query: Does Buffy end up with Angel?

title: Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Angel's first appearance is in "Welcome to the Hellmouth", the first episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer in 1997. In it, he meets the protagonist Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar), a young girl destined to fight evil in the small town of Sunnydale, California. For the first half of the season, Angel is an enigmatic love interest for Buffy, showing up only to offer her cryptic messages about upcoming threats. It isn't until the episode "Angel" that the character is revealed to be a benevolent vampire from Galway, Ireland, who immigrated to the United States to escape his past as the sadistic Angelus after his soul was restored by a vengeful gypsy clan. Although uneasy about trusting a vampire, Buffy and the Scooby Gang eventually come to view Angel as an ally. In the second season (1997–1998), Buffy and Angel's romantic relationship develops and the pair make love in the episode "Surprise". For experiencing a moment of pure happiness, however, the gypsy curse on Angel is revoked, unleashing his soulless alter-ego, who reunites with his old friends, vampires Spike (James Marsters) and Drusilla (Juliet Landau), and begins terrorizing Buffy and her friends. Upon discovering gypsy descendent Jenny Calendar (Robia LaMorte), who is working to translate the text of a spell to restore Angel's soul, Angelus murders her by breaking her neck, and places her body in the bed of her boyfriend, Giles (Anthony Head), for him to discover. Angelus then attempts to destroy the world by awakening the demon Acathla. In the season finale, neophyte witch Willow (Alyson Hannigan) manages to restore Angel's soul at the last moment, but Buffy is forced to kill him to save the world from Acathla, and Angel is sent to hell. In season three (1998–1999), episode three, "Faith, Hope & Trick", Angel is inexplicably returned from hell by an unknown party and is soon found by Buffy. The Scooby Gang are outraged when they discover that Buffy has been secretly caring for him since his resurrection, but grudgingly accept him after he saves Willow's life in episode seven, "Revelations". In the episode "Amends", the primordial First Evil attempts to manipulate Angel to murder Buffy, but Angel chooses suicide instead by waiting for the sun to rise on Christmas morning. California's heatwave is suddenly interrupted by a freak snowstorm hiding the sun, sparing Angel's life, which he takes as a sign from above that he was brought back for a reason. Buffy and Angel initially attempt to be friends but eventually resume their romance. However, Angel becomes more and more aware of their limitations as a couple and breaks up with her in the hopes that she will be happier without him, leaving Sunnydale altogether after attending Buffy's prom and helping her in the battle against Mayor Wilkins (Harry Groener).

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten

text: The gang does some growing up. Willow prevents Andrew from making a terrible mistake with the "Vampyr" book when he attempts to resurrect her long-dead girlfriend Tara, whose death he feels responsible for, and confronts his tendency to act impulsively – sometimes with good motivations – but without regard for other people's consent or feelings. He does however activate a digital recording of the personality of his friend and victim Jonathan Levinson. Some time later, after some soul searching, Andrew realizes he is gay. Meanwhile, Willow, ends her relationship with the demon witch Aluwyn, having grown apart, and Xander and Dawn decide to take things slow. Buffy and Spike confront the fact that they've grown closer to each other, and Buffy realizes she loves Spike, and they become a couple. Buffy stands by Spike when it appears that an evil outside force is controlling him at night, and they soon track this force down: an ancient vampire named Archaeus who is part of the same lineage as Spike and Angel, Archaeus having directly sired the Master. Temporarily getting away from the powerful demon, the group realize they will have to bring Angel in on the development. Buffy is able to put the events of "Season Eight", in which Angel was influenced by a higher power into being a villain, behind her, but there is initial awkwardness in the group as they attempt to confront Archaeus. However, working together, Buffy, Angel and Spike are able to wound Archaeus and kill his servants with the Scythe, so Archaeus flees. D'Hoffryn informs Buffy that a portal Archaeus was using, which opens into hell dimensions, is called the Restless Door and is being repaired by an alliance of enemies faced by the gang this season: the Old One, the Soul Glutton; the siren, Mistress; and the flesh demon, the Sculptor, who wish to overrun Earth with demons. Angel leaves to warn his friends in London, giving Spike his blessing and accepting a place as a friend in Buffy's life, but confides in Willow that he believes Spike's self-destructiveness will doom his relationship with Buffy.

title: Revelations (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: While doing research, Xander and Willow kiss for a second time. Xander goes looking for the Glove of Myneghon, but is distracted when he sees Angel, of whose resurrection the Scoobies had been unaware. Xander follows Angel, hoping to re-stake him, but observes Angel and Buffy kissing. Angel shows Buffy that he has recovered the glove. As Giles is meeting with Gwendolyn, Xander arrives to tell him about Angel. Gwendolyn does not overhear the conversation, but knows that they are keeping something from her.

title: Sanctuary (Angel)

text: Detective Kate Lockley, guided by Lindsey's information, arrests Angel for harboring the fugitive Faith. When Angel and Kate, with Wesley and Buffy in tow, arrive at the police station, they are surprised to see Faith is voluntarily confessing to her crimes. Later, Buffy admits to Angel how hard it was for her to see Faith with him. Angel counters by saying it was not about Buffy, it was about saving Faith's soul. Buffy proceeds to explain that she had come because he was in danger, but Angel knows that she was merely using this as an excuse to get revenge on Faith, which she does not deny. Buffy lashes out by telling Angel she has someone else in her life, and unlike her relationship with Angel, she can trust her new boyfriend. In response, a furious Angel launches a tirade against Buffy, reminding her that, while it's great that she has moved on, he himself cannot and has no one to share his pain, climaxing when he informs Buffy that they lead their own separate lives now and that she has no right to just show up with her "great new life" and tell him how to do things before harshly ordering her to go back to Sunnydale. Buffy complies after a slight hesitation, complaining that "Faith wins again". As soon as she is gone Angel regrets his harsh words and decides to head to Sunnydale to make his own amends. Meanwhile, Faith manages to find peace in her jail cell.

title: Flooded (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: The fight ends up in the basement where the demon latches on to one of the pipes and Buffy immediately attacks as the expensive pipes are threatened. The "supervillain" guys consider their future plans and agree that hypnotizing and making Buffy their willing love slave is a priority. The Scooby Gang regroups after the demon is taken care of and hopelessly attempts to save the furniture that was destroyed in battle. A phone call off camera reveals that Angel (currently in Los Angeles) needs to meet with Buffy and she needs the same so she leaves to meet him at an intermediate location.

title: Gone (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Buffy does so. However, the Trio have also made themselves invisible, and Warren is holding Willow hostage. Warren lies to Buffy, telling her that he is going to reverse the invisibility. But Willow points out that he's put it on a setting that is going to kill her. Warren knocks her to the ground and aims the gun at Buffy, telling her that she can't see them. However, Buffy's Slayer training (and possibly her experiences in "Out of Mind, Out of Sight" and "Family") provide her with some ability to sense the invisible villains. A scuffle ensues. Warren ends up in the ball-pit, Andrew ends up in the pinball machine and Buffy is holding Jonathan. Willow, who has changed the frequency, aims at Buffy, Jonathan, Andrew, and Warren, and all four are visible again. Buffy finally sees that the Trio are human, rather than demons as she had been expecting. After a brief stand-off, a smoke-bomb goes off and the Trio - despite an embarrassing scuffle to open the arcade door - escape.

title: Mayor (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Faith does not die from her injuries, but returns in the fourth season in "This Year's Girl". While still in her coma, she dreams of a pleasant picnic with the Mayor, who picks up a small snake that has slithered onto the blanket and tells it that it does not belong there. The dream-picnic is interrupted by Buffy who stabs him to death. Faith awakens in the hospital to discover that the Mayor has in fact died and left her a video and a device that will allow her to switch bodies with Buffy. After Buffy recovers her own body, Faith goes to Angel in Los Angeles, turns herself in to the police and goes to prison, later emerging to begin her redemption on "Angel". She returns to Sunnydale in season seven, not only to help Buffy and the Scoobies, but to perform in a position of leadership. In season seven the Mayor also returns as one of the faces of the First Evil in "Lessons" and "Touched".

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 2)

text: During Buffy's 17th birthday, Drusilla and Spike resurrect a powerful demon called "The Judge" (Brian Thompson) who can burn the humanity out of people and who claims to be invincible. After Buffy and Angel escape from his attack, the two finally consummate their relationship which brings Angel "a moment of perfect happiness" and ends up costing him his soul. Buffy wakes up in Angel's bed the following morning alone and frets about his disappearance. Later she returns to his apartment where he torments her about giving up her virginity to him. Buffy is left emotionally devastated and suffers further betrayal after she learns that Jenny Calendar is of gypsy origin and was sent to Sunnydale in order to prevent Angel from losing his soul, a mission in which she failed. Angel, now Angelus, joins forces with Spike and Drusilla as they intend to use the judge to wipe humanity off the Earth. The Scooby Gang show up to stop them and Buffy uses a rocket launcher to kill the judge and halt the vampire's plan. She then fights one on one with Angel for the first time but cannot kill him. Instead she forcibly kicks him in the testicles and leaves. Meanwhile, Willow finds out about Xander and Cordelia's relationship and falls out with Xander as a result, while Giles' relationship with Jenny is shattered due to her betrayal.

title: Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: In 2007, Angel began appearing in two canonical continuations of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel from Joss Whedon. The first of these was Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight, published by Dark Horse Comics, which continued the story of the Buffy television series. Later that year, Whedon and IDW Publishing released the series Angel: After the Fall, which continued on from the series finale of Angel. The two series were published by different publishers due to Dark Horse initially giving up the rights to licensed Angel comic books several years ago when the series was still on air.

title: Fredless

text: Fred asks about Angel's relationship with Buffy, curious because he left so abruptly to meet her at the end of the previous episode. Cordelia and Wesley put on an overly-dramatic, humorous play that summarizes what Angel and Buffy's off-screen reunion might have been like. When Angel returns, he invites Fred out to ice cream, but ends up tracking a Durslar demon into the sewers. Fred notices some crystal formations on the sewer wall before Angel sends her back to the Hyperion Hotel for safety.

title: Angel (season 4)

text: In the season four finale, "Home", Angel receives an amulet from Wolfram & Hart which is important to the final battle in Sunnydale. Angel goes to Sunnydale in the penultimate "Buffy" episode "End of Days" and also appears in the series finale "Chosen". Angel gives Buffy the amulet (which is later worn by Spike in the final battle) and offers his help, but Buffy declines as she needs him to be the second front if they fail. Buffy and Angel share one final moment in a graveyard where they discuss a possible future.

title: Bad Girls (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Balthazar questions the two watchers as to who has his amulet. Wesley is willing to tell him, but does not know Angel's name. Angel shows up with Buffy, frees Giles and a fight breaks out. When Balthazar captures Angel, Buffy tosses live wires into his tub of water, electrocuting him. With his dying breath, Balthazar warns them of his enemy. In his office that night, the Mayor performs a ritual that makes him unable to be killed. Buffy tries to talk to Faith about Allan's death, but Faith has disposed of the body and says she does not care.

title: Enemies (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Having learned all that Faith knows, Angel then reveals that his loss of soul was a sham and that he only pretended to be evil. The rest of the Scooby Gang arrive as Buffy and Faith fight and end up with knives at each other's throats. After telling Buffy that she can not kill her without becoming like her, Faith gives Buffy a kiss on the forehead, and runs off.

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 6)

text: At the end of the "Angel" episode "Carpe Noctem", Angel (David Boreanaz) receives a telephone call in which Willow tells him Buffy is alive. Buffy then receives a call from Angel at the end of "Flooded", and immediately leaves to meet with him. Although the phone call scenes happen on screen, neither Willow's side on "Angel" nor Angel's side on "Buffy" is shown. The scene between Buffy and Angel also happens off screen, but is described by them in the following episodes.

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7)

text: In the "Angel" season four finale, "Home", Angel receives an amulet from Wolfram & Hart which is important to the final battle in Sunnydale. Angel goes to Sunnydale in the penultimate episode "End of Days" and also appears in the series finale "Chosen". Angel gives Buffy the amulet (which is later worn by Spike in the final battle) and offers his help, but Buffy declines as she needs him to be the second front if they fail. Buffy and Angel share one final moment in a graveyard where they discuss a possible future.

title: Illyria (Angel)

text: Subsequent to the above story, the rights to "Angel" characters were transferred from IDW to Dark Horse Comics, which publishes "Buffy". In "Angel and Faith" (2012), Gunn tells Angel that Illyria is missing but presumed to be safe. She later debuts in "Buffy" in issue sixteen, as part of the "Welcome to the Team" story arc. Mid-battle, Buffy finds herself teleported to Los Angeles, where Illyria introduces herself as part of a council which needs Buffy's help due to the consequences of Buffy destroying the seed and stripping the universe of its ambient magic. In a confrontation with the season's villain, Severin, Illyria is stripped of her powers—including her ability to time travel—leaving her mortal and stuck in Fred's physical appearance. She assists Buffy's quest into its final arc, travelling into the Deeper Well alongside Buffy, Willow and Xander. Drawing on her personal experiences in "Angel", she convinces Severin—whose powers threaten to rip a hole in time itself—to create a new seed, which will restore magic to the universe. Willow points out to Illyria that she is showing very human compassion, which Illyria herself recognizes. The creation of the new seed creates a powerful discharge, vaporizing Illyria and Severin both. In the follow-up series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten", Buffy expresses regret for Illyria's death to the demon Eldre Koh. Koh is surprised by this, and tells Buffy that she does not understand Old Ones, suggesting Illyria may yet survive in some form. Later, in the "Angel & Faith" book, Angel encounters Fred walking the streets of London. They surmise the recreated Seed attempted to bring Illyria back, and in the event, also brought back Fred. Now both Fred and Illyria are alive and cohabit Fred's body.

title: Caleb (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: The character dies in the last two episodes of the series. In "End of Days" and "Chosen", Buffy, with the assistance of the newly arrived Angel, kills Caleb in a final confrontation. With Angel watching, Buffy pierces Caleb's abdomen with the Scythe, apparently killing him. Much to their shock, Caleb is revived with another power transfusion from the First Evil and immediately knocks Angel unconscious with a devastating blow. Buffy and Caleb resume their fight. However, Caleb's injuries weaken him. In the end, Buffy cuts Caleb in half vertically, from his crotch to his torso, actually castrating him and finally killing him. Angel comes to ready to fight Caleb and discovers him cleaved, Buffy quips "he had to split", and both share a much deserved laugh.

title: Halloween (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Buffy and Angel finally agree to a date, but Buffy is delayed by a vampire. As Angel waits at The Bronze, Cordelia shows up and starts flirting with him. When Buffy finally arrives, she sees Angel talking to Cordelia and turns to leave.

title: Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: In Season Eight, Twilight appears in the premiere issue, written by Whedon; his shoes are seen floating in the air as he surveys Buffy. At the end of the arc, the military general who coordinated a large-scale attack on Buffy is revealed to be a follower of "Twilight";[20] later issues show that many of the anti-Slayer forces serve under the leadership of a masked person known as Twilight.[21] Buffy herself finally confronts Twilight in "A Beautiful Sunset", along with the Slayer Satsu, but Twilight's superior strength and ability to fly ensures his easy victory.[22] In Jane Espenson's story arc "Retreat", Twilight locates Buffy's allies through their use of magic, forcing them to converge and retreat.[23] In Tibet, Slayers and witches suppress their magic,[24][25] which ultimately leads to a mutually destructive military conflict between the Slayers and Twilight's forces.[22] In its aftermath, however, Buffy mysteriously acquires abilities conspicuously similar to Twilight's.[26][27][28] In the penultimate arc, written by Brad Meltzer, the newly empowered Buffy faces up to her masked enemy again. Twilight reveals himself to be Angel, and claims to have been distracting the various groups that would seek to destroy Buffy while pushing her towards some other end.[29] Buffy and Angel — destiny's agents in discarding the old reality and ushering in a new one — are overcome with desire for one another. They kiss, have sex and fly through space, eventually ascending to a dimension called Twilight. Meanwhile, Giles exposits a prophecy pertaining to the creation of a new universe, brought about by a Slayer falling in love with a vampire.[30] The two come to their senses and return to Earth to fight off the hordes of demons unleashed by their ascension.[31] Espenson's Riley one-shot flashes back to an uneasy Angel, early in his Twilight masquerade, convinced by Whistler (Angel's mentor in flashbacks from Buffy season two) that this course of actions leads to the only possible future in which Buffy survives.[32] The final arc, "Last Gleaming", depicts Angel's first encounter with the higher power which bestowed Twilight's superheroic abilities on him. Spike explains the next step in the prophecy, which concerns the new universe springing from the mystical Seed of Wonder, a source for all the magic in the universe, buried beneath Sunnydale.[33] Although he tries to stop more of the damage caused by the Twilight dimension's coming, the Twilight dimension (the aforementioned higher power) possesses Angel.[34] To protect the seed, a possessed Angel then tries to kill Buffy and Spike, and goes so far as to snap Giles' neck. This prompts Buffy to destroy the Seed. This stops the Twilight dimension from destroying the existing world, and Angel is dispossessed, but the universe is also stripped of all magic.[35]

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy returns to town in season three. Angel has mysteriously been released from the demon dimension, but is close to insanity due to the torment he suffered there, and is nearly driven to suicide by the First Evil. He and Buffy realize that a relationship between them can never happen; he eventually leaves Sunnydale at the end of the season. A new watcher named Wesley is put in Giles' place when Giles is fired from the Watcher's Council because he has developed a "father's love" for Buffy; and towards the end of the season, Buffy announces that she will no longer be working for the Council. Early in the season, she meets Faith, the Slayer activated after Kendra's death. She also encounters the affable Mayor Richard Wilkins, who secretly has plans to "ascend" (become a "pure" demon) on Sunnydale High's Graduation Day. Although Faith initially works well with Buffy, she becomes increasingly unstable after accidentally killing a human and forms a relationship with the paternal yet manipulative Mayor, eventually landing in a coma after a fight with Buffy. At the end of the season, after the Mayor becomes a huge snake-like demon, Buffy and the entire graduating class destroy him by blowing up Sunnydale High.

title: Revelations (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Gwendolyn goes to visit Faith at the motel and mentions that Giles is having a secret meeting with Buffy and her friends. The angry Faith ends up in a bar with Xander, who tells her that Angel is alive and has the glove, adding that Buffy knew about Angel's resurrection and possession of the glove but tried to keep it secret. The two nurse their grudges together; Faith decides to slay Angel and Xander eagerly volunteers to accompany her.

title: Unseen (Buffy/Angel novel)

text: Alina is the only child that can control these portals but either she's lost her control or something in the Hellmouth is breaking these barriers. Buffy and Angel must go into the portal and see if they can salvage any of the children left on the inside.Buffy and Angel have travelled into the dimensional portals in order to find the missing kids. Unbeknownst to them, Spike took a running leap and dived in after them. They all end up on the same plane but it totally different areas: Angel locates a girl in a forest, Spike ends up in a vampire zoo and Buffy ends up fighting a dragon near an enchanted castle. Their job is to locate the 50 of so kids that have gone missing lately. Meanwhile, back on Earth, Gunn is helping Riley to bust Faith out of jail in order to send her to the alternate planes as well. In Sunnydale, Giles and Xander are trying their best to keep the monsters at a bare minimum level. Once Buffy and co., have located the missing children, the problem becomes how to get them back...Buffyverse novels, such as this one are considered by most fans to not be part of Buffyverse canon. They are not considered as official Buffyverse reality, but are novels from the authors' imaginations. However unlike fanfic, 'overviews' summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially "Buffy"/"Angel" merchandise (see main article for further details).

title: Angel (season 1)

text: At the end of the third season of "Buffy", the 242-year-old, re-ensouled vampire Angel left Sunnydale to give teenage Slayer Buffy Summers the chance to live a normal life. Angel is now living in the big city of Los Angeles. With Buffy gone Angel is now completely cut off from society, every day getting closer and closer to giving in to his vampiric hunger. It's not until he befriends the half demon and fellow Irishman Doyle, who is sent visions of people in trouble by The Powers That Be, and fellow Sunnydale resident Cordelia Chase, who grounds Angel's life in the humanity around him, that he truly begins to take charge of his life and seek atonement for his past sins. He sets up his own detective agency, Angel Investigations and begins to "help the helpless".

