query: What are the branches of government?

title: Separation of powers

text: The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislative branches overlap.

title: Government of Japan

text: The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties. As in many other states, the Government is divided into three branches: the Legislative branch, the Executive branch and the Judicial branch.

title: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

text: The system of checks and balances makes it so that no one branch of government has more power than another and cannot overthrow another. It creates a balance of power that is necessary for a government to function, if it is to function well. This, in most situations, makes it so that each branch is held to a certain standard of conduct. If a branch of the government thinks that what another branch is doing is unconstitutional, they can “call them out” so to say. Each branch is able to look at the other branches wrong doing and change it to meet the needs of the people whom they serve. Humans as a whole have a history of abusing positions of power but the system of checks and balances makes it so much more difficult to do so. Also the fact that there is more than one person running each branch gives room for debate and discussion before decisions are made within a single branch. Even so, some laws have been made and then retracted because of the fact that they were an abuse of the power given to that particular branch. The people that created these laws had been serving a selfish agenda when forming these laws instead of looking out for the welfare of those people that they were supposed to be protecting by making certain laws. While this is a horrible scenario, it does happen. That does not mean that it cannot be fixed though. Indeed it can be, by another branch of government stepping up to right the wrongs that had been done.

title: Avempace

text: Around his time, Islamic philosophy, post-hellenic world, was mainly divided into two opposing branches of thoughts. The Eastern branch, which was led by Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Latin, and the Western branch, which was led by Ibn Bajjah. Avempace's work in philosophy is seen as uneven and mostly incomplete, but what parts of his work that survive to this day demonstrates originality in his thought process. His main philosophical work is the unfinished ethics-politico treatise Governance of the Solitary.[16]

title: Government of Zamboanga City

text: The city government has three interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of the branches are vested by the 1991 Local Government Code of the Philippines in the following:

title: Government trifecta

text: A government trifecta is a type of government in which the same political party controls both the executive and legislative branch. The situation occurs in governance systems that follow the separation of powers model. Under said model, the state is divided into different branches. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the others. The typical division creates an executive branch that executes and enforces the law as led by a head of state, typically a president; a legislative branch that enacts, amends, or repeals laws as led by a unicameral or bicameral legislature; and a judicial branch that interprets and applies the law as led by a supreme court.

title: Chihuahua (state)

text: Institutions of higher education include:The current government of the state was established officially by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States in 1917. The state government is divided into three branches: the legislative branch, the judicial branch, and the executive branch. The government is centrally located in the state capital Chihuahua City.

title: Presidency

text: Australia has a constitutional monarchy – a form of government in which a monarch acts as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution. The constitution could be written, unconfined or blended. It uses what is called a "Parliamentary System of Government," one that administers the executive branch which then gets Democratic legitimacy from the Legislature. The Legislature in Australia is defined as a "Bicameral Parliament." The Executive branch of the Australian government headed by a Federal Executive Council, in which the Government General is advised by the prime minister and Ministers of State.

title: Batasan Hills

text: The barangay was envisioned to be the new home of the National Government Center, an area housing the three branches of the Philippine government (legislative, executive and judicial), because Quezon City was declared the capital of the country in 1948. This government center in Quezon City was originally planned to be at what is now Quezon Memorial Circle, before it was moved north to the area of what is now Batasan Hills. Even as the Batasang Pambansa Complex was being completed, the capital of the country was transferred to Manila in 1976. Before its creation as a barangay, the area was called "Constitution Hill", referring to the hilly area on where the government center was supposed to rise.

title: Government of Indiana

text: The government of Indiana is established and regulated by the Constitution of Indiana. The state-level government consists of three branches, the judicial branch, the legislative branch, and the executive branch. The three branches share power and jointly govern the state of Indiana. County and local governments are also constitutional bodies with limited authority to levy taxes, pass legislation, and create and maintain local public infrastructure.

title: Government of Bangladesh

text: The Government of Bangladesh ( "Bangladesh Sôrkar" GOB) has three branches; the Executive branch, the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch.

title: Kendal and Windermere Railway

text:
The branch had a variety of through services at various dates, including to London, Manchester, Preston, Grange over Sands, as well as many special excursion trains. In 1966 it was reduced to a local service only (to/from Oxenholme & ), and on 3 August 1968 the last steam train ran on the line. Goods traffic on the branch finished in 1972. The double track branch became single track in 1973 (as part of the WCML resignalling scheme) to save money. In 1994, the branch began what may be seen as a renaissance, with through trains introduced to Manchester Airport, which are now run by TransPennine Express.
With the West Coast Main Line electrified, consideration was given to electrifying the branch, but this was not carried out. The possibility of electrifying the branch was raised again in June 2013, when a feasibility study was announced in parliament by the government.

title: Rule of law

text: All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.

title: Wisconsin circuit courts

text: In addition, the courts are constrained from taking action that will encroach on the powers of the legislative or executive branches. Under the separation of powers doctrine, no branch of government may exercise a power of government assigned exclusively to another branch. The purpose of separating powers among the branches of government is to avoid concentration of governmental power in the hands of a new and to give the various branches the ability to check actions by the other branches.

title: Western Connecticut State University

text: The Student Government Association (SGA) is the voice of the students, as well as the sole governing body over the Student Activity Fund and student organizations at the university, . The SGA has 3 branches of government: the Legislative Branch, an Executive Branch and the Judicial Branch, elected by the Student Body.

title: Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation

text: He asked the Court to reflect on what was being challenged in the case, "that the Executive Branch officials at the conferences spent too much time talking about faith-based groups and not enough talking about community-based groups. If that isn't intrusive on the Executive Branch, I don't know what is." Clements said that if the Court had to reverse "Flast" it should not be afraid to do so, "if you have to choose between the logic of Flast and the irreducible minimum requirements of Article III, I think it's an easy choice. You don't abandon the basic requirements of Article III that distinguish the Judiciary from the political branches of Government."

title: Political divisions of the United States

text: All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): executive, legislative, and judicial. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the U.S. Constitution, federal statutes, or treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate, and are organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The various states are then typically subdivided into counties. Louisiana uses the term parish and Alaska uses the term borough for what the Census terms county equivalents in those states.

title: Unlawful combatant

text: Two separate issues to be determined in evaluating the category "unlawful combatant" as applied by the government of the United States. One issue is whether such a category "could" exist without violating the Geneva Conventions, and if such a category does exist, what steps the United States executive branch needs to take to comply with municipal laws as interpreted by the judicial branch of the United States government.

title: Provincial Judges Reference

text: La Forest also felt requiring such commissions was also "tantamount to enacting a new constitutional provision to extend the protection provided by s. 11(d)" by forcing the creation of "what in some respects is a virtual fourth branch of government to police the interaction between the political branches and the judiciary". Judges simply asking whether government decisions seem reasonable would be enough.

title: Judicial review

text: Secondly, the idea of separation of powers is another theory about how a democratic society's government should be organized. In contrast to legislative supremacy, the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu; it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court ruling in "Marbury v. Madison" under the court of John Marshall. Separation of powers is based on the idea that no branch of government should be able to exert power over any other branch without due process of law; each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government, thus creating a regulative balance among all branches of government. The key to this idea is checks and balances. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary.

title: Fourth branch of government

text: In 1985, Walter Annenberg noted that several commentators were applying the term 'fourth branch of government' to the press to indicate it has at least as much if not more power in setting public policy as do the other three branches — in part because of their direct contact with the public and protection "by the First Amendment from responsibility for what they report".

title: John David Phillips

text: Phillips' retirement speech generated debate in Victoria on judicial independence. In the Australian experience, government is separated into three branches, the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Each branch is independent of the others, and is recognised in the Australian Constitution at the federal level. Phillips on his retirement was critical of the intrusion of the executive into the work of the courts, being the judicial branch. For example, the Supreme Court was referred to as "Business Unit 19" by the Victorian Government. Phillips did not suggest that the Victorian Government would attempt to influence directly a decision of the court. However, there appeared to be "What is evolving ...a perception of the court as some sort of unit of functionary within the Department of Justice”.

title: Commercial Bank of Ethiopia

text: In 1991, when Eritrea achieved its independence, Eritrean government nationalization the branches there. In 1994, these branches formed the basis for what became the Commercial Bank of Eritrea. Also in 1994, the Ethiopian government reorganized and reestablished CBE.

title: Federalist No. 14

text: The reason that the opportunity for "an ambitious person" to arise only exists in a democracy rather than a republic is because in a democracy, the government is run by an assemblage of all of the citizens of the state who then execute all necessary duties. Without leadership, instability is almost definite which then provides an opportunity for an individual to rise up and establish a monarchial form of government in which a single person has absolute power. However, in what is now dubbed the "Madisonian Model", Madison designed a model of government in which the possibility for this occurrence is no longer achievable. Madison recognized the issue that Montesquieu brought to attention; he solved the matter by utilizing a brainchild of Montesquieu. In the Union's republic, there will be a system of "checks and balances". Madison constructed a government made of three branches: each branch has its specified responsibilities and powers as well as each branch performs "checks and balances" on the others. These two aspects make certain that no one group or person within the government obtains too much control or power, thereby invalidating Clinton's concerns.

title: Government of Indonesia

text: The term Government of Indonesia (Indonesian: "Pemerintah Indonesia") can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the Executive branch, Legislative branch and Judicial branch. The term is also used colloquially to mean the Executive and Legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the Executive Branch in form of the Cabinet of Indonesia as this is the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance.

title: Government of Croatia

text: The term "Government" in Croatia (') primarily refers to the executive branch, as used by the government itself, the press and colloquially, as that branch of the government (') is responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation (""); this sense is intended when it is said that a political party forms the Government. At its widest, the term Croatian Government can refer collectively to all three traditional branches of government, including the legislative branch (the Sabor) and judicial branch (the Judiciary of Croatia), as well as other parts of government and civil services which are part of the state of Croatia.

title: Lean Government

text: Lean government approaches typically have the following characteristics:Lean government does not necessarily promote low taxes, only efficient use of those taxes levied. Tax policy is discerned by the legislative and executive branches of government with oversight of the judicial branch of government. Lean government is implemented by the administrative function of government through executive order, legislative mandate, or departmental administrative decisions. Lean government can be applied in legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.

title: Federalist No. 67

text: Despite the uncertainty of Hamilton's original message, the executive branch has played a major role in the United States since its genesis. The Executives have become known as the "most dangerous" branch of government because they are the main decision makers regarding all national policies and ideas. The legislative and judiciary branches assist in those decisions, but the president - along with Congress - make the final judgments. To the public, the power seems to remain within the Executives, which goes against what Hamilton originally addressed in Federalist 67, but it also shows the division of branches and their capability.

title: Federalist No. 41

text: In Anthony M. Bertelli's paper "Federalist No. 41: Does Polarization Inhibit Coordination?", he argues that all the limits the Constitution imposes on the government prevents the different branches from working together. He states that the Constitution does not incentivise coordination between government branches or political parties and that's what holding the country down. In their quest to prevent tyranny in their country, the founding fathers have made it difficult for the government to work together for the good of the people.

title: Government of Singapore

text: The term "Government of Singapore" can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the Executive branch, Legislative branch (the President and Parliament of Singapore) and Judicial branch (the Supreme Court and Subordinate Courts of Singapore). The term is also used colloquially to mean the Executive and Legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the Members of Parliament (MPs) belonging to a particular political party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in Parliament sufficient to enable the party (or coalition) to form the Cabinet of Singapore – this is the sense intended when it is said that a political party "forms the Government".

title: Government of New Zealand

text: The term "Government of New Zealand" can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government—the executive branch, legislative branch (the Queen-in-Parliament and House of Representatives) and judicial branch (the Supreme Court and subordinate courts). Each branch operates independently of the others in an arrangement described as "separation of powers".


query: When was the Argentina national basketball team formed?

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: The practice of basketball in Argentina was started by Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (Young Men's Christians Association – YCMA) in 1912.,[4] with the first Federation ("Federación Argentina") established to organise competitions not only in Buenos Aires but in several cities around Argentina. Argentina played its first international game against Uruguay in 1921.

title: 1934 South American Basketball Championship

text: The South American Basketball Championship 1934 was the third South American Basketball Championship. It was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina and won by the host Argentina national basketball team. 4 teams competed.Each team played the other three teams twice apiece, for a total of six games played by each team. The top two teams after this round played each other one more time in the final.

title: Argentine Basketball Federation

text: It is a member of the FIBA Americas, and it is responsible for the Argentina national basketball team and the Argentina women's national basketball team. Currently there are approximately 1,200 clubs registered with the association, as well as 130,500 male and 11,000 female players.

title: Néstor García (basketball)

text: García coached the Uruguayan national basketball team in 2003. He also coached Argentina's national team at the 2012 South American Championship, where he won a gold medal. He has also coached the senior men's Venezuelan national basketball team.

title: Basque Country autonomous basketball team

text: In summer 2011, Basque Country, coached by Pablo Laso, played three games at Argentina. One against the 'B' team of, other with a team of players of Córdoba and a third game with the Argentina national basketball team. In this last game, where Argentina played with the team of the FIBA Americas Championship won Basque Country by a huge 92–28.

text: The Argentina men's national under-19 basketball team represents Argentina in basketball international competitions, and is controlled by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol (Argentine Basketball Federation)

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: Due to the series of good results since the beginning of the 2000s (decade), Argentina reached the first position in the FIBA Men's Ranking at the end of the 2008 Olympic Games. Argentina is a founding member of the International Federation of Basketball (FIBA) and has South America's longest basketball tradition.

title: History of the Argentina national basketball team

text: In successive years, other clubs such as Ñaró, Estudiantes (LP), River Plate, Gimnasia y Esgrima, Universitario and Racing) registered their teams to the Federation. On August 30, 1929, the Argentine Basketball Federation (current "Confederación Argentina") was established,[2] with founder members from Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe, La Rioja, North Federation and Bahía Blanca. The Federación Argentina focused on the spread of basketball in Buenos Aires as in the rest of the provinces of Argentina.

title: Argentina women's national under-17 basketball team

text: The Argentina women's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.

text: The first basketball clubs in Argentina were YMCA, Hindú and Independiente. By 1912 the first basketball games were held by YMCA headquarters in Buenos Aires. In 1913 the first games between Argentine and Uruguayan YCMA are played. One year later, the YCMA organised the first internal championship. In 1919 the Uruguay national team played a game v. local team Nacional, in Buenos Aires.[2]

title: Argentina mixed national 3x3 team

text:
The Argentina mixed national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.
It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) mixed men's and women's basketball competitions.

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: In 1950 Argentina won its first and only World Championship to date, with a squad formed entirely by amateur players, after defeating France (twice), Brazil, Chile, Egypt and the United States in the decisive match.

title: Argentina women's national under-19 basketball team

text: The Argentina women's national under-18 and under-19 basketball team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: Argentine Basketball Federation Argentina men's national under-19 basketball team Argentina women's national basketball team Basketball in Argentina

title: 1941 South American Basketball Championship

text: The South American Basketball Championship 1941 was the ninth South American Basketball Championship. It was held in Mendoza, Argentina and won by the host Argentina national basketball team. Six teams competed despite the World War that was currently under way.Each team played the other five teams once, for a total of five games played by each team and 15 overall in the tournament.

title: South Korea national basketball team

text: In 1947, two years after the establishment of the People's Republic of Korea, the Korea Basketball Association joined the International Federation of Basketball (FIBA) and sent its national teams to FIBA-sponsored events. Only one year later, the team already celebrated its first major accomplishment at the 1948 Summer Olympics, when it finished 8th, better than any other Asian nation, and ahead of teams such as Canada, Argentina, and Italy.

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: Since its establishment, the Argentina national team had worn white kits. In 2002, two light blue horizontal stripes (similar to the National flag) were added to the jerseys. In 2014, Argentina adopted a vertical striped model, in the style of football and field hockey representatives. The jersey debuted in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[9][10]

text: The Argentina women's national basketball team, nicknamed "Las Gigantes" ("The Giantesses"), is administered by the Argentine Basketball Federation.

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: The Argentina national basketball team, officially nicknamed El Alma Argentina[3] (Spanish: The Argentine Soul), is controlled by the Argentine Basketball Federation.

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: Argentina is the only national team in the FIBA Americas zone that has won the quintuplet crown: FIBA World Cup (they won the first edition, in 1950), Olympic Gold Medal (2004) (the highest honor and most important title of Argentina in the history of Argentina Basketball Men's Senior National Team), FIBA Diamond Ball (2008), FIBA AmeriCup (2001 and 2011) and Pan American Gold Medal (1995). They have also won 13 South American Basketball Championships, as well as many youth championships.

title: Luca Vildoza

text: Vildoza was a member of the junior national teams of Argentina. He played with Argentina's junior national team at the 2012 FIBA Under-17 World Cup. He is also a member of the senior men's Argentine national basketball team. With Argentina's senior team, he has played at the 2014 ODESUR Games, the 2015 Pan American Games, the 2016 South American Championship, and the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup.

title: Argentina national under-17 basketball team

text: The Argentina national under-16 and under-17 basketball team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.

title: Marcelo Milanesio

text: In 1987, Milanesio played with the Argentina national basketball team in the South American Championship (won by Argentina) disputed in Asunción, Paraguay. In 1990, he was the national team's main point guard, while playing at the 1990 FIBA World Championship, which was organised by Argentina. Later, he helped Argentina to claim the country's first ever gold medal in men's Panamerican basketball at the Pan American Games, as Argentina defeated the Team USA, in the final of the 1995 Pan American Games, in Mar del Plata, Argentina.

title: Argentina national 3x3 team

text:
The Argentina national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.
It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) basketball competitions.

text: The Argentina national basketball team represents Argentina in basketball international competitions, and is controlled by the Argentine Basketball Federation. (Spanish: Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol). The national team was formed in 1921, playing its first game v. Uruguay that same year.

text: Two months after the 1967 World Championship, Argentina, lead again by coach Casimiro González Trilla who had replaced Alberto López, took a team with 5 centers and only two guards to the Pan American Games held in Winnipeg (the team finished 6th of 10). In times were the lack of high stature players was a big problem for the national team, 3 players that could have solved the problem either declined to play for the national team, or abandoned basketball altogether:[5] Alberto Desimone never returned to the national team despite his success in Italy, Zoilo Domínguez ended his basketball career, and Tomás Sandor after training more than a month with the NBA's Washington Bullets took a job as an engineer in San Francisco, ending his basketball career. Moreover, Guillermo Riofrío often declined citations.

title: Uruguay national basketball team

text: Uruguay is one of three South American countries to win medals at the Basketball Tournament of the Summer Olympics. It won the bronze medal in both the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics.Uruguay was the host and champion of the first major international basketball championship, the South American Basketball Championship 1930. The event was held in Montevideo and featured four South American national basketball teams. Teams played each of the other three teams twice each; Uruguay won all six of its games. In 1932, Uruguay lost its first game of the South American Basketball Championship series when it was defeated by Chile in one of the two matches it played against the Chileans in the preliminary round. When each team finished at 3–1 (each having defeated Argentina twice), the two countries played a third match to determine the champion, which Uruguay won.

title: Argentina women's national 3x3 team

text:
The Argentina women's national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Argentina, governed by the Confederación Argentina de Basquetbol.
It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) women's basketball competitions.

title: Carlos Delfino

text: Delfino was a member of Argentina's junior national team that won the bronze medal at the 2001 FIBA Under-21 World Championship that was held in Saitama, Japan. Delfino was also a part of the senior Argentine national basketball team that won the gold at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He also played with Argentina's senior national team at the 2006 FIBA World Championship and at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where he helped Argentina to win the bronze medal. After years of absence following injury, he played with Argentina's senior basketball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

title: Basketball in Argentina

text: Basketball was introduced in Argentina in 1912 by the "Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes" (Young Men's Christians Association – YCMA), with the first Federation created in 1921 to organise the competitions. In 1929, the Argentine Basketball Federation ("Confederación Argentina de Basketball") was established. The body currently controls the Argentina national team.

title: Argentina national basketball team

text: 2001 was the year when the Golden Generation raised, winning the first Argentina´s FIBA Americas Championship -held in Neuquen-, where they defeated all of its rivals in the competition.[5] In 2002 the team made history by being the first team to defeat a United States roster composed entirely of NBA players during the 2002 FIBA World Championship.[6] Argentina would reach the finals for the first time since the first World Championship in 1950,[7] But the most important achievement for the squad came in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens when Argentina won their first gold medal (including another victory over the United States at the semifinals). The Olympics title in 2004 is the higher honor and important title of Argentina in the history of the sport in the country.[8]


query: When was Ignazio Silone born?

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Ignazio Silone (Italian:[iɲˈɲattsjo siˈloːne]; 1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, a political leader, Italian novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. He was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature ten times.[1][2]

title: Luce d'Eramo

text:
In "Finché la testa vive" (1963), a short novel also later included in "Deviazione", she confronted the trauma of being confined to a wheelchair at the age of nineteen.
In 1966 her writing career was profoundly affected by an encounter with Ignazio Silone, who became her lifelong friend and the subject of an acute critical study "L’opera di Ignazio Silone" published by Arnoldo Mondadori in 1971. In this monumental piece of meticulous research and original insight, d’Eramo examines the resistance of the Italian cultural milieu to a native Italian writer who achieved world fame as one of the greatest figures of the literary scene in the twentieth century.

title: Fontamara

text: Fontamara [fontaˈmaːra] is a 1933 novel by the Italian author Ignazio Silone, written when he was a refugee from the Fascist Police in Davos, Switzerland.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Silone was born in a rural family, in the town of Pescina in the Abruzzo region. His father, Paolo Tranquilli, died in 1911 and in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake, he lost many of his family members, including his mother, Marianna Delli Quadri. He left his hometown and finished high school. In 1917, Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Giuseppe Leone, Ignazio Silone, scrittore dell'intelligenza, Firenze Atheneum, Firenze, 1996, ISBN88-7255-106-4 Dario Biocca – Mauro Canali. L'informatore: Silone, i comunisti e la polizia, Luni Editrice, Milano, Trento, 2000 Giuseppe Tamburrano. Processo a Silone, La disavventura di un povero cristiano, Lacaita Editore, Rome, 2001 Maria Moscardelli, La Coperta Abruzzese. Il filo della vita di Ignazio Silone, Ed. Aracne, Rome, 2004. Mauro Canali. Le spie del regime, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2004 Dario Biocca. Silone. La doppia vita di un italiano, Rizzoli, Milan 2005. Mimmo Franzinelli, Silone in the 'thirties'. www.mimmofranzinelli.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,55,57,63, n.d. Elizabeth Leake. The Reinvention of Ignazio Silone, University of Toronto Press Toronto, 2003 Giuseppe Leone, Silone e Machiavelli: una scuola... che non crea prìncipi, Prefazione di Vittoriano Esposito, Centro Studi Ignazio Silone, Pescina, 2003. Giuseppe Leone, [rec. al vol. di] Maria Moscardelli, "La coperta abruzzese – Il filo della vita di Ignazio Silone", in "Marsica Domani", Avezzano, 31 ottobre 2005, pag. 9. Giuseppe Leone, Nulla di vero nel Silone di Biocca, su Marsica Domani, Avezzano, 2005. on IMDb Giuseppe Leone, [rec. al vol. di] Valeria Giannantonio, "La scrittura oltre la vita ( Studi su Ignazio Silone)", su "Quaderni siloniani", 1-2/2005. Michael P.McDonald, Il caso Silone (in English), www.michaelmcdonaldweb.com/essays/ilcasosilone.htm, 2001. Maria Moscardelli, Silone reinvented", www.amici-silone.net/silone_reinvented.htm, 2005. Stanislao G. Pugliese. Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2009 Giuseppe Leone e Roberto Zambonini, "Puccini e le "more" di Silone: viaggio poetico-musicale fra "soavi fanciulle" e coraggiose eroine", Malgrate (Lc), 27 agosto 2009. Giuseppe Leone, "L'ennesimo bis del secondo "caso" Silone – Andrea Paganini e il suo "Ignazio Silone, l'uomo che si è salvato", su Pomezia-Notizie, Roma, Luglio 2010, pp.10–11. Giuseppe Leone, Il "fenicottero" Silone nella revisione di Renzo Paris, Pomezia-Notizie, febbraio 2015, pp.10–11. Ignazio Silone, Il seme sotto la neve. Edizione critica a cura di Alessandro La Monica, Milano-Firenze, Mondadori Education-Le Monnier Università, 2015.

title: William Weaver

text: Silone, Ignazio

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Silone left Italy in 1927 on a mission to the Soviet Union and settled in Switzerland in 1930. While there, he declared his opposition to Joseph Stalin and the leadership of Comintern; consequently, he was expelled from the PCI. He suffered from tuberculosis and severe clinical depression and spent nearly a year in Swiss clinics; in Switzerland, Aline Valangin helped and played host to him and other migrants. As he recovered, Silone began writing his first novel, Fontamara, published in German translation in 1933. The English edition, first published by Penguin Books in September 1934, went through frequent reprintings during the 1930s, with the events of the Spanish Civil War and the escalation towards the outbreak of World War II increasing attention for its subject material.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

title: Pescina

text: The writer Ignazio Silone set his novel "Fontamara". Today part of the old village has been partly restored and renovated. The traveller can visiting the great tower of the Piccolomini family, and the medieval bell tower of the old church of San Berardo. Under the bell tower is the tomb of the writer Ignazio Silone.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: He was a founding member of the breakaway Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI and died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Ignazio Silone was married to Darina Laracy (1917-2003), an Irish student of Italian literature and journalist. He died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1978.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: The United States Army printed unauthorized versions of Fontamara and Bread and Wine and distributed them to the Italians during the liberation of Italy after 1943. These two books together with The Seed Beneath the Snow form the Abruzzo Trilogy. Silone returned to Italy only in 1944, and two years later he was elected as a PSI deputy.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Ed egli si nascose (1944) (And He Hid Himself, transl. Darina Silone (1945))

title: Ignazio Silone

text: A 2005 biography by Biocca also includes documents showing Silone's involvement with the American intelligence (the OSS) during and after the World War, Biocca suggesting that Silone's political stands (as well as extensive literary work) be reconsidered in light of a more complex personality and political engagements.[3]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Following his contribution to the anti-communist anthology The God That Failed (1949), Silone joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom and edited Tempo Presente. In 1967, with the discovery that the journal received secret funds from the United States Central Intelligence Agency, Silone resigned and devoted all his energies to the writing of novels and autobiographical essays.[2]

title: Story of a Humble Christian

text: Story of a Humble Christian (, 1968) is a historical novel by the Italian writer Ignazio Silone, translated to English in 1970. It tells the story of Pope Celestine V.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone by Stanislao G. Pugliese, Farrar Straus & Giroux (2009)

title: Darina Laracy

text:
Elisabeth Darina Laracy Silone (30 March 1917 - 25 July 2003) was an Irish journalist, translator and anti-fascist.
She was the wife of the writer Ignazio Silone from 1944 until his death in 1978 .

title: Ignazio Silone

text: In the 1990s, Italian historians Dario Biocca and Mauro Canali found documents which implicated that Silone acted as an informant for the Fascist police from 1919 until 1930. It is believed that the reason he broke from the Fascist police is because of the torture the inflicted upon his brother. The two historians published the results of their research in a work titled L'informatore. Silone, i comunisti e la polizia.[2]

title: Severina (Silone)

text: Severina, or La speranza di suor Severina, is the last work of Italian writer Ignazio Silone. Written 1977-78, it was edited and completed by Darina Silone and published posthumously in 1981.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Fontamara (1930) (Fontamara, transl. Michael Wharf (1934); Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher (1938); Harvey Fergusson (1960)) Un viaggio a Parigi (1934), (Mr. Aristotle, transl. Samuel Putnam (1935)) Pane e vino (1936) (Bread and Wine, transl. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher (1936)) Il seme sotto la neve (1941) (The Seed Beneath the Snow, transl. Frances Frenaye (1942)) Una manciata di more (1952) (A Handful of Blackberries, transl. Darina Silone (1953)) Pane e vino (revised version, 1955) (Bread and Wine, transl. Harvey Fergusson (1962)) Il segreto di Luca (1956) (The Secret of Luca, transl. Darina Silone (1958)) La volpe e le camelie (1960) (The Fox and the Camelias, transl. Eric Mosbacher (1961)) L'avventura di un povero cristiano (1968) (Story of a Humble Christian, transl. William Weaver (1970)) Severina (1981), completed after his death by Darina Silone

title: The God that Failed

text: The six contributors were Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Stephen Spender, and Richard Wright.

title: Eric Mosbacher

text: Mosbacher's wife, Gwenda David, introduced him to the work of Ignazio Silone, and the pair translated Silone's anti-Fascist novel "Fontamara" in 1934. Often working in collaboration with his wife, Mosbacher continued translating in parallel with his other jobs.

title: Luca's Secret

text: Luca's Secret () is a 1956 romance novel by Ignazio Silone. The romance is set in Marsica, Abruzzo.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: A version of Fontamara, directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Michele Placido, was released in 1977.

title: Fontamara

text: Mario Bellisario,"Ricordi di una Civiltà Scomparsa", Carabba editore, Lanciano, 2004,ISBN88-95078-39-X Pietro Spezzani, Fontamara di Silone: grammatica e retorica del discorso popolare, Liviani, Padova, 1979 Carmelo Aliberti, Come leggere "Fontamara" di Silone, Mursia, Milano, 1983 Raffaele La Capria, Introduzione a Fontamara, Rizzoli, Milano, 1989, ISBN88-17-13747-2 Ignazio Silone, Fontamara, a cura di Mirella Zocchi, Mondadori ISBN88-04-23496-2 Lizzani, Carlo et al. "Fontamara: dal Romanzo di Ignazio Silone edito da Mondadori" ERI, 1980 Magill, Frank Northen and Dayton Kohler. "Masterpieces of world literature in digest form" Harper & Row, 1969 Stefano Mercanti. The rose and the lotus: partnership studies in the works of Raja Rao. Rodopi, (31 March 2010) pp.80–. ISBN978-90-420-2833-3. Siegal, Paul N. "Revolution and the 20th-century novel", Pathfinder Press, 1979 Chapter 4 Giuseppe Alberto Traldi (1973). Realism and nonrealism in Ignazio Silone's fontamara. Frank Northern Magill (1984). Critical survey of long fiction: Foreign language series. Salem Press. ISBN978-0-89356-373-8.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Three of Silone's poems were included by Hanns Eisler in his Deutsche Sinfonie, along with poetry by Bertolt Brecht.

title: Aline Valangin

text: Aline Valangin was a Swiss writer, pianist, and psychoanalyst. In Zurich she was follower of Carl Jung and became a psychoanalyst. With Vladimir Rosenbaum (1894–1984, her husband from 1917 to 1940), at Comologno she helped and played host to migrants as Ignazio Silone, Ernst Toller, and Kurt Tucholsky. In 1931, she loved Silone, read his masterpiece "Fontamara", and helped him to publish it.

title: Mauro Canali

text: His book, "L'informatore. Silone i comunisti e la polizia", (coauthored with Dario Biocca), which revealed the collaboration between the well-known Abruzzi author Ignazio Silone and the Fascist political police during the 1920s, was the subject of much debate among historians in Italy and abroad. It was discussed in publications including "New Left Review", "The New Yorker", and "The Nation".

title: Pescina

text: Museum that was built in the birthplace of the writer. Home Silone was one of the few houses to escape the earthquake of 1915. The museum devoted to Ignazio Silone contains several manuscripts and original letters of the author.


query: What was Kenny G's first album?

title: Kenny G (album)

text: Kenny G is the debut studio album by American jazz saxophonist Kenny G, released in 1982. It was released by Arista Records in 1982 and reached number 10 on the Billboard Jazz Albums chart.

title: The Moment (Kenny G album)

text: The Moment is the eighth studio album by American saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1996, and reached number 1 on the "Billboard" Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 2 on the "Billboard" 200, number 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 16 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

title: Greatest Hits (Kenny G album)

text: Greatest Hits is the second greatest hits album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1997 and peaked at number one on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 19 on the "Billboard" 200.

title: The Collection (Kenny G album)

text: The Collection is the first compilation album by saxophonist Kenny G, released by BMG in 1990.

title: Paradise (Kenny G album)

text: Paradise is the eleventh studio album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 2002, and reached number 2 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 9 on the Billboard 200 and Internet Albums charts and number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

title: Kenny G

text: Kenny G's second holiday album, Faith, is the best selling holiday album of 1999 in the United States selling 2 million units according to Nielsen/SoundScan. The singles taken from the album, the traditional "Auld Lang Syne", reached No. 7 on the Hot 100.

title: Heart and Soul (Kenny G album)

text:
Heart and Soul is the sixteenth studio album by Kenny G, which was released on June 29, 2010. Kenny and renowned studio master Walter Afanasieff (Christina Aguilera, Michael Bolton, Mariah Carey, Céline Dion, Whitney Houston, Mika, Barbra Streisand) produced and arranged the album. On December 1, 2010, it was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Album.
The album was also commercially successful, which debuted and peaked at number one in the Billboard Jazz Albums chart on July 17, 2010. It debuted and peaked at number thirty-three in the "Billboard" 200 on July 17, 2010.

title: Kenny G

text: G's 14th studio album, Brazilian Nights was announced on October 28, 2014. According to G, the album was inspired by Cannonball Adderley's bossa nova recordings, Paul Desmond, and Stan Getz. The album was released in January 2015.[27] It helped Kenny G get back to the Billboard 200, at number 86. He started The Brazilian Tour for the album, traveling throughout North America and many countries in Asia later in the year.

title: The Essential Kenny G

text: The Essential Kenny G is the fifth greatest hits album by saxophonist Kenny G, released by Arista Records in 2006. It reached number 3 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz chart. Two different editions of the album were released: the single-disc version contains fifteen songs, while the double-disc edition has 31 songs.

title: The Romance of Kenny G

text: The Romance of Kenny G is the fourth compilation album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 2004.

title: Greatest Hits (Kenny G album)

text: This recording was released as a single and was bundled with the Greatest Hits as a promotional item. The cover is a photograph from the Greatest Hits booklet with water superimposed over the top. The packaging for the single declared itself to be 'The first instrumental version available of this classic theme for all time'. Since this first release, it has appeared on every Kenny G greatest hits compilation.

title: Fall Again

text: American smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G recorded the song for the "Heart and Soul", which was released on June 29, 2010. Unlike most of Kenny G's jazz numbers, "Fall Again" is a rhythm and blues ballad. Kenny G plays the saxophone with Thicke on vocals. Kenny G said, "His (Robin Thicke's) voice is so emotional and soulful, the combination of his voice and my saxophone really hits the perfect tones for my new album." Mark Edward Nero of About.com mentioned Kenny G "is a jazz saxophonist, not an R&B singer. But K.G. has a new, R&B-inspired album", and "Robin Thicke is featured on the first single, Fall Again".

title: Gravity (Kenny G album)

text: Gravity is the third studio album by American saxophonist Kenny G. It was released in May 1985, and reached number 13 on the "Billboard" Jazz Albums chart, number 37 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 97 on the "Billboard" 200.

title: The Moment (Kenny G album)

text: The second single taken from this album, "Havana", was remixed and released to dance clubs in the United States, and these remixes went to number 1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1997, earning Kenny G his first number 1 on this chart. The remixes were by Todd Terry and Tony Moran.

title: Brazilian Nights

text:
Kenny G had his inspiration for the album when he was touring and traveling in Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro. Explaining this, he claimed he loved the Bossa nova genre, the people in Brazil and the nights of dancing and singing. He decided to take the Bossa nova sounds into his new album. The album's deluxe edition also contains 4 live versions of Kenny G's biggest hits, such as "Forever in Love" and "Heart and Soul".
The album brought Kenny G back to the Billboard 200 after 5 years. It's also Kenny's eighth No.1 album in the Billboard Jazz Albums.

title: Kenny G discography

text: This is the discography of American adult contemporary saxophonist Kenny G. It includes Kenny G's solo albums, singles, music videos, and recorded appearances with other artists. The album section of the discography is divided into four sections: studio albums (including holiday albums), live albums, compilation albums, and EPs.

title: Best (Kenny G album)

text: Best is the second live album performed by saxophonist Kenny G, featuring a very similar track listing to The Essential Kenny G. The only difference is Track 15, which is a Mandarin version of "Be My Lady", replacing "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". It was released by Sony BMG in 2006.

title: Going Home (Kenny G composition)

text: "Going Home" is an instrumental song by American saxophonist Kenny G which was released in 1990, from the artist's first live album "Kenny G Live".

title: Montage (Kenny G album)

text: Montage is the second compilation album by saxophonist Kenny G, released by BMG in 1990.

title: The Very Best of Kenny G

text: The Very Best of Kenny G is the third greatest hits album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1994.

title: Rhythm & Romance (Kenny G album)

text: Rhythm & Romance is the fifteenth studio album (and 1st album under Concord Records) by Kenny G. The first bossa nova album in 2 albums in total made by the artist. It peaked number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and number 14 on the "Billboard 200". There was the tour supporting for the album, it called An Evening of Rhythm & Romance.

title: Kenny G (album)

text: "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy" – 3:41 (Joe Zawinul) "Here We Are" (lead vocals: Greg Walker) – 4:15 (Jeff Lorber, Marlon McCain) "Stop and Go" – 3:31 (Stevie Bensusen, Joe Ericksen, Kenny G, Jeff Lorber) "I Can't Tell You Why" – 4:12 (Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Timothy B. Schmit) "The Shuffle" – 4:24 (Kenny G, Jeff Lorber) "Tell Me" – 5:52 (Kenny G, Jeff Lorber) "Find a Way" – 4:34 (Joe Ericksen, Kenny G, Jeff Lorber) "Crystal Mountain" – 0:39 (Kenny G) "Come Close" – 2:54 (David Chesky)

title: Kenny G Live

text:
Kenny G Live is the first live album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1989, and peaked at number 2 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart and number 16 on the "Billboard" 200.
This album was recorded live at Humphrey's Concerts By The Bay in San Diego, California.

title: Greatest Hits (Kenny G album)

text: The album combined Kenny G's hits since the beginning of his career. Shortly after the release of the album, the blockbuster film "Titanic" was released, and having already produced the hit single of "My Heart Will Go On" performed by Celine Dion, producer Afanasieff returned to the studio with Kenny G to produce an instrumental version of the "Love Theme from Titanic".

title: Kenny G

text: Kenneth Bruce Gorelick (born June 5, 1956), better known by his stage name Kenny G, is an American saxophonist. His 1986 album, Duotones, brought him commercial success.[1] Kenny G is one of the best-selling artists of all time, with global sales totaling more than 75 million records.[2]

title: Classics in the Key of G

text: Classics in the Key of G is the first cover album and ninth studio album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records on June 28, 1999, and reached number 1 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 13 on the Internet Albums chart, number 17 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 27 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

title: Kenny G

text: Kenny G (1982) G Force (1983) Gravity (1985) Duotones (1986) Silhouette (1988) Breathless (1992) Miracles: The Holiday Album (1994) The Moment (1996) Greatest Hits (1997) Classics in the Key of G (1999) Faith: A Holiday Album (1999) Paradise (2002) At Last...The Duets Album (2004) I'm in the Mood for Love...The Most Romantic Melodies of All Time (2006) Rhythm and Romance (2008) Heart and Soul (2010) Namaste (with Rahul Sharma) (2012) Brazilian Nights (2015)

title: Ultimate Kenny G

text: Ultimate Kenny G is the third greatest hits album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 2003, and reached number 2 on the Contemporary Jazz and Contemporary Jazz Albums charts, and number 42 on the "Billboard" 200.

title: Kenny G

text: Kenny G signed with Arista Records as a solo artist in 1982, after label president Clive Davis heard his rendition of ABBA's "Dancing Queen".[9] He released his self-titled first album with the help of The Jeff Lorber Fusion. The album received warm reviews from critics. He achieved success quite early on, with both G Force and Gravity, his second and third studio albums respectively, achieving platinum status in the United States. At that time he collaborated with Kashif on many tracks, such as the single Love on the Rise, which was released in 1985 and went on to chart. His fourth studio album, Duotones, sold over five million copies in the U.S. alone. It featured the songs "Songbird", with reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single "Don't Make Me Wait for Love", which featured vocals from Lenny Williams, charted at No. 15 on the Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary charts in 1987. Kenny G worked in the mid-to-late 1980s with jazz and R&B artists such as George Benson, Patti LaBelle and Aretha Franklin. The 1987 hit-single "Love Power", a Dionne Warwick duet with Jeffrey Osborne that featured G as a guest saxophonist, peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 5 on R&B/Hip-Hop songs. His first live album, titled Kenny G Live, included popular songs, among which "Going Home" achieved great success in the People's Republic of China. G has collaborated with a wide variety of artists, such as Andrea Bocelli,[11] Aaron Neville, Toni Braxton, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince,[12] Natalie Cole,[13] Steve Miller,[14] Weezer, Dudley Moore, Lee Ritenour, The Rippingtons, Michael Bolton, Celine Dion, Frank Sinatra, Bebel Gilberto and Smokey Robinson.[11] Influenced by saxophonist Grover Washington Jr., his albums are usually classified as smooth jazz.

title: The First Edition (album)

text: The First Edition is the debut studio album by the group Kenny Rogers and The First Edition. Kenny Rogers sang the lead vocals on two tracks "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" and "Dream On". "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" became the only hit single from the album and marked the start of things to come, with Rogers soon becoming the lead singer of the group and the group being renamed "Kenny Rogers & The First Edition".


query: What's the 'strongest' Magic card?

title: Power Nine

text: The "Black Lotus" card can be played at zero cost, and grants three mana (the game's primary resource) when sacrificed (discarded from play). Thus, the card gives the player an enormous jump in the early stages of a Magic game. Former Pro player and Magic writer Zvi Mowshowitz has declared Black Lotus as the best card of its type of all time, claiming every deck in the history of the game is better with a Black Lotus in it.[7] It has since been banned from all official tournament formats save for Vintage, but even there, it is limited to one copy per deck, compared to the normal allowance of four.[8] The illustration on Black Lotus was painted by Christopher Rush, who was at the time a Wizards of the Coast employee. The Black Lotus illustration is a depiction of a black lotus flower over a foliage backdrop.

title: Magic Duels

text: "Magic Duels: Origins" was developed by Stainless Games who have been creating computer versions of the "Magic" series since 2009's "" and new titles on an annual basis. These prior games did not include the ability to construct decks or build card libraries, instead primarily using designed decks that could be customized with predetermined additional cards earned through winning matches. Later games included sealed deck play where players would be given a number of booster packs and could build a deck from those cards, but those cards would only be available for that deck. With "Magic Duel: Origins", the series now includes the ability for players to collect and buy cards and construct decks as they would normally in the physical version of "Magic". Wizards of the Coast's Dan Barrett stated that with this change, the computer version now is much closer to the physical version, and hopes that this will help enable more players to experience "Magic" and transition to the physical game.

title: Dai Vernon

text: Vernon first fell in love with magic when he was seven years old after his father took him to see a magic show. The first real magic book he ever owned was an early edition of perhaps the most famous card book of them all, "The Expert at the Card Table", by S. W. Erdnase. By the time he was 13 he had memorized the contents of the book. He also had a famous encounter with another up-and-coming young magician from his town, Cliff Green, who asked Vernon, "What kind of magic do you do?" Vernon responded by asking the boy to name a card. Upon pulling a pack of cards from his pocket, Vernon turned over the top card of the deck to reveal the named card and replied to the speechless Green "That's the kind of magic I do. What kind of magic do you do?"

title: Magic: The Gathering

text:
"Magic: The Gathering" cards are produced in much the same way as normal playing cards. Each "Magic" card, approximately 63 × 88 mm in size (2.5 by 3.5 inches), has a face which displays the card's name and rules text as well as an illustration appropriate to the card's concept. 18,970 unique cards have been produced for the game ,
many of them with variant editions, artwork, or layouts, and 600–1000 new ones are added each year. The first "Magic" cards were printed exclusively in English, but current sets are also printed in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.

title: Magic: The Gathering core sets, 2009–2015

text: "Magic 2013" is the first core set to have a multicolored card, (Bolas is also referenced on a number of other cards). It is the second "Magic" Core set ("" was the first) to feature legendary cards; one legendary creature of each color plus the artifact . "Magic 2013" contains the Exalted mechanic which first appeared in the "Shards of Alara" block. It is featured as the "returning mechanic" in Magic 2013, as both reprinted "Alara" cards and new cards with Exalted are in "Magic 2013". The Exalted ability gives a creature you control +1/+1 when it is the only creature attacking that combat, and multiple instances of Exalted are cumulative (e.g. 3 sources of Exalted will give a lone attacking creature +3/+3).

title: Tute

text: When all four cards of the trick are on the table, the pair that played the card with the strongest card wins the hand. The trump suit beats the other three suits, with the ranking of trump cards from strongest to weakest as follows: Ace-3-King-Knight-Knave-7-6-5-4-2. The next strongest suit is the one the first player played, again with the card rankings being Ace-3-King-Knight-Knave-7-6-5-4-2. Cards of the other two suits always lose to trumps and the first player's suit. The winning team places the four cards from the trick into their "baza". The rules for the declarations are similar to Two-player "Tute", but it is mandatory to declare the cards after a player or the partner begins a "baza". Only the scoring team can declare. To declare their cards, the opposing team has to begin a "baza". Declaring cards in the plays that follow the beginning of a "baza" is not allowed. After the hand is over, the counting starts (see Scoring below). When the counting ends, and after the score is calculated, the cards in the "bazas" are mixed again in a single stack to be dealt at the start of the next round. The deal of cards rotates counter-clockwise during the subsequent hands.

