query: How long is the Castlereagh River in New South Wales?

title: Castlereagh River

text: Estimates of the length of the course of the Castlereagh River from its commencement to its mouth vary from 541 kilometres (336mi),[2] 549km,[3] and 566km.[1] Over its course it drops over 600m.

title: Castlereagh River

text: The Castlereagh River is located in the central–western district of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Macquarie-Castlereagh catchment within the Murray–Darling basin and is an unregulated river, meaning no dams or storage have been built on it to control flows.[3] On a map of NSW, the Castlereagh has a distinctive appearance among the north-western rivers for its fish-hook-like shape: from upstream in the north at its confluence with the Macquarie River it extends southwards to a hook-shape, flattened-out at the base, which curves to the right (east and northwards) through to the tip of the hook in the Warrumbungle Mountains at the river's source.

title: Acacia salicina

text: The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ records that common names included "Native Willow" and "Broughton Willow" near the Broughton River in South Australia. It also records it was called "Cooba" or "Kooba" by Indigenous People in Western New SOuth WAles and "Motherumba" by thos on the Castlereagh River, New South Wales."

title: Biamble, New South Wales

text: Biamble is on the Castlereagh River between Binnaway, New South Wales and Mendoran, New South Wales.

title: Wilber, New South Wales

text: The Parish is on the banks of the Castlereagh River and the main settlement of the parish is Gulargambone, New South Wales.

title: Greenbah, New South Wales

text: Greenbah is located at 31°33′54″S 149°19′04″E on the opposite bank of the Castlereagh River from Binnaway, New South Wales.

title: Upper Castlereagh Public School

text: The Upper Castlereagh Public School is a heritage-listed former closed school building located at Castlereagh Road in the western Sydney suburb of Castlereagh in the City of Penrith local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by G. A. Mansfield and built from 1878 to 1879 by James Evans. It is also known as Upper Castlereagh Public School and residence. The property is owned by New South Wales Minister for Community Services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

title: Bandulla, New South Wales

text: The civil parish is on the Castlereagh River and the town of Mendooran, New South Wales is on the opposite bank.

title: Gulargambone Parish, New South Wales

title: Boyben, New South Wales

text: The Parish is on the Castlereagh River, east of Gilgandra, New South Wales to the west. The main economic activity of the parish is agriculture.

title: Binnaway, New South Wales

text: Binnaway is a small town located on the Castlereagh River in central western New South Wales near the larger centre of Coonabarabran, which is about 35 kilometres to the north. In 2016, the town had a population of 425 people. The road linking these two towns closely follows the meandering Castlereagh River. There are many pleasant areas to stop beside the road and on the river banks to have a picnic. Binnaway is also located near the similarly sized small town of Mendooran. Following local government amalgamation, the town is now located in the Warrumbungle Shire Council area which is headquartered at Coonabarabran.

title: Nandi, New South Wales

text:
Nandi Parish is a bounded rural locality and civil parish of Gowen County, in New South Wales.
The parish is on the headwaters of the Castlereagh River. The topography is dominated by Shawns Creek, the Castlereagh River and the Nandi Hills. The only town of Nandi Parish is Coonabarrabran.

title: Border Police of New South Wales

text: This district consisted roughly of the area between the Castlereagh River to the north and the Macquarie River to the south. Graham Douglas Hunter was the long term Commissioner for the Bligh district.

title: Electoral district of Castlereagh

text: Castlereagh was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales originally created in 1904, partly replacing Coonamble and named after the Castlereagh River. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Wammerawa, along with Mudgee and Liverpool Plains. It was recreated in 1927 and abolished in 1991.

title: Toorawandi Parish (Napier County), New South Wales

text: The parish is on the junction of the Castlereagh River and Yallagal Creek and on the Ulamambra Creek. The only town of the parish is Ulamambri, New South Wales and the nearest main town is Coonabarabran.

title: Caigan, New South Wales

text: Caigan Parish is on the opposite side of the Castlereagh River from the railway siding of Neilrex, New South Wales. The nearest town is Mendooran and the economy is based in agriculture.

title: Bearbong, New South Wales

title: Breelong, New South Wales

text: The Parish is on the junction of the Wallumburrawang Creek and the Castlereagh River, and the nearest settlement of the parish is Gilgandra, New South Wales to the west. The main economic activity of the parish is agriculture

title: Burrendah, New South Wales

text:
Burrendah, New South Wales is a bounded rural locality of Gilgandra Shire and a civil parish of Gowen County, a county of New South Wales.
The Parish is on the Wallumburrawang Creek a tributary of the Castlereagh River, and the nearest settlement of the parish is Gilgandra, New South Wales to the west. The main economic activity of the parish is agriculture.

title: Binnaway Parish, New South Wales

text: Binnaway Parish is a civil Parish of Napier County, New South Wales, located on the Castlereagh River in central western New South Wales.

title: Naman, New South Wales

text: The Parish is on the Tunderbrine Creek a tributary of the Castlereagh River and the nearest settlement of the parish is Tooraweenah, New South Wales to the south.

title: Timor Parish, New South Wales

text:
Timor Parish is a bounded rural locality and civil parish of Gowen County, in the central north of New South Wales.
Timor Parish.]]The parish is on the headwaters of the Castlereagh River. The topography is dominated by Shawns Creek, the Castlereagh River, Warrumbungle National Park and the Nandi Hills. The nearest town of Timor Parish is Coonabarrabran.

title: Dilly, New South Wales

text:
Dilly Parish, New South Wales is a bounded rural locality of Gilgandra Shire and a civil parish of Gowen County, a cadastral division of New South Wales.
The Parish is on the Wallumburrawang Creek a tributary of the Castlereagh River, and the nearest settlement of the parish is Tooraweenah, New South Wales to the north.

title: Ulamambri, New South Wales

text: Uliamabri is on the junction of the Castlereagh River and Ulimambra Creek, just south of the town of Coonaburrabran, New South Wales. Ulamambri is in Toorawandi parish of Napier County, New South Wales. The parish is on the traditional lands of the Weilwan Aboriginal people.

title: Belar, New South Wales

text: The parish is on the Castlereagh River, between Coonabarabran and Binnaway, New South Wales.

title: Wallumburrawang, New South Wales

text:
Wallumburrawang, New South Wales is a bounded rural locality of Gilgandra Shire and a civil parish of Gowen County, New South Wales.
The Parish is on the Wallumburrawang Creek a tributary of the Castlereagh River, and the nearest settlement of the parish is Tooraweenah, New South Wales to the north.

title: Coonamble Shire

text: Coonamble Shire is a local government area in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Castlereagh Highway and the Castlereagh River.

title: Parish of Castlereagh

text: The parish is on the Nepean River between Penrith, New South Wales and Richmond, New South Wales in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range.

title: Castlereagh, New South Wales

text: Castlereagh is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Castlereagh is 67 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

title: Biralbung, New South Wales

text: The Parish is on the Wallumburrawang Creek a tributary of the Castlereagh River, and the nearest settlement of the parish is Gilgandra, New South Wales to the west. The main industry is agriculture.

title: Yarrawin, New South Wales


query: What was the first game developed by Daydream Software?

title: Daydream Software

text: Their first game was Safecracker, a point and click adventure game published by DreamCatcher Interactive. The game had a tumultuous production, starting when GT Interactive bought initial publisher Warner Interactive Europe.[5] Daydream Software went public in late 1996.[6][7] The company's goal was to increase its economic and decision-making freedom, and to secure the ability to select a publisher at the end of each game's development rather than at the beginning.[7] President Jans Phersson-Broburg argued that self-financing Daydream's future games with money from Swedish investors, instead of obtaining "funding linked to specific projects" from publishers, would offer the developer more stability, flexibility and room for growth.[8] For Daydream's public launch, roughly 20 million kr worth of shares, or 45.5% of the company, were offered to investors in Sweden.[7] The initial public offering was a success,[9] and Daydream opened on the Stockholm Stock Exchange's Stockholm Börsinformation (SBI) list in January 1997.[10] Daydream was eventually able to buy back the rights to Safecracker.

title: The Grinder (video game)

text: The Grinder is an unreleased first person shooter video game for the Wii, and a top-down shooter for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows by High Voltage Software. The game failed to meet its original release date of the fall of 2011, and has since remained unreleased. Although High Voltage Software has yet to make an official statement about what had happened to the game, the game is no longer in development and mostly considered to be unofficially cancelled.

title: Daydreamer (video game)

text: Daydreamer is a video game developed by Roland Studios.

