and an organic farm. In the 1980s he began donating parcels of the farm to OU and it became a focus of activity, particularly by the Departments of Botany and Microbiology. The Kessler Atmospheric and Ecological Field Station (KAEFS) is an environmental stewardship demonstration and research site that also includes prairie restoration and climate, weather, and space weather observations. Observations include a mesonet surface weather station of the Oklahoma Mesonet, wind profilers, and a magnetometer. Upon retirement Kessler became politically outspoken and engaged. He worked with Common Cause, for several years chairing Oklahoma Common Cause. His transparency work included monitoring the actions of legislatures, courts, city and county councils. He joined other scientists, including Chuck Doswell, in opposing the funding scheme proposed to construct what became the National Weather Center (NWC) building, as it diverted funds from a state program to remediate leaking underground oil storage tanks.

title: National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma

text: National Weather Service - Norman, Oklahoma (office identification code: OUN) is a Weather Forecast Office (WFO) of the National Weather Service based in Norman, Oklahoma, which is responsible for forecasts and the dissemination of weather warnings and advisories for central and most of western Oklahoma (with the exception of the panhandle), and western portions of north Texas. It is located in the National Weather Center on the University of Oklahoma campus, where it acts as one of the NOAA Weather Partners, a group of close-together weather-related agencies of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NWS Norman is currently overseen by David Andra, who serves as the Meteorologist In Charge of the office.

title: Weatherscan

text: Weatherscan is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Byron Allen's Entertainment Studios. A spinoff of The Weather Channel, Weatherscan features uninterrupted local weather information in graphical format on a continuous loop that is generated by an IntelliStar unit installed at the cable provider's headend; unlike The Weather Channel, Weatherscan does not feature on-air talent of any kind.

title: Revolutionary terror

text: We are engaged in exterminating the bourgeoisie as a class. You need not prove that this or that man acted against the interests of the Soviet power. The first thing you have to ask an arrested person is: To what class does he belong, where does he come from, what kind of education did he have, what is his occupation? These questions are to decide the fate of the accused. That is the quintessence of the Red Terror.

title: Julie Bishop

text: Bishop does not have children. In response to repeated media inquiries about the subject, she has stated that "I'm not having kids, there's no point lamenting what was or what could have been", and that she feels "incredibly lucky that I've had the kind of career that is so consuming that I don't feel I have a void in my life".

title: Peggy Ahwesh

text: By 1983, she created what is known as The Pittsburgh Trilogy—three films made back to back that documented the lives of her friends during the summer of 1983. Ahwesh claims the three films: Verite Opera (1983), Paranormal Intelligence (1983), and Nostalgia for Paradise (1983) are not diary films, narratives or documentaries but rather "portraits" of her friends. The three films helped explore Ahwesh's interest in her friends and helped answer the questions of what kind of relationship does one have with a person, what kind of relationship does the camera have with a person, how do you shoot positive and negative space and what is it about people that makes them interesting? Ahwesh was not aware that she had copied the name for the trilogy from another experimental filmmaker, Stan Brakhage.

text: The Norman Weather Forecast Office – which operates as a branch of the National Weather Service's Southern Region Headquarters (SRH) division – manages three NEXRAD (WSR-88D) Doppler weather radar sites that cover its area of forecasting responsibility, based in Oklahoma City (radar identification code: TLX), serving central Oklahoma; Frederick (FDR), serving southwestern Oklahoma and western north Texas; and at Vance Air Force Base (VNX), serving north-central and northwestern parts of Oklahoma. The office has earned widespread recognition from local media outlets, especially in concern with certain weather conditions that are or are forecast to occur. It has also received attention from national media, and was even recognized by United States President Barack Obama.

title: Northwest Theological Seminary

text: NWTS is somewhat unusual in comparison to most seminaries. The institution does not own any buildings, and has no plans to build. NWTS does not have a standard "business model." It does not seek any kind of accreditation but measures itself only on the basis of what it sees as its biblical mission.

title: 2013 El Reno tornado

text:
Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of well above ground level and ≥ below , with some subvortices moving at . The strongest winds occurred in small subvortices along the south side of the main vortex. The two most intense vortices occurred north and east of the intersection of 10th Street and Radio Road, about southeast of El Reno. The main funnel is believed to have had radar-estimated EF4 winds, with wind speeds around . Radar-estimated EF5 winds were only found aloft and in the smaller vortices that rotated around this funnel at .
Rick Smith, the warning coordination meteorologist at the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, stated that this tornado was among a "super-rare" category within the EF5 rating. Smith also stated that it was fortunate the tornado did not track into more densely populated areas, particularly those within the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, "this would have been … I don't even want to imagine what it would have been." William Hooke, a senior policy fellow at the American Meteorological Society stated that, "[Oklahoma City] dodged a bullet...You lay that path over Oklahoma City, and you have devastation of biblical proportions."

title: Mike Morgan (meteorologist)

text: Michael Charles Carroll Morgan (born 1963 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American television meteorologist. Since January 1993, he has served as a meteorologist for KFOR-TV (channel 4), an NBC-affiliated television station in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Morgan – who, as its chief meteorologist, does weather segments for KFOR's 4:00, 4:30, 5:00, 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. newscasts each weeknight, in addition to helming the station's severe weather coverage – is a member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the National Weather Association (NWA).

text: The offices at the Culbertson Building was closed four years later on January 16, 1906, with the operations moving once again, this time to a newly constructed weather observatory located at 1923 Classen Boulevard in southwest Oklahoma City. In 1932, the office began to slowly migrate its forecasting operations and other functions from the observatory to a new Weather Bureau office based in an existing building at Will Rogers Airport on the city's southwestern edge, which opened on April 2 of that year. Eventually, an actual proprietary building to solely house the Weather Bureau office was constructed at the airport, where it moved on October 22, 1965. Shortly afterward, the U.S. Weather Bureau was renamed the National Weather Service (NWS). On January 27, 1987, the National Weather Service moved its central Oklahoma office away from Oklahoma City (and Oklahoma County), and relocated its operations into a building that had been constructed specifically for NWS use in Cleveland County, at Max Westheimer Airport (now the University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport) in Norman.

title: Gary England

text: England is not a believer in global warming or climate change that is attributed to man but rather a believer in cyclic change due to many factors. A KWTV promo was featured in a "Daily Show" piece regarding global warming on June 14, 2007. The piece starts with comments by global warming skeptic and Oklahoma Senator James Inhofe regarding The Weather Channel's chief meteorologist's statement that the American Meteorological Society (AMS) should not certify anyone who does not accept global warming. Inhofe argued that The Weather Channel needs global warming in order to scare viewers and boost ratings. "The Daily Show" followed up Inhofe's comments by playing the KWTV's "Calm During The Storm" promo where a family is running from a massive tornado, cowering in the basement, the family hears England's voice on the television and the mother says to her son (clutched in her hands) "It's OK baby, listen to Gary England, he's going to tell us what's going on" in which then host Jon Stewart mocks the scene with "Listen to Gary England— OR YOUR CHILDREN WILL DIE!" "The Daily Show" connects England and Inhofe as both being from Oklahoma.

title: 125th Weather Flight

text: The United States Air Force's 125th Weather Flight (125th WF) is a combat weather team located at Tinker AFB in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

title: Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management

text: Oklahoma Weather Alert Remote Notification (OK-WARN) is a weather alert system that specifically was created to benefit the deaf and hard-of-hearing. With the fear of deaf and hard-of-hearing not being able to access knowledge of incoming weather events. OK-WARN provides these Oklahoma citizens with current weather events via specific pagers or email. This program is in accordance with the Individual Assistance/Human Services Program to help ensure local communities have resources available to help those specific people like those who are deaf and hard-of-hearing.

title: Central Oklahoma

text: Because of these convergences of dry and wet weather patterns, Central Oklahoma is at the heart of what is known as Tornado Alley, and is one of the most tornado-prone areas in the United States.

title: Sir Walter Raleigh (essay)

text: We have considered a fair specimen of an Englishman in the sixteenth century; but it behooves us to be fairer specimens of American men in the nineteenth. The gods have given man no constant gift, but the power and liberty to act greatly. How many wait for health and warm weather to be heroic and noble! We are apt to think there is a kind of virtue which need not be heroic and bravebut in fact virtue is the deed of the bravest; and only the hardy souls venture upon it, for it deals in what we have no experience, and alone does the rude pioneer work of the world. In winter is its campaign, and it never goes into quarters. "Sit not down," said Sir Thomas Browne, "in the popular seats and common level of virtues, but endeavor to make them heroical. Offer not only peace-offerings, but holocausts, unto God".

title: National Severe Storms Laboratory

text: NOAA's Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) is jointly managed by NSSL, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and the National Weather Service Oklahoma City/Norman Weather Forecast Office (OUN) on the University of Oklahoma campus inside the National Weather Center. The HWT is designed to accelerate the transition of promising new meteorological insights and technologies into advances in forecasting and warning for hazardous mesoscale weather events throughout the United States.

title: Trolltunga

text: Trolltunga is located in a region with a mild and humid coastal climate. During summer and autumn the weather conditions often change quickly – from blue sky to wind, rain and dense fog. Check the weather forecast and ask locals about what kind of weather to expect before you go hiking.

title: National Weather Service Tulsa, Oklahoma

text: National Weather Service - Tulsa, Oklahoma (TSA) is a local weather forecast office responsible for monitoring weather conditions for 7 counties in Northwestern Arkansas, and 25 counties in Eastern Oklahoma. The current office in Tulsa maintains a WSR-88D (NEXRAD) radar system, and Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) that greatly improve forecasting in the region. Tulsa is in charge of weather forecasts, warnings and local statements as well as aviation weather and NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts in its service area. The office operates two Doppler radars, one in Tulsa (INX), and the other in Fort Smith, Arkansas (SRX). Steve Piltz is the Meteorologist-In-Charge (MIC) of this office.

title: Apostrophe

text: The apostrophe is used in English to indicate what is, for historical reasons, misleadingly called the possessive case in the English language. This case was called the genitive until the 18th century and (like the genitive case in other languages) does not always involve possession. For example, in the phrase "little Roger's headmaster", little Roger does not own the headmaster; in the phrase "tomorrow's weather", tomorrow does not/will not own the weather.

title: National Severe Storms Laboratory


query: Did Louise-Marie-Madeleine Guillaume de Fontaine have any children?

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Louise gives birth to a son, Jacques-Armand on 3 March 1727 in Paris.[12]

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Louise-Marie-Madeleine, daughter of Jean-Louis-Guillaume, ecuyer, Seigneur de Fontaine, councillor of the King, commissioner of the Navy and galleys de France and Marie-Anne-Armande Dancourt his wife born on the twenty-eight of October in the Sourdière street on this parish where was baptized, was the godfather the very high and very powerful Lord Louis d'Aumont de Roche baron duc d'Aumont, peer of France, first gentleman of the King's bedchamber and Governor of the town and castle of Bolougne and Bolougnese country, the godmother was Madeleine Clerjaut, wife of Samuel Bernard, Knight of the King's Order.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Louise-Marie-Madeleine Guillaume de Fontaine (after marriage known as Madame Dupin; 28 October 1706 – 20 November 1799) was a French saloniste.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Madame Dupin passed her estate to her step-greatgrandson, Count René-François Vallet de Villeneuve and his wife Apolline de Guibert. Chenonceaux remained in the family until 1864. The Marquisate of Blanc went to René's younger brother Auguste-Louis Vallet de Villeneuve, Treasurer of the City of Paris and husband of Laure-Antoinette de Ségur, a daughter of Count Louis-Philippe de Ségur.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Madame Dupin had the following properties:

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Georges Touchard-Lafosse at the age of 17, paid a visit to Madame Dupin in 1797. He later evokes it:[40]

title: Marie-Louise O'Murphy

text: Her daughter Louise Charlotte died on 6 February 1759, aged two. Thirteen days later, on 19 February at Riom, Marie-Louise married secondly with François Nicolas Le Normant, Comte de Flaghac and Receiver General of Finance in Riom (born 13 September 1725), a divorcee with three children. A distant cousin of Charles Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles and Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem, through this marriage Marie-Louise became related with Madame de Pompadour. In addition, the former royal mistress was able to enter in the finance world and thanks to the traffic of influences, could accesses on the "Ferme générale", which enable her to multiplicate her assets and fortune.

title: Marie Louise Madeleine Victoire d’Argenton

text: Argenton (Marie-Louise-Madeleine-Victoire Le Bel de La Boissière de Séry, comtesse d’). In: Louis-Gabriel Michaud (Hrsg.): Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, 2. Auflage, Bd. 2 (1854), S. 189f. (online).

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: George Sand greatly admired Madame Dupin, her step-greatgrandmother:[53]

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Manon's husband recognized Louise as his own with complacency, as well the two other children born from the affair with Bernard: Marie-Louise (born 25 August 1710) and Françoise-Thérèse (born 12 March 1712), both also baptized in the parish of Saint-Roch. During her marriage, Manon gave birth two other children, this time sired by her husband: Jeanne-Marie-Thérèse (born in 1705)[3] and Jules-Armand (born on 3 April 1709), both also baptized in Saint-Roch.

title: Louis-Guillaume Le Monnier

text: His lover was Marie Louise de Rohan, "Madame de Marsan", future Governess of the Children of France.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Actually, Louise was the oldest of three illegitimate daughters of banker Samuel Bernard and Marie-Anne-Armande Carton Dancourt, nicknamed Manon, a daughter of actor Florent Carton Dancourt. Marie Dancourt was already married since 4 November 1702 at Paris[2] in the parish of Saint-Sulpice with Jean-Louis-Guillaume de Fontaine, commissioner and controller of the Navy and War departments in Flanders and Picardy.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Signatures: Louis d'Aumont duc d'Aumont - Madeleine Clergeau Bernard - Jean Louis Guillaume de Fontaine - Goy.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: A woman of spirit and famous for her beauty, between 1733 and 1782 she hosted a famous literary salon in Paris and owned the Château de Chenonceau, which was known as a center of the most famous French philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Louise de Fontaine was born in Paris, in the parish of Saint-Roch, on 28 October 1706.[1] Her baptism act was as follows:

title: Marie-Madeleine de Chauvigny de la Peltrie

text: Marie-Madeleine Chauvigny (also known as: de la Peltrie) was born in 1603 at Alençon, France, the daughter of Guillaume de Chauvigny, Sieur d’Alençon et de Vaubougon, and of Lady Jeanne Du Bouchet. With no male heir, Guillaume de Chauvigny tried to arrange aristocratic matches for his daughters. Marie-Madeleine, the youngest, despite inclination for the cloistered life, at the age of sixteen, found herself obliged to marry the Chevalier de Gruel, Seigneur de La Peltrie. From this marriage, which lasted only five years, there was born one daughter who died in infancy. Widowed at the age of 22, Mme de La Peltrie went into solitary retirement in order to avoid her father’s solicitous attempts to find her a second husband.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: The illegitimate daughters of Samuel Bernard are mentioned by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Confessions:[4]

title: Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668–1730)

text: His first wife, "Marie Armande Victoire de La Trémouille" (1677–1717) was a daughter of Charles Belgique Hollande de La Trémoille and Madeleine de Créquy. They married on 1 February 1696 and had seven children;Married secondly to "Louise Françoise Angélique le Tellier" (d.1719), a grand daughter of Louvois, the couple married on 4 January 1718 and had a son;Thirdly he married "Anne Marie Christiane de Simiane" (d.1722) on 26 May 1720. They had a daughter;Lastly he married "Louise Henriette Françoise de Lorraine" (1707–1737), daughter of Anne Marie Joseph de Lorraine and Marie Louise Jeannin de Castille. The couple married on 21 March 1725 and had a daughter;

title: Madeleine de Pinot des Fontaines

text: Madeleine de Pinot des Fontaines was the wife of Daniel de Massue, Seigneur de Rouvigny. Together they had four children, including Rachel de Massue, mother of Rachel Wriothesley, afterwards the Lady Russell, wife of Baron Russel of Rye House Plot fame. She was the daughter of le Seigneur Jean de Pinot des Fontaines and Guillemine Briere. She is a direct ancestor of British prime minister Winston Churchill. She has a sister, Collineau de Montaguerre.

title: Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon

text: "Mesdemoiselles de Nantes" and "de Tours" had been raised together in a private house on the "Rue de Vaugirard" in Paris, where the king's illegitimate children with Mme de Montespan had been hidden away from the prying eyes of the court by their parents. Louise Françoise would never be close to either her older half-sister, Marie Anne de Bourbon, or younger full sister, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, as the three sisters were intensely jealous of each other. Louise Françoise and Françoise-Marie were especially competitive, despising any increase in status or rank that the other, or any of her children, might achieve.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: On 12 March 1794 Louise's step-grandson-in-law and nephew Pierre-Armand Vallet de Villeneuve,[39] committed suicide in prison in the Conciergerie aged 62. He was the King's secretary, General Treasurer of the City of Paris and the Receiver General of Finances in Metz. Sentenced by the Revolutionary Tribunal, he escape to a brutal end in the guillotine. Louise managed to save his sons René and Auguste, spared because their young ages. On 25 November 1793 Marie-Aurore de Saxe, second wife of her late stepson Louis-Claude, was incarcelated firstly at Port-Royal Abbey and later in the English convent of Fossés-Saint-Victor street. She could be released some months later, on 21 August 1794. In 1796, one of the farmers of Madame Dupin in the Château de Rochefort in the Indre department was tortured by burning his feet; the criminals, nicknamed the Chauffeurs, are a plague in the region.[19]

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: The writer Olivier Marchal in his work Rousseau, la comédie des masques, praised the personality of Madame Dupin:[54]

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: She had kept the most animated conversation with a brilliant memory of curious episodes; her mind seemed to have lost nothing of her vivacity or grace: she was a book of more attractive and interest talks.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Samuel Bernard decides to engage his daughter Louise to Claude Dupin, a modest collector of Taille at Châteauroux. According to the columnist Barthélémy Mouffle d'Angerville in 1721 Claude Dupin helped the eldest daughter of the family, Jeanne-Marie-Thérèse de Fontaine, when she passed through Berry. She married with François II de Barbançois, Seigneur de Celon on 21 August 1720 [6] and, returning from the baths of Bourbon-l'Archambault and in considerable pain, she received the hospitality of Claude Dupin. Once his guest was recovered, Dupin was persuaded to accompanied her to Paris,[7] where he met Samuel Bernard, who impressed by his kindness, offered him the hand of Louise, aged only sixteen. In his forties, a widower and father of a six-year-old son Louis-Claude (who became in the grandfather of the novelist George Sand), this move was unexpected and he readily agreed, because with this proposal came the appointment of Receiver General of finances in Metz and Alsace.[8]

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Gaston de Villeneuve-Guibert describes the childhood of Louise:[5]

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: The carefree attitude to these first years of life helped the young Louise to face the reality of the adult world, the place of women in society from the 18th century and the omnipotence of parental authority. The father decide the fate of his children. The role of the religious institution on the status of women is crucial. The convent education is to enforce obedience, submission, accept the authority of parents and the intended spouse.

title: Marie-Madeleine de Parabère

text: Marie-Madeleine de Parabère was the only child of René-Francois de La Vieuville and Marie Louise de La Chaussee d'Eu, and married Caesar-Alexandre de Baudéan, Marquis de Parabère in 1711; she was widowed five years later. Her mother was a lady-in-waiting to Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. After the death of her mother, she became known for her love life at court.

title: Guillaume de Melun, Prince of Espinoy

text: On 17 October 1612 Espinoy married Marie Mencie de Witthem, Marquise of Bergen op Zoom, and widow of Herman, Count of Bergh. She died on 28 July 1613, aged 31. On 3 November 1615 he married a second time, with Ernestine of Arenberg, daughter of Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg. Together they had eleven children that survived infancy: Marie, Claire-Marie, Ambroise, Anne, Alexandre Guillaume, Henri, Charles-Alexandre-Albert, François Philippe, Isabelle Claire, Marie-Madeleine, Françoise-Alberte, and Claire-Catherine.

title: Louise Marie Madeleine Fontaine

text: Like Madame Geoffrin and even Louise d'Epinay, Louise Dupin also waives to any claim of her beautiful spirit. She therefore decided not to publish, and none of her works will appear in her lifetime. At that time, that is often described as feminist, women will be inevitably exposes to the ridicule when dares to compete with men in the most serious areas. For not having understood (or accepted?), Madame du Châtelet (who translated Newton into French), was the subject of the worst mockeries. Less emancipated, Louise Dupin finally agreed to stick into her role: that of one of the most notable salon-holders of her time.

title: Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers

text: Born in Brittany, he was the son of Raoul-Guillaume Coulon, sieur de Villiers and Louise de Lafosse (m.1677, Beaumont-sur-Oise). Nicolas Antoine arrived in Quebec in 1703. In 1705, he married Angelique Jarret de Verchères (daughter of François Jarret de Verchères and Marie Perrot and sister Madeleine) in Quebec. At some time before 1718, Nicolas may have married Mme de La Chesaigne.


query: When did the Ukraine join the Soviet Union?

title: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR; Ukrainian: Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, Украї́нська РСР, УРСР ; Russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика, Украи́нская ССР , УССР ; see "Name" section below), also known as the Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991.[6] The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic.

title: Boris Bazhanov

text: In 1919, Bazhanov joined the local Communist Party of the Soviet Union organization, to which he later recalled having to choose between Communism or Ukrainian nationalism, stating he eventually rejected nationalism as he had been raised and associated with Russian culture. Bazhanov was soon afterwards elected district secretary, quickly rising through local party posts in Ukraine, he went to Moscow to study engineering in November 1920. The following year, when Bazhanov was 21, the political fighting within the Ukrainian territory had ended in communist victory, with territory being divided between Soviet Ukraine and Poland, with smaller regions belonging to Czechoslovakia and Romania. In 1922, Soviet Ukraine joined the newly-founded Soviet Union as its constituent republic, after which Bazhanov applied for a technical position within the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union apparatus and was accepted by Ksenofontov.

title: History of Ukraine

text: On January 21, 1990, over 300,000 Ukrainians organized a human chain for Ukrainian independence between Kiev and Lviv. Ukraine officially declared itself an independent state on August 24, 1991, when the communist Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Ukraine proclaimed that Ukraine would no longer follow the laws of USSR and only the laws of the Ukrainian SSR, de facto declaring Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union. On December 1, voters approved a referendum formalizing independence from the Soviet Union. Over 90% of Ukrainian citizens voted for independence, with majorities in every region, including 56% in Crimea. The Soviet Union formally ceased to exist on December 26, when the presidents of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (the founding members of the USSR) met in Białowieża Forest to formally dissolve the Union in accordance with the Soviet Constitution. With this Ukraine's independence was formalized de jure and recognized by the international community.

title: Military occupations by the Soviet Union

text: In the fall of 1944 when the north and eastern parts of Carpathian Ruthenia were captured by the Red Army, the Czechoslovak government delegation led by minister arrived in Khust to establish the provisional Czechoslovak administration, according to the treaties between the Soviet and Czechoslovak governments from the same year. However, after a few weeks, the Red Army and NKVD started to obstruct the delegation's work and the "National committee of Transcarpatho-Ukraine" was set up in Mukachevo under the protection of the Red Army. On November 26 this committee, led by Ivan Turyanitsa (a Rusyn who deserted from the Czechoslovak army) proclaimed the will of Ukrainian people to separate from Czechoslovakia and join the Soviet Ukraine. After two months of conflicts and negotiations the Czechoslovak government delegation departed from Khust on February 1, 1945, leaving the Carpathian Ukraine under Soviet control. After World War II, on June 29, 1945, a treaty was signed between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, ceding Carpatho-Ukraine officially to the Soviet Union.

title: Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union

text: Then Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated in December 2012 that Ukraine could and should cooperate with both the Customs Union and the European Union at the same time. In January 2013 President Yanukovych stated that he had cancelled a visit to Moscow in December 2012 because his country was not yet ready to join the Customs Union. He further stated that Ukraine was trying to meet the legal requirements of the customs union without harming other international accords and that "experts from both sides [Ukraine and Russia] are currently working on this issue". However, he did not commit Ukraine to joining the union. Arseniy Yatsenyuk, the leader of Batkivshchyna, Ukraine's second largest party, was against Ukraine joining the Customs Union. He stated in December 2012 that "Ukraine's joining the Customs Union means the restoration of the Soviet Union in a slightly different form and with a different name. But this means that the country will become a part of the Russian Empire. We know history. We have been there and we don't want to return there".

