query: Does the Audi S4 come with manual transmission option?

title: Audi S4

text: In standard form, the powertrain detail of the C4-based S4 was available with only one engine, a single turbocharged and intercooled version of Audi's 2.2-litre 20-valve inline five-cylinder engine This displaced 2,226 cubic centimetres (135.8cuin) and was equipped with an advanced Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU).[5] This engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN), developed a motive power output of 169 kilowatts (230PS; 227bhp) at 5,900revolutions per minute (rpm) and 350 newton metres (258lbf⋅ft) of torque 1,950rpm.[5] This powerplant made it rather powerful by contemporary standards, and the vehicle with five-speed manual transmission was able to accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1mph) in 6.2seconds.

title: Audi S4

text: The Audi S4 is the high performance variant of Audi's compact executive car A4. The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a performance-oriented version of Audi's 100 saloon/sedan. All subsequent S4s since 1997 have been based on the Audi A4; and as the A4 has evolved from one generation to the next, so has the S4.

title: Audi V8

text: At the initial launch of the Audi V8, the only offering was the 3.6-litre powerplant, which displaced . This V8 engine was DIN-rated with a maximum motive power output of at 5,800 revolutions per minute (rpm), and generated a torque turning force of at 4,000 rpm. In August 1991, Audi introduced a 4.2-litre engine, displacing , to complement the choice of the existing 3.6-litre V8. This shared many components from the 3.6 V8, and the 4.2 unit was identical to the optional V8 used in the Audi S4 (aka "Ur-S4"), sharing the same rated outputs and ABH identification code. Like the 3.6 V8 model, the existing four-speed automatic gearbox remained available. However, a new six-speed manual gearbox replaced the five-speed manual. This powerplant is identified by chrome 'V8' badges on the front grille and at trunk lid, where in some cars also '4.2 quattro' badge is present.

title: Audi S4

text: Like its predecessors, the B6 S4 was standard with a Getrag six-speed (M6S) manual transmission (parts code prefix: 0A3, identification codes: FVD, HEP) (gear ratios - 1st: 3.667, 2nd: 2.050, 3rd: 1.462, 4th: 1.133, 5th: 0.919, 6th: 0.778),[5] with a 240mm (9.4in) single plate dry clutch, and Torsen T-2 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01R, identification code: EXZ) ratios are 3.889,[5] giving a top gear road speed to engine revs ratio of 24.4 miles per hour (39.3km/h) per 1000rpm. From July 2003,[5] the ZF 6HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 09L, identification codes: GUR, HHU) (ratios - 1st: 4.171, 2nd: 2.340, 3rd: 1.521, 4th: 1.143, 5th: 0.867, 6th: 0.691, with a final drive (identification code: GDF) ratio of 3.539) was included as an option.

title: Torsen

text: The Torsen T-3 is currently employed as the centre differential in all non-Haldex Traction Audi models with a ZF-sourced automatic transmission Quattro four-wheel drive, such as: Audi A6, Audi A7, and Audi Q7. Audi uses a mechanical "Crown Wheel" centre differential for all longitudinal implementations using dual-clutch transmissions, such as the 2013/14 S4/RS4. Alfa Romeo used a Torsen C twin differential in the Alfa Romeo 156 Crosswagon Q4 and also in the 159, Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider Q4 models. Also, Toyota uses a Torsen T-3 in the center differential of the 4Runner Limited, FJ Cruiser 6-speed manual, Land Cruiser and Lexus GX470, with manual locking feature, and General Motors used a Torsen T-3 center differential in the transfer case of the Chevrolet TrailBlazer SS and Saab 9-7X (Aero model only).

title: Audi S4

text: In June 2005,[5] Audi announced a limited edition run of 250 special edition S4 saloon cars, celebrating 25 years of quattro four wheel drive. This exclusive model was called the Audi S4 25quattro. Available only in the United States, the exterior has unique front and rear bumpers, a carbon fibre boot lip spoiler and lower front splitter, a rear functional red tow hook, and a high gloss Phantom Black painted grille with the "quattro" emblem. 15-spoke DTM alloy wheels, along with optional dealer-fitted 'Audi four-rings' decals for the front doors complete the exterior makeover. Black and grey contrasting interior leathers, along with "quattro" embossed into the Recaro seats, together with a "1 of 250" exclusive quattro gear shift knob for the manual-only gearbox define the interior changes and act as a subtle reminder of the exclusivity that the limited numbers command.

title: Quattro (four-wheel-drive system)

text: Starting from 1995 on Audi A4/S4/RS4 (B5 platform), Audi A6/S6/allroad/RS6, Audi A8/S8 with both manual and automatic transmissions. Also on VW Passat B5, where it was initially referred to as "syncro", but by the time it reached US soil, it had been re-christened 4motion. Also used on the Volkswagen Phaeton and Volkswagen Group D platform sister vehicles. The Volkswagen Touareg used 4Xmotion with a separate transmission, PTUs and front axles.

title: Audi S4

text: The same engine is shared with the Audi S5 Cabriolet (though the 7-speed S Tronic is the sole transmission) and the 2013 Audi S5 Coupe. Detuned versions of this engine making 310hp (231kW) are found in the 2009-11 Audi A6 3.0 TFSI (C6) mated to a 6-speed TipTronic automatic transmission, the 2012 Audi A6 3.0 TFSI (C7) and 2012 Audi A7 3.0 TFSI, the latter two which are paired with an 8-speed TipTronic automatic.

title: Audi S6

text: Audi made a high-performance, 4.2-litre V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: AEC) with a Bosch KE-Motronic ECU available as an option in the original European S4s, and made the decision to continue to do so with the S6, making a version of the 4.2 available as an optional upgrade over the 2.2-litre inline five-cylinder turbo. Unlike the five-cylinder turbocharged version, the V8-powered S6 was supplied with a four-speed automatic transmission as standard, but kept the quattro four wheel drive. A six-speed manual gearbox was also available as an option.

title: Audi S4

text: As in the previous S4, a six-speed C90 manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: DSY, gear ratios: 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.231, 4th: 0.967, 5th: 0.806, 6th: 0.684) was standard equipment, as was the Torsen T-2 quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. Final drive (parts code prefix: 01H, identification code: DQA) ratio is 4.111. A five-speed ZF 5HP19 tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code prefix:01V) became available for the first time as an option.[5]

title: Salmson S4

text: The wheelbase was extended by . Three standard bodies were offered. The "faux-cabriolet" (rebaptised "coupé" in October 1938) 2-door four seater was listed in October 1937 at 49,800 francs. The berline, still listed as a "conduite-interieure" bodied car was priced at 50,900 francs. The rear doors on this car were hinged at the back: when two doors on the same side were opened there was no central pillar to impede access. The four seater cabriolet was priced at 54,800 francs. As on the 4-cylinder S4-DA, customers were able to choose between a classic 4-speed manual transmission and a “Cotal Preselector transmission", but whereas S4 DA customers were expected to pay an extra 2,000 francs for the Cotal option, the Cotal transmission was now offered at no additional cost to S4 E buyers.

title: Audi S4

text: Bose sound system is now standard, whereas it was optional on the B6 S4, and an enhanced optional DVD-ROM-based RNS-E satellite navigation system replaces the previous CD-ROM-based RNS-D option.

title: Audi 80

text: Audi developed a sports version of the Coupé in 1990, called the Audi S2. This replaced the famous Audi Quattro (launched in 1980) and featured the well-proven 2.2-litre in-line five-cylinder 20-valve turbo petrol engine from the Audi 200 20V, which was derived from the engine used in the Audi Quattro. A similar version of the engine was used in the Audi 100 based S4 (the 'Ur-S4'). The S2 came as standard with quattro permanent four-wheel drive, and featured a heavy-duty 5-speed manual transmission, and was capable of 150 mph.

