query: Where is the story of A Nightmare on Elm Street set?

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher film written and directed by Wes Craven, and produced by Robert Shaye.[5] It stars Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon, Ronee Blakley, Amanda Wyss, Jsu Garcia, Robert Englund, and Johnny Depp in his film debut. The plot concerns four teenagers living on one street in a fictitious town of Ohio, who are invaded and killed in their dreams, which results in being killed in reality, by a burnt killer with a bladed glove.

text: Following the critical failure of "A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge", New Line Cinema was unsure if they would continue with the series. Wes Craven, who wrote and directed the original "A Nightmare on Elm Street", did not participate in the first sequel. He had not wanted the original to evolve into a franchise but co-wrote the screenplay for the third installment with the intention that it would end the series. The success of "A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors" prompted a continuation of the series.

title: Alice Johnson (A Nightmare on Elm Street)

text: Alice Johnson is a fictional character and a protagonist in the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise, portrayed by Lisa Wilcox. She was created by William Kotzwinkle and Brian Helgeland. She appears as a main character in two of the nine "A Nightmare on Elm Street" films, first appearing in Renny Harlin's "" (1988). In 1989, Alice returned in Stephen Hopkins' "" before going on to appear in the comic book adaptions, novels, and "Freddy vs. Jason" (2003) through archive footage. In "", Alice has the ability to gain the "dream powers" of Freddy Krueger's victims. In "", Freddy begins to use Alice's unborn son Jacob as a way to return. In the original script for "" (1991), Alice was set to return but this idea was eventually scrapped.

title: List of A Nightmare on Elm Street media

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street refers to installments in the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" film series, an American horror franchise beginning with the 1984 film, "A Nightmare on Elm Street", and based on the fictional character Freddy Krueger, who stalks teenagers in their dreams and kills them. Most media within the franchise include the phrase, "A Nightmare on Elm Street", as part of their title.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)

text: The basis for the original "Nightmare on Elm Street" has been said to have been inspired by several newspaper articles printed in the "LA Times" in the 1970s on a group of Khmer refugees, who, after fleeing to America from the Khmer Rouge Genocide in Cambodia, were suffering disturbing nightmares after which they refused to sleep. Some of the men died in their sleep soon after. Medical authorities called the phenomenon "Asian Death Syndrome". The condition itself afflicted only men between the ages of 19-57 and is believed to be sudden unexplained death syndrome and/or Brugada syndrome. The 1970s pop song "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright sealed the story for Craven, giving him not only an artistic setting to "jump off" from, but a synthesizer riff from the "Elm Street" soundtrack as well. It has also been stated that he drew some inspiration after studying eastern religions.

title: Freddy's Favorites: The Best of A Nightmare on Elm Street

text: Freddy's Favorites: Best of A Nightmare on Elm Street is a soundtrack album for the "Nightmare on Elm Street" series. It features "the best" of the soundtracks from the first six "Elm Street" films.

title: Nancy Thompson (A Nightmare on Elm Street)

text: Nancy's spirit appears in the story "Asleep at the Wheel" from the 1991 short stories collection "The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams", appearing in the dreams of the character Ian to warn him that Freddy is real and not just an urban legend or the result of mass hysteria.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (comics)

text: The popularity of the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" film series has led to several comic book series published by Marvel Comics, Innovation Publishing, Trident Comics, Avatar Press and WildStorm Productions. After the success of "Freddy vs. Jason" and "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" remake film in 2003, New Line Cinema created their "House of Horror" licensing division which licensed the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise to Avatar Press for use in new comic book stories, the first of which was published in 2005. In 2006, Avatar Press lost the license to DC Comics imprint, WildStorm Productions who has since published several new stories based on the franchise.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (comics)

text: In 1992, Trident Comics released four magazine-sized issues of "Freddy's Nightmares", exclusively in the United Kingdom. The series contained no original material, instead opting to reprint Innovation's "Freddy's Dead" adaptation, the first two issues of Innovation's "Nightmares On Elm Street" and the first issue of Marvel's "Freddy Krueger's: A Nightmare on Elm Street". Despite the title of the series, it has no direct connection, other than the depiction of the Freddy Krueger character, to the "Freddy's Nightmares" television series which aired in 1988.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street

text: Craven filmed A Nightmare on Elm Street on an estimated budget of $1.8 million,[3] a sum the film earned back during its first week.[4] The film was released on November 9, 1984, where it went on to gross over $25 million at the United States box office.[4] A Nightmare on Elm Street was met with rave critical reviews and is considered to be one of the greatest horror films ever made, spawning a franchise consisting of a line of sequels, a television series, a crossover with Friday the 13th, and various other works of imitation. A remake of the same name was released in 2010.[6][7]

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: "A Nightmare on Elm Street" was released on April 30, 2010, to 3,332 theaters and approximately 4,700 screens, making it the twelfth-widest opening for an R-rated film in the United States. Comparatively, the original "A Nightmare on Elm Street" was only released to 165 theaters at its opening on November 9, 1984 and by the end of its box office run its widest release was 380 theaters. The 2010 remake holds the record for widest "A Nightmare on Elm Street" release, beating out "Freddy vs. Jason" by 318 theaters. "A Nightmare on Elm Street" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 5, 2010. The DVD's only feature is a featurette, "Freddy Krueger Reborn". The Blu-ray special features include the DVD's featurette along with a deleted scene, an alternate opening and ending, and the Maniacle Movie Mode.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (video game)

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street is a video game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System in October 1989 and 1990, loosely based on the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise. It was developed by Rare and published by LJN. It should not be confused with an unrelated game with the same title for the Commodore 64 and IBM PC released in 1989.

text: In 2008, Mezco Toyz Cinema of Fear Series 2 released a Nancy Thompson action figure—which recreates the famous bathtub scene in the original film. Within the same year, the Mezco Toyz Cinema of Fear Series 2 also released the diorama Screen Grabs: A Nightmare on Elm Street. The diorama recreates the bedroom scene in which Freddy creeps along the wall above a sleeping Nancy. McFarlane Pop Culture Masterworks released an "A Nightmare on Elm Street 3-D" poster, with Nancy featured prominently as the central figure. In 2002, NECA released an A Nightmare on Elm Street Snowglobe. The female within the globe resembles Nancy, with a stalking Freddy Krueger forming the globe's outside base. However, the product information never confirms if it is actually the character. In 2004, NECA also released a lunchbox and thermos set with the poster image from A Nightmare on Elm Street.

title: List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters

text: Wes Craven is a fictionalized version of the real 'Wes Craven' responsible for creating the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" movies. It is referred in film by Heather that Craven has moved on from making horror films, enjoying a series of successful films of other genres, until he is having nightmares which compelled him to make another entry of "A Nightmare on Elm Street" series. He provides information and support to Heather when she began to experience strange events relating to the "Nightmare" films. Having nightmarish precognitive dreams every night, Craven hypothesizes that he has captured a demon in his story of Freddy Krueger when he created the films series; now that the films are no longer being made, the demon is trying to escape by going through Nancy, the original person to defeat Freddy. At the end of the film, Wes has left a script of the entire movie for Heather along with a Thank You message inside the cover, for defeating Freddy for good.

text: Nancy Thompson is the only character featured in several "A Nightmare on Elm Street" merchandise. Kristen Parker is only featured in Screen Grabs: A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (a diorama released by Mezco Toys in 2007). Debbie, in mid-transformation as a cockroach, is featured as a Cinema of Fear 4 action figure (released by Mezco Toys in 2009).

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: The 2010 remake's opening weekend put it ahead of the box office grosses for "" ($29,999,213), "A Nightmare on Elm Street" ($25,504,513), "" ($22,168,359), and "Wes Craven's New Nightmare" ($18,090,181). When breaking the inflation-adjusted grosses down by per theater capita, the 1984 film averaged $16,585 per cinema compared to the remake's $9,874. Comparing the film to other Platinum Dunes remakes, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" is second in opening-weekend gross behind "Friday the 13th" with $40,570,365. The film sits ahead of the other Platinum Dunes remakes, which includes "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" ($28,094,014), "The Amityville Horror" ($23,507,007), and "The Hitcher" ($7,818,239). As of 2018, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" is number nineteen on the list of top opening weekends for the month of April.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)

text: On January 29, 2008, "Variety" reported that Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes production company would be rebooting the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise with a remake of the original 1984 film. To provide a freshness to the character, producer Brad Fuller explained that they were abandoning the things that made the character less scary—Freddy would not be "cracking jokes" as had become a staple of his character in later sequels—and focus more on trying to craft a "horrifying movie". There was not agreement among the original crew as to whether it would be a good idea to remake the film. Craven expressed his displeasure, primarily because the filmmakers chose not to have him as a consultant to the film, unlike with the 2009 remake "The Last House on the Left" where he "shepherd[ed] it towards production". In contrast, Robert Englund felt it was time for "A Nightmare on Elm Street" to be remade. Englund liked the idea of being able to "exploit the dreamscape" with CGI and other technologies that did not exist when Craven was making the original "Nightmare on Elm Street" in 1984.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: On May 22, 2009, the "Nightmare on Elm Street" film crew went on location to the city of Gary, Indiana to film scenes at a Methodist church. The studio had negotiated with the city for months before finally settling on a deal. According to Ben Clement, the executive director of the Gary Office of Film and Television, the studio was looking for "an architectural style that would fit the story line of the film". The film crew returned to the streets of Gary first in June to film a dream sequence that takes place on Elm Street and later in December to shoot some scenes in a diner.