title: Communist Party of Ukraine

text: The party, at least in the beginning, is best described as Soviet nationalist (nationalist in the sense that they are nostalgic for the Soviet Union). As Yurii Solomatin, a member of parliament, noted in 2000; "we are Soviet communists; we are Soviet people; we are Soviet patriots". The party continues speaking about the existence of a "Soviet people" and "Soviet homeland", and at the beginning, no concessions were given to local, Ukrainian nationalism. There has been no talk of establishing a national communism unique to Ukraine, and the 1st KPU Congress even criticized the notion of establishing a unique "Ukrainian communism". Instead, the KPU has opted promoting Ukraine as a "bi-cultural state". At the 1st KPU Congress, Symonenko told the delegates that "'the interests, rights and specific traits of one nation above those of other nations and nationalities', and in which 'the Ukrainian language' should not be 'over'-privileged, but left alone to enjoy 'its natural development, purged of the imposed language of the diaspora. The Russian language, as the native language of half the population of Ukraine, [should be given] the status of a state language alongside Ukrainian." Their views on nationalism is highly nostalgic; when the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU), a loose organization of post-Soviet parties was formed, it was met with open arms. However, when the Communist Party of the Russian Federation proposed in 1995, to transform the organization into a modern-day Comintern, the KPU opposed because of their Soviet nationalist views.

title: Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)

text: The Communist Party of Ukraine ( "Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny", КПУ, "KPU"; ), was the founding and ruling political party of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic operated as the Ukrainian branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). The CPU was the sole governing party was founded in 1918 as the "Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine" until 1952, when it became the "Communist Party of Ukraine". The party was abolished in 26 August 1991 after the failed Soviet coup.

title: Bloc of Left and Center-left Forces

text: The Socialist Party of Ukraine did not join the bloc but did state on the day of its creation that they would continue to negotiate to join the bloc. The Socialist Party of Ukraine also stated they would have preferred if the bloc would have been created after the presidential election (of 2010). The Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine refused to join the union since it did not want to be in the same election bloc as the Socialist Party of Ukraine.

title: Ukraine after the Russian Revolution

text: In December 1922, with Bolsheviks secure in their power over its territory, Soviet Ukraine joined the Russian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian republics to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

title: Permissive Action Link

text: Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine had on its territory the world's third largest nuclear weapons stockpile. While Ukraine had physical control of the weapons, it did not have operational control of the weapons as they were dependent on Russian-controlled electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system. In 1994 Ukraine agreed to the destruction of the weapons, and to join the NPT.

title: Arseniy Yatsenyuk

text: Yatsenyuk is against Ukraine joining the Eurasian Customs Union; according to him "Ukraine's joining the Customs Union means the restoration of the Soviet Union in a slightly different form and with a different name. But this means that the country will become a part of the Russian empire. We know history. We have been there and we don't want to return there". On 21 August 2013, Yatsenyuk stated "Russia has decided for some reason that it can be the architect of a new Berlin wall. And, according to Russia’s design, this wall should appear at the border between Ukraine and the European Union".

title: Kolomyia

text: As a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the occupied town became a part of the Soviet Union as a region of the Ukrainian SSR. The accession of the Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union (Reunion of Western Ukraine and USSR) – the adoption of the Soviet Union in Western Ukraine with the adoption of an Extraordinary Session V of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Law "On the inclusion of the Western Ukraine in the Soviet Union to the reunification of the Ukrainian SSR" (1 November 1939) at the request of the Commission of the Plenipotentiary of the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine. The decision to file motions stipulated in the Declaration "On joining of Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" was adopted by the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine in Lviv, 27 October 1939.

title: Georgia–Ukraine relations

text: In the last year of the existence of the Soviet Union, Ukraine participated in the union-wide referendum to preserve the Soviet Union in a different form made by Mikhail Gorbachev, while Georgia (aside from Abkhazia) did not. The next month, on April 9, Georgia declared independence from the Soviet Union while Ukraine, the second largest republic behind the Russian SFSR, did so on August 24 after the failed coup in Moscow two days earlier. Eventually, Ukraine held a referendum that took place on December 1 leaves with a 90% favor of independence. The secession ended the chances of the Union staying together, especially on a limited scale. The independence of both countries were recognized by the United States on December 25, 1991.

title: List of ambassadors of Australia to Ukraine

text: Ukraine and Australia have enjoyed diplomatic relations since 1942 when Australia opened channels with the Soviet Union (which included the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), although independent relations did not occur until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a fully independent Ukraine in late 1991. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Australia acted to recognise the new states of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 26 December 1991. Non-resident accreditation to Ukraine, based with the Australian Embassy in Moscow, was later established from 10 January 1992, with the Australian Ambassador in Moscow, Cavan Hogue, presenting his credentials to the President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk on 9 March 1992. Accreditation was transferred to the new interim embassy established in Kiev in November 2014 following the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. From 5 November 1992 to the opening of a resident embassy in 2014, Australia maintained a Consulate in Kiev headed by an Honorary Consul, Dr Serhiy Nikolaevich Berezovenko.

title: Volyn Oblast

text: In 1939 when following the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact Poland was invaded and divided by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Volyn was joined to the Soviet Ukraine, and on December 4, 1939 the oblast was organized.

title: Ukraine and the United Nations

text: Ukraine was one of the founding members of the United Nations when it joined in 1945 as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic; along with the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukraine signed the United Nations Charter when they were part of the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly-independent Ukraine retained its seat.

title: 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

text: On 27 August, the first state became independent, when the Supreme Soviet of Moldova declared the independence of Moldova from the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviets of Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan did the same on 30 and 31 August respectively. Afterwards, on 6 September the newly created Soviet State Council recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Estonia had declared re-independence on 20 August, Latvia on the following day, while Lithuania had done so already on 11 March 1990. Three days later, on 9 September the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan declared the independence of Tajikistan from the Soviet Union. Furthermore, in September over 99% percent of voters in Armenia voted for a referendum approving the Republic's commitment to independence. The immediate aftermath of that vote was the Armenian Supreme Soviet's declaration of independence, issued on 21 September. By 27 October the Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan declared the independence of Turkmenistan from the Soviet Union. On 1 December Ukraine held a referendum, in which more than 90% of residents supported the Act of Independence of Ukraine.

title: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

text: On the international stage, Byelorussia (along with Ukraine) was one of only two republics to be separate members of the United Nations. Both republics and the Soviet Union joined the UN when the organization was founded with the other 50 states on 24 October 1945. In effect, this provided the Soviet Union (a permanent Security Council member with veto powers) with another vote in the General Assembly.

title: Modern history of Ukraine

text: Ukraine officially declared itself an independent state on August 24, 1991, when the communist Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Ukraine proclaimed that Ukraine will no longer follow the laws of USSR and only the laws of the Ukrainian SSR, de facto declaring Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union. On December 1, Ukrainian voters overwhelmingly approved a referendum formalising independence from the Soviet Union. Over 90% of Ukrainian citizens voted for independence, with majorities in every region, including 56% in Crimea, which had a 75% ethnic Russian population. The Soviet Union formally ceased to exist on December 26, when the presidents of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (the founding members of the USSR) met in Belovezh Pushcha to formally dissolve the Union in accordance with the Soviet Constitution. And with this Ukraine's independence was formalized de jure and recognised by the international community.

title: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

text: In December 1922 TSFSR agreed to join the union with Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, thus creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which would last until 1991. The TSFSR, however, did not last long. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian Union was finally dismantled when the leaders in the Union Council found themselves unable to come to agreement over several issues. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia then became union Republics of the Soviet Union directly.

title: Soviet Union

text: During the Georgian Affair, Vladimir Lenin envisioned an expression of Great Russian ethnic chauvinism by Joseph Stalin and his supporters, calling for these nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union, which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (). Stalin initially resisted the proposal, but ultimately accepted it, although with Lenin's agreement changed the name of the newly proposed state to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, albeit all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until 1936. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" and never in others, e.g. Ukraine

title: Armed Forces of Ukraine

text: On 26 February 1991 a parliamentary Standing Commission for Questions of Security and Defense was established. On August 24, 1991, the Ukrainian parliament (the Verkhovna Rada), in adopting the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, also enacted a short resolution "About military formations in Ukraine". This took jurisdiction over all formations of the armed forces of the Soviet Union stationed on Ukrainian soil, and established one of the key agencies, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. On 3 September 1991 the Ministry of Defence commenced its duties. On 22 October 1991 units and formations of the Soviet Armed Forces on Ukrainian soil were nationalized. This was followed by two Laws of Ukraine that were adopted by the Supreme Council of Ukraine on December 6, 1991 and Presidential Ukase #4 "About Armed Forces of Ukraine" on December 12, 1991. The government of Ukraine surrendered any rights of succession of the Soviet Strategic Deterrence Forces (see Strategic Missile Troops) that were staged on the territory of Ukraine. Recognizing the complications of a smooth transition and seeking a consensus with other former members of the Soviet Union in dividing up their Soviet military inheritance, Ukraine joined ongoing talks that started in December 1991 regarding a of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

title: Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement

text: Beginning in the late 18th century most of Ukraine was first part of the Russian Empire. Afterwards, Western Ukraine was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and then passed to the Second Polish Republic until the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland. Ukraine then joined the Soviet Union (both the Russian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR united into the Soviet Union from 1922) until Ukraine declared independence from the Soviet Union on 24 August 1991. Independent Ukraine originally maintained strong ties with Russia, and as such Ukraine's economy became integrated with the Russian economy.

title: Ukraine

text: In 1999–2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics. Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN peacekeeping operations since 1992.

title: Kyrylo Studynsky

text: When the Soviet Union annexed western Ukraine in 1939, Soviet-sponsored elections created a People's Assembly of Western Ukraine. Studynsky became its head, and he led the delegation to Moscow that requested the formal inclusion of Western Ukraine into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Following western Ukraine's incorporation into the USSR, Studynsky was reinstated in the Academy of Sciences, became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR and became head of the Philology department at the University of Lviv. According to archived personal documents, he had no illusions about the repressive nature of Soviet power but sought compromise with the authorities in order to moderate their activities. During this time he did all he could to protect others from Soviet repression. Through his personal interventions, ten wives of executed academics were spared the death penalty, and the widow and sister of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi weren't denied their pensions. In June 1941, when the USSR was invaded by Germany, he was forcibly evacuated from Lviv by the Soviets and died under mysterious circumstances.

title: Ukraine–European Union relations

text: In a November 2014 poll by Rating joining the EU was supported by all but 2 Oblasts of Ukraine (provinces); in Luhansk Oblast and Donetsk Oblast (an area known as Donbass) people preferred Ukraine's accession to the Eurasian Customs Union. Traditionally Western Ukraine is found to be generally more enthusiastic about EU membership than Eastern Ukraine. In July 2012 and in May 2014 residents of West Ukraine (74% in July 2012 and 81% in May 2014), Central Ukraine (59% and 64%) and North Ukraine (56% and 71%) were the biggest supporters for EU membership. A June 2013 poll, on behalf of Deutsche Welle, found that 52% of Eastern Ukraine was in favor of joining the EU. But in a poll by ComRes (for CNN) in May 2014 only 19% of Eastern Ukraine considered Ukraine joining the European Union "Good". The May 2014 ComRes poll found out that in the 3 most eastern Oblasts of Ukraine (provinces), Kharkiv Oblast, Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, 37% favored an alliance with Russia, 14% backed an alliance with the European Union and 49% stated Ukraine would be better off if it did not ally with either.

text: The former president of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, stated in November 2010 and March 2012 that Ukraine may join the Customs Union in the future, but that the Constitution of Ukraine did not presently allow them to join. However, he also stated in April 2010 that Ukraine would not join the Customs Union. During this time, Ukraine was negotiating an Association Agreement with the European Union which was seen by the EU as being incompatible with Ukraine entering the Customs Union; the latter would end the chances for the AA according to European Commission President José Manuel Barroso. Yanukovych at the time stated he wanted to pursue EU membership for Ukraine. In May 2011 Yanukovych stated that Ukraine was "searching for mechanisms of cooperation that will allow us to work with the customs union to the extent which Ukrainian laws and our obligations to world organizations such as the World Trade Organization allow”. Yanukovych would later say that he was in negotiations with Russia to "find the right model" for cooperation with the Customs Union, while simultaneously trying to get Ukraine's agreements with the EU on free trade and political association signed by the EU. He also expressed hope that the AA with the EU would be signed in 2013.

title: Republics of the Soviet Union

text:
Each republic had its own unique set of state symbols: a flag, a coat of arms, and, with the exception of Russia until 1990, an anthem. Every republic of the Soviet Union also was awarded with the Order of Lenin.
The number of the union republics of the USSR varied from 4 to 16. In majority of years and at the later decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. Rather than listing the republics in alphabetical order, the republics were listed in constitutional order, which, particularly by the last decades of the Soviet Union, did not correspond to order either by population or economic power.The Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic was proclaimed in 1918 but did not survive to the founding of the USSR, becoming the short-lived Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the RSFSR. The Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida) was also proclaimed in 1918, but did not became a union republic and was made into an autonomous republic of the RSFSR, although the Crimean Tatars had a relative majority until the 1930s or 1940s according to censuses. When the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Soviet Union in 1944, it did not become a union republic, and was instead established as an autonomous republic of the RSFSR.

title: Communist Party of Ukraine

text: In its statute the Communist party claims that "on voluntary basis it unites citizens of Ukraine who are supporters of the Communist idea". The party considers itself a successor of the Communist Party of Ukraine of the Soviet Union and calls itself a "battle detachment of RKP(b)–VKP(b)–KPSS" The party claims that prohibition of that party in August 1991 was unlawful, which was confirmed by the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 27 December 2001. The party sets itself in an opposition to any government and seeks a full restoration of the socialist state in the country without any particular association with any other political parties.The KPU was established as "the inheritor of the ideas and traditions of the KPU, as it existed until its banning in August 1991." In general, the party has laid weight on nostalgia for the Soviet Union to gain votes. In contrast to many parts of the former Soviet Union, where leftist conservatives have tried to win votes by promoting local nationalism, the KPU supports a form of Soviet nationalism, considering the establishment of an independent Ukraine as illegal. The party has remained loyal to the legacy of the Soviet Union. In 1998, to celebrate the would-be 80th anniversary of the Soviet Union, the KPU published "Historical Thesis", a text which painted a rosy picture of the former state. The Soviet Union is barely criticized, and controversial events such as the Great Purge and Holodomor are not mentioned in the party press. There are some who are favorable to Joseph Stalin's legacy, giving the impression that things "only began to go wrong with [Nikita] Khrushchev's 'adventurism'." Despite all this, when the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) is criticized at all, the favored line is that the party and state lost their belief in key Leninist principles. Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, "is still considered sacrosanct" by the party, and official pronouncements talk of the "Leninist Communist Party of Ukraine" and more precisely, that the KPU continues "speaking in the words of Lenin".

title: Republics of the Soviet Union

text: All of the former Republics of the Union are now independent countries, with ten of them (all except the Baltic states, Georgia and Ukraine) being very loosely organized under the heading of the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, most of the international community did not consider the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) to have legitimately been part of the USSR. The Baltic states assert that their incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940 (as the Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian SSRs) under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was illegal, and that they therefore remained independent countries under Soviet occupation. Their position is supported by the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights, the United Nations Human Rights Council and the United States. In contrast, the Russian government and state officials maintain that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate.. Constitutionally, the Soviet Union was a federation. In accordance with provisions present in the Constitution (versions adopted in 1924, 1936 and 1977), each republic retained the right to secede from the USSR. Throughout the Cold War, this right was widely considered to be meaningless; however, the corresponding Article 72 of the 1977 Constitution was used in December 1991 to effectively dissolve the Soviet Union, when Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus seceded from the Union.

title: Foreign relations of Ukraine


query: Where was Richard Adams born?

title: Richard Adams

text: Richard Adams was born on 9 May 1920 in Wash Common, near Newbury, Berkshire, England, the son of Lillian Rosa (Button) and Evelyn George Beadon Adams, a doctor.[5] He attended Horris Hill School from 1926 to 1933, and then Bradfield College from 1933 to 1938. In 1938, he went to Worcester College, Oxford, to read Modern History. In July 1940, Adams was called up to join the British Army. He was posted to the Royal Army Service Corps and was selected for the Airborne Company, where he worked as a brigade liaison. He served in Palestine, Europe and the Far East but saw no direct action against either the Germans or the Japanese.[6]

title: Richard Adams (religious writer)

text: He was the grandson of Richard Adams, the rector of Woodchurch, in the part of Cheshire which is called the hundred of Wirral, and son of Charles Adams, who, with his brother Randall, was brought up to the church, and became the father of four Adams — Richard, Peter, Thomas, and Charles, who were all clergymen.

title: Richard Garrick

text: Richard Garrick was born Richard Thomas O'Brien in the townland of Portlaw, County Waterford, Ireland. His father, James E. O'Brien, was a master tailor in that town, counting among his clients Lord Waterford as well as other nobility and landed gentry. In 1882, James left Portlaw for the United States. He landed in the town of North Adams, Massachusetts, where there were cotton mills and the need for a clothesmaker. Two years later, his wife Johanna and children followed.

title: Emily Austin Perry

text: Some additional background, Perry's father, Moses was the son of Elias Austin & Eunice Phelps; Elias was the son of Richard Austin & Dorothy Adams; Richard was the son of Anthony Austin & Esther Huggins, Jacob Adams & Anna Allen; Richard Austin & Elizabeth Betsy Austin (born 1610), John Huggins & Bridget Green (gave birth to Esther Huggins), Robert Adams & Eleanor ___, Nicholas Allen & Martha Allen (gave birth to Anna Allen).

title: David Adams Richards

text: David Adams Richards, CM, ONB (born 17 October 1950) is a Canadian writer and member of the Canadian Senate.

title: Richard Adams (inventor)

text: Richard Adams (born December 8, 1954) is an independent inventor and engineer. Since building and demonstrating a video camera as a child, his work has often garnered media interest.

title: Richard Adams (violinist)

text: Richard Adams (born 1957) is a New Zealand jazz violinist, abstract artist, poet and actor.

title: Clan Wallace

text: The Steward received from King David lands in Ayrshire and so it was here that his follower Richard Wallace settled. Richard Wallace was granted his own estate in Kyle, where it is claimed that his name Richard is still remembered in the placename of the village of Riccarton. Richard Wallace (Walensis) held lands in Kilmarnock and was a vassal of the High Steward of Scotland before 1160. His grandson was Adam Walays who in turn had two sons, the eldest of whom succeeded to the family estates in Ayrshire. Adam's younger son was Malcolm Wallace who received the lands of Auchinbothie and Elderslie in Renfrewshire.

title: Derrek Richards

text: Derrek Adams Richards (born December 12, 1983) is a former American football wide receiver.

title: The Bolitho novels

text: In "Enemy in Sight", Richard Bolitho is joined by his nephew Adam Pascoe, who is later renamed Adam Bolitho when he becomes Richard's heir. Adam, the only son of Richard's disgraced older brother Hugh, was born in 1780 in Penzance, Cornwall, shortly after his father joined the revolution in America. Having been sent to Richard at the age of 14 by his dying mother, he joined the Royal Navy, rising through the ranks to establish himself as a daring and resourceful frigate captain, as his uncle had once done.

title: Adam Richard

text: Richard was born Adam Richard Dellamarta but informally changed his name to Adam Richard when he was a teenager. He officially changed it in 1996 after the death of his mother. He attended Brunswick Primary School and Princes Hill Secondary College in Carlton North, Victoria. He also completed a writing course at RMIT University. Prior to venturing into comedy he had a variety of jobs including being a bank teller. He is openly gay and has been billed as the country's first openly gay comedian. He has also revealed he suffers from debilitating panic attacks but is able to get it under control, with assistance.

title: Richard Adam

text: Richard Adam (born November 1957) is an English chartered accountant and businessman particularly associated with the financial management of media, construction and property-related companies. He was a board director of construction and services business Carillion from April 2007 to December 2016. After the company went into liquidation in January 2018, Adam was criticised by a Parliamentary select committees report, and the Financial Reporting Council and other regulators started investigations into his conduct.

title: Richard Adams (businessman)

text: Richard John Adams (born 28 October 1946) is a British businessman and social entrepreneur. He is the founder of the UK fair trade organisations Tearcraft and Traidcraft and of a number of social enterprises which promote environmentally responsible and ethical business.

title: Adam Fleming (businessman)

text: Adam Richard Fleming was born on 15 May 1948, the son of Major Richard Evelyn Fleming (1910–1977) and the Hon. Dorothy Charmian Hermon-Hodge, daughter of Roland Herman Hermon-Hodge, 2nd Baron Wyfold. He has seven brothers and sisters.

title: Richard Ottley

text: Richard Ottley was born on 5 August 1626 and christened on 15 September. He had a brother, Adam, who was born in 1628 and a sister, Mary, who was born in 1630. He was admitted to Shrewsbury School on 9 April 1638, the same day as his brother Adam. but his education beyond that stage was interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642.

title: Richard Adams (British politician)

text: Captain Harold Richard Adams (8 October 1912 – 25 June 1978), more commonly Richard Adams, was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

title: Mac Adams

text: Adams studied at Cardiff School of Art & Design 1962–1967. In 1966 he married Barbara Whedon, an American art student studying at Cardiff. He has a daughter Boram born in 1986. Adams Received an MFA degree from Rutgers University (1967–69), where he studied with the fluxest artist Bob Watts. In 1969 while still a grad student he participated in the first ‘Soft Art’ Exhibitions at The New Jersey State Museum, along with Richard Serra. Richard Archwager, Keith Sonnier, and John Chamberlain among others.

title: Richard Adams (poet)

text: Richard Adams, the second son of Sir Thomas Adams, alderman of London, was born on 6 January 1619; admitted fellow-commoner of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, 28 April 1635; died 13 June 1661.

title: Adam J Neu

text: Adam John Neu was born in German Township, Vanderburgh County, Indiana just northwest of Evansville to Adam Neu and Katherine Reisinger Neu. Although he shared the same first name with his father there is no documentation to indicate he was a junior. The elder Adam Neu was the first generation born in the United States with his father Heinrich Neu born in Baden, Germany in 1811. Adam John's older brother Fred died at age 24 when Adam was only six years old, his father died two years later. After the death of his father Adam lived with his mother in a modest home on St. Joseph Avenue on the west side of Evansville. Adam entered the army in 1915 where he learned baking as a trade and was assigned to the Philippine Islands where he advanced to rank of technical sergeant in charge of baking operations.

title: Adam Richard

text: Adam Richard (born Adam Richard Dellamarta, 1 January 1971 in Carlton, Victoria) is an Australian comedian, actor, radio presenter, writer and media personality, best known co-writing and starring in "Outland," an ABC1 comedy series about a group of LGBT sci-fi geeks. Richard was also a team captain on the 2014 revival of music quiz and live music performance show" Spicks and Specks", and a permanent panel member on the Doctor Who-themed 2017 show "Whovians".

title: Hamilton Goold-Adams

text:
Born in the town of Jamesbrook in County Cork, Ireland, fourth son of Richard Wallis Goold-Adams (1802–73) and Mary Sarah Goold-Adams (d. 1899), daughter of Sir William Wrixon-Becher. Hamilton Goold-Adams was a cadet in the training ship HMS "Conway" until he decided to join the British Army and was commissioned in the Royal Scots Regiment, serving principally in southern Africa, where he achieved the rank of captain in 1885 and major in 1895. During the Second Boer War he served first as Resident Commissioner in Bechuanaland and afterwards as commander of the Town Guard during the latter half of the Siege of Mafeking where he was twice Mentioned in Despatches.
He was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Orange River Colony under the Administrator Sir Alfred Milner (later Lord Milner) in January 1901. Following the end of hostilities in May 1902, the colony formally received a new constitution on 23 June, and Goold-Adams was appointed Lieutenant-Governor, serving as such until 1907, when he became governor.

title: Jill Adams (artist)

text: Jill Adams (born 29 October 1932) was a South African artist who has specialised in natural history illustrations. She was born in Durban in 1932, but lived for part of her life in Kimberley, where, on the staff of the McGregor Museum, she worked in close association with leading biologist, Dr Richard Liversidge. Adams died on 28 July 2016 in Somerset West.

title: Richard Adams (U.S. politician)

text: Richard Adams (born January 1, 1939 in Troy, Ohio) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives, serving the 80th District from 2009 to 2014.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2000s)

text: Again, after Adam Newman teamed up with and drugged Patty and escaped from the hospital he was staying at, Adam was at the Policeman's Ball where someone killed Richard Hightower to frame Nicholas Newman for murder. Upon the club's explosion he fled town leaving Genoa City authorities with the belief that he had been murdered. Later it was discovered that the body discovered was that of Richard Hightower not Adam Newman. Owen accuses Nick of murder and since he has vendetta against the Newmans, will not drop charges although enough evidence suggests Nick was framed by Adam. This continues for several months until Adams returns to town with Skye Lockhart. Nick's charges are eventually dropped and Adam is put in jail for conspiracy but is soon released on bail by Skye

title: Richard Newland (cricketer)

text: Born 1713, Slindon, Sussex, two of his brothers, John (born 1717) and Adam (born 1719), played for Slindon but little is known of them apart from what appears in the match reports. The Newland brothers were the uncles of Richard Nyren, who later became the team captain at Hambledon. Their sister Susan married Richard Nyren senior of Eartham, which is near Slindon.

title: John Turvill Adams

text: Adams was born September 29, 1805, of English parentage, in Demerara, South America. In 1810 his father, Richard Adams, removed to Norwich, Connecticut, from which place the son entered Yale College, where he graduated in 1824. He began the study of law in the law school of the Hon. Samuel J. Hitchcock, of New Haven, in 1824, and while resident published a small volume of poems in 1825, but soon embarked in the dry-goods jobbing business in New York City, in partnership with Felix A. Huntington, of Norwich. It did not do well, and he abandoned it and returned to Connecticut.

title: The Matt and Jo Show

text: Scoopla" with The Fabulous Adam Richard" was a segment where Adam Richard presents his updated daily gossip and news about celebrities. This segment happened daily at 7.30am and 8.30am after the news.

title: Maude Adams

text: Adams was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the daughter of Asaneth Ann "Annie" (née Adams) and James Henry Kiskadden. Adams' mother was an actress, and her father had jobs working for a bank and in a mine. Little else is known of Adams's father, who died when she was young. James was not a Mormon, and Adams once wrote of her father as having been a "gentile". The surname "Kiskadden" is Scottish. On her mother's side, Adams's great grandfather Platt Banker converted to Mormonism and moved his family to Missouri, where his daughter Julia married Barnabus Adams. The family then migrated to Utah, settling in Salt Lake City, where Maude's mother was born. Adams was also a descendant of "Mayflower" passenger John Howland.

title: Godsend (2004 film)

text: With the help of Richard, Paul examines Adam and talks to him about his visions. He finally finds out that the school in Adam's visions is called Saint Pius and that Zachary's last name is Clark. With this information, Paul is able to track down the child's address and find a former nanny of Zachary. The nanny informs Paul that Zachary was deeply disturbed. He was bullied at school tremendously, and in wake of his emotions Paul set fire to the school. When he returned home Zachary killed his mother with a hammer before setting fire to their house, where he burned along with his mother’s body. When he asks the nanny, Paul learns that Zachary's father was a geneticist—enough information to uncover that this man was none other than Richard Wells himself, living now under a false identity. Through the operation to clone Adam, Richard had secretly mixed Adam's DNA with that of Zachary (as the fire damaged Zachary's DNA to where it could not be cloned without the assistance of other living cells) with the hope of bringing his own son back to life, and then kidnapping him. The operation did not yield a complete success. After arguing with Richard and learning what has caused Adam's erratic behavior, Paul races home. He finds Adam and Jessie in the shed in the woods. He has arrived just in the nick of time to stop Adam (with Zachary's personality in control) from killing Jessie with a hammer, in nearly the same way as Zachary had killed his mother. Adam's personality manages to regain control, and everything seems to be okay.

title: Adam Page (footballer)

text: Adam Richard Page (born 30 May 1997) is an English professional footballer who plays for Rushall Olympic.


query: When was field hockey made an Olympic sport?

title: Field hockey at the Summer Olympics

text: Field hockey, was introduced at the Olympic Games as a men's competition at the 1908 Games in London, with six teams, including four from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

title: Sport in India

text: India has won a total of 26 Olympic medals. India won its first gold medal in men's field hockey in the 1928 Olympic Games. Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games, and India's first gold medal since 1980, when the men's field hockey team won the gold.

title: 2015 African Olympic Qualifier (field hockey)

text: On 30 October South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) published a statement reiterating that it will not consider qualifying though the continental qualifying tournament acceptable. SASCOC and the South African Hockey Association had previously specified 2014-15 FIH Hockey World League as the only Olympic selection route for the South Africa men's and women's national field hockey teams.

title: Bandy

text: Both bandy and ice hockey were played in Europe during the 20th century, especially in Sweden, Finland, and Norway. Ice hockey became more popular than bandy in most of Europe mostly because it had become an Olympic sport, while bandy had not. Athletes in Europe who had played bandy switched to ice hockey in the 1920s to compete in the Olympics. The smaller ice fields needed for ice hockey also made its rinks easier to maintain, especially in countries with short winters. On the other hand, ice hockey was not played in the Soviet Union until the 1950s when the USSR wanted to compete internationally. The typical European style of ice hockey, with flowing, less physical play, represents a heritage of bandy.

title: Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Despite the unprecedented success, Great Britain performed much more poorly in the team sports, winning just a single medal when Great Britain captained by Katie Walsh won the bronze medal match against New Zealand 3–1 in the Women's Field hockey tournament to win the first medal of any colour by a British field hockey team at a Summer Olympics since 1992.

title: Ireland at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: The Olympic Council of Ireland fielded a team of 77 athletes, 51 men and 26 women, across 14 sports at the Games. It was the nation's largest delegation sent to the Olympics since 1996, due to the historic comeback of the men's field hockey squad after a century-long absence. Apart from field hockey, Ireland also made its Olympic return to diving after nearly seven decades, as well as its debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's track cycling.

title: List of Olympic venues in field hockey

text: For the Summer Olympics, there are 34 venues that have been or will be used for field hockey. The competitions were first held at the Olympic Stadium until 1928 when it was held at a stadium that did not have the Olympic Stadium title. From 1936 to 1960 with the exception of 1952, the competitions were held in more than one venue. Artificial turf made its Olympic debut at the 1976 Summer Olympics. The last field hockey competitions that was not held on a single venue was in 1996.

title: Amsterdamsche Hockey & Bandy Club

text: The club was founded in 1892 and is seen as the oldest hockey club of the Netherlands and the European mainland. In the early years bandy was the most important sport, when there was no ice in the summer they would play field hockey. Because off the 1928 Summer Olympics the regard towards hockey changed, the Netherlands national hockey team won the silver medal at the field hockey tournament. From this moment onwards field hockey became the most important sport for the club.

title: Pakistan at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Pakistan Olympic Association sent a total of 21 athletes, 19 men and 2 women, to compete in 4 different sports. Four of their athletes were selected to the team under wild card entries, without having qualified. Men's field hockey was the only team-sport in which Pakistan had its representation in these Olympic games. Field hockey team captain Sohail Abbas was the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. Pakistan, however, failed to win a single Olympic medal in London since the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where the men's field hockey team won the bronze.

text: Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics was a sport open only to men. 15 teams played in the field hockey competition.

title: Hockey in Greece

text: The first appearance of field hockey in Greece dates to the interwar period. It was introduced in the country by Panathinaikos A.O. in the early 20th century, but a national championship was organized much later. At the first post-World War II years the sport was played only in Anavryta Schools in Kifissia. Many years later, in 1994, the Greek Field Hockey Federation was founded and just after the Greek championship was held with the presence of six clubs. The first champion was the club AOH Hymettus from Anavryta Schools. The next years the hockey clubs increase. In 1998, the indoor hockey championship started. Because of the 2004 Athens Olympics a field hockey venue was created in Hellinikon Olympic Complex, the Hellinikon Olympic Hockey Centre. After the Olympics interest about the sport remained low, so in 2014 the Greek Field Hockey Federation was abolished, a move associated with a scandal related with the conducting of fake youth championships so that the athletes would gain bonus for the university entry exams.

title: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

text: The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. At the time, organized international ice hockey was still relatively new. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the sport's governing body, was created on 15 May 1908, under the name "Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace". At the 1914 Olympic Congress in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organizers could include. The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games. Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for figure skating unless ice hockey was included. The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship. The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes, so the players of the National Hockey League (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.

title: Field hockey at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics

text: Field hockey was one of 26 sports featured at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics from August 16–23, 2010 at Sengkang Hockey Stadium in Singapore. Players must have been born between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1994.

title: Olympic sports

text: Before 1924, when the first Winter Olympic Games were celebrated, sports held on ice, like figure skating and ice hockey, were held at the Summer Olympics.[28] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics, respectively, but were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics program as of the first edition. The International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the IOlympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine sports. The number of sports contested at the Winter Olympics has since been decreased to seven, comprising a total of fifteen disciplines.[29]

title: Jill Witmer

text: Witmer was named to the U.S. National Field Hockey team in the summer of 2013 while still a student at University of Maryland. Shortly after signing with the team, Witmer signed a sponsorship deal with STX, a sporting good company that sells field hockey equipment. She was part of the 2016 U.S. National Field Hockey team when the team placed third at the Champion's Trophy in London. She was then named to the U.S. Olympic team for the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic games.

title: Terrassa

text: Terrassa was a pioneer in the introduction of field hockey and korfball in Catalonia and played an important role in the introduction of basketball. The most important sport in the city is field hockey. During the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992, Terrassa was the city where the field hockey competition was played. The great number of hockey players from Terrassa who have participated in the Olympic Games over the years has led to Terrassa's being referred to as the "most Olympic city in the world". Between 1928 and 2004, Terrassa sent 124 athletes to the Olympic Games, the majority of whom were hockey players. Three local field hockey clubs, Atlètic Terrassa, Club Egara and Club Deportiu Terrassa have all won the División de Honor de Hockey Hierba and the Copa del Rey de Hockey Hierba. Atlètic Terrassa and Club Egara have also won the EuroHockey Club Champions Cup.

title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: 117 Indian athletes participated in Rio 2016, 63 men and 54 women, across 15 sports at the Games. It was the nation's largest ever delegation sent to the Olympics, due to the historic comeback of the women's field hockey squad after 36 years and the proliferation of track and field athletes making the cut. Among the sporting events represented by its athletes, India made its Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's artistic gymnastics.

title: List of Olympic men's ice hockey players for Poland

text: Men's ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced as a demonstration sport at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and made a permanent sport when the Winter Olympics began in 1924. Poland has participated in thirteen tournaments, first in 1928 and most recently in 1992. A total of 18 goaltenders and 136 skaters have represented Poland at the Olympics.

title: Romanian Field Hockey Federation

text:
The Romanian Hockey Federation is the national governing body for the sport of field hockey in Romania.
Considered as an aristocratic sport and little known to Romanian public, field hockey popularity has grown in the past years. At youth level, there were 13 teams and over 200 registered players in 2009.
Hockey is played mostly at youth level due to the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee to support the sport at under-18 age. However, because of the expenses and the lack of investors' interest, there are no senior teams or competitions right now.

title: Heinz Raack

text: Heinz Raack (18 May 1917 – 26 December 2002) was a German field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He made his international debut for Germany in 1935. At the 1936 Olympics, where Germany won the silver medal, he was the youngest member of the squad and played in the match against Denmark. Between 1935-1942 he played for Germany 15 times. He also played for Berliner Sport-Club when they won the first German Hockey Championship in 1937 and successfully defended their title in 1938.

title: 2018 Pan American Youth Olympic Games Qualifier (girls' field hockey)

text: [[Category:2018 in Mexican sports|Pan American Youth Olympic Games Qualifier (girls' field hockey)]

title: Sport in Malaysia

text: The Malaysia national field hockey team is Malaysia's representative in field hockey tournaments around the world. In the usual course of things, the team is made up of the best field hockey players in Malaysia. The governing body for the sports is the Malaysian Hockey Confederation. The Malaysia Hockey League (MHL) is a top league competition for field hockey clubs in the Malaysian hockey league system.

title: Kayla Bashore Smedley

text: Kayla grew up in a small town in Pennsylvania. Growing up, Kayla did not find her sporting love in field hockey, but in soccer instead. It was not until high school that she picked up her first field hockey stick. The field hockey coach of the high school saw her playing and immediately wanted her on the team. Throughout the year, the coached constantly asked her to consider playing field hockey instead, but Kayla did not want anything to do with it. Finally, after persisting, Kayla decided to play field hockey and after that moment she realized she had made a good choice. She immediately fell in love with it. From then on out she excelled at the sport and played at the top of her team. After graduating from Hamburg Area High School, she made her way onto Indiana University's team. After playing on the team for four years, in the last couple months of her senior year, she got asked to join the United States National Field Hockey Team. After that, she made her way to San Diego, California, to start to train alongside of the team. This is where she grew into the field hockey player she is today. Her and the team went through rigorous training daily to achieve these goals. The team first qualified for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China. Alongside of her team, her whole family made the trip over to support her in her dreams. In the Games, the team did not win any medals. Throughout the following four years they trained harder so they would be able to go to the 2012 Olympics in London, England. They did just that. Her family again was there to support them on. During the games, they did beat their biggest rival team, Argentina. The team did not win any medal during those Games either. A few months after the Olympics, Kayla decided it was time to hang up the shoes and retire. She retired with over 100 international appearances.

title: Sport in the Netherlands

text: The Netherlands women's national field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history, having won the title six times. At the 2012 London Olympics the women's team made it to the final and went on to beat Argentina. The Dutch male hockey team has won the world cup three times and Olympic gold on two occasions. Several Dutch hockey league clubs have won the European Cup.

title: Hockey Ireland

text: Hockey Ireland, previously known as the Irish Hockey Association, is the governing body for field hockey in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It is responsible for organising both the Ireland men's national field hockey team and the Ireland women's national field hockey team as well as national leagues and cup competitions. Hockey Ireland is funded through grants from Sport Ireland, Sport Northern Ireland and the Olympic Council of Ireland. In 2013 Hockey Ireland became a limited company. Approximately 168 clubs and 280 schools are affiliated to Hockey Ireland.

text:
The Australia men's national field hockey team (nicknamed the Kookaburras) is one of the
nation's most successful top-level sporting teams. They are the only Australian team in any sport to receive medals at the last six Summer Olympic Games (1992–2012). The Kookaburras placed in the top four in every Olympics between 1980 and 2012; in 2016, the Kookaburras placed sixth. They also won the Hockey World Cup in 1986, 2010 and 2014.

title: Stephen Martin (field hockey)

text: Martin has held posts as Director of Coaching at Ulster Hockey, worked in Performance Dept at Sports Council NI, was Deputy Chief Executive of the British Olympic Association, and in 2006 he became Chief Executive of the Olympic Council of Ireland. He was awarded a Texaco Sports Award for hockey in 1988, and received the MBE for services to hockey in 1993.

title: Sport in India

text: Field Hockey is a popular sport in India. Until the mid-1970s, India men's team dominated international field hockey, winning 7 Olympic gold medals and won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup. Since then, barring a gold medal at the 1980 Olympics, India's performance in field hockey has been dismal, with other hockey-playing nations such as Australia, Netherlands and Germany improving their standards and catching up with India. Its decline is also due to the change in rules of the game, introduction of artificial turf, and internal politics in Indian field hockey bodies. The popularity of field hockey has also declined massively parallel to the decline of the Indian hockey team. In recent years, the standard of Indian hockey has gone from bad to worse, with the Men's team not qualifying for the 2008 Olympics and finishing last in the 2012 Olympics. Since 2014, the men's team is trying to regain its lost glory little by little as they become runners up at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, then winning a much needed 2014 Asian Games gold and 2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup to finally establishing the Asian dominance after long time but before that India lost to Belgium in the quarter final of 2016 Rio Olympics. India men's hockey team is eyeing for gold at the 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup as its going to hold in India, as support of home crowds which is a must need to defeat the aura of the Australians who constantly dominating the Indian team in the recent years in various finals such as the 2014 & 2018 Hockey Champions Trophy. Currently, the Indian men's team is 5th in the rankings of the Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon (FIH, English:International Hockey Federation), the international governing body of field hockey and indoor field hockey.

title: Field hockey at the Summer Olympics

text: Field hockey was removed from the Summer Olympic Games at the 1924 Paris Games because of the lack of an international sporting structure. The International Hockey Federation (FIH, Fédération Internationale de Hockey) was founded in Paris that year as a response to field hockey's omission. Men's field hockey became a permanent feature at the next Olympic Games, the 1928 Gamesin Amsterdam.

text: Field hockey at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 17 to 27 August at the Youth Olympic Sports Park in Nanjing, China. This Youth Olympics marked the debut of Hockey 5s, a 5-a-side tournament that is played on a smaller field size.

title: Culture of India

text: Field hockey was considered to be the national game of India, but this has been recently denied by the Government of India, clarifying on a Right to Information Act (RTI) filed that India has not declared any sport as the national game. At a time when it was especially popular, the India national field hockey team won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup, and 8 gold, 1 silver, and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic Games. However, field hockey in India no longer has the following that it once did.