title: Audi S4

text: Discrete lower door trims, along with the now trademark Audi 'S' model vertical-emphasis line grille, and solid aluminium (later replaced with plastic covered by aluminium) exterior door mirrors, and S4 badging front and rear are all that visually distinguish the S4 from its related A4 brethren. In the interior, front and rear Recaro seats (fronts fully electric with the option of heated seats), standard carbon fiber trims, as well as S4 logos in the instrument panel and door sills complete the detail.

title: Audi S4

text: Audi's quattro four-wheel-drive system was standard on the C4 S4/S6; a first-generation Torsen-based system which used the "T-1" automatically biasing centre differential (ATB) was used on vehicles equipped with manual transmissions, while a transfer box based system was used on vehicles equipped with an automatic transmission.[5]

title: Quattro (four-wheel-drive system)

text: Starting with the B7 Audi RS4 and the manual transmission version of the 2006 B7 Audi S4. It was adopted in the entire S4, S6, and S8 lineup in 2007.

title: Audi S4

text: Both five- and six-speed manual transmissions (parts code prefix: 01E, identification codes: five-speed: CBD, CET, six-speed: CBL, CMG) were offered to European customers, but a five-speed manual was the only transmission available in North America; a four-speed automatic transmission (parts code prefix: 01F, identification code: CBF) was available as an option worldwide.[5] Front and rear axle final drive ratio is either 4.111 or 3.889 (dependent on transmission type), and the rear axle (parts code prefix: 017, identification codes: AAT, AET) uses a driver-selectable electro-pneumatic-mechanical switchable diff lock.[5]

title: Audi S4

text: All versions of the S4 have their transmission mounted immediately at the rear of the engine in a longitudinal orientation, in the form of a transaxle, and like all Audi "S" cars, are only available as standard with Audi's quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, using a Torsen-based centre differential system.[5]

title: Audi S4

text: Acceleration from a standstill to 100km/h (62.1mph) takes 5.1seconds[24] for the saloon with manual gearbox, the Avant one tenth of a second slower at 5.2seconds. The same dash to 100km/h in the saloon with S tronic takes 5.3seconds, and the Avant at 5.4seconds. The top speed is electronically limited to 250km/h (155.3mph). However, a comparison in the American automotive magazine Road & Track[25] showed the sprint from 0 to 60mph in only 4.5 seconds for the 6-speed manual transmission. With figures like these, the B8 S4 accelerates more quickly than its V8-engined predecessors.[1] Audi of America claims that the version of the S4 achieves 28 highway miles per gallon, and a 0 to 60mph (96.6km/h) acceleration time of 4.9 seconds with the manual transmission[26] and 5.1 seconds with the S tronic.[27] Fuel consumption is rated at a combined 24.2 miles per US gallon (9.7L/100km; 29.1mpg‑imp).[24] Therefore, the B8 S4, unlike the V8-powered B6/7 models, avoids the US gas guzzler tax. The B8 S4's 3.0 TFSI engine also gets only 1 m.p.g. less than the base 2.0 TFSI engine.[28] This is one of the most important reasons for Audi to downsize their engines, while keeping the output equivalent better, by using forced-induction such as supercharging or turbocharging.[1]

title: Audi S and RS models

text: In the past, some Audi S models competed directly with BMW M and Mercedes-AMG models, such as the B6 Audi S4 4.2 FSI versus the BMW M3 and Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG. Since 2010 however, Audi S models have been positioned more as optional engine trims. For instance the base Audi A4 (B8) engine is the 2.0 TFSI turbo four-cylinder, and with the discontinuation of the 3.2 FSI V6, that makes the Audi S4's 3.0 TFSI V6 the performance option (the B8 Audi S4 3.0 TFSI positioned closer to the E90 BMW 335i than the BMW M3). The Audi "A6" (C7) no longer has a V8 engine upgrade in the non "S" range, with the discontinuation of the C6 Audi A6 4.2 FSI that was offered from 2004 – 2011, one must go to the C7 Audi S6 4.0 TFSI..

title: Audi Quattro

text: At the Paris Motor Show in 2010, Audi presented the quattro concept on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the original Audi Quattro and the Audi quattro four-wheel-drive system. Based on the RS5, it features a modified 2.5 L five-cylinder TFSI engine shared with the TT and a 6-speed manual transmission from the S4. The engine was claimed to generate a maximum power output of and of torque. The revolutionary design features depicted on the concept car would eventually make their way on future Audi models.

title: Audi Ur-S4 / Ur-S6

text: The Ur-S4 was produced from 1991 to 1994, while the Ur-S6 was produced from 1995 to 1997. They both featured a 2.2 litre, 5-cylinder engine with turbocharging and an intercooler, with of torque. In Europe, V8-powered versions of both S4 and S6 were available. The S4 version sported a engine (the same "ABH" engine as in Audi V8), the S6 had an upgraded engine "AEC" with . American versions featured a 5-speed manual transmission and in Europe a 6-speed, as well as a 4-speed automatic transmission could be substituted.

title: Audi A6

title: AMC Spirit

text: The standard engine on all models except the AMX was a EA831 inline-four supplied by Audi. Optional were AMC's and inline-sixes (the latter standard on the AMX). The AMC V8 engine was offered as an option only on the liftback; the 1979 model year would mark a (one-year) reprisal for V8 availability in the short wheelbase AMC chassis. The last time this configuration was available was the 1976 Gremlin. All engines could be mated to either a standard 4-speed manual transmission or an optional 3-speed TorqueFlite automatic transmission with floor shift, depending on trim and options. A 3-speed manual transmission was available as a delete option on the 232.

title: Audi S4

text: This engine is mated to either a six-speed manual transmission (identification code: KMR)[5] or a seven-speed 'S tronic' DL501[22] dual clutch transmission[23] (identification code: LHK),[5] the latter with steering wheel mounted paddle-shifters for tiptronic gear selection, which replaces the Tiptronic automatic transmissions found in the B6/B7 iterations. The 'Audi quattro Sports differential' fitted in the rear axle final drive unit is available as an option.

title: Audi Ur-S4 / Ur-S6

text: The 'S' prefix letter has signified Audi's sporting high-performance production models since the early 1990s. The S4 was the high-performance version of the Audi 100 saloon, and was known originally as the Audi 100 S4. It featured a 20-valve, 5-cylinder turbocharged engine and quattro permanent four-wheel drive, providing outstanding traction and roadholding in all weathers. Befitting its status at the top of the Audi 100 series, it was luxuriously appointed and featured as standard a lot of equipment that was optional on lesser models. The car was available in saloon/sedan and Avant (estate/wagon) versions.

title: Torsen

text: Toyota Altezza (sold in U.S. and Canada as Lexus IS200 and IS300) came with a torsen differential. For Lexus models it was included with all models with manual transmission, optional factory equipped with automatic transmission. The Toyota Altezza was standard on all manual transmission SXE10 models (with the 5th-generation Beams 3S-GE engine and J160 6-speed manual transmission).Audi S6 2.2 turbo

title: Audi S4

text: Previously unavailable enthusiast driver aids are now optional, such as Audi's Sport Rear Differential, active steering and adaptive damping suspension (part of the Audi Drive Select Package). The front axle was moved by 6.1 inches to the front, which improved the weight distribution of the B8 Platform. Combined with the Sport Rear Differential Audi was able to greatly improve the weight balance and dynamics of the S4 over previous models.[17][18][19]

title: Audi S4

text: There are a few mechanical changes, such as revised springs and dampers and, from model year 2007, an updated Torsen T-3 automatically biasing centre differential, featuring a 'default' asymmetric 40:60 front-rear torque split on manual transmission models, along with the later Bosch ESP8.0 Electronic Stability Programme[5] and gloss black painted brake calipers.[5] The 'Avus-III' wheels now became an option, and were replaced by a standard offering 8.0Jx18inch 'S-design' 7-spoke forged alloy wheel.[5]

title: Audi A4

text: Torsen T-2 based quattro permanent four-wheel drive remained as an option on most A4 models. Audi retired its 5-speed manual transmissions in favour of a new Getrag 6-speed. As before, multitronic continuously variable transmission (CVT), now with selectable 'seven-speeds', was an option on front-wheel drive models, whilst a conventional ZF 6HP 6-speed tiptronic automatic transmission was an option on the quattro four-wheel drive models.

