query: Where was Robert FitzRoy from?

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: Robert FitzRoy was born at Ampton Hall, Ampton, Suffolk, England, into the upper echelons of the British aristocracy and a tradition of public service. Through his father, General Lord Charles FitzRoy, Robert was a fourth great-grandson of Charles II of England; his paternal grandfather was Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton. His mother, Lady Frances Stewart, was the daughter of the first Marquess of Londonderry and the half-sister of Viscount Castlereagh, who became Foreign Secretary. From the age of four, Robert FitzRoy lived with his family at Wakefield Lodge, their Palladian mansion in Northamptonshire.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: Robert's half-brother Sir Charles FitzRoy later served as Governor of New South Wales, Governor of Prince Edward Island and Governor of Antigua.

title: Proposed mergers and relocations of the Fitzroy Football Club

text:
Timeline of the merger negotiations between Fitzroy and North Melbourne
Fitzroy Football Club was completely gutted by the administrator at the end of 1996, leaving a club that temporarily only had a board of directors and shareholders. The AFL, the Brisbane Bears and the Administrator had done a deal where Brisbane took on Fitzroy's assigned debt to Nauru as a registered charge and in return the Bears were authorised by the AFL to assume Fitzroy's branding in the AFL. For two years, the Brisbane Bears held the registered charge over Fitzroy Football Club's head threatening to liquidate the club until in 1999 Allan Piper had the charge removed.. From that point onwards, Fitzroy Football Club started re-accumulating assets, trademarking the FFC logo, launching a "Fitzroy Shop", which sold Fitzroy jumpers and other merchandise, issuing club memberships to supporters, and slowly getting back on its feet as an operating football club.

title: Robert Cummings (footballer)

text: Robert Cummings (born 20 September 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy in the Australian Football League (AFL) in 1990. He was recruited from the Central District Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) to , but did not play a senior game for the Hawks. In 1990 he was selected by Fitzroy with the 15th selection in the 1990 Preseason Draft.

title: Robert Best (politician)

text: Born in the Melbourne suburb of Collingwood to (Northern) Irish immigrants, and raised in Kyneton, Best was educated at Templeton's School, Fitzroy. He left school at 13 and became a clerk in a printing office and then worked for a solicitor where he took articles and matriculated in 1875. He studied law at the University of Melbourne and was admitted as a solicitor in 1881. He married Jane Langridge the same year. He was elected as an alderman on Fitzroy City Council almost continuously from 1883 to 1897 and served as mayor in 1888 and 1889.

title: Fitzroy, Hamilton

text: Fitzroy is a suburb in southern Hamilton in New Zealand. It is named after Robert FitzRoy, who commanded and was later the Governor of New Zealand. It was declared a suburb in 1974.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: FitzRoy was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Geographical Society in 1837. Extracts from his diary read to the society on 8 May 1837 included the observation:

title: Henry FitzRoy (politician)

text: Born into the family of the Dukes of Grafton, he was a great-great grandson of King Charles II. He was second son of Lieutenant-General George FitzRoy, 2nd Baron Southampton, by his second wife Frances Isabella, daughter of Lord Robert Seymour. Charles FitzRoy, 3rd Baron Southampton, was his elder brother. His grandparents were Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton and Anne Warren, daughter and co-heir of Adml. Sir Peter Warren and a descendant of the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family, and the Delancey family, all from British North America.

title: Fitzroy, Taranaki

text: The area was initially named the Fitzroy Block after Governor Robert FitzRoy reduced the land purchased by the Plymouth Company from local Māori from to in the mid-1840s.

title: Robert Walls

text: Walls made his Fitzroy debut in round 9 of the 1978 season, where he kicked 2 goals in a losing effort against Footscray. He went on to play 14 games, kicking 24 goals, in his first season at Fitzroy. Over three seasons with Fitzroy he combined for a total of 41 games played and 77 goals scored. Over the three seasons, Robert's brief stint with the club was marked by a combination of on field form and injury issues. In Round 17 of the 1980 season against at Windy Hill, Walls injured his knee in the third quarter and had to be carried off. He announced his retirement shortly afterward. He had played 41 games for and kicked 77 goals to take his overall VFL tally to 259 games and 444 goals.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: The World War II Captain class frigate HMS<i>Fitzroy(K553) was named after him, as was the weather ship Admiral Fitzroy (formerly HMS<i>Amberley Castle). In 2010 New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) named its new IBM supercomputer "FitzRoy" in honour of him.[29]

title: Beagle Gulf

text: Beagle Gulf was named after the ship HMS "Beagle", on which Charles Darwin and Robert Fitzroy sailed around parts of Australia. The "Cambridge Dictionary of Australian Places" incorrectly states that "it was named in 1836 by Robert Fitzroy, commander of HMS Beagle, after his ship. The Beagle charted the area with Charles Darwin aboard as naturalist." However, Darwin and Fitzroy sailed in 1836 from King George's Sound (Western Australia) directly to the Cocos-Keeling Islands, at the south coast of Java, and from there to Cape Town and back to England. They stayed away from Beagle Gulf by 3000 sea miles and did not know of its existence. The gulf was actually named by Captain John Clements Wickham, commanding HMS Beagle during its survey of northern Australia in 1837-1838, at the beginning of her third and last long voyage.

title: Alexander Island (Fitzroy River)

text: Alexander Island in the Kimberley region of Western Australia is the area of land between the two arms of the Fitzroy River from where the river splits, about 10 kilometres south of Fitzroy Crossing, to where the arms merge about 80 kilometres south-west of Fitzroy Crossing.

title: Ship's chronometer from HMS Beagle

text: The chronometers were maintained by an instrument maker, one George James Stebbing, whose salary was paid for personally by the captain of the vessel, Robert FitzRoy. FitzRoy considered the post to be essential to the mission but the Admiralty had refused to pay for it. FitzRoy bore the cost himself, as he did for much of the ship's equipment, but the Admiralty did concede that Stebbing could be fed from the ship's rations. This concession was not extended to Darwin, who paid £500 for his own keep.

title: Percy Roberts (Australian footballer)

text: Roberts came from Yarragon and made two appearances for Fitzroy as a 19-year-old defender early in the 1929 VFL season. He then left to play for Mornington. In the 1932 VFL season, Roberts returned to Fitzroy and played every game from rounds three to eighteen, a total of 16 appearances. It would be his only season back at Fitzroy, he was granted a clearance to Ballan in 1933.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy was commemorated on two stamps issued by the Royal Mail for the Falkland Islands and St Helena.

title: Fitzroy Point

text: Fitzroy Point () is a low point at the east side of Fliess Bay forming the northeast extremity of Joinville Island, off Graham Land, Antarctica. It was discovered on 30 December 1842 by a British expedition under James Clark Ross, who named it "Cape Fitzroy" for Captain (later Vice Admiral) Robert FitzRoy, Royal Navy, an English hydrographer and meteorologist.

title: Cecil Fitzroy

text: Fitzroy was born in Norfolk, England in 1844. His father was the Reverend Frederick Thomas William Coke Fitzroy (1808–1862) and his mother was Emilia Le-Strange Styleman. His grandfather was Lt.-Gen. William FitzRoy (1773–1837), and his great-grandfather was Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton (1737–1797). He was a distant nephew of Robert FitzRoy, the 2nd Governor of New Zealand, whose grandfather Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton was the elder brother of the 1st Baron Southampton. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy FRS (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was an English officer of the Royal Navy and a scientist. He achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS<i>Beagle during Charles Darwin's famous voyage, FitzRoy's second expedition to Tierra del Fuego and the Southern Cone.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: At that time Beagle, under Captain Pringle Stokes, was carrying out a hydrographic survey of Tierra del Fuego, under the overall command of Captain Phillip Parker King in HMS Adventure. Pringle Stokes became severely depressed and fatally shot himself. Under Lieutenant Skyring, the ship sailed to Rio de Janeiro, where Otway appointed FitzRoy as (temporary) captain of the Beagle on 15 December 1828. By the ship's return to England on 14 October 1830, FitzRoy had established his reputation as a surveyor and commander.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: FitzRoy has been commemorated by the Fitzroy Building at the University of Plymouth, used by the School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Science.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: Robert FitzRoy was married twice. In 1836 he married Mary Henrietta O'Brien. They had four children: Emily-Unah, Fanny, Katherine and Robert O'Brien. In 1854, after the death of his first wife, he married Maria Isabella Smyth in London. They had one daughter, Laura Elizabeth.

