query: Is eucalyptus poisonous?

title: Eucalyptus oil

text: The probable lethal dose of pure eucalyptus oil for an adult is in the range of 0.05 mL to 0.5 mL/per kg of body weight.[20] Because of their high body-surface-area-to-mass ratio, children are more vulnerable to poisons absorbed transdermally. Severe poisoning has occurred in children after ingestion of 4 mL to 5 mL of eucalyptus oil.[21]

title: Eucalyptus mediocris

text: "E. mediocris" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus latisinensis", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Eucalyptus ovularis

text: "E. ovularis" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The rough barked members of this series include "E. ovularis", "[[Eucalyptus aequioperta]]", "[[Eucalyptus brachycorys]]", "[[Eucalyptus myriadena]]" and "[[Eucalyptus baudiniana]]" and smooth barked members include; "[[Eucalyptus cyclostoma]]", "[[Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa]]", "[[Eucalyptus exigua]]" and "[[Eucalyptus oraria]]".

title: Eucalyptus oil

text: Eucalyptus cneorifolia Eucalyptus dives Eucalyptus dumosa Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus goniocalyx Eucalyptus horistes Eucalyptus kochii Eucalyptus leucoxylon Eucalyptus oleosa Eucalyptus polybractea Eucalyptus radiata Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus smithii Eucalyptus tereticornis Eucalyptus viridis

title: Wolayita Zone

text: There are no forests, but a great variety of non-indigenous trees in the region: bamboo, eucalyptus, and euphorbia grow naturally in steep and arid soil and are used for fire and the milky liquid is used as a poison.

title: Eucalyptus bosistoana

text: Seen growing with Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Eucalyptus longifolia, Eucalyptus paniculata, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus angophoroides, Eucalyptus elata, Eucalyptus muelleriana, Eucalyptus globoidea and other trees such as Casuarina cunninghamiana.

title: Northern Tablelands

text: Black sallee ("Eucalyptus stellulata"), Blakely's red gum ("Eucalyptus blakelyi"), broadleaved New England stringybark ("Eucalyptus caliginosa"), wattles ("Acacias"), native apples ("Angophora floribunda"), manna gum ("Eucalyptus viminalis"), New England blackbutt ("Eucalyptus andrewsii"), New England peppermint ("Eucalyptus nova-anglica"), ribbon gum ("Eucalyptus nobilis"), silvertop stringybark ("Eucalyptus laevopinea"), snow gum ("Eucalyptus pauciflora"), river oak ("Casuarina cunninghamiana", stringybark ("Eucalyptus caliginosa") and yellow box ("Eucalyptus melliodora") trees are common across the Northern Tablelands.

title: Eucalyptus baudiniana

text: "E. baudiniana" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The rough barked members of this series include "E. baudiniana", "Eucalyptus aequioperta", "Eucalyptus brachycorys", "Eucalyptus myriadena" and "Eucalyptus ovularis" and smooth barked members include; "Eucalyptus cyclostoma", "Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa", "Eucalyptus exigua" and "Eucalyptus oraria".

title: Eucalyptus diversifolia

text: The species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallee trees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in series this series include; "Eucalyptus erectifolia", "Eucalyptus platydisca", "Eucalyptus pachyloma", "Eucalyptus todtiana", "Eucalyptus lateritica", "Eucalyptus dolorosa" and "Eucalyptus buprestium".

title: Eucalyptus buprestium

text: The species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallee trees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in series this series include; "Eucalyptus erectifolia", "Eucalyptus platydisca", "Eucalyptus diversifolia", "Eucalyptus todtiana", "Eucalyptus lateritica", "Eucalyptus dolorosa" and "Eucalyptus pachyloma".

title: Eucalyptus psammitica

text: "E. psammitica" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus latisinensis" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Eucalyptus dolorosa

text: The species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallee trees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in series this series include; "Eucalyptus erectifolia", "Eucalyptus platydisca", "Eucalyptus diversifolia", "Eucalyptus todtiana", "Eucalyptus lateritica", "Eucalyptus pachyloma" and "Eucalyptus buprestium".