title: Audi S4

text: S4/S6 "Plus" models equipped with a 4.2-litre 206 kilowatts (280PS; 276bhp) all-aluminium alloy V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: ABH) became available to European customers as an option from October 1992, only with the six-speed manual gearbox, in either saloon or Avant body styles.[5]


query: What is the oldest grave at Arlington National Cemetery?

title: Arlington National Cemetery

text: At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full.[12] On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program.[12] In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[12] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[13] The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864,[14] close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27.[15] However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864.[16] Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948.[17]

title: Wayne Maurice Caron

text: Caron, age 21, was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia. His Arlington Cemetery grave location number is 51-2600.

title: Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)

text: The Confederate dead were reburied on of ground on the west side of Arlington National Cemetery. The graves were laid out in a pattern of concentric circles, rather than straight rows as elsewhere at Arlington, to emphasize the South's attempt to find its place in the new united country. Landscaping of the area was completed in the spring of 1903.

title: Allen Buchanan (Medal of Honor)

text: He died January 12, 1940 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in Section 4, Grave 5845.

title: John Kelvin Koelsch

text: He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 30, grave 1123-RH, Map Grid V/U 36.5.

title: Old White Church Cemetery

text: Old White Church Cemetery, also known as Emanuel Church Cemetery, is a historic cemetery and national historic district located at Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. It was established in 1788, and contains the marked graves of some 265 citizens of Lincolnton, with an even larger number of unmarked graves. The oldest marked grave dates to 1801. The gravestones include notable examples of 19th and early-20th century funerary art. It is the oldest burying ground in the town of Lincolnton.

text: The federal government did not permit the decoration of Confederate graves at the cemetery, however. As Quartermaster General, Meigs had charge of the Arlington cemetery (he did not retire until February 6, 1882), and he refused to give families of Confederates buried there permission to lay flowers on their loved ones' graves. In 1868, when families asked to lay flowers on Confederate graves on Decoration Day (now known as Memorial Day), Meigs ordered that the families be barred from the cemetery. Union veterans' organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR; whose membership was open only to Union soldiers) also felt that rebel graves should not be decorated. In 1869, GAR members stood watch over Confederate graves at Arlington National Cemetery to ensure they were not visibly honored on Decoration Day. Cemetery officials also refused to allow the erection of any monument to Confederate dead and declined to permit new Confederate burials (either by reburial or through the death of veterans).

text: The Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy is an ongoing investigation by the United States Department of Defense into mismanagement, poor record-keeping, and other issues involving the burial and identification of U.S. servicemembers' graves at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Questions were raised in 2008, and the scandal peaked in the spring of 2010.

text: The McKinley speech encouraged Dr. Samuel E. Lewis to seek additional improvements to the care and treatment of Confederate graves. Lewis, a former Confederate States Army (CSA) surgeon who then practiced medicine in Washington, D.C., was the leader ("commander") of the Charles Broadway Rouss Camp No. 1191 of the United Confederate Veterans (UCV), a veterans organization for those who fought for the Confederacy. Lewis had inventoried all Confederate graves at Arlington National Cemetery in early fall 1898 as part of the local group's historic documentation efforts. He discovered 136 identifiable Confederate graves, far more than the six or seven cemetery officials assumed existed. The graves were scattered all over the existing burial grounds, and the headstones were similar to those of civilian employees and African American "contrabands" (runaway slaves). The similarity to the headstones of black people especially angered Lewis. In early 1899, his group discovered another 189 graves in the Soldiers' Home National Cemetery in the District of Columbia.

text: Allegations of mismanagement at Arlington Cemetery were first raised in 2008. The widow of a United States Army soldier complained that the wrong headstone was on her husband's grave. A Pentagon investigation found that two servicemen had been buried in the same grave. Cemetery workers had also buried the cremated remains of a servicemember in a grave which was already in use, but unmarked. The cremation error was discovered in May 2008 and the remains buried in an unused grave. However, Arlington National Cemetery officials may not have followed proper procedures in notifying the servicemember's next of kin about the reburial.

title: Robert D. Reem

text: He initially was buried in the United Nations Cemetery near Hamhung, North Korea. His body was later returned to the United States for burial in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 6, Grave 9376-B, Map Grid X/18.

title: James Parks

text: The first graves in Arlington National Cemetery were dug by James Parks, a former Arlington Estate slave. Parks was freed in 1862 under the terms of the will of his former owner, George Washington Parke Custis. He still lived on Arlington Estate when Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton signed the orders designating Arlington as a military burial ground. Parks served in the U.S. Army from 1861 to 1929 by working as a grave digger and maintenance man for the cemetery.

text: The federal government's policy toward Confederate graves at Arlington National Cemetery changed radically at the end of the 19th century.

text: In September 2012, the US Army's Inspector General issued a report on Arlington cemetery and the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery which found that the Army's new management of the institutions had transformed both, "into premier institutions of excellence capable of setting the standards for federal cemeteries across the nation." The report stated that 96% of the 400,000 grave markers at Arlington had been verified for accuracy as of 17 September 2012. The report lauded a program at Arlington, implemented by new director Patrick Hallinan, which used geospatial technology to track cemetery operations. In response to the report, Senator Mark Warner stated, "Condon and her team deserve a lot of credit for implementing reforms to fix the problems at Arlington and begin restoring our trust."

title: Grave of Emerson H. Liscum

text: The grave of Emerson H. Liscum, also known as Emerson Hamilton Grave, is an outdoor public artwork located at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, United States. This sculpture was surveyed in 1995 as part of the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program. The gravestone serves as Liscum's final resting place.

title: Robert Blume

text: He died September 16, 1937 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 6, grave 9752-SS, map grid V/W 19.5.

title: Spanish–American War Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)

text: The book stand was given to Arlington National Cemetery in 1904. Although designed to stand on the earth in the cellar of Arlington House, cemetery officials placed it on one of the wooden floors above. The book stand was so heavy that the floor sagged and required reinforcement. At the time, the building was not a house museum but rather contained the living quarters of the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery and office space for him and his staff. In 1929, the Record Book was transferred from Arlington House to Arlington Memorial Amphitheater when the main floor of the amphitheater became a Memorial Exhibit Hall displaying honors received by the unknown soldiers lying beneath the Tomb of the Unknowns. (It is not clear if it was put on display, or housed in the second-floor offices.) The cemetery offices moved into what is now the Old Administration Building in 1932, and the book stand was misplaced. Its whereabouts are not known as of 2013.

title: William Seach

text: Lieutenant Seach died October 24, 1978 at the age of 101, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 11, lot 334-2. When he died he was the oldest and longest-living recipient of the Medal of Honor, and the last surviving US veteran of the Boxer Rebellion to receive the medal.

title: United States National Cemetery System

text: The United States National Cemetery System is a system of 147 nationally important cemeteries in the United States. The authority to create military burial places came during the American Civil War, in an act passed by the U.S. Congress on July 17, 1862. By the end of 1862, 14 national cemeteries had been established (see text of photo). A national cemetery is generally a military cemetery containing the graves of U.S. military personnel, veterans and their spouses, but not exclusively so. The best known national cemetery is Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C.. Some national cemeteries, especially Arlington, contain the graves of important civilian leaders and other important national figures. Some national cemeteries also contain sections for Confederate soldiers. In addition to national cemeteries, there are also state veteran cemeteries.

title: Justice M. Chambers

text: He died on July 29, 1982 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 6, grave 5813-A-9, Map Grid X 21.

text: As of November 2013, the Confederate Memorial remains one of three sites at Arlington National Cemetery mentioned by name in the "Code of Federal Regulations" where public memorial services may be conducted. (The others are the Memorial Amphitheater and the John F. Kennedy Grave.)

text: At in height, the Confederate Memorial is among the tallest of the memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery. It is often claimed to be the tallest, but this is incorrect as the obelisk over the grave of Major General Joseph Wheeler is taller ().