title: Fitzroy, Falkland Islands

text: It is named after Robert FitzRoy, who commanded during Charles Darwin's voyages, and later developed a system of weather forecasting for the United Kingdom. Fitzroy is on the inlet known as Port Pleasant.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: The BBC made a BAFTA award-winning television series in 1978 titled The Voyage of Charles Darwin where Captain Robert Fitzroy was played by actor Andrew Burt with Malcolm Stoddard as Charles Darwin with a storyline that followed the historic interaction between Darwin and FizRoy before and after their time together on HMS Beagle. [32]

title: Robert McMahon

text: Robert McMahon (born 28 July 1977) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy in the Australian Football League (AFL) in 1996. He was recruited from the Gippsland Power in the TAC Cup with the 6th selection in the 1994 AFL Draft. When Fitzroy merged with the Brisbane Bears at the end of the 1996 AFL season, McMahon was not one of the eight players selected by Brisbane to join the new Brisbane Lions and he instead entered the 1996 AFL Draft, where he was selected by with the 51st selection. Despite playing well for the Hawthorn reserves side, he was never selected to play another AFL game.

title: Fitzroy River (Western Australia)

text: The first European to visit the Fitzroy River was George Grey in 1837 aboard . The river was subsequently given its European name by Lieutenant J.L. Stokes in February 1838 after Captain Robert FitzRoy R.N. The Fitzroy River flows for from the King Leopold and Mueller Ranges into King Sound south of Derby, and has a catchment area of

title: Lord William FitzRoy

text: FitzRoy was the third son of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, by his second wife, Elizabeth, the daughter of the Reverend Sir Richard Wrottesley, Bt.; he was also an uncle of Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy.

title: Robert O'Brien FitzRoy

text: Vice Admiral Sir Robert O'Brien FitzRoy (2 April 1839 – 7 May 1896) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Channel Squadron.

title: Robert O'Brien FitzRoy

text: Born the son of Admiral Robert FitzRoy, FitzRoy Junior joined the Royal Navy in 1853. He served in the Second Opium War in 1857 and was promoted to Captain in 1872. In 1878 he commanded HMS "Alexandra", flagship of Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby through the Dardanelles to Constantinople and although he grounded the ship, it was later re-floated. On 16 April 1886 he was made an Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen.

title: Robert FitzRoy

text: Fitzroy Island in Queensland, Australia is named after FitzRoy,[31] as are the Fitzroy River and subsequently Fitzroy Crossing in Western Australia.


query: Is education in China free?

title: Education in China

text: Education in China is a state-run system of public education run by the Ministry of Education. All citizens must attend school for at least nine years, known as the nine-year compulsory education, which is funded by the government. Compulsory education includes six years of primary education, starting at age six or seven, and three years of junior secondary education (junior middle school) for ages 12 to 15. Some provinces may have five years of primary school but four years for junior middle school. After junior middle school, there are three years of senior middle school, which then completes the secondary education.

title: China–New Zealand relations

text: A free trade agreement (FTA) between China and New Zealand was signed on 7 April 2008 by Premier of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao and Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark in Beijing. Under the agreement, about one third of New Zealand exports to China will be free of tariffs from 1 October 2008, with another third becoming tariff free by 2013, and all but 4% by 2019. In return, 60% of China's exports to New Zealand will become tariff free by 2016 or earlier; more than a third are already duty-free. Investment, migration, and trade in services will also be facilitated.

title: China–Singapore relations

text: Relations between the two countries gradually improved as China and Singapore forged agreements in free trade, education, foreign investment, modern armament and technology. Examples are the Suzhou Industrial Park and the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, which were constructed with the help of Singapore.

title: China

text: In February 2006, the government pledged to provide completely free nine-year education, including textbooks and fees. Annual education investment went from less than US$50 billion in 2003 to more than US$250 billion in 2011. However, there remains an inequality in education spending. In 2010, the annual education expenditure per secondary school student in Beijing totalled ¥20,023, while in Guizhou, one of the poorest provinces in China, only totalled ¥3,204. Free compulsory education in China consists of primary school and junior secondary school between the ages of 6 and 15. In 2011, around 81.4% of Chinese have received secondary education. By 2007, there were 396,567 primary schools, 94,116 secondary schools, and 2,236 higher education institutions in China.

title: Education in China

text: Tuition-free primary education is, despite compulsory education laws, still a target rather than a realized goal throughout China. As many families have difficulty paying school fees, some children are forced to leave school earlier than the nine-year goal.

title: Media of China

text: Closer and more varied contact with the West appears to be increasingly influencing educated urban opinion in mainland China on concepts such as a free press, freedom of speech, and political pluralism . This phenomenon is consistent with trends elsewhere in East Asia, where principles such as freedom of expression and legal guarantees of individual rights are playing a growing role. Many mainland Chinese journalists trained or educated in the West appear to have an outlook that is much closer to Western ideals of media freedom than to the attitudes of other Chinese, although a gap persists between mainland China and the West in professionalism and in grasping the principles of objective journalism.

title: Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China

text: The Ministry of Education (MOE) of the People's Republic of China is the agency of the State Council of the People's Republic of China that regulates all aspects of the educational system in mainland China, including compulsory basic education, vocational education, and tertiary education. The MOE certifies teachers, standardizes curriculum and textbooks, establishes standards, and monitors the entire education system in an effort to "modernize China through education". It is headquartered in Xidan, Xicheng District, Beijing. The MOE stresses technical education over other subjects.

title: Certificate of origin

text: Depending on the exporting and importing countries, as well as the applicable trade regulations, other standard forms such as the Form A, Form B (applicable for the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement), Form E (for the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area), Form F (for the China-Chile Free Trade Agreement), Form N (for the China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement), Form X (for the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement), EUR-MED (for the Pan Euro Med Free Trade Area), ATR.1 (for the trade between the EU and Turkey), US certificate of origin and the NAFTA certificate of origin are also in use.

title: National Youth Orchestra of China

text: The US-China Youth Education Solutions Foundation served as the Presenting Foundation for NYO-China. Their initial contribution ensured that the program was completely free for all students during its inaugural season in 2017.

title: Free education

text: Free education is education funded through taxation or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding. Many models of free higher education have been proposed. Primary school and other comprehensive or compulsory education is free in many countries, for example, and all education is mostly free (often not including books (from primary) and a number of administrative and sundry fees in university) including post-graduate studies in the Nordic countries. The Article 13 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ensures the right to free education at primary education and progressive introduction of it at secondary and higher education as the right to education.

title: China Education Resources

text: In October 2010, China Education Resources announced that it had finalized agreements to provide new online education and training to teachers and education professionals in the city of Chongqing, China's largest city, and in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan. Then in November 2010, the company expanded even more throughout China to provide online training and education courses for teachers in China's largest province of Henan as well as in the provinces of Guangxi, Shaanxi and Xinjiang.

title: China Education Resources

text: Overall, China Education Resources is helping to transform the curriculum of the world's largest educational system. Recognizing the need for increased accessibility to address education reform policy changes, China Education Resource has created educational tools and curricula for China's entire kindergarten through twelfth grade system. By implementing goals of converting the existing educational system from memory-based learning to creative thinking and utilizing a more interactive approach to embrace a world-based economy, the company is playing an important role in positioning China's educational system reform.

title: China Education Resources

text: China Education Resources Inc. (), based in Beijing, China and Vancouver, Canada, along with its subsidiaries, is a company that provides an education Internet portal with educational content, resources and training programs to teachers, education professionals and students in the People's Republic of China. In general, the company's focus is on textbook sales, technology development and Internet portal subscriptions. China Education Resources is the only public company officially approved by China education officials to provide these comprehensive learning and training services.

title: Voice of Free China

text: The Voice of Free China, for many years, was owned by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. This was a private company under a government contract to provide public radio programming. The BCC still exists today, but in 1998 the Voice of Free China and the government-owned Central Broadcasting System merged.

title: China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement

text: The China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement is a major free trade agreement signed between the People's Republic of China and Pakistan. It was concluded in 2006 and entered into effect in July 2007.

title: Education in China

text: In order to considerably enhance Internet coverage and transmission capacity, China has accelerated its drive to upgrade infrastructure, including the China Education and Research Network (CERNet) and China Education Broadband Satellite (CEBSat), which are the two main education networks.[44]

title: China Open Resources for Education

text: CORE was a consortium of universities that began with 26 IET Educational Foundation member universities and 44 China Radio and TV Universities, with a total enrollment of 5 million students. It aimed to provide Chinese universities with free and easy access to global open educational resources and provides the framework for Chinese-speaking universities to participate in the shared, global network of advanced courseware with MIT and other leading universities.

title: Education in China

text: M. Agelasto & B. Adamson. 1998. Higher Education in Post-Mao China. ISBN962-209-450-3 Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press, 490 pp. Emily Hannum and Albert Par, eds.,. Education and Reform in China. London ; New York: Routledge, Critical Asian Scholarship, 2007. xx, 282 pp. ISBN0-415-77095-5 Google Books . Comprehensive collection of articles on finance and access under reform; schools, teachers, literacy, and educational quality under market reforms after the death of Mao in 1976.) Jing Lin, Education in Post-Mao China (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993) Xiufang Wang. Education in China since 1976. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2003. ISBN0-7864-1394-8, ISBN978-0-7864-1394-2. Google Books Xiulan Zhang, ed.,. China's Education Development and Policy, 1978-2008. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, Social Scientific Studies in Reform Era China, 2011. xix, 480 p.p. ISBN978-90-04-18815-0 Google Books Translations of articles by specialists in the PRC on policy making; early childhood education; basic education; special education; vocational education; ethnic minority education; private education. Ruth Hayhoe, China's Universities and the Open Door (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1989) Jonathan Unger, Education under Mao: Class and Competition in Canton Schools, 1960–1980 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982)

title: Education in China

text: Allegations of corruption in the construction of Chinese schools China Open Resources for Education (CORE) Chinese university ranking Culture of China Digital divide in China Education inequality in China Higher education in China History of science and technology in China Imperial examination International Research And Training Centre For Rural Education (INRULED) List of universities in China National College Entrance Examination OpenCourseWare in China Scouting and Guiding in Mainland China Two Million Minutes (documentary film) Education in China by province Bohunt Chinese School

title: ASEAN–China Free Trade Area

text: The ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), also known as China–ASEAN Free Trade Area is a free trade area among the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the People's Republic of China.

title: Tianjin Free-Trade Zone

text: Tianjin Free-Trade Zone (Tianjin FTZ, colloquially known as 天津自由贸易区/天津自贸区 in Chinese), officially China (Tianjin) Pilot Free-Trade Zone () is a free-trade zone in Tianjin, China. It is the only free-trade zone in North China. The zone covers three areas — Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Dongjiang Free Trade Port Zone and Binhai New Area Central Business District.

title: China Education Resources

text: China Education Resources offers kindergarten through grade 12 education resources and services through its Internet platform portal -- "cersp.com". The Internet portal offers over 20,000 different courses and tutorials ranging from math, science, language arts to physical education, politics, economics, engineering and many other subjects. Currently, China Education Resources has agreements with school systems in eleven provinces in China. Formerly known as China Ventures, Inc., the company was founded in 1997 and is listed on the Toronto Venture Stock Exchange - TSXV:CHN, Pink Sheets:CHNUF. Longtime education and technology executive Chengfeng Zhou is CEO of China Education Resources.

title: Disability in China

text: In 1986, the Compulsory Education Law mandated that every child is given the right to nine years of free public education: six years of elementary school and three years of secondary school.

title: ASEAN–China Free Trade Area

text: China first proposed the idea of a free trade area in November 2000. Leaders of ASEAN and China thus decided to explore measures aimed at economic integration within the region In Brunei the following year, they endorsed the establishment of an ASEAN–China Free Trade Area.

title: SteamHead

text: SteamHead makerspace's founding members Benjamin James Simpson, Carrie Leung, Luke Henderson, and Emma Cheung have established the space as a makerspace for Educational R&D. As one of the first maker education spaces in Shenzhen, China, SteamHead found its roots in 2011, organizing free language lessons for manufacturing workers in China's Fujian and Guangdong provinces.

title: China Education Television

text:
China ETV-1 (broadcast across China)
CETV Channel 1 was officially broadcast since 1986 and was orientated as a comprehensive education channel focusing on China education and human resource development. It is the only satellite channel which enjoys the same policy support as with CCTV-1, and is also the only satellite channel which covers more than 2,000 colleges and universities, more than 400,000 primary and secondary schools through ChinaSat 9, ChinaSat 6B and Apstar 6 transmission. Above 92% users have joined cable TV and about 971 million people are covered. CETV mainly publicizes the communist party and national education policies in form of educational culture programs, public service programs, and campus fashion programs.
China ETV-2 (broadcast across China)
CETV Channel 2 covers satellite TV channels in the whole nation as well as Southeast Asia region and mainly broadcasts the further education courses of China Central Radio & TV University, in order to provide a learning platform for China Central Radio & TV University students and to service China’s ‘Adult Education’ and ‘Vocational Education’. The courses consist of a wide range of subjects covering literature and laws, finance and economics, science and engineering, agriculture and medicine, etc.

title: History of trade of the People's Republic of China

text: In 2013 China surpassed the United States as the largest trading nation in the world and plays a vital role in international trade, and has increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years. China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001. China also has free trade agreements with several nations, including China–Australia Free Trade Agreement, China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN–China Free Trade Area, Switzerland and Pakistan.

title: China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement

text: The China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement is a free trade agreement between China and South Korea.

title: Jade Ribbon Campaign

text: The slogan for Cal Hep B Free is: B SMART, B TESTED, B FREE! and outlines the specific objectives of the campaign:Home to a large population of ethnic minorities of low socioeconomic status, the Qinghai province is a remote, often neglected, rural region of China with a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B. Since many children 5 years of age and older in Qinghai were not vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus at birth, a private-public partnership was formed between the Ping and Amy Chao Foundation, the ZeShan Foundation, the Asian Liver Center at Stanford University, the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Chinese Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control, and the Qinghai government. Using the existing provincial China CDC structure, this private-public partnership in Qinghai resulted in a unique two-part school-based immunization program to educate and provide free Hep B vaccination for all children in kindergarten and grade school within the region.

title: Free education

text: There are examples of steps towards free education being taken across the world primarily in those nations developing rapidly, such as China.

title: Education in China

text: The gradual spread of broadband technology has also helped online education. The China Education and Research Network (CERNET), started in 1994, is now China's second largest Internet network, covering all major cities of China. The high-speed connection between it and the China Education Broadband Satellite Net, opened in 2000, established a "space to earth" transmission platform for modern distance education, and provided an all-round network supporting environment for distance education.


query: When was Fitzroy Maclean born?

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Sir Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean, 1st Baronet, KT,CBE (11 March 1911 – 15 June 1996) was a Scottish soldier, writer and politician. He was a Unionist Member of Parliament from 1941 to 1974 and was one of only two men who during the Second World War enlisted in the British Army as a private and rose to the rank of brigadier, the other being future fellow Conservative MP Enoch Powell.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Maclean, Veronica (2002) Past Forgetting: a memoir of heroes, adventure, love and life with Fitzroy Maclean. London: Review ISBN0-7553-1025-X McLynn, Frank (1992) Fitzroy Maclean. London: John Murray ISBN0-7195-4971-X

title: Veronica Maclean

text: Veronica Nell Fraser was born in London on 2 December 1920, the fourth of five children of the 16th Lord Lovat. After service in a mobile ambulance unit in France at the start of the Second World War, she met and married Lt. Alan Phipps in 1940, who after serving with distinction on the Arctic Convoys and in the Mediterranean was killed ashore at Leros in 1943. In 1946 she married Fitzroy Maclean, who had served as an officer with her cousin David Stirling in North Africa at the foundation of the SAS. After serving as MP for Lancaster from 1941, Maclean was made a baronet in 1957 making his wife Lady Maclean. Maclean then served as MP for Bute and North Ayrshire from 1959 until the February 1974 general election.

title: Maclean Mission

text: The Maclean Mission (MACMIS) was a World War II British mission to Yugoslav partisans HQ and Marshall Tito organised by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in September 1943. It was led by a recently promoted Brigadier Fitzroy Maclean and was first such mission with full authorization and a personal message from Winston Churchill.

title: Sir Hector Maclean, 7th Baronet

text: He was born in 1783 to Donald Maclean of Brolas. Donald Maclean of Brolas was the great grandson of Donald MacLean, 1st Laird of Brolas. Sir Hector became the 23rd Clan Chief of Clan Maclean on the death of Sir Allan Maclean, 6th Baronet, who died without an heir. In his earlier years Sir Hector served in the army, but during the greater portion of his life he lived a retired life. He died without an heir on 2 November 1818, and was succeeded as Clan Chief by his half brother, Sir Fitzroy Jeffreys Grafton Maclean, 8th Baronet.

title: Clan Maclean

text: After the defeat of the Jacobites, the Macleans then served Great Britain with distinction. From that time onwards, all of the chiefs have been soldiers. Sir Fitzroy Maclean, the tenth Baronet, fought at the Battle of Sevastopol.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 8th Baronet

text: Sir Fitzroy Jeffreys Grafton Maclean, 8th Baronet of Morvern ( – 5 July 1847) 24th Clan Chief of Clan Maclean from 1818 to 1847. He succeeded his half brother, Sir Hector Maclean, 7th Baronet, when Hector died in 1818 without an heir.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Maclean was born in Cairo to Major Charles Wilberforce Maclean QOCH (1875-19??), a member of the Scottish landed gentry serving in Egypt with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders,[2] and (12 June 1882 – 1954), the only daughter of George Royle, a Royal Navy officer, and Fannie Jane Longueville Snow. The couple wed on .

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 8th Baronet

text: He was the half brother of Sir Hector Maclean, 7th Baronet. Both Hector and Fitzroy were the sons of Donald Maclean of Brolas who was married first to Mary Dickson, and later to Margaret Wall(?). Fitzroy is the son from the second marriage. Donald Maclean was the great grandson of Donald MacLean, 1st Laird of Brolas through Brolas' son Hector.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet

text: He bought Duart Castle in September 1911 and restored it. On his 100th birthday he planted a rowan tree in the castle grounds to ward off evil spirits. He lived to be 101 years old. On his death on 22 November 1936 his title went to his grandson, Sir Charles Hector Fitzroy Maclean, 11th Baronet who became the 27th Clan Chief.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet

text: He became the 10th Baronet of Morvern and 26th Clan Chief in 1883 on the death of his father, Sir Charles Fitzroy Maclean, 9th Baronet, who was the 25th Chief of Clan Maclean.

title: Maclean baronets

text: The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Alexander Fitzroy Nicolas Maclean (born 1996).

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: He married Veronica Nell Fraser-Phipps (1920–2005), a Roman Catholic, in 1946. She was the daughter of the 16th Lord Lovat and widow of naval hero Lt. Alan Phipps, who was killed ashore at Leros in 1943. Sir Fitzroy and Lady Maclean had two sons: Charles Edward (born 1946) and Alexander James Simon Aeneas ("Jamie"; born 1949), who were brought up in their mother's faith.[11] Charles is an author, well known for dark thrillers, including the cult classic The Watcher.[12] Jamie became an art dealer and founded the Erotic Review.[13]

title: Lachlan Lubanach Maclean

text: A fictionalized account of Lachlan's marriage and coming in possession of Duart was given by Fitzroy Maclean in "The Isles of The Sea".

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: In 1934 Fitzroy Maclean was posted to the British Embassy in Paris. Bored with the pleasant but undemanding routine, he requested a posting to Moscow in 1937. The two and a half years he spent in the Soviet Union formed the first third of his best known book, the autobiographical Eastern Approaches.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Fitzroy Maclean, Esq (1911–41) Fitzroy Maclean, Esq (1941–44) MP Fitzroy Maclean, Esq, CBE, MP (1944–57) Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Strachur and Glensluian, Bt, CBE, MP (1957–74) Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Strachur and Glensluian, Bt, CBE (1974–81) Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel, Bt, CBE (1981–94) Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel, Bt, KT, CBE (1994–96)

title: Fitzroy Maclean

text: Fitzroy Maclean may refer to:

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet

text: Sir Fitzroy Donald Maclean, 10th Baronet of Morvern, KCB, DL (18 May 1835 – 22 November 1936) was the 26th Clan Chief of Clan Maclean from 1883 to 1936, for fifty-three years. He lived to be 101 years old. He bought and restored Duart Castle in 1911 as the seat of the Maclean clan.

title: Andrew Dyas MacLean

text: J.B. Maclean's son and heir Hector Andrew Fitzroy MacLean died in 1919, and he soon after proposed that Andrew MacLean, his nephew, succeed to a controlling interest in his publishing empire. Andrew MacLean, however, would make his business career with his father at Hugh C. MacLean Publications. Control of Maclean-Hunter eventually passed to Horace T. Hunter and other associates of J.B. Maclean, including Floyd Chalmers.

title: Veronica Maclean

text: Lady Maclean (a Roman Catholic) had two children from her first marriage to Alan Phipps ,Susan Rose "Sukie" Phipps (born 1941) and Jeremy Julian Phipps (born 1942), who were brought up in their mother's faith. Sukie married the writer Derek Marlowe, and is stepmother to autistic savant Derek Paravicini. Jeremy became a Major-General in the British army, having served in the SAS. Sir Fitzroy and Lady Maclean had two sons: Charles Edward (born 1946) and Alexander James Simon Aeneas (born 1949), who were not brought up in their mother's faith.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 8th Baronet

text: In June, 1815, he returned to Europe, after passing, with very little interval, a period of twenty-eight years on active service in the hot climate of the West Indies. On his return he resided chiefly in London. In 1794, he married the widow of John Bishop of Barbados, the only child of Charles Kidd, and by her had several children, all of whom died in childhood except Sir Charles Fitzroy Maclean, 9th Baronet (born 1798) and Donald Maclean (born 1800). His wife died in 1832, and on 17 September 1838 he married Frances, widow of Henry Campion, of Sussex. Sir Fitzroy MacLean died on 5 July 1847 and was succeeded by his son Charles.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Sir Fitzroy Maclean died on 15 June 1996, aged 85, in England.[24]

title: Charles Maclean, Baron Maclean

text: He was born on 5 May 1916 to Major Hector Fitzroy Maclean (1873–1932) and Winifred Joan Wilding (c1875-1941), daughter of J. H. Wilding.

title: Charles Maclean, Baron Maclean

text: He succeeded as the 27th Chief of Clan Maclean of Duart in 1936 at the death of his grandfather, Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet

text: He was born on 18 May 1835 near Shorne, County Kent to Sir Charles Fitzroy Maclean, 9th Baronet the 25th Chief of Clan Maclean, his only son.

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Sir Fitzroy was honoured with the baronetcy of Maclean of Strachur and Glensluain in 1957,[15] was made the 15th Hereditary Keeper and Captain of Dunconnel Castle in 1981 and was made a knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle in 1994.[16]

title: Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

text: Maclean may have been one of the models for Ian Fleming's character James Bond.[26]

title: Sir John Maclean, 4th Baronet

text: Sir John Maclean, 4th Baronet of Duart and Morvern (1670–1716) was the 20th Clan Chief of Clan Maclean from 1674 to 1716. He was the 16th and last Laird of Duart, when in 1691 he lost Castle Duart to Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll. The castle wasn't recovered by Clan Maclean until 1912 until it was purchased by Fitzroy Donald Maclean, 221 years later.

title: Charles Maclean, Baron Maclean

text: Charles Hector Fitzroy Maclean, Baron Maclean, (5 May 1916 – 8 February 1990) was Lord Chamberlain to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom from 1971 to 1984. He became the 27th Clan Chief of Clan Maclean of Duart in 1936 at the death of his grandfather.

title: Maclean baronets

text: The Maclean Baronetcy, of Strachur and Glensluain in the County of Argyll, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 July 1957 for the diplomat, soldier, writer and Conservative politician Fitzroy Maclean. As of 2010 the title is held by his son, the second Baronet, who succeeded in 1996.The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Malcolm Lachlan Charles Maclean, Younger of Duart and Morven (born 1972).The heir presumptive is the present holder's only brother, Alexander James Simon Aeneas Maclean (born 1949).


query: Which country is #1 in education?

title: List of secondary education systems by country

text: In the OECD's international assessment of student performance, PISA, Finland has consistently been among the highest scorers worldwide; in 2003, Finnish 15-year-olds came first in reading literacy, science, and mathematics; and second in problem solving, worldwide. The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education #1 in the world.

title: Primary education

text: Primary education and elementary education is typically the first stage of formal education, coming after preschool and before secondary education (The first two grades of primary school, Grades 1 and 2, are also part of early childhood education). Primary education usually takes place in a primary school or elementary school. In some countries, primary education is followed by ecosystem, an educational stage which exists in some countries, and takes place between primary school and high school college. Primary Education in Australia consists of grades foundation to grade 6. In the United States, primary education is Grades 1 - 3 and elementary education usually consists of grades 1-6.

title: Education in the United Kingdom

text: In each country there are five stages of education: early years, primary, secondary, further education (FE) and higher education (HE).. The law states that full time education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) and 16, the compulsory school age (CSA). In England, compulsory education or training has been extended to 18 for those born on or after 1 September 1997. This full-time education does not need to be at a school and some parents choose to home educate. Before they reach compulsory school age, children can be educated at nursery if parents wish though there is only limited government funding for such places. Further Education is non-compulsory, and covers non-advanced education which can be taken at further (including tertiary) education colleges and Higher Education institutions (HEIs). The fifth stage, Higher Education, is study beyond A levels or BTECs (and their equivalent) which, for most full-time students, takes place in universities and other Higher Education institutions and colleges.

title: Unit block

text: The unit block principle was popularized by educator Caroline Pratt in the early 1900s. Pratt based her blocks on a similar but larger-scale block system designed by educator Patty Hill, a follower of Friedrich Fröbel, the originator of kindergarten education. Fröbel's series of 20 age-calibrated educational "gifts" had included a set of eight blocks, sized ½ by 1 by 2 inches, or a 1:2:4 ratio, which could be formed into a cube. She founded the City and Country School in 1914 in New York City. In the 1970s, under license from the school, a version of the blocks was sold by a company called Childcraft.

text: East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania offers 68 undergraduate major programs with 24 available concentrations, the largest of which (by enrollment) are Health and Physical Education K-12, Elementary Education, Biological Sciences, Business Management, Computer Science, Psychology, and Secondary Education. ESU recently added majors in Health Services Administration and Industrial Physics as well as more graduate study programs. The current student to professor ratio stands at 19:1. The breakdown of traditional students consists of 56% female, 44% male, 24% out of state, and 1% international from 9 different countries.

title: Tsai Ching-hwa

text: On 1-8 April 2017, Tsai visited South Korea to promote educational cooperation between the two sides and to further understand the primary education system in the country. During the visit, he met with Representative to South Korea Joseph Shih in which both discussed various topics from education, tourism, economics and politics.

title: Manmohan Singh

text: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.

title: International Student Identity Card

text:
Eligibility for an ISIC card is restricted to bona fide students engaged in higher or tertiary education and students in full-time secondary education. Students must be a minimum of 12 years old to be eligible. There is no upper age limit for an ISIC card.
An ISIC card is valid for 16 months. The validity period of an ISIC card corresponds to the academic year in the country of purchase. For example, in countries where the academic year starts in September (e.g. countries in the Northern Hemisphere), the ISIC card is valid from 1 September to 31 December the following year. In countries with the academic year begins in December (e.g. countries in the Southern Hemisphere), the ISIC card is valid from 1 December to 31 March, 16 months later.
There is an advised national retail selling price for the ISIC card in each country where the card is issued. The card price in each country is determined by the value of the ISIC in the local market and the countries economic development level.

title: Commonwealth Institute

text: Recommendations made by the Commonwealth Scientific Conference in 1946 and political changes influencing trade and resulting in the UK and 22 other countries signing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, effective on 1 January 1948, led to the Treasury deciding to distribute the activities of the Institute. By Orders in Council in 1949 the management of the Institute was passed to the Department of Education and its purposes were redefined to retain responsibility for the galleries and its other educational work, but to have no further involvement in development and trade: a change in focus which made the work of the Institute less important for many of the member countries.

title: State school

text: In South Korea, education in public schools (1-12) is compulsory with the exception of kindergarten. All aspects of public education are the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, which executes administration of schools, allocation of funding, certification of teachers and schools, and curriculum development with standardised textbooks across the country.

title: Education in Finland

text: In most countries, the term "comprehensive school" is used to refer to comprehensive schools attended after primary school, and up to 12th and 13th grade in some countries, but in Finland this English term is used to include primary school, i.e. it is used to refer to all of the grades 1 to 9 (and not higher grades). One can of course also describe the Finnish grades 1 to 6 in English as being comprehensive schools, but this is unnecessary and confusing because primary schools have always been comprehensive in almost all countries, including Finland. In addition, it is best to not try to translate the Finnish term "peruskoulu" with a single term in English. In order to avoid confusion in English, it is best to describe the Finnish compulsory education system as consisting of 6-year primary schools, called "alakoulu" or "ala-aste" in Finnish, followed by comprehensive 3-year middle schools, called "yläkoulu" or "yläaste" in Finnish. Although this division of the peruskoulu into two parts was officially discontinued, it is still very much alive — the distinction is made in everyday speech, the teachers' training and classification and teaching, and even in most school buildings. In addition, the use of two different terms for grades 1-6 and 7-9 is easier to understand for people from most other countries, most of which do not have a single term for primary and middle schools. On the contrary, middle schools and high schools are usually included in the term secondary education in English, which is why the use of this term in English is often confusing for Finns. (The Finnish direct translation "toisen asteen koulutus/oppilaitos" only refers to schools after 9th grade, i.e. high schools, vocational schools, etc.)

title: Eugeni Xammar

text: It is at the CADCI where he received his formation at a moment in which Catalonia struggled to make education one of the country's foundations. Xammar understood and tied Catalanism to education and in one of his articles titled 'Catalan education' (La Tralla, October 1, 1904), he demanded nationalist formation, criticizing the universities, 'ruled by professors, the cleverest of which wasn't smartest enough to pull a cart' and he demanded the creation of Catalan schools in order to 'marginalize the vulgar Spanish primary education that we have'.

title: Boaco

text: Elementary education (urban area only):Secondary education (urban area only):Multi-grade education (rural area only):Community Pre-Schools:The municipality of Boaco is home to around 1% of Nicaragua's total population. It plays a more important role in the country's economy as a major producer of beef and dairy produces in what is called the cattle cluster (which includes the Chontales region).

title: Education in El Salvador

text: Education in El Salvador follows a (1 or 2) 9-2-5 educational system, which is regulated by the country's Ministry of Education:

title: Basic education

text: In most countries, ISCED 1 corresponds to the nationally designated primary education, and basic education includes that and also ISCED 2 lower secondary education (the lower level of secondary school). In other countries, where there is no break between primary and lower secondary education “basic education” covers the entire compulsory school period. For statistical reasons, ISCED 1 is then considered to be the first six years of schooling.

title: Lists of schools by country

text: This is a list of lists of schools, sorted by country. The list does not include educational institutions providing higher education, meaning tertiary, quaternary, or post-secondary education, for which see list of colleges and universities by country.

title: International Programme for the Development of Communication

text: The Global Initiative for Excellence in Journalism Education (GIEJE) is an IPDC special initiative since 2007 supporting journalism education as “essential to bring out the potential of media systems to foster democracy, dialogue and development”. This special initiative is built on work relating to the publication “Model Curriculum for Journalism Education” and established Criteria and Indicators for Quality Journalism Training Institutions. The Model Curricula is an IPDC publication launched in 2007 at the request of Member States at the first World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC-1) convened in Singapore. It provides frameworks for specialized syllabi in order to set standards based on good practice internationally, as a resource on which stakeholders around the world can draw to improve the quality of journalism education in their countries. By the end of 2012, they had been adapted by at least seventy journalism schools in sixty countries in diverse linguistic, social and cultural contexts. Work towards this special initiative also include the UNESCO Series on Journalism Education, Centres of excellence in journalism education, staff training, learning materials and resources, enhancing institutional governance and management systems, media monitoring, creating networks between journalism education institutions and media.

title: Museum education

text: In his first report as the first Assistant Secretary of State for Education and Culture during John F. Kennedy's administration, in 1968, Philip H. Coombs emphasized the increment of the educative needs of the world’s population after World War II. In it, he mentions the diversity of non-formal education activities that constitute, or should constitute an important complement to formal education to the total educational efforts of any country. To Coombs, non-formal education had the potential to satisfy the learning demands of both, individuals and collectivities, because unlike formal and traditional education, which is rigid with its contents and programs, it is flexible and, when planning and designing educational activities, it takes into consideration local variations of culture, economy and society, which counteracts the tendency of developing countries to just imitate education models of developed countries.

title: Princeton University Department of History

text: The Department of History is ranked consistently as one of the premier institutions for the study of history in the country and in the world. "U.S. News & World Report" college rankings places the department at No. 1 in the United States. The "Chronicle of Higher Education" publishes the "National Research Council" rankings which ranks Princeton as No. 1 on its Research rank; No. 1 on its S-Rank for its scholars; and No. 2 on its R-Rank for its quality based on faculty reviews. The "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" ranks the department at No. 7 in the world.

title: Smt. Sulochanadevi Singhania School

text: The school was ranked the country’s No. 1, the state’s No. 1 and Mumbai’s No. 1 day co-educational school in the "Education World India" school rankings 2015 for its efforts towards an holistic approach to education, based on a survey conducted by C-fore for "Education World".

title: Education in Eswatini

text: In Swaziland early childhood care and education (ECCE) centers are in the form of preschools or neighborhood care points (NCPs). In the country there are 21.6% of the preschool going age children that have access to early childhood education. Primary education in Swaziland begins at the age of six. It is a seven-year program me that culminates with an end of Primary school Examination [SPC] in grade 7 which is a locally based assessment administered by the Examinations Council through schools. Primary Education is from grade 1 to grade 7.

title: Media literacy

text: In 2001, a media education survey by UNESCO investigated which countries were incorporating media studies into different schools' curricula, as well as to help develop new initiatives in the field of media education. A questionnaire was sent to a total of 72 experts on media education in 52 different countries around the world. The people who received this questionnaire were people involved in academics (such as teachers), policymakers, and educational advisers. The questionnaire addressed three key areas:The results from the answers to the survey were double-sided. It was noted that media education had been making a very uneven progress because while in one country there was an abundant amount of work towards media education, another country may have hardly even heard of the concept. Media education has not taken a full swing in some countries due to the lack of policymakers addressing the issue. In some developing countries, educators say that media education was only just beginning to register as a concern because they were just starting to develop basic print literacy.

title: Education in Vermont

text: In 2018, the school system had been built to educate 100,000 students, but was educating 76,000; 24,000 fewer since 1998. The student to staff ratio decreased from 7:1 to about 4:1. The state spent $1.6 billion to educate these 76,000 students, the largest per capita in the country;twice the national average. About half of high school graduates continued on to earn an undergraduate degree.

title: Inter University Students' Federation

text: In recent times, most of its campaigns were against the plans to set up private higher educational institutions on the grounds of destroying free education which existed in the country since 1 October 1945.The IUSF is formally affiliated to Marxist-Leninist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.

title: Xinjiang re-education camps

text: On 13 July 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, an ethnic Kazakh Chinese national and former employee of the Chinese state, appeared in a court in the city of Zharkent, Kazakhstan for being accused of illegally crossing the border between the two countries. During the trial she talked about her forced work at a re-education camp for 2,500 ethnic Kazakhs. Her lawyer believed that if she is extradited to China, she would face the death penalty for exposing re-education camps in Kazakh court. Her testimony for the re-education camps have become the focus of a court case in Kazakhstan, which is also testing the country's ties with Beijing. On 1 August 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, who fled one of the Chinese re-education camps, was released with a six-month suspended sentence and direction to regularly check in with police. She has applied for asylum in Kazakhstan and will not be deported to China.

title: Education in Guyana

text: Education in Guyana is provided largely by the government of Guyana, through the Ministry of Education and its arms in the ten different regions of the country. Guyana's education system is a legacy from its time as British Guiana, and is similar to that of the other anglophone member states of the Caribbean Community, which are affiliated to the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). School curricula, funding, standards and other policies are set by the central government and implemented through the Ministry of Education and related agencies. The Education System is divided into eleven districts, ten of which correspond to the national administrative and geographical regions of the country, while the capital, Georgetown, is treated as a separate education district. With 8.3% of its GDP spent on education, Guyana sits with Cuba, Iceland, Denmark and Botswana as among the few countries with top spending on education.

title: Poison control center

text: The American Association of Poison Control Centers manages a 24-hour hotline (1-800-222-1222), which is continuously staffed by pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and poison information specialists who have received dedicated training in the field of toxicology. Calls to the number are automatically routed to the poison control center that covers the territory from which the call is placed. It has a TTY/TDD number for the hearing impaired. Poison educators across the country also offer poison prevention training and education sessions to community institutions, along with educational materials.

text: Secondary education covers two phases on the ISCED scale. Level 2 or lower secondary education is considered the second and final phase of basic education, and level 3 or upper secondary education is the stage before tertiary education. Every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them. Secondary education typically takes place after six years of primary education and is followed by higher education, vocational education or employment.[1]

title: Preschool

text: Terminology varies by country. In some European countries the term "kindergarten" refers to formal education of children classified as "ISCED level 0" - with one or several years of such education being compulsory - before children start primary school at "ISCED level 1".

title: Yali High School

text: With its strength in science education, Yali has a long history of emphasizing and participating in science olympiads, for which purpose the "01" class of each grade is established to give students specialized education in the natural sciences. In recent years, Yali students are noted for their achievements in all five natural science subjects, and in particular informatics: Yali students have won 9 gold medals and 1 silver medal in International Olympiad in Informatics and dozens of medals in National Olympiad in Informatics, which ranked first in the whole country, while the medals in other subjects including 1 gold and 1 silver medal in IMO, 1 gold medal in IChO, 1 gold medal in IBO and 2 gold medels in APhO.

title: Sex differences in education

text:
Differences in adults' educational achievement are larger than differences in children's school enrollment rates. This reflects past inequalities in access to education, particularly access to higher education. Gender differences in educational attainment are largest in South Asia, where 60.6% of men have at least some secondary education, compared to 39.8% of women.
The countries with the largest difference between men's and women's average years of schooling are Afghanistan and India. In Afghanistan, the average male has 6 years of schooling, compared to 1.9 years for the average female.
In developed countries, women are still underrepresented in science, technologies, engineering and mathematics. According to OECD 71% of men graduates with a science degree work as professionals in physics, mathematics and engineering, where as only 43% women work as professionals. "Fewer then 1 in 3 engineering graduates, and fewer than 1 in 5 computer science graduates are female" This gap is likely caused by stereotypes and a difference in encouragement in primary and secondary education.


query: What political party did Hitler belong to?

title: Nazi Party

text: The Nazi Party grew significantly during 1921 and 1922, partly through Hitler's oratorical skills, partly through the SA's appeal to unemployed young men, and partly because there was a backlash against socialist and liberal politics in Bavaria as Germany's economic problems deepened and the weakness of the Weimar regime became apparent. The party recruited former World WarI soldiers, to whom Hitler as a decorated frontline veteran could particularly appeal, as well as small businessmen and disaffected former members of rival parties. Nazi rallies were often held in beer halls, where downtrodden men could get free beer. The Hitler Youth was formed for the children of party members. The party also formed groups in other parts of Germany. Julius Streicher in Nuremberg was an early recruit and became editor of the racist magazine Der Stürmer. In December 1920, the Nazi Party had acquired a newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, of which its leading ideologist Alfred Rosenberg became editor. Others to join the party around this time were Heinrich Himmler and World War I flying ace Hermann Göring.

title: Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday

text: The Free City of Danzig made Hitler an honorary citizen of the city as a birthday gift. Hitler received the citizenship papers from the hands of Albert Forster, the city's Nazi leader. Political and military tension between Germany and Poland was heightened at the time, and "Time Magazine" reported the possibility of Danzig being returned to Germany. Martin Bormann, Hitler's private secretary, had the Eagle's Nest constructed as the Nazi Party's birthday gift. Hitler, however, did not like the location, as he had a fear of heights. Because of his indigestion, Hitler did not drink alcohol, so a Munich brewery created a special batch of low alcohol beer for his birthday. The brew became a regular order.

title: Adolf Hitler's rise to power

text: Adolf Hitler's rise to power began in Germany in September 1919 when Hitler joined the political party known as the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei– DAP (German Workers' Party). The name was changed in 1920 to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei– NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party). This political party was formed and developed during the post-World War I era. It was anti-Marxist and opposed to the democratic post-war government of the Weimar Republic and the Treaty of Versailles; and it advocated extreme nationalism and Pan-Germanism as well as virulent anti-Semitism. Hitler's "rise" can be considered to have ended in March 1933, after the Reichstag adopted the Enabling Act of 1933 in that month. President Paul von Hindenburg had already appointed Hitler as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues. The Enabling Act—when used ruthlessly and with authority—virtually assured that Hitler could thereafter constitutionally exercise dictatorial power without legal objection.

title: Reichskonkordat

text: John Cornwell views Cardinal Pacelli as being an example of a "fellow traveller" of the Nazis who, through the concordat, was willing to accept the generosity of Hitler in the educational sphere (more schools, teachers and student slots), so long as the Church withdrew from the social and political sphere, at the same time as Jews were being dismissed from universities and Jewish student slots were being reduced. He argues that the Catholic Centre Party vote was decisive in the adoption of dictatorial powers by Hitler and that the party's subsequent dissolution was at Pacelli's prompting. Michael Phayer is of the opinion that the concordat conditioned German bishops to avoid speaking out against anything that was not strictly related to church matters, leading to a muted response to the attacks on Mosaic Jews. Carlo Falconi described the concordat as "The Devil's Pact with Hitler". Albert Einstein in private conversation relating to the concordat said "Since when can one make a pact with Christ and Satan at the same time?" Daniel Goldhagen recalled how Hitler had said "To attain our aim we should stop at nothing even if we must join forces with the devil ..." and that, in Goldhagen's view, is what Hitler did in agreeing the concordat with the church. Gordon Zahn felt that though the signing of the concordat was distasteful for Cardinal Pacelli it had spared the church in Germany from greater hardship and persecution.

title: Adolf Hitler

text: At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to be lifted on 16 February. However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the NSDAP in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme.

title: Krzysztof Piesiewicz

text: Piesiewicz's career in electoral politics began in 1989, when he began working in the Social Movement for Solidarity Electoral Action (RS AWS) party, originally the political wing of the Solidarity union and the leading party in the center-right AWS coalition. In 1991 he was elected to the Polish Senate, served for two years, then returned in 1997. In 2002, RS AWS changed its name to RS and elected Piesiewicz as its leader; he officiated until the dissolution of the party in 2004. From 2005 to 2009, Piesiewicz belonged to Platforma Obywatelska's club in the Senate, but did not belong to the party itself. In 2011 he did not run for reelection.

title: Night of the Long Knives

text: Demands for Hitler to constrain the SA strengthened. Conservatives in the army, industry, and politics placed Hitler under increasing pressure to reduce the influence of the SA and to move against Röhm. While Röhm's homosexuality did not endear him to conservatives, they were more concerned about his political ambitions. Hitler for his part remained indecisive and uncertain about just what precisely he wanted to do when he left for Venice to meet Benito Mussolini on June 15. Before Hitler left, and at the request of Presidential State Secretary Otto Meißner, Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath ordered the German Ambassador to Italy Ulrich von Hassell – without Hitler's knowledge – to ask Mussolini to tell Hitler that the SA was blackening Germany's good name. Neurath's manoeuvre to put pressure on Hitler paid off, with Mussolini agreeing to the request (Neurath was a former ambassador to Italy, and knew Mussolini well). During the summit in Venice, Mussolini upbraided Hitler for tolerating the violence, hooliganism, and homosexuality of the SA, which Mussolini stated were ruining Hitler's good reputation all over the world. Mussolini used the affair occasioned by the murder of Giacomo Matteotti as an example of the kind of trouble unruly followers could cause a dictator. While Mussolini's criticism did not win Hitler over to acting against the SA, it helped push him in that direction.

title: Political views of Adolf Hitler

text: Hitler's political views were formed during three periods: (1) His years as a poverty-stricken young man in Vienna and Munich prior to World War I, during which he turned to nationalist-oriented political pamphlets and antisemitic newspapers out of distrust for mainstream newspapers and political parties; (2) The closing months of World War I when Germany lost the war; Hitler is said to have developed his extreme nationalism during this time, desiring to "save" Germany from both external and internal "enemies" who, in his view, betrayed it; (3) The 1920s, during which his early political career began and he wrote "Mein Kampf". Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; thereby allowing him to run for public office. Hitler was influenced by Benito Mussolini who was appointed Prime Minister of Italy in October 1922 after his "March on Rome".

title: Night of the Long Knives

text: President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Over the next few months, during the so-called Gleichschaltung, Hitler dispensed with the need for the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic as a legislative body and eliminated all rival political parties in Germany, so that by the middle of 1933 the country had become a one-party state under his direction and control. Hitler did not exercise absolute power, however, despite his swift consolidation of political authority. As chancellor, Hitler did not command the army, which remained under the formal leadership of Hindenburg, a highly respected veteran field marshal. While many officers were impressed by Hitler's promises of an expanded army, a return to conscription, and a more aggressive foreign policy, the army continued to guard its traditions of independence during the early years of the Nazi regime.

title: Adolf Hitler's rise to power

text: Adolf Hitler rose to a place of prominence in the early years of the party. Being one of the best speakers of the party, he told the other members to either make him leader of the party or he would never return. He was aided in part by his willingness to use violence in advancing his political objectives and to recruit party members who were willing to do the same. The Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923 and the later release of his book Mein Kampf (Translation: My Struggle) introduced Hitler to a wider audience. In the mid-1920s, the party engaged in electoral battles in which Hitler participated as a speaker and organizer,[lower-alpha 1] as well as in street battles and violence between the Rotfrontkämpferbund and the Nazis' Sturmabteilung (SA). Through the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Nazis gathered enough electoral support to become the largest political party in the Reichstag, and Hitler's blend of political acuity, deceptiveness and cunning converted the party's non-majority but plurality status into effective governing power in the ailing Weimar Republic of 1933.

title: Adolf Hitler's wealth and income

text: In his last will and testament, Hitler said regarding his personal earnings, "what I own, as far as it is worth anything, belongs to the party. Should this no longer exist, the German state. Should the state also be destroyed, there is no need for a further decision on my part".

title: German Workers' Party

text: In less than a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a member and he should come to a committee meeting to discuss it. Hitler attended the committee meeting held at the run-down Altes Rosenbad beer-house. Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. In this case, Hitler had Captain Karl Mayr's permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks a week. At the time when Hitler joined the party, there were no membership numbers or cards. It was in January 1920 when a numeration was issued for the first time and listed in alphabetical order Hitler received the number 555. In reality, he had been the 55th member, but the counting started at the number 501 in order to make the party appear larger. In his work "Mein Kampf", Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member and he was in fact the seventh executive member of the party's central committee. After giving his first speech for the DAP on 16 October at the "Hofbräukeller", Hitler quickly became the party's most active orator. Hitler's considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership as crowds began to flock to hear his speeches during 1919–1920. With the support of Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920. Hitler preferred that role as he saw himself as the drummer for a national cause. He saw propaganda as the way to bring nationalism to the public.

title: Political views of Adolf Hitler

text: Hitler believed in the leader principle (hence his title, the Leader, "der Führer"), and he considered it ludicrous that an idea of governance or morality could be held by the people above the power of the leader. As Joachim Fest described a 1930 confrontation between Hitler and Otto Strasser, "Now Hitler took Strasser to task for placing 'the idea' above the Führer and wanting 'to give every party comrade the right to decide the nature of the idea, even to decide whether or not the Führer is true to the so-called idea.' That, he cried angrily, was the worst kind of democracy, for which there was no place in their movement. 'With us the Führer and the idea are one and the same, and every party comrade has to do what the Führer commands, for he embodies the idea and he alone knows its ultimate goal.'"

title: Albert Hensel

text: Hitler became agitated by the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) after the Reichstag fire on February 23, 1933. The fire was started by Marinus van der Lubbe who was accused of being one of many communist agitators; however, a trial in March 1933 determined van der Lubbe acted alone. The Reichstag fire caused Hitler to create the Enabling Act which removed habeas corpus and many other civil liberties, providing Hitler with dictatorial control over Germany. Hitler quickly established a plan to execute any person who was working against the Nazi party and twice extended the act beyond its initial 1937 expiration. The Enabling Act also allowed Hitler to rule that all competing political parties of the Nazi regime were illegal. Albert Hensel and his co-conspirators did not have the strength to outwardly fight against Hitler, so they took a secretive approach to resisting. The German police were secretive in their counter efforts as well. The resisters were often not well received by the German populace and had to also hide their actions from them in fear of the citizens informing the police of their actions.

title: Murder of Pavlos Fyssas

text:
The murder was condemned by all parties represented in parliament, including Golden Dawn, which stated through its MP, Ilias Kasidiaris, that it had no connection to the incident.
Fyssas' father stated angrily through a phone call on a television station that his son did not belong to any political faction. He specifically stated: "My child did not belong anywhere, they have wrongly politicized him. From the first day we have stated this. They exploit him politically. My child did not belong anywhere."

title: Economics of fascism

text: Hitler called his political party "National Socialist", but he was clear to point out that his interpretation of socialism "has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism", saying that "Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not". At a later time, Hitler said: "Socialism! That is an unfortunate word altogether... What does socialism really mean? If people have something to eat and their pleasures, then they have their socialism". He also expressed a wish that he had called his party "social revolutionary" instead.

title: Joseph Goebbels

text: In hopes of winning over the opposition, Hitler arranged meetings in Munich with the three Greater Ruhr "Gau" leaders, including Goebbels. Goebbels was impressed when Hitler sent his own car to meet them at the railway station. That evening Hitler and Goebbels both gave speeches at a beer hall rally. The following day, Hitler offered his hand in reconciliation to the three men, encouraging them to put their differences behind them. Goebbels capitulated completely, offering Hitler his total loyalty. He wrote in his diary: "I love him ... He has thought through everything," "Such a sparkling mind can be my leader. I bow to the greater one, the political genius." He later wrote: "Adolf Hitler, I love you because you are both great and simple at the same time. What one calls a genius." As a result of the Bamberg and Munich meetings, Strasser's new draft of the party programme was discarded. The original National Socialist Program of 1920 was retained unchanged, and Hitler's position as party leader was greatly strengthened.

title: Austria under National Socialism

text: In Bavaria many sections of the Austrian legion were officially closed. In reality they were only pushed further north and renamed, “North-West Assistance”. Hitler ordered troops to the Austrian border, prepared for a full-scale military assault into Austria to support the National Socialists. Fascist Italy was more closely tied to the regime in Vienna and sent troops to the Austrian border at Brenner to deter German troops from a possible invasion of Austria. Hitler was at first torn between going ahead with the invasion, or pulling off the border. Hitler realized that the German Army was not prepared to take on both the Austrians and the Italian Army. Hitler ordered the force to be pulled off the Austrian border. The German government stated that it had nothing to do with the revolt. Germany only admitted that it was trying to subvert the Austrian political system through trusted people. They continued to support the illegal Nazi party but sympathizers who did not belong to the party were more significant. This included among others Taras Borodajkewycz, Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, Franz Langoth, Walther Pembauer and Arthur Seyß-Inquart.

title: Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)

text: When the Nazi Party attained power in Germany in 1933, Mussolini and the Fascist regime in public showed approval of Hitler's regime, with Mussolini saying: "The victory of Hitler is our victory". The Fascist regime also spoke of creating an alliance with the new regime in Germany. In private, Mussolini and the Italian Fascists showed disapproval of the National Socialist government and Mussolini had a disapproving view of Hitler despite ideological similarities. The Fascists distrusted Hitler's Pan-German ideas which they saw as a threat to territories in Italy that previously had been part of the Austrian Empire. Although other National Socialists disapproved of Mussolini and Fascist Italy, Hitler had long idolized Mussolini's oratorical and visual persona and adopted much of the symbolism of the Fascists into the National Socialist Party, such as the Roman, straight-armed salute, dramatic oratory, the use of uniformed paramilitaries for political violence and the use of mass rallies to demonstrate the power of the movement. In 1922, Hitler tried to ask for Mussolini's guidance on how to organize his own version of the "March on Rome" which would be a "March on Berlin" (which came into being as the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923). Mussolini did not respond to Hitler's requests as he did not have much interest in Hitler's movement and regarded Hitler to be somewhat crazy. Mussolini did attempt to read "Mein Kampf" to find out what Hitler's National Socialist movement was, but was immediately disappointed, saying that "Mein Kampf" was "a boring tome that I have never been able to read" and remarked that Hitler's beliefs were "little more than commonplace clichés". While Mussolini like Hitler believed in the cultural and moral superiority of whites over colored peoples, he opposed Hitler's antisemitism. A number of Fascists were Jewish, including Mussolini's mistress Margherita Sarfatti, who was the director of Fascist art and propaganda, and there was little support amongst Italians for antisemitism. Mussolini also did not evaluate race as being a precursor of superiority, but rather culture.

title: Adolf Hitler

text: By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the NSDAP was declared the only legal political party in Germany. The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives, which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the murders, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order.

title: Gregor Strasser

text: While the NSDAP only received 2.6 per cent of the national vote in the 1928 General Election, it eventually became the second largest party in the Reichstag, securing 18.3 per cent of the vote by September 1930. Strasser established the NSDAP in northern and western Germany as a strong political association, one which attained a larger membership than Hitler's southern party section. The party's own foreign organization was also formed on Strasser's initiative. Together with his brother Otto, Strasser founded the Berlin "Kampf-Verlag" ("Combat Publishing") in March 1926, which went on to publish the left-leaning weekly newspaper the "Berliner Arbeiterzeitung" ("Berlin Workers Newspaper"). Strasser appointed the young university-educated political agitator from the Rhineland, Joseph Goebbels as the managing editor of the "Kampfverlag", a man who was drawn to the NSDAP political message and to Strasser himself. The two men drafted a revised version of the NSDAP political program during the winter of 1925–1926, one which leaned much further to the left and unfortunately, incensed Hitler. To deal with these proposed changes head-on, Hitler called for a meeting in the northern Bavarian city of Bamberg. Goebbels and Strasser traveled there hoping to convince Hitler of the new message. During the speech at Bamberg, Hitler lambasted the extreme leftist ideas in the new draft, ideas which he conflated more with Bolshevism, a development which profoundly shocked and disappointed Strasser and Goebbels. Strasser's follow-on speech was bumbled and ineffectual, the result of Hitler's powerful oration; Hitler's refutation of Strasser's policy suggestions at Bamberg demonstrated that the party had officially become Hitler's and the NSDAP centered around him.

title: Franz von Papen

text: In Hitler's words and from what Papen later remarked, his duty was to restore "normal and friendly relations" between Germany and Austria. Papen, seeing that the support of Italy was Austria's greatest strength, advised Hitler in a memo co-written with Ulrich von Hassell, the German ambassador in Rome, to sign an international agreement on the integrity of Austria to calm Mussolini's fears about Germany as his neighbor on the Brenner Pass. Supported by Neurath, Hitler rejected this approach. However, Papen did meet often with Schuschnigg to assure him that Germany did not wish to annex his country, and only wanted the banned Austrian Nazi Party to participate in Austrian politics. In late 1934-early 1935, Papen took a break from his duties as German ambassador in Vienna to lead the "Deutsche Front" ("German Front") in the Saarland plebiscite on 13 January 1935, where the League of Nations observers monitoring the vote noted Papen's "ruthless methods" as he campaigned for the region to return to Germany.

title: Military career of Adolf Hitler

text: Hitler was, by default as Führer, the supreme commander of every Nazi paramilitary organization, but he never adopted extra ranks in these organizations nor did he have special uniforms to denote his position (for instance, there was no special SS uniform or insignia for Hitler, even though he was considered SS member #1 and outranked Heinrich Himmler). Hitler also technically qualified for every Nazi political decoration, but in practice only wore his World War I Iron Cross, the Golden Nazi Party Pin, and the Wound badge in Black. During Nazi rallies at Nuremberg in the early 1930s, Hitler temporarily wore the 1929 Nuremberg Party Day Badge, but discontinued this after about 1935.

title: Political views of Adolf Hitler

text: In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. They capitulated to Hitler's demand and on 29 July 1921 a special congress was convened to formalize Hitler as the new chairman; the vote was 543 for Hitler and one against.

title: Ernst Hanfstaengl

text: Returning to Germany in 1922, he was living in his native Bavaria when he first heard Hitler speak in a Munich beer hall. A fellow member of the Harvard Hasty Pudding club who worked at the U.S. Embassy asked Hanfstaengl to assist a military attaché sent to observe the political scene in Munich. Just before returning to Berlin the attaché, Captain Truman Smith, suggested that Hanfstaengl go to a Nazi rally as a favor and report his impressions of Hitler. Hanfstaengl was so fascinated by Hitler that he soon became one of his most intimate followers, although he did not formally join the Nazi Party until 1931. "What Hitler was able to do to a crowd in 2½ hours will never be repeated in 10,000 years," Hanfstaengl said. "Because of his miraculous throat construction, he was able to create a rhapsody of hysteria. In time, he became the living unknown soldier of Germany."

title: Sortition

text: An inherent problem with electoral politics is the over-representative of the politically active groups in society who tend to be those who join political parties. For example, in 2000 less than 2% of the UK population belonged to a political party whilst in 2005 there were at best only 3 independent MPs (see List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected) so that 99.5% of all UK MPs belonged to a political party. As a result, political members of the UK population were represented by one MP per 1800 of those belonging to a party whilst those who did not belong to a party had one MP per 19 million individuals who did not belong to a party.

title: Young Hitler

text: The book is divided into two sections: in the first part, a narrative retells the formative years of the young Adolf Hitler between 1907 and 1918, when he lived as a starving artist on the streets and in the asylums of Vienna, and then joined World War I as a volunteer on the Western Front. When the war ends, Hitler comes into contact with members of the Thule Society in Munich, an association of occultists who had launched a political party, the German Workers Party (DAP).The narration ends in 1920 when Hitler takes over the DAP and turns it into the Nazi Party (NSDAP). In an interview with The Guardian, author Claus Hant explained that the events after 1920 are exhaustively documented in the numerous Hitler biographies. But what the biographies do not investigate is the time before then, when Hitler was transformed from inconsequential artist and drifter to towering political leader. Hant says that he has centered Young Hitler deliberately around this momentous transformation. According to Hant, this decisive turning point in Hitler’s life can only be explained satisfactorily now that recent research has unearthed certain previously unknown data and facts.

title: Political views of Adolf Hitler

text: While he studied the activities of the German Workers' Party (DAP), Hitler became impressed with founder Anton Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas. Drexler was impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, and invited him to join the DAP on 12 September 1919. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). Hitler, in his work "Mein Kampf", later claimed to be the seventh party member (he was in fact the seventh executive member of the Party's central committee).

title: Stennes Revolt

text: The crisis was over for the time being. The SA members, it appeared, did not truly want to fight with Hitler or contest his leadership, but only sought treatment that they considered correct in light of their mission and the overall mission of the NSDAP. However, Hitler's effort would not suffice to remove the underlying structural issue that conditioned the Party-SA relationship: What was the SA's role and, in particular, what would that role be if the party actually succeeded in gaining the political power it sought?

title: Fascism in Europe

text: Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were not always allies. While Mussolini wanted the expansion of fascist ideology throughout the world, he did not initially appreciate Hitler and the Nazi Party. Hitler was an early admirer of Mussolini and asked for Mussolini's guidance on how the Nazis could pull off their own March on Rome. Mussolini did not respond to Hitler's requests as he did not have much interest in Hitler's movement and regarded Hitler to be somewhat crazy. Mussolini did attempt to read "Mein Kampf" to find out what Hitler's Nazism was, but he was immediately disappointed, saying that "Mein Kampf" was "a boring tome that I have never been able to read" and claimed that Hitler's beliefs were "little more than commonplace clichés".

title: Triumph of the Will

text: Hitler preaches to the people in his speeches that they should believe in their country and themselves. The German people are better than what they have become because of the impurities in society. Hitler wants them to believe in him and believe what he wants to do for his people, and what he is doing is for the country's and people's benefit. Hess says in the last scene of Triumph of the Will, "Heil Hitler, hail victory, hail victory!" Everyone in attendance cheers in support. This verbal sign represents their faith to their leader and his most trusted advisors that they believe in the Nazi cause. This is directly following Hitler's finale, "Long live the National Socialist Movement! Long live Germany!" and the crowd erupts with cheering and the fulfillment of pride for themselves and their political party.