title: Daydream Software

text: Daydream's next game was a more ambitious title called Clusterball, a futuristic sports game released in late 2000 for PC computers after a successful run as a downloadable title on Real.com. The game garnered mixed to positive reviews[13] but low sales for the company.[14]

title: Criterion Games

text: Criterion Software Ltd was created in 1993 to commercialise 3D graphics rendering technology. It was set up by David Lau-Kee and Adam Billyard within Canon's European Research Lab, before being spun out as a majority Canon-owned startup. Criterion Software was a technology company specialising in the development of the RenderWare family of middleware technology, including graphics, AI, audio and physics components. Originally Criterion Games was a division within Criterion Software, set up to develop games, using the Renderware engine, which would act as showcases as to what was possible with the platform. RenderWare is used in such games as "Grand Theft Auto III", "" and "", which are developed by Rockstar North, and the "Burnout" series, developed in-house by Criterion Games.

title: Daydream Software

text: Most of Daydream Software's games were continued by other companies later.

title: Daydream Software

text: Daydream Software is a defunct Swedish video game developer founded in 1994.[1] They released four games[2] (with another in the works)[3] before closing in 2003.

title: Muse Software

text: Micro Users Software Exchange, Inc., doing business as Muse Software, was an American video game developer based in Baltimore, Maryland, focusing on the development of games for the first generation of home computers. The company began with developing games for Apple II, and later expanded to the Commodore 64, Atari 8-bit family, and MS-DOS. They are best known for creating the "Wolfenstein" series, having developed the first two installments: 1981's "Castle Wolfenstein" and its 1984 sequel, "Beyond Castle Wolfenstein". The series is now owned by id Software.

title: Traitors Gate (video game)

text: "Traitors Gate" was first released in early September 1999, after roughly three years of development. It was shipped on four CD-ROMs. By the end of its debut month, the game had launched in seven countries: Sweden, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, England and the Netherlands. Daydream Software told investors on September 30 that "Traitors Gate" would appear in another 14 countries by March 2000. Further launches occurred in New Zealand and Australia on October 31, through Hilad Corporation; in France on November 29, through Éditions Profil; and in Spain on December 16, through FX Interactive. "Traitors Gate" had received translations into 10 languages by December 10, at which time Daydream reported its lifetime "guaranteed sales volume" as above 100,000 units.

title: Safecracker (video game)

text: Safecracker is a 1997 graphic adventure game developed by Daydream Software and published initially by GT Interactive. It sold 300,000 units by 2001.

title: Clusterball

text: Clusterball is a 2000 video game featuring futuristic sport gameplay created by the Swedish Company Daydream Software and published by Strategy First, RealNetworks and Daydream Software itself.

title: Bobby's World

text:
A video game adaptation of Bobby's World was made for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995. It was developed by Riedel Software Productions and published by Hi Tech Entertainment. In the game, Bobby's mother tells him to clean his room. As he is cleaning his room, Bobby starts daydreaming about a toy. After beating a level, Bobby has another daydream about another toy that he puts away.
Due to the bankruptcy of Hi Tech Entertainment later in 1995, the game was cancelled.

title: Traitors Gate 2: Cypher

text: "Traitors Gate 2" was commissioned by The Adventure Company following its success with the North America release of Daydream Software's "Traitors Gate", which sold roughly 250,000 units in the region by August 2003. Daydream told its investors that a deal with "an internationally recognized publisher" to develop the sequel was reached in April 2002, and that it was funded ahead of time by this outside party. The project was scheduled for a 14-month development cycle. "Traitors Gate 2" was ultimately developed by the company 258 Productions. Nigel Papworth, who conceived and designed the game at 258, recalled, "I didn't really want to go back and do a pre-rendered game. It's an awful lot of administration and the actual workload is huge. But I said [to TAC]: 'I'll do it if you'll let me do it in real-time 3D.' " He felt that graphics technology had advanced enough to make this leap, and that the switch offered him "a huge amount of freedom for the gameplay." As a result, the team licensed the Gamebryo engine to create "Traitors Gate 2". By June 2002, the game was set for a September 2003 release.

title: Daydreamer (video game)

text: Daydreamer was showcased at the Moscone Center’s GDC Play Area at the 2015 Game Developer Conference. It is set for release in summer 2015. It had an unsuccessful crowdfunding campaign.

title: Traitors Gate (video game)

text: At the 1998 European Computer Trade Show (ECTS), Daydream landed distributors for "Traitors Gate" in eight countries. By the end of September, completion of the game was scheduled for fall; development costs had climbed to 8.06 million kr by late November. In January 1999, Daydream announced a release date of April, and confirmed K.E. Media as the game's distributor in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Deals with companies in France, Italy, Britain and the Netherlands were secured by February. However, as the year progressed, "Traitors Gate" encountered a four-month delay to fall 1999. This event was blamed by Daydream on numerous software bugs, caused by the game's "size and complexity". It proceeded to appear at E3 1999, and development costs rose to 10.6 million kr by the end of May, with 2.03 million of this figure depreciated through capitalization. Papworth estimated the final budget for "Traitors Gate" as between $1 and $2 million in United States currency.

title: Safecracker (video game)

text: Daydream Software went public in late 1996. The company's goal was to increase its economic and decision-making freedom, and to secure the ability to select a publisher at the end of each game's development rather than at the beginning. President Jans Phersson-Broburg argued that self-financing Daydream's future games with money from Swedish investors, instead of obtaining "funding linked to specific projects" from publishers, would offer the developer more stability, flexibility and room for growth. For Daydream's public launch, roughly 20 million kr worth of shares, or 45.5% of the company, were offered to investors in Sweden. The initial public offering was a success, and Daydream opened on the Stockholm Stock Exchange's Stockholm Börsinformation (SBI) list in January 1997. Around the time that Daydream Software launched its initial public offering, Warner Interactive was purchased by GT Interactive.

title: Safecracker (video game)

text: Daydream initiated a plan to repurchase all rights to "Safecracker" from GT in September 1997, and it was executed on November 27, thanks to funds from investors on the Swedish stock market. It cost roughly 1.4 million kr to buy back the rights, compared to the approximately 2.2 million kr that Daydream owed GT Interactive for the advance it had initially extended to the developer. The money spent to purchase the title counted toward repayment of this advance, which had previously been set to bankrupt Daydream. The developer forecast in January 1998 that this repayment, combined with its full ownership of the game, would hasten the project's breaking even. In place of the GT Interactive deal, Daydream began working with the employment agency Octagon Entertainment to sign local distribution partners in Asia, Europe, Australia and North America for "Safecracker", and to release the game's previously-planned Macintosh version. Around 7,500 unsold copies of "Safecracker"s original release by GT Interactive had been recalled to storage by Daydream as part of the repurchase deal; the developer proceeded to resell them to new distributors at prices ranging from 80 to 180 kr. The Macintosh version launched in Sweden in December 1997.

title: Crackdown 3

text: The game was announced at Microsoft's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 in June 2014, as an Xbox One exclusive. While the game was still at an early stage at the time of its reveal, Microsoft's Phil Spencer said that the title came about from talks with Dave Jones who, after leaving Realtime Worlds, joined Cloudgine, a software company that is developing technology allowing game developers to take advantage of cloud computing features. Cloudgine had been previously rumored to be a core part of the Xbox One software, with their software used in a technology demonstration at a Microsoft developer's conference in April 2014, demonstrating the use of cloud computer to speed up the physics modeling and rendering in a fully destructible city environment. Spencer revealed that the demo world was the start of this newest "Crackdown" title, with ability to destroy any part of the city expected to be carried over to the final game. According to Spencer, Cloudgine will help to develop the core engine, while Reagent Games, a studio located in close proximity to Cloudgine, will develop the gameplay and art assets for the game, with Sumo Digital developing the game's campaign mode and "Crackdown 2" developers Ruffian Games developing the multiplayer. Microsoft Studios' creative director Ken Lobb asserted that the game will only be called "Crackdown" instead of "Crackdown 3", stating that the game is set in the future of the first game but represents an alternate timeline from what "Crackdown 2" provided.

title: Engine Software

text: Engine Software BV was founded in 1995 by several friends who met and worked together previously in the active Dutch demo scene for the MSX home computer. After seeing their first game, developed for the Super NES, unreleased, the company was asked by fellow game developer Vicarious Visions to support them in the development of several Game Boy Color games. The relation between Vicarious Visions and Engine Software lasted another generation of handheld consoles, the Game Boy Advance, after which the companies each went their own way. Engine Software still often works or has worked with other developers, most notably A2M, 1st Playable Productions, and PopCap Games. In 2011 the studio switched from being a handheld developer to a full multi-platform development studio developing games for iPad, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Vita. In 2012 Engine Software was signed by 505 Games to bring the highly rated indie title Terraria to consoles, followed by a Vita release of the same game in December 2013.

title: Silicon Beach Software

text: Silicon Beach Software was an early developer of software products for the Macintosh personal computer. It was founded in San Diego, California in 1984 by Charlie Jackson and his wife Hallie. Jackson later co-founded FutureWave Software with Jonathan Gay, the company that produced the first version of what is now Adobe Flash. Although Silicon Beach Software began as a publisher of game software, it also published what was called "productivity software" at the time.

title: Traitors Gate 2: Cypher

text: Traitors Gate 2: Cypher is a 2003 graphic adventure game developed by Swedish studios 258 Productions AB and Data Ductus AB and published by The Adventure Company. It is the sequel to Daydream Software's game "Traitors Gate".

title: Traitors Gate (video game)

text: "Traitors Gate" was built with Live Picture Inc.'s RealVR tool, software that displays virtual-reality photographic panoramas. Papworth explained that the techniques Daydream developed while working on "Safecracker", a game created with QuickTime VR, had since been incorporated into the newer RealVR software suite. The decision to move to RealVR was heavily inspired by the software's ability to display spherical 360° panoramas, a necessity given the tall structures modeled in "Traitors Gate". To construct the game's panoramic environments, Erik Phersson implemented image stitching with BBEdit and Live Picture's PhotoVista editing software, combining multiple rendered stills from the graphics team into larger images. The panoramas were made playable and interactive by Peter Lundholm, with the tools DeBabelizer and Macromedia Director. Phersson also handled "Traitors Gate"s sound effects, added to the game environments with MacPaint and SoundEdit. The music, created by local musicians Toontrack, was purposely limited in-game to build atmosphere.

title: Daydream Software

text: Daydream Software was founded in 1994 in Umeå, Sweden.[4] Its starting team of five was headed by lead designer Nigel Papworth on the principle that they would develop their own games without working with other major publishers to develop commissioned games.

title: Clusterball

text: When asked how the team initially came up with the idea for "Clusterball" in an interview with Eurogamer, Daydream Software's Nigel Papworth responded with "We sat around and discussed what we thought were the greatest aspects of real life games and computer games, and concluded that ball games rule in real life, flight sims in the digital universe. The conclusion was to build a flight sim ball game!"

title: Daydream

text:
In the late 1960s, cognitive psychologists Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York, created a daydream questionnaire. The questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), has been used to investigate daydreams. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI and found that daydreamers' imaginary images vary in three ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are, how many guilt- or fear-filled daydreams they have, and how "deeply" into the daydream people go.
Humanistic psychology on other hand, found numerous examples of people in creative or artistic careers, such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new ideas through daydreaming. Similarly, research scientists and mathematicians have developed new ideas by daydreaming about their subject areas.

title: Vulcan Software

text: Vulcan Software is an independent computer games company founded in 1994 in the UK. Vulcan started creating software for the Amiga computer systems. Its first commercial game was "Valhalla and the Lord of Infinity", which was notable for being the first ever Amiga speech adventure game. In January 1999, Vulcan Software started development for PC computer systems. The Director of Vulcan Software is Paul Carrington. In 2007, Vulcan announced a partnership with Amiga, Inc to develop older Amiga games for PCs and other devices.

title: Traitors Gate (video game)

text: "Traitors Gate" was commercially successful and became Daydream Software's top-selling game. It sold 48,000 units worldwide by the end of May 2000, and was a hit in Spain, which accounted for 22,000 sales by April 10. The game spent over three months in the top 10 of Spain's sales charts. However, it was a commercial failure in Germany, where it sold 4,000 copies; and in the United Kingdom, which bought 3,000 units. It also failed in Italy. The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) traced "Traitors Gate"s country-by-country success rate to the quality of Daydream's distribution partners in each region. By September 30, worldwide sales of the game had risen to roughly 120,000 copies. Daydream told investors that the jump from May came due to "increased marketing efforts by us and our distributors."

title: Traitors Gate (video game)

text: Daydream went public in late 1996, with the plan for "Traitors Gate" prepared. The company's goal was to increase its economic and decision-making freedom, and to secure the ability to select a publisher at the end of each game's development rather than at the beginning. President Jan Phersson-Broburg argued that self-funding Daydream's future games with money from Swedish investors, instead of opting for publisher financing "linked to specific projects", would offer the developer more stability, flexibility and room for growth. According to Papworth, "Traitors Gate" was part of Daydream's roadmap for the future after going public; the company told investors in late 1996 that a game with the working title "Project II" was under development, with an estimated 18-month production cycle and 7-10 million kr budget. Internally, there were four competing "Project II" designs at that time. For Daydream's public launch, roughly 20 million kr worth of shares, or 45.5% of the company, were offered to investors in Sweden. The initial public offering was a success, and Daydream opened on the Stockholm Stock Exchange's Stockholm Börsinformation (SBI) list in January 1997. As a result of this influx of capital, all subsequent development of "Traitors Gate" was self-funded.

title: Google Daydream

text: Daydream is a virtual reality (VR) platform developed by Google that is built into the Android mobile operating system (versions "Nougat" 7.1 and later). Compatible phones that follow the platform's software and hardware specifications (and are thus designated "Daydream-ready") are used in the Google Daydream View VR headset. The Daydream platform was announced at the Google I/O developer conference in May 2016, with the first VR headset released on November 10, 2016. Daydream is the company's second VR platform following Google Cardboard, which was a low-cost system intended to encourage interest in VR and was built into compatible mobile apps rather than the operating system itself.

title: Daydream Software

text: Daydream Software was put through liquidation in February 2003[17] before closing in 2004. Most employees moving on to form a new development company: Resolution Interactive, which focused on iPhone games.[18] The company filed for bankruptcy in 2012.[19]


query: When was the first car created?

title: History of the automobile

text: In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.[1]

title: Front-end bra

text: Bill Colgan, founder of Colgan Custom Manufacturing, Inc. successfully operated a trim and upholstery business in Burbank, California, for fifteen years prior to creating the car bra business. The "Original Car Bra" was invented in 1961 when three German engineers from Lockheed walked into Bill's upholstery shop, asking Colgan if he could redesign a protective cover for their personal Porsches. The very first pattern was for the Porsche 356. The first order for the protective covers for the cars’ front fascia (a.k.a. ‘car bras’) was for 12 units. After that, he was asked to make 150. Yet, after the second order was given to the buyers, he stopped making car bras, in order to concentrate on the main business. And only by the mid-1970’s he realized that this business took over upholstery, and he concentrated on car bras production, having given this name to his invention. The pattern Colgan designed was the creation of the one-piece "Original Car Bra." The word 'bra' came from the woman's breast-support undergarment, the brassiere.

title: SRT Tomahawk

text: The SRT Tomahawk Vision Gran Turismo is a fictional concept car created by Street & Racing Technology, a sub-division of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. It was developed as part of the "Vision Gran Turismo" project, where real-life automakers partner with video game developer Polyphony Digital to create car models for their "Gran Turismo" driving simulation series. The vehicle was released as downloadable content for "Gran Turismo 6" in 2015. While the car's advanced design makes it impossible to functionally create with 2015 technology, the company has discussed creating it a few decades in the future, when technology has caught up with the car's design.

title: Polski Fiat

text: The brand was created in 1932, when the Polish government made an agreement with FIAT to produce licence cars in a state factory PZInż. (Państwowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne) in Warsaw. The cars were sold and serviced by a newly created Polish-Italian company Polski Fiat SA. First cars were assembled from Italian parts (a compact car PF 508/I), later also some other models were assembled from parts, like a small car Fiat Topolino. From the mid-1930s, the factory started to produce whole cars.

title: Darrell Issa

text: Issa was able to use his knowledge of the weaknesses in automotive security that car thieves preyed on to develop effective theft deterrents. Using sensors that, when armed, would detect motion and pressure on the body of the car, his device would create loud noise to draw attention to a would-be car thief, such as the car's horn honking or a speaker playing a recording with Issa's voice saying: "Protected by Viper. Stand back" and "Please step away from the car", warnings for DEI's signature product, the Viper car alarm. Sales grew from a million dollars in the company's first year to $14 million by 1989.

title: United States Road Racing Championship

text: The United States Road Racing Championship (USRRC) was created by the Sports Car Club of America in 1962. It was the first SCCA series for professional racing drivers. SCCA Executive Director John Bishop helped to create the series to recover races that had been taken by rival USAC Road Racing Championship, a championship that folded after the 1962 season. For its first three seasons, the series featured both open-topped sports cars and GT cars. Shelby American and Porsche dominated the Over- and Under-2 Liter classes, respectively. The USRRC ran from 1963 until 1968 when it was abandoned in favor of the more successful Can-Am series, which was also run by the SCCA.

title: Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya

text: When first used, overtaking was frequent as cars could follow closely through the last two corners and slipstream down the long straight. As aerodynamic balance became more critical, this overtaking method drastically decreased as the cars were unable to follow each other through the fast final corner due to turbulence created by the leading car.[4] The 2007 season saw the first of the two final sweepers replaced with a slow chicane in an effort to improve overtaking.

title: List of self-driving car fatalities

text: Since 2013 when self-driving cars first began appearing in large numbers on public roadways, a primary goal of manufacturers has been to create an autonomous car system that is clearly and demonstrably safer than an average human-controlled car. Whether that will be possible in the real world without sacrificing even more human lives is a controversial topic, especially in light of accidents and fatalities resulting from system glitches.

title: Touring car racing

text: When Sports car racing was created in the inter-war period of the 20th century however, sports cars fulfilled the role Touring Cars do today, as the production car variant of racing compared to the specialised vehicles competing in Grand Prix racing. Over time Touring Cars has drifted from its role as racing cars based on modern road cars with categories like NASCAR and DTM having little to no connection to road cars. This in turn has led to the rise of Production car racing to fulfil the role once performed by Touring Cars and Sports Cars before that.

title: 2004 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach

text: The 2004 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach was the first round of the 2004 Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford season, held on April 18, 2004 on the streets of Long Beach, California. It was the first event for the new Champ Car World Series which was created when Gerald Forsythe, Kevin Kalkhoven, Paul Gentilozzi and Dan Petit purchased the bankrupt CART series' liquidated assets in an Indianapolis courtroom the previous January. Bruno Junqueira won the first Champ Car-era pole while Paul Tracy took the first win.

title: Armored car (valuables)

text: Among the first armored cars built was the Bellamore Armored Motor Bank Car, of 1910, which was meant to function like the banking service armored cars of today, but also as a mobile bank branch. It was built on an Autocar Type XXI truck. It was not until Rolls-Royce came out with the Rolls-Royce Ghost in August 1914 that the first armored vehicle was introduced to the British military. The vehicle proved to be superior during the war, creating a demand for armored cars across the globe. In 1930, Mercedes Benz introduced the Nurburg 460, which was an armored car used to protect Pope Pius XI. As the armored car became more and more popular, vehicle manufacturers around the world started creating their own versions.

title: Jacques Durand

text: The Arista predated Durand's involvement, having been created in 1952 by renaming the earlier Callista Ranelagh roadster that had first appeared at the 1950 24 Heures du Mans. Funding for the Callista came from Panhard dealer and racing driver Raymond Gaillard, who renamed the car Arista at the end of 1952 when the original developers of the car left the company. Gaillard added a coupé and a 2+2 to the model line-up that were styled by Max Berlemont and with bodywork in fibreglass by Chappe et Gessalin. These cars continued in production until 1963, when Gaillard hired Durand to revise the cars, which became known as the Arista JD.

title: Surfliner (railcar)

text: After the problematic delivery of the California Car in 1996, Amtrak set out to create a more advanced and reliable second generation intercity car for use on the busy "San Diegan" route (which was re-branded as the "Pacific Surfliner" when these cars were delivered). Several design changes were made to the cars including moving one of the restrooms to the upper level, adding a power outlet at every seat pair, moving the checked baggage compartment into the lower level of the cab car and creating a smaller galley on the lower level of the café car, enabling the upper level to be used for revenue seating.

title: 1985 Australian Touring Car Championship

text: The first round of the series at Winton also created history when for the first time since the ATCC was first held in 1960, no Holden of any sort was on the grid. The race also saw the first ever ATCC race win by a BMW with Richards winning by a lap from his new JPS team mate, fellow New Zealander Neville Crichton. Richards' win in the BMW also saw the first ATCC round win by a European car since Jim McKeown won the 7th and final round of the 1970 ATCC at Symmons Plains in a Porsche 911S.

title: Champ Car

text: Unlike in F1, Champ Car teams were not obliged to construct their own chassis, and had tended to buy chassis constructed by independent suppliers such as Lola, Swift, Reynard, March and Dan Gurney's Eagle. The most notable exception was Penske Racing, although they also bought other cars when their own chassis was uncompetitive. Champ Cars had sculpted undersides to create ground effect. This innovation was originally created in Formula One by Lotus in 1978, and was immediately used on the Chaparral Champ Car in 1979. F1 banned sculpted undersides in a bid to lower cornering speeds for 1983. In 2007, Champ Car featured a single, "spec" chassis, the Panoz DP01, created by Élan Technologies, a racing equipment manufacturer owned by Don Panoz.

title: Ginny Scales-Medeiros

text: Scales-Medeiros has been a top automotive salesperson, breaking into the predominantly-male auto industry in the late 70's, selling a car her first day, and receiving a plaque which read: "Salesman of the month", noted for making top salesperson year after year. She created a female car-buying clinic, teaching the basics of what to look for when buying a car, empowering women to make informed purchasing decisions for themselves.

title: Radio-controlled car

text: In the early 1970s several commercial products were created by small firms in the US. Most of these companies began as slot car companies and with the wane in popularity of that genre moved into the R/C field. Among these were Associated Electrics, Thorp, Dynamic, Taurus, Delta, and Scorpion. These early brubs were 1/8 scale nitro-powered (then called gas) aluminum flat pan cars powered by a .21 or smaller engine. The bodies for these cars were made of polycarbonate (the most popular made of Lexan). The most popular engine was the K&B Veco McCoy. The primary sanctioning body for races for these cars was Remotely Operated Auto Racers (ROAR). In 1973-74, Jerobee, a company based in Washington State, created their 1/12 nitro car using a Cox .049 engine. Over 54,000 were sold "Ready to Run" W/Radio control system of which 25K were made by EK Product od Texas and the balance by JoMac when they bought the company from Rocket Research Corp. Several aftermarket companies created parts for this car including clear Lexan bodies, heat sinks, and larger fuel tanks. This scale evolved into 1/12 scale electric racing when Associated Electrics created the RC12E in 1976-77. Jerobee became Jomac and created their own electric kit called the Lightning 2000 that won the "ROAR" National Championships in 1981& 82 for 6-Cell Modified and 82 the 6-Cell Production classes. The Lightning 2000 was designed by Don McKay and Jon Congdon.

title: Kyosho

text: The company was created in October 1963 and created its first trademark R/C car in 1970. Production of die-cast model cars began in 1992.

title: Mini Racing Online

text: There are several vehicles some of which can be downloaded on the MRO website.These cars vary from NASCAR to Formula 1. when you first load the game you have a F1 car pack already loaded plus a MRO F1 car. You can create your own vehicles using an external image editing program (Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, etc.)Cars come with SKINS which determine the AI of the cars behavior and characteristics this can also be created and like the cars before it can be uploaded onto the website.

title: Automotive engine

text: Electric vehicles seemed to be the most viable option, similar to the steam automobiles. It was first invented in the early 1800s, and became a viable option of transportation around 1890, when William Morrison created the first electric car that traveled 14 miles per hour. The electric cars offered low pollution and a soundless ride, unlike their gasoline counterparts. The greatest downside of electric cars was the range. The typical electric car could reach around 20 miles before requiring a recharge. Manufacturers could not increase the number of batteries, due to the bulkiness of the batteries at the time. Without an incentive to purchase the electric automobiles, gas automobiles was the most viable option at the time.

title: Butler, Pennsylvania

text: Throughout most of its history, the city of Butler has been a major manufacturing and industrial center. In 1902, the Standard Steel Car Company opened one of its largest railcar manufacturing facilities in Butler. It was here that some of the first all-steel rail cars were built. Diamond Jim Brady, the legendary financier, gourmand and gemophile, got his start here in 1902 when he established the Standard Steel Car Company, which merged with the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1934 to create Pullman-Standard, a monopoly that was eventually broken by the government.

title: European Touring Car Cup

text: It was created when the European Touring Car Championship finished at the end of 2004, being superseded by the World Touring Car Championship.

title: Sixt

text: In 1912, Martin Sixt founded the company with a fleet of three cars, creating the first car rental company in Germany. During the First World War, the fleet was confiscated and used by the German Army. After the war, business resumed, but the fleet was once again seized by the German Army at the outbreak of World War II. When the war concluded, the company rebounded, establishing a taxi fleet for members of the United States Army stationed in Germany. It then opened a taxi business in Munich with the first radio taxis.

title: Volvo P1800

text: Two new cars had been introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 1961, a Jaguar E-Type and the Volvo P1800. Jaguar was first offered the opportunity to provide an E-Type for the TV series but declined. Volvo accepted and offered a P1800, leading to increased sales. Initially, Volvo lent two cars for the series, one for static studio shots and the other for moving shots. When the P1800S came along, one of the earlier cars was cut up to allow better interior shots. When the series "Return of the Saint" was created in the 1970s, Jaguar offered the XJ-S for the series.

title: Rail inspection

text:
The techniques mentioned above are utilized in a handful of different ways. The probes and transducers can be utilized on a "walking stick", on a hand pushed trolley, or in a hand held setup. These devices are used when small sections of track are to be inspected or when a precise location is desired. Many times these detail oriented inspection devices follow up on indications made by a rail inspection cars or HiRail trucks. Handheld inspection devices are very useful for this when the track is used heavily, because they can be removed relatively easy. However, they are considered very slow and tedious, when there are thousands of miles of track that need inspection.
Rail inspection cars and HiRail trucks are the answer to today’s high mileage inspection needs. The first rail inspection cars were created by Dr. Sperry. Since then, many new models have rolled out. These rail inspection cars are basically their own train with inspection equipment on board. The probes and transducers are mounted on carriages located underneath the inspection car. Modern day inspection cars now use multiple NDT methods. Induction and ultrasound methods can be used in rail inspection cars and operate at testing speeds of more than . The next generation will go even faster.

title: Phonocar

text:
In 1972, Phonocar manufactured the first wooden car-radio console, complete with speaker and accessories.
In 1976, Phonocar created her first car hi-fi Speakers; in 1978, her first car amplifier, the well-known Power Box.
In 1981, Phonocar introduced a radical change in the car hi-fi concept, by creating the wooden rear panels allowing for the installation of large speakers for the car rear.
In 1983, Phonocar came with a series of micro-tweeter of reduced installation dimensions.

title: Natalie Sather

text: Sather was first interested in racing when she was in kindergarten, bringing die-cast cars into show-and-tell. When she was 9 years old, Sather started racing after acquiring a go-kart. Upon winning a karting championship in 2001, she moved to sprint cars. When she was 17, in her fifth sprint car race, she was involved in a crash that created three compound fractures in her right leg, though she returned to racing four months later.

title: Connected car

text: General Motors was the first automaker to bring the first connected car features to market with OnStar in 1996 in Cadillac DeVille, Seville and Eldorado. OnStar was created by GM working with Motorola Automotive (that was later bought by Continental). The primary purpose was safety and to get emergency help to a vehicle when there was an accident. The sooner medical helps arrives the more likely the drivers and passengers would survive. A cellular telephone call would be routed to a call center where the agent sent help.

title: Scandinavian flick

text: Many drift drivers will use the feint or weight transfer drift on track, in order to send the rear of their car into a more accentuated drift where the track width allows them. In most situations, this is preferable to drivers of lower powered cars, who cannot induce a drift with engine power alone, but it is also useful to drivers of turbo charged cars, when they find that their car is not "on boost". Many Japanese based vehicles use smaller capacity engines with larger turbos, so can "fall" off the power band created by the forced induction. The alternative methods to create power pre-corner include the feint drift incorporated with a "clutch kick", which starts the weight transfer, but allow the engine to free-rev and create boost pressure in the turbo to create more power to break the traction of the rear wheels when the clutch re-engages on the drivetrain with the car unsettled.

title: Game Editor

text:
Activation events are another important aspect. When one actor receives an event, then if there's an activation event on that actor for that event, then it triggers an activation event on the specified actor. Example:
If in game play two cars crash, and there's a hintbox actor which comments in-game events, and we want the hintbox to say: "2 cars crashed" when they did, then we create an activation event one of the cars, and make the triggering event a collision with another car actor, and then set the activation event receiver to Hintbox, and finally, create an action for the activation event on hintbox, which is a Set Text, then we can specify the color, and font of the displayed text.

title: Viewliner

text: The Viewliner is a single-level car type used by Amtrak on most long-distance routes operating east of Chicago. The first production cars, consisting of an order of 50 sleeping cars, were put into service in 1994. On March 23, 2015, Amtrak began putting 70 new Viewliner II baggage cars into service. The 70 new baggage cars are used on all Amtrak trains, single-level and bi-level. They replaced all of the Heritage Fleet baggage cars that Amtrak inherited from the freight railroads when it was created in 1971. 24 of the 25 Viewliner II dining cars have been delivered, with the first having entered service in late 2016. One of the 10 baggage-dorms have been delivered. None of the 25 sleepers have been delivered.


query: When was the IRS established?

title: Internal Revenue Service

text: The IRS originated with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, a federal office created in 1862 to assess the nation's first income tax, which was to raise funds for the American Civil War. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Union's war expenses and was allowed to expire a decade later. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, and the Bureau of Internal Revenue was established. In 1953, the agency was renamed the Internal Revenue Service.

title: Dallara

text:
A new model chassis was introduced for the 2000 season. When updated for 2001 the chassis was designated as the IR-01 and for 2002 it was referred to as the IR-02.
For the 2003 season, Dallara rolled out the new IR-03 chassis. This chassis would later become the "de facto" "spec car" in the series. An aerodynamic update kit was released for 2007, which changed its designation to IR-05. In addition, paddle shifters began seeing use in 2008, further developing and evolving this generation of Dallaras. Chassis bearing both the IR-03 and the IR-05 designations saw use through the end of the 2011 season.

title: Taxpayer Bill of Rights

text: The IRS has offered its own version of a taxpayer bill of rights since the year 2014. Describing the rights, the IRS has written, "Each and every taxpayer has a set of fundamental rights they should be aware of when dealing with the IRS. Explore your rights and our obligations to protect them." The rights are available to the public online in a document called "Publication 1: Your Rights as a Taxpayer". To help people understand their rights when dealing with the IRS, the IRS has an independent agency within the IRS called the Taxpayer Advocate Service.

title: IRE (unit)

text: Note that video signals use the "IRE" unit instead of DC voltages to describe levels and amplitudes. Based on a standard 1 V NTSC composite-video signal that swings from -286 mV (sync tip) to +714 mV (peak video), a 140 IRE peak-to-peak convention has been established. One NTSC IRE unit is 7.14mV, where -40 IRE is equivalent to -286 mV, and +100 IRE is equivalent to +714 mV. Note that 0 IRE is equivalent to 0 V. The Black Level is equivalent to 53.57 mV (7.5 IRE)

title: Flame detector

text: Most IR detectors are designed to ignore constant background IR radiation, which is present in all environments. Instead they are designed to detect suddenly changing or increasing sources of the radiation. When exposed to changing patterns of non-flame IR radiation, IR and UV/IR detectors become more prone to false alarms, while IR3 detectors become somewhat less sensitive but are more immune to false alarms.

title: Institute of Radio Engineers

text: In the first half of the 20th century, radio communications has experienced great expansion, and the growing professional community of developers and operators of radio systems required standardization, research, and authoritative dissemination of new results among practitioners and researchers. To meet these needs, the IRE established professional journals (most notably the "Proceedings of the IRE", established 1913 and edited for 41 years by Alfred N. Goldsmith); participated actively in all aspects of standardization and regulations of the frequency spectrum, modulation techniques, testing methods, and radio equipment; and organized regional and professional groups (starting in 1914 and 1948, respectively) for cooperation and exchange between members. The IRE was a major participant in planning of the Federal Radio Commission (established 1927; later the Federal Communications Commission), and worked in close cooperation with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, the Radio Manufacturers Association, the Radio and Television Manufacturers Association, and the National Television System Committee on Standards. The IRE also started (in 1914) a program of professional recognition, through the membership grade of IRE Fellow. The first Fellow was Jonathan Zenneck (1871–1959), a pioneer of wireless telegraphy.

title: Ire (album)

text: Ire is the fifth studio album by Australian metalcore band Parkway Drive. The album was released on 25 September 2015, through Resist Records and Epitaph Records, and was streamed online on 20 September. The band sought to change their established style with "Ire", and reviewers have noted the inclusion of new influences.

title: Aconitase

text: The iron-responsive element-binding protein (IRE-BP) and 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase (α-isopropylmalate isomerase; ), an enzyme catalysing the second step in the biosynthesis of leucine, are known aconitase homologues. Iron regulatory elements (IREs) constitute a family of 28-nucleotide, non-coding, stem-loop structures that regulate iron storage, heme synthesis and iron uptake. They also participate in ribosome binding and control the mRNA turnover (degradation). The specific regulator protein, the IRE-BP, binds to IREs in both 5' and 3' regions, but only to RNA in the apo form, without the Fe-S cluster. Expression of IRE-BP in cultured cells has revealed that the protein functions either as an active aconitase, when cells are iron-replete, or as an active RNA-binding protein, when cells are iron-depleted. Mutant IRE-BPs, in which any or all of the three Cys residues involved in Fe-S formation are replaced by serine, have no aconitase activity, but retain RNA-binding properties.

title: Tax status of Scientology in the United States

text: Rathbun was tasked with mounting a campaign intended to overwhelm the IRS on multiple fronts. This involved litigating on a massive scale, establishing front groups, applying political pressure, employing private investigators against individual IRS officials and ultimately reaching a negotiated agreement with the IRS. At the same time, the Church undertook internal changes intended to make it harder for the IRS to have visibility of its finances.

title: Sofradir

text: Sofradir was established in 1986 by Thales, Sagem and . The goal of establishing Sofradir was to create an organization that developed and produced IR detectors based on the focal plane array (FPA) technology developed at CEA/LETI. The Infrared Laboratory (Laboratoire InfraRouge) located within the public research institute at CEA/LETI located in Grenoble, France was established to perform research in order to develop future generations of FPAs. Sofradir was to bring these new generations of IR detectors to mature production levels.

title: IRS1

text: IRS-1 has a functional role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Overexpression of PTEN in MCF-7 epithelial breast cancer cells inhibits cell growth by inhibiting MAPK pathway. ERK phosphorylation through IRS-1/Grb-2/Sos pathway is inhibited by phosphatase activity of PTEN. PTEN does not have effect on IRS-1 independent MAPK activation. When treated with insulin, ectopic expression of PTEN in MCF-7 suppresses IRS-1/Grb-2/Sos complex formation due to differential phosphorylation of IRS-1. Overexpression of IRS-1 has been linked to antiestrogen resistance and hormone independence in breast cancer. Tamoxifen (TAM) inhibits IRS-1 function, therefore suppressing IRS-1/PI3K signalling cascade in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF-7 cell line. IRS-1 siRNA is able to reduce IRS-1 transcript level, thereby reducing protein expression in MCF-7 ER+ cells. Reduction of IRS-1 leads to decreased survival of these cells. siRNA treatment effects are additive to effects of TAM treatment. IGFRs and estrogen coaction facilitates growth in different breast cancer cell lines, however amplification of IGF1R signalling can abrogate need of estrogen for transformation and growth of MCF-7 cells. IRS-1 overexpression in breast cancer cells decreased estrogen requirements. This decrease is dependent on IRS-1 levels in the cells. Estradiol enhances expression of IRS-1 and activity of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways in MCF-7 and CHO cells transfected with mouse IRS-1 promoter. Estradiol acts directly on IRS-1 regulatory sequences and positively regulates IRS-1 mRNA production. Decreased anchorage- dependent/independent cell growth and initiation of cell death under low growth factor and estrogen conditions are observed in MCF-7 cells with down-regulated IRS-1. mir126 is underexpressed in breast cancer cells. mir126 targets IRS-1 at transcriptional level and inhibits transition from G1/G0 phase to S phase during cell cycle in HEK293 and MCF-7 cells. Transgenic mice overexpressing IRS-1 develop metastatic breast cancer.The tumors demonstrate squamous differentiation which is associated with β-catenin pathway. IRS-1 interacts with β-catenin both "in vitro" and "in vivo". IRS-1 and its homologue IRS-2 play distinct roles in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Overexpression of either one is sufficient to cause tumorogenesis "in vivo". Frequency of lung metastasis in IRS-1 deficient tumor is elevated opposing to IRS-2 deficient tumor, where it is decreased. Basically, IRS-2 has a positive impact on metastasis of breast cancer whereas a stronger metastatic potential is observed when IRS-1 is down-regulated. IRS-1 is strongly expressed in ductal carcinoma "in situ""," when IRS-2 is elevated in invasive tumors. Increased IRS-1 makes MCF-7 cells susceptible to specific chemotherapeutic agents, such as taxol, etoposide, and vincristine.Therefore, IRS-1 can be a good pointer of specific drug therapies effectiveness for breast cancer treatment.

title: IEEE Computer Society

text: The IEEE Computer Society traces its origins to the Subcommittee on Large-Scale Computing, established in 1946 by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), and to the Professional Group on Electronic Computers (PGEC), established in 1951 by the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE). When the AIEE merged with the IRE in 1963 to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), these two committees became the IEEE Computer Group. The group established its own constitution and bylaws in 1971 to become the IEEE Computer Society.

title: Ir Ganim

text: The neighborhood is divided into three sections: Ir Ganim Aleph, between Mexico Road and Halamit Road, west of the valley that separates it from Kiryat Hayovel. Ir Ganim Bet lies between Panama, Dahomey, Halamit and Avivit Roads; and Ir Ganim Gimmel is bordered by Costa Rica Road. Many of the streets are named for countries in Latin America that voted in favor of the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Others are named for wildflowers.

text: The early technical areas of interest of AIEE were electric power, lighting, and wired communications. Radio and wireless communications became the major focus of a rival organization, the Institute of Radio Engineers (the IRE, established 1912). The dynamic growth of radio technology and the emergence of the new discipline of electronics in the 1940s led to stiff competition between AIEE and IRE, with IRE showing faster growth in the 1950s and early 1960s, and attracting more students. In 1957, the IRE, with approximately 55,500 members, surpassed the AIEE in membership size; by 1962 the IRE had 96,500 members to the AIEE’s 57,000.

title: Haraden Pratt

text: Pratt joined the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), became an IRE Director in 1935, served as president of the IRE in 1938, and was its secretary from 1943-1965. He was awarded the IRE Medal of Honor in 1944 "in recognition of his engineering contributions to the development of radio, of his work in the extension of communication facilities to distant lands, and of his constructive leadership in Institute affairs," and the Founder's Award in 1960. The IEEE Haraden Pratt Award was established in 1971 in his honor. His papers are archived at the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

title: Ghana Revenue Authority

text: The establishment of the GRA is part of the reforms in revenue administration of tax collection in Ghana which began in the mid-eighties when CEPS and IRS were taken out of the Civil Service and made semi- autonomous and self-accounting public sector institutions with separate boards. The National Revenue Secretariat (NRS) was set up to formulate revenue policies, manage tax reforms and supervise the activities of CEPS and IRS.

title: International relations

text: Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war, security, etc.) are themselves gendered. Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with the traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy. In this sense, there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy (IPE). From its inception, feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and, in particular, masculinities. Many IR feminists argue that the discipline is inherently masculine in nature. For example, in her article "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals" Signs (1988), Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defence establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion.

title: Iron response element

text: The two leading theories describe how iron probably interacts to impact posttranslational control of transcription. The classical theory suggests that IRPs, in the absence of iron, bind avidly to the mRNA IRE. When Iron is present, it interacts with the protein to cause it to release the mRNA. For example, In high iron conditions in humans, IRP1 binds with an iron-sulphur complex [4Fe-4S] and adopts an aconitase conformation unsuitable for IRE binding. In contrast, IRP2 is degraded in high iron conditions. There is variation in affinity between different IREs and different IRPs. Some IREs can also be affected by alternative gene splicing. In the second theory, There are two proteins competing for the IRE binding site—both IRP and eukaryotic Initiation Factor F4 (eIFF4). In the absence of iron IRP binds about 10 times more avidly than the initiation factor. However, when Iron interacts at the IRE, it causes the mRNA to change its shape, thus favoring the binding of the eIFF4. Several studies have identified non-canonical IREs. It has also been shown that IRP binds to some IREs better than others.

title: Ir Ganim

text: Planning for Ir Ganim began in 1953. It was designed for a population of 8,000-10,000 new immigrants on 1,577 dunams of land. The first 500 housing units were built by the Rassco company employing a higher standard of building than other new immigrant neighborhoods. Each home had a private garden. Ir Ganim Aleph was established in 1957. Before moving to Ir Ganim, most of the residents had been living in "maabarot" (transit camps). Some of the land was owned by the Jewish National Fund and the rest was provided by the Israel Lands Administration.

title: Tax protester administrative arguments

text: Some tax protesters argue that the IRS is not a government agency, or that the IRS is not mentioned in the statutes, or that the IRS has no authority in the absence of established internal revenue "districts," or that the IRS has no authority outside the District of Columbia.

title: Institute of Radio Engineers

text: Following several attempts to form a technical organization of wireless practitioners in 1908–1912, the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) was finally established in 1912 in New York City. Among its founding organizations were the Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers (SWTE) and the Wireless Institute (TWI). At the time, the dominant organization of electrical engineers was the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE). Many of the founding members of IRE considered AIEE too conservative and too focused on electric power. Moreover, the founders of the IRE sought to establish an international organization (unlike the “American” AIEE), and adopted a tradition of electing some of the IRE's officers from outside the United States.

title: Iron response element

text: In molecular biology, the iron response element or iron-responsive element (IRE) is a short conserved stem-loop which is bound by iron response proteins (IRPs, also named IRE-BP or IRBP). The IRE is found in UTRs (untranslated regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. For example, the mRNA of ferritin (an iron storage protein) contains one IRE in its 5' UTR. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the IRE in the ferritin mRNA and cause reduced translation rates. In contrast, binding to multiple IREs in the 3' UTR of the transferrin receptor (involved in iron acquisition) leads to increased mRNA stability.