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge is a 1985 American slasher film directed by Jack Sholder and the second installment in the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" film series. David Chaskin wrote the screenplay. It stars Mark Patton, Kim Myers, Robert Rusler and Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger. Patton plays Jesse Walsh, a teenager who, after moving into the home of Nancy Thompson, begins to have recurring nightmares about Freddy Krueger who is out to possess him in order to kill in the real world. It is the sequel to "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (1984) and is followed by "" (1987). The film grossed $30 million at the North American box office.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)

text: When comparing "A Nightmare on Elm Street" with the other top-grossing horror series—"Child's Play", "Friday the 13th", "Halloween", the Hannibal Lecter series, "Psycho", "Saw", "Scream", and "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre"—and adjusting for the 2010 inflation, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" is the third highest grossing horror series, in the United States, at approximately $583.4 million. The series is topped by "Friday the 13th" at $671.5 million. Closely following "A Nightmare on Elm Street" is the Hannibal Lecter series with $579.4 million, then "Halloween" with $547.8 million, "Saw" with $404.5 million, "Scream" with $398.3 million, "Psycho" with $370.3 million, "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" with $314.6 million, and the "Child's Play" film series rounding out the list with approximately $199.7 million.

title: Slasher film

text: As interest in the Golden Age slasher waned, Wes Craven's "A Nightmare on Elm Street" revitalized the genre by mixing fantasy and horror in a cost-effective way. Craven had toyed with slasher films before in "Deadly Blessing" (1981), though he was frustrated the genre he had helped create with "The Last House on the Left" (1972) and "The Hills Have Eyes" (1977) had not benefited him financially. Developing "A Nightmare on Elm Street" since 1981, Craven recognized time running out due to declining revenues from theatrical slasher film releases. "A Nightmare on Elm Street" and especially its villain Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund) became cultural phenomenons. On a budget of just $1.8 million the film sold over 7 million tickets in North America and launched one of the most successful film franchises in history. "A Nightmare on Elm Street" provided the success that New Line Cinema needed to become major Hollywood company; to this day, New Line is referred to as "The House That Freddy Built." The final slasher film released during the Golden Age, "The Initiation," was greatly overshadowed by "A Nightmare on Elm Street", (though both films feature dreams as plot points and a horribly burned "nightmare man"). The success of "A Nightmare on Elm Street" welcomed in a new wave of horror films that relied on special effects, almost completely silencing the smaller low-budget Golden Age features.

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child is a 1989 American slasher film and the fifth film in the "Nightmare on Elm Street" series. It was directed by Stephen Hopkins and stars Robert Englund, Lisa Wilcox and Danny Hassel. It is the sequel to "" and is followed by "".

text: In "Nightmares on Elm Street", a six-issue miniseries published by Innovation Comics, Alice returns to Springwood following the death of her father and is forced to face Freddy after he again tries to use a pre-pubescent Jacob to kill. In the anthology "The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams,"(1991) Alice appears in Philip Nutman's story "Dead Highway, Lost Roads." After having been involved in a major accident, Alice becomes ensnared in the dreamworld by Freddy Krueger. She is trapped in a macabre "Alice in Wonderland" setting. With the aid of serial killer Karl Stolenberg and anthropomorphic armadillo Joe Bob, Jacob eventually finds Alice. A deranged Karl attacks Alice, but is returned to his senses by Jacob through physical force. Alice and Karl cooperate to defeat Freddy, though Karl perishes in the battle. With Freddy defeated, Alice and Jacob return to the waking world. She also appears in "", where a vision of Freddy causes her to meet with other Freddy and Jason survivors. She reveals that her dream powers have caused a terminal illness, and later sacrifices herself to pass her powers onto her son. The aforementioned comic series is not the only literature that has killed off Alice. Due to Alice having been killed by Freddy Krueger, her son Jacob is the main protagonist in Natasha Rhodes' novel "A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream."

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors is a 1987 American slasher film directed by Chuck Russell. The story was developed by Wes Craven and Bruce Wagner. It is the third installment in the "Nightmare on Elm Street" series and stars Heather Langenkamp, Patricia Arquette, Larry Fishburne, Priscilla Pointer, Craig Wasson, and Robert Englund. The plot centers around the antagonist, Freddy Krueger, who seeks to murder the remaining children of the parents who burned him to death. The kids are committed to a mental hospital where Nancy Thompson, whose parents helped to kill Krueger, works. Freddy does not know that Nancy is training the kids to control their dreams in order to fight him. The film was followed by another sequel, "", a year later.

title: Freddy's Nightmares

text: Each week "Freddy's Nightmares" told a different story of a dark rooted and/or grim nature that took place in the fictitious town of Springwood, Ohio, and in particular, on Elm Street; the same setting as the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" films. Though the Freddy Krueger character would occasionally play a part in the plot, most of the stories did not involve him (it was, however, often hinted that Krueger indirectly influenced the desolate nature of the plotlines).

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: Robert Englund, who portrayed Freddy in the previous eight films, voiced his support of the remake and the casting of Haley in the role of Freddy. "A Nightmare on Elm Street" was officially released in North America on April 30, 2010, and later released in foreign markets on May 8, 2010. The film was met with negative reviews from both film critics and audience members who scored the film a C+ in CinemaScore polls. Regardless, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" broke the record for midnight openings for a horror film and grossed more in its opening weekend than the total gross of four other "Nightmare on Elm Street" films. The film earned over $63 million at the domestic box office and over $115

text: To some extent Nancy reappears in "Wes Craven's New Nightmare". The story, which is set in the "real world", focuses on actress Heather Langenkamp being stalked by a malevolent entity. Over the course of the film, Heather learns from Wes Craven that the entity was locked in Freddy Krueger's character throughout the "Nightmare on Elm Street" film series. With the film series being ended after "" the entity has been set free, and wants to cross over into the real world in the form of Freddy Krueger. It views Heather as an enemy, seeing her as Nancy, who originally defeated him. In times, like Nancy, Heather's hair also went prematurely grey under the stress by Krueger's attacks. In order to battle the entity, who has kidnapped Heather's son Dylan Porter, Heather enters the dream world, where she traps him in a furnace and seemingly destroys him. However, it is referred by Krueger's creator that the entity is imprisoned to the film franchise's make-believe world once more.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 2010 American slasher film directed by Samuel Bayer, and written by Wesley Strick and Eric Heisserer. The film stars Jackie Earle Haley, Kyle Gallner, Rooney Mara, Katie Cassidy, Thomas Dekker, and Kellan Lutz. It is a remake of Wes Craven's 1984 film of the same name. Produced by Michael Bay and Platinum Dunes, the film was designed to reboot the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise and is the ninth film in the series. The film is set in a fictitious town of Ohio and centers around a group of teenagers living on one street who are stalked and murdered in their dreams by a disfigured man named Freddy Krueger. The teenagers discover that they all share a common link from their childhood that makes them targets for Krueger.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: Craven expressed his displeasure when he was not consulted on the project. Robert Englund, who portrayed Freddy in the previous eight films, voiced his support of the remake and the casting of Haley in the role of Freddy. "A Nightmare on Elm Street" was officially released in North America on April 30, 2010, and later released in foreign markets on May 8, 2010. The film was met with negative reviews from both film critics and audience members. Regardless, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" broke the record for midnight openings for a horror film and grossed more in its opening weekend than the total gross of four other "Nightmare on Elm Street" films. The film earned over $63 million at the domestic box office and over $115 million worldwide.

