query: Why did Hideo Kojima leave Konami?

title: Hideo Kojima

text: At the 2013 Game Developers Conference, Kojima unveiled Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, which was set to be his final Metal Gear work, noting that this time unlike previous announcements that he had stopped working on the series, was very serious about leaving.[63] In March 2015, reports began to surface that Kojima would part ways with longtime publisher Konami after the release of The Phantom Pain.[64] Konami later stated that they were auditioning for new staff for future Metal Gear titles and removed Kojima's name from the series' marketing material.[65] Despite reports that Kojima left the company in October 2015, a spokesman for Konami stated that he was "taking a long time off from work."[66] At The Game Awards 2015, Metal Gear Solid V won the awards for Best Action Game and Best Score/Soundtrack, but Kojima did not attend the event, being reportedly barred from attending by Konami.[67] Instead, it was accepted by Kiefer Sutherland on his behalf.[67]

title: Konami

text: Later that year, Konami's legal department barred Hideo Kojima from accepting "Best Action-Adventure" for his work on "" at The Game Awards 2015. When announced during the event, the audience booed in disapproval of Konami's actions. Host Geoff Keighley expressed his disappointment in Konami's actions. After actor Kiefer Sutherland accepted the award in Kojima's stead, a choir played "Quiet's Theme" from "The Phantom Pain" as tribute to the absent Kojima. Kojima left Konami several days afterwards, re-opening Kojima Productions as an independent company.

title: Silent Hills

text: In March 2015, sources reported that due to conflicts with Konami, Kojima and his senior staff planned to leave Konami following the completion of "". Concurrently, Konami announced a restructuring of its video game business, and removed references to Kojima and Kojima Productions from the promotional materials for its games. A Konami spokesperson initially denied that Kojima was leaving the company, and stated that he would still be involved with Konami and the "Metal Gear" franchise.

title: Hideo Kojima

text: After initial failed attempts to break into the video game industry, Kojima joined video game publisher Konami's MSX home computer division in 1986 as a designer and planner.[12] Initially, he was disappointed with his assignment, and desired to work on Nintendo Entertainment System and arcade games instead—Kojima felt the color palette of the system was too restrictive.[15] Kojima's gameplay ideas were often overlooked initially, and due to his lack of familiarity with programming was repeatedly snubbed for his failures in his initial years at Konami. At one point Kojima considered leaving the company, but he hung on.[12] The first game he worked on was Penguin Adventure, the sequel to Antarctic Adventure,[10] as an assistant director. It significantly expanded upon the gameplay of Antarctic Adventure, adding more action game elements, a greater variety of levels, role-playing elements such as upgrading equipment,[19] and multiple endings.[20] The first game he developed was Lost Warld [sic], an MSX platform game in . However, the game was ultimately rejected by Kojima's superiors at Konami.[12]

title: Silent Hill

text: During Sony Computer Entertainment's presentation at Gamescom 2014, an interactive teaser titled "P.T." (short for "Playable Teaser") was released on the PlayStation Store for PlayStation 4. Upon completion of the teaser it was revealed to be for a new "Silent Hill" game entitled "Silent Hills", being developed by Kojima Productions using the Fox Engine, and a collaboration between "Metal Gear" series creator Hideo Kojima and Hollywood director Guillermo del Toro, featuring actor Norman Reedus. On September 1, 2014, Sony revealed during its pre-TGS press conference that "P.T." had been downloaded over a million times and had been viewed over 30,000,000 times across platforms. During the 2015 San Francisco Film Festival on April 26, 2015, del Toro announced that he would no longer be involved in the project with Kojima, presumably due to Kojima's leaving of Konami. Konami later released a statement confirming the departure of Reedus but clarified the series would continue to be developed, with no mention of the current status of "Silent Hills". On April 27, 2015, Konami confirmed that "Silent Hills" was cancelled, but was open to future collaborations with Reedus and del Toro. The P.T. teaser was also pulled from the PlayStation Store and is no longer available for download.

title: Death Stranding

text: Death Stranding is an upcoming action game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation 4. It is the first game from director Hideo Kojima and his reformed development studio after their disbandment from Konami in 2015. The game was announced at E3 2016 and has no set release date.

title: Konami

text: On April 1, 2005, KCEJ (along with KCET and KCES) merged with its parent company. Hideo Kojima (the company's former vice president) formed his own subsidiary, Kojima Productions.

title: Snatcher (video game)

text: "Snatcher" was created by Hideo Kojima, working for Konami. Heavily influenced by "Blade Runner" (1982) and other works of cinema, he wanted to develop a game with a similar style. The game was pitched as a "cyberpunk adventure". Kojima found it difficult to explain the meaning of "cyberpunk" to Konami's trademark department over the phone. The game was originally titled "Junker", but the name sounded too similar to an existing mahjong game. The title "New Order" was also considered. Kojima did not like the final name because his previous game, "Metal Gear" (1987), was also named after an enemy in the game.

title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: In March 2015, Konami announced plans for a corporate restructuring that saw them part ways with Hideo Kojima and his development studio Kojima Productions. As part of the separation, Kojima's name was removed from the game cover, all of its associated paraphernalia and future releases of "Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes" and "Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection". A Konami spokesperson stated that Kojima would still be involved with Konami and the "Metal Gear" franchise, and despite the dispute, the company expressed confidence that the game would be declared Game of the Year.

title: Silent Hills

text: In September 2012, Konami's president asked Hideo Kojima to direct the next "Silent Hill" installment. He accepted the offer with enthusiasm, and development began shortly thereafter, using Kojima Productions' Fox Engine.

title: Rika Muranaka

text: Her work at Konami lead to an almost 20-year working relationship with Hideo Kojima on the "Metal Gear Solid" game series. The company was small at the time and the team creating the game was very small consisting from only about 20 people and they did not expect "Metal Gear Solid" to become so successful. Reflecting on her work dynamics on "Metal Gear Solid" series, Rika Muranaka states that she had to be a “mind reader” as she did not know the story line or where the music was intended to be used and had to imagine what Hideo Kojima had envisioned. She was only told by Hideo Kojima that she needed to create, e.g., 5 patterns for action, 5 patterns for sneaking and 5 patterns for ambient music. She also revealed that when working on "Metal Gear Solid" Hideo Kojima did not wish to hear any songs in English or any other language he would understand. When she suggested writing a song in Gaelic, Hideo responded: “What the hell is Gaelic?”

title: Kojima Productions

text: Kojima Productions Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game development studio founded in 2005 by video game designer Hideo Kojima, creator of the "Metal Gear" series. The company was originally established as a subsidiary of Konami, located in Tokyo. The studio had just under 100 employees in 2005 but had grown to over 200 people for the development of "". In 2015, the company was temporarily disbanded, after Kojima left Konami. In December 2015, Kojima's employment contract with Konami was officially terminated, and he reformed the company as an independent studio, located in Shinagawa.

text: Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots is an action-adventure stealth video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami exclusively for the PlayStation 3 console. It is the sixth "Metal Gear" game directed by Hideo Kojima and was released worldwide on June 12, 2008.

title: Norman Reedus

text: Reedus reprised his role as Daryl Dixon in the 2013 video game "", which is based on the television series. He was set to star in Hideo Kojima and Guillermo del Toro's reboot horror game "Silent Hills", but Kojima left Konami and the game was cancelled in 2015. Reedus is set to star in Kojima's new game "Death Stranding".

title: Hideo Kojima

text: Due to the success of the original Metal Gear on the NES, Konami decided to create a sequel to the game, Snake's Revenge, without the involvement of Kojima. During a ride home on the train, Kojima met one of the staff members who worked on the game who asked him if he would create a "true" Metal Gear sequel.[12] As a result, Kojima began plans for his own sequel titled: Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake. The game was only released in Japan for the MSX2, as one of the last games Konami produced for the computer system. The game would not be released overseas in North America and Europe until its inclusion in 's Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence.

title: Konami

text: On March 3, 2015, Konami announced they would be shifting focus away from individual studios, notably Kojima Productions. Internal sources claimed the restructure was due to a clash between Hideo Kojima and Konami. References to Hideo Kojima were soon stripped from marketing material, and Kojima's position as an Executive Vice President of Konami Digital Entertainment was removed from the company's official listing of executives.