title: Felix Zollicoffer

text: Zollicoffer Park, a Confederate cemetery containing a mass grave of the Confederate fallen, lies just outside Nancy. (There is also a Union cemetery located in Nancy, Mill Springs National Cemetery, the oldest of all National Cemeteries still receiving burials other than Arlington National Cemetery.) This public park receives at least two memorial events each year, one on January 19, ("that somber sabbath morn") and the other on Memorial Day. There have also been re-enactments of the Battle of Mill Springs.

title: McKee Grave

text: McKee Grave is a public artwork by an unknown artist, located at the Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, United States. It serves as the final resting place of First Lieutenant Thomas Hudson McKee and his wife.

title: Matt Urban

text: The U.S. Army service records for Urban use both "Matt Urban" and "Matty Louis (L.) Urbanowitz". The name "MATT LOUIS URBAN" was engraved on the front of his original white Arlington National Cemetery headstone. His current and private grave monument at Arlington National Cemetery uses the name "Matt L. Urban".

title: Cypress Hills National Cemetery

text: Cypress Hills National Cemetery opened in 1862, the same year as Mill Springs National Cemetery in Kentucky, the oldest active national cemetery in the United States. Cypress Hills National Cemetery is two years older than Arlington National Cemetery.Located on the east slope of the Ridgewood Reservoir, the Union Grounds are in the southwest portion of Cypress Hills Cemetery, 833 Jamaica Avenue. There are more than 3,170 Union soldiers and sailors, and more than 461 captured or surrendered Confederates buried in the Union Grounds. Over the years the bowl-shaped space accepted veterans from other conflicts, up through World War I. Re-interments from other cemeteries added more graves. Most other interments, however, were largely local in nature, due to the cemetery's location in New York State (which contributed the largest numbers of fighting forces in the Civil War) and the adjacent proximity of the cemetery to New York City, the nation's most populous and hence the prime source of Federal enlistments for the war effort.

title: Arlington County, Virginia

text: Arlington National Cemetery is an American military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's home, Arlington House (also known as the Custis-Lee Mansion). It is directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., north of the Pentagon. With nearly 300,000 graves, Arlington National Cemetery is the second-largest national cemetery in the United States.

title: Theodore Wint Grave

text: Theodore Wint Grave is a public artwork by an unknown artist, located at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, United States. This sculpture was surveyed in 1995 as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. "Theodore Wint Grave" serves as the final resting place for Brigadier General Theodore J. Wint.

title: Grave of Robert F. Kennedy

text: Selection of the burial site occurred almost immediately after Kennedy's death. Kennedy had often said he wished to be buried in the family plot in Massachusetts, but the Kennedy family decided to have him buried at Arlington National Cemetery next to John F. Kennedy instead. Late on June 6, Alfred B. Fitt, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, flew from Washington to New York City to confer with the Kennedy family about burial at Arlington National Cemetery. The family had already decided to bury Robert F. Kennedy near his brother's memorial, and Fitt carried with him photographs of several areas of the John F. Kennedy grave site which would be suitable as a burial site. At 10:30 PM on June 7, the Kennedy family announced that Robert F. Kennedy would be buried at Arlington National Cemetery in a grassy area just southeast of the John F. Kennedy grave site.

title: Lloyd L. Burke

text: He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be located in section 7A, grave 155, map Grid U-23.5.

title: Arlington National Cemetery

text: List of national cemeteries McKee Grave Theodore Wint Grave United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers


query: Who are the main villains of Metroid?

title: Ridley (Metroid)

text: Ridley,[lower-alpha 1] also known by his aliases Geoform 187 and The Cunning God of Death, is one of the main antagonists of the Metroid series. An extraterrestrial dragon, he became Samus Aran's archenemy after leading a Space Pirate raid on her homeworld that killed her parents. Despite having been destroyed numerous times by Samus, he is always resurrected, thanks in equal part to Space Pirate engineering and his natural regenerative ability, which allows him to swiftly recover from what would otherwise be fatal wounds as long as he is able to consume enough biomatter from his fallen adversaries.[1]

title: Kalimán

text:
1. "The Tomb Raiders", issues 1-10, main villain: Eric von Kraufen
2. "The Valley of the Vampires", issues 11-32, main villain: Count Bártok
3. "Mysteries of Bonampak", issues 33-47, main villain: Captain Scott
4. "The Mystery of the Astronauts", issues 47-64, main villain: Van Zeland
5. "The Tiger of Hong-Kong", issues 64-77, main villain: The Tiger of Hong-Kong
6. "The Mummies of Machu-Pichu", issues 77-90, main villain: Comahué
7. "The Unburied One", issues 90-103, main villain: Sacha Moster (first original story created exclusively for the comic)
8. "The Strange Doctor Death", issues 103-124, main villain: Doctor Death
9. "The Black Hand", issues 124-150, main villain: Black Spider
10. "Samurais, Messengers of Death", issues 147-180, main villain: Doctor Kiro
11. "Magicians of Crime", issues 175-212, main villain: Professor Satanyk
12. "The White Terror", issues 201-244, main villain: The Brain
13. "Messengers of Death", issues 231-259, main villain: The Octopus
14. "Puppets of Hell", issues 256-287, main villain: Bengala
15. "Return of the Black Spider", issues 280-315, main villain: Black Spider
16. "The Fantastic Journey", issues 310-351, main villain: Poseidon
17. "Brains of Hell", issues 344-387, main villain: Humanon
18. "Horsemen of Terror", issues 378-416, main villain: Zulma
19. "Mysteries of the Chinese Wall", issues 411-452, main villain: The Black Knight
20. "The Invisible Assassin", issues 447-485, main villain: Baron Kruger
21. "The Sacred Pharaoh", issues 478-522, main villain: Nefris
22. "The Red Dragon", issues 513-572, main villain: Karma
23. "The White Witch of Kilimanjaro", issues 563-633, main villain: Tac-Tac
24. "The Triangle of Death", issues 622-698, main villain: Black Spider
25. "Eye of Satan", issues 685-752, main villain: Kardo
26. "The Revenge of Karma", issues 742-817, main villain: Karma
27. "The Shadow of Terror", issues 806-887, main villain: Count Bartok
28. "The Seventh Death", issues 880-944, main villain: Namilak
29. "Black Magic", issues 935-989, main villain: Black Spider
30. "Panthers of Istanbul", issues 978-1018, main villain: Prince Sakiri
31. "Black Buddha", issues 1009–1070, main villain: Ramar
32. "Masks of Death", issues 1061–1101, main villain: Lukas Hunt
33. "The Chinese Terror", issues 1092–1153, main villain: Lin-Poo
34. "City of the Dead", issues 1144–1194, main villain: Doctor Hill
35. "Terror Underground", issues 1186–1236, main villain: Isis
36. "The Red Warriors", issues 1227–1273, main villain: Katana
37. "The Man who fell from the Moon"), issues 1264–1308, main villain: Cosman

title: Characters in the Metroid series

text: IGN listed Dark Samus as the 88th best video game villain.

title: Metroid

text: The Metroid series has been commercially successful, with "Super Metroid", "Metroid Fusion", "Metroid Prime", and "Metroid Prime 3: Corruption" exceeding one million copies sold. By September 2012, the series had sold over 17.44 million copies worldwide.

title: Mother Brain

text: The Boston Phoenix editors Ryan Stewart and Mitch Krpata named Mother Brain the fourth greatest boss in video game history, stating that while she had triumphant roles in "Metroid" and "Captain N", she didn't come into her own until "Super Metroid". They cited the overall quality of the ending for why she was so notable in this role. GameDaily listed Mother Brain as the 12th best evil mastermind in video games. GamesRadar editor David Houghton listed Mother Brain as one gaming's most hideous mums, describing her as looking like a "turd on a stick jammed into the top of a long-dead chicken." In explaining why "Metroid" was among gaming's greatest games, GameSpot editor Avery Score cited the battles with Mother Brain and Kraid, describing the battles as epic. Fellow GameSpot editor Giancarlo Varanini described Mother Brain as "appropriately disgusting". GamePro listed Mother Brain as the sixth most diabolical video game villain, describing the battle with her as one of the most notorious and epic assaults in gaming history. UGO.com listed Mother Brain as one of the runners-up for the "Miss Entertainment", commenting that she has sadly diminished in her attempts to thwart Samus, though they hope that she returns. Mother Brain is also featured in the ongoing GameSpot's All-time greatest game villain. In 2011, "Complex" ranked her as sixth on the list of "most diabolical video game she-villains".

title: Metroid Prime

text: Metroid Prime is a first-person action-adventure game developed by Retro Studios and Nintendo for the GameCube video game console. It was released in North America on November 17, 2002, and in Japan and Europe the following year. "Metroid Prime" is the fifth main installment in the "Metroid" series, and the first "Metroid" game to use 3D computer graphics. Because exploration takes precedence over combat, Nintendo classifies the game as a first-person adventure rather than a first-person shooter. On the same day as its North American release, Nintendo also released the Game Boy Advance game "Metroid Fusion", marking the return of the "Metroid" series after an eight-year hiatus following "Super Metroid" (1994).

title: AM2R

text: The Metroids the player fights have four main evolutionary stages – Alpha, Gamma, Zeta, and Omega – which have been altered compared to their "Metroid II" counterparts, including new techniques used in battle; Alpha is the least altered, having only been given a new dodge move, while Omega has been altered the most, having been changed to earth-bound enemies that trap the player. The player confronts these Metroid bosses often and has to defeat 55 of them. Among the newly added bosses are non-Metroid enemies such as a moving statue.

title: Metroid Prime 3: Corruption

text: Metroid Prime 3: Corruption is a first-person action-adventure video game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console. A part of the science fiction "Metroid" series, it is the third main installment in the "Metroid Prime" series. It was released in North America and Europe in 2007 and in Japan the following year.

title: Metroid

text: Mother Brain was also the primary villain in the "Captain N: The Game Master" TV show. A Metroid-lookalike enemy, called the Komayto, was encountered by Pit in "Kid Icarus" for the NES. In "", a fighting game developed by Team Ninja for the Nintendo 3DS, one stage is a replica of the arena in which Samus fights Ridley in "Metroid: Other M" and features both as assist characters; Samus, however, is not featured as a playable character in "Dimensions", as Team Ninja's Yosuke Hayashi stated in an interview that "it would be better to let her focus on her job rather than kicking everyone's butt in ["Dead or Alive: Dimensions"]". A Wii U launch game "Nintendo Land" has a mini-game based on the series called "Metroid Blast".

title: Metroid: Other M

text: "Metroid: Other M" was developed by "Project M", a team of over 100 people that includes staff from Nintendo, Team Ninja, and D-Rockets, with production lasting for three years. When the Wii console was released, Nintendo producer and chief "Metroid" designer Yoshio Sakamoto decided to create a new "Metroid" game for it, but opted to work with an outside company, as his usual development team did not have a knowledge to produce a 3D game. Sakamoto eventually approached Yosuke Hayashi of Team Ninja to discuss the incorporation of the flashy engine used for "Ninja Gaiden" (2004) into a new engine to encompass his new vision of a 3D "Metroid" game. Sakamoto served as producer and scenario designer, and main design was done by three designers from previous 2D "Metroid" games—"Metroid Fusion" (2002) and "" (2004). Team Ninja took charge of the programming and 3D modeling, and D-Rockets handled the CG cutscenes. Hayashi described the work on the game as "a great honour" since he was a fan of the series, and stated Team Ninja tried to include as many creatures seen in previous games as possible.

title: Metroid

text: The "Metroid" series has been noted and praised for its unique style of video game music. Hirokazu "Hip" Tanaka, composer of the original "Metroid", has said he wanted to make a score that made players feel like they were encountering a "living organism" and had no distinction between music and sound effects. The only time the main "Metroid" theme was heard was after Mother Brain is defeated; this is intended to give the player a catharsis. At all other times, no melodies are present in the game. The composer of "Super Metroid", Kenji Yamamoto, came up with some of the games' themes by humming them to himself while riding his motorcycle to work. He was asked to compose the music for "Metroid Prime" to reinforce the series continuity. "Metroid Prime"'s Dolby Pro Logic II surround sound was mixed by a member of Dolby. Developers from Retro Studios noted how the 6 MB memory budget for all sound effects of a level in "Metroid Prime" was crucial in producing a quality soundtrack, as each sound had to be of very high quality to be included. Composer Kenji Yamamoto utilizes heavy drums, piano, voiced chants, clangs of pipes, and electric guitar. "" took advantage of the increase in the amount of RAM that took place when the series switched from the GameCube to the Wii; this allowed for higher quality audio samples to be used and thus allowing a better overall audio quality. Kenji Yamamoto, who composed the music to "Super Metroid" and the "Prime" trilogy, copied the musical design of the original "Metroid" in "Metroid Prime 3", by keeping the music and themes dark and scary until the very end, when uplifting music is played during the credits.

title: Characters in the Metroid series

text: is the archenemy of Samus Aran, an intelligent and sadistic dragon-like extraterrestrial that despite being killed multiple times by her, is always revived by the Space Pirates (or accidentally by the Galactic Federation in "") using cloning or robotics. Other than Samus and the titular Metroids, Ridley is the only character that has appeared consistently throughout most of the games in the series (the exceptions being "" for the Game Boy, "" for the GameCube, "Metroid Prime Hunters" for the Nintendo DS, and "" for the Nintendo 3DS). He is directly responsible for the invasion of Samus' home planet, and the death of her parents, and is the franchise's primary villain, despite not typically acting as the main antagonist in an individual game.

title: Metroid Fusion

text: "Metroid Fusion" was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 (R&D1), the same development team that created the 1994 video game "Super Metroid" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, which visually bears a resemblance to "Metroid Fusion". Its gameplay, screen layout, and controls mimic those of "Super Metroid", with minor enhancements. "Metroid Fusion" is the first 2D "Metroid" game with animated cutscenes; the game's story is revealed through text and visual close-ups. "Metroid Fusion" was written and directed by series designer Yoshio Sakamoto, and produced by Takehiro Izushi.

title: Ridley (Metroid)

text: Throughout the history of the Metroid series, Ridley has received positive reception as the series antagonist. He is widely considered one of the most renowned and best Nintendo villains of all time and is regarded as a favorite amongst both the Metroid fandom and the series's developers.[18] Nintendo Power listed him as their sixth favorite Nintendo villain, citing both his involvement in the death of Samus's parents as well as his determination, dying at Samus' hands many times yet always coming back.[19] Computer and Video Games editor Mike Jackson described Ridley as a "fan favorite."[20] GameDaily called him the 16th greatest Nintendo character, commenting that he "beats Mother Brain by a mile as the coolest Metroid villain."[21] IGN editor Jesse Schedeen called Ridley the real villain of the Metroid series, commenting that he would have to be included in a Metroid film if one were made due to him being too important to leave out.[22] 1UP.com editor Nadia Oxford described the Nintendo Comics System version of Ridley as being more of a "squashed bug" than a "fearsome reptile."[23] WatchMojo.com ranked Ridley at #3 in their Top 10 Nintendo Villains list. The 1UP.com staff listed the battle with Ridley in Super Metroid as among the most iconic in Nintendo history. They stated that his appearance in Super Metroid is more memorable than any other appearance in the Metroid series, and that his return from the original game added some familiarity to Metroid fans.[24] GamesRadar listed him third on their list of video game villains who will never stay dead, calling him Samus's "great white whale" that, even while he has tormented her throughout her life, she just cannot seem to kill.[25] Gaming Nexus criticized the lack of fellow Metroid villain Kraid in Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, but stated that the developers made up for it by adding the best Ridley battle in the series's history.[26] IGN editors Phil Pirrello and Richard George listed Ridley as the second most deserving Nintendo character for inclusion in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, stating that Samus was the only playable character in the game to represent the Metroid series (despite it being one of Nintendo's most famous and revered), and that the inclusion of Ridley would broaden the series's range.[27] Overall, he is seen as one of the best Nintendo characters in general. In 2018, Watchmojo.com ranked him #1 on their "Top 10 Most Anticipated New Characters In Smash Ultimate" list.

title: Metroid Fusion

text: Metroid Fusion is an action-adventure game video game published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console in 2002. The fourth installment in the "Metroid" series, it was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1, which previously developed the 1994 game "Super Metroid." Players control bounty hunter Samus Aran, who investigates a space station swarming with organisms infected with virions known as X parasites.

title: Metroid: Samus Returns

text: Metroid: Samus Returns is an action-adventure game developed by MercurySteam and Nintendo EPD and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS in 2017. A part of the "Metroid" series, the game is a reimagining of the 1991 Game Boy game "". Players control Samus Aran, who is sent by the Galactic Federation to exterminate the parasitic Metroids on their home planet.

title: Metroid: Zero Mission

text: "Metroid: Zero Mission" was directed by Yoshio Sakamoto, a Nintendo veteran who has been involved with the "Metroid" series since it first appeared on the Nintendo Entertainment System, and has played a role in every "Metroid" game except for "Metroid II". Official positions that he held include director of "Super Metroid" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and "Metroid Fusion" for the Game Boy Advance, producer of "Metroid Prime" for the Nintendo GameCube, and supervisor of "". Sakamoto is the only member from the "Metroid" development team to also work on "Metroid: Zero Mission". "Metroid: Zero Mission" was the last game developed by Nintendo R&D1 before the team was disbanded due to Nintendo restructuring.

title: Metroid: Zero Mission

text: While working on the concept for the next "Metroid" game after "Metroid Fusion" was released in 2002, one of the developers for "Metroid Fusion" suggested that "Super Metroid" be ported to the Game Boy Advance; however, Sakamoto decided to port "Metroid" instead. The development team decided to return to the roots of "Metroid" gameplay by creating a game based on the original. Sakamoto, noting that "Metroid Fusion"s gameplay was drastically different from previous "Metroid" games, wanted to "show people who had never played a "Metroid" game prior to "Metroid Fusion", the roots of the "Metroid" franchise, that this is what "Metroid" is, this is the style of gameplay that Metroid sprang from [...] at the same time, retell the story of Samus' original mission".

title: Metroid: Zero Mission

text: One of the biggest challenges that the developers faced was in adding enough elements to "Metroid: Zero Mission" to make it feel new, while keeping the spirit of the original "Metroid". Because both games were made for the Game Boy Advance, "Metroid: Zero Mission" uses a rebuilt version of the game engine used for "Metroid Fusion" so that it did not need to be built from scratch. This marked the first time two "Metroid" installments have been released for the same video game console. "Metroid Fusion" had offered connectivity with "Metroid Prime" on the Nintendo GameCube, but "Metroid: Zero Mission" did not offer such a feature. Sakamoto explained that the developers wanted to make the game connect to "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes" on the GameCube, but the fact that both their release dates were far apart and not enough development time to implement connectivity features prevented them from doing so. However, they managed to include the ability for "Metroid Fusion" to connect with "Metroid: Zero Mission".

title: Metroid

text: "Metroid", "", "Super Metroid", "Metroid Fusion", and "" were all developed by Nintendo's internal R&D1 division. The games which have been developed by separate teams are "Metroid Prime", "", "" and "Prime 4" (Retro Studios), "Metroid Prime Hunters" (Nintendo Software Technology Corporation), "Metroid Prime Pinball" (Fuse Games), and "" (Project M). The central figures in the production and development of the "Metroid" series are Satoru Okada, who directed "Metroid" and created the series; Yoshio Sakamoto, who acted as a character designer for the first game and has directed or supervised the development of most of the subsequent games; Gunpei Yokoi, who headed the R&D1 division and produced the first two games; Makoto Kano, who wrote the scenario for "Metroid", co-designed the second game, and produced the third; and Hiroji Kiyotake, who designed characters for the original game. "Mario" and "The Legend of Zelda" creator Shigeru Miyamoto was involved with the "Prime" trilogy, having been the one that suggested Retro to work with the franchise.

title: Metroid: Samus Returns

text:
Sakamoto had interest in making a new 2D "Metroid" game, which had not been done since "" (2004), for a few years before the game's development started in 2015. After hearing that MercurySteam, responsible for the following their involvement with "" (2013), were interested in taking on the challenge of remaking a "Metroid" game, he visited their studio to organise a collaboration. MercurySteam specifically pitched Nintendo a remake of "Metroid Fusion" (2002), but Sakamoto wanted to recreate "Metroid II". Although Sakamoto was not involved with the original Game Boy title, he believed it was an important "Metroid" game, particularly regarding its story point of Samus meeting the last Metroid, and so he was enthusiastic about remaking it. The Nintendo 3DS was Sakamoto's platform of choice to employ the 3D visuals and a dual screen setup offered by the portable.
Sakamoto noted that the potential for 2D games in the "Metroid" franchise had opened up for Nintendo following the announcement of the game. He expressed that he was keen to evolve some of the traditions in 2D "Metroid" games. As a remake, he wanted to preserve some of the originality and wanted to avoid changing things without good reason. Their approach was to add to aspects which improved upon the game's core concept. Sakamoto hope to start from the original game's "simple and straightforward progression" and "spice up and excite the experience", offering new features and areas to explore. These ideas led to some control enhancements, such as the addition of free aiming for more precise firing. The idea of a melee counterattack came from MercurySteam, who had implemented a similar parry mechanic in their "Castlevania" game. Sakamoto felt that the inclusion of the melee counterattack offered players an alternative combat style, in contrast to previous games where the player had to rely on dodging charge attacks from enemies and then defeating them from afar.
The team moved from the 2D pixel art of previous "Metroid" titles to 3D polygonal graphics to incorporate varied animation and use different angles to enhance the cutscenes. The music was composed by Daisuke Matsuoka and directed by Kenji Yamamoto, who had co-composed the music for the 1994 game "Super Metroid".

title: Metroid Prime Pinball

text: Despite early skepticism over the quality of a pinball video game themed after the "Metroid" series, reviews praised the integration of the two in "Metroid Prime Pinball". "Nintendo Power" called the game a "fully realized and well-tuned hybrid of pinball play and Metroid Prime atmosphere", and the "Official Nintendo Magazine" named it one of the better recently released pinball games. GameZone believed that the game appeals to anyone who is a fan of pinball games or the "Metroid Prime" franchise, to which "Play" magazine attested, adding that the game embodies the "Metroid Prime" series well.

title: Characters in the Metroid series

text: A hostile group known as , or , serve as the antagonists of the "Metroid" series. They are a group of "interstellar nomads" resembling humanoid reptiles, insects or crustaceans, who plunder colonies and ships and exist in an insect-like hive society. Considering their appearance throughout the series, especially the "Prime" series, they could be considered arthropod-like reptiles. A single Pirate may have many biological differences between individuals of their own species, most likely because of their willingness to perform self-experimentation and mutation. Important leaders include Ridley, the Space Pirate commander, Mother Brain, the biomechanical defense of Zebes controlled by the Space Pirates, and Kraid, a recurring boss. The organization also includes a winged, mantis-like species, the Ki Hunters. The Space Pirates are interested in Metroid research, especially in using Metroids for energy generation, as soldiers, and for experimentation – their Phazon experiments produced all the Metroid variants seen in the "Prime" games with the exception of "Metroid Prime" itself. The organization is destroyed during the climax of "Super Metroid", however a group within the Galactic Federation itself resurrects the Space Pirates, along with Ridley and the Metroids, to be used as bio-weapons explaining their continued presence in "Other M" and "Fusion".

title: Metroid II: Return of Samus

text: "Super Metroid", the third installment of the "Metroid" series, was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994. The game's story takes place after the events of "Metroid II", and follows Samus as she travels to planet Zebes in an attempt to retrieve an infant Metroid stolen by Ridley. Long-time "Metroid" director Yoshio Sakamoto remarked at the 2010 Game Developers Conference that he was "very moved" by the ending in "Metroid II", which influenced him on creating "Super Metroid".

title: Metroid

text: "Metroid" follows space-faring bounty hunter Samus Aran, who protects the galaxy from the Space Pirates and their attempts to harness the power of the parasitic Metroid creatures. "Metroid" combines the platforming of "Super Mario Bros." and the adventure of "The Legend of Zelda" with a dark science fiction atmosphere and greater emphasis on nonlinear gameplay.

title: Metroid Prime Pinball

text: Appreciating the game's pinball gameplay, 1UP.com thought that its "Metroid" motif did not add much more to the game. Nintendo World Report felt differently; they were impressed with the game's "top-notch graphics and sound that believably invoke the "Metroid" series". They also appreciated the pinball innovations introduced in the game that incorporate features from the series, concluding, "This game really does feel like a seamless, if unlikely, merging between classic arcade pinball and the creepy-cool Metroid Prime series." The sentiment was shared by GameSpot's Greg Kasavin, who was convinced that pinball was an excellent medium to simulate the challenging struggles found in the "Metroid" series, noting that the game "pulls it off very well" by being faithful to the main series. Bryn Williams of GameSpy was impressed after playing the game; he noted that it was one of the more interesting gaming sessions that anyone can have on the Nintendo DS. "Metroid Prime Pinball"s gameplay was lauded by reviewers. Craig Harris of IGN appreciated Fuse Games' work on the game, praising the graphics, audio, and gameplay, along with its "pick-up-and-play" element that made it easy for people with varying levels of skill to play. X-Play felt the same way, noting that the simple controls and "short bursts of gameplay" make "Metroid Prime Pinball" a perfect handheld video game. In addition, they asserted that the game has great value because of the included wireless multiplayer mode, which allows up to eight players to play the game with just one game card.

title: Metroid Prime: Federation Force

text: Upon its unveiling at E3 2015, "Metroid Prime: Federation Force" received negative reception from most fans of the series. The game was criticized for lacking traditional "Metroid" series elements and not resembling other "Metroid" games, with criticism aimed towards the game's focus on first-person shooter combat and multiplayer over exploration and isolation, the lack of a single player mode, the graphics (both the technical aspect and the use of a cartoonish super-deformed style, which was considered unfitting with the "Metroid" series' mature tones) and the absence of the "Metroid" series' protagonist Samus Aran. Also, as the series had been on hiatus for 5 years since the last released game in the series, "", and the last well-received "Metroid" game, "", was released 8 years prior, and the game's release window would coincide with the series' 30th anniversary, fans criticised Nintendo's choice of resuming the franchise after a half decade of hiatus by developing a spin-off game rather than a new, long-requested main series "Metroid" game.

title: Characters in the Metroid series

text: Metroid Prime and its alternate form Dark Samus is the main antagonist of the "Prime" subseries. It is a strange, black-carapaced, red-eyed creature with a humanoid face within its shell and the ability to control and horribly mutate anything it attaches to. Metroid Prime appears in "Metroid Prime" as the final boss, and after its defeat, reforms itself by stealing Samus' Phazon Suit to become Dark Samus, a black-colored doppelgänger of Samus.

title: Metroid Prime 4

text: Metroid Prime 4 is an upcoming first person action-adventure game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. A part of the "Metroid" series, it will be a fourth main installment in the "Metroid Prime" series and a sequel to 2007's "".

title: Speedrun

text: The first "Metroid" community that was created for the purpose of fast completion was "Metroid Prime Discoveries", created and led by Jean-Sebastien "Zell" Dubois. Rather than being a site that focused on speedrunning, it was dedicated to documenting the possibilities of sequence breaking in the game "Metroid Prime". When the interest arose to begin the documentation of other games in the series, however, the new site "Metroid 2002" was created by Nathan "nate" Jahnke in August 2003. Initially, the only incentive was to document the two "Metroid" games released in 2002—"Metroid Prime" and "Metroid Fusion"—but this changed when Nathan was asked to take all content of "Metroid Online"—another site that had been developed at that time and contained sequence breaking documentation, a message board, and a 1% "Metroid Fusion" run—and relaunch Metroid 2002 as "the one resource for "Metroid Prime" sequence breaking info." This relaunch happened less than two weeks after the proposition and came to be in November. Ever since, it has been the central repository for everything related to speedrunning the "Metroid" series.

title: Ridley (Metroid)

text: Often considered one of the most memorable Nintendo villains, Ridley has been a mainstay of the series, having appeared (through various incarnations) in almost every Metroid game to date (all but Metroid II: Return of Samus, Metroid Prime Hunters and Metroid Prime 2: Echoes). He has also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series, however, he had not been made a playable character until Super Smash Bros. Ultimate in 2018, making it also the first game overall to have Ridley as a playable character.


query: When was The Global Marshall Plan Initiative formed?

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The idea of a Global Marshall Plan was first published in 1990 by U.S. politician, entrepreneur and environmentalist Al Gore in his book “Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit”. The choice of name deliberately recalls the historical Marshall Plan after the Second World War (officially: European Recovery Program), a symbol for hope, solidarity and peace.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Some of the more than 200 organizations that support the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, set up a coordination circle for the initiative in December 2010 in Munich and took over the political and content related duties that had until then been shared out between others. The coordination circle develops strategic and content positions of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, decides which projects to support, works on further development of content and is responsible for the yearly initiative meeting. Since November 2011 members have busied themselves with the development of a list of demands for the financial crisis. The current paper can be downloaded from the initiative’s website.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: To all people in the world to contribute to the initiative with their knowledge, experiences and ideas To religious organisations as well as the media and artists to spread the ideas of the Global Marshall plan and create awareness To interested groups as well as in NGO organised civil societies. The goal is to join forces and fight for a fair, sustainable globalization together. To science. All disciplines are invited to help to develop the Global Marshall Plan with detailed and interdisciplinary established projects. To the economy to make the Global Marshall Plan one its own concerns to create a socially fair and ecologically responsible economic development To governments and parliaments of nation states to officially support the Global Marshall Plan and to develop it through discussion with other actors. This new quality of global action and problem-solving ability lies in the long-term interests of all countries. To the European Union as an important bearer of hope for the project and for many people in the entire world. The EU member states are faced with the historical opportunity to make the transition from former colonial powers to partners of efficient and comprehensively understood development policies. The EU can and should courageously develop an alternative to current forms of globalisation and consistently advocate them in international negotiations. To the UN and its programmes and specialized organisations that play a central role in the implementation of these projects. Initiatives to reform the UN in the direction of greater efficiency, competency and funding are supported by the initiative. To the G8 to place combating poverty not as short-term measures such as aid and debt relief in the foreground, but to fight structural poverty through a reform of global regulations and institution at their roots.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: According to the initiative, a Global Marshall Plan could also allow attractive new perspectives for many other problems caused by an unbalanced globalization. Possible impacts for example could be:

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The long-term goal of the initiative is to establish a global eco-social market economy and alter the current failing global framework to lead to long-lasting peace and sustainability. From the beginning, the founders set themselves the goal of developing the initiative as openly as possible and also of winning over the support of the economy. All actors and parts of the global society should find that in the Global Marshall Plan one-sided organization can constructively be prevented. The initiative aims to provide the greatest possible support to the world to ensure that the plan is continually developed in its substance, quality, implementation and coverage.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Global Marshall Plan Initiative () Stiftung Weltvertrag / Global Contract Foundation () Eco-Social Forum / Ökosoziales Forum Österreich () Plant for the Planet Initiative ()

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Given the above considerations, the Global Marshall Plan Initiative sees the following principles and suggestions for the application of funds as particularly noteworthy:

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: As an international initiative, the goals are strategic: implementing a Global Marshall Plan and developing a broad public awareness of globally responsible action. Only an increased awareness and an improved understanding can be a reliable basis to lead the initiative to become better known and to create fairer globalization.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The goal of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative is to establish a framework compatible with sustainability for the global economy – a global Eco-Social Market Economy.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: As the world increasingly finds itself in a difficult, unsustainable situation as a result of rapid globalization, both in terms of environmental issues, poverty and unequal distribution, as well as the disproportionate cultural balance, on 16 May 2003 representatives from 16 civil society organizations revived the original idea for a global Marshall Plan as a movement for world peace, sustainability and justice, and at the Frankfurt airport, the Global Marshall Plan initiative was launched. Since the initiative should be organized as a network, i.e. locally and without hierarchies, the coordination of tasks and activities was assigned to different people and institutions: the coordination of content was taken up by Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Radermacher as Head of FAW/n, politicians, and Josef Riegler, with particular importance on an EU level and the Eco-Social Forum Europe. The coordination, initiation and promotion of supporters’ activities internationally were assigned the Global Contract Foundation and Frithjof Finkbeiner. Due to the enormous positive response and the wide range of activities, this commission was soon transferred to the Global Marshall Plan Foundation.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: An up-to-date list of supports can be found on the Global Marshall Plan website.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The current projects of the initiative are the University Days: Eco-Social Market Economy and Sustainability, a collaborative project between the initiative and 5 other organizations, as well as other multiplier training through the internationalisation and offer of other formats within the Global Marshall Plan Academy. Both projects are supported by the Global Marshall Plan Foundation. The foundation of one of three project offices finances the University Days, for the Global Marshall Plan the organizational administration. The support and maintenance of local activities through the coordination office, the coordination and communication of speakers and lecturers are additional important component of the commitment of the initiative.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Currently the initiative for a Global Marshall Plan is supported by more than 5000 individuals, 200 organisations, all Austrian federal states as well as some German states and prominent public figures. In many European and non-European countries the first national and regional structures have been established. From the 19–20 April 2008 representatives from numerous local and regional groups from Germany met in Erfurt to discuss establishing a national initiative with the purpose of a new governance structure of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative. As a result, an Erfurt Declaration was accepted, which expresses the will to establish an umbrella organisation to house the local, regional and national groups. As to not contract initiative’s own understanding of its network-like character and open design, the establishment of a national organisation has recently been abandoned. People can belong to numerous organisations, get involved in local groups informally or organize a club. There should not be a national organisation or governing body.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: To be able to develop the desired effect and gain broad and sustained support of global civil society but also to find the economy and politics, earlier mistakes in development cooperation must be avoided in the implementation of the Global Marshall Plan.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Al Gore: Wege zum Gleichgewicht. Ein Marshallplan für die Erde. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1992. ISBN3-10-027200-5 Möller, Radermacher, Riegler, Soekadar, Spiegel: GLOBAL MARSHALL PLAN, Statement der Global Marshall Plan Initiative. 64 pages. Foundation basis of the initiative, Horizonte Verlag, 2004, ISBN3-89483-102-2. Global Marshall Plan Initiative (Hrsg.): Hoffnung Europa. Strategie des Miteinanders, Hamburg. 2006. Global Marshall Plan Initiative (Hrsg.): Impulse für eine Welt in Balance. Hamburg, 2005. Global Marshall Plan Initiative (Hrsg.): Welt in Balance. Zukunftschance Ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft. Hamburg, 2004. Huber, Florian J.: Global Governance und der Global Marshall Plan - Strategien, Kritik und Analyse. Saarbrücken, 2007 Franz Josef Radermacher: Global Marshall Plan. A Planetary Contract. Für eine weltweite Ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft. Hamburg, 2004. (published in both German and English) Huschmand Sabet: Globale Maßlosigkeit. Der (un)aufhaltsame Zusammenbruch des weltweiten Mittelstandes. Düsseldorf, 2005. Radermacher, F.J.: "Die neue Zukunftsformel" in: bild der wissenschaft. 4, 2002a Franz Josef Radermacher, Bernd Beyers: Welt mit Zukunft - Überleben im 21. Jahrhundert. Der Global Marshall Plan als Zukunftsoption. Hamburg, Murmann-Verlag, 2007, ISBN978-3-938017-86-9

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: In a series of lectures in 2003-4, the initiative was refined further. Eventually the first report on the Global Marshall Plan Initiative (“Global Marshall Plan – A Planetary Contract for a global Eco-Social Market Economy) was compiled. It was published in September 2004.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Believing that change will come from the centre of society, supporters raise awareness of the issues surrounding globalization and motivate those around them for the implementation of fair globalization. Lectures are an essential part of spreading the word. By raising awareness and informing, alliances are formed and pressure is created from “bottom-up”. Those motivated are trained through multiplier training in Global Marshall Plan Academies.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: In January 2007 the state parliament of Thuringia became the first national parliament in Germany to commit the goals of the Global Marshall Plan. The parliament paper (Parliament paper 4/2658) also requested the Thuringia state government to support the development of a concrete package of measures for the implementation of the Global Marshall Plan and to raise awareness with prominent example projects and information events in Thuringia as well reporting on progress every three years in state parliament. Since November 2007 the city of Munich has also supported the Global Marshall Plan.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The goal of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative is to globally link appropriate order processes with competitive mechanisms to create value added systems by combining potential, resources and infrastructure with well planned, institutional solutions. A global eco-social market economy would therefore create the right balance between competitive economy, social solidarity and ecological sustainability.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The Global Marshall Plan Initiative wants to strengthen these turnarounds. With the self-understanding of a network-style movement for a World in Balance, positively aligned powers from politics, economics, science and civil society are brought together in a wide-ranging alliance based on the key requirements of fair globalization. This relies on the simultaneous pursuit of “bottom-up” and “top-down” approach, thus raising awareness and increasing lobbying.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The goal of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative is to make a substantial contribution to a global eco-social market economy. This eco-social Marshall Plan would include realistic perspectives:

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The first phase of the Global Marshall Plan seeks for the application of the following standards which have already been agreed on by UN member states:

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Shortly after establishing the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, Karolin and Frithjof Finkbeiner founded the Global Marshall Plan Foundation. From them on, the foundation took over from the duties originally assigned to the Global Contract Foundation of an international coordination office of the initiative. Since the foundation has acted as secretariat for the initiative, taking care of the proper application of logos, networking actors and promoting many innovative projects with the help of numerous supporters. Alongside the support of the children’s initiative Plant-for-the-Planet, which is active in more than 193 countries, it is possible to organize more international conferences, as for example the Commons Forum, and train around 40 participants through the multiplier training of the Global Marshall Plan Academy that take places yearly.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: These numbers illustrate that the proposed Global Marshall Plan on the stated level is by all means financeable.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Especially important is that the Global Marshall Plan overcomes old clashes of interests and that it achieves an unusually wide support.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Central to the logic of a plan is the following basic principle, as introduced by the Global Marshall Plan Initiative:

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The Global Marshall Plan Initiative views itself as an integrative organizational platform for a "world in balance". Composed of a network of more than 5000 supporters from all levels of society, brought together from politics, economics and civil society, the Initiative is based on five core goals for fair globalization. Through its network-like character, it is organized through even hierarchies and without a centre. Everyone is invited to actively participate and take action with their circles and the accompanying opportunities to implement a World in Balance.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: The Global Marshall Plan Initiative addresses this with their ideas and suggestions aimed at different audiences:

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Another proposal to finance a Global Marshall Plan, which also has support from numerous experts, is a tax on global financial transactions. The financial transaction tax (FTT) is currently on the verge of a breakthrough in the EU.

title: Global Marshall Plan Initiative

text: Elements of the Global Marshall Plan, including the five interrelated building blocks of the plan, have already been mentioned in previous UN summits, European policy and demands from various NGOs and institutions. The five building blocks, which are continually adapted to the current challenges, form the starting point and at the same time the foundation of the initiative.