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street premiered in the United States with a limited theatrical release on November 9, 1984, opening in 165 cinemas across the country.[4] Grossing $1,271,000 during its opening weekend, the film was considered an instant commercial success. The film eventually earned a total of $25,504,513 at the American box office.[4] A Nightmare on Elm Street was released in Europe, Canada, and Australia.[40]

text: His story arc in the remake is similar to that of Rod Lane's from the original 'A Nightmare on Elm Street'.


query: When was the first volume of Monster?

title: Monster (manga)

text: Written and illustrated by Naoki Urasawa, Monster was published in Big Comic Original from December 1994 to December 2001. The 162 chapters were periodically collected into 18 tankōbon volumes published by Shogakukan, the first on 30 June 1995 and the last on 28 February 2002. While writing Monster, Urasawa began the series 20th Century Boys in 1999, which would continue after Monster had finished. Monster received a nine-volume kanzenban re-release between 30 January and 29 August 2008.[2][3]

title: Monster Ballads Volume 2

text: Monster Ballads Volume 2 is the sequel to "Monster Ballads". Like its predecessor, it is a compilation album of many power ballads.

title: All the Worlds' Monsters

text: Steve Jackson reviewed "All the Worlds' Monsters, Volume III" in "The Space Gamer" No. 29. Jackson commented that "Not the best-done monster book in the world, then ... and a bit high-priced. If you liked previous volumes of "All the Worlds' Monsters", you'll love this; it's more of the same. Otherwise, recommended mainly for diehard D&D people, or "Runequest" fans who want to populate their world with some rather silly creatures."

title: Yōkaiden

text: Yōkaiden is an ongoing original English-language manga written and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto and published by Del Rey Manga. The story features Hamachi, a boy fascinated by the Japanese monsters called "yokai". When one of these monsters steals his grandmother's soul, he travels into their world to retrieve it. The first volume was published on November 18, 2008, and as of November 24, 2009, two volumes were released.

title: Monster High (web series)

text: On October 2, a Volume 5 webisode was uploaded onto YouTube. Much like Volume 4, Volume 5 seems to have started before the previous volume has come to its end. Notable changes in Volume 5 so far are an increased running time, and a slight improvement in the animation itself, such as more varied facial expressions, and the exterior of Monster High's main building changing to look more like the school as seen in the movie specials.

title: Fey (Dungeons & Dragons)

text: The quickling first appears in the first edition "Monster Manual II" (1983). The quickling appears in the "Monstrous Compendium Greyhawk Appendix" (1990), and then appears in "Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Two" (1995). It also appeared in the "Tome of Horrors" (2002) by Necromancer Games. And also in Necromancer Games's "Tome of Horrors Revised" PDF (2005). The quickling appears in the Monster Manual for 4th edition (2008). It appeared on Geek.com's list of "The most underrated monsters of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons". It has also appeared in the fifth edition "Volo's Guide to Monsters" (2016).

title: All the Worlds' Monsters

text: Edited by Jeff Pimper and Steve Perrin, "All the Worlds' Monsters" is a fantasy game supplement lists many monsters from the dungeons of Dungeon Masters across the US, none of which had been published for "D&D" before and most of which were original creations. There are 3 volumes, and the first volume predates the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Monster Manual" by several months:Clara Glowe reviewed "All the Worlds' Monsters" in "The Space Gamer" No. 14. Glowe commented that "about one of every six monsters is, or should be classified as dumb" but that "I still recommend this book. It will be a valuable aid to novice and expert alike."

title: Xorn (Dungeons & Dragons)

text:
The xorn first appeared in first edition in the original "Monster Manual" (1977). The xaren appeared in the original "Monster Manual II" (1983).
The xorn appeared in second edition in the "Monstrous Compendium Volume Two" (1989), and reprinted with the xaren in the "Monstrous Manual" (1993).

title: Monster Manual

text: In 1993, the "Monstrous Manual" was released, compiling all monsters from the first two volumes of the "Monstrous Compendium" plus a large number of monsters from other sources into a 384-page hardcover book edited by Doug Stewart. More "Monstrous Compendium" appendices were released as a supplements to the "Monstrous Manual" in the form of paperback books. They included updated reprints of loose leaf "Monstrous Compendium Appendices" and new volumes.

title: Monster Manual

text: The format was intended to help Dungeon Masters (DM) keep handy only the monster statistics needed for a particular game session, as well as to greatly expand the information about each monster, as each was given at least one full page. It would also mean they would only need to purchase core volumes and appendix volumes for the campaigns they wanted, rather than getting a mix of monsters in books. However, the binder format ultimately proved impractical for two main reasons. First, looseleaf pages were not as durable as the hardcover format. As it was a frequently used game aid this was a serious concern. Second, TSR routinely printed different monsters on each side of a sheet, making it impossible to keep monsters in strict alphabetical order.

title: Casey Sorrow

text: In January 2014, Sorrow successfully funded a Kickstarter for an OSR style RPG bestiary of monsters, "Bestiary of Fantastic Creatures Volume 1: Bizarre Monsters", written and illustrated by Sorrow. The book is described by Sorrow's publishing house, Bull Cock Press, as "a small collection of uniquely illustrated creatures produced to be compatible with the format of traditional table-top role-playing games playable with paper and pencil". It was released to the general public in June 2014, in both a physical and PDF format. Reviews describe the bestiary as "awesomely illustrated" with creatures that "feel fun, and look epic", "an old school monster manual from the times when monsters still were imaginative and the art was personal and cool", and a little volume of strange monsters that not only is "Fiend Folio-good, it's Fiend Factory good".

title: List of Monster High characters

text: Heath Burns (voiced by Yuri Lowenthal in Volume 1, Cam Clarke in the other volumes) is the teenage son of two Fire Elementals. In the Polish version of Monster High webisodes, his name is Ross Burla and in the French EU he is named Thomas Cramé. Heath was first seen as a background character in "Substitute Creature". In "The Hot Boy", he was shown to be Draculaura's short-lived crush. In "Fear Pressure", he mentions that Jackson is his human cousin, a possible reference to when many fans confused Heath Burns for Holt Hyde. Heath's first mention in the dolls' continuity is in Abbey's diary where he is constantly hitting on her with corny one-liners. Heath primarily serves as the comedy relief, being the butt of many physical jokes and the class clown. He and Abbey are now dating. He thinks she's "hot" and she likes that he "makes her laugh". He often calls Abbey "baby" which she corrects him over constantly, telling him her name is Abbey not Baby. In the first novel, Heath appears to be a normie (human). In Book 2, "The Ghoul Next Door", this Heath is revealed to be a RAD (monster) when he sneezes fire. He explains that his ability appeared when he turned fifteen. Starting out as gassy outbursts, Heath's ability is still dangerous. Heath has yellow skin, red eyes and orange hair that bursts into flame when he's excited. He's shown as being close friends with Manny Taur, the two are often seen hanging out together.

title: Aaahh!!! Real Monsters

text: In the United Kingdom, 4 volumes are available as exclusive releases in Poundland stores. Volume 1 contains the first 9 episodes (5 half-hours) from Season 1. Volume 2 contains the first 8 episodes (4 half-hours) from Season 2, while the remaining 2 volumes make up the first 16 episodes from Season 3.

title: List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters episodes (season 1)

text:
Duelist Kingdom
Legendary Heroes
Dungeon Dice MonstersThe first ten DVD volumes, as well as volumes 12 and 13, contain 3 episodes each. Volumes 11, 15, and 16 contain four episodes each and the fourteenth volume contains two episodes. The first volume was released on September 24, 2002. The complete first season set was released on August 10, 2004.

title: Monster Manual

text: The next volumes, "Monster Manual II" and "Fiend Folio" were new monster-specific rulebooks. They contain mostly updated monsters from the sourcebooks of earlier editions, though some monsters have almost no overlap with those of their first edition namesakes. There were no new versions of "Monster Manual II" or "Fiend Folio" for the 3.5 edition of "D&D", although update errata for both volumes and for the original third edition "Monster Manual" are available for download from the publisher's website.

title: Bruce Coville's Book of Monsters

text: Bruce Coville followed-up his popular first book with a line of other supernatural or sci-fi subject matters for several follow-ups. After six volumes in the initial "Book of" series, the books were popular enough to warrant sequels to each volume. Coville also used the extended series to publish a five-part story, "The Monsters of Morley Manor." The book series was published from 1993-1997.

title: Monster High (web series)

text: On June 19, 2015, Volume 6 webisodes were uploaded onto YouTube. Volume 6 seems to carry on the new changes made in Volume 5, including multiple-part webisodes. Volume 6 is also the final season for the Generation 1 Monster High Webisodes.

title: List of Monster chapters

text: Written and illustrated by Naoki Urasawa, "Monster" was published in "Big Comic Original" from December 1994 to December 2001. The 162 chapters were periodically collected into 18 tankōbon volumes published by Shogakukan, the first on 30 June 1995 and the last on 28 February 2002. While writing "Monster", Urasawa began the series "20th Century Boys" in 1999, which would continue after "Monster" had finished.

title: Screamland

text: The first volume is episodic in nature and looks at the daily lives of Frank, Carl, and The Count and sets up some of their personal history and interactions with one another. During this volume we learn about Frank's drinking problem, Carl's rampant and self-destructive hedonism, and The Count's willingness to achieve fame at the cost of his own personal happiness. Readers are shown that Carl and Frank's lack of work is something a direct result of their own actions, especially in Carl's case as his own actions frequently leads to him pushing all but his most steadfast friends away from him. Volume two, "Death of the Party", tells a more linear story and has Carl and his friend, former television star Travis Walters, investigating the murder of "Izzy", The Invisible Man. He was murdered after promising to show "Phantasmagorgya", a pornographic film starring several movie monsters that was deliberately kept out of the public eye. Carl and Travis solve the mystery, but almost ruining their fragile friendship in the process when Travis is told that "Phantasmagorgya" was never released because it was a sex tape turned snuff film that could ruin the lives of multiple monster stars. (Prior to this Travis believed that the film was merely a sex tape recorded during a party he and Carl had attended in the 1970s.) Travis is horrified that Carl and other monsters murdered two women during "Phantasmagorgya", as the monsters covered it up and did not do "the right thing" by reporting it. Carl responds by saying that Travis would have participated in the snuff film if he had not been passed out from drinking too much and that while the monsters may have killed her because of their own natures, Travis would have participated because he could and because he would have been able to get away with it. It's ultimately revealed that Izzy faked his own murder in order to receive attention but did not plan on the police and media paying little serious attention to his murder. He had been following Travis and Carl around during their investigations and realized that he was the biggest monster of them all, as he was willing to put all of monster-kind at risk of being hunted due to the snuff film, all in the pursuit of fame. Izzy gives Travis and Carl the movie, as he has decided to remain "dead" and spend the rest of his life in obscurity. Travis and Carl then reconcile.While creating the series, Sipe drew on his own experiences in Los Angeles and stated that "The first volume really became a meditation on my time there and a lot of thinking on fame culture and all the really awful stuff about pop culture filtered in as well." For the first volume Sipe chose to focus predominantly on monsters considered to be the most recognizable horror movie icons. In the second volume Sipe teamed up fellow writer Christopher Sebela and as the two wanted to "go in a different direction" they chose to focus on lesser known monsters and how fame has treated them.Critical reception for the "Screamland" series has been mostly positive and the first volume was named one of "SF Site's" "Editors' Choice Top 10 Best Books of the Year" for 2008. "Ain't It Cool News" praised the series, which they described as "classic monsters meet "ENTORAGE [sic]"". "Wizard" magazine awarded it the "Best Satire" category in 2008. The "Library Journal" was more mixed in their review for the first volume and wrote that "The mystery is complex, and the characterization is solid, but the story is disjointed and thin."

title: Monster Manual

text: In July 2003, the "Monster Manual" was revised and released again for "D&D" v 3.5. The revision was done by Rich Baker and Skip Williams. The 3.5 revision has a slightly different entry on each monster than 3rd edition. Notably, each monster's attack has been divided into "attack" and "full attack" entries. When asked about the hardest part in revising the book, Rich Baker replied: "The hardest part of the job was probably the sheer volume of the work we needed to do. There are hundreds of monster entries, and each monster has a couple dozen data points to examine and check." Some creatures from the "Psionics Handbook" and the third edition "Manual of the Planes" were added to the revised book. Further revision included the addition of an enhanced version of most monsters as an example of advancement (usually either with a template or with class levels). Many monsters also included instructions on how to use them as player characters.

title: Walter (Lapinot)

text: This volume is set in a stock historical setting: Paris in the late 19th century. Although it uses the same main characters (Lapinot, Richard, Titi) and gives them the same type of personality, this story bears no relation to the continuing storyline of the volumes taking place in modern Paris. The plot mixes the mystery, horror, and science fiction genres. A giant monster is seen ravaging the apartment of the missing scientist Prof. Walter, before being caught (and presumably killed) by the authorities. When Richard the journalist wants to take pictures at the morgue for his newspaper, they are told there never was a monster. An investigation follows in which they learn the monster is the result of a scientific experiment gone wrong.

title: Winter wolf

text:
The winter wolf appeared in first edition in the original "Monster Manual" (1977).
The winter wolf appeared in second edition in the "Monstrous Compendium Volume One" (1989), and reprinted in the "Monstrous Manual" (1993).
The winter wolf appeared in the third edition "Monster Manual" (2000), and in the 3.5 revised "Monster Manual" (2003).
The winter wolf appeared in fourth edition in "Monster Manual 2" (2009).

title: Pocket Monsters (manga)

text: The story also goes to the Johto region, where Red gets introduced to trainers Gold and Silver, supposedly based on the video game characters. The story then goes to Hoenn in the last volume, where Red thinks of receiving a Achamo/Torchic and abandoning Pippi/Clefairy. It is after this that the story continues under the name of Pokémon Ruby-Sapphire, starting the volume number from 1. is the first sequel, and is set in Hoenn. The first volume was released September 25, 2003, and the last was released May 26, 2006. It was released in Singapore by Chuang Yi as Pokémon Pocket Monsters Ruby-Sapphire.

title: Monster Manual

text: The "Monstrous Compendium" superseded the "Monster Manual" with the release of "AD&D" 2nd edition. The "Compendium" was a binder of looseleaf sheets, rather than a hardback book. The first two volumes contained the core monsters of the game. These were followed by a large number of appendices that contained extra monsters for particular campaign settings.

title: Godzilla: The Series

text: Columbia TriStar Home Video released two separate episode collections on VHS: "Trouble Hatches", composed of the two-part pilot episode (which was actually titled "New Family" when it first aired), and "Monster War", featuring the three-part episode of the same name. In 2006, Sony released nine episodes on DVD, spread out onto three separate volumes: "The Monster Wars Trilogy", consisting of the same three-part episode previously released on the VHS version, "Monster Mayhem", which included "What Dreams May Come", "Bird of Paradise", and "Deadloch", and "Mutant Madness", which contained "S.C.A.L.E.", "The Twister" and "Where Is Thy Sting?".

title: Rosario + Vampire

text: Carlo Santos of Anime News Network gave the first volume of "Season II" a C rating and the second volume a B- rating. When he gave volume 1 a C, he stated that "you could do a lot worse". He felt that "Season II" has all the things that made the series good, but the attempt to reboot the series for the new semester caused it to lack intense feeling, reintroducing all the characters and going against weak enemies once again. For the second volume, Santos was more pleased with the introduction of a major villain and the fanservice artwork in the lighter story, but lamented the lack of any visually threatening monster.

title: Monsters of Rock Volume 2

text: Monsters of Rock Volume 2 is a compilation album that is a sequel to "Monsters of Rock". It features many heavy metal and arena rock hits.

title: Fey (Dungeons & Dragons)

text: The hybsil first appeared in the fourth set of "Monster Cards" (1982). The hybsil also appeared in the first edition "Monster Manual II" (1983). The hybsil appeared in second edition in the "Ruins of Zhentil Keep" boxed set (1995), and in "Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Three" (1996). The hybsil appeared in third edition in "Monsters of Faerûn" (2001).

title: Monster Hunter

text: A manga titled "Monster Hunter Orage" was published jointly by Kodansha and Capcom in April 2008. The author of the manga is Hiro Mashima. There are four volumes total with the last volume published on May 4, 2009. An English release of "Monster Hunter Orage" first took place on June 28, 2011. Elements from "Monster Hunter" were later included in the "Worlds Unite" comic crossover from Archie Comics, which featured several other Capcom and Sega franchises making guest appearances in the previously running "Sonic the Hedgehog" and "Mega Man" comic lines.

title: Fey (Dungeons & Dragons)

text: The nymph first appeared in the original "Blackmoor" supplement (1975). The nymph appeared in the first edition of "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" in the original "Monster Manual" (1977). The nymph appeared in the second edition in the "Monstrous Compendium Volume One" (1989), and reprinted in the "Monstrous Manual" (1993). The grain nymph appeared for the Dragonlance setting in the "Taladas: The Minotaurs" set (1991). The nymph was further detailed in "Dragon" #240 (October 1997). The grain nymph and the unseelie nymph appeared in "Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Four" (1998). The nymph appeared in the third edition "Monster Manual" (2000), and in the 3.5 revised "Monster Manual" (2003). The nymph (apsara) appeared in "Oriental Adventures" (2001). The nymph appeared in the fourth edition in "Monster Manual 3" (2010).


query: When was the first lobotomy performed?

title: Lobotomy

text: Leucotomy was first undertaken in 1935 under the direction of the Portuguese neurologist (and inventor of the term psychosurgery) António Egas Moniz.[n 8][58] First developing an interest in psychiatric conditions and their somatic treatment in the early 1930s,[59] Moniz apparently conceived a new opportunity for recognition in the development of a surgical intervention on the brain as a treatment for mental illness.[40]

title: Lobotomy

text: In the United States, approximately 40,000 people were lobotomized. In England, 17,000 lobotomies were performed, and the three Nordic countries of Finland, Norway, and Sweden had a combined figure of approximately 9,300 lobotomies.[139] Scandinavian hospitals lobotomized 2.5 times as many people per capita as hospitals in the US.[140] Sweden lobotomized at least 4,500 people between 1944 and 1966, mainly women. This figure includes young children.[141] In Norway, there were 2,005 known lobotomies.[142] In Denmark, there were 4,500 known lobotomies.[143] In Japan, the majority of lobotomies were performed on children with behavior problems. The Soviet Union banned the practice in 1950 on moral grounds, and Japan and Germany soon followed suit. By the late 1970s, the practice of lobotomy had generally ceased, although it continued as late as the 1980s in France.[144].

title: Psychosurgery

text:
In the US, psychosurgery was taken up and zealously promoted by neurologist Walter Freeman and neurosurgeon James Watts. They started a psychosurgery program at George Washington University in 1936, first using Moniz's method but then devised a method of their own in which the connections between the prefrontal lobes and deeper structures in the brain were severed by making a sweeping cut through a burr hole on either side of the skull. They called their new operation a lobotomy.
Freeman went on to develop a new form of lobotomy which dispensed with the need for a neurosurgeon. He hammered an ice pick-like instrument, an orbitoclast, through the eye socket and swept through the frontal lobes. The transorbital or "ice pick" lobotomy was done under local anesthesia or using electroconvulsive therapy to render the patient unconscious and could be performed in mental hospitals lacking surgical facilities. Such was Freeman's zeal that he began to travel around the nation in his own personal van, which he called his "lobotomobile", demonstrating the procedure in psychiatric hospitals. Freeman's patients included 19 children, one of whom was 4 years old.