title: Kojima Productions

text: On March 16, 2015, Konami announced that it had restructured its video game development operations to "[shift] our production structure to a headquarters-controlled system, in order to establish a steadfast operating base capable of responding to the rapid market changes that surround our digital entertainment business." The same day, references to Kojima and Kojima Productions were stripped from promotional material and websites relating to the "Metal Gear" series, Kojima's Los Angeles studio was renamed Konami Los Angeles Studio, a new "Metal Gear Solid" Twitter account without a reference to Kojima in its username was established, and the Kojima Productions website began to redirect to the "Metal Gear Solid" website instead. That day, Kojima posted a photo on his personal Twitter account captioned "heading off", and a Konami filing stated that as of April 1, 2015, he would no longer be among Konami's executive officers. These actions led to speculation that Kojima was planning on leaving the company after the release of "The Phantom Pain", which he has described as being a conclusion of the "Metal Gear" series.

title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Metal Gear Survive is an action-adventure survival game developed and published by Konami. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in February 2018. It is the first "Metal Gear" game to be developed following the series' creator Hideo Kojima's departure from Konami in late 2015, and the first since "Snake's Revenge" without Kojima's input. The game takes place between the events of "" and "", and follows the Captain, an MSF soldier who enters a parallel dimension and establishes a local command center in order to unravel the mysteries of a strange virus that turns people into zombie-like creatures.

title: Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake

text: After the release of the Famicom/NES version of "Metal Gear", Konami commissioned the development of its sequel, "Snake's Revenge", without the consent of "Metal Gear" creator Hideo Kojima. According to Kojima's account of the events, he did not have any plans to develop a "Metal Gear" sequel at the time. He was unaware that "Snake's Revenge" was being produced until he became acquainted with a member of the development team on a train ride in Tokyo. The employee briefed him on some details of the project and asked him to create a true sequel. By the end of the train ride, Kojima had already envisioned the basic premise for the game. After being given the go-ahead by his bosses at Konami the next day, he began developing "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake" with the MSX division of Konami. "Metal Gear 2" serves as a follow-up to the original "Metal Gear", ignoring the events of "Snake's Revenge" (which was unreleased in Japan), and every canonical "Metal Gear" title released afterward acknowledge only the events of "Metal Gear 2", relegating "Snake's Revenge" to an apocryphal status.

title: P.T. (video game)

text: P.T. (initialism for "playable teaser") is a first-person psychological horror video game developed by Kojima Productions, under the pseudonym "7780s Studio", and published by Konami. The game was directed and designed by Hideo Kojima, in collaboration with film director Guillermo Del Toro.

title: Kojima Productions

text: On March 19, an anonymous employee reported to GameSpot that these changes were a result of conflicts between Kojima and Konami. The employee stated that Kojima and his staff were now being treated as contracted workers rather than employees, Konami had blocked access to their corporate e-mail and phone systems (thus restricting their communications), and that Kojima and the studio's senior staff planned to leave Konami in December 2015 following the conclusion of their contracts and the release of "The Phantom Pain". A Konami spokesperson denied that Kojima was leaving the company, and stated that he would still be involved with Konami and the "Metal Gear" franchise. On March 20, Konami made a public statement on its website, stating that Kojima would be staying with the company through at least the completion of "The Phantom Pain", and that it was recruiting new staff to lead the development of future "Metal Gear" games. Kojima himself confirmed in a statement that he was still "100% involved" in the completion of "The Phantom Pain", and was "determined to make it the greatest game I've directed to date." Voice actress Donna Burke, who had been involved in the game, claimed in a posting on Twitter that Kojima had actually been fired, although Konami denied these claims and Burke revoked her statement.

title: Hideo Kojima

text: In 2005, Kojima founded Kojima Productions,[1][6] a software house controlled by Konami, and by 2011 he rose as vice president of Konami Digital Entertainment.[7]

title: Shinta Nojiri

text: Shinta Nojiri (野尻 真太 "Nojiri Shinta", born April 8, 1971) is a Japanese video game designer at Konami. Born in Tokyo, he worked for Konami since 1995, and has directed various games in Hideo Kojima's "Metal Gear" series and NeverDead.

title: Metal Gear (video game)

text: During a public Q&A event conducted at London with Geoff Keighley on March 13, 2014, series' creator Hideo Kojima expressed interest in developing remakes of the MSX2 "Metal Gear" games in order to reconcile plot discrepancies that have since been introduced into the series, but had no plans at the time due to the ongoing development of "" (itself a prequel set before the events of the original "Metal Gear"). However, Kojima has since departed from Konami following the release of "The Phantom Pain", leaving the possibility of such remakes in question.

title: Death Stranding

text: After a lengthy corporate conflict with Konami as a restricted subsidiary, Kojima Productions closed in July 2015 and reformed as an independent video game developer and studio in December. On the same month, Hideo Kojima announced his partnership with Sony Interactive Entertainment, at the time led by Andrew House, to make a new "PlayStation game".

title: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain

text: Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain is an action-adventure stealth game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One on September 1, 2015. It is the ninth installment in the series that was directed, written and designed by Hideo Kojima following "", a stand-alone prologue released the previous year, as well as his final work at Konami.

title: Hideo Kojima

text: At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards, Kojima was credited for Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes' nomination for the category Game, Franchise Adventure.[89] In December 2015, Kojima was invited to accept an award from The Game Awards for Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. However, Konami prevented him from attending the awards ceremony.[90]

title: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops

text: Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops, officially abbreviated MPO, is an action-adventure stealth video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami in 2006 for the PlayStation Portable. The game was directed by Masahiro Yamamoto and written by Gakuto Mikumo, with series creator Hideo Kojima acting as producer.

title: Hideo Kojima

text: In 2015, Kojima Productions split from Konami, becoming an independent software company. Kojima announced a collaboration with Sony Interactive Entertainment for a new action game, Death Stranding, which is currently in development for PlayStation 4. From 2017 to 2018, he also edited a column for Rolling Stone dedicated to cinema, video games and analysis of the differences and similarities between the two mediums.[8]

title: Hideo Kojima

text: Hideo Kojima(小島 秀夫,Kojima Hideo, born August 24, 1963) is a Japanese video game designer, screenwriter, director and game producer.


query: How fast is the fastest horse in the world?

title: List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses

text: It is common to compare racehorses on multiple factors such as their overall race record, the quality of the horses they beat and the brilliance of their wins. Comparison of raw times is generally unreliable between horses of different eras or even in different countries due to a variety of factors such as the racing surface and the pace at which the race is run. Timeform ratings, introduced in 1948,[1] and Beyer Speed Figures, introduced in the United States in 1992, are relatively recent attempts to compensate for such variables.[2] Thoroughbred Winning Brew holds the Guinness world record for the fastest speed for a Thoroughbred racehorse, at 70.76km/h (43.97mph) over two furlongs,[3] although Quarter Horses attain higher speeds over shorter distances than Thoroughbreds.[4] Looking at average speeds for longer distances may be misleading as many races are run with a slow initial pace followed by a sprint in the stretch drive.

title: Mohinder Amarnath

text: Mohinder made his first test century at Perth at the WACA (the fastest and bounciest wicket in the world) batting against Jeff Thomson at his fastest. He followed this test century with another 10 more against top class fast bowling.

title: Dan Patch

text: In 1901, Messner decided to test Dan Patch against the best horses in the country on the Grand Circuit, a series of valuable races around the north-eastern United States. Accordingly, he hired Myron McHenry to be Dan Patch's new trainer and driver. Though McHenry was reputed to be difficult to work with, his ability with horses was such that he was called "America's greatest reinsman". On May 13, Dan Patch left Oxford on a train bound for Cleveland so that McHenry could try him out. In their first drive together, Dan Patch did not appear to be working hard but the stopwatch showed he had been moving fast. McHenry reportedly said to the horse, "You're either the world's biggest counterfeit, or you're the fastest horse in the world."[15]

title: BRW (magazine)

text: Other annual lists published by "BRW" include:In 2009 "BRW" launched the "BRW Fast Club", which was developed to drive new business opportunities, forge partnerships and discuss current business issues for Australia’s fastest growing businesses. The "BRW" Fast Club is a community of like-minded entrepreneurs that comprises members of the "BRW" Fast 100, "BRW" Fast Franchises and "BRW" Fast Starters lists from the past five years; members of the "BRW" Top 500 Private Companies List; and businesses who fit the criteria of the above and supply their company financials for verification. The "BRW" Fast Club meet throughout the year to network and discuss topics relating to cash flow management, strategic planning, business expansion, offshore expansion, finance (including managing capital and finding new sources), sales, how to sell your business, and IPOs.