title: Daifugō

text: After cards are dealt, the "daihinmin" must hand over their two strongest cards to the "daifugō", while the "hinmin" must hand over their one strongest card to the "fugō". The "daifugō" and "fugō" then hand back an equal number of any "junk" cards they do not want. This process is known as "zeikin" (taxation).

title: Magic: The Gathering core sets, 1993–2007

text: The collectible card game "" published nine core sets from 1993–2007, also referred to as basic sets and base sets. These sets consisted entirely of reprints, usually focusing on staple cards Wizards of the Coast felt should always be available. These cards were generally simpler than cards in expansion sets, omitting multicolored cards, and used only the original abilities and keywords of "Magic" such as , and . As "Magic" grew, the base sets were considered descendants of the original "Limited Edition", and shaped the default setting and feel of "Magic". In contrast, "Magic" "expansion sets" usually chose a particular theme, such as artifacts for "". All cards were given a white border to mark them as reprints, with a few exceptions ("Tenth Edition", foil cards in "Seventh"-"Ninth" Editions). From "Fourth Edition" in 1995 onward, a new base set would come out once per two years in the spring or early summer; for tournament play, that set would be legal for two years in the Standard format until the next core set replaced it.

title: Magic realism

text: Magical realism is referred to in the 2015 Netflix series "Narcos", which opens with a title card, from which the narrator reads: "Magical realism is defined as what happens when a highly detailed, realistic setting is invaded by something too strange to believe. There is a reason magical realism was born in Colombia".

title: List of card manipulation techniques

text: Card manipulation is the branch of magical illusion that deals with creating effects using sleight of hand techniques involving playing cards. Card manipulation is often used to perform card tricks in magical performances, especially in close-up, parlor, and street magic. A person who practices card manipulation may be called a card sharp, card shark, or card mechanic.

title: Ultimate Combat!

text: For those who have said that the UC! play system, with its use of Foundation cards replacing Magic's Land cards, and the Draining of Foundation Cards replacing the Tapping of Magic's Land Cards was essentially a "knockoff" of Magic: The Gathering, Dave responds, "Yep, it sure was. But it was fun and a lot of folks enjoyed playing it."

title: Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards

text: The world of Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards is inspired by various real mystical and esoteric traditions. It has been developed specifically for Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards with the help of an award-winning author Johanna Sinisalo, and brought to life by original paintings for each individual card.

title: Trade & Battle: Card Hero

text: Magic Cards will execute a special effect at the cost of a certain number of Stones. The cost and effects vary from card to card. A few examples of the effects of Magic Cards include recovering HP, damaging the opponent's cards, and increasing the stats of the player's cards.

title: Dan and Dave (magicians)

text: Growing up in Sonora, California, Daniel and David Buck wanted to become illusionists at the age of 12 after watching David Copperfield perform on television. After watching one of David Blaine's popular street magic specials, the twins switched to doing close-up magic and eventually just card magic. This interest grew when the brothers met magician Ricky Smith at a convention who lent them VHS tapes on card tricks by Lee Asher and Aron Fisher. After learning the five faces of Chris Kenner's famous Sybil cut, Dan and Dave became fascinated with card flourishing and spent the next years practicing nothing but flourishes. At this point there was extremely limited information on what is now known as cardistry.

title: WildStorms: The Expandable Super-Hero Card Game

text: Where it lacked rule ingenuity, cards were really well developed. Although not really referencing to their respective comic powers. Characters were very well balanced. Far better variety than MTG (Magic: The Gathering). Some of the strongest characters couldn't use certain cards or abilities due to special requirements. Weaker characters could apply almost all types of cards to benefit their "handicap". Characters were plentiful and very different from each other. One unique aspect to the game was that it held a close resemblance to the comics. No two alike character cards could be played regardless of who owned it. Special Plot Twist cards could allow multiple copies of the same unique character to be in play simultaneously.

title: Odyssey (Magic: The Gathering)

text: "Odyssey" 's main theme is the graveyard. All the colors interact with the graveyard and use it as a resource, though green and black are the strongest graveyard colors. Previously, the graveyard rarely affected gameplay, but "Odyssey" 's cards forced players to constantly keep track of both graveyards at all times.

title: Self-working magic

text: Self-working magic is magic that works simply from following a procedure that is known to the audience. It requires no secret set-up, trickery, sleight-of-hand, or other hidden objects or moves. Some self-working magic allows the audience to have a secret that they do not reveal to the magician until the end. The audience can be told every step, and can even repeat the trick. It can be done alone, since the "magician" may be just as surprised as anybody. All the magician has to do is follow a certain procedure, and everything will be good. Optical illusions and some other science demonstrations could fall into this category. The wonder comes from unexpectedness of a natural phenomenon. Basically, self-working magic relies on some expectation or lack of knowledge in the audience about what produces the outcome. Usually, self-working card tricks revolve around some mathematical principle, such as in the trick "Magical 13", where the spectator is asked to cut the deck 13 times, then split the deck into 13 piles. Upon revealing each pile, it is found that each pile contains only cards of the same value (i.e., one pile has all four fours, the other pile has all four twos, etc.). This is based on the principle that beforehand, the deck is set up with all the suits in order. No matter how many times you cut the deck, the same cards will always be 13 cards away from each other.

title: Street magic

text: Street magic most often consists of what has been referred to in the past as "hand" or "pocket" magic, sleight of hand. Whether card magic or magic performed with coins, balls, scarves, or rope, even occasionally mentalism (see notably: Kenny Lightfoot), regardless of the props involved, the ability to draw and hold an audience is cited by contemporary practitioners as a skill of greater importance than the illusions themselves.

text: Seven "" core sets have been released since 2009: Magic 2010, Magic 2011, Magic 2012, Magic 2013, Magic 2014, Magic 2015, and Magic Origins. Unlike "10th Edition" and previous core sets, roughly half of each core set was entirely new cards. Beginning with "Magic 2010", Wizards decided to introduce new cards into the Core Set so that they could be relevant for both new players as well as veterans. Starting with "Magic 2011", core sets have included "returning mechanics", or non-evergreen keywords with cards printed in just one core set. All of these core sets were released in the summer of the year prior to the year in the title - for example, "Magic 2010" was released in 2009.

title: Multiverse (Magic: The Gathering)

text: The Multiverse is the shared fictional universe depicted on "" cards, novels, comics, and other supplemental products. Though "Magic" is a strategy game, an intricate storyline underlies the cards released in each expansion. On the cards, elements of this multiverse are shown in the card art and through quotations and descriptions on the bottom of most cards (called flavor text). Novels and anthologies published by HarperPrism and Wizards of the Coast (WOTC), and the comic books published by Armada Comics expand upon the settings and characters hinted at on the cards. WOTC also publishes a weekly story (most often related to the plane explored in the current expansion set) in the Magic Fiction column, previously known as Official Magic Fiction and Uncharted Realms.

title: Cardcaptor Sakura

text: "Cardcaptor Sakura" takes place in the fictional Japanese city of Tomoeda which is somewhere near Tokyo. Ten-year-old Sakura Kinomoto accidentally releases a set of magical cards known as Clow Cards from a book in her basement created and named after the sorcerer Clow Reed. Each card has its own unique ability and can assume an alternate form when activated. The guardian of the cards, Cerberus, emerges from the book and chooses Sakura to retrieve the missing cards. As she finds each card, she battles its magical personification and defeats it by sealing it away. Cerberus acts as her guide, while her best friend and second cousin, Tomoyo Daidouji films her exploits and provides her with battle costumes. Sakura's older brother Toya Kinomoto watches over her, while pretending that he is unaware of what is going on.

title: Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards

text: Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards is a digital collectible card game designed by Mika Rosendahl and developed by Finnish studio Kyy Games. The game combines a game board mechanic and cross-platform online multiplayer gameplay. Cabals: The Card Game was published on November 30, 2011 for iPhone, iPad, Android devices and Internet Browsers. The newly named Cabals: Magic & Battles cards was released on April 11, 2014

title: Mark Rosewater

text: Since 1995, Rosewater has worked for Wizards of the Coast, the company which makes "Magic: The Gathering". He wrote puzzles based on "Magic" cards and other articles for "The Duelist", the Wizards of the Coast magazine promoting and covering "Magic". In 1996 "Magic: The Puzzling" was published, a collection of 25 puzzles written for "The Duelist". Since 1996 Rosewater has worked for Wizards of the Coast as a designer of "Magic" cards. Rosewater has designed at least one card for every Magic expansion since "". While working for Wizards of the Coast, he wrote columns called “Insider Trading” for the magazines "The Duelist", "Topdeck", and "The Sideboard" which gave an inside look at "Magic" design.

title: Ambitious Card

text: The Ambitious Card, or Elevator Card, is a magic effect in which a playing card seems to return to the top of the deck after being placed elsewhere in the middle of the deck. This is a classic effect in card magic and serves as a study subject for students of magic. Most performing card magicians will have developed their own personal Ambitious Card routine.

text: Magic 2015 was released on July 18, 2014. "Magic 2015" made the second major change to the card frame in "Magic's" history (the first being in ""). Changes include a slight font change (Starting with "Magic 2015", an in-house font known as Beleren will be used rather than the Matrix Bold font), the addition of a holofoil stamp in the bottom center of all rare and mythic rare cards, a slightly narrower black border, and a redesign of the collector's info at the bottom of each card. The new border will make it easier for machines to read the cards, helping to prevent mispackaging. Advertising for the set featured the planeswalker Garruk Wildspeaker, with a tagline of "Hunt Bigger Game."

title: Magic: The Gathering formats

text: This variant was designed specifically for social play. Each player has a special card that affects the game. These cards change the players' starting life total and cards in hand, and have additional effects as well. Vanguard initially began with special oversized Vanguard cards, released as part of various promotions. Only four sets of avatar cards were made before the product was discontinued. The cards featured depicted major characters from the storyline of Magic, including Gerrard Capashen, Karn and Squee. A new version of Vanguard was eventually added to Magic Online, with a player's avatar filling the role of the oversized physical cards. Players are given a standard set of avatars and can receive more as entry and high-finishing prizes in release events. New avatars are regularly added as new sets of Magic cards are released, each depicting a card from the set. The wider availability online, combined with occasional tournaments, has made online Vanguard more of a success than its physical predecessor.

title: Magic: The Gathering

text:
"Magic" can be played by two or more players in various formats, which fall into two categories: constructed and limited. Limited formats involve players building a deck spontaneously out of a pool of random cards with a minimum deck size of 40 cards. In constructed, players create decks from cards they own, usually 60 cards with no more than 4 of any given card. "Magic" is played in person with printed cards, or using a deck of virtual cards through the Internet-based "", or on a smartphone or tablet, or through such as "".
Each game represents a battle between wizards known as "planeswalkers", who employ spells, artifacts, and creatures depicted on individual "Magic" cards to defeat their opponents. Although the original concept of the game drew heavily from the motifs of traditional fantasy role-playing games such as "Dungeons & Dragons", the gameplay of "Magic" bears little similarity to pencil-and-paper adventure games, while having substantially more cards and more complex rules than many other card games.

text: Eighth Edition, also known as Core Set, was a "Magic: The Gathering" set released on July 28, 2003. Its expansion symbol is the number 8 with 3 cards behind it. "Eighth Edition" was released to coincide with the 10th Anniversary of the original release of "Magic". Every previous expansion had at least one card reprinted in "Eighth" that had not been reprinted in the base set before, with a series of votes on the Wizards website deciding what got reprinted. "Eighth" was also the first base set with a promotional card given to players who played in a prerelease tournament. "Eighth" features many cards from older base sets and expansions. While many of these cards were powerful during their original print run, on the whole they were not perceived as measuring up to the power in Standard at the time, known for "Affinity" decks powered by cards from the "Mirrodin" block. Thus, few cards in "Eighth Edition" saw tournament play.

title: Magic: The Gathering

text: In addition to the quarterly set releases, "Magic" cards are released in other products as well, such as the "Planechase" and "" spin-off games. These combine reprinted "Magic" cards with new, oversized cards with new functionality. "Magic" cards are also printed specifically for collectors, such as the "From the Vault" and "Premium Deck Series" sets, which contain exclusively premium foil cards.

title: Magic: The Gathering

text: Magic: The Gathering is both a trading card and digital collectible card game created by Richard Garfield. Released in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast, "Magic" was the first trading card game created and it continues to thrive, with approximately twenty million players , and over twenty billion "Magic" cards produced in the period of 2008 to 2016 alone.

title: Pinochle

text: In some versions of pinochle, after the bid has been taken and trump declared in a partnership game, the bid winning team exchanges cards. It may be two, three, or four cards, depending on the version of the game. The partner of the bid winner passes first. The objective of the partner is either to add to the total points in meld or to pass trick-winning cards. After receiving the cards, the bid winner examines what will create the strongest hand and then discards an equal number of cards back to their partner. Variations are for the bid winner and partner to exchange the designated number of cards simultaneously, or for no passing to occur.


query: When was the Arab Republic of Egypt founded?

title: History of the Republic of Egypt

text: On 22–26 July 1952, the Free Officers, a group of disaffected officers in the Egyptian army founded by Gamal Abdel Nasser, and headed by General Muhammad Naguib, initiated the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 with the overthrowing King Farouk, whom the military blamed for Egypt's poor performance in the 1948 war with Israel and lack of progress in fighting poverty, disease, and illiteracy in Egypt.[1] In the following two years, the Free Officers consolidated power, and, following a brief experiment with civilian rule, abrogated the 1953 constitution, and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953, Muhammad Naguib as Egypt's first President.

title: Flag of Egypt

text: Though Syria withdrew from the U.A.R. in 1961, Egypt continued to use the official name of the United Arab Republic until 1971, when the country was renamed officially as the Arab Republic of Egypt. In 1972, when Egypt formed the Federation of Arab Republics along with Syria, and Libya, the U.A.R. flag (whose design Syria would reuse for their own flag, eight years later) was replaced by a common flag for the Federation, once again based on the Arab Liberation flag. The two green stars in the white band were replaced by the Hawk of Qureish, which had been the coat of arms of Syria prior to the formation of the U.A.R. in 1958. The Hawk of Qureish was also adopted as the Federation's coat of arms. The shade of red used in the red band was lightened slightly.

title: Hallstein Doctrine

text: In several cases, the doctrine was in fact not applied. When, in 1957, the GDR opened an office in Cairo to establish contact with the entire Arab world, the Federal Republic did not withdraw its ambassador from Egypt. Moreover, when in 1965 the Federal Republic established diplomatic relations with Israel, many Arab states ceased theirs with the Federal Republic but did not recognise the GDR. This eventually happened after 1967, because the GDR had supported the Arab states in the Six-Day War. The doctrine was also not applied to Cambodia in 1969, although it had recognised the GDR.

title: United Arab Republic

text: The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union after the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The president was Gamal Abdel Nasser. The UAR was a member of the United Arab States, a loose confederation with the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, which was dissolved in 1961.

title: Muslim Brotherhood of Syria

text: Founded at the end of World War II, the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria was seen as one of several important political parties in the 1950s. When Syria unified with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic, the disbanding of the Muslim Brotherhood as a political party was a condition of union, one complicated by Gamal Abdel Nasser's conflict in Egypt with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was banned by the government of the Syrian Arab Republic starting after the 1963 coup by the secularist, pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party. The Muslim Brotherhood played a major role in dissent against the secular Ba'ath Party during the period 1976-1982, and membership in the Brotherhood in Syria became a capital offence in 1980.

title: History of Egypt

text: In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen) known as the United Arab States.

title: Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

text: In March 1955, a coup by a group of officers and two of Ahmad's brothers briefly deposed the king but was quickly suppressed. Ahmad faced growing pressures, supported by the Arab nationalism objectives of President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser and, in April 1956, he signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. In 1958, Yemen joined the United Arab Republic (a federation of Egypt and Syria) in a confederation known as the United Arab States, but this confederation was dissolved soon after Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic and the United Arab States in September 1961, and relations between Egypt and Yemen subsequently deteriorated.

title: Egypt–Kosovo relations

text: On 26 June 2013 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt issued a statement about the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo by the Arab Republic of Egypt.

title: Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo

text: The Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo () is an academy in Cairo founded in 1934 in order to develop and regulate the Arabic language in The Republic of Egypt.

title: Vice-President of Egypt

text: This list contains Vice-Presidents of United Arab Republic (1958–71, included Syria until 1961) and Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present).

title: Arab nationalism

text: In 1964, Egypt, Iraq and North Yemen formed a Unified Political Command in order to prepare the gradual merger in a new "United Arab Republic", however, both projects failed in 1966 and 1967. In 1971 and 1972 Muammar Gaddafi attempted to unite Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Syria to form the Federation of Arab Republics. This loose union lasted until 1977 when it split due to political and territorial disputes between the republics' leadership. In 1974, Muammar Gaddafi and Habib Bourguiba attempted their two nations of Libya and Tunisia to form the Arab Islamic Republic. The plan was rejected by Bourgiba due to his realization of unity of the Maghreb states. This would later become the Arab Maghreb Union.

title: United Arab Republic at the 1960 Summer Olympics

text: Egypt and Syria, as the United Arab Republic, competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Syria was a constituent of the United Arab Republic in 1960, but almost all 74 competitors for the Olympic team were from Egypt. 74 competitors, all men, took part in 34 events in 12 sports.

title: Egypt–Pakistan relations

text: Egypt–Pakistan relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Modern relations traced back to 1947 when founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah paid a farewell visit to Egypt on the special invitation sent by King Fuad II. Egypt has an embassy in Islamabad and Pakistan has an embassy in Cairo. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and the "D8". Pakistan and Egypt are both designated Major Non-NATO allies, giving them access to certain levels of hardware and surplus military equipment from the United States.

title: Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic

text: After the union of Egypt and Syria ended in 1961, Egypt retained the name "United Arab Republic" and continued to use this coat of arms, until the Federation of Arab Republics project caused a change in 1972.

title: Mizraim

text: Neo-Babylonian texts use the term "Mizraim" for Egypt. The name was for instance inscribed in the famous Ishtar Gate of Babylon. Ugaritic inscriptions refer to Egypt as "Mṣrm", in the Amarna tablets it is called "Misri", and Assyrian records called Egypt "Mu-ṣur." The Arabic word for Egypt is "Miṣr" (pronounced "Maṣr" in Egyptian colloquial Arabic), and Egypt's official name is "Gumhuriyyat Miṣr al-‘Arabīyyah " (the Arab Republic of Egypt).

title: Federation of Arab Republics

text: In 1969, Arab nationalist military officers seized power in Libya. The ideological influence of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over the new Libyan government was immediately apparent. The administration was immediately recognized by the Arab nationalist governments in Egypt, Iraq, Sudan and Syria with Egypt sending experts to aid Libya's inexperienced government. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

title: Egypt–South Sudan relations

text: Egypt – South Sudan relations refers to the bilateral ties between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Republic of South Sudan.

title: Ba'ath Party

text: After the failure of the United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, the Ba'ath Party was divided into two main factions, the Regionalists () and the Nationalists (pan-Arab) (). When the union with Egypt collapsed, the Ba'ath Party was put in a difficult position, the party still sought Arab unity, but did not oppose the UAR's dissolution and did not want to seek another union with Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser's rule. However, being the unionist party that it was, the party's leaders could not state their position on this issue. The end result was that the pro-Arab nationalists within the Ba'ath Party became committed Nasserists, while the more moderate Arab nationalists founded the pro-Nasserite Socialist Unionists party. The third group, led by people disenchanted with both Nasser and the union period, remained in the Ba'ath Party, stopped believing in the feasibility pan-Arabism. on 21 February 1962, the National Command issued a new policy regarding the pan-Arab project by first mentioning the successes and failures of the UAR, but ending the statement by calling for the reestablishment of the UAR as a decentralized federal union with Nasser's Egypt. Many rank-and-file members opposed this change in policy, with many members being both disenchanted with pan-Arabism and Aflaq's continued party rule.

title: History of the Republic of Egypt

text: Mubarak maintained Egypt's commitment to the Camp David peace process, but was able to coax Arab countries into resuming diplomatic relations with Egypt and re-establishing Egypt's position as an Arab leader. Egypt was readmitted to the Arab League in 1989. Egypt also has played a moderating role in such international forums as the UN and the Nonaligned Movement.

title: Egypt

text: In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

title: 14 July Revolution

text: Similarly, when Egypt and Syria united to form the United Arab Republic (UAR) under the banner of pan-Arabism in 1958, Iraqi politicians found themselves in a vulnerable position. Iraqi leaders had no interest in uniting with Egypt and instead proposed and ratified their own pan-Arab union with Hashemite Jordan in May 1958. Great Britain and the United States openly supported this union, but many Iraqis were suspicious of its purpose and regarded the Arab Union of Iraq and Jordan as another "tool of their Western overlord".

title: Egyptians

text: For a while Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic (UAR). When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives, and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics. Although the Arabism instilled in the country by Nasser was not deeply embedded in society, a certain kinship with the rest of the Arab world was firmly established and Egypt saw itself as the leader of this larger cultural entity. Nasser's version of pan-Arabism stressed Egyptian sovereignty and leadership of Arab unity instead of the eastern Arab states.

title: Pharaonism

text: For a while Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic. When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism, however, was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives and the country became disillusioned with Pan-Arab politics. Nasser's successor Anwar Al Sadat, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. The terms "Arab," "Arabism," and "Arab unity," save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also Liberal age and Republic sections.) Sadat only engaged in Parhaonism for international consumption as when he arranged for the mummy of King Ramses the Great to go to Paris for restoration work in 1974, he insisted the French provide an honor guard at Charles de Gaulle airport to fire a 21 gun salute as befitting a head of state when the coffin containing his corpse touched French soil. Domestically, Pharaonism was discouraged under Sadat who closed the mummy room in the Egyptian Museum for offending Muslim sensibilities, through in private Sadat was said to remark that "Egyptian kings are not be made a spectacle of" suggesting a degree of respect for the ancient past. Pharaonism largely exists in Egypt today for the tourist industry, and most Egyptians do not deeply identify with ancient Egypt.

title: Coptic identity

text: It was not until the Nasser era – more than a decade later – that Arab nationalism, and by extension Arab socialism, became a state policy imposed on the Egyptians by the new dictatorship. Under Nasser, Egypt united with Syria to form the United Arab Republic in 1958, then became known as the "Arab" Republic of Egypt in 1961. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism, however, was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics. Nasser's successor Sadat, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. The terms "Arab", "Arabism" and "Arab unity", save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also Egyptian Liberal age and Egyptian Republic.)

title: History of the Republic of Egypt

text: In 1958 Egypt joined with the Republic of Syria to form a state called the United Arab Republic. It existed until Syria's secession in 1961, although Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971.

title: Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt

text: In 1958 Egypt merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. Stamps were labeled "United Arab Republic" or more commonly . After Syria's withdrawal from the union in 1961, Egypt retained its "United Arab Republic" name until 1971.

title: Egyptian nationalism

text: In 1952 Nasser produced a work that was half autobiographical and half programmatic entitled "The Philosophy of the Revolution". It offers and account to how he and other officers who overthrew the monarchy on July 23 of that year came to a decision to seize power and how they planned to use their newly won power. Under Nasser, Egypt's Arab identity was greatly played up, and Nasser promoted a policy of pan-Arabism, arguing that all of the Arab peoples should be united together in a single state under his leadership. Egypt was briefly united with Syria under the name the United Arab Republic from 1958 until 1961 when Syria abandoned the union. Nasser saw himself as the successor of Mohammad Ali the Great, the illiterate Albanian tobacco merchant turned Ottoman "vali" (governor) of Egypt, who had sought to found a new dynasty to rule the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. Nasser came to embrace pan-Arabism as the best way of justifying a greater Egypt that would stretch from the Atlantic to Indian oceans.

title: Coat of arms of Egypt

text: The "Eagle of Saladin" holds a scroll on which the name of the state appears in Arabic script, "Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah" ("Arab Republic of Egypt"). The eagle carries on its breast a shield with the flag's colors — but with a vertical instead of a horizontal configuration. When appearing on the national flag, the eagle is rendered entirely in gold and white. During the union with Syria in the United Arab Republic (1958–1961), and in the ten years afterwards when Egypt retained the union's official name, the two green stars of the union's flag appeared in the white band of the eagle's shield. Between 1972–1984 the eagle was replaced by the golden Hawk of Quraish, as part of the symbolism of the Federation of Arab Republics.

title: Islamic history of Yemen

text: The conservative rule of the imam was challenged by the rise of Arab nationalism. Yemen adhered to the United Arab Republic proclaimed by Egyptian president Nasser in 1958, joining with Egypt and Syria in a loose coalition called the United Arab States. However, the imam withdrew when Syria left the union in 1961. Pro-Egyptian militaries began to plot against the ruler. When Ahmad bin Yahya died in 1962, his son Muhammad al-Badr was quickly deposed as the plotters took over San'a. The Yemen Arab Republic was proclaimed. Muhammad al-Badr managed to escape to the loyalists in the highlands, and a civil war followed. Saudi Arabia supported the imam while Egypt dispatched troops to prop up the republicans. After Egypt's defeat against Israel in 1967, and the formation of a socialist people's republic in South Yemen in the same year, both intervening powers tried to find a solution in order to have their hands free. An agreement was finally reached in 1970 where the royalists agreed to accept the Yemen Arab Republic in return for influence in the government.

title: Pan-Arabism

text:
Although pan-Arabism began at the time of World War I, Egypt (the most populous and arguably most important Arabic-speaking country) was not interested in pan-Arabism prior to the 1950s. Thus, in the 1930s and 1940s, Egyptian nationalism – not pan-Arabism – was the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian political activists. James Jankowski wrote about Egypt at the time,
It was not until Gamal Abdel Nasser that Arab nationalism (in addition to Arab socialism) became a state policy and a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the world, usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighbouring state of Israel.
There have been several attempts to bring about a pan-Arab state by many well-known Arab leaders, all of which ultimately resulted in failure. British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden called for Arab unity during the 1940s, and was followed by specific proposals from pro-British leaders, including King Abdullah of Transjordan and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said of Iraq, but Egyptian proposals for a broader grouping of independent Arab states prevailed with the establishment of the League of Arab States, a regional international organization, in 1945. In large part representing the popularity Nasser had gained among the masses in the Arab world following the Suez crisis, the United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1958 was the first case of the actual merger of two previously-independent Arab countries. Hastily formed under President Nasser's leadership but on the initiative of Syrian leaders who feared a takeover by communists or "reactionaries" and hoped to lead the new entity, the UAR was a unitary state, not a federal union, with its critics seeing this as hardly more than a small country being annexed by a larger one. It lasted until 1961, when Syrian army officers carried out a coup d'état and withdrew from the union. As politicians felt pressured by the wide public to espouse the idea of unity, Egypt, Syria and Iraq entered into an abortive agreement in 1963 to form the United Arab Republic, which was to be "federal in structure, leaving each member state its identity and institutions." By 1961, Egypt had become the only remaining member but continued to call itself "the UAR" (thereby implying it was open for unification with other Arab countries), but it eventually renamed itself the "Arab Republic of Egypt" in 1973.

title: Member states of the United Nations

text: Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent state, resumed its separate membership in the UN. Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic, until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971. Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971.