title: Eucalyptus lateritica

text: The species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallee trees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in series this series include; "Eucalyptus erectifolia", "Eucalyptus platydisca", "Eucalyptus diversifolia", "Eucalyptus todtiana", "Eucalyptus pachyloma", "Eucalyptus dolorosa" and "Eucalyptus buprestium".

title: Eucalyptus brachycorys

text: "E. brachycorys" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The rough barked members of this series include "E. brachycorys", "Eucalyptus aequioperta", "Eucalyptus baudiniana", "Eucalyptus myriadena" and "Eucalyptus ovularis" and smooth barked members include; "Eucalyptus cyclostoma", "Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa", "Eucalyptus exigua" and "Eucalyptus oraria".

title: Eucalyptus erectifolia

text: The species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallee trees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in series this series include; "Eucalyptus pachyloma", "Eucalyptus platydisca", "Eucalyptus diversifolia", "Eucalyptus todtiana", "Eucalyptus lateritica", "Eucalyptus dolorosa" and "Eucalyptus buprestium".

title: Gonipterus gibberus

text: "Eucalyptus" trees are the only hosts for the gum tree weevil. The species most susceptible to attack include "Eucalyptus camaldulensis", "Eucalyptus globulus", "Eucalyptus maidenii", "Eucalyptus punctata", "Eucalyptus robusta", "Eucalyptus smithii" and "Eucalyptus viminalis".

title: Eucalyptus apothalassica

text: "E. apothalassica" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus latisinensis", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Gonipterus scutellatus

title: Eucalyptus cyclostoma

text: "E. cyclostoma" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The smooth barked members of this series include; "E. cyclostoma", "Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa", "Eucalyptus exigua" and "Eucalyptus oraria" and rough barked members include; "Eucalyptus ovularis", "Eucalyptus aequioperta", "Eucalyptus brachycorys", "Eucalyptus myriadena" and "Eucalyptus baudiniana" and

title: Eucalyptus acmenoides

text: "E. acmenoides" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus latisinensis", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Eucalyptus todtiana

text: The species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallee trees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in series this series include; "Eucalyptus erectifolia", "Eucalyptus platydisca", "Eucalyptus diversifolia", "Eucalyptus pachyloma", "Eucalyptus lateritica", "Eucalyptus dolorosa" and "Eucalyptus buprestium".

title: Eucalyptus latisinensis

text: "E. latisinensis" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Eucalyptus oil

text: Eucalyptus dives - phellandrene variant Eucalyptus dives - piperitone variant Eucalyptus elata - piperitone variant Eucalyptus macarthurii - geranyl acetate Eucalyptus olida - methyl cinnamate Eucalyptus radiata - phellandrene variant Eucalyptus staigeriana - citral, limonene

title: Eucalyptus umbra

text: "E. umbra" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus latisinensis".

title: Eucalyptus exigua

text: "E. exigua" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The smooth barked members of this series include; "E. exigua", "Eucalyptus cyclostoma", "Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa" and "Eucalyptus oraria" and rough barked members include; "Eucalyptus ovularis", "Eucalyptus aequioperta", "Eucalyptus brachycorys", "Eucalyptus myriadena" and "Eucalyptus baudiniana" and

title: Eucalyptus helidonica

text: "E. helidonica" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus carnea", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus latisinensis", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Eucalyptus aequioperta

text: "E. aequioperta" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The rough barked members of this series include "E. aequioperta", "Eucalyptus baudiniana", "Eucalyptus brachycorys", "Eucalyptus myriadena" and "Eucalyptus ovularis" and smooth barked members include; "Eucalyptus cyclostoma", "Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa", "Eucalyptus exigua" and "Eucalyptus oraria".