title: The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves

text: Then each man rode off on his fastest horse, and he rode both fast and far,

title: The Big Fresno Fair

text: Fast forward to present day, The Big Fresno Fair's track is considered one of the fastest on the California racing circuit and draws more than 500 horses to compete during its nine days of racing. In the past decade, more than $4 million has been invested in the horse racing facility including a complete remodel of the paddock and addition of a luxury deck to the Brian I. Tatarian Grandstand, planting of 6,100 trees and so much more. The last racing fair of the year, The Big Fresno Fair always draws big crowds at the horse races and is something that needs to be experienced in person to understand the energy and excitement of the track atmosphere.

title: American Pharoah

text: Of the victory, Baffert said, "This little horse deserves it. There's something about this horse that he just brought it every time. He's a joy to be around." In a post-race interview, Zayat said that the colt's racing schedule for the remainder of the year would be decided by Baffert, and that the needs of the horse would come first. He also acknowledged the need for horse racing to have "stars" and for them to race as long as they could. Though American Pharoah's stud rights had been sold with plans to retire the horse at the end of 2015, Zayat expressed hope that the horse would continue racing as long as he was healthy and "has it in him". His winning time of 2:26.65 was the sixth-fastest in Belmont history, the second-fastest for a Triple Crown winner, and his closing quarter-mile was run in 24.32 seconds, which was over a half-second faster than Secretariat's final quarter-mile time of 25.00 when the 1973 winner set a world record and won by 31 lengths.

title: Flying Hawk

text: "Crazy Horse and I left the crowd and rode down along the river. We came to a ravine, then we followed up the gulch to a place in the rear of the soldiers that were making the stand on the hill. Crazy Horse gave his horse to me to hold along with my horse. He crawled up the ravine to see where he could see the soldiers. He shot them as fast as he could load his gun. They fell off their horses as fast as he could shoot." [Here the Chief swayed rapidly back and forth to show how fast they fell.] When they found they were being killed so fast, the ones that were left broke and ran as fast as their horses could go to some other soldiers that were further along the ridge toward Custer. Here they tried to make another stand and fired some shots, but we rushed them along the ridge where Custer was. Then they made another stand (the third) and rallied a few minutes. Then they went along the ridge and got with Custer's men."

title: Bob Munden

text: The Guinness Book of World Records listed Bob Munden in the 1980 and previous editions as the "World's fastest gun", but they stopped publishing the record in later editions so that the book could be approved as a reference source for school libraries. This led to controversy over the records that Munden claimed to hold and have held in the past. Munden's critics have argued that his records are not sufficiently well-documented to be valid and that he currently holds no official fast draw world record. Fast Draw includes multiple events, each with its own world record. The record with the shortest time is single shot open freestyle (using a light-weight gun) held by Ernie Hill, of Litchfield Park, Ariz., with a recorded time of .208 seconds. Munden has received skepticism mostly due to the absence of both written evidence of his records and for the absence of his supposed 3,500 trophies. After the advent of digital timers, the world records were reset because the older analog timers were less accurate. Munden claimed to have held many of these older records, with a fastest Walk and Draw Level time of 0.15 seconds that he claimed was the fastest shot in history. In a video clip online he's heard telling the time to 1 3/4th hundreds of a second, that he shot during the opening of the Guinness World Record Museum in 1975 in the Empire State Building in NYC. According to the World Fast Draw Association, the official documentation of these older records has been lost, but in the vintage section of the film Bob Munden: Outrageous Shooting on DVD, Munden is seen setting one of his world records.

title: Fast draw

text: In modern times, fast draw can be seen both in sports and in military practices. The World Fast Draw Association (WFDA) is the international sanctioning body of the sport of fast draw. Unlike cowboy action shooting, fast draw is shot with special blanks or wax bullets. While some competitions are strictly against the clock, with the fastest time winning, many are set up as head to head single or double elimination matches.

title: Financial Review Fast Starters

text: The Fast Starters list provides a summary of figures and lists the industries growing fastest, as well as other relevant statistical data. Companies can be listed, if they have been listed in previous years, depending on turnover and growth. The Fastest growing company in 2012 is HiLife Health & Beauty - the fifth fastest growing company in last year’s list.

title: InMotion

text:
The Fusion is the fastest electric formula car in the world, with a top speed of 246 km/h.
The Fusion is built to break track records of circuits, and not to fit into a particular ranking, so the car does not have to meet certain restrictions. How is the car so fast? This is due to a combination of different techniques. The propulsion is important, and also the aerodynamics of the car. The small size of the car also plays a role. Below are some facts to get a better understanding of the Fusion.

title: What Is the Fastest Thing in the World?

text: A brother argue over how they should split their land, some of which was good and some bad. The king set riddles to them: whoever guessed the riddles would get good land. The first riddle was what was the fastest thing in the world. The stupid brother's daughter told him what to say; his brother guessed a bird or a horse, and the stupid brother said the mind. The second riddle was what was the heaviest thing in the world; the clever brother guessed stone or iron, and the stupid brother repeated his daughter's answer: fire because no one could lift it. The third was what was the most important thing in the world; the clever brother guessed bread or money, and the stupid brother repeated his daughter's answer: ground, because they needed it to stand on.

title: Horse gait

text: The gallop is also the gait of the classic race horse. Modern Thoroughbred horse races are seldom longer than , though in some countries Arabian horses are sometimes raced as far as . The fastest galloping speed is achieved by the American Quarter Horse, which in a short sprint of a quarter mile () or less has been clocked at speeds approaching . The Guinness Book of World Records lists a Thoroughbred as having averaged over a two-furlong () distance in 2008.

title: Beyer Speed Figure

text: As Beyer has noted, a speed figure is a numerical expression of a horse's final time, universalized for distance, track surface, and the daily variant on that surface. While Beyer has also noted that "speed figures tell you how fast a horse ran in the past; they do not necessarily predict how it will run today," their use as a handicapping tool is premised on their ability to shed light on how a horse is likely to run in its next start. In "Betting Thoroughbreds", Steve Davidowitz claimed that (in 1974), "the top-figure horse wins 35 percent of the time, at a slight loss for every $2.00 wagered." This is an example of using the top figure as a "power rating," or singular measure of a horse's ability. In horse racing, power ratings are generally called class ratings. Because multiple horses are in each race, as opposed to two teams (binary) in a sport (or chess, which uses the Elo rating system to make power ratings), the task of adjusting power ratings is much more complex. Several other companies produce and sell power ratings, but most do not reveal their precise methodology.

title: Miriam Neureuther

text: Gössner is known as one of the fastest cross-country skiers in biathlon. During 17 of her 75 World Cup races (23%), she has set the fastest course time (race time without time spent at the shooting range or in the penalty loop). In addition, she has been among the top three fastest skiers in 52% of her career races. At junior level, Gössner was noted for her fast skiing performances and she often had been able to make up for multiple shooting errors on the cross-country course. In her first two World Cup races in the 2009–10 season, she achieved the 9th and 15th fastest course time respectively. One year later during the 2010–11 season, Gössner set the fastest skiing time in 8 of her 25 races, out-skiing most of the field's top contenders on a regular basis. Her skiing performances dropped off considerably in 2011–12 season when she only managed one top three course time. During the 2012–13 season, Gössner returned to her fast ski speed, setting the best course time in nine consecutive races, a new record, beating Magdalena Neuner, who managed 8 consecutive races back in 2007–08 season.

title: Secretariat (horse)

text:
Only four horses ran against Secretariat for the June 9 Belmont Stakes, including Sham and three other horses thought to have little chance by the bettors: Twice A Prince, My Gallant, and Private Smiles. With so few horses in the race, and Secretariat expected to win, no "show" bets were taken. Secretariat was sent off as a 1–10 favorite before a crowd of 69,138, then the second largest attendance in Belmont history. The race was televised by CBS and was watched by over 15 million households, an audience share of 52%.
On race day, the track was fast, and the weather was warm and sunny. Secretariat broke well on the rail and Sham rushed up beside him. The two ran the first quarter in a quick :23 and the next quarter in a swift :22, completing the fastest opening half mile in the history of the race and opening ten lengths on the rest of the field. After the six-furlong mark, Sham began to tire, ultimately finishing last. Secretariat continued the fast pace and opened up a larger and larger margin on the field. His time for the mile was 1:34, over a second faster than the next fastest Belmont mile fraction in history, set by his sire Bold Ruler, who had eventually tired and finished third. Secretariat, however, did not falter. Turcotte said, "This horse really paced himself. He is smart: I think he knew he was going miles, I never pushed him." In the stretch, Secretariat opened a lead of almost of a mile on the rest of the field. At the finish, he won by 31 lengths, breaking the margin-of-victory record set by Triple Crown winner Count Fleet in 1943 of 25 lengths.
CBS Television announcer Chic Anderson described the horse's pace in a famous commentary:
The time for the race was not only a record, it was the fastest miles on dirt in history, 2:24 flat, breaking the stakes record by more than two seconds. Secretariat's record still stands as an American record on the dirt. If the Beyer Speed Figure calculation had been developed during that time, Andrew Beyer calculated that Secretariat would have earned a figure of 139, the highest he has ever assigned.

title: Patoruzú

text: Pampero ("from the Pampa" and also the name of a strong southern wind, meaning in essence that he "runs like the wind") is Patoruzú's faithful horse, one of the fastest, if not "the" fastest, in the world. He responds only to Patoruzú's call.

title: Popular Alm

text: In May he time trialled at Moonee Valley and by running quarters of 27.1, 27.9, 28.6 and 29.6 he ran in mile 1.53.2. It was the fastest mile in Australia or New Zealand and by an Australian or New Zealand bred pacer anywhere in the world. Popular Alm also broke the world record held by Storm Damage for the fastest mile on a five eighths mile (1000m) track. By breaking the previous Australian mile record by 1.7 seconds, he reduced the record by more than any horse since Walla Walla in 1933. For the season he raced 22 times for 18 wins 1 second and 1 third and was named Australian Harness Horse of the Year.

title: Club Penguin

text: It became popular in the final weeks of Club Penguin to attempt speedruns to see how fast users could get banned from the site; the fastest records were tool-assisted speedruns.

title: Ghostzapper

text: Ghostzapper made his next start in the Grade I Vosburgh Stakes on September 27. Despite having no stakes wins to his name, he was the second choice in a field of older horses. After trailing the field early, he unleashed a "devastating" burst of speed and pulled away to win by lengths. "I was really surprised how fast he caught these horses," said Frankel. "He was 12 (lengths) out of it, and the next thing you know, that's him on the outside. I said, `How did he get there so fast?'" His time for the furlongs was 1:14, just th of a second off the track record.

title: Ghostzapper

text: Despite winning only four races in 2004, Ghostzapper earned high praise from many handicapping experts. For example, Len Friedman of the "Ragozin Sheets" called him "the most consistently fast horse of all time." Jerry Brown from "Thoro-Graph" said, "To run as fast as he did in three consecutive races in essentially unheard of." And Dick Jerardi wrote, "Ghostzapper is officially the fastest horse since "Daily Racing Form" began publishing Beyer Speed Figures in 1992."

title: Brahma Chellaney

text: He is also the author of the international best-seller, "Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India and Japan" (HarperCollins, New York). In 2010, HarperCollins released a paperback edition of "Asian Juggernaut". The book focuses on how a fast-rising Asia has become the defining fulcrum of global geopolitical change, with Asian policies and challenges now shaping the international security and economic environments. Asia's significance in international relations is beginning to rival that of Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. With the world's fastest-growing markets, fastest-rising military expenditures and most serious hot spots, Asia holds the key to the future global order. The book examines the ascent of Asia by focusing on its three main powers—China, India and Japan. How the China-Japan, China-India and Japan-India equations evolve will have a crucial bearing on Asian and global security. "Asian Juggernaut" has been translated into several languages.

title: Air warfare of World War II

text: Air superiority depended on having the fastest, most maneuverable fighters, in sufficient quantity, based on well-supplied airfields, within range. The RAF demonstrated the importance of speed and maneuverability in the Battle of Britain (1940), when its fast Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane fighters easily riddled the clumsy Stukas as they were pulling out of dives. The race to build the fastest fighter became one of the central themes of World War II.

title: Techniques de Randonnée Équestre de Compétition

text: The MA phase is designed to demonstrate that a rider has a high degree of control over the horse, first in canter and then in walk. The rider must canter the horse slowly along a marked corridor, which is 2-4 m wide and up to 150 m long, and then turn around and walk the horse back quickly. There are up to 60 points available on this stage, depending on how slowly the horse canters and how fast he walks. If the horse leaves the corridor or breaks into another pace, the score is zero.

title: Old Rosebud

text: Bred by John E. Madden, the bay colt (soon to be gelded) was from the stallion Uncle's first crop of foals. Born in Kentucky, he was purchased as a yearling for $500 by the trainer Frank D. Weir. Weir sold a majority interest in the gelding to Hamilton C. Applegate, the treasurer of Churchill Downs. Frank Weir said of the gelding, "Old Rosebud was the kind of horse one sees once in a lifetime. He certainly was the fastest horse I ever trained or saw. If he had been sound, there's no telling how fast he would have run."

title: Cross-country equestrianism

text: The rider should also take care to "slowly" increase the amount of work. As a general rule, the distance may be increased or the speed may be increased, but not both at once. Pushing a horse too fast can lead to injury or lameness. The rider should also be aware of the horse's breathing, and feel how tired the animal is underneath. Horses conditioning for the upper levels are often conditioned with heart rate monitors, so the rider will have a great insight into the horse's condition over time.

title: Howe & Howe Technologies

text: Howe & Howe Technologies (H&H, H and H, or HH) is a business in Waterboro, Maine that specializes in the fabrication and design of armored and military-grade vehicles, most notably the Ripsaw combat vehicle. Other products include the Badger, recognized as the world's smallest armored assault vehicle by Guinness World Records and the SR1, or Subterranean Rover 1. The Ripsaw is touted as the world's fastest dual tracked vehicle.

title: Epos Now

text: The company made the Tech Track 100 three years running, being named the 13th and 32nd and 53rd fastest growing tech company in the UK and named 30th fastest growing company in 2016's Deloitte Fast 50 with a growth of 597%. Epos Now were named 179th fastest growing tech company in the Deloitte 2016 Fast 500 EMEA. Epos Now were named Europes 46th fastest growing company in the Financial Times 1000 listing.

title: Shalaa

text: On 26 September, Shalaa started 1/2 favourite in a seven runner field for the Group One Middle Park Stakes at Newmarket. The best of his rivals appeared to be the Gimcrack Stakes winner Ajaya and the Coventry Stakes winner Buratino. Dettori sent him into the lead from the start before opening up a clear advantage a furlong out. He held off the late challenge of Buratino to win by half a length, with Steady Pace staying on to take third ahead of Ajaya. Dettori commented, "He's got tremendous speed and he is the fastest two-year-old I've ridden. I haven't met a horse fast enough to lead him" whilst Gosden said "He's very, very fast - the fastest two-year-old I've trained... He's got a good mind on him too, which is very important".

title: Mongolian horse

text: Horses from different regions of Mongolia are considered to have different traits. Desert horses are said to have larger feet than average ("like camel's feet"). Mountain horses are short and particularly strong. Steppe horses are the tallest, fastest variety of Mongol horses. Specifically, the eastern Khentii Province and Sükhbaatar Province steppe provinces are widely considered to produce the fastest horses in the country. Darkhad horses are known for their strength. A Darkhad horse weighing only 250 kg can carry a load of 300 kg—the equivalent of carrying another horse on its back. On a broader level, some Mongolian provinces are considered to be more suitable for horse rearing than others. The eastern steppe provinces are informally known as the "horse provinces" because of their suitability for horse breeding. The northern mountain provinces are considered "cow provinces", though horses are reared there, as well.


query: What is the temperature on Mars?

title: Climate of Mars

text: Differing in situ values have been reported for the average temperature on Mars,[21] with a common value being −63°C (210K; −81°F).[22][23] Surface temperatures may reach a high of about 20°C (293K; 68°F) at noon, at the equator, and a low of about −153°C (120K; −243°F) at the poles.[24] Actual temperature measurements at the Viking landers' site range from −17.2°C (256.0K; 1.0°F) to −107°C (166K; −161°F). The warmest soil temperature estimated by the Viking Orbiter was 27°C (300K; 81°F).[25] The Spirit rover recorded a maximum daytime air temperature in the shade of 35°C (308K; 95°F), and regularly recorded temperatures well above 0°C (273K; 32°F), except in winter.[26]

title: Climate of Mars

text: Terrestrial Climate zones first have been defined by Wladimir Köppen based on the distribution of vegetation groups. Climate classification is furthermore based on temperature, rainfall, and subdivided based upon differences in the seasonal distribution of temperature and precipitation; and a separate group exists for extrazonal climates like in high altitudes. Mars has neither vegetation nor rainfall, so any climate classification could be only based upon temperature; a further refinement of the system may be based on dust distribution, water vapor content, occurrence of snow. Solar Climate Zones can also be easily defined for Mars.[140]

title: Magnesite

text: Magnesite was detected in meteorite ALH84001 and on planet Mars itself. Magnesite was identified on Mars using infra-red spectroscopy from satellite orbit. Controversy still exists over the temperature of formation of this magnesite. Low-temperature formation has been suggested for the magnesite from the Mars derived ALH84001 meteorite. The low-temperature formation of magnesite might well be of significance toward large-scale carbon sequestration.

title: Water on Mars

text: The Pathfinder lander recorded the variation of diurnal temperature cycle. It was coldest just before sunrise, about , and warmest just after Mars noon, about . At this location, the highest temperature never reached the freezing point of water (), too cold for pure liquid water to exist on the surface.

title: Climate of Mars

text: The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MCS (Mars Climate Sounder) instrument was, upon arrival, able to operate jointly with MGS for a brief period; the less-capable Mars Odyssey THEMIS and Mars Express SPICAM datasets may also be used to span a single, well-calibrated record. While MCS and TES temperatures are generally consistent,[34] investigators report possible cooling below the analytical precision. "After accounting for this modeled cooling, MCS MY 28 temperatures are an average of 0.9 (daytime) and 1.7 K (night-time) cooler than TES MY 24 measurements."[35]

title: Mars ocean hypothesis

text: The existence of liquid water on the surface of Mars requires both a warmer and thicker atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure on the present-day Martian surface only exceeds that of the triple point of water (6.11 hPa) in the lowest elevations; at higher elevations water can exist only as a solid or a vapor (assuming pure water). Annual mean temperatures at the surface are currently less than 210 K, significantly less than what is needed to sustain liquid water. However, early in its history Mars may have had conditions more conducive to retaining liquid water at the surface.

title: Brandon Smith (politician)

text:
In 2014, Smith attracted local and eventually national news media attention when he stated during a legislative committee hearing:
As you [Energy and Environment Cabinet official] sit there in your chair with your data, we sit up here in ours with our data and our constituents and stuff behind us. I don't want to get into the debate about climate change, but I will simply point out that I think in academia we all agree that the temperature on Mars is exactly as it is here. Nobody will dispute that. Yet there are no coal mines on Mars. There are no factories on Mars that I'm aware of. Despite Smith's assertion, the average temperature of Mars is colder than that of Earth by 138 degrees Fahrenheit. At the time of the senator's remarks, the Curiosity rover had last reported a high of , low . The temperature in the capital city of Frankfort, Kentucky ranged from to .

title: Martian lava tube

text: Gravity on Mars is about 38% that of Earth, allowing Martian lava tubes to be much larger in comparison. Lava tubes represent prime locations for direct observation of pristine bedrock where keys to the geological, paleohydrological, and possible biological history of Mars could be found. The surface of Mars experiences extreme temperature fluctuations and receives a high amount of Ionizing radiation due to the lack of a magnetic field and the planet’s thin atmosphere, which is about 100 times thinner than Earth’s. The thin atmosphere allows Mars to more easily radiate heat energy away, so temperatures near the equator can get up to during a summer day, and then drop down to at night. Subsurface conditions on Mars are dramatically more benign than those on the surface, which lead researchers to believe that if life did (or does) exist on Mars, it would most likely be found in these more hospitable environments. Life forms would not only be protected from the high surface temperatures and ultraviolet radiation, but also from wind storms and regolith dust. Martian lava tubes could possibly trap volatiles such as water which is considered essential for life, and may also contain reservoirs of ancient ice since cold air can pool in lava tubes and temperatures remain stable. The ability to tap into these reservoirs may provide dramatic insight into the paleoclimatology and astrobiological histories of Mars.

title: Climate of Mars

text: As observed by the Viking spacecraft from the surface,[28] "during a global dust storm the diurnal temperature range narrowed sharply, from 50° Celsius to only about ten degrees, and the wind speeds picked up considerably—indeed, within only an hour of the storm's arrival they had increased to 17m/s (61km/h), with gusts up to 26m/s (94km/h). Nevertheless, no actual transport of material was observed at either site, only a gradual brightening and loss of contrast of the surface material as dust settled onto it." On June 26, 2001, the Hubble Space Telescope spotted a dust storm brewing in Hellas Basin on Mars (pictured right). A day later the storm "exploded" and became a global event. Orbital measurements showed that this dust storm reduced the average temperature of the surface and raised the temperature of the atmosphere of Mars by 30K.[29] The low density of the Martian atmosphere means that winds of 18 to 22m/s (65 to 79km/h) are needed to lift dust from the surface, but since Mars is so dry, the dust can stay in the atmosphere far longer than on Earth, where it is soon washed out by rain. The season following that dust storm had daytime temperatures 4K below average. This was attributed to the global covering of light-colored dust that settled out of the dust storm, temporarily increasing Mars' albedo.[57]

title: Mars habitat

text: Examples of Mars surface temperatures:

title: Extraterrestrial atmosphere

text:
The Martian atmosphere is very thin and composed mainly of carbon dioxide, with some nitrogen and argon. The average surface pressure on Mars is 0.6-0.9 kPa, compared to about 101 kPa for Earth. This results in a much lower atmospheric thermal inertia, and as a consequence Mars is subject to strong thermal tides that can change total atmospheric pressure by up to 10%. The thin atmosphere also increases the variability of the planet's temperature. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of approximately −140 °C (−220 °F) during the polar winters to highs of up to 20 °C (70 °F) in summers.
Between the Viking and Mars Global Surveyor missions, Mars saw "Much colder (10-20 K) global atmospheric temperatures were observed during the 1997 versus 1977 perihelion periods" and "that the global aphelion atmosphere of Mars is colder, less dusty, and cloudier than indicated by the established Viking climatology," with "generally colder atmospheric temperatures and lower dust loading in recent decades on Mars than during the Viking Mission." The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, though spanning a much shorter dataset, shows no warming of planetary average temperature, and a possible cooling. "MCS MY 28 temperatures are an average of 0.9 (daytime) and 1.7 K (night- time) cooler than TES MY 24 measurements." Locally and regionally, however, changes in pits in the layer of frozen carbon dioxide at the Martian south pole observed between 1999 and 2001 suggest the south polar ice cap is shrinking. More recent observations indicate that Mars' south pole is continuing to melt. "It's evaporating right now at a prodigious rate," says Michael Malin, principal investigator for the Mars Orbiter Camera. The pits in the ice are growing by about 3 meters (9.8 ft) per year. Malin states that conditions on Mars are not currently conductive to the formation of new ice. A web site has suggested that this indicates a "climate change in progress" on Mars. Multiple studies suggests this may be a local phenomenon rather than a global one.

title: Mars suit

text: There can be large temperature swings on Mars; for example, at the equator, daytime temperature may reach in the Martian summer, and drop down to at night. According to a 1958 NASA report, long-term human comfort requires temperatures in the range at 50% humidity.