title: History of Covington, Kentucky

text: In 1994, Fidelity Investments established a campus in Covington, constructing three office buildings on the campus, totaling approximately and employing 2,000 employees. At the same time the Fidelity campus was underway, Wessels Construction built the IRS Gateway Center on Scott Boulevard, between Third and Fourth Streets, which would employ approximately 2,000 IRS employees when completed.

title: Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga

text: Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga (literally: "Samogitian and Lithuanian Review", original spelling: "Żemajczių ir Lietuwos Apżwałga"), often abbreviated as , was a Lithuanian-language Catholic newspaper published in Tilsit, East Prussia, in 1889–1896. At the time, Lithuanian press was banned and the newspaper had to be smuggled across the Prussia–Russia border. It promoted and supported the Lithuanian National Revival, but above all defended the Catholic faith. While it was fiercely anti-Tsarist publication when it came to religious and cultural topics, it was a socially conservative publication. It was replaced by a relatively more liberal "Tėvynės sargas" established in 1896.

title: Blanking level

text: The composite video signal is actually the video information superimposed on blanking. The total level of the composite video signal (blanking + video) is 1000 mV. This level can also be given in IRE units such that the level difference reserved for video information is 100 IRE units. So white corresponds to 100 IRE units and blanking level corresponds to 0 IRE units. The level of black is 0 IRE units in the case of CCIR System B and CCIR System G (European systems) and 7.5 IRE units in the case of CCIR System M (American system). So, while there is no difference between the black and the blanking levels in most systems they differ by 50 mV. in system M. (When defined in terms of voltage difference, 7.5 IRE units is almost equal to 50 mV.)

title: Warner Bros. Records

text: Like fellow Athens, Georgia natives the B-52s, R.E.M. was a 'cult' band who gradually built up a strong following in the US and internationally during the 1980s (thanks in part to their innovative music videos). For most of the 1980s they were signed to the independent label IRS Records and in 1987, they broke out to mainstream success with the album "Document", their first to sell more than one million copies. However, they were frustrated by IRS's poor international distribution and when their IRS contract expired in 1988 they signed with Warner Bros. Their Warner debut "Green" established them as a major force, earning a platinum album and selling more than 4 million copies worldwide, and "Stand" became their first US hit single.

text: The church recruited a retired IRS agent named Paul DesFosses, who left the agency in acrimonious circumstances in 1984, to head the coalition. It provided him with support and investigative assistance to find examples of wrongdoing in the IRS. The coalition's biggest success came in 1989 when its investigations prompted a congressional inquiry into allegations of wrongdoing by IRS staff in Los Angeles. The group claimed to have 5,000 members who were said to be mostly current and former IRS employees. Scientologists affiliated with the coalition demonstrated outside the IRS offices in Washington in 1990 and offered a $10,000 reward for information on "IRS abuses," but attracted little interest.

title: TG4

text: The total cost in establishing the transmission and links networks, and the construction of the station's headquarters in the Connemara Gaeltacht, was IR£16.1 million. Annual running costs increased from IR£10.2 million in 1996 to IR£16 million in 2001, and €30 million in 2006.

title: Iron-responsive element-binding protein

text: Cells have advanced mechanisms for sensing their own need for iron. In human cells, the best-characterized iron-sensing mechanism is the result of post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA (the chemical instructions derived from DNA genes to make proteins). Sequences of mRNA called iron-responsive elements (IREs) are contained within the mRNA sequences that code for transferrin receptors and for ferritin. Iron-responsive element-binding protein (IRE-BP) binds to these mRNA sequences. On its own, the IRE-BP binds to the IREs of ferritin and transferrin receptor mRNA. But, when iron binds to the IRE-BP, the IRE-BP changes shape with the result that the IRE-BPs can no longer bind the ferritin mRNA. This liberates the mRNA to direct the cell to make more ferritin. In other words, when there is high iron in the cell, the iron itself causes the cell to produce more iron storage molecules. (The IRE-BP is an aconitase; for a schematic drawing of the shape change, see here).

title: Laser pointer

text: Though the IR from a DPSS laser is less collimated, the typical neodymium-doped crystals in such lasers do produce a true IR laser beam. The eye will usually react to the higher-powered visible light; however in higher power DPSS lasers the IR laser output can be significant. What poses a special hazard for this unfiltered IR output is its presence in conjunction with laser safety goggles designed to only block the visible wavelengths of the laser. Red goggles, for example, will block most green light from entering the eyes, but will pass IR light. The reduced light behind the goggles may also cause the pupils to dilate, increasing the hazard to the invisible IR light. Dual-frequency so-called YAG laser eyewear is significantly more expensive than single frequency laser eyewear, and is often not supplied with unfiltered DPSS pointer style lasers, which output 1064 nm IR laser light as well. These potentially hazardous lasers produce little or no visible beam when shone through the eyewear supplied with them, yet their IR-laser output can still be easily seen when viewed with an IR-sensitive video camera.

title: Feminism (international relations)

text: Conversely, feminist IR scholar Charlotte Hooper effectively applies a feminist consciousness when considering how “IR disciplines men as much as men shape IR”. So, instead of focusing on what and whom IR excludes from the conversation, Hooper focuses on how masculine identities are perpetuated and ultimately are the products of the practice of IR. In this way, it is ineffective to use a gendered lens and feminist consciousness to analyze the exclusion of a discussion in gender in IR. Hooper suggests that a deeper examination of the ontological and epistemological ways in which IR has been inherently a masculine discipline is needed. The innate masculinity of IR is because men compose the vast majority of modern IR scholars, and their masculine identities have been socially constructed over time through various political progressions. For instance, Hooper gives examples of the historical and political developments of masculinities that are still prevalent in IR and society at large; the Greek citizen/warrior model, the Judeo Christian model and the Protestant bourgeois rationalist model. These track the masculine identities throughout history, where manliness is measured in militarism and citizenship, ownership and authority of the fathers, and finally, competitive individualism and reason. These masculinities in turn asks one to not only use the feminist consciousness to analyze the exclusions of femininities from IR, but additionally, Hooper illuminates how one can locate the inherent inclusions of masculinities in the field of IR with a feminist consciousness.


query: Where was Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov born?

title: Yuri Andropov

text: There has been much contention over his family background.[3] According to the official biography, Andropov was born in stanitsa Nagutskaya (modern-day Stavropol Krai of Russia) on 15 June 1914.[4][5] His father Vladimir Konstantinovich Andropov was a railway worker of Don Cossack descent who died from typhus in 1919. His mother Yevgenia Karlovna Fleckenstein (none of the official sources mentioned her name) was a school teacher who died in 1931.[6][7] She was born in the Ryazan Governorate into a family of town dwellers and was abandoned on the doorstep of a Finnish citizen, a Jewish watchmaker Karl Franzevich Fleckenstein who lived in Moscow; he and his wife Eudokia Mikhailovna Fleckenstein adopted and raised her.[8][9] Later researches has shown that many details about Andropov's biography were largely falsified during his lifetime which has contributed to the confusion connected to his family history.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: Upon Brezhnev's death on November 12, 1982, Yuri Andropov succeeded him as General Secretary and (by extension) leader of the Soviet Union. During his tenure, Andropov sought to eliminate corruption and inefficiency within the Soviet system by investigating longtime officials for violations of party discipline and criminalizing truancy in the workplace. However, upon suffering total renal failure in February 1983, Andropov's health began to deteriorate rapidly. On February 9, 1984, he died after leading the country for only 15 months.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: After the assassination attempt against Brezhnev in January 1969, Andropov led the interrogation of the captured gunman, Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin.[18][19] Ilyin was pronounced insane and sent to Kazan Psychiatric Hospital.[20] Later, on 29 April 1969, he submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union an elaborated plan for creating a network of psychiatric hospitals to defend the "Soviet Government and socialist order" from dissidents.[17]:177 In January 1970 Andropov submitted an alarming account to his fellow Politburo members of the widespread threat of the mentally ill to stability and the security of the regime.[21] The proposal by Andropov to use psychiatry for struggle against dissidents was implemented.[22]:42 Andropov was in charge of the widespread deployment of psychiatric repression since he was the head of the KGB.[23]:187–188 According to Yuri Felshtinsky and Boris Gulko, the originators of the idea to use psychiatry for punitive purposes were the head of the KGB (Andropov) and the head of the Fifth Directorate, Philipp Bobkov.[24]

title: Yury A. Dmitriev

text: From 1998 to 2009, Dmitriev headed the Academy for the Defence of Socio-Legal Rights, a Karelian human rights NGO. As president of that body, in 2002, Yury Dmitriev wrote to the then head of the Karelian republic, Sergey Katanandov, objecting to the proposal by the Karelia Council of Veterans to put up a statue in Petrozavodsk to Yury Andropov. (KGB chairman from 1967 to 1982, Andropov headed the Komsomol in Karelia during the Great Patriotic War, from 1940 to 1944.) Katanandov did not reply to Dmitriev's letter and the 10-foot-high memorial to Andropov was erected. The decision, commented Dmitriev, reflected the nation's attitude to its recent history: "We don't know the past, and we don't want to know."