title: Eucalyptus carnea

text: "E. carnea" is part of the white mahogany group as recognised by Ken Hill, others in the group include; "Eucalyptus acmenoides", "Eucalyptus mediocris", "Eucalyptus apothalassica", "Eucalyptus helidonica", "Eucalyptus latisinensis", "Eucalyptus psammitica" and "Eucalyptus umbra".

title: Muellerina eucalyptoides

text:
An inventory of host plants for "Muellerina eucalyptoides" spp. is given by Downey
.
Anacardiaceae
"Schinus areira" *
Apocynaceae
"Nerium oleander" *
Casuarinaceae
"Allocasuarina littoralis",
"Allocasuarina torulosa",
"Allocasuarina verticillata",
"Casuarina glauca"
Celastraceae
"Euonymus japonicus" *
Cupressaceae
"Callitris endlicheri"
Fabaceae
"Chamaecytisus palmensis" *
Fagaceae
"Quercus humilis" *,
"Quercus robur" *
Loranthaceae
"Lysiana exocarpi",
"Muellerina celastroides",
"Muellerina eucalyptoides"
Magnoliaceae
"Magnolia grandiflora"*
Meliaceae
"Melia azedarach"
Mimosaceae
"Acacia adunca",
"Acacia baileyana",
"Acacia binervata",
"Acacia decurrens",
"Acacia ferominens,
"Acacia floribunda",
"Acacia fulva",
"Acacia implexa",
"Acacia linifolia",
"Acacia mearnsii",
"Acacia melanoxylon",
"Acacia paradoxa",
"Acacia prominens"
Myrtaceae
"Angophora bakeri",
"Angophora costata",
"Angophora floribunda",
"Angophora hispida",
"Angophora subvelutina",
"Callistemon lanceolatus",
"Callistemon viminalis",
"Corymbia calophylla", "Corymbia ficifolia",
"Corymbia maculata",
"Eucalyptus acmenoides",
"Eucalyptus agglomerata",
"Eucalyptus amplifolia",
"Eucalyptus andrewsii",
"Eucalyptus bancroftii",
"Eucalyptus baueriana",
"Eucalyptus baxteri",
"Eucalyptus blakelyi",
"Eucalyptus bridgesiana",
"Eucalyptus camaldulensis",
"Eucalyptus crebra",
"Eucalyptus cypellocarpa",
"Eucalyptus dalrympleana",
"Eucalyptus dealbata",
"Eucalyptus dwyeri",
"Eucalyptus eugenioides",
"Eucalyptus eximia,
"Eucalyptus globoidea", "Eucalyptus goniocalyx",
"Eucalyptus grandis",
"Eucalyptus gummifera",
"Eucalyptus haemastoma",
"Eucalyptus intermedia",
"Eucalyptus laevopinea",
"Eucalyptus longifolia",
"Eucalyptus mannifera",
"Eucalyptus melanophloia",
"Eucalyptus melliodora",
"Eucalyptus moluccana",
"Eucalyptus muelleriana",
"Eucalyptus notabilis",
"Eucalyptus obliqua",
"Eucalyptus ovata",
"Eucalyptus paniculata",
"Eucalyptus parramattensis",
"Eucalyptus parvula",
"Eucalyptus pauciflora",
"Eucalyptus pilularis",
"Eucalyptus piperita",
"Eucalyptus polyanthemos",
"Eucalyptus prava",
"Eucalyptus propinqua",
"Eucalyptus punctata",
"Eucalyptus racemosa",
"Eucalyptus radiata", "Eucalyptus resinifera,
"Eucalyptus rossii",
"Eucalyptus saligna",
"Eucalyptus scoparia",
"Eucalyptus siderophloia",
"Eucalyptus sideroxylon",
"Eucalyptus sieberi",
"Eucalyptus sparsifolia",
"Eucalyptus squamosa",
"Eucalyptus tereticornis",
"Eucalyptus umbra",
"Eucalyptus viminalis",
"Eucalyptus wardii",
"Eucalyptus willisii",
"Kunzea ambigua",
"Kunzea ericoides",
"Leptospermum trinervium",
"Leptospermum laevigatum",
"Leptospermum polygalifolium",
"Melaleuca ericifolia",
"Melaleuca linariifolia",
"Melaleuca styphelioides"
Platanaceae
"Platanus orientalis" *
Rosaceae
"Crataegus monogyna" *,
"Crataegus oxyacantha" *,
"Photinia serrulata" *,
"Prunus armeniaca" *,
"Prunus avium" *,
"Prunus domestica" *,
"Prunus persica" *,
"Pyrus communis" *
Santalaceae
"Exocarpos cupressiformis"
Sterculiaceae
"Brachychiton populneus"
Ulmaceae
"Ulmus procera" *