title: The Gods of Mars

text: The Valley of Dor, with the ring of cliffs around it and Sea of Korus within it, is placed in a mile-deep crater at Mars' South Pole. However, Burroughs makes a mistake in that he has the sun rise in the east and set in the west as elsewhere in the planet, and the moons are visible from the Valley. In reality, at the South Pole, Mars' moons would not be seen, and the sun would not rise in the east and set in the west (all directions away from the Pole are "north" in any case), but instead ring the cliffs for half the Martian year, and leave the area shrouded in darkness for the other half of the Martian year. In addition, unlike what one would expect at the south pole of Mars, the temperature in the Valley of Dor is mild and temperate, and although that may be accounted for by its being in a deep crater, the temperature in the Therns' fortress on the surrounding cliffs does not appear to be all that cold either.

title: Climate of Mars

text: Before and after the Viking missions, newer, more advanced Martian temperatures were determined from Earth via microwave spectroscopy. As the microwave beam, of under 1 arcminute, is larger than the disk of the planet, the results are global averages.[30] Later, the Mars Global Surveyor's Thermal Emission Spectrometer and to a lesser extent 2001 Mars Odyssey's THEMIS could not merely reproduce infrared measurements but intercompare lander, rover, and Earth microwave data. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Mars Climate Sounder can similarly derive atmospheric profiles. The datasets "suggest generally colder atmospheric temperatures and lower dust loading in recent decades on Mars than during the Viking Mission,"[31] although Viking data had previously been revised downward.[32] The TES data indicates "Much colder (10–20 K) global atmospheric temperatures were observed during the 1997 versus 1977 perihelion periods" and "that the global aphelion atmosphere of Mars is colder, less dusty, and cloudier than indicated by the established Viking climatology," again, taking into account the Wilson and Richardson revisions to Viking data.[33]

title: Water on Mars

text: Despite strong evidence for glacial flow on Mars, there is little convincing evidence for landforms carved by glacial erosion, e.g., U-shaped valleys, crag and tail hills, arêtes, drumlins. Such features are abundant in glaciated regions on Earth, so their absence on Mars has proven puzzling. The lack of these landforms is thought to be related to the cold-based nature of the ice in most recent glaciers on Mars. Because the solar insolation reaching the planet, the temperature and density of the atmosphere, and the geothermal heat flux are all lower on Mars than they are on Earth, modelling suggests the temperature of the interface between a glacier and its bed stays below freezing and the ice is literally frozen down to the ground. This prevents it from sliding across the bed, which is thought to inhibit the ice's ability to erode the surface.

title: Life on Mars

text: Mars-1 was the first spacecraft launched to Mars in 1962, but communication was lost while en route to Mars. With Mars-2 and Mars-3 in 1971-1972, information was obtained on the nature of the surface rocks and altitude profiles of the surface density of the soil, its thermal conductivity, and thermal anomalies detected on the surface of Mars. The program found that its northern polar cap has a temperature below -110 °C and that the water vapor content in the atmosphere of Mars is five thousand times less than on Earth. No signs of life were found.

title: Temperature and Winds for InSight

text: Wind, temperature, pressure and magnetometer data will be used to understand the local wind behavior at the landing site to help understand and interpret SEIS data. At the same time, the lander will use its cameras to document cirrus clouds that develop high above Elysium Planitia, any instances of fog that appear along the ground, as well as dust devils. With this data, scientists will be able to gain even greater insights into Mars' weather and climate, supplementing what was collected by previous missions, and what is currently being gathered by the "Curiosity" rover about 600 km to the south.

title: Braemar

text:
Braemar is the third-coldest low-lying place in the UK, after the villages of Dalwhinnie and Leadhills, with an annual average temperature of 6.8 °C. Braemar has twice entered the UK Weather Records with the lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2 °C, on 11 February 1895, and 10 January 1982.
Braemar has an average of 102 days of air frost and 153 days with 1 mm or more of rainfall. Snowfall can be heavy in winter and early spring, and often accumulates to depths of 30 cm or more.
On 30 September 2015, Braemar had one of the largest recorded diurnal ranges of temperature in the UK. It also recorded the warmest and coldest temperatures for the UK for September 2015 on that day. The maximum temperature was 24.0 °C and the minimum was -1.3 °C. The very next day it was again the coldest and warmest place in the UK. The minimum temperature was -2.0 °C and the maximum was a new record for Braemar—it was 22.7 °C. Braemar recorded -5.0 °C later that month, meaning that for the second month in a row, Braemar recorded the warmest and coldest monthly temperatures for the UK. Also in 2015, temperatures reached a new record for November for Braemar of 17.7 °C set on the 2nd.
Historically the village is situated in the upper end of the historical Earldom of Mar or literally the "Braes o' Mar". In Scottish Gaelic, "Bràigh Mhàrr" (upland of Mar) referred to the general locality rather than the village itself.

title: Del Mar, California

text: Del Mar's climate is considered mediterranean-subtropical with warm, dry summers and mild, humid winters. Temperatures exceed only on a few occasions throughout the year and rarely drop below . The average yearly temperature in Del Mar is approximately .

title: Milutin Milanković

text: Immediately after arriving in Budapest, Milanković met the Director of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Koloman von Szilly who, as a mathematician, eagerly accepted Milanković and enabled him to work undisturbed in the Academy's library and the Central Meteorological Institute. Milanković spent four years in Budapest, almost the entire war. He used mathematical methods to study the current climate of inner planets of the solar system. In 1916 he published a paper entitled "Investigation of the climate of the planet Mars". Milanković calculated that the average temperature in the lower layers the atmosphere on Mars is and the average surface temperature is . Also, he concluded that: "This large temperature difference between the ground and lower layers of the atmosphere is not unexpected. Great transparency for solar radiation makes that is the climate of Mars very similar to altitudes climate of our Earth." Today it is known that the average temperature is , but that the ground temperatures and air temperatures generally differ. In any case, Milanković theoretically proved that Mars has an extremely harsh climate. In addition to considering Mars, he dealt with the climatic conditions prevailing on Venus and Mercury. His calculations of the temperature conditions on the neighboring Moon are particularly significant. Milanković knew that one day on the Moon lasts 15 Earth days, and this is the amount and length of night. Milanković calculated that the surface temperature on the day side of the moon reaches +100.5 °C. Also, he calculated that the temperature during the early morning on the Moon, or before the rise of the Sun over horizon, was -58 °C. Today it is known that the surface temperature on the day side of the Moon reaches +108 °C and that it falls at night to -153 °C.

title: Mars habitat

text: One of the challenges for a Mars habitat is for it to maintain suitable temperatures in the right places in an habitat. Things like electronics and lights generate heat that rises in the air, even as there are extreme temperature fluctuation outside. There can be large temperature swings on Mars, for example at the equator it may reach 70 degrees F (20 degrees C) in the daytime but then go down to minus 100 degrees F (−73 C) at night.

title: Temperature and Winds for InSight

text: While probing the internal structure of Mars is the primary scientific goal of the "InSight" mission, atmospheric science remains a key science objective. "InSight" will provide a continuous and higher-frequency record of pressure, air temperature and winds at the surface of Mars than previous "in situ" missions.

title: Mars habitat

text: One of the challenges for Mars habitats is maintaining the climate, especially the right temperature in the right places. Things like electronics and lights generate heat that rises in the air, even as there are extreme temperature fluctuation outside.

title: Astronomy on Mars

text: The seasonal lag on Mars is no more than a couple of days, due to its lack of large bodies of water and similar factors that would provide a buffering effect. Thus, for temperatures on Mars, "spring" is approximately the mirror image of "summer" and "autumn" is approximately the mirror image of "winter" (if you consider the solstices and equinoxes to be the beginnings of their respective seasons), and if Mars had a circular orbit the maximum and minimum temperatures would occur a couple of days after the summer and winter solstices rather than about one month after as on Earth. The only difference between spring temperatures and summer temperatures is due to the relatively high eccentricity of Mars's orbit: in northern spring Mars is farther from the Sun than during northern summer, and therefore by coincidence spring is slightly cooler than summer and autumn is slightly warmer than winter. However, in the southern hemisphere the opposite is true.