title: Yuri Vlasenko

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Vlasenko was born on 20 November 1994 in Kharkiv, Ukraine.

title: KGB

text: In 1967, the campaign of this suppression increased under new KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov. After suppressing the Prague Spring, KGB Chairman Andropov established the Fifth Directorate to monitor dissension and eliminate dissenters. He was especially concerned with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov, "Public Enemy Number One".[20] Andropov failed to expel Solzhenitsyn before 1974; but did internally exile Sakharov to Gorky in 1980. The KGB failed to prevent Sakharov's collecting his Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, but did prevent Yuri Orlov collecting his Nobel Prize in 1978; Chairman Andropov supervised both operations.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: In 1951 Andropov was transferred to CPSU Central Committee. He was appointed an inspector and then the head of a subdepartment of the Committee.[9]

title: Yuri Andropov

text: Andropov lived at 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt, the same building in which Suslov and Brezhnev also lived. He was first married to Nina Ivanovna; she was born not too far away from the local farm in which Andropov was born. In 1983 she was diagnosed with cancer and underwent a successful operation. He met his second wife, Tatyana Filipovna, during World War II on the Karelian Front when she was Komsomol secretary. She had suffered a nervous breakdown during the Hungarian revolution. Andropov's chief guard informed Tatyana about the death of her husband. She was too grief-stricken to join in the procession and during the funeral her relatives helped her to walk. Before the lid could be closed on Andropov's coffin, she bent to kiss him. She touched his hair and then kissed him again. In 1985, a respectful 75-minute film was broadcast in which Tatyana (not even seen in public until Andropov's funeral) reads love poems written by her husband. Tatyana became ill and died in November 1991.

title: Yuri Zheludkov

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Zheludkov (; born March 8, 1959 in Peterhof) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.With FC Zenit Leningrad.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: Despite such reforms, Andropov refused to consider any changes that sought to dispense with the command economy introduced under Joseph Stalin. In his memoirs, Mikhail Gorbachev recalled that when Andropov was the leader, Gorbachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the chairman of Gosplan, asked him for access to real budget figures. "You are asking too much," Andropov responded. "The budget is off limits to you."[41]

title: Andrei Gromyko

text: As Brezhnev grew increasingly incapable of governing following a stroke in 1975, Gromyko formed a troika with KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov and Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov that ultimately became the driving force behind Soviet policymaking. After Brezhnev's death in 1982, Andropov was voted in as General Secretary by the Politburo. Immediately after his appointment Andropov asked Gromyko if he wanted to take over Brezhnev's old office of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Gromyko turned down Andropov's offer, believing that Andropov would eventually take the office for himself. He did not believe that Andropov would take the office because of pure vanity, but rather due to its functions.

title: Yuri Kuleshov

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Kuleshov (; born 12 April 1981) is a Russian professional football defensive midfielder who plays for FC Ryazan.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: A four-day period of nationwide mourning was announced. Andropov was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko, who seemed to mirror Andropov's tenure. Chernenko had already been afflicted with severe health problems when he ascended to the USSR's top spot, and served an even shorter time in office (13 months). Like Andropov, Chernenko spent much of his time hospitalized, and also died in office, in March 1985.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: His earliest documented name was Grigory Vladimirovich Andropov-Fyodorov; he changed it to Yuri Andropov only several years later.[10] While his original birth certificate disappeared, it was established that Andropov was in fact born in Moscow where his mother had been working in a women's gymnasium since 1913 throughout 1914 and until 1917.[8][10]

title: Dmitry Nikolayevich Filippov

text: 1983–1985 - the first secretary of the District Committee Smolninsky of the Communist Party in Leningrad. He was appointed to this position by the direct order of Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: In a message read out at the opening of a new exhibition dedicated to Andropov, Vladimir Putin called him "a man of talent with great abilities."[51] Putin has praised Andropov's "honesty and uprightness."[52] According to Russian historian Nikita Petrov, "He was a typical Soviet jailer who violated human rights. Andropov headed the organisation which persecuted the most remarkable people of our country."[53] From Petrov's point, it was a shame for the country that the persecutor of intelligentsia, the persecutor of freedom of thought, a man of whom as an oppressor of freedom legends were composed, became leader of the country.[54] According to Roy Medvedev, the year that Andropov spent in power was memorable for increasing repression against dissidents.[54] During most of his KGB career, Andropov crushed dissident movements, isolated people in psychiatric hospitals, sent them to prison and deported them from the Soviet Union.[55] According to political scientist Georgy Arbatov, Andropov bears responsibility for many injustices in the 1970s and early 1980s: for deportations, for political arrests, for persecuting dissidents, for the abuse of psychiatry, for notorious cases such as the persecution of academician Andrei Sakharov.[56][57] According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik, Vladimir Bukovsky, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Alexander Ginzburg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pyotr Grigorenko, Anatoly Shcharansky, and others.[58] According to Soviet dissident Yuri Glazov, Andropov was a paradigmatic Homo Sovieticus and personally conducted disinformation campaigns against his main opponents and dissidents Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn.[59]

title: Yuri Andropov

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (/ænˈdroʊpɔːf,-pɒf/;[1] Russian:Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов, tr.Júrij Vladímirovič Andrópov,IPA:[ˈjʉrʲɪj vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ɐnˈdropəf]; 15June[O.S. 2 June]1914– 9 February 1984)[2] was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following the 18-year rule of Leonid Brezhnev, Andropov served in the post from November 1982 until his death in February 1984.

title: Yuri Vladimirovich Nesterenko

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Nesterenko (; born May 18, 1956) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. In 2010, he managed FC Taganrog.

title: Bruno Kreisky

text: Later in his life Kreisky tried to help some Soviet dissidents. In particular, in 1983 he sent a letter to the Soviet premier Yuri Andropov demanding the release of dissident Yuri Orlov, but Andropov left Kreisky's letter unanswered.

title: Yuri Budylin

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Budylin (; born 8 January 1982) is a former Russian professional football player.

title: Konstantin Chernenko

text: Yuri Andropov died in February 1984, after just 15 months in office. Chernenko was then elected to replace Andropov even though Andropov himself stated he wanted Gorbachev to succeed him. Additionally, Chernenko was terminally ill himself.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: In February 1983, Andropov suffered total renal failure. In August 1983, he entered the Central Clinical Hospital in western Moscow on a permanent basis, where he would spend the remainder of his life.

title: Yuri Kuznetsov (footballer, born 1958)

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Kuznetsov (; born August 2, 1958) is a retired Russian professional football player. Currently, he works as an administrator with FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny.

title: Yuri Kuznetsov (ice hockey, born 1971)

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Kuznetsov (; born August 10, 1971 in Novosibirsk, Russia) is a Russian ice hockey coach and former player.

title: Yury Cheryevsky

text: Yury Vladimirovich Cheryevsky (; born 16 January 1961) is a Russian football manager and a former player.

title: History of Estonia

text: On 10 November 1982, Leonid Brezhnev died and was succeeded by Yuri Andropov, the former head of the KGB. Andropov introduced limited economic reforms and established an anti-corruption program. On 9 February 1984, Andropov died and was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko who in turn died on 10 March 1985.

title: Yuri Kamyshnikov

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Kamyshnikov (; born 16 July 1996) is a Russian football player.

title: Cold War (1979–1985)

text: After Yuri Andropov's death, Konstantin Chernenko was elected as the next leader for the Soviet Union. Andropov had not wanted Chernenko to become his successor because Chernenko had emphysema health issues. Andropov wish was to actually have Mikhail Gorbachev succeed him. Chernenko's reign was even shorter than Andropov's, 13 months from February 1984 to March 1985.

title: Yuri Andropov

text: Andropov was educated at the Rybinsk Water Transport Technical College and graduated in 1936.[4] As a teenager he worked as a loader, a telegraph clerk, and a sailor for the Volga steamship line.[9][6] At 16, Yuri Andropov, then a member of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (YCL, or Komsomol), was a worker in the town of Mozdok in the North Ossetian ASSR.[4]

title: Yury Ivanov (footballer, born 1988)

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Ivanov (; born September 5, 1988) is a Russian professional football player. He last played in the Russian Second Division for FC Chita.

title: Yuri Belov

text: Yuri Vladimirovich Belov was born May 27, 1929 in Leningrad in a family of doctors.