title: Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: When Fred is killed by Illyria, Spike mourns her death and decides to join Team Angel in her honor. Upon learning that Buffy is now dating The Immortal, Spike and Angel travel to Rome on the pretext of business but spend most of the time there trying to find Buffy. In the end, they fail to catch up with her. (The blonde glimpsed in Rome is later revealed to be a decoy Buffy, set up by Andrew Wells, who had researched the history between Angel, Spike and The Immortal, and thought the idea would be "hilarious".) During the final episodes of "Angel", Spike is the first to vote for Angel's plan to wound the Senior Partners by massacring the Circle of the Black Thorn. He then spends what might be his last hours on Earth returning to his mortal roots as a frustrated poet, triumphantly knocking them dead (figuratively) in an open mic poetry slam at a bar. After single-handedly (literally, he held the baby in one hand and a sword in the other) rescuing an infant and destroying the Fell Brethren, Spike joins Angel, Illyria, and a badly wounded Charles Gunn in the alley behind the Hyperion as the series draws to an end, preparing to incur the apocalyptic wrath of the Senior Partners, as a way of going out in a blaze of glory that will probably cost their lives.

title: I Will Remember You (Angel)

text: Realizing what this means for their relationship, Angel spends the night with Buffy. However, Doyle shares the news that the Mohra demon is alive: the demon's rejuvenating blood also worked on itself. So, Angel sets out with Doyle to kill the demon, without Buffy's much-needed supernatural assistance. Angel fails miserably until Buffy shows up and slays the demon. Angel realizes how useless he is in his human form, and asks the Oracles to turn back time to make him a "demon with a soul" once more. They consent, and time is set back twenty four hours despite a heartbroken Buffy begging Angel to remain human before the Mohra demon is killed, with only Angel as a witness to the night he and Buffy shared.

title: Angel (season 3)

text: At the end of the episode "Carpe Noctem", Angel (David Boreanaz) receives a telephone call in which Willow tells him Buffy is alive. Buffy then receives a call from Angel at the end of the "Buffy" episode "Flooded", and immediately leaves to meet with him. Although the phone call scenes happen on screen, neither Willow's side on "Angel" or Angel's side on "Buffy" is shown. The scene between Buffy and Angel also happens off screen, but is described by them in the following episodes.

title: Buffy Summers

text: In "Season Eight" (2007–11), it is quickly established that Buffy is not living with the Immortal in Rome as previously suggested in "Angel"; this is simply a cover story to ensure her safety as she is now the leader of an army which recruits and trains Slayers to deal with demonic threats worldwide. However, a mysterious group led by the masked villain Twilight believe the Slayers themselves pose a danger to mankind and the natural order. In “Wolves at the Gate”, a lonely Buffy shares a sexual encounter with a younger Slayer Satsu; the relationship ends soon after when Satsu accepts that Buffy does not return her romantic feelings. The time travel story “Time of Your Life” acts as a crossover with "Buffy" spin-off "Fray"; Buffy is kidnapped two centuries into the future and meets her eventual successor Melaka Fray and Fray’s vampire twin brother Harth. These events have been orchestrated by a villainous future version of Willow, whom Buffy reluctantly kills in order to return home. The tensions between Buffy and Twilight’s respective armies eventually erupts into a full-scale war in Tibet; Twilight is unmasked as Angel being manipulated by enigmatic cosmic forces trying to destroy the universe and usher in a new dimension where Buffy and Angel will live together in paradise. However, Buffy rejects Twilight’s influence and saves her world by returning to the ruins of Sunnydale and smashing the Seed of Wonder, cutting Earth off from the source of all magic in the process. During these events, Buffy reunites with Spike, Giles is killed by a Twilight-controlled Angel, and the Slayer army is dissolved; Buffy moves to San Francisco with her friends to grieve their losses.

title: The Yoko Factor

text: Buffy returns to her dorm room and Angel shows up. As Angel speaks with Buffy, Riley barges in and raises a gun to Angel. Angel taunts Riley and the two come to blows again. Buffy separates them and wants to talk to Angel alone. Buffy scolds Angel, yet they laugh when Angel confesses he came to make up. Buffy also apologizes for being bossy. The two part on friendly terms, although Angel stops to state that he doesn't like Riley.

title: List of Buffyverse comics

text:
These tales take place from ancient times up until 1900.
These Buffyverse tales take place from 1900 to 1995.
These Buffyverse tales take place around Buffy Season 1 (from spring 1996 up until spring 1997).
These tales take place during Buffy Season 2 (from autumn 1997 up until spring 1998).
These tales take place during Buffy Season 3 (from autumn 1998 up until spring 1999).
These Buffyverse tales take place during Buffy Season 4, and Angel Season 1 (from autumn 1999 up until spring 2000).
These Buffyverse tales take place during Buffy Season 5, and Angel Season 2 (from autumn 2000 up until spring 2001).
These Buffyverse tales take place around Buffy Season 6, and Angel Season 3 (from autumn 2001 up until spring 2002).
These Buffyverse tales take place around Buffy Season 7, and Angel Season 4 (from autumn 2002 up until spring 2003).
These Buffyverse tales take place around Angel Season 5 (from spring 2003 up until spring 2004).
These Buffyverse tales take place after Angel Season 5.

title: Lie to Me (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Within minutes of sunset, the vampires arrive and immediately begin feeding. Ford attacks Buffy, but she knocks him out. Buffy overpowers Drusilla and threatens to stake her. Spike immediately orders the vampires to stop feeding. Buffy demands that they let everyone go, which Spike agrees to. The former vampire worshippers flee and Buffy follows. Ford is still unconscious on the floor as Buffy closes the door, locking all the vampires inside with him. Ford awakens and, since he held up his end of the bargain by luring the Slayer, demands that Spike holds up his end of the bargain and sire him. Shrugging off this latest defeat, Spike does so.


query: When was Tales of Innocence released?

title: Tales of Innocence

text: Tales of Innocence(Japanese:テイルズオブイノセンス,Hepburn:Teiruzu Obu Inosensu) is an action role-playing video game, developed and released for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Vita. Innocence is the ninth main installment in the Tales series, developed by Alfa System and published by Bandai Namco Games. It was released in December 2007. A remake for the Vita developed by 7th Chord, Tales of Innocence R(テイルズオブイノセンス アール,Teiruzu Obu Inosensu Āru), was released in January 2012. Multiple elements are carried over from previous entries in the series, including the action-based Linear Motion Battle System. Innocence R includes both an updated battle system and additional story content. Both versions remain exclusive to Asia.

title: Tales (video game series)

text: "Tales of Innocence" was released in Japan on the Nintendo DS in 2007. A remake of the game, "Innocence R" was released on the PlayStation Vita in 2012. Neither version has been released in the west. The first release on seventh-generation consoles, "Tales of Vesperia" for Xbox 360, was released in Japan and North America in 2008 and in Europe in 2009. A Japan-exclusive PlayStation 3 port was released in 2009 as well. "Tales of Hearts" was released on the Nintendo DS in 2008. A remake, "Hearts R", was released in 2013 in Japan and 2014 in North America and Europe.

title: Tales of the Tempest

text: The game was originally described as a main entry in the "Tales" series. After the game's release, with the announcement of "Tales of Innocence" in July 2007, the series was divided between mainline "Mothership" titles and spin-off "Escort" titles. "Tempest", described by Yoshizumi in 2007 as a precursor to "Innocence", was officially reclassified as an Escort title at this point. It was speculated by "Game Informer" that the game's lack of critical and fan acclaim that caused the change, but this has not been confirmed. The game has yet to receive a western localization. Later, staff members of "Innocence" stated that "Tempest" was seen as a spin-off while still in development. After the release of the Vita port of "Innocence", "Innocence R", artwork found in that game caused speculation that "Tempest" might be remade. The "Triverse" connection between the three developed DS titles was established by Bandai Namdo producer Takashi Yota: first featuring in "Innocence R", they were included in "Tales of Hearts R" after positive fan feedback. In 2014, it was revealed that Bandai Namco had been considering a remake of "Tempest" for some time, and that there was demand for both a remake by Japanese fans and a western release. So far, nothing has been announced.

title: Sunset (video game)

text:
Burnes was inspired by Angela Davis, Pam Grier, and Nina Simone. Tale of Tale's Aureia Harvey's experience as an American expatriate informed Burnes' character. The choice of the 1970s setting drew from Tale of Tales' belief that the period represented a shift, a time worth exploring when "Western culture morphed from an authoritarian civilization based on rules of decency and formal traditions to an egalitarian society that celebrates individual freedom above all". Tale of Tales spoke of recapturing a spirit of innocence, where belief in social change through popular revolution was still alive.
The apartment in which the game is set is based upon a design for the "ideal bachelor pad" from a 1970 issue of "Playboy"; its contents were inspired the contents of Yves Saint Laurent's Paris apartment. The game's central story, told through the interaction of a cleaner and the apartment inhabitant was partly inspired by the film "Chungking Express".

title: Nizhalkuthu

text: As a tradition, the hangman has to spend the eve of the execution awake. When alcohol fails to keep Kaliyappan awake, the jailer starts telling a 'spicy tale' to keep him awake, the tale of a 13-year-old girl raped and killed by her own brother-in-law and an innocent musician boy convicted for this charge.

title: Gravity (Our Lady Peace album)

text: The second single, "Innocent", was released to radio during August 2002. It was commercially released in Europe and Australia with the live tracks "Naveed", "4 AM" and a live cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" as well as the music video for "Innocent". Innocent was also a massive hit in Canada as well peaking at number 2 in the Canadian Singles Chart. The live tracks from this single and "Somewhere out There" were included on the limited edition releases of "Gravity". While not as successful as the first single, "Innocent" achieved minor success with its music video. The song received some attention in 2008 when American Idol contestant David Cook, who revealed himself to be a huge OLP fan, sang it on the show. Raine Maida and he have since written together.