title: Richard Ledes

text: The film contains a shot-by-shot remake of a real life lobotomy performed by Walter Freeman, the inventor of the transorbital lobotomy.

title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: The first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery – performed in the 1880s–1890s – is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt. Burckhardt's experimental surgical forays were largely condemned at the time and in the subsequent decades psychosurgery was attempted only intermittently. On November 12, 1935, a new psychosurgery procedure was performed in Portugal under the direction of the neurologist and physician Egas Moniz. His new "leucotomy" procedure, intended to treat mental illness, took small corings of the patient's frontal lobes. Moniz became a mentor and idol for Freeman who modified the procedure and renamed it the "lobotomy". Instead of taking corings from the frontal lobes, Freeman's procedure severed the connection between the frontal lobes and the thalamus. Because Freeman lost his license to perform surgery himself after his last patient died on the operating table, he enlisted neurosurgeon James Watts as a research partner. One year after the first leucotomy, on September 14, 1936, Freeman directed Watts through the very first prefrontal lobotomy in the United States on housewife Alice Hood Hammatt of Topeka, Kansas. By November, only two months after performing their first lobotomy surgery, Freeman and Watts had already worked on 20 cases including several follow-up operations. By 1942, the duo had performed over 200 lobotomy procedures and had published results claiming 63% of patients had improved, 24% were reported to be unchanged and 14% were worse after surgery.

title: Lobotomy

text: Robert Penn Warren's 1946 novel All the King's Men describes a lobotomy as making "a Comanche brave look like a tyro with a scalping knife," and portrays the surgeon as a repressed man who cannot change others with love, so he instead resorts to "high-grade carpentry work".[162] Tennessee Williams criticized lobotomy in his play Suddenly, Last Summer (1958) because it was sometimes inflicted on homosexuals—to render them "morally sane".[5] In the play a wealthy matriarch offers the local mental hospital a substantial donation if the hospital will give her niece a lobotomy, which she hopes will stop the niece's shocking revelations about the matriarch's son.[163] Warned that a lobotomy might not stop her niece's "babbling," she responds, "That may be, maybe not, but after the operation who would believe her, Doctor?"[164] In Ken Kesey's 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and its 1975 film adaptation, lobotomy is described as "frontal-lobe castration", a form of punishment and control after which "There's nothin' in the face. Just like one of those store dummies." In one patient, "You can see by his eyes how they burned him out over there; his eyes are all smoked up and gray and deserted inside."[162] In Sylvia Plath's 1963 novel The Bell Jar, the protagonist reacts with horror to the "perpetual marble calm" of a lobotomized young woman.[162] Elliott Baker's 1964 novel and 1966 film version, A Fine Madness, portrays the dehumanizing lobotomy of a womanizing, quarrelsome poet who, afterwards, is just as aggressive as ever. The surgeon is depicted as an inhumane crackpot.[165] The 1982 biopic film Frances depicts actress Frances Farmer (the subject of the film) undergoing transorbital lobotomy (though the idea[166] that a lobotomy was performed on Farmer, and that Freeman performed it, has been criticized as having little or no factual foundation).[167]

title: Richard Ledes

text:
The film tells the story of young woman Anna (played by Michelle Williams) in an American suburbs of the 1950s. Her brother comes home devastated after World War II and her father rejects him. The girl is lured into a relationship with Billy, a local mob boss. When her brother dies and she witnesses Billy murder a local nightclub owner, she is driven to the edge of insanity. She develops a fixation with mental health that drives her to seek out a transorbital lobotomy. When Dr. Harold Ashton, the foremost practitioner of this brand of lobotomy, comes to town, the entire community is buzzing. He starts performing the icepick lobotomy on alcoholics, veterans and other troubled outsiders. Influenced by the hyperbole surrounding the
instant cure for a range of problems, Anna announces to Bill that she wants one.

title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: After almost ten years of performing lobotomies, Freeman heard of a doctor in Italy named Amarro Fiamberti who operated on the brain through his patients' eye sockets, allowing him to access the brain without drilling through the skull. After experimenting with novel ways of performing these brain surgeries, Freeman formulated a new procedure called the transorbital lobotomy. This new procedure became known as the "icepick" lobotomy and was performed by inserting a metal pick into the corner of each eye-socket, hammering it through the thin bone there with a mallet, and moving it back and forth, severing the connections to the prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobes of the brain. He performed the transorbital lobotomy surgery for the first time in Washington D.C. on a housewife named Sallie Ellen Ionesco. This transorbital lobotomy method did not require a neurosurgeon and could be performed outside of an operating room without the use of anesthesia by using electroconvulsive therapy to induce seizure. The modifications to his lobotomy allowed Freeman to broaden the use of the surgery, which could be performed in psychiatric hospitals throughout the United States that were overpopulated and understaffed. In 1950, Walter Freeman's longtime partner James Watts left their practice and split from Freeman due to his opposition to the cruelty and overuse of the transorbital lobotomy.

title: The Institute of Living

text: In the 1940s the Burlingame Research Building was constructed on the northwest corner of the IOL grounds, which contained operating suites. Lobotomies were performed there until the 1960s. These operating rooms were constructed because neurosurgeons were not allowed to perform lobotomies at Hartford Hospital, which is located across Retreat Avenue. Special elevators were installed in the building to transport patients without jarring bumps from the operating rooms on one floor to the recovery rooms on a different floor. Today, no research is performed in the Research Building.

title: A Hole in One

text: Anna (Michelle Williams) is a young woman in an American suburb in the early 1950s. She is disturbed by her family’s rejection of her brother, a World War II veteran who comes home shell shocked. The impressionable girl is lured into a relationship with Billy, a local mob boss. When Anna’s brother dies and she witnesses Billy murder a local nightclub owner, she is driven to the edge of sanity. She develops a fixation with mental health that drives her to seek out a transorbital lobotomy. Anna learns about the procedure through sensational newspapers and Life magazine, which advertises the operation as the new vogue in American medicine. Also, her small town is buzzing about it when Dr. Harold Ashton, the foremost practitioner of this brand of lobotomy, comes to town. He starts performing the “icepick lobotomy” on alcoholics, veterans, and other troubled outsiders.

title: Amarro Fiamberti

text: Amarro Fiamberti (10 September 1894 – 1970) was an Italian psychiatrist who first performed a transorbital lobotomy (by accessing the frontal lobe of the brain through the orbits) in 1937. The technique remained rarely practised until his reports were discovered by his contemporary, the American neurologist Walter Freeman, who improved the surgical technique, initially by using ice picks (hence the name "ice pick lobotomy") and later employing more refined equipment. Fiamberti was later named Director of the Psychiatric Hospital of Varese when it was opened in 1964.

title: Hell Hole (film)

text: When her mother is murdered by a killer, an amnesiac woman is sent to a mental institution presided over by a power-crazed female doctor who performs lobotomies on the patients.

title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Following his development of the transorbital lobotomy, Freeman traveled across the country visiting mental institutions, performing lobotomies and spreading his views and methods to institution staff. (Contrary to myth, there is no evidence that he referred to the van that he traveled in as a "lobotomobile".) Freeman's name gained popularity despite the widespread criticism of his methods following a lobotomy on President John F. Kennedy's sister Rosemary Kennedy, which left her with severe mental and physical disability. A memoir written by former patient Howard Dully, called "My Lobotomy" documented his experiences with Freeman and his long recovery after undergoing a lobotomy surgery at 12 years of age. Walter Freeman charged just $25 for each procedure that he performed. After four decades Freeman had personally performed as many as 4,000 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. In February 1967, Freeman performed his final surgery on Helen Mortensen. Up to 40% of Freeman's patients were gay individuals subjected to a lobotomy in order to change their homosexual orientation, leaving most of these perfectly healthy individuals severely disabled for the rest of their life. Mortensen was a longterm patient and was receiving her third lobotomy from Freeman. She died of a cerebral hemorrhage, as did as many as 100 of his other patients, and he was finally banned from performing surgery. His patients often had to be retaught how to eat and use the bathroom. Relapses were common, some never recovered, and about 15% died from the procedure. In 1951, one patient at Iowa's Cherokee Mental Health Institute died when Freeman suddenly stopped for a photo during the procedure, and the surgical instrument accidentally penetrated too far into the patient's brain. Freeman wore neither gloves nor a mask during these procedures. He lobotomized 19 minors including a 4-year-old child.

title: Lobotomy Software

text: Lobotomy Software was founded in 1993, when a group of friends working at Nintendo of America left to form their own company, becoming the creative department of Lobotomy, with the engineering talent coming from Manley & Associates (Manley & Associates was later acquired by Electronic Arts in 1996, renamed Electronic Arts Seattle, and subsequently shut down in 2002). They originally worked out of co-founder Paul Lange's apartment, but after a few months set up an office in Redmond, Washington. The team began working on various game demos, one of which later became the first-person shooter game, "PowerSlave".

title: Conversion therapy

text: In the 1940s and 1950s, neurologist Walter Freeman popularized the ice-pick lobotomy to treat homosexuality. He personally performed as many as 3,439 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. Up to 40% of Freeman's patients were gay individuals subjected to a lobotomy in order to change their homosexual orientation, leaving most of these individuals severely disabled for the rest of their lives. While promoted at the time as a treatment for various psychoses, the effectiveness of lobotomy in changing sexual orientation was already the subject of critical research in 1948 when a single case was investigated by Joseph Friedlander and Ralph Banay. A video depicting the "ice-pick lobotomy" of a homosexual man was featured in the documentary film, "".

title: Frances Farmer

text: Farmer's family, her former lovers, and her three ex-husbands all denied, or did not confirm, that the procedure was completed. Farmer's sister, Edith, said the hospital asked her parents' permission to perform the lobotomy, but her father was "horrified" by the notion and threatened legal action "if they tried any of their guinea pig operations on her." Western State Hospital recorded all the lobotomies performed during Farmer's period there. Since a lobotomy was considered a ground-breaking medical procedure, the hospital did not attempt to conceal its work. Although nearly 300 patients received the procedure, no evidence supports a claim that Farmer was among them. In 1983, Seattle newspapers interviewed former hospital staff members, including all of the lobotomy ward nurses who were on duty during Farmer's years at Western State, and they all stated Farmer was never a patient on that ward. Dr. Walter Freeman's private patient records contained no mention of Farmer. Dr. Charles Jones, psychiatric resident at Western State during Farmer's stays, also stated that Farmer never underwent the lobotomy procedure.

title: Umedalens sjukhus

text: Old documents from the hospital show that the hospital lobotomised approximately 770 individuals, which is more than any other in the world. Lobotomy wasn’t performed solely on the mentally ill, but on people suffering from dementia, epilepsy and even deaf-mutes and visually impaired are found among those lobotomised. Others were simply considered as feebleminded and/or imbecile (Swedish: "sinnesslöa"). 63 percent of the lobotomised patients were female, and journals also show that lobotomy was performed on adolescents and mentally retarded. Although being described as lucrative, the mortality of lobotomy is calculated to have been around 7.4 percent.

title: Rocket to Russia

text: Side B of the album begins with "Teenage Lobotomy", which deals with the brain surgical operation lobotomy. The lyrics outline how this procedure can cause serious consequences to the brain, with the line "Gonna get my Ph.D, I'm a teenage lobotomy." The composition features more complex melodies than that of other songs from the album, with Stasium proclaiming it to be a "mini-Ramones Symphony". "Rocket to Russia" is the first album to feature two cover songs: "Do You Wanna Dance?" (originally performed by Bobby Freeman) and "Surfin' Bird" (originally performed by The Trashmen).

title: Lobotomy

text: In 1977 the US Congress, during the presidency of Jimmy Carter, created the National Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to investigate allegations that psychosurgery—including lobotomy techniques—was used to control minorities and restrain individual rights. The committee concluded that some extremely limited and properly performed psychosurgery could have positive effects.[152]

title: Lunatic asylum

text:
A series of radical physical therapies were developed in central and continental Europe in the late 1910s, the 1920s and most particularly, the 1930s. Among these we may note the Austrian psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg's malarial therapy for general paresis of the insane (or neurosyphilis) first used in 1917, and for which he won a Nobel Prize in 1927. This treatment heralded the beginning of a radical and experimental era in psychiatric medicine that increasingly broke with an asylum-based culture of therapeutic nihilism in the treatment of chronic psychiatric disorders, most particularly dementia praecox (increasingly known as schizophrenia from the 1910s, although the two terms were used more or less interchangeably until at least the end of the 1930s), which were typically regarded as hereditary degenerative disorders and therefore unamenable to any therapeutic intervention. Malarial therapy was followed in 1920 by barbiturate induced deep sleep therapy to treat dementia praecox, which was popularised by the Swiss psychiatrist Jakob Klaesi. In 1933 the Vienna-based psychiatrist Manfred Sakel introduced insulin shock therapy and in August 1934 Ladislas J. Meduna, a Hungarian neuropathologist and psychiatrist working in Budapest, introduced cardiazol shock therapy (cardiazol is the tradename of the chemical compound pentylenetetrazol, known by the tradename metrazol in the United States), which was the first convulsive or seizure therapy for a psychiatric disorder. Again, both of these therapies were initially targeted at curing dementia praecox. Cardiazol shock therapy, founded on the theoretical notion that there existed a biological antagonism between schizophrenia and epilepsy and that therefore inducing epileptiform fits in schizophrenic patients might effect a cure, was superseded by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), invented by the Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti in 1938.
The use of psychosurgery was narrowed to a very small number of people for specific indications. Egas Moniz performed the first leucotomy, or lobotomy in Portugal in 1935, which targets the brain's frontal lobes. This was shortly thereafter adapted by Walter Freeman and James W. Watts in what is known as Freeman–Watts procedure or the standard prefrontal lobotomy. From 1946, Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy, using a device akin to an ice-pick. This was an "office" procedure which did not have to be performed in a surgical theatre and took as little as fifteen minutes to complete. Freeman is credited with the popularisation of the technique in the United States. In 1949, 5,074 lobotomies were carried out in the United States and by 1951, 18,608 people had undergone the controversial procedure in that country. One of the most famous people to have a lobotomy was the sister of John F. Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, who was rendered profoundly intellectually disabled as a result of the surgery.

title: Howard Dully

text: Howard Dully (born November 30, 1948) is one of the youngest recipients of the transorbital lobotomy, a procedure performed on him when he was 12 years old. Dully received international attention in 2005, following the broadcasting of his story on National Public Radio. Subsequently, in 2007, he published a New York Times Best Seller memoir, "My Lobotomy", a story of the hardships of his lobotomy, co-authored by Charles Fleming.

title: Lobotomy

text: Freeman performed the first transorbital lobotomy on a live patient in 1946. Its simplicity suggested the possibility of carrying it out in mental hospitals lacking the surgical facilities required for the earlier, more complex procedure. (Freeman suggested that, where conventional anesthesia was unavailable, electroconvulsive therapy be used to render the patient unconscious.)[136] In 1947, the Freeman and Watts partnership ended, as the latter was disgusted by Freeman's modification of the lobotomy from a surgical operation into a simple "office" procedure.[137] Between 1940 and 1944, 684 lobotomies were performed in the United States. However, because of the fervent promotion of the technique by Freeman and Watts, those numbers increased sharply towards the end of the decade. In 1949, the peak year for lobotomies in the US, 5,074 procedures were undertaken, and by 1951 over 18,608 individuals had been lobotomized in the US.[138]

title: Lobotomy

text: Rosemary Kennedy, sister of President John F. Kennedy, underwent a lobotomy in 1941 that left her incapacitated and institutionalized for the rest of her life.[154] Howard Dully wrote a memoir of his late-life discovery that he had been lobotomized in 1960 at age 12.[155] New Zealand author and poet Janet Frame received a literary award in 1951 the day before a scheduled lobotomy was to take place, and it was never performed.[156] Josef Hassid, a Polish violinist and composer, was diagnosed with schizophrenia and died at the age of 26 following a lobotomy.[157] Swedish modernist painter Sigrid Hjertén died following a lobotomy in 1948.[158] American playwright Tennessee Williams' older sister Rose received a lobotomy that left her incapacitated for life; the episode is said to have inspired characters and motifs in certain works of his.[159] It is often said that when an iron rod was accidentally driven through the head of Phineas Gage in 1848, this constituted an "accidental lobotomy", or that this event somehow inspired the development of surgical lobotomy a century later. According to the only book-length study of Gage, careful inquiry turns up no such link.[160] In 2011, Daniel Nijensohn, an Argentine-born neurosurgeon at Yale, examined X-rays of Eva Peron and concluded that she underwent a lobotomy for the treatment of pain and anxiety in the last months of her life.[161]

title: Anti-psychiatry

text: In the 1930s several controversial medical practices were introduced, including inducing seizures (by electroshock, insulin or other drugs) or cutting parts of the brain apart (lobotomy). In the US, between 1939 and 1951, over 50,000 lobotomy operations were performed in mental hospitals. But lobotomy was ultimately seen as too invasive and brutal.

title: PowerSlave

text: "PowerSlave" was Lobotomy Software's first full game, with development starting in May 1995 for the PC. Lobotomy co-founder Brian McNeely recounted:

title: Painted From Memory (Defiance)

text: Yewll tries to perform the chemical lobotomy, lying to Amanda and Kenya that is a new technique that will help her remember. Kenya gets ready for the procedure but a flashback makes her react badly and she runs away before Yewll does the lobotomy. Later Nolan visits Kenya in a new attempt to help her remember and realizes that Kenya remembers only things that Amanda knew about her, either because she told her either because she was there. When Nolan sees that Kenya's scars, from beatings at the hand of her late husband, have disappeared, he realizes that she is not Kenya.

title: Nobel Prize controversies

text: The 1949 prize was awarded to Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses". Soon after, Dr. Walter Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy, which was easier to carry out. Criticism was raised because the procedure was often prescribed injudiciously and without regard for medical ethics. Popular acceptance of the procedure had been fostered by enthusiastic press coverage such as a 1938 "New York Times" report. Endorsed by such influential publications as "The New England Journal of Medicine", in the three years following the Prize, some 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States alone, and many more throughout the world. Joseph Kennedy, father of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, had his daughter Rosemary lobotomized when she was in her twenties. The procedure later fell into disrepute and was prohibited in many countries.

title: Trepanning

text: The prefrontal leucotomy, a precursor to lobotomy, was performed by cutting a trephine hole into the skull, inserting an instrument, and destroying parts of the brain. This was later made unnecessary by the development of the "orbital transit" lobotomy where a spike was inserted through the eye-sockets.

title: Josephine Ball

text: In 1955, Ball returned to Maryland as a research psychologist associated with the now controversial lobotomy research project at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Perry Point, Maryland. Given that most lobotomies were conducted between 1947 and 1950 and the procedure fell out of favor as tranquilizer drugs became available in the mid-1950’s, it is unlikely that Ball was involved in performing lobotomies. She did, however, research their effects in a large-scale study. She was lead author on the paper, “The Veterans Administration study of prefrontal lobotomy,” published in 1959. In 1959, she left lobotomy research to work as a clinical psychologist at the Veterans Administration Hospital, focusing on gerontology. She remained in this position until her retirement in 1967.

title: Lobotomy

text: The clinician-historian Joel Braslow argues that from malarial therapy onward to lobotomy, physical psychiatric therapies "spiral closer and closer to the interior of the brain" with this organ increasingly taking "center stage as a source of disease and site of cure."[32] For Roy Porter, once the doyen of medical history,[33] the often violent and invasive psychiatric interventions developed during the 1930s and 1940s are indicative of both the well-intentioned desire of psychiatrists to find some medical means of alleviating the suffering of the vast number of patients then in psychiatric hospitals and also the relative lack of social power of those same patients to resist the increasingly radical and even reckless interventions of asylum doctors.[34] Many doctors, patients and family members of the period believed that despite potentially catastrophic consequences, the results of lobotomy were seemingly positive in many instances or, at least they were deemed as such when measured next to the apparent alternative of long-term institutionalisation. Lobotomy has always been controversial, but for a period of the medical mainstream, it was even feted and regarded as a legitimate if desperate remedy for categories of patients who were otherwise regarded as hopeless.[35] Today, lobotomy has become a disparaged procedure, a byword for medical barbarism and an exemplary instance of the medical trampling of patients' rights.[3]

title: Lobotomy

text: The use of the procedure increased dramatically from the early 1940s and into the 1950s; by 1951, almost 20,000 lobotomies had been performed in the United States alone and proportionally more in the United Kingdom.[6] The majority of lobotomies were performed on women; a 1951 study of American hospitals found nearly 60% of lobotomy patients were women; data shows 74% of lobotomies in Ontario from 1948–1952 were performed on women.[7][8][9] From the 1950s onward lobotomy began to be abandoned[10], first in the Soviet Union[11] and Europe. The term is derived from Greek: λοβός lobos "lobe" and τομή tomē "cut, slice".


query: When were the first Winter Olympics?

title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Originally held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix, and Haute-Savoie, France between January 25 and February 5, 1924.[1] The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee, and were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games.

title: Australia at the Winter Olympics

text: The first Winter Olympics took place in 1924. Australia first competed at the Winter Olympics in 1936, when its sole representative, Kenneth Kennedy, participated in speed skating. Kennedy came 33rd in both the 1500 m and 5000 m, near the bottom of the standings. He was entirely on his own; no Australian support staff were in attendance, even though the AOF officially sanctioned Kennedy's entry.

title: Winter Olympic Games

text: The first Olympics after the war, the 1920 Summer Olympics, were held in Antwerp, Belgium, and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games. At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics, France, would host a separate "International Winter Sports Week" under the patronage of the IOC. Chamonix was chosen to host this "week" (actually 11 days) of events. The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events. Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals, more than the rest of the participating nations combined. Germany remained banned until 1925, and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele, starting with the winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics.

title: Denmark at the 1960 Winter Olympics

text: Denmark has been part of the Olympic movement since the beginning, having sent three athletes to the first modern Olympics in 1896. Since then, the only Summer Olympic Games they have missed is the 1904 Summer Olympics. Denmark then first competed at the Winter Olympics at the 1948 Winter Olympics. Squaw Valley was their third Winter Olympics appearance, having missed the 1956 Winter Olympics. The nation has won at least one medal at every Summer Olympics they have attended, but have won a Winter Olympics medal only once, in curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics. The 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics were held from 18–28 February 1960; 665 athletes competed, representing 30 National Olympic Committees The only athlete Denmark sent to Squaw Valley was speed skater Kurt Stille.

title: List of 1924 Winter Olympics medal winners

text: The inaugural Winter Olympics were held in Chamonix, France, from 25 January to 4 February 1924. A total of 258 athletes from 16 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 16 events across 9 disciplines. Women also took part in these Games, although the only events they were allowed to compete in were the figure skating ladies' singles and pairs. When the Games were held, they were not recognized as the Winter Olympics but rather as a winter sports week festival. It was not until 1926 that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially recognized them as the first Winter Olympics.

title: Luxembourg at the 1992 Winter Olympics

text: Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic, Luxembourg did not sent a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984. The 1992 Winter Olympics were held from 8–23 February 1992. Albertville marked their fourth appearance at a Winter Olympics. The delegation sent by Luxembourg to Albertville consisted of a single alpine skier, Marc Girardelli.

title: 1992 Winter Olympics

text: The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games (), were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville, France. They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics, and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site. Albertville was selected as host in 1986, beating Sofia, Falun, Lillehammer, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Anchorage and Berchtesgaden. The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France, after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968, and the fifth Olympics overall in the country.

title: International Olympic Committee

text: The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, every four years. The first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896; the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year. After that year, however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games, to help space the planning of the two events from one another, and improve the financial balance of the IOC, which receives greater income on Olympic years. The first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012.

title: Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics

text: Sweden sent 112 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin trying to win their first gold medal since the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer. A total of 99 athletes were selected, and they competed in nine of the fifteen Winter Olympic sports. When the medals were summed up, Sweden had managed seven gold medals, two silver and five bronze, making it Sweden's best result ever in the Winter Olympics in terms of both medals and gold medals earned, and gave Sweden a 6th place in the medal table.

title: Luxembourg at the 1994 Winter Olympics

text: Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic, Luxembourg did not send a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984. Lillehammer marked their fifth appearance at a Winter Olympics, and their only Winter Olympic medals as of 2018 are two silver medals from the immediately preceding 1992 Winter Olympics. The 1994 Winter Olympics were held from 12–27 February 1994, a total of 1,713 athletes competed, representing 67 National Olympic Committees. Georges Diderich served as the chef de mission of the Luxembourgian delegation to Lillehammer, and the competitive delegation consisted of a single athlete, alpine skier Marc Girardelli. Diderich served as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.

title: Olympic sports

text: Before 1924, when the first Winter Olympic Games were celebrated, sports held on ice, like figure skating and ice hockey, were held at the Summer Olympics.[28] These two sports made their debuts at the 1908 and the 1920 Summer Olympics, respectively, but were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics program as of the first edition. The International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed the IOlympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine sports. The number of sports contested at the Winter Olympics has since been decreased to seven, comprising a total of fifteen disciplines.[29]

title: Venues of the 1998 Winter Olympics

text: Nagano first attempted to host the Winter Olympics in 1940, but lost out to Sapporo. Those Olympics were abandoned in 1937 when Japan invaded China for the second time, forcing Sapporo's withdrawal. The city tried again for the Winter Olympics in 1968 in 1961, but lost out in domestic voting to Sapporo who in turn lost out to Grenoble, France in 1964. Sapporo would host the Winter Olympics finally in 1972. A third time for the Winter Olympics began in 1983 with a full bid for the Winter Games approved two years later. With the bid committee established in 1986 and lessons learned from previous mistakes, Nagano's bid for the Winter Olympics in Japan was approved in 1989. A revamped bid committee was launched later that year with presentations given to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1990. When the IOC session was in Tokyo in September 1990, Nagano was among the cities launching promotional campaign for the 1998 Winter Olympics. The following June at the IOC session in Birmingham, England, Nagano was awarded the 1998 Games in the fifth round, defeating Salt Lake City, Utah in the United States by four votes.

title: Australia at the 1952 Winter Olympics

text: Australia's second Winter Olympic Games appearance was at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway. It was 16 years since Australia's last Winter Games, as the 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics were cancelled, and Australia did not compete in the 1948 Winter Olympics. Australia sent nine athletes and competed in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating and speed skating. Nancy Hallam and Gweneth Molony were Australia's first women athletes at the Winter Olympics.