title: Eucalyptus myriadena

text: "E. myriadena" is part of the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" in a sub-group of nine closely related species called series "Ovulares". The rough barked members of this series include "E. myriadena", "Eucalyptus aequioperta", "Eucalyptus brachycorys", "Eucalyptus baudiniana" and "Eucalyptus ovularis" and smooth barked members include; "Eucalyptus cyclostoma", "Eucalyptus cylindrocarpa", "Eucalyptus exigua" and "Eucalyptus oraria".


query: When was CityFlyer Express airline founded?

title: CityFlyer Express

text: The management of Air Europe Express quickly started a new airline, Euroworld Airways, and began operations in May 1991 using two Shorts 360 aircraft and staff from the old Air Europe Express. The new carrier also carried on night freight and mail contracts from the defunct airline. The airline soon began flights from Gatwick to Guernsey, Antwerp and Rotterdam, for which two additional Shorts 360s were purchased. At this time, the airline approached several large carriers with a view to establishing a link, but in the event only British Airways was to show any interest, and a code share agreement was struck between the two.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: The airline reckoned that this would enable it to turn around the poor overall financial performance of its operation at the airport after years of heavy losses.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: In June 1988 the firm was acquired by the International Leisure Group (ILG), the parent company of Air Europe. Following ILG's acquisition of Connectair, the airline was re-branded Air Europe Express and adopted a new corporate identity as of 1 February 1989.[3]

title: CityFlyer Express

text: In addition, the fact that the integration of low-cost CityFlyer Express into the high-cost BA mainline short haul operation at Gatwick inevitably meant that formerly profitable CityFlyer routes were now burdened with the expensive BA mainline overheads, necessitated the withdrawal of additional BA short haul services from Gatwick over the course of a few years, including CityFlyer’s routes to Cologne and Düsseldorf.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: CityFlyer Express acquired its first jet aircraft in March 1997 when it became the first UK-based airline to introduce the Avro RJ100. A second Avro RJ100 was acquired in May of that year. Three more were added in 1998 and a further two joined the fleet in 1999. (At the time, the airline also operated six ATR 42s, one of which was returned to its lessor in 1999, as well as five larger ATR 72s. Three additional ATR 72s were delivered in 1999. Eventually, these replaced the remaining ATR 42s.)

title: CityFlyer Express

text: CityFlyer Express was a short-haul regional airline with its head office in the Iain Stewart Centre next to London Gatwick Airport in England.[2]

title: CityFlyer Express

text: By the turn of the millennium, BA, the firm's franchisees as well as its subsidiaries and partners in the Oneworld global airline alliance together controlled about 40% of all take-off and landing slots at Gatwick and used a fleet of more than 100 aircraft to serve around 120 destinations worldwide from the airport, more than any other airline from any airport in the UK. Together they carried 8m passengers through Gatwick annually. This accounted for almost 30% of the total number of passengers passing through the airport each year during that period. 45% of the passengers travelling with BA and its affiliated carriers through Gatwick were changing flights there. At the time, CityFlyer Express and the other BA franchisees as well as its subsidiaries and partner airlines at Gatwick accounