query: Who established the Jehovah's Witnesses?

title: History of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses originated as a branch of the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian Restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries.[1] The movement split into several rival organizations after Russell's death in 1916, with one—led by Russell's successor, Joseph "Judge" Rutherford—retaining control of both his magazine, The Watch Tower, and his legal and publishing corporation, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept. Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.58 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

title: History of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses: The New World Society by Marley Cole. This book received a positive review in the August 15, 1955 Watchtower: "Much of the material was gathered by personal interviews with witnesses, some of them being officials of the Society. Frequently in the news is something about the religion of President Eisenhower's parents. This book gives the facts often overlooked or concealed, with documentary proof that they were Jehovah's witnesses for many years." Cole was an active Witness and wrote the book in collaboration with Witness leaders. It was also distributed by the Watch Tower Society. 229 pages. Publisher: The Vantage Press, 1955. by A. H. Macmillan. Macmillan provides a first-person account of the early history of Jehovah's Witnesses from his meeting of Charles Taze Russell in 1900 to the time of the writing of the book (1957). He served with three of the Presidents of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society: Russell, Rutherford, and Knorr (who wrote the book's introduction). Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 57-8528 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1957) A People for His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation by Tony Wills, (2006) 2nd edition. (The first edition was published under the pseudonym Timothy White.) The author, a lifelong Witness, presents an in-depth look at the Bible Student/Jehovah's Witness movement. He explores its doctrinal growth and shifts and notes schisms from the main body. 300 pages. ISBN978-1-4303-0100-4. Armed with the Constitution: Jehovah's Witnesses in Alabama and the U.S Supreme Court, 1939-1946 by Merlin Newton. Newton researches the contributions of two Jehovah's Witnesses—a black man and a white woman—in expanding the meaning of the First Amendment in 1940s Alabama. She examines two key U.S. Supreme Court decisions, as well as court records, memoirs, letters, and interviews of Jehovah's Witnesses. Publisher: University Alabama Press; Religion and American Culture Series, Reprint edition (June 28, 2002). Paperback: 240 pages. ISBN0-8173-1228-5 O'er the Ramparts They Watched by Victor Blackwell.

title: List of Watch Tower Society publications

text:
"Apply Yourself to Reading and Writing" (1998)
"Mission to Africa" (1997), French & English
"Lasting Peace and Happiness—How to Find Them" (1996), for Buddhists
""All Scripture"—Authentic and Beneficial" (1995), Polish
"How to Read and Write" (1995), Nigeria
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Austria" (1995), German
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Bulgaria" (1995), Bulgarian
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia" (2005 in Russian, revised 2008 also in English)
"Lasting Peace and Happiness—How to Find Them" (1995, revised 2009), Chinese, for Buddhists
"Your Neighbors, Jehovah's Witnesses—Who Are They?" (1995, revised 1996), German
"Apply Yourself to Reading and Writing" (1994), Arabic
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Greece" (1993), English and Greek
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Hungary" (1993, revised 1996), Hungarian
"Jehovah's Witnesses in the Czech Republic" (1993), Czech
"Our Problems—Who Will Help Us Solve Them?" (1990), for Hindus
"Centennial of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania" (1984)
"Apply Yourself to Reading and Writing" (1983, revised 1988), French
"Blood Transfusion—Why Not for Jehovah's Witnesses?" (1977)
"Jehovah's Witnesses" (1966)
"Kingdom Ministry School Course—Outline of Program and Notes" (1966)
"Manual of Theocratic News Service Information" (1956)
"Order of Trial" (1939)
"Christianity Is Not Free in Lagrange, Georgia" (1937)
"Christianity Is Not Free in the United States of America" (1936)
"Information by the Peoples Pulpit Association, To the Honorable Federal Communications Commission, Broadcasting Division" (1934)
"In Rebuttal—To the Honorable Federal Communications Commission, Broadcast Division" (1934)
"The Watchtower Radio Stations, WORD & WBBR" (1925)
"The Golden Age ABC" (1920)
"The Messenger of Laodicea" (1919)
"Harvest Siftings" (1917, two parts)
"Our Temple" (1914)

title: History of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses Watch Tower Society unfulfilled predictions Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)

title: Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan

text: Many in the Government expressed suspicion of the Jehovah's Witnesses, viewing it as an extremist group. Internal police training documents continue to list the Jehovah's Witnesses, along with the IMU and HT, as security threats. Local officials and representatives of the religious establishment continued to express apprehension about the group's missionary activities. On November 30 and December 1, 2006, state television broadcast a documentary entitled "Hypocrisy" that linked Jehovah's Witnesses with the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo.

title: Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country

text: The Supreme Courts of many states have established the rights of Jehovah's Witnesses and other faiths to engage in the practice of evangelism.

title: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada

text: The clash between Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church became an issue of the competing ideas of freedom of speech and the freedom of religion. Jehovah's Witnesses went to court to establish the right to distribute their literature on the streets of Quebec. They also became political dissenters because during the Duplessis era, a challenge to the Church was tantamount to challenging the government. Any limitation of the Church's authority would mean limiting Duplessis's authority.

title: Gary Botting

text: In 1966, Botting's grandmother visited Canada and once again encouraged him to expand his religious horizons to include "the old religion". This time, she focused her attention on Botting's fiancé, Heather Harden, nominally also a Jehovah's Witness, who was receptive to the idea of establishing a Wiccan coven in Canada. In 1969-70, Gary and Heather Botting established Coven Celeste in Peterborough, Ontario, having by that time become "inactive" Jehovah's Witnesses.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups

text: In 2007, Jehovah's Witness apologist and author Greg G. Stafford, author of "Jehovah's Witnesses Defended" (Elihu Books), formally disassociated from the group, while insisting on describing himself and his followers as "Jehovah's Witnesses". Stafford has published information about Jehovah's Witnesses, defending many of their distinctive, central beliefs, such as nontrinitarianism. In 2007, Stafford introduced the term "Christian Witnesses of Jah" to describe individuals who believe many of the same things as Jehovah's Witnesses, but who may not embrace the organization or all of its theological teachings.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include "inactive" and "disfellowshipped" individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered "active" by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the denomination: about 37% of people raised in the group continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses; the next lowest retention rates were for Buddhism at 50% and Catholicism at 68%. The study also found that 65% of adult Jehovah's Witnesses in the US are converts.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by their Governing Body, which Witnesses are taught Jesus uses as a channel for God's progressive revelations and to direct Christians on biblical matters. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (a limited number of "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). The Governing Body seeks neither advice nor approval from any "anointed" Witnesses other than high-ranking members at the Brooklyn headquarters. At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the present world order, which they perceive as being under the control of Satan, will be ended by a direct intervention of Jehovah (God), who will use Jesus Christ to fully establish his heavenly government over earth, destroying existing human governments and non-Witnesses, and creating a cleansed society of true worshippers who can live forever. They see their mission as primarily evangelical (disseminating "good news"), to warn as many people as possible in the remaining time before Armageddon. All members of the denomination are expected to take an active part in preaching. Witnesses refer to all their beliefs collectively as "the Truth".

title: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses did not have a significant presence in the Soviet Union prior to 1939 when the Soviet Union forcibly incorporated eastern Poland, Moldavia, and Lithuania, each of which had a Jehovah's Witness movement. Although never large in number (estimated by the KGB to be 20,000 in 1968), the Jehovah's Witnesses became one of the most persecuted religious groups in the Soviet Union during the post-World War II era. Members were arrested or deported; some were put in Soviet concentration camps. Witnesses in Moldavian SSR were deported to Tomsk Oblast; members from other regions of the Soviet Union were deported to Irkutsk Oblast. KGB officials, who were tasked with dissolving the Jehovah's Witness movement, were disturbed to discover that the Witnesses continued to practice their faith even within the labor camps.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.

title: Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Individuals who attend meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses but are not involved in preaching are occasionally referred to in Watch Tower Society publications as "associates" or as being "associated with the congregation". Attendance figures for Witness events include "Jehovah's Witnesses and associates"; such statistics may be cited for comparison of Witness numbers with membership figures of other denominations, but only those sharing in their ministry are counted by Jehovah's Witnesses when reporting their official statistics.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet. George D. Chryssides stated, "while prediction may be part of a biblical prophet's role, the root meaning of prophecy is that of proclaiming God's word." He went on to say that, "Jehovah's Witnesses ... are the recipients of prophecy, who regard themselves as invested with the interpretation of biblical writings." With these interpretations, Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible. Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines. Some failed predictions had been presented as "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".

title: History of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses by Alan Rogerson. Constable. 1969 Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada: Champions of freedom of speech and worship by M. James Penton. Penton, who is a professor emeritus of history at University of Lethbridge (a former member of the Jehovah's Witnesses), examines the history of legal activities that led to expansion of religious freedoms in Canada. Referenced in the January 1, 1977 Watchtower, page 11 and the 1979 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 94. Publisher: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN0-7705-1340-9 (Canada, 1976) Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses by M. James Penton. Penton, who is a professor emeritus of history at University of Lethbridge, examines the history of Jehovah's Witnesses, and their doctrines. Read selections from: Publisher: University of Toronto Press. ISBN0-8020-7973-3 (Canada, 1998)

title: History of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: The leadership structure of Jehovah's Witnesses was reorganized from January 1, 1976, with the power of the presidency passed to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and the establishment of six committees to oversee tasks such as writing, teaching, publishing and evangelizing work.[206] At this time, Watch Tower Society publications began using the capitalized name, Jehovah's W<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[85212,85224,2,2]}'>itnesses. Subsequent presidents of the Watch Tower Society after Knorr's death in 1977 have been Frederick William Franz, Milton George Henschel and Don A. Adams.

title: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: On December 8, 2009 the Supreme Court of Russia upheld the ruling of the lower courts which pronounced 34 pieces of Jehovah's Witness literature extremist, including their magazine "The Watchtower", in the Russian language. Jehovah's Witnesses claim that this ruling affirms a misapplication of a federal law on anti-extremism. The ruling upheld the confiscation of property of Jehovah's Witnesses in Taganrog, and may set a precedent for similar cases in other areas of Russia, as well as placing literature of Jehovah's Witnesses on a list of literature unacceptable throughout Russia. The chairman of the presiding committee of the Administrative Center of Jehovah's Witnesses in Russia, Vasily Kalin, said: "I am very concerned that this decision will open a new era of opposition against Jehovah's Witnesses, whose right to meet in peace, to access religious literature and to share the Christian hope contained in the Gospels, is more and more limited." On December 1, 2015 a Rostov Regional Court convicted 16 Jehovah's Witnesses of practising extremism in Taganrog, with five given -year suspended sentences and the remainder issued fines they were not required to pay.

text: In July 1940 the government of Canada banned the Jehovah's Witnesses. Overnight it became illegal to be a member of this sect. The law, passed under the War Measures Act, was vigorously enforced. Beatings, mob action, police persecution, and state prosecution confronted the Jehovah's Witnesses as they ignored the ban and continued to go about their work spreading the word of God... The struggle was bitter indeed. Jehovah's Witness children who refused to sing the national anthem and salute the flag during patriotic exercises in public schools were often expelled from class, and in a few cases, removed from their parents' care and placed in foster homes and juvenile detention centres. Men of military service age who refused to fight spent the war trying to get out of alternative service camps established across Canada for conscientious objectors. Jehovah's Witness spent a good deal of time in the courts during the war years; they challenged government policies with which they disagreed, and were arrested in the hundreds and charged with being members of an illegal group.

title: Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses' official statistics only count as members those who submit reports for preaching activity, usually resulting in lower membership numbers than those found by external surveys. For example, Jehovah's Witnesses report approximately 1.2 million active publishers in the United States, whereas the Pew Research Center reported that Jehovah's Witnesses make up 0.8% of the US population (approximately 2.5 million). Their official statistics indicate membership according to various territories—which they refer to as "lands"—many of which are not independent countries.

text: After World War II, the Church came under attack by the Jehovah's Witnesses who challenged its doctrines. They were determined to seek Catholic converts. In response, the Duplessis regime mounted a campaign of persecution against Jehovah's Witnesses and communists. The result was a legal struggle between the Duplessis regime and lawyers such as Frank Scott and Pierre Trudeau who argued in defence of the rights of minorities.

title: Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses

text: In 1992, American religious scholar J. Gordon Melton placed the Jehovah's Witnesses denomination in a list of "established cults". However, he and others have since been more reluctant to use the term "cult" for various groups, including Jehovah's Witnesses, because the term is considered too controversial. Ex-cult watchdog John Bowen Brown II and "Knocking" producer Joel P. Engardio also reject the assertion that Jehovah's Witnesses is a cult. The two-volume encyclopedia "Contemporary American Religion" stated, "Various critics and ex-members in recent years have wrongly labeled Jehovah's Witnesses a 'cult.'"

title: Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses

text:
Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, and the denomination does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices. Members who openly disagree with the movement's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization". They also warn members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil" and would "cause division". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".
Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz has accused the movement's Governing Body of resenting, deprecating and seeking to silence alternative viewpoints within the organization and demanding organizational conformity that overrides personal conscience. He claimed the Watch Tower Society confirmed its position when, in a 1954 court case in Scotland, Watch Tower Society legal counsel Hayden C. Covington said of Jehovah's Witnesses: "We must have unity ... unity at all costs". He also stated that Witnesses are subject to a disciplinary system that encourages informants.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses and the United Nations

text: Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the United Nations is the "image of the wild beast" referred to in and the fulfillment of the "disgusting thing that causes desolation" from . Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God will use the United Nations to destroy "false religion", wherein all institutionalized religions except Jehovah's Witnesses will be destroyed. They further believe that after all other religions are destroyed, "a coalition of nations" will then turn against Jehovah's Witnesses to destroy them, but Jehovah will intervene and destroy all political elements. They believe this act of divine intervention will be Armageddon, the final part of the Great Tribulation.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The denomination does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the group's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization". It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil" and would "cause division". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".

text: "Unbaptized publishers" are persons who are not yet baptized, but who have requested and been granted approval to join in the congregation's formal ministry. They must demonstrate a basic knowledge of Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrines to the elders, state their desire to be a Jehovah's Witness, and conform to the organization's moral standards. To qualify as an unbaptized publisher, an individual must already be "an active associate of Jehovah's Witnesses", regularly attending congregation meetings.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions

text: Since the elaboration of the blood doctrine to the point of prohibiting transfusion, the majority of Jehovah's Witnesses have adopted the organization's position. Those Jehovah's Witnesses who accept the blood doctrine typically hold strongly to their conviction. In the August 1998 issue of "Academic Emergency Medicine", Donald Ridley, a Jehovah's Witness and organization staff attorney, argued that carrying an up-to-date Medical Directive card issued by the organization indicates that an individual personally agrees with the established religious position of Jehovah's Witness.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups

text: Scholars estimate that during the Nazi regime, about half of all Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany were incarcerated in prison or concentration camps, where they were exposed to "sadism marked by an unending chain of physical and mental tortures, the likes of which no language in the world can express." At the time, they were represented by several geographical Bible Students Associations, each of which considered itself affiliated with the Watch Tower Society despite little contact with their US headquarters in Brooklyn. When contact was re-established, a minority of German Jehovah's Witnesses either preferred their autonomy or disagreed with the doctrinal changes that had occurred in the meantime. Some disassociated themselves from the Watch Tower Society and some individual members established contact with non-Jehovah's Witness Bible Student groups.


query: What is the currency in North Korea?

title: North Korean won

text: The won (/wʌn/;[3] Korean: 원, Korean pronunciation:[wʌn]; symbol: ₩; code: KPW) or Korean People's won is the official currency of North Korea. It is subdivided into 100 chon. The won is issued by the Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, based in the capital city, Pyongyang.

title: Pornography in North Korea

text: In the past, pornographic videos were also made in North Korea. They began to appear during the rule of Kim Jong-il, who himself reportedly had an extensive collection of pornographic films. Domestic titles were usually immediately seized by the authorities. One domestic title, "The Secret Story of the Republic", however, was smuggled to Japan and translated into Japanese by North Korean defectors. The film, featuring Workers' Party of Korea officials violating women, was sold in Japan, where it came with a written disclaimer: "Not for entertainment purposes. Distributed for research". North Korea has also exported pornography in an effort to gain hard currency. Some of these efforts were through North Korean websites.

title: Economy of North Korea

text: In late 2009, North Korea revalued its currency, effectively confiscating all privately held money above the equivalent of US$35 per person.[60] The revaluation effectively wiped out the savings of many North Koreans. Days after the revaluation the won dropped 96% against the United States dollar.[61] Pak Nam-gi, the director of the Planning and Finance Department of North Korea's ruling Workers' Party, was blamed for the disaster and later executed in 2010.[62]

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text:
Chinese premier Wen Jiabao has stated that reforms to re-balance the Chinese economy away from its current dependency on exports are well underway and that the yuan is being allowed to gradually appreciate. He warned that if China is forced to revalue its currency too fast that it would lead to social unrest in China, bankruptcy for export dependent companies and "disaster for the world".
In October, China posted a record surge in its foreign exchange reserves, which was seen as a "target around the neck of China’s exchange rate regime" in the effort to get the country to allow its currency to appreciate.
In reaction, Geithner suggested China’s attempts at limiting gains were the reason for capital controls and currency-market interventions in other emerging economies. "What’s happening is, as China holds its currency down, their currencies are moving up and they’re having to work very hard to make sure they’re not at an unfair disadvantage with China." "Bloomberg" pointed out at that countries such as Brazil, South Korea and Thailand sold their respective currencies in the weeks preceding the report to curb gains and support export. South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Colombia and Russia were also tightening rules to limit capital flows and avoid swings in their currencies.

title: Korean currency

text: The yen was the currency of Korea during the Colonial rule, from 1910 to 1945, and was issued by the Bank of Joseon It was equivalent to the Japanese yen and consisted of Japanese currency and banknotes issued specifically for Korea. It was replaced by the South Korean won at par in 1945, and by the North Korean won in 1947.

title: Ghana–North Korea relations

text: Ghana has mostly run a deficit in its trade with North Korea, meaning that Ghana is a source of foreign currencies to North Korea. In 2015, North Korea was Ghana's 77th biggest trade partner with $6.8 million in trade. Ghana imports mostly cement from North Korea. It exports mainly cocoa, gemstones, and pearls, but also precious metals.

title: Economy of North Korea

text: Estimating gross national product in North Korea is a difficult task because of a dearth of economic data[19] and the problem of choosing an appropriate rate of exchange for the North Korean won, the nonconvertible North Korean currency. The South Korean government's estimate placed North Korea's GNP in 1991 at US$22.9 billion, or US$1,038 per capita. In contrast, South Korea posted US$237.9 billion of GNP and a per capita income of US$5,569 in 1991. North Korea's GNP in 1991 showed a 5.2% decline from 1989, and preliminary indications were that the decline would continue. South Korea's GNP, by contrast, expanded by 9.3% and 8.4%, respectively, in 1990 and 1991.[16]

title: 2006 North Korean missile test

text: The test came on the heels of the Six-party talks between North Korea, China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States. Asian stocks and currencies slid along with European and United States stocks, while gold, silver, and oil rose amid news of the North Korean missiles.

title: Smoking in North Korea

text:
Those who have hard currency can easily buy imported cigarettes from hard currency shops, although these will also stock the best domestic brands (such as Pak Ma, comparable in quality to makhorka) to convince tourists of the quality of North Korean tobacco. Cigarettes are popular gifts, and tourists are recommended to give Western brands of cigarettes to tour guides. Within the country, cigarettes are used as form of currency in bribery.
Those who roll their own tobacco prefer to use sheets of "Rodong Sinmun"—the organ of the Central Committee of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea—as rolling paper. One piece of the paper can be used to roll some 40-50 cigarettes. According to one defector, when a North Korean "starts to smoke the "Rodong Sinmun" tobacco, he cannot smoke other kinds of tobacco. I used to smoke the "Rodong Sinmun" tobacco, and after defection, couldn't smoke with Chinese paper tobacco due to the poor taste." Because the "Rodong Sinmun" is in limited circulation, most North Koreans roll their cigarettes with some other paper.

title: 22nd Crash Rescue Boat Squadron

text: In April 1952, Far East Command ordered crash rescue boat commanders to provoke bank robberies in North Korea, both for the communist currency and for general economic sabotage. Some of the agents being infiltrated into North Korea also passed counterfeit currency to disrupt the communists' economy. In October, a North Korean junk infiltrated one of the 22nd's main bases, at Chodo Island, but was repelled with the loss of two prisoners left behind.

title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis

text: According to North Korea expert Sung-Yoon Lee, North Korea's policy toward the Olympics is to enhance North Korea's status: "One doesn't need to be a genius to see that this is what North Korea does: After having created a war-like, crisis atmosphere, (Kim [Jong-un]) takes a small step back and there's a collective sigh of relief that there's no war. It does wonders for North Korea's image."

title: Korean currency

text: After the division of Korea, North Korea continued using the Korean yen for 2 years until the Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established on December 6, 1947 and a new currency was issued. It was at the time pegged at par to the Soviet ruble. It was revalued at a rate of one hundred to one in February 1959 and new won were issued.

title: North Korea's illicit activities

text: According to North Korea scholar Andrei Lankov, the country's illicit activities never developed into lucrative hard currency earners. Instead, these activities exposed the country to international condemnation in exchange for marginal gain. Lankov suggests that smuggling was never intended to earn currency for the regime, but was simply a means of survival for diplomats whose funding was cut.

title: Mark Wallace

text: During his tenure as Ambassador to the United Nations, Wallace most notably sought to uncover corruption in UN programs in such places as North Korea and Burma. He exposed the "Cash for Kim" corruption scandal in North Korea, revealing, among other issues, that the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) had funneled millions of dollars in hard currency to North Korea without assurance that North Korea's dictatorship would use the money to help the North Korean people instead of diverting it to illicit activities including the country's illegal nuclear program. Wallace accused the program of being "systematically perverted for the benefit of the Kim Jong Il regime" and the media drew parallels between UNDP's corruption in North Korea and the Oil-for-Food scandal in Iraq several years earlier. "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that the finding of the Cash for Kim investigation "vindicates" Wallace, "who led the charge for transparency at UNDP."

title: Taxation in North Korea

text: Special taxation laws also affect the special economic zones in North Korea (in particular the Kaesong Industrial Complex) where foreign companies are allowed to operate. There is therefore corporate tax in North Korea, as outlined by the Processing Trade Law, Lock Gate Law and Copyright Law, and related legislation, including laws on tax evasion. An estimate of this corporate tax in early 2000s was for 10-14%. North Korean workers there are subject to the usual indirect taxation: their wages are paid in hard currencies by foreign companies to North Korean government, which then pays the workers in North Korean currency, minus the value of "insurance taxes and socio-cultural fees". A 2013 estimate for the tax on individual workers suggested that the state takes 45% of their wages in a form of a tax.

title: North Korean support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War

text: North Korea sold arms primarily as a source of foreign exchange. North Korea demanded the currency of its declared enemy, the United States, as payment. Sales ended only after North Korea's nuclear test, in October 2006, caused the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 embargo.

title: Japan–North Korea relations

text: Coincidental with the changing patterns in its relations with China and Russia, North Korea has moved to improve its strained relations with Japan. Pyongyang's primary motives appear to be a quest for relief from diplomatic and economic isolation, which has caused serious shortages of food, energy, and hard currency. Normalization of relations with Japan also raises the possibility of North Korea's gaining monetary compensation for the period of Japan's colonial rule (1910–45), a precedent set when Japan normalized relations with South Korea.

title: Etymology of the Korean currencies

text: The won is the currency of both North and South Korea. "Won" is a cognate of the Chinese currency unit, the yuan (//), and the Japanese currency unit, the yen (; ¥), meaning "round object". The won is subdivided into 100 jeon ().

title: North Korea

text: North Korea has the structural profile of a relatively industrialized country where nearly half of the Gross Domestic Product is generated by industry and human development is at medium levels. Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP is estimated at $40 billion, with a very low per capita value of $1,800. In 2012, Gross national income per capita was $1,523, compared to $28,430 in South Korea. The North Korean won is the national currency, issued by the Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

title: Economy of North Korea

text: In 1979, North Korea renegotiated much of its international debt, but in 1980 it defaulted on its loans except those from Japan. By the end of 1986, hard-currency debt had reached more than US$1 billion. It also owed nearly $2 billion to communist creditors, principally the Soviet Union. The Japanese declared North Korea in default. By 2000, taking into account penalties and accrued interest, North Korea's debt was estimated at $10–12 billion.[34] By 2012, North Korea's external debt had grown to an estimated US$20 billion despite Russia reportedly writing off about $8 billion of debt in exchange for participation in natural resources development. Besides Russia, major creditors included Hungary, the Czech Republic and Iran.[7]

title: Korean currency

text: In 1902, won was introduced as the official currency unit replacing yang at 1 won = 5 yang. The bank of Korea was established 1909 but soon after in 1910, Imperial Japan annexed Korean Empire. Under Colonial rule, the country was made to use the currency unit "yen" in the name of Korean yen, which took over the Korean won at par. After the division of Korea, the state of South Korea was established and recognized in 1948, and won was again made the official currency of the new state. "jeon" was made the subunit of the currency that divided it into 100 equal parts. Bank of Joseon issued the currency for independent South Korea for the first time that too in banknotes only.

title: Korea Exchange Bank

text:
Korea Exchange Bank one of few specialized banks in South Korea that buys and sell foreign currency coinage.
Foreign currency coinage exchangeable at KEB are:

title: North Korea's illicit activities

text: Counterfeiting currency is alleged to have begun in the 1970s under Kim Jong-il's direction; however, the notes produced at the time were not of high quality. Since then, and within the jurisdiction of Room 39, the North Korean government has counterfeited $50 and $100 United States banknotes using increasingly sophisticated techniques. In 1994, authorities in Hong Kong and Macao apprehended five North Korean diplomats and trade-mission members carrying around $430,000 in bills that turned out to be "superdollar" (also called "supernote") counterfeits. There have been two primary reasons for counterfeiting: the first is to wage economic warfare against the United States, and secondly, to help ease North Korea's domestic economic problems. According to a report by Dr. Balbina Hwang of American University, North Korea circulated $100 million in counterfeit currency in 2001. The revenues from this are estimated at between $15 million and $25 million annually. In 2013, the United States released its newly redesigned 100 dollar bill. The primary purpose of the redesign was to fight against counterfeiting and prevent the recurrence of the "supernotes" which were produced by North Korea.

title: Postage stamps and postal history of North Korea

text: The first stamps of North Korea were issued on 12 March 1946: "Rose of Sharon" and "Samson Rock". Stamps prior to 1974 dealt primarily with subjects relating specifically to North Korea, its foundation, Kim Il-sung and other patriotic themes. After 1974, in a bid to bring more hard currency into the country, North Korea began issuing stamps with wide-ranging themes (such as Joan of Arc, airships, sports and wildlife) and using English descriptions.

title: Agriculture in North Korea

text: In the 1990s the North Korean economy saw stagnation turning into crisis. Economic assistance received from the USSR and China was an important factor of its economic growth. In 1991 USSR collapsed, withdrew its support and demanded payment in hard currency for imports. China stepped in to provide some assistance and supplied food and oil, most of it reportedly at concessionary prices. But in 1994 China reduced its exports to North Korea. The rigidity in the political and economic systems of North Korea left the country ill-prepared for a changing world. The North Korean economy was undermined and its industrial output began to decline in 1990.

title: North Korea's illicit activities

text: The International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency is the primary treaty whereby states agree to criminalize acts of currency counterfeiting. North Korea is not a party to the treaty.

title: Korean yen

text: The Korean yen was the currency of Korea between 1910 and 1945. It was equivalent to the Japanese yen and consisted of Japanese currency and banknotes issued specifically for Korea. The yen was subdivided into 100 sen. It replaced the Korean won at par and was replaced by the South Korean won and the North Korean won at par.

title: North Korean postal service

text: Postal service between North and South Korea does not exist. North Korea is under multiple economic sanctions which severely limit what can legally be sent to the country. In the United States any mail is regulated by the Office of Foreign Assets Control and limits mail to first-class letters/postcards and matter for the blind. All merchandise, currency, precious metals, jewelry, chemical/biological/radioactive materials and others are prohibited.

title: Digital currency

text: South Korea plans national digital currency using a Blockchain. The chairman of South Korea’s Financial Services Commission (FSC), Yim Jong-yong, announced that his department will "Lay the systemic groundwork for the spread of digital currency." South Korea has already announced plans to discontinue coins by the year 2020.

title: Indonesia–North Korea relations

text: The North Korean government operated the Pyongyang restaurant in Jakarta, serving North Korean cuisine, promoting North Korea as well as being the source of foreign currency for North Korean government. The Pyongyang restaurant had chefs, cooks, and waitresses straight from North Korea. The restaurant was closed after the death of Kim Jong Un’s stepbrother.


query: Who plays Bones?

title: Emily Deschanel

text: Emily Erin Deschanel (/ˌdeɪʃəˈnɛl/; born October 11, 1976)[1] is an American actress, director and producer. She is best known for her role as Dr. Temperance "Bones" Brennan in the FOX series Bones.

title: Jimmy Bone

text: James Bone (born 22 September 1949) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played as a striker. Following his playing retirement he moved into coaching and has managed a number of Scottish League clubs.

title: Mule Bone

text: Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life is a 1930 play by American authors Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. The process of writing the play led Hughes and Hurston, who had been close friends, to sever their relationship. "Mule Bone" was not staged until 1991.The play begins in Eatonville, Florida, on a Saturday afternoon with Jim and Dave fighting for Daisy's affection. The two men come to blows, and Jim picks up a hock bone from a mule and knocks Dave out. Jim is arrested and held for trial in Joe Clarke's barn.

title: Chapter II: Family Reunion

text: In this album, several new faces emerged in the Mo Thugs camp, such as: Thug Queen, Felecia and Powder (who collaborated with Krayzie Bone and Layzie Bone on the album's second single "Ghetto Cowboy".) This album also featured Bone Thugs N Harmony member, Wish Bone, who appeared on the album's first track. Long time producer and Bone musical director Romeo Antonio produced majority of album while co writing and playing all instruments.

title: Bone

text: A number of diseases can affect bone, including arthritis, fractures, infections, osteoporosis and tumours. Conditions relating to bone can be managed by a variety of doctors, including rheumatologists for joints, and orthopedic surgeons, who may conduct surgery to fix broken bones. Other doctors, such as rehabilitation specialists may be involved in recovery, radiologists in interpreting the findings on imaging, and pathologists in investigating the cause of the disease, and family doctors may play a role in preventing complications of bone disease such as osteoporosis.

title: Bones Weatherly

text: Gerald Craft "Bones" Weatherly (December 26, 1928 – December 28, 2004) was an American football linebacker who played four seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the eighth round of the 1949 NFL Draft. He played college football at Rice University and attended Cuero High School in Cuero, Texas.

title: Adrián Bone

text: Adrián Javier Bone Sánchez (born 8 September 1988) is an Ecuadorian international footballer who plays for Emelec on loan from Independiente del Valle, as a goalkeeper.

title: Enrique Boned Guillot

text: Enrique Boned Guillot (born 4 May 1978), commonly known as Kike, is a former Spanish futsal player who played as a Defender.

title: The Bone People

text: The title "The Bone People" draws parallels between the Māori people, who use bone extensively in art and tools, and the notion of the core or skeleton of a person: in the novel the characters are figuratively stripped to the bone. In Māori, the term iwi, usually referring to a tribal group, literally means "bone". Thus, in the novel, "E nga iwi o nga iwi" p. 395, translates to "O the bones of the people" (where 'bones' stands for ancestors or relations), but it also translates to "O the people of the bones" (i.e. the beginning people, the people who make another people).

title: Human musculoskeletal system

text: This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide stability to the body. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in the movement of bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly onto each other. Muscles contract to move the bone attached at the joint.

title: A Bone for a Bone

text: The Gophers (Mac and Tosh) are playing a gin game in their hole in the ground outside a house, where Tosh loses his fifth game in a row, when Geo P. Dog digs a hole and dumps a bone on the Gophers and then dirt as he fills the hole in. Geo does remove the bone upon Tosh's request, but realizing that it was gophers who asked him to move the bone, he returns to the same hole to rebury the bone. This time, Mac goes up, only to be grabbed by Geo. Mac then yells for help, which arrives in the form of Tosh and a hammer, which Tosh uses to knock Geo's head into his collar, allowing the Gophers to return to their hole and escape the dog, but not before the Gophers have an argument over who should enter the hole first.

title: The Skulls (American band)

text: In 2000, Billy Bones was introduced to James 'Hardslug' Harding (The Adicts) by a mutual friend, Keith Miller, who had performed with Bones in the past with other projects. After discovering Hardslug was also into performing music, a 'jam' was suggested and Bones (vocals), Miller (bass) and Hardslug(drums) got together, joined by a young Kevin Preston (guitar) who attended the same school as Bones' daughter. This band practiced by covering Skulls songs among others and was to be called the DB5's, apparently after Bones' favorite automobile and interest in old James Bond movies. A few weeks later, Bones was asked to put together a version of The Skulls to perform at the 'Tribute to 77' event at The El Rey in Los Angeles, where many of the early punk bands were to perform. That line-up was to be Bones (vocals), Preston (guitar), Sean 'Geronimo' Antillon (ex Gears, Snake Charmers) (drums, who'd also played with Bones at an impromptu quasi Skulls appearance a few years before) and Keith Miller on Bass. However, Miller had to bow out at the last minute and Bones asked Hardslug if he knew anybody who could jump in. The story goes that Hardslug bought a bass, learned the songs in a week, and after just a few rehearsals, the band nailed it at the El Rey. The new version of The Skulls was born, with the DB5 project left by the wayside.

title: Opsismodysplasia

text: Opsismodysplasia can be characterized by a delay in bone maturation, which refers to "bone aging", an expected sequence of developmental changes in the skeleton corresponding to the chronological age of a person. Factors such as gender and ethnicity also play a role in bone age assessment. The only indicator of physical development that can be applied from birth through mature adulthood is bone age. Specifically, the age and maturity of bone can be determined by its state of ossification, the age-related process whereby certain cartilaginous and soft tissue structures are transformed into bone. The condition of epiphyseal plates (growth plates) at the ends of the long bones (which includes those of the arms, hands, legs and feet) is another measurement of bone age. The evaluation of both ossification and the state of growth plates in children is often reached through radiography (X-rays) of the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist). In opsismodysplasia, the process of ossification in long bones can be disrupted by a failure of ossification centers (a center of organization in long bones, where cartilage cells designated to await and undergo ossification gather and align in rows) to form. This was observed in a 16-month-old boy with the disorder, who had no apparent ossification centers in the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist) or tarsals (bones of the foot). This was associated with an absence of ossification in these bones, as well as disfigurement of the hands and feet at age two. The boy also had no ossification occurring in the lower femur (thigh bone) and upper tibia (the shin bone).

title: The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show

text: The Naked Trucker sings and plays guitar, usually wearing nothing more than his red hat and boots. He is a coffee-fueled long-haul trucker who embraces his own nudity as the ultimate example of American freedom. T-Bones is a freeloading drifter who's rarely seen without his ball-peen hammer or bottle of sweet wine. Often underestimated, T-Bones surprises many, including Trucker, with his cunning and depth of knowledge.

title: Bone ash

text: The raw material for bone china is about 50% bone ash derived from animal bones. These bones undergo multiple processing stages during which all meat is removed and the bone is completely cleaned. Once cleaned, the bone is heated to about 1000 °C (1832 °F) so that all additional organic material is removed from the bone and the bone becomes sterilized. Lastly, the newly sterilized bone is ground with water into fine particles which can be used as a raw material for bone china. Bone ash plays an important role in the creation of bone china, as the phosphate of the bone generates beta tricalcium phosphate, and other compounds from the bone create a calcium crystal called anorthite. Synthetic alternatives dicalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate are used as substitutes for bone ash. Most bone china are produced with synthetic alternatives rather than bone ash.

title: Scientastic!

text: The "Scientastic!" pilot episode, "Sticks and Stones," focuses on the biology of bones, bone nutrition, bone healing and the use of stem cells in bone repair. It follows the story of Leah (actress Lili Reinhart) and her best friend Habiba (actress Habiba Hopson) who breaks her arm during a soccer practice after being roughhoused by a group of bullies on the opposing team. To help Habiba regain the confidence she needs to continue playing soccer, she investigates what bones are and how they heal, visiting hospitals, museums and research laboratories in Pittsburgh. Included are interviews with doctors, scientists and researchers at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, the National Aviary and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine.

title: Kōauau

text: "Kōauau" resemble flutes the world over both in tone quality and in the range of sounds that can be produced by directing the breath across the sharp edge of the upper aperture. Māori "kōauau" players were renowned for the power it gave them over the affections of women (notably illustrated by the story of Tūtānekai, who, by playing his "kōauau", convinced Hinemoa to swim to him across Lake Rotorua). "Kōauau" are made of wood or bone. Formerly the bone was of bird bone such as albatross or moa; some instruments were also of human bone and were associated with chiefly status and with the cultural practice of utu.

title: T-Bone Slim

text: Matti Valentinpoika Huhta (1880–1942), better known by his pen name T-Bone Slim, was a humorist, poet, songwriter, hobo, and labor activist, who played a prominent role in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

title: Alex Bone

text: Alexander 'Alex' Bone (born 26 December 1971 in Stirling) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a forward. Bone began his career with St Mirren before moving to Stirling Albion in the mid-1990s. Bone went on to score more than a goal every two games for the Albion before winning an £80,000 move to Ayr United in 1999. Despite scoring on his début for Ayr, Bone spent the final few months of the season on loan, spending time back at Stirling and then latterly at Ross County. Such was his impact at County – he scored in the final four matches of the season – that he moved there on a permanent deal for the start of the next season. Months into his permanent spell, Bone received a five-match ban for accumulating three red cards in a match. Bone stayed at Victoria Park until early 2003 when he moved to Peterhead on a short-term deal, before spending just over a year with Elgin City. Shortly into the 2004-05 season, Bone joined Clachnacuddin, spending three years with "The Lilywhites". In the summer of 2007, Bone moved on to Forres Mechanics, where he remains today.

title: Tiberiu Bone

text: Tiberiu Bone (13 April 1929 – 22 March 1983) was a Romanian footballer who played as a midfielder, most notably for Steaua Bucureşti.

title: Corben Bone

text: Corben Bone (born September 16, 1988 in Plano, Texas) is an American soccer player who currently plays for FC Cincinnati in Major League Soccer.

title: Dominoes

text: Playing the first bone of a hand is sometimes called setting, leading, downing, or posing the first bone. Dominoes aficionados often call this procedure smacking down the bone. After each hand, bones are shuffled and each player draws the number of bones required, normally seven. Play proceeds clockwise. Players, in turn, must play a bone with an end that matches one of the open ends of the layouts.

title: Ken Bones

text: Bones' first television appearance was in the BBC Jubilee Play "A Day in the Life" by Ray Connolly, in 1977. In 1980 he appeared in an episode of "Fox" as Kemble. Bones played Sergeant Parkes in an episode of "Spearhead" (1981), played a small role in Series 3 of the long running TV series, The Bill (1987), Paul Roussillon in "Bergerac" (1988), and a Superintendent in "London's Burning" (1988). Also in 1988 Bones played Victorian medium Robert James Lees in ITV's "Jack the Ripper" starring Michael Caine. His first feature film was "Bellman and True" (1987) directed by Richard Loncraine and starring Bernard Hill. The "New York Times" film critic said "Mr Bones makes a memorable screen debut as the bullying Gort." In 1995 Bones played Toussant in the film "Cutthroat Island", and in 1998 made appearances in "Dangerfield" and "Cold Feet". He played Admiral Bill Wilson in the 1999 film "Wing Commander", and in 2001 he played Banquo in a made-for-television film of the Royal Shakespeare Company's "Macbeth" which starred Antony Sher as Macbeth. The film was the televised version of a stage show which had an enormously successful run in Britain, Japan and the United States.

title: Mick Bone

text: Michael "Mick" Bone (born 3 October 1942) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1960s.

title: Bones (instrument)

text: The song "This Old Man" describes bone playing, particularly sheep bone playing (hence paddywhack).

title: Bones (season 9)

text:
The series was renewed for a ninth season on January 9, 2013. The season features two extra episodes that were produced during the eighth season, but were not aired; they aired during the first half of season nine. Recurring antagonist Christopher Pelant (Andrew Leeds) returned for two episodes, which concluded his multiple-episode arc. New recurring characters in the season include Danny Beck, played by Freddie Prinze, Jr., a covert CIA agent who is an old associate of Booth; and Aldo Clemens, played by Mather Zickel, who served as Booth's advisor when he was a sniper. Both characters first appeared in the season premiere. The season also introduces new recurring Jeffersonian intern Rodolfo Fuentes, played by Ignacio Serricchio, who is a Cuban forensic anthropologist seeking asylum in the U.S.
The ninth season of "Bones" was released on DVD format only (subtitled "Til Death Do Us Part Edition") in region 1 on September 16, 2014, in region 2 on September 15, 2014, and in region 4 on November 26, 2014. The set includes all 24 episodes of season nine on a 6-disc DVD set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include an audio commentary on "The Woman in White" by Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and Karine Rosenthal, deleted scenes, a gag reel, and two featurettes—"Walking Down the Aisle, "Bones Style"" and ""Bones" at Comic-Con 2013".

title: Osteonecrosis of the jaw

text: Since ONJ has been diagnosed in many patients who did not take bisphosphonates, it is thus logical to assume that bisphosphonates are not the only factor in ONJ. While the oversuppression of bone turnover seems to play a major role in aggravating the disease process, other factors can and do initiate the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for ONJ. In non-bisphosphonate cases of ONJ, it is mainly the cancellous portion of the bone and its marrow content that are involved in the disease process. The first stage is an oedema of the bone marrow initiated by a bone infarct, which is itself modulated by numerous causes, leading to myelofibrosis as a result of hypoxia and gradual loss of mineral bone density characteristic of ischaemic osteoporosis. Further deterioration can be triggered by additional bone infarcts leading to anoxia and a localized areas of osteonecrosis within the osteoporotic cancellous bone. Secondary events such as dental infection, injection of local anaesthetics with vasoconstrictors, such as epinephrine, and trauma can add further complications to the disease process and chronic non-pus forming bone infection osteomyelitis can also be associated with ONJ.

title: Pyre

text: A study was done on the bone fragments of cremations to show that not only will movement of the bone fragments cause breakage but also environmental factors play a part. After studying cremation remains in urns that had been tightly sealed and had no evidence of environmental disturbance it was found that on average bigger bone fragment sizes were observed meaning less bone breakage had occurred. It was concluded that if cremated bone is placed in an urn before burial the original bone fragment size will be preserved. This study was intended to explain that more cautionary measures should be taken during and after any cremation occurs and to educate those who are studying cremated bone that the size of the fragments will be smaller than there were right after cremation.

title: Squamish culture

text: Sḵwxwú7mesh daily life included an array of games and sports. One of the most well known games played was the bone game or slahal. This was played with two opposing teams. There were two sets of "bones", and two sets of sticks, numbering from 7-11 for each team. When a game was in play, one team had two sets of "bones". When your team was guessing, your objective was to get the right bone, the one without the stripe. When you had the bones, your objective was to make sure the other team guessed wrong on the bones set. When the other team guessed wrong, you gained a point. When a team had the two sets of bones, two individuals hid the bones and swapped them around from hand to hand. Eventually the bones were brought forward, but were concealed as to show the other team which one had a stripe on it. The game was usually accompanied by drumming and singing, used to boost the morale of the team. The side that had the bone sings, while the other tried to guess. Musical accompaniment was also sometimes used to taunt the other team. Gambling could be done by players, or spectators of a match. Placing bets on teams, or individual matches within the game between one guess and the other teams bone hiders.

title: Black Cat Bones

text: Black Cat Bones (named after black cat bones, a Hoodoo charm associated with blues music) played regularly on the London pub circuit. Early in the band's existence came several personnel changes, with Terry Sims being replaced by drummer Frank Perry, who was in turn replaced in early 1968 by drummer Simon Kirke. Paul Tiller was later replaced by vocalist Brian Short.

title: John Bone (footballer)

text: John Bone (11 July 1932 – January 2002) was an English professional footballer who played as a defender for Sunderland.


query: What was Connie Francis' first album?

title: Connie Francis

text: Following another idea from her father, Francis traveled to London in August 1959[7] to record an Italian album at EMI's famous Abbey Road Studios.[6] Entitled Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites, the album was released in November 1959. It soon entered the album charts where it remained for 81 weeks, peaking at number 4. To this day, it is still Francis' most successful album. "Mama," the single taken from the album, reached number 8 in the United States and number 2 in the United Kingdom.[9]

title: Connie Francis Sings Fun Songs for Children

text: Connie Francis sings Fun Songs For Children is a studio album of children's songs recorded by American pop singer Connie Francis. It is one of the few U. S. albums by Connie Francis to be released exclusively in mono. All songs were co-written by George Goehring who had provided Francis earlier that year with one of her biggest hits, "Lipstick On Your Collar".

text: After the success of her 1959 album "Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites" (which remained on the albums chart for 81 weeks and peaked at No. 4), Francis released more albums which appealed to immigrants in the United States.

title: Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door

text: Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door is a studio album recorded by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis.

title: Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites

text: Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites is a studio album recorded by American singer and entertainer Connie Francis.

title: Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David

text: Released in November 1968, "Connie Francis sings Bacharach & David" is the first album by Francis on MGM Records released exclusively in stereo. All previous albums had either been released in both stereo and mono or exclusively in mono. In 1979 Polydor Records released a two-record set of this album together with the "Connie Francis Sings the Songs of Les Reed" album.

text: Connie Francis Sings Modern Italian Hits is a studio album recorded by American entertainer Connie Francis.

title: Connie Francis Sings Jewish Favorites

text: Connie Francis sings Jewish Favorites is a studio album of Jewish songs recorded by U. S. entertainer Connie Francis.

title: One for the Boys (Connie Francis album)

text: The album follows the concept of a tribute to the great crooners of the 1950s and their most famous hits. Between August 22, 1959 and August 26, 1959, Francis recorded the following songs at EMI's legendary Abbey Road Studios in London:The album was scheduled for release in early 1960 as MGM Records 12" Album SE-3815 (stereo) and E-3815 (mono), but the overwhelming success of Francis' first Italian album, "Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites", led to the cancellation of "One for the Boys" in favor of three further albums containing "Spanish and Latin American Favorites", "Jewish Favorites", and a second volume of "Italian Favorites". The project of a follow-up album to celebrate the female stars of the era, "One for the Girls", was abandoned and never recorded.

title: Connie Francis en El Patio

text: Connie Francis en El Patio is a 12" studio album recorded by American pop singer Connie Francis. The track listing consist of a compilation of Francis' most successful Spanish language pop recordings released between 1960 and 1964.

title: Connie Francis Sings Irish Favorites

text: Connie Francis sings Irish Favorites is a studio album recorded by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis.

text: Connie Francis Sings Spanish and Latin American Favorites is a studio album of Spanish and Latin American songs recorded by American entertainer Connie Francis.

text: Connie Francis sings The Songs of Les Reed is studio album recorded by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis. It is the last album Francis recorded under her long-term contract with MGM Records which had been signed in 1955.

text: Happiness – Connie Francis On Broadway Today is a studio album recorded by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis. The album features signature songs from the soundtracks of then current and/or recent Broadway musicals.

title: Connie Francis Sings Jewish Favorites

text: After the success of her 1959 album "Connie Francis sings Italian Favorites" (which remained on the album charts for 81 weeks and peaked at number four), Francis decided to release more albums which appealed to immigrants in the United States.

title: Connie's Greatest Hits

text: Connie's Greatest Hits is a studio album by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis. The album features the songs from Francis' most successful singles from her breakthrough hit "Who's Sorry Now?" in early 1958 up to the date of the album's release in November 1959.

title: The Exciting Connie Francis

text: The Exciting Connie Francis is a studio album recorded by American pop singer Connie Francis. It is the second album Francis cut for MGM Records.

title: Connie Francis Sings "Never on Sunday"

text: In the wake of this success, Francis returned to Nashville several times to record further singles and albums with Bradley's highly prolific team of musicians and arrangers until her contract with MGM Records ended in 1969. ""Connie Francis sings 'Never on Sunday'"" was the first of these album projects to be released. Another album, ""Connie Francis sings Folk Song Favorites"", had been recorded two days before on August 8 and 9, 1961 but was released later.

title: Connie Francis Sings German Favorites

text: Connie Francis sings German Favorites is a studio album of German songs recorded by U.S. entertainer Connie Francis.

title: Connie Francis Sings Award Winning Motion Picture Hits

text: Connie Francis sings Award Winning Motion Picture Hits is a studio album recorded by American pop singer Connie Francis.

title: More Greatest Hits (Connie Francis album)

text: More Greatest Hits is a compilation album by U.S. entertainer Connie Francis. The album features the songs from Francis' most successful singles on the American market from her 1959 hit "Among my Souvenirs" up to the date of the album's release in May 1961.

title: Connie Francis

text: In 1978, Francis returned to the recording studio to cut an album titled Who's Happy Now? The leading recording on this album was a disco version of "Where the Boys Are". She recorded this song also in Japanese, Italian, and Spanish, as she had done before with her original 1960 version. Several songs from the Who's Happy Now? sessions were subsequently recorded in Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and German. The Spanish and German recordings became albums of their own in as Connie Francis en Español in Spain and as Was ich bin (What I Am) in Germany. All three albums and the singles culled from them were released on United Artists Records.

title: Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David

text: Connie Francis sings Bacharach & David is studio album recorded by American entertainer Connie Francis. The album features a collection of songs written by the legendary 1960s songwriting duo Burt Bacharach and Hal David.

title: Connie Francis Sings "Never on Sunday"

text: Connie Francis sings "Never on Sunday" (full title as on cover: Connie Francis sings "Never on Sunday" and Other Title Songs From Motion Pictures) is a studio album of songs from motion pictures recorded by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis:The album was recorded on August 10 and 11, 1961, at Owen Bradley's studio Bradley Film & Recording in Nashville. Arrangements were provided by Cliff Parman who also conducted the sessions. Background vocals came from Millie Kirkham and The Jordanaires.

title: The Story of My Life (Marty Robbins song)

text: Connie Francis had recorded the song in 1968 for possible inclusion in her album "Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David" but it was omitted. The track was later released in 1979 on the album "Connie Francis – Sings Bacharach, Kaempfert, Last & Mancini".

title: Connie Francis Sings German Favorites

text: Unlike the other installments in Francis' series of "Favorites"-albums, "Connie Francis sings German Favorites" does not focus on the traditional songs of a certain country or ethnic group. Beginning in 1960 with the overwhelming success of "Die Liebe ist ein seltsames Spiel", a German version of her U.S. #1 hit "Everybody's Somebody's Fool", Francis had established herself in Germany as a respected performer of contemporary German music. By the time of the album's release Francis had enjoyed six # 1 hits on the German charts. Hence, "Connie Francis sings German Favorites" is more a typical Greatest Hits Album in the Pop Music genre.

title: Connie Francis Sings Folk Song Favorites

text: Connie Francis sings Folk Song Favorites is a studio album of Folk Song recorded by U. S. Entertainer Connie Francis.

text: In the wake of this success, Francis returned to Nashville several times to record further singles and albums with Bradley's highly prolific team of musicians and arrangers until her contract with MGM Records ended in 1969. ""Connie Francis sings Folk Song Favorites" was the first of these album projects to be recorded. Another album, ""Connie Francis sings 'Never on Sunday'"", had was recorded two days later on August 10 and 11, 1961 but was released in October 1961, one month prior to the Folk Song album.

title: One for the Boys (Connie Francis album)

text: One for the Boys is an unreleased studio album recorded by American entertainer Connie Francis.

title: Connie Francis Sings Jewish Favorites

text: According to Ron Roberts, all the recording dates and titles included in the 1975 edition of his series of Connie Francis discographies were faithful copies of sessions logs compiled at the time by Connie herself. The entire Jewish album was recorded at EMI's Abbey Road studios, together with her preceding release, "Connie Francis Sings Spanish & Latin American Favorites", and subsequent album "More Italian Favorites". It was the last album that could not be completed during the July sessions, and final tracks by Connie were cut in September 1960.

title: Christmas in My Heart (Connie Francis album)

text: Christmas in My Heart is a studio album of Christmas music recorded by Connie Francis. The album features popular songs of the season on the A-side and the sacred music of Christmas on the B-side. It was re-released as Connie's Christmas in 1966.


query: What started the May Revolution?

title: May Revolution

text: The May Revolution was a direct reaction to Spain's Peninsular War. In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain abdicated in favor of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. A Supreme Central Junta led resistance to Joseph's government and the French occupation of Spain, but eventually suffered a series of reversals that resulted in the Spanish loss of the northern half of the country. On February1, 1810, French troops took Seville and gained control of most of Andalusia. The Supreme Junta retreated to Cadiz and dissolved itself, and the Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies replaced it. News of these events arrived in Buenos Aires on May18, brought by British ships.

title: Jesse Ventura

text: In April and May 2008, Jesse Ventura, in several radio interviews for his new book, "Don't Start the Revolution Without Me", reiterated his concerns about what he described as some of the unanswered questions about 9/11. His remarks about the possibility that the World Trade Center was demolished with explosives were also repeated in newspaper and television stories following some of the interviews.

title: Corey Thurman

text: Thurman was released by the York Revolution on May 25, 2015; after five appearances on the season, Thurman had an 8.23 ERA over 19.2 innings. Thurman left the Revolution as the team's all-time leader in wins (66), games started (180), quality starts (60), innings pitched (980.1), and strikeouts (667).

title: 2018 Venezuelan presidential election

text: On 1 May, in Cojedes state, Maduro threatened taking action against supermarkets and food centers nationwide if they increased the prices of products in the following days, declaring that after the 20 May election "I'll be president anyway...by hook or by crook"". On 2 May, Maduro warned in a campaign rally in Vargas state that if a "capitalist government" that handed over the country's resources were to be installed, he would take up arms himself to defend the revolution, stating "I would take a rifle to start the armed revolution. These people will never stand for a sellout and capitalist government, that is why we have to prepare ourselves to defend in peace the sovereignty and democracy of Venezuela", On 18 May, Maduro stated "Venezuela has become the focus and the elections in a world election ... I will accept the results, whatever they are". He said that his opponent Henri Falcón was the International Monetary Fund's candidate. Maduro affirmed not to care about the position of the countries that declared that they will dismiss the presidential elections, saying "What fuck do I give that Europe does not recognize me, that Washington does not recognize me. I care about what the Venezuelan people say".

title: Cato, a Tragedy

text: Some scholars, including historian David McCullough—author of "1776"—believe that several famous quotations from the American Revolution came from, or were inspired by, "Cato". These include:Not long after the American Revolution, Edmund Burke quotes the play as well in his Letter to Charles-Jean-Francois Depont, expanded the following year into "Reflections on the Revolution in France": "The French may be yet to go through more transmigrations. They may pass, as one of our poets says, 'through many varieties of untried being,' before their state obtains its final form." The poet in reference is, of course, Addison and the passage Burke quoted is from Cato (V.i. II): "Through what variety of untried being,/Through what new scenes and changes must we pass!"

title: Christine Jorgensen

text: In her own words during a "Los Angeles Times" interview Jorgensen confided, "I am very proud now, looking back, that I was on that street corner 36 years ago when a movement started. It was the sexual revolution that was going to start with or without me. We may not have started it, but we gave it a good swift kick in the pants." Jorgensen's comment alluded to the important role her experiences played in the sexual revolution. As a result, this revolution was a major advancement in the name of women's history, LGBT history, but especially under the subject of expanding gender identities.

title: Revolution (cycling series)

text: A rematch took place at Revolution 22, with the race extended to four laps with a standing start on this occasion. Matthew Crampton joined the sprint squad and Rob Hayles joined the endurance squad. The fast start of Jamie Staff allowed the sprint squad to take revenge and level the series. It is expected that this unique challenge event may return at future events.

title: States and Social Revolutions

text: Skocpol asserts that social revolutions are rapid and basic transformations of a society's state and class structures. She distinguishes this from mere rebellions, which involve a revolt of subordinate classes but may not create structural change, and from political revolutions that may change state structures but not social structures. What is unique about social revolutions, she argues, is that basic changes in social structure and political structure occur in a mutually reinforcing fashion and these changes occur through intense sociopolitical conflict.

title: States and Social Revolutions

text: Manicas says that Skocpol's causal argument is insufficient in the explanation of revolutions because she contradicts herself. According to Manicas, Skocpol puts more emphasis on structure than she does on group efforts, although she does cite the importance of group efforts. However, this does not mean that these group efforts were voluntary or conscious. Manicas brings to light the example of the French Revolution. Skocpol says that the convening of the Estates General in 1789 was essential for the start of the French Revolution. This “is not to say that the king intended to start a revolution.” According to Marinas, “to say this is also to say that the ‘causal arguments’ ...are not sufficient to explain the French Revolution...they leave out precisely what one needs in order to explain the French Revolution, or indeed, to explain any historical event.”

title: States and Social Revolutions

text: Manicas’ says that Skocpol's “treatment of the state reflects much of the current controversy and represents a decided advance over many accounts,” Skocpol is very careful to state the differences between modern nation-states and what can be classified as “empires” or monarchical states. She also focuses on the importance in differences between external characteristics of different states that may be experiencing revolutions and contrasts successful revolutions—i.e. France, Russia and China—with unsuccessful revolutions like Prussia and Japan.

title: The Revolution Starts Now

text: The Revolution Starts Now may refer to:

title: Mona May Karff

text: She was born in Bessarabia, a province in Tsarist Russia. Sometime after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, her family moved to Tel-Aviv, in what was then Palestine. Her father, Aviv Ratner, a wealthy Jewish land-owner, had taught her to play chess when she was 9 years old. Because of her natural ability, she started playing in tournaments in Tel-Aviv and developed into a strong player.

title: Revolution Day (Mexico)

text: Revolution Day is an official Mexican government holiday, celebrated annually in Mexico on November 20th, marking the start of what became the Mexican Revolution.

title: Kuṭṭaka

text: In the Indian astronomical tradition, a "Yuga" is a period consisting of 1,577,917,500 civil days. Saturn makes 146,564 revolutions and Mars makes 229,6824 revolutions in a Yuga. So Saturn makes 146,564/1,577,917,500 = 36,641/394,479,375 revolutions in a day. By saying that the residue of the revolution of Saturn is "x", what is meant is that the fractional number of revolutions is "x"/394,479,375. Similarly, Mars makes 229,6824/1,577,917,500 = 190,412/131,493,125 revolutions in a day. By saying that the residue of the revolution of Mars is "y", what is meant is that the fractional number of revolutions is "y"/131,493,125.

title: Field Marshall

text: The engine is then turned over with a starting handle placed in the starting dog on the flywheel. This is aided by the decompression valve, which decompresses the engine and makes it easier to turn over to allow the flywheel to gain speed and momentum to turn the engine through compression, and get the engine to fire. A spiral groove on the perimeter of the flywheel carries a wheel on the decompressor mechanism and is used to determine the number of revolutions before the decompressor disengages. This is generally up to three revolutions, but can be anything up to six revolutions. Depending on the condition of individual tractors, it may need considerable physical exertion to start a Marshall.

title: Martín de Álzaga

text: This failed revolution was a precursor of the May Revolution the following year and highlighted the conflict lines between the royalist Spanish and the Creoles and produced a schism that was the start of the May Revolution.

title: German Revolution of 1918–19

text:
It is often said that a true revolution in Germany in 1918 never took place. All that really happened was a breakdown. It was only the temporary weakness of the police and army in the moment of military defeat which let a mutiny of sailors appear as a revolution.
At first sight, one can see how wrong and blind this is comparing 1918 with 1945. In 1945 there really was a breakdown.Certainly a mutiny of sailors started the revolution in 1918 but it was only a start. What made it extraordinary is that a mere sailors' mutiny triggered an earthquake which shook all of Germany; that the whole home army, the whole urban workforce and in Bavaria a part of the rural population rose up in revolt. This revolt was not just a mutiny anymore, it was a true revolution...As in any revolution, the old order was replaced by the beginnings of a new one. It was not only destructive but also creative...As a revolutionary achievement of masses the German November 1918 does not need to take second place to either the French July 1789 or the Russian March 1917.

title: Historiography of the May Revolution

text: The last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th were marked in Argentina by a growing industrialization process and the arrival of huge numbers of European immigrants. Historiographical studies were increased by the ""New Historical school"", in order to forge a "national identity", and the May Revolution had great prominence. There were discussions about the level of influence that the many causes of the May Revolution actually had, or whose interventions were the most decisive, but two points shared by all historians were to consider the May Revolution as the birth of Argentina, and to consider it an inevitable consequence of the causes that led to it (meaning, the chance of the May Revolution never taking place is not considered a feasible possibility by historians). There was also a subtle change: the scope of the revolution as a subject of study originally "started" with the events of May 1810 in Buenos Aires and kept going on for decades. They were later split, and the name "May Revolution" made reference only to events that led to the removal of Cisneros and the creation of the Primera Junta. A new element added by those historians was to consider, either to support or reject the idea, whenever there was an active and strong popular support for the Revolution, instead of explaining it solely around the actions of a limited number of enlightened men. Nevertheless, they kept the previous approaches for the most part.

title: Our Revolution

text: A May 2018 article in "Politico" described Our Revolution as "flailing" and "in disarray". According to the article, by May 2018 the organization's monthly fundraising totals were one-third of what they were in May 2017. Moreover, the article noted internal conflicts and tensions within the organization, such as that board members and Sanders 2016 presidential delegates questioned Our Revolution president Nina Turner's actions and motives. Specifically, they questioned whether Turner was using the organization as a springboard for a presidential run of her own and whether she was "settl[ing] scores with the Democratic National Committee from 2016". Turner attempted to hire Tezlyn Figaro—who frequently appeared on Fox News to praise Trump and has made anti-immigration comments—as the chief of staff, but was overruled by the board's executive committee. Additionally, Lucy Flores resigned from the board in April 2018 due to what she claims was the organization's lack of outreach to the Latino community. Our Revolution also endorsed Dennis Kucinich for governor in Ohio in 2018, which some Ohio Democrats questioned because of Turner's close relationship with Kucinich's running mate.

title: Cauliflower revolution

text: Cauliflower revolution () is the name of the spontaneous Lithuanian people revolution started by a dweller of the southwestern Lithuanian town of Vilkaviskis. She has bought the cauliflower at Maxima supermarket in Vilkaviskis, paying 3.49 euros ($3.90) for one head of cauliflower. She posted the photo on Facebook, and soon tens of thousands of Lithuanians shared the post, making it viral because of various talks on public earlier on rapidly rising prices and a subtle growth of salaries compared after the euro was introduced to Lithuania in 2015. Minimal wage per month in Lithuania of 350 euros in 2016 is what makes the prices too high for many people. Spontaneous three-day boycott occurred, between May 10 and 12, of all four main supermarket chains in Lithuania that control 80% of food distribution in the country, Maxima, Iki, Rimi, and Norfa.

title: Liniers Counter-revolution

text: On May 25, 1810, Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros was deposed by the May Revolution, and replaced by the Primera Junta, requesting the other cities in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata to join them and send deputies. Liniers was living by then at Córdoba. After being deposed, Cisneros sent instructions to Liniers to prepare a resistance against the revolution, granting him full powers to do so. A meeting of notable people from Córdoba, including Liniers, made a meeting to decide what to do. Only the Dean Gregorio Funes supported the actions of Buenos Aires, all the others elected to take arms against it.

title: Revolution (TV series)

text: Eric Kripke says: "I definitely like to know where it's going. I know what Season 1 is. I have a really solid idea about what Season 2 is, and I'm starting to think about notions for Season 3, knock on wood."

title: The Hunters in the Snow

text: The 1560s was a time of religious revolution in the Netherlands, and Bruegel (and possibly his patron) may be attempting to portray an ideal of what country life used to be or what they wish it to be.

title: Historiography of the May Revolution

text: Historiographical studies of the May Revolution started in the second half of the 19th century in Argentina and have extended to modern day. All historiographical perspectives agree in considering the May Revolution as the turning point that gave birth to the modern nation of Argentina, and that the Revolution was unavoidable in 1810. The main topics of disagreement between Argentine historians are the specific weight of the diverse causes of the May Revolution, who were the leaders of it among the different involved parties, whenever there was popular support for it or not, and whenever the loyalty to the captive Spanish king Ferdinand VII was real or an elaborate masquerade to conceal pro-independence purposes.

title: Legacy of the May Revolution

text: The May Revolution () was a week-long series of revolutionary events that took place from May 18 to May 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires. It started the Argentine War of Independence, and it is considered the birth of modern Argentina.

title: Bolivia

text: The struggle for independence started in the city of Sucre on 25 May 1809 and the Chuquisaca Revolution (Chuquisaca was then the name of the city) is known as the first cry of Freedom in Latin America. That revolution was followed by the La Paz revolution on 16 July 1809. The La Paz revolution marked a complete split with the Spanish government, while the Chuquisaca Revolution established a local independent junta in the name of the Spanish King deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte. Both revolutions were short-lived and defeated by the Spanish authorities in the Viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata, but the following year the Spanish American wars of independence raged across the continent.

title: Revolution (2012 film)

text: Traveling the globe to meet with the individuals and organizations working on a solution, Stewart finds encouragement and hope, variously pointing to the revolutions of the past and highlighting the current work of selected people. If people were informed about what was really going on, he argues, they would fight for their future, and the future of other generations. In time, he concentrates on the efforts of the young, as they have the most to lose: climate change and environmental collapse could take long enough that their elders may not be around to see the worst of what they have done.

title: Neil Gershenfeld

text: In 1998, Gershenfeld started a class at MIT called "How to make (almost) anything". Gershenfeld wanted to introduce expensive, industrial-size machines to the technical students. However, this class attracted a lot of students from various backgrounds: artists, architects, designers, students without any technical background. In his interview to CNN, Gershenfeld said that "the students... were answering a question I didn't ask, which is: What is this stuff good for? And the answer is: Not to make what you can buy in stores, but to make what you can't buy in stores. It's to personalise fabrication". Gershenfeld believes that this is the beginning of a new revolution: digital revolution in fabrication that will allow people to fabricate things, machines on demand.

title: Communist Party of Indonesia

text: In May 1925, the Exec Committee of Comintern in a plenary session ordered communists in Indonesia to form a united anti-imperialist front with non-communist nationalist organizations, but extremist elements dominated by Alimin & Musso called for a revolution to overthrow the Dutch colonial government. At a conference in Prambanan, Central Java, communist-controlled trades unions decided the revolution would start with a strike by railroad workers that would signal a general strike and then a revolution would start. This would lead to the PKI replacing the colonial government.

title: Montevideo

text: During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

title: Dmitry Merezhkovsky

text: In spring 1906, Merezhkovsky and Filosofov went into a self-imposed European exile in order to promote what they termed "the new religious consciousness." In France they founded "Anarchy and Theocracy" magazine and released a compilation of essays called "Le Tsar et la Revolution". In one of the articles he contributed to it, "Revolution and Religion", Merezhkovsky wrote: "Now it's almost impossible to foresee what a deadly force this revolutionary tornado starting upwards from the society's bottom will turn out to be. The church will be crashed down and the monarchy too, but with them — what if Russia itself is to perish — if not the timeless soul of it, then its body, the state?" Again, what at the time was looked upon as dull political grotesque a decade later turned into grim reality.