title: The Holographic Principle

text: The ballad "Once Upon a Nightmare" takes the seventh spot on the album and it’s melancholic and has more of a themed vocal going through it than a chorus. “I’m a big fan of classic fairy tales and the lyrics were inspired by a dark German tale about the Alder King, or Erlking, who steals children’s souls. A lot of times, parents don’t take their children seriously, especially when it comes to seeing monsters in the closet so it’s a dark twist on fairy tales. It’s symbolic of being stuck in a life without a happy ending and how our innocence is taken away from us as soon as we’re born,” explained Simone Simons when asked about the song.

title: Tales of Innocence

text: Multiple pieces of media have been created either to promote or complement the game before and after release. To promote the original title's release, the company created an "Adventure Voice DVD", featuring multiple characters from previous Tales games.[3] Multiple books were created after the game's release, including three guidebooks, a two-part novel adaptation released between January and March 2008, and a three-part weekly series of instruction guidebooks released between November 30 and December 30, 2007. The guidebooks contain gameplay hints, concept art and staff interviews.[65] The game was also adapted into a two-part audio drama. Titled Tales of Innocence Drama CD(テイルズオブイノセンス ドラマＣＤ,Teiruzu Obu Inosensu Dorama CD), the two volumes were released on June 25 and July 25, 2008.[66]

title: Tales (video game series)

text: Multiple "Tales" titles, the majority of which are spin-offs, have not been localized for the west or have only been released in North America: two examples of the former case for entries in the main series are "Rebirth" and "Innocence", while an example of the latter is "Legendia". Speaking in 2013, Baba explained that the main priority for localizations was for the main series rather than spin-offs. In addition to this, he stated that their localization team was limited and they needed to "pick and choose" which game to bring to the west. For its western release, "Eternia"s name was changed to ""Destiny 2"": this was due to a possible trademark conflict and the wish to exploit the popularity of "Destiny". The 2006 PSP port of "Eternia" retained its original title. With "Zestiria", Bandai Namco planned to attempt releasing the game in the west in the same year it was released in Japan. The deciding factor in this resolution was the delayed release of "Xillia" and its sequel, and the reaction of western fans to this. Fan localizations have also been created, such as for the original versions of "Phantasia" and "Innocence". While the option of the Japanese voice tracks have been heavily requested for western releases by fans, licensing issues have mostly prevented Bandai Namco from implementing it. Localization for mobile titles is also a low priority due to them being co-developed by Japan-based mobile developers.

title: That Still Small Voice

text: "That Still Small Voice" is the fifth episode of the American fairy tale/drama television series "Once Upon a Time". The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the "real world" town by a powerful curse. In this episode, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) becomes upset when told by Archie (Raphael Sbarge) that his fairy tale theories are delusions; Henry places himself in danger when he investigates a mysterious sinkhole, forcing a regretful Archie to save him. Meanwhile, the backstory of Jiminy Cricket (Sbarge) is revealed – he yearns to leave his con artist parents and become a good person, but accidentally hurts an innocent couple along the way.

title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: "A Plague Tale: Innocence" follows the story of two siblings, Amicia and her younger brother fighting to survive during the Hundred Years' War.

title: A Plague Tale: Innocence

text: A Plague Tale: Innocence is an upcoming action-adventure game developed by Asobo Studio and published by Focus Home Interactive. "A Plague Tale: Innocence" will be released for the PC (Windows), PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2019. A first look game trailer appeared at E3 2017.

title: Tales of the World: Tactics Union

text: The game was formally announced by Bandai Namco Games in May 2012, for release on July 2, 2012 release. While being announced as a free-to-play game, it supports in-game purchases for things such as equipment or moves, and requires a paid monthly subscription to the KDDI’s Smartpass program. Downloadable content was made available in the weeks after the game's initial release, including an extra level, "Trembling Grove", and additional characters from "Tales of Innocence" and "Tales of Vesperia".

title: Tales of Innocence

text: The existence of Innocence R was first revealed through information from a leaked issue of V Jump about the Tales games that were scheduled to appear at the 2011 Tokyo Game Show.[34] The game's teaser site was officially unveiled shortly after this.[35] The first details and gameplay footage were shown to the public during the show alongside Tales of the Heroes: Twin Brave.[31] Innocence R was heavily promoted by the company, with one campaign involving playing out an animated skit using the outdoor monitors around Shibuya Station.[36] As with the original, Innocence R has not received a localization, making it one of three mainline Tales titles not to be released in the west.[37] The decision not to localize it was influenced by poor marketing feedback from western territories.[38] Later, during an interview involving Hearts R and Tales of Xillia 2, series producer Hideo Baba stated that while the game was never intended for localization, if Hearts R sold well, a localization could be considered.[39]

title: Tales of Innocence

text: Prior to release, Innocence was reporting to be one of the most pre-ordered role-playing title at Amazon Japan alongside Xbox 360 exclusive Lost Odyssey.[53] The game received an initial shipment of 160,000 copies, with projected sales estimated at 150,000.[54][55] Innocence reached #3 in the Japanese sales charts after Wii Fit and Mario Party DS, with estimated opening sales of 104,000 copies.[56] After the first week, sales dropped dramatically, selling only 28,000 units the following week.[57] Ultimately, Innocence was considered a success by the company, selling approximately 246,000 copies and exceeding their sales forecasts for the title.[55][58] Innocence R reached #3 in the Japanese sales charts in its opening week, coming behind Armored Core V and Resident Evil: Revelations and selling 54,853 copies.[59] By July of that year, Innocence R was the sixth best-selling title for the Vita, with total sales of 74,718 copies.[60]

title: Tales of Eternia

text: While eventually released under this name in Japan, when released in the North American region, the game was retitled to "Tales of Destiny II". Some speculated the game was retitled to avoid trademark infringement on the word "Eternia", owned by Mattel in North America for the "Masters of the Universe" toyline, but the game's creators stated it was done strictly for brand name and brand recognition reasons; "Tales of Destiny" was the first of the "Tales" game to be released in North America, and they wanted to draw a clear connection between the two games. The first game in the "Tales" series, "Tales of Phantasia", released in 1995 for the Super Famicom, was not brought to North America until it was ported to the Game Boy Advance and released later in 2006, so for some time, "Tales of Destiny" was the beginning of the series for North American audiences. The naming choice would later cause further confusion after the release of the PlayStation 2 game known as "Tales of Destiny 2", a genuine sequel to "Tales of Destiny" taking place in the same fictional world. "Tales of Eternia" is not actually directly related to "Tales of Destiny", and is a different game from "Tales of Destiny 2" for the PlayStation 2 in 2002.

title: The Innocents (1961 film)

text: "The Innocents" is regarded as a classic psychological horror film. With the British cinematic re-release of "The Innocents" as part of the BFI's Gothic Season in December 2013, the film has received overwhelmingly positive reviews from contemporary critics. "The Innocents" holds a 96% "fresh" rating on the internet review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from a sample of 47 reviews. Its consensus reads, "Creepily atmospheric, "The Innocents" is a stylishly crafted, chilling British ghost tale with Deborah Kerr at her finest".

title: Tales of Innocence

text: Planning and early development of Innocence began between March and April 2006, with full development beginning in late 2006 to early 2007. Total development time came to roughly a year and a half. It was being developed at the same time as Tales of the Tempest, another Tales title for the DS, as the next main entry in the Tales series, as opposed to Tempest which would become a spin-off title. While Tempest was conceived as a "compact" version of a Tales title, Innocence was designed to include all the elements expected from a mainline console title, meaning it was created with very different development goals.[18][19] Rather than by established Tales developer Namco Tales Studio, Innocence was developed by Alfa System, a Japanese studio that had previously worked on the first two Tales of the World spin-off titles.[1] They were chosen to work on the game because of their previous successful efforts with these spin-offs. It was the company's first title for the DS.[18] While developing the title, the team drew on previous difficulties suffered while developing Tempest to promote a smoother development and better final product.[20] The team tweaked the battle system used for the title so that it felt fresh to series veterans while still retaining its identity. One of these aspects was the new character growth system, which relied on customization more than gaining levels in a linear fashion through experience; the theme behind the creation of this system was "a more profound battle with wider frontage". The team incorporated an updated version of the free-running ability from Tales of the Abyss so players could have maximum freedom in battle.[21]

title: Tales (video game series)

text: The regular main composer for the "Tales" series is Motoi Sakuraba. His first work on the series was for "Phantasia", and has since contributed to nearly every main entry since there in the capacity of a freelance composer. Sakuraba has become noted for his signature musical style, which is present in the majority of his "Tales" scores. He also frequently collaborates with Shinji Tamura. The entries Sakuraba has not worked on are "Legendia", which was composed by Go Shiina, an in-house composer, and "Innocence", whose composer was Kazuhiro Nakamura. Sakuraba and Shiina had collaborated on the score for "Zestiria". Multiple titles in the series use licensed theme songs by multiple Japanese artists: among the artists are Garnet Crow ("Eternia"), Deen ("Destiny"/"Hearts"), Kokia ("Innocence"), Ayumi Hamasaki ("Xillia"/"Xillia 2") and FLOW ("Berseria"). One recurring aspect of many earlier localizations was the removal of the Japanese theme song, such as with "Symphonia", which had its theme song replaced with an orchestral version. The first western release of a "Tales" title to feature the theme song used in Japan was "Vesperia".

title: Tales (video game series)

text: The series has received a small number of sequels, and a large amount of spin-off titles and subseries. With the exception of "Tempest", worked on by multiple staff from the main series and treated as a precursor to "Innocence", they are derivative rather than original works. Three direct sequels have been produced: "Destiny 2", "Xillia 2" and "". "Eternia" received an MMORPG spin-off for PC platforms titled "Tales of Eternia Online". Multiple crossover games have been made for mobile platforms, including "Tales of Link", the "Tales of Mobile" series, "Tales of Card Evolve", "Tales of Kizna" and "Tales of Asteria". Two titles for the PlayStation Portable have been released in Japan: "Tales of VS." in 2009, and "" in 2012. The main spin-off subseries is "Tales of the World", which has grown to include ten games beginning with "", released in Japan on the Game Boy Color in 2000. Only "" has been released in the west. A second subseries, "Tales of Fandom", includes two games released respectively for the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 in 2002 and 2007.

title: Tales of Innocence

text: The music for Innocence was composed by Kazuhiro Nakamura, who had previously worked on the Time Crisis and Tekken series.[42] The tracks were arranged with the help of Taisuke Sawachika.[43] For his work on the game, Nakamura chose a different style of music from that of Motoi Sakuraba, who had handled the majority of previous Tales titles: he used ethnic music to distinguish it from earlier games. For the battle music, he used Sakuraba's battle compositions as a reference while keeping to his own style.[44] The remixed and additional music for Innocence R was again handled and composed by Nakamura.[32]

title: Tales of Innocence

text: The official soundtrack album, Tales of Innocence Original Soundtrack Another Innocence(テイルズ オブ イノセンス オリジナルサウンドトラック アナザーイノセンス), was released on December 19, 2007. It did not enter the Oricon charts.[46] Reviews of the soundtrack have been mixed to positive. Bryan Matheny, in a review published by Game-OST, said that while the music would satisfy Tales fans, it felt Nakamura had missed the chance of doing something different in the vein of Tales of Legendia.[43] RPGFan's Patrick Gann called the album "solid", and noted several tracks that stood out including the battle and overworld themes. Despite this, he felt that it was "forgettable" compared to other Tales soundtracks.[47] "Follow the Nightingale" was released on November 21, 2007 as a single alongside Innocence's ending song "say goodbye & good day". It reached #33 in the Oricon charts, and remained in the charts for nine weeks.[48] "New Day, New Life" was released on January 25, 2012. It reached #29 in the charts, and remained for four weeks.[49]

title: The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother

text: The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and her Heartless Grandmother () is a 1972 novella by Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez.

title: Tales (video game series)

text: The twelfth entry, "Tales of Graces", released on the Wii in Japan in 2009. A PlayStation 3 port, "Graces f", was released in 2010 in Japan, and in 2012 in North America and Europe. "Tales of Xillia", the series' 15th anniversary title, was released in Japan for PlayStation 3 in 2011, and in North America and Europe in 2013. "Xillia"s direct sequel and the fourteenth main title, "Tales of Xillia 2", was released in 2012 in Japan and 2014 in North America and Europe. The fifteenth main title, "Tales of Zestiria", was released in January 2015 in Japan and it was released in North America on 20 October 2015. The sixteenth main title, "Tales of Berseria", was released in Japan for PS3 and PlayStation 4 in August 2016. While both "Tales of Symphonia" and "Tales of Zestiria" had received ports to Microsoft Windows after their initial releases, "Tales of Berseria" is the first game in the series to receive a simultaneous Windows release with the console versions in Western markets.

title: Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 2

text: Tales of Innocence

title: Follow the Nightingale

text: "Follow the Nightingale" and "Say Goodbye & Good Day" were used as the theme song for the game Tales of Innocence, which was released 16 days later on the 6th of December.

title: Tales of Innocence

text: Innocence began production in 2006 at Alfa System as the next main entry in the Tales series. Developed parallel to the DS spin-off title Tales of the Tempest, the goal was to include all the series' main gameplay and narrative elements despite the limited medium. The character designs were done by Mutsumi Inomata, while the music was composed by series newcomer Kazuhiro Nakamura. Extensive voice acting was included using CRI Middleware's Kyuseishu Sound Streamer compression algorithm. After release, it was decided to remake Innocence for the Vita, using platform-specific gameplay functions, redone voice work and music, and new characters. Japanese singer-songwriter Kokia created the opening theme songs for both versions of Innocence. Both versions have been positively received in Japan, and Western opinions on the two versions of Innocence have been mostly positive.

title: Namco Tales Studio

text: Namco Tales Studios remains the primary developer of the so-called Mothership titles of the "Tales" series, with the exception of "Tales of Legendia" and "Tales of Innocence". "Legendia" was developed by an internal Namco development team called "Team Melfes", featuring a unique battle system developed by some of the creators of the "Soulcalibur" series (also a Namco property), which is why it is so different from the others. "Innocence" was developed by an independent developer, Alfa System, which also developed various spinoff games in the "Tales" series.

title: Tales of Innocence

text: The game's title was inspired by Luca's portrayal as an innocent young boy thrust into the world's troubles. Luca himself was portrayed as a shy and introverted type, unlike many previous Tales protagonists, which were portrayed as outgoing and confident.[22] As well as themes of coexistence common in the Tales series, the team incorporated aesthetics and motifs from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[23] The characters were designed by regular Tales artist Mutsumi Inomata, who almost turned down the offer to work on the title due to scheduling conflicts. She created the cast of Innocence at the same time as that of Tales of Hearts, leading to difficulties with her workload.[24][25] Inomata's brief was not to emphasise the characters' status as heroes, with Luca being deliberately drawn and designed as a physically weak character.[26] As with previous games, Innocence was given a characteristic genre name. The name for Innocence was Omoi o tsunagu RPG(想いを繋ぐRPG, RPG To Tie Thoughts Together). This name was carried over into Innocence R.[27] The game's opening was animated by long-time collaborator Production I.G.[1] Innocence was first announced at a special event in July 2007, alongside ports of Tales of Rebirth and Tales of Destiny as well as Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World for the Wii.[28] Innocence did not receive a localization, remaining a Japan-exclusive title. Despite this, a fan translation group working under the name "Absolute Zero" created an patch for the game that both translated the text, and fixed bugs and glitches.[29]

title: Tales of Innocence

text: Shortly after the release of Innocence R, Bandai Namco developed and released a free smartphone app and released it through iTunes on January 27, 2012. The app allowed users to play selected songs from Innocence R, as well as view concept art and character profiles. A rhythm game was also included for the tunes, allowing players to post their scores on Twitter.[67] Innocene R was adapted into a manga. It was collected into a single volume and released on May 25, 2012 as Tales of Innocence R Comic Anthology(テイルズオブイノセンス R コミックアンソロジー,Teiruzu Obu Inosensu R Komikku Ansorojī).[68]


query: How many Puerto Ricans live in Holyoke?

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: As of the 2010 census, Holyoke, Massachusetts had the largest Puerto Rican population, per capita, of any city in the United States outside Puerto Rico proper, with 44.7% or 17,826 residents being of Puerto Rican heritage, comprising 92.4% of all Latinos in the community.[1] From a combination of farming programs instituted by the US Department of Labor after World War II, and the housing and mills that characterized Holyoke prior to deindustrialization, Puerto Ricans began settling in the city in the mid-1950s, with many arriving during the wave of Puerto Rican immigration to the Northeastern United States in the 1980s.[1][2] A combination of white flight as former generations of mill workers left the city, and a sustained influx of migrants in subsequent generations transformed the demographic from a minority of about 13% of the population in 1980,[3] to the largest single demographic by ancestry in a span of three decades.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: From this legacy of more than fifty years of Puerto Rican culture in Holyoke, a number of institutions serving the Puerto Rican and broader Latino community have maintained a presence in the city including, but not limited to, the Massachusetts Latino Chamber of Commerce, the New England Farm Workers’ Council, Nuestras Raices, Nueva Esperanza which now managed the Puerto Rican Afro Caribbean Cultural Center (formerly known as El Mercado), and the Puerto Rican Cultural Project.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: While there would not be a prominent Puerto Rican presence in politics until the end of the 20th century, since the 1970s, a number of campaigns were launched by Puerto Ricans and Latino candidates, many of which were, in the words of the candidates themselves "more to assert a Latino political presence than an expectation of winning".[62]:588 Among these was Carlos Vega. An Ecuadorian community activist who managed Nueva Esperanza for many years, Vega would lose to another candidate for a school board seat in 1971. In 1973 Heriberto Flores would see the same outcome, though he would be the very first Puerto Rican to run for Holyoke City Council, then-known as the Board of Aldermen.[26]:103 It wasn't until 1987 that the first would be elected to city government, with Betty Medina gaining a seat on the school board in 1987 and Diosdado López, one of Nueva Esperanza's former interns, elected to the city council in 1992.[45] By 2018, the representation of Puerto Rican and Latino councilors closely resembled that of the city's demographics, an outcome from gradual integration from the previous margins of municipal politics.[63]

title: Puerto Ricans in the United States

text: Despite newer migration trends, New York City continues to be home by a significant margin to the largest demographic and cultural center for Puerto Rican on the Mainland United States, with Philadelphia having the second-largest community. The portmanteau "Nuyorican" refers to Puerto Ricans and their descendants in the New York City metropolitan area. A large portion of the Puerto Rican population in the United States resides in the Northeastern United States and Florida, with Holyoke, Massachusetts and Buenaventura Lakes, Florida having the highest percentages of Puerto Rican residents of any municipalities in the country. There are also significant Puerto Rican populations in the Chicago metropolitan area and the South Atlantic States, from Maryland to Georgia, and other states like Ohio, Texas, and California.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: In the 1960's, a large segment of the valley's Puerto Rican population was displaced when Springfield launched a massive urban renewal project in part to expand its highway system, razing many of the low-cost brick tenements between Metro Center and Memorial Square. During this time many would find low-cost housing in the blocks of Holyoke's lower wards, moving to former mill worker areas like South Holyoke and Springdale.[25] Seeing the relative success of relatives and friends, in the 1970s a new wave of immigration began when a large number of families emmigrated from New York City and Hartford, moving northward.[26]

title: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia

text: A mass migration from Puerto Rico to Philadelphia coincided with an industrialization Puerto Rican economy from the late 1940s to 1970. Most Puerto Ricans came from rural areas. During the period many Puerto Ricans worked in factories. Puerto Rican neighborhoods and organizations formed during the area. By the 1950s Puerto Ricans became the largest Latino and Hispanic group in Philadelphia. In the 1950s many pan-Latino areas were becoming predominately Puerto Rican. By 1954, 65% of Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia lived in three neighborhoods north of Center City. In the 1950s Puerto Ricans were settling in those three neighborhoods and two of them became no longer majority white. Spring Garden, the third, remained predominately White. In the period from 1950 to 1970 the Puerto Rican community expanded by over 60,000. By the 1960s an increase of Cubans arrived in Philadelphia and the proportionate percentage of Puerto Ricans began to decline.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: In time the city has become a center of Puerto Rican culture on the mainland, with at least one member of the Senate of Puerto Rico being an alumnus of Holyoke Community College,[4] and the city being honored by both the Puerto Rican Cultural Center in the Chicago, and in New York City's National Puerto Rican Day Parade.[5][6]

title: Holyoke, Massachusetts

text: The Puerto Rican community of Holyoke holds an annual Puerto Rican Day parade on the third weekend of July as part of an Annual Hispanic Family Festival held by La Familia Hispana, inc. Every year the parade grows in popularity, attracting Puerto Ricans from across the northeast.