title: Valley network

text: The form, distribution, and implied evolution of the valley networks are of great importance for what they may tell us about the history of liquid water on the martian surface, and hence Mars' climate history. Some authors have argued that the properties of the networks demand that a hydrological cycle must have been active on ancient Mars, though this remains contentious. Objections chiefly arise from repeated results from models of martian paleoclimate suggesting high enough temperatures and pressures to sustain liquid water on the surface have not ever been possible on Mars.

title: Climate of Mars

text: The 2001 Mars Odyssey is currently orbiting Mars and taking global atmospheric temperature measurements with the TES instrument. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is currently taking daily weather and climate related observations from orbit. One of its instruments, the Mars climate sounder is specialized for climate observation work. The MSL was launched in November 2011 and landed on Mars on August 6, 2012.[141] Orbiters MAVEN, Mangalyaan, and TGO are currently orbiting Mars and studying its atmosphere.

title: Terraforming of Mars

text: In the 2016 board game "Terraforming Mars", players are tasked with the terraforming of the planet by increasing oxygen and temperature levels, and by placing oceans on the surface of Mars.

title: HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine, Irradiation and Temperature)

text: HABIT (HabitAbility, Brine Irradiation and Temperature) is an instrument designed to harvest water from the Mars atmosphere, an experiment that might pave the way to future water farms on Mars. The instrument will be placed onboard ExoMars 2020 surface platform to be launched in 2020.

title: History of Mars observation

text: Using a vacuum thermocouple attached to the Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, in 1924 the American astronomers Seth Barnes Nicholson and Edison Pettit were able to measure the thermal energy being radiated by the surface of Mars. They determined that the temperature ranged from at the pole up to at the midpoint of the disk (corresponding to the equator). Beginning in the same year, radiated energy measurements of Mars were made by American physicist William Coblentz and American astronomer Carl Otto Lampland. The results showed that the night time temperature on Mars dropped to , indicating an "enormous diurnal fluctuation" in temperatures. The temperature of Martian clouds was measured as . In 1926, by measuring spectral lines that were redshifted by the orbital motions of Mars and Earth, American astronomer Walter Sydney Adams was able to directly measure the amount of oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars. He determined that "extreme desert conditions" were prevalent on Mars. In 1934, Adams and American astronomer Theodore Dunham, Jr. found that the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars was less than one percent of the amount over a comparable area on Earth.

title: Terraforming of Mars

text: The novel series by Kim Stanley Robinson known as the "Mars trilogy" chronicles the colonization and terraforming of Mars. The novels are titled according to the dominant color in the stage of terraforming achieved in each volume: "Red Mars" (1992), when Mars is still in its natural state; "Green Mars" (1993), when plants are able to grow in the atmosphere; and "Blue Mars" (1996), when the atmospheric pressure and temperature have risen high enough for seas and rivers to form.


query: How many people live in Netherlands?

title: Demography of the Netherlands

text: The Netherlands is the 66th most populated country in the world, and as of March 21, 2016, it has a population of 17,000,000.

title: Race and ethnicity in censuses

text: Statistics Netherlands does not keep track of ethnicity or race. Until 1996 statistics Netherlands recorded nationality of people living in the Netherlands. From 1996 until 2016 people were classified as either allochtoon or autochtoon. Allochtoon was a term used for a person living in the Netherlands from whom at least one parent was born outside the Netherlands. An allochtoon born outside the Netherlands (from at least one parent also born outside the Netherlands) was labelled first generation allochtoon, an allochtoon born in the Netherlands was labelled a second generation allochtoon. This definition implied that from third generation onwards people (grandparents from abroad, but parents born in the Netherlands) were considered autochtoon.

title: Arizona State Museum

text: Museum staff investigate archaeological sites of past occupiers of North America to discover how people lived, what they ate, what they wore and how they created their art. These people lived day-to-day, created homesites and villages that, in many cases, have crumbled or been destroyed by natural forces.

title: List of Lebanese people in the Netherlands

text: This is a list of individuals born in the Netherlands, including the overseas constituent countries of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten and the now defunct Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius), of Lebanese ancestry or people of Lebanese and Dutch dual nationality who live or resided in the Netherlands.

title: Top Secret America

text: Published July 19, 2010, this first installment focuses on the U.S. intelligence system's growth and redundancies. It questions its manageability, as it has become "so large, so unwieldy, and so secretive that no one knows how much money it costs, how many people it employs, how many programs exist within it, or exactly how many agencies do the same work." The report states that "An estimated 854,000 people, nearly 1.5 times as many people as live in Washington, D.C., hold top-secret security clearances."

title: Netherlands

text: During and after the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch people built up a commercial and colonial empire. The most important colonies were present-day Suriname and Indonesia. Indonesia became independent after the Indonesian National Revolution in the 1940s following a war of independence, international pressure and several United Nations Security Council resolutions. Suriname became independent in 1975. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. In addition, many people from these countries are living permanently in the Netherlands.

title: Kahoolawe

text: While it is not known how many people inhabited Kahoʻolawe, the lack of freshwater probably limited the population to a few hundred people. As many as 120 people might have once lived at Hakioawa, the largest settlement, which was located at the northeastern end of the island—facing Maui.

title: LGBT and rurality

text: Other communities of queer farmers prefer to live a more conventional lifestyle with a house and agricultural land of their own. The documentary "Out Here" portrays the lives of many rural queer people across the United States, and it shows how many queer people make a living and are making a difference in their communities through agriculture.

title: LGBT rights in the Netherlands

text: A 2013 survey showed that 93% of Dutch people believed homosexuals should live their lives as they wish, with just 4% believing that homosexuality should be rejected. Other opinion polls have also found high levels of public and societal acceptance of LGBT people, again leading many to call the Netherlands one of the most gay-friendly countries in the world. According to a 2016 rapport from the Netherlands Institute for Social Research, most Dutch have a positive attitude towards homosexuality. Only 7% of the Dutch viewed homosexuality and bisexuality negatively and 10% viewed transgender people negatively. However, 3.8% of gays and lesbians were victims of violence, compared to 2.4% of heterosexuals. And 32% of the respondents stated they would take offence when seeing two men kiss and 23% when seeing two women kiss (and 12% when seeing two people of the opposite sex kiss).

title: Iraqis in the Netherlands

text: There are over 50,000 Iraqis in the Netherlands, including immigrants from Iraq and locally born people of Iraqi heritage, constiting 0.3% of the total population in the Netherlands. Some sources claim an estimation of 60,000 people of Iraqi descent living in the Netherlands. The Iraqi community in the Netherlands is the 4th largest and has the highest percentage of qualified and professional people and artistes who have integrated well and have become useful members of the Dutch society.

title: How to Live (biography)

text: According to the book's webpage posted by Other Press, "How to Live" concerns the following: "How to get along with people, how to deal with violence, how to adjust to losing someone you love—such questions arise in most people’s lives. They are all versions of a bigger question: How do you live? This question obsessed Renaissance writers, none more than Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, considered by many to be the first truly modern individual. He wrote free-roaming explorations of his thoughts and experience, unlike anything written before. More than four hundred years later, Montaigne’s honesty and charm still draw people to him. Readers come to him in search of companionship, wisdom, and entertainment —and in search of themselves. Just as they will to this spirited and singular biography."

title: Uruguayans in the Netherlands

text: Uruguayans in the Netherlands are people born in Uruguay who live in the Netherlands, or Dutch-born people of Uruguayan descent. .

title: New Amsterdam

text: By 1655, the population of New Netherland had grown to 2,000 people, with 1,500 living in New Amsterdam. By 1664, the population had exploded to almost 9,000 people in New Netherland, 2,500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam, 1,000 lived near Fort Orange, and the remainder in other towns and villages.

title: Greater Netherlands

text: Sometimes, among the Flemish movement and the Flemish nationalists, the term "Heel Nederland" "(Whole Netherlands)" is used to define the whole of the Dutch-populated territories (Greater Netherlands). According to them, that is how the Kingdom of the United Netherlands should be. The Dutch nation could then be defined as a unit of Dutch people who use the Dutch language. According to this ideology the Netherlands and Flanders should resurrect the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" based on the organic unity of the Dutch people that has existed for centuries.

title: Framing effect (psychology)

text: Participants were asked to choose between two treatments for 600 people affected by a deadly disease. Treatment A was predicted to result in 400 deaths, whereas treatment B had a 33% chance that no one would die but a 66% chance that everyone would die. This choice was then presented to participants either with positive framing, i.e. how many people would live, or with negative framing, i.e. how many people would die.

title: Norwegian Americans

text: Approximately 60 people had settled in the Manhattan area before the British take-over in 1664. How many Norwegians that settled in New Netherland (the area up the Hudson River to Fort Oranje—now Albany) is not known. The Netherlands (and especially Amsterdam and Hoorn) had strong commercial ties with the coastal lumber trade of Norway during the 17th century and many Norwegians immigrated to Amsterdam. Some of them settled in Dutch colonies, although never in large numbers. (For further reading, see for example J.H. Innes, "New Amsterdam and its people".) There were also Norwegian settlers in Pennsylvania in the first half of the 18th century, upstate New York in the latter half of the same century, and in New Englandduring both halves.

title: Berbers in the Netherlands

text: Berbers in the Netherlands are people of Berber descent living in the Netherlands. Berbers in the Netherlands, who generally call themselves Amazigh and not Maghrebis, are estimated to number 367,455 people and are mainly of Riffian-Berber descent.

title: Yahoo! Live

text: The design is similar to the one on Justin.tv. The chat system and video windows are as portable as with ustream.tv. Users can create a channel, authorize their webcam and start broadcasting to the public. Other people can watch, or choose to participate via video, sound or text chat, which can be disabled. Users can also set up profiles and track how many people have watched them stream live, how many broadcasts they have made, and how long they have been on the streaming. Videos are not archived for playback; once it is broadcast, there is no way of recovering the video, and there is no way of streaming other than live, meaning users cannot pre-record videos and then broadcast them.

title: African diaspora

text: There are an estimated 500,000 black people in the Netherlands and the Dutch Antilles. They mainly live in the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao and Saint Martin, the latter of which is also partly French-controlled. Many Afro-Dutch people reside in the Netherlands.

title: Indo people

text: In 1990, the Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered the number of first-generation Indos living in the Netherlands at around 180,000 people. In 2001 official registration, including the second generation, accumulate their numbers to around half a million. Based on this the estimations, which include the third generation descendants, reach up to at least 800,000 people. However researcher Dr. Peter Post of the NIOD estimates 1.5 to 2 million people with Indo blood living in the Netherlands. The Indo Dutch living abroad were not included. That makes them by far the largest minority community in the Netherlands.

title: Fireworks policy in the Netherlands

text: Fireworks in the Netherlands are known to cause various negative effects to users, bystanders and people living nearby, especially around New Year's Eve, when extra police, firefighters and paramedics are deployed to control the situation. Which measures do and do not work, and how matters may be improved without 'ruining the party', is subject to ongoing discussion. The negative effects of fireworks can be divided into:

title: Chicano poetry

text: These poems primarily deal with how Chicanos deal with existence in the United States and how Chicanos cope with marginalization, racism and vanquished dreams. Many Chicano writers allude to the past glory of the Mesoamerican civilizations and how the indigenous people of those civilizations continue to live through the Chicano people who are predominantly of mestizo (mixed) ancestry.

title: Overseas Indonesians

text: Indonesia was a colony of the Netherlands from 1605 until 1945. In the early 20th century, many Indonesian students studied in the Netherlands. Most of them lived in Leiden and were active in the Perhimpoenan Indonesia (Indonesian Association). During and after the Indonesian National Revolution, many Moluccans and Indo people, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry migrated to the Netherlands. Most of them were ex-KNIL army. In this way around 360,000 Indo people (Indo's)and Totok's (white people) and 12,500 persons from Maluke ancestry were settled in the Netherlands. Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Denny Landzaat, Roy Makaay, Mia Audina, and Daniel Sahuleka are notable people of Indonesian ancestry from the Netherlands. These 372,500 first generation people and their 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation offspring account for some 1.6 million Dutch passport-holders. This is as much as about 10% of the overall population of the Netherlands.

title: Crooswijk

text: Crooswijk is a neighborhood of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Crooswijk lies between the districts Kralingen, Oude Noorden and Centrum. Crooswijk was once known for its Marines barracks. Many streets bear witness to a military history of the Marine Corps: Tamboerstraat, Pijperstraat, Schuttersveld, Excercitiestraat, Vaandrigstraat. Crooswijk also has an industrial past. , Heineken Brewery and many abattoirs were established there. These industries have given way to housing. On the Crooswijksesingel is only the monumental building of Heineken still standing. Crooswijk is one of the original people's neighborhoods of Rotterdam (unlike many other people's neighborhoods in the city, which originally were independent villages) and the district is strongly associated with the 'real' Rotterdammer. The Crooswijk is sometimes called: "The poorest part of the Netherlands", or: "The poorest part of Rotterdam". This is because the average income of the people living there is lower than other places.

title: Netherlands in the Roman era

text: For around 450 years, from around 55 BC to around 410 AD, the southern part of the Netherlands was integrated into the Roman Empire. During this time the Romans in the Netherlands had an enormous influence on the lives and culture of the people who lived in the Netherlands at the time and (indirectly) on the generations that followed.

title: Juliana of the Netherlands

text: On 2 May 1945, Princess Juliana was returned with her mother to Dutch soil. Initially they lived in temporary quarters at Anneville just south of Breda. Juliana took part in the post-war relief operation for the people in the northern part of the country who had suffered through starvation during the Hunger Winter of 1944–1945, which had taken the lives of many of her countrymen. She was very active as the president of the Dutch Red Cross and worked closely with the National Reconstruction organization. Her down-to-earth manner endeared her to her people so much that a majority of the Dutch people would soon want Queen Wilhelmina to abdicate in favour of her daughter. In the spring of 1946 Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard visited the countries that had helped the Netherlands during the occupation.

title: The Wide, Wide World

text: Secondary CharactersThis book was originally written with the goal of teaching people a Christian lesson, so many of the themes are Christian in nature and aim to show people how a true Christian ought to live his or her life.The driving conflict of this story is the separation of Ellen from her mother and the effects of this separation on Ellen, including how she misses the mother who had meant everything to her, how she struggles with being a good Christian, and how she deals with people who don’t care about her.

title: Şerefligöközü, Haymana

text: Most people left the village of Şerefligöközü and moved to countries like: the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, France and Denmark. There are also many people living in the cities of Ankara and Polatli, who were originally from this village.

title: Salian Franks

text: Like the other Franks in this period, the Salian Franks were a Germanic people living near the river Rhine, which had long been a militarized border. The Salians, unlike other Franks, first appear living inside the Roman Empire, living in the Rhine delta in the modern Netherlands. In modern works they are frequently contrasted with their neighbours to the east, known as the Rhineland or Ripuarian Franks, who eventually held the Roman city of Cologne, in modern Germany. Exactly how the Franks in these areas were politically connected or separated, and how many groups there were, is unknown until the time when they all fell under the reign of Clovis I. A much later author, Gregory of Tours, said that in old records he found it seemed the Franks had once had kinglets ("reguli") in each city they held.

title: Alexia digital singles

text: The title translates as 'And You Do Not Know' with the song being about the love between two people, how it started and ended and how it has changed their lives, though the one person does not know who they are, with the other knowing they have a physical and emotional desire for them, and how now they 'wander between so many people only in search of you'.

title: 2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

text:
The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba were granted the right to vote in the European Parliament election by a verdict of the Council of State which stated that it is illegal to differentiate in law between people with Dutch nationality in Europe and outside. The government granted all persons of Dutch nationality voting rights for European elections. Before the verdict, only people who had lived in the Netherlands for 10 years or longer were allowed to vote. This ruling increased the number of people entitled to vote by 210,000. Only 20,944 people registered to vote from the islands in this election. The turnout of registered voters in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba was 77% (rest of the world 66%.) This new voting right does not change the position of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. They are not considered to be part of the European Union and they do not need to adopt European law.
Before this election, people placed under a guardian were not allowed to vote. Usually a person has the status of guardian because the ward is incapable of caring for their own interests. A ruling of the Council of State decided that this was not allowed under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is not known how many people this affected, as there is no central register for individuals under guardianship.