title: Winter Olympic Games

text: The 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway, were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games. This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session (1986) to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway, after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts. The women's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994, in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding. Both skaters competed in the Games, but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine's first Olympic champion, while Kerrigan won the silver medal. Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals, coming first in all of the distance speed skating events. 13-year-old Kim Yoon-Mi became the youngest-ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women's 3,000 meter speed skating relay. Russia won the most events, with eleven gold medals, while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes, collecting the most medals overall on home ground. Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as "the best Olympic Winter Games ever" in his closing ceremony speech.

title: Top Gear Winter Olympics

text: The following vehicles below were used in the filming of this special episode of "Top Gear":The motoring programme's "Winter Olympics Special" was viewed by 5 million people on its first showing, with a further 530,000 watching the repeat when it aired a week later. In a review for "The Guardian", Kathryn Flett described the "Winter Olympics Special" as a funny episode, with the Mini segment making her "giggle", before adding that the special was "entirely complementary to the Winter Olympics proper".

title: Jaca

text: Jaca was the host city of the 1981 and 1995 Winter Universiades. The city also hosted the 2007 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival. Its popularity for winter sports has been a motivating factor in the city's failed bids for the 1998 Winter Olympics, 2002 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Olympics, which were awarded to Nagano, Salt Lake City and Vancouver. It was again the applicant city of Spain for the 2014 Winter Olympics, but the bid failed again when it was not selected as a candidate city and the games were ultimately awarded to Sochi.

title: 1928 Winter Olympics

text: The 1928 Games were the first true "Winter Olympics" held on its own as they were not in conjunction with a "Summer Olympics". The preceding 1924 Games were retroactively renamed the inaugural Winter Olympics, though they had been in fact part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. All preceding Winter Events of the Olympic Games were the winter sports part of the schedule of the Summer Games, and not held as a separate Winter Games. These games also replaced the now redundant Nordic Games, that were held quadrennially since early in the century.

title: Venues of the 1988 Winter Olympics

text: Calgary first bid for the Winter Olympics was in 1959 for the 1964 Games, losing to Innsbruck. Their second Winter Olympic bid attempt was for the 1968 Winter Olympics, losing to Grenoble by three votes in 1964. The third time was the charm for Calgary in 1981 when they were awarded the 1988 Winter Olympics over Falun, Sweden and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.

title: Winter Olympic Games

text: The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.

title: Winter Olympic Games

text: After not being able to host the Games in 1944, Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics. At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Guido Caroli, entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates. As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell, nearly extinguishing the flame. He was able to recover and light the cauldron. These were the first Winter Games to be televised, and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience, though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events. The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact, winning more medals than any other nation. Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full-time. Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom.

title: Luxembourg at the 2014 Winter Olympics

text: Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic; Luxembourg did not sent a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984. They also skipped the 2002 and the 2010 Winter Olympics. This was Luxembourg's eighth appearance at a Winter Olympics. In their history, Luxembourg has won medals at both the Summer and Winter Olympics; their Winter Olympics medals, both silver, were won in 1992. According to the quota allocation released on 20 January 2014, Luxembourg had one athlete in qualification position for alpine skiing and one for cross-country skiing, however, no alpine skiers were selected for the final Luxembourgian team. The final Luxembourgian team consisted of one cross-country skier, Kari Peters. He was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony, while a volunteer carried the Luxembourg flag for the closing ceremony.

title: Skeleton at the Winter Olympics

text: Skeleton is a winter sport featured in the Winter Olympics where the competitor rides head-first and prone (lying face down) on a flat sled. It is normally run on an ice track that allows the sled to gain speed by gravity. It was first contested at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz and again in 1948 Winter Olympics, after which it was discontinued as an Olympic sport. Skeleton was reintroduced at the 2002 Winter Olympics, with both men's and women's events, and has been held in each Winter Olympic competition since. Skeleton is so-named as the first metal sleds introduced in 1892 were said to resemble a human skeleton.

title: List of Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing

text: Freestyle skiing is one of the six skiing disciplines contested at the Winter Olympic Games, and one of the youngest. In 1924, the first Winter Olympics featured Nordic skiing disciplines (cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and Nordic combined), while alpine skiing was first contested in 1936. Only at the 1992 Winter Olympics, in Albertville, France, were freestyle skiing events first held as official medal events. Before that, freestyle skiing was contested at the 1988 Winter Olympics as a demonstration sport, consisting of events for both men and women in three variants: moguls, aerials and ski ballet. In Albertville, moguls was the first-ever official freestyle skiing medal event; aerials and ski ballet were also held but still as demonstration events. The growing popularity of aerials convinced the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to add this freestyle discipline to the 1994 Winter Olympics official program. Moguls and aerials have thus been contested at every Winter Games since. Ski cross inclusion in the Winter Olympics program was approved at an IOC Executive Board meeting in November 2006, and the first events were held at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

title: Asian Winter Games

text: The Asian Winter Games (AWG) is an international multi-sport event held every four years for members of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) which features winter events. The Japanese Olympic Committee first suggested the idea of holding a winter version of the Asian Games in 1982. Their efforts were rewarded when they were finally given hosting rights for the first edition that was held in Sapporo in 1986, as the city had the infrastructure and expertise gained from hosting of the 1972 Winter Olympics.

title: Brazil at the 1994 Winter Olympics

text: The Brazilian Olympic Committee was recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 1 January 1935, 21 years after its creation. Brazil first joined Olympic Competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics, and made their first Winter Olympics appearance in 1992. Therefore the 1994 Winter Olympics were their second appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The 1994 Winter Olympics were held from 12–27 February 1994; a total of 1,737 athletes representing 67 National Olympic Committees took part. These 1994 Games were the only Winter Olympics to be held two years after the prior Olympics, as the IOC desired a schedule where Summer and Winter Olympics would no longer be held in the same year. Lothar Christian Munder was the only athlete sent by Brazil to Lillehammer. He was also selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.

title: 1972 Winter Olympics medal table

text:
Three NOCs won a single medal: Canada (silver), Poland and Spain (gold). For the last two, these were their first-ever gold medals at the Winter Olympics, and in the case of Spain, it was its very first medal. This was Canada's weakest result since the 1936 Winter Olympics, when its athletes also brought home a single silver medal.
The NOCs from the Republic of China and the Philippines sent athletes to the Winter Olympics for the first time, but failed to win any medals.

title: Luxembourg at the 1988 Winter Olympics

text: Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic, Luxembourg did not sent a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984, and thus it had been 52 years since Luxembourg's last appearance. The 1988 Winter Olympics were held from 13–28 February 1988. Marc Girardelli was the only athlete sent to Calgary by Luxembourg. Armand Wagener was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.

title: List of IIHF World Championship medalists

text: The Ice Hockey World Championships is an annual event held by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It was preceded by the European Championship which was held from 1910 to 1932. The first World Championship tournament was decided at the 1920 Summer Olympics. Subsequently, ice hockey was featured at the Winter Olympic Games, where the World Championship was decided when the two events occurred concurrently, until the 1968 Winter Olympics. The first three championships were contested at the Olympics, while the first World Championships that were an individual event were held in 1930.

title: 1994 Winter Olympics

text: Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event, losing to Albertville. Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988, after beating Anchorage, United States; Östersund, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall. The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics, the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games. The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway, after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries, after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

title: Denmark at the 1968 Winter Olympics

text: Denmark has been part of the Olympic movement since the beginning, having sent three athletes to the first modern Olympics in 1896. Since then, the only Summer Olympic Games they have missed is the 1904 Summer Olympics. Denmark first competed at the Winter Olympics at the 1948 Winter Olympics. Grenoble was accordingly their fifth time participating in the Winter Olympics. Denmark has won at least one medal in every Summer Olympics they have participated in, but won a medal in the Winter Olympics only once, in 1998 at Nagano in the sport of curling. The 1968 Winter Olympics were held from 6–18 February 1968; a total of 1,158 athletes competed representing 37 National Olympic Committees. The Danish delegation to Grenoble consisted of three cross-country skiers; Apollo Lynge, Kirsten Carlsen, and Svend Carlsen. Kirsten Carlsen was the flagbearer for the opening ceremony. The two Carlsens' were husband and wife.

title: Denmark at the 1988 Winter Olympics

text: Denmark joined the modern Olympic movement at the beginning, participating in the first modern Games, the 1896 Summer Olympics. The National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark was formally recognised by the International Olympic Committee on 1 January 1905. Denmark has sent a team to every Summer Olympic Games except the 1904 St. Louis Olympics, and they first participated in the Winter Olympic Games in the 1948 St. Moritz Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics has been sporadic, and these Calgary Games were their first time competing at a Winter Olympics since the 1968 Grenoble Olympics 20 years prior. The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada from 13–28 February 1988; a total of 1,423 athletes representing 57 National Olympic Committees took part. Denmark was represented in Calgary by a single figure skater, Lars Dresler, who was selected as the flag-bearer for the opening ceremony.