title: Puerto Ricans in the United States

text: The income disparity between the stateside community and those living on the island is not as great as those of other Latin-American countries, and the direct connection between second-generation Puerto Ricans and their relatives is not as conducive to direct monetary support. Many Puerto Ricans still living in Puerto Rico also remit to family members who are living stateside.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: At the end of World War II, the government of Puerto Rico began the Puerto Rican Farm Labor Program, coordinating with the US Department of Labor to bring seasonal farm workers into the mainland, not unlike the Mexican Bracero program. Between 1947 and 1990 the program would bring in 421,238 Puerto Rican agricultural laborers to the United States.[18] Many of these workers found work in Connecticut and the Pioneer Valley, particularly working for the Shade Tobacco Growers Agricultural Association.[19]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: By the time many Puerto Rican families were being uprooted by Springfield's redevelopments, a large upsurge in new arrivals had occurred. In 1967 this new population was mainly low income and very young, with more than half of all Puerto Rican residents being school-aged children, while public agencies remained poorly equipped to provide for the community's needs.[27] Reception to the community from those already in Holyoke and Springfield proved difficult not only due to social discrimination and racism but also as many businesses and government agencies lacked resources for Spanish speakers at a time when substantially fewer in the community spoke English. Far fewer translators were available at that time than today, and growing up in schools that did not speak their mother tongue, many in the younger demographic remained unable to read or write.[28] This was exacerbated by a time when Holyoke saw a level of economic decline it had not witnessed before, or since, with 50% of all industrial jobs disappearing from 1955 to 1975; in this period, Puerto Ricans were witness to a changing colonial economy, leading many laborers to emigrate from the island.[29] While more Puerto Ricans arrived in Holyoke in the 1970s, bringing the population to 5,764 or 13% of the total population by 1980, their numbers were fewer than the subsequent decade, and due to these economic circumstances the city as a whole would see a population decrease of nearly 11%, the most in its history.[30]

title: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia

text: Although U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans migrating to Philadelphia encountered racism, discrimination, and limited economic opportunities, and to some extant, still do. Throughout the 1980s and '90s, the Puerto Rican community was notorious for being heavily involved in the city's drug trade. During that time, the Puerto Rican community was also the poorest of all ethnic communities in the city. Retaining strong ties to the island, they also worked hard to make a home here and build a community structure of businesses, organizations, houses of worship, and other institutions that have become the foundation of Latino life in the city. The Puerto Rican community is credited for revitalizing North 5th Street in North Philadelphia by opening numerous Puerto Rican-owned businesses, they have also done this to Kensington Avenue, and Lehigh Avenue(between 5th and Front Streets). Philadelphia is also one of the few large US cities with a significant number of middle-class Puerto Ricans, though in Philadelphia, even the middle class Puerto Ricans live in segregated communities, thus they are more visible. Philadelphia is often considered a preferred destination among Puerto Rican migrants, because of its position as a Northeastern city and its cheaper cost of living compared to other cities in the Northeast region. Throughout the 1950s, many Puerto Rican migrants settled east and west along Spring Garden Street. Puerto Ricans were not always welcome newcomers, however, and many faced prejudice and discrimination in their neighborhoods. As the Puerto Rican population continued to grow in the 1960s, it expanded east towards the Delaware River and north towards Lehigh Avenue. During the 1980s and 1990s, the Puerto Rican community grew further north into Olney and into the lower sections of the Northeast.

title: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico

text: Chinese Puerto Ricans are involved in operating Chinese restaurants, and others work in other sectors. Many members of Puerto Rico's Chinese minority have integrated both Puerto Rican and Chinese cultures into their daily lives. Some Chinese have intermarried with Puerto Ricans and many of today's Chinese-Puerto Ricans have Hispanic surnames and are of mixed Chinese and Puerto Rican descent, e.g., Wu-Trujillo.

title: Nuyorican

text: The term "Nuyorican" is also sometimes used to refer to the Spanish spoken by New York Puerto Ricans. An estimated 1,800,000 Nuyoricans are said to live in New York city, the largest Puerto Rican community outside Puerto Rico. Nuyoricans are not considered Puerto Ricans by some island Puerto Ricans due to cultural differences; this is a very controversial topic amongst both groups of Puerto Ricans. Nuyorican has a broad meaning; originally it meant Puerto Ricans, both island-born and mainland-born, living in New York, but many island-born Puerto Ricans use the term to describe assimilated Americans of Puerto Rican descent, living in any US state, or very assimilated or "Americanized" people of Puerto Rican ancestry, who largely lost touch with traditional Puerto Rican culture, and grew up culturally American, though still identify with Puerto Rico. Ethnic enclaves centered on Puerto Ricans include Spanish Harlem, Manhattan; Williamsburg, Brooklyn; and the South Bronx.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: The city would receive national coverage as Puerto Rico residents on the island became displaced in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria,[73] many turned to relatives in the city, and during the 2017-2018 school year, Holyoke Public Schools saw 235 new students enroll whose families were displaced. In some cases children were sent to live with relatives temporarily while the island rebuilt.[74] In 2018, San Juan mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz spoke in Holyoke, describing the gradual recovery of the island as well as its severe lack of resources.[75] Cruz was presented the key to the city on April 28, 2018 by Mayor Alex Morse to honor that "in such a time of despair [she] provided a beacon of hope and opportunity for Puerto Ricans."[74]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: While there is a Puerto Rican demographic throughout all of Holyoke today, the neighborhoods of South Holyoke, The Flats, and Churchill are among those areas with the largest Puerto Rican populations proportionally, all having more than 75% residents of Puerto Rican heritage, with South Holyoke having the most proportionally, with 87.5% of all residents being of Puerto Rican heritage.[76]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: The growth of Holyoke's own community, coupled with these aforementioned factors and substandard housing, led to an increasing gap between the Puerto Rican community and a police force that was described by a 1973 Police Foundation report as a group of "117 people, many of whom were related to each other" in the city of 50,000. The report goes on to say that representatives from the Model Cities Program and Governor Sargent's office urged greater outreach and would describe the relationship between the police and Puerto Rican community at that time as "the police [being seen] as brutal men with clubs, [while] the police saw the [Puerto Rican] community as tempestuous people with no respect for law and order".[16]

title: Holyoke, Massachusetts

text: Beginning at the end of World War II, an influx of Puerto Ricans and other Latino groups began to immigrate to the Northeast United States, driven largely by the Farm Labor Program initiated by the US Department of Labor. Not unlike the Bracero program, in the following decades the agency recruited Puerto Rican laborers to work on agricultural land in the United States; in the case of Holyoke, many worked on valley tobacco farms, and arrived in the city in search of better job opportunities at the mills as previous generations had. The first permanent Puerto Rican resident was said to have been Domingo Perez; a landlord who later became among the first to be appointed in city government, he was reported to have arrived in Holyoke around 1955. By 1970 the number of Puerto Rican residents numbered around 5,000, however by that time, many faced a city economy in free fall. Holyoke's mills had closed due to the changing economic landscape of early globalization and deindustrialization; from 1955 to 1970, 1 for every 2 industrial jobs vanished. Despite economic and social difficulties the population grew significantly during the 1980s, and from 1990 to 2016, the buying power of the Latino community at-large increased by nearly 300%. Today Latinos form the city's largest minority group, with the largest Puerto Rican population per capita of any American city outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%. The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of the city's population of 39,880.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: In many ways the 1980s would redefine the Puerto Rican community socially and politically to this day, as new independent institutions were formed and the first Puerto Ricans would claim positions within city leadership. From 1980 to 1990 the community's population would more than double with nearly 7,000 new residents.[3] It was also around this time in the city's history that Puerto Rican culture would see greater representation in day to day life in the city as well, with the first Western Massachusetts Puerto Rican Parade and Festival hosted at Springdale Park in 1984.[46]

title: List of Puerto Rican-American communities

text: Lower New England has a high concentration of Puerto Ricans. Connecticut has the highest concentration of Puerto Ricans of any state and has large Puerto Rican populations throughout the state, with the largest in Hartford, Bridgeport, New Haven, Meriden, New Britain, New London, and Willimantic. Though, half of the Puerto Rican population in the New England area is situated along the Interstate-91 corridor, extending from New Haven in Connecticut to Holyoke in Massachusetts. In Massachusetts, the largest Puerto Rican populations are in Holyoke, Springfield, Fitchburg, Lowell, Worcester, Lawrence, Lynn, Boston, Southbridge, Haverhill, Chicopee, and Chelsea. The highest percentage of Puerto Ricans in the US can be found in Holyoke. Large portions of the state's Puerto Rican population is in the Boston area. Puerto Ricans continue to dominate in the central part of the state. In Rhode Island, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans live in Providence County, especially the cities of Providence and Pawtucket.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: One of the biggest challenges with making inroads with existing communities was the language barrier of the first arrivals, with many only speaking Spanish. Some of the earliest programs working towards integration came from the Greater Springfield Council of Churches, which by 1961 had recruited a number of volunteers, many of whom were retired teachers, to help teach English to Puerto Rican women.[22][23] Other early cultural exchange programs were held in churches such as Holyoke's St. Paul's Episcopal, which in 1956 hosted a lecture on Puerto Rican culture by a native of the island whose father had served as chancellor of the Episcopal diocese there.[24]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: While the first Puerto Rican immigrants wouldn't arrive in Holyoke en masse until after the Second World War, its own history in Puerto Rican culture begins with Sixto Escobar's mainland debut at the Valley Arena. On May 7, 1934, Escobar defeated bantamweight contender and Canadian flyweight titleholder Bobby Leitham, in a fight that made headlines in local papers and was seen as a dramatic upset in the world of boxing.[13] A few weeks later on May 22, Escobar faced his second opponent on the mainland, Joey Archibald, at the same venue, beating him handily before moving on to a rematch with Leitham in Montreal.[14] These two matches marked an early chapter in a storied career; Escobar would go on to become Puerto Rico's first world champion.[15]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: Part of a series onEthnic groups in Holyoke African-Americans Chinese English French Germans Irish Italians Jews Poles Puerto Ricans Scotsvt

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: Among the city's annual events are the Western Massachusetts Puerto Rican Parade and Festival, a three-day festival, held every summer in Springdale Park since 1984.[46][80] Additionally El Sabor de South Holyoke ("Taste of South Holyoke Festival"), which features local Puerto Rican cuisine, has been held annually in the fall since 2016.[81]

title: Puerto Ricans in the United States

text: About 83% of Puerto Ricans living in the United States ages 5 and older speak English proficiently, of whom 53% are bilingual in Spanish and English, and another 30% speak only English fluently with little proficiency in Spanish. The other 17% speak only Spanish fluently and report speaking English "less than very well" with little proficiency in English, compared to 34% of Hispanics overall who report doing so. Many first- and second- generation Puerto Ricans living in New York speak "Nuyorican English", a mix of local New York English with Puerto Rican Spanish influences, while many Puerto Ricans living in other US cities speak with a similar English accent. More Americanized Puerto Ricans speak the local English accent with little to no Spanish traces, sounding similar to other local groups including Black Americans or assimilated Italian Americans.

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: Holyoke's history in Puerto Rican settlements first began around the mid 1950s, when a landlord named Domingo Perez, purportedly became the city's first Puerto Rican resident.[2] By 1956 an article in The Republican reported on 1,000 Puerto Ricans in a self-described immigrant colony in the Greater Springfield area. The first to settle in the area were met with racial discrimination and open hostility, with one Boricua restaurateur describing their people being "treated like animals" at the time. This same family had followed a similar route many others would, having previously moved to the area from New York where they had previously settled in 1948.[20] By 1958, the Springfield Union, a local newspaper, had begun referring to a Puerto Rican community in The Flats neighborhood of Holyoke, also known as Ward 1.[21]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: Over the years Wistariahurst, which provides historic and cultural exhibits and resources for Holyoke's many ethnic communities, has amassed a substantial collection on Holyoke's Puerto Rican history.[82] The museum, working in tandem with the Holyoke Public Library, has also been in the process of collecting and curating firsthand accounts of this history through the "Nuestros Senderos" program, with the help of a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.[83][84]

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: "I thought I was the only Puerto Rican in town. Then sometime in 1971 I woke up one day and heard a lot of Spanish. By 1972 I became cognizant of what was a change in attitude. Some of the warmth was gone."—Josephine Carabello, director, Mount Holyoke Office of Compliance"Let's face it, we're here to stay...The first generation gets the brunt. Then it eases up. That's the way with every ethnic group, the Irish, the Polish and French-Canadians. Our tensions will ease."—Efrain Figueroa, sales representative for Nabisco"I don't see any reason why Puerto Ricans...cannot follow the same phases of other migrant groups. But we will always be considered a defined race. If you have a drop of black blood, you are non-white. Race is the most undetermined and difficult to define in terms of sociology. It means different things to different cultures."—José Efrain Martinez, teacher, Holyoke Public SchoolsQuotes from

title: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke

text: Gradually Puerto Rican culture in schools saw greater acceptance as well; in 1988 the city hall would host more than 100 exhibits talking about the history and art of the island made by students of Holyoke Public Schools.[64] This same year, artist and retired factory worker Angel Sánchez Ortíz moved to Holyoke, and began to work with youths in the city and the Greater Springfield area to provide them with new outlets of creativity and combat a culture of gang activity. Working with local cultural centers Ortíz taught a generation how to make vejigante masks and the traditional dance and festivities which they were associated with on the island. Since that time his own work has been featured in a number of venues, including the Worcester Art Museum, Lowell Folk Festival, and the Augusta Savage Gallery at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[65][66]

title: Holyoke, Massachusetts

text: Since 2016, every September the neighborhood association of South Holyoke has hosted "El Sabor de South Holyoke" (Taste of South Holyoke) a festival featuring local Puerto Rican cuisine, live music, and other events, including honoring different organizations such as the Holy Trinity Greek Church and Nueva Esperanza for their contributions to the community.


query: How old is London Gatwick Airport?

title: Gatwick Airport

text: Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which cover areas of 98,000m2 (117,000sqyd) and 160,000m2 (190,000sqyd) respectively.[8] It operates as a single-runway airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316m (10,879ft). A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, can only be used if that is out of use. In 2018, 46.1million passengers passed through the airport, a 1.1% increase compared with 2017.[9] As of 2019, Gatwick is the second busiest airport in the world to only operate one runway (after Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport) with a passenger use of 46 million in 2018.[10]

title: Reigate

text: Reigate is served by Reigate railway station. At peak times a few direct trains run to London Victoria and London Bridge at 40-minute intervals. Off-peak trains run to Gatwick Airport, Reading, Redhill and London Bridge. Trains to London are run by the Southern Railway company and those to Gatwick Airport and Reading by Great Western Railway.

title: Gatwick Airport

text: [ vt ] Gatwick Express route London Victoria Gatwick Airport Haywards HeathBurgess HillHassocksBrighton

title: Milton Keynes Coachway

text: National Express: East Midlands to Heathrow and Gatwick Airports; Newcastle, Darlington and Leeds to London (Victoria); Sunderland, Middlesbrough, York and Leeds to London; Derbyshire and Leicestershire to London; Mansfield and Nottingham to London; Northampton and Milton Keynes to London; Lancashire and Manchester to London; Liverpool via Stoke-On-Trent to London; Huddersfield and Sheffield to London; Bradford and Leeds to London; Scarborough, York, Hull and Doncaster to London; The Lake District and Blackpool to Birmingham and London; Inverness, Aberdeen, Glasgow and Carlisle to London; Edinburgh to London and Heathrow Airport; Blackpool, Birmingham, London; Stansted, Luton, Heathrow and Gatwick airports.

title: British Caledonian in the 1970s

text: Government initiatives in support of Gatwick's development also included new policies to transfer all scheduled services between London and Canada as well as London and the Iberian peninsula from Heathrow to Gatwick by 1 April 1979, banning whole-plane charters at Heathrow and to compel all airlines that were planning to operate a scheduled service to or from London for the first time to use Gatwick instead of Heathrow. The latter policy was officially known as the "London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules". It came into effect on 1 April 1978 and was applied retroactively from the beginning of April 1977. These rules were designed to achieve a fairer distribution of traffic between London Heathrow and London Gatwick, the UK's two main international gateway airports. The policy was aimed at increasing Gatwick's utilisation to help the airport make a profit.

title: Thames Estuary Airport

text: Before World War II, Croydon Airport was London's principal airport. In 1943 the government built a new heavy military transport airfield on a rural site to the west of London near the village of Heathrow. It was converted to civilian use after the war and went into service as London Airport, later London Heathrow Airport, on 25 February 1946. Another airport already existed at Gatwick and had been used since 1930 as a relief airport for Croydon. A rapid growth in air traffic during the 1950s led to Gatwick becoming London's official second airport in 1954 to accommodate the overspill from Heathrow. Neither location is ideal – the prevailing winds over Heathrow mean that flights have to approach the airport by flying over London, and growth of the city means both airports are now located in built-up areas.

title: Gatwick Airport

text: The airport railway station, next to the South Terminal, provides connections along the Brighton Main Line to Victoria and London Bridge stations in London and Brighton, Worthing, Eastbourne, Portsmouth, Chichester and Bognor Regis to the south. Although the Gatwick Express to Victoria (operated by Southern) is the best-known service from the station, other companies (including Thameslink and Great Western Railway) also use the station and Southern services Victoria and London Bridge under its own name. Thameslink provides direct trains to Luton Airport; Great Western Railway trains directly link Gatwick Airport with Guildford and Reading for onwards connections to Oxford, Bristol, Plymouth and Cardiff. Pedestrians may reach Heathrow by a X26 Express Bus outside East Croydon station, an intermediate stop for rail service to London.

title: Mitcham, London

text: National Express services 024 London Victoria to Eastbourne, 025 London Victoria to Brighton and Worthing via Gatwick Airport, 026 London Victoria to Bognor Regis and A3 London Victoria to Gatwick Airport hourly shuttle all stop at Mitcham (Downe Road/Mitcham Library bus stop)

title: Gatwick Airport Up sidings

text: Gatwick Airport Up sidings are located near London Gatwick Airport, Crawley, England, situated on the Brighton Main Line south of Gatwick Airport station. The sidings are accessed from the Up Platform Loop line.

title: Thames Hub Airport

text: Farrells, another London architecture firm, advocates expanding Gatwick Airport instead, providing a second runway and reconstructing the passenger terminal. Sir Terry Farrell claims this could be "the world’s most efficient two-runway airport", a quicker and cheaper solution, and that it would "turbocharge" the economy of South London. Gatwick Airport set up a website called "Gatwick Obviously" to promote this idea, although a 1979 legal agreement with West Sussex County Council prohibits construction of a new runway before 2019.Thames Hub Airport proposal

title: 1959 Turkish Airlines Gatwick crash

text:
The special flight departed from Ankara Esenboğa International Airport bound for London Heathrow Airport via Istanbul Atatürk International Airport and Rome Ciampino Airport . The aircraft left its last stopover, Rome, at 13:02 hrs and called London Airways at 15:56 hrs over Abbeville, just before leaving French airspace. TC-SEV was cleared by air traffic control to the Epsom Radio Range station, the holding fix for London Airport. Over Epsom range at 16:21 hrs, the Turkish Airlines captain was instructed by the London Airport Commandant to divert to Gatwick due to poor visibility at Heathrow.
TC-SEV, cruising at , left Epsom at 16:27 hrs for Mayfield, East Sussex, the holding point for Gatwick. The airport's approach control informed the pilot that it would be positioned by radar for an ILS approach to the easterly Runway 09.

title: Gatwick Airport railway station

text: On 30 September 1935, a station, originally named Tinsley Green, was opened at a location only south of the present station. Within a single year of having opened, it was renamed "Gatwick Airport", following the completion of the nearby Beehive airport terminal, which had a direct connection to the station. During 1940, the airport was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force (RAF) for military use. In 1952, the British government decided that the facility would be expanded to form London's second airport. The station continued to be operation until 27 May 1958, the same day upon which the present Gatwick Airport station (above) was opened. The old Gatwick Airport station, following a discontinuation of services, was later demolished. In the present day, the only visible remains of the old station are sections of the former up slow line platform; sections of the connecting subway between the station and the original terminal building, The Beehive, have also survived.

title: 1959 Turkish Airlines Gatwick crash

text: The 1959 Turkish Airlines Gatwick crash occurred on 17 February 1959, near London Gatwick Airport to a Turkish Airlines Vickers Viscount Type 793 (registration TC-SEV) on an international charter flight from Esenboğa International Airport in Ankara, Turkey, to London Heathrow Airport United Kingdom, carrying the Turkish prime minister and a party of government officials. The Viscount crashed in a wood 3 miles (4.8 km) from the threshold of Gatwick runway during its final approach to land in extensive fog. Five of the eight crew and nine of the 16 passengers died in the crash. The prime minister was among the ten survivors.

title: Govia Thameslink Railway

text: The Southern and Gatwick Express brands joined Govia Thameslink Railway on 26 July 2015. Southern routes run from London Victoria and London Bridge through the South London suburbs of Battersea, Norbury, Peckham, Sydenham, Crystal Palace, Norwood, Croydon, Streatham, Purley and Sutton to towns surrounding London including Caterham, Epsom and Tadworth. Further afield, Southern also serve Redhill, Tonbridge, Uckfield, East Grinstead, Gatwick Airport, Brighton, Ashford (Kent), Worthing, Hastings, Portsmouth, Eastbourne, Horsham, Southampton, Littlehampton and Bognor Regis. Additionally, Southern run West London route services from Milton Keynes to South Croydon via Watford and . Since 2008, Southern has operated the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport and Brighton.

title: Gatwick Handling

text: Gatwick Handling Limited was an aircraft ground handling agent headquartered at London Gatwick Airport.

title: Sweden–United Kingdom relations

text: Low-cost carriers are well established between the UK and Sweden, Norwegian flies from London-Gatwick, Edinburgh, Manchester airports to Arlanda and Gatwick to Gothenburg, with connections to other airports in Sweden. easyJet also flies from Gatwick to Arlanda, plus seasonally to Åre Östersund for skiing and winter holidays. Ryanair flies between London-Stansted to Stockholm-Skavska, Stockholm-Västerås & Gothenburg, with Gothenburg-City, Malmö and Skellefteå airports in the past. Polish airline Enter Air offers seasonal charter flights to Kiruna from eleven British airports.

title: Gatwick Airport

text: The airport is accessible from a motorway spur road at junction 9A of the M23, which links to the main M23 motorway 1 mile (1.6km) east at junction 9. The M23 connects with London's orbital motorway, the M25, 9 miles (14km) north; this provides access to much of Greater London, the South East and beyond, and the M23 is the main route for traffic to the airport. Gatwick is also accessible from the A23, which serves Horley and Redhill to the north and Crawley and Brighton to the south. The A217 provides access northwards to the town of Reigate. The airport has long- and short-stay car parks at the airport and off-site, although these are often full in summer. Local restrictions limit parking at (and near) Gatwick.

title: Heathrow Airport transport proposals

text: Various schemes to create a transport link between Heathrow and Gatwick Airports have been considered, collectively known as "Heathwick". Gatwick lies around south-east of Heathrow Airport, and like Heathrow, it has rapid rail connections into central London but there are no transport connections between the two airports. A fast rail link would allow the airports to operate jointly as an airline hub. Among the schemes has been a 2011 proposal for a high-speed rail link; and a 2013 proposal for a rapid transit system named "London Air Rail Transit system (LARTs)" running parallel to the M25 which would connect Gatwick, Heathrow and Luton Airports.

title: Gatwick Airport

text: London Oyster Cards and contactless cards have been accepted on all rail routes from Gatwick Airport into London[166] since January 2016.[167]

title: Flyjet

text: The Airline was established in 2002 and started operations in June 2003. It was owned by Mike Hawkins (49.9%) and Shaun Dewey (49.9%) and operated from London Gatwick Airport, Newcastle International Airport and Manchester Ringway Airport. SilverJet acquired Flyjet in October 2006. The Flyjet London Gatwick base was then closed and Head Office and Operations all relocated from London Gatwick Airport to London Luton Airport. The Airline continued to operate under the Flyjet Charter brand from Newcastle and Manchester Airports, with the SilverJet Scheduled brand flying from London Luton Airport. Newcastle and Manchester bases were closed in October 2007 and the two Boeing 757-200ERs (G-FJEA, G-FJEB) were returned to the leasing company, with the Boeing 767-200ER G-FJEC (which was then re-registered as G-SJET) being retained and operated by SilverJet.

title: Gatwick Airport railway station

text: The first railway station, which was simply named "Gatwick", to be built in this area was opened during September 1891. In 1946, Gatwick station was renamed "Gatwick Racecourse", to reflect its historic association with the neighbouring Gatwick Racecourse, but fell out of use for a decade shortly following the opening of the nearby Tinsley Green, which was quickly renamed "Gatwick Airport", during September 1935. However, the two stations had a reversal of fortunes during the 1950s, as a result of a government decision to expand and develop the Beehive airport terminal to become London's second airport. Gatwick Racecourse was entirely rebuilt to serve the expanded Gatwick Airport, being directly integrated with its newly-built terminal. On 27 May 1958, the rebuilt station, which took over the name "Gatwick Airport", was opened in conjunction with a regular train service, while all services to the previous Gatwick Airport/Tinsley Green station were discontinued from that same day onwards.

title: London Borough of Sutton

text: Sutton is located about from both Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport. Heathrow is served by London Buses route X26 and Gatwick by the National Express Coaches A3 route, which stops outside Sutton railway station. Luton Airport, about to the north, is connected to Sutton by a direct train. Croydon Airport which was partly in the borough of Sutton served as London's main airport in the years prior to the second world war but closed in the 1950s.

title: Adebayo Ogunlesi

text: In 2006, GIP bought London City Airport. In 2009, GIP acquired the majority in London Gatwick Airport in a deal worth £1.455 billion. The Nigerian press has given him the nickname, "The Man Who Bought Gatwick Airport." GIP also owns Edinburgh Airport, which they bought in 2012, and Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, which they bought in February 2018.

title: Gatwick Airport railway station

text: Gatwick Airport railway station serves London Gatwick Airport in West Sussex, England. It is on the Brighton main line, down the line from via . The station platforms are located about 70 metres to the east of the airport's South Terminal; the ticket office is positioned above the platforms. In terms of passenger entries and exits between April 2010 and March 2011, Gatwick Airport was the tenth-busiest station outside London, and the busiest station to be dedicated to an airport anywhere in the UK. There have been two Gatwick stations sited approximately from each other.

title: Dabolim Airport

text:
The old terminal buildings were shut down after the commissioning of the new terminal.
Several European charter airlines fly to Goa seasonally, typically between November and May. Flights from the UK (London Gatwick & Manchester Airport) are operated by Thomson Airways and Thomas Cook Airlines. In addition, Finnair flies to Dubai and Helsinki from the airport as seasonal flights. Thomson Airways also flies commercially to Europe with flights to London–Gatwick on a Boeing 787-8.

title: Gatwick Diamond

text: The Gatwick Diamond area is situated directly south of London and covers the east of Surrey and northwest of Sussex. The heart of the area is 30 miles from Central London. By rail, the Gatwick Express can get to Central London in 30 minutes. Gatwick Airport is situated at the centre of the Gatwick Diamond and is a nominal 1 hour's drive from Heathrow Airport, subject to frequent delays on the M25. The Gatwick Diamond is within 1 hour from the sea ports of Shoreham and Newhaven and 90 minutes from Dover, Southampton and Portsmouth sea ports. By road, the M23 bisects the Gatwick Diamond and is just 10 minutes from the M25. By bus, the Metrobus Fastway service takes many employees in the Gatwick Diamond to their workplace; coaches leave Gatwick to reach 400 UK towns and cities. The Gatwick Diamond is an economic area worth £20.7bn GDP (growing at 3% per year), with a population of 680,000.

title: Airlink (helicopter shuttle service)

text: Heathrow Airport is 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) west of central London, and Gatwick Airport is south of the city. Transport connections between London and the respective airports are good, but the difficulty of travelling directly between Heathrow and Gatwick was noted as soon as the latter was designated London's second main airport.

title: Gatwick Airport

text: Gatwick Airport (/ˈɡætwɪk/),[3] also known as London Gatwick[1] (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK), is a major international airport near Crawley in West Sussex, southeast England, 29.5 miles (47.5km) south of Central London.[1][4] It is the second-busiest airport by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom, after Heathrow Airport.[5] Gatwick is the eighth-busiest airport in Europe. Until 2017, it was the busiest single-use runway airport in the world, covering a total area of 674 hectares (1,670 acres).[6][7]

title: Ascom EasyTicket

text: Following the trial at Gatwick Airport, Gatwick Express, the Train Operating Company responsible for providing ticketing facilities at Gatwick Airport and London Victoria, elected to install an additional five at the former and one at the latter. There were previously six Ascom B8050 machines at Gatwick Airport, so this turned out to be a like-for-like replacement. The machine at London Victoria is close to the Gatwick Express ticket office windows on the dedicated Express platforms; there were two B8050 machines there until around 1991.

title: Gatwick Handling

text: Gatwick Handling's official appointment as an airport concessionaire occurred in early-1972 following the signing of an agreement between the British Airports Authority (BAA), Dan-Air and Laker Airways. Under this agreement, the BAA licensed Gatwick Handling to conduct ground handling operations at London Gatwick on behalf of third parties.

title: London Borough of Croydon

text: The closest international airport to Croydon is Gatwick Airport, which is located from the town centre. Gatwick Airport opened in August 1930 as an aerodrome and is a major international operational base for British Airways, EasyJet and Virgin Atlantic. It currently handles around 35 million passengers a year, making it London's second largest airport, and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Heathrow, London City and Luton airports all lie within a two hours' drive of Croydon. Gatwick and Luton Airports are connected to Croydon by frequent direct trains, while Heathrow is accessible by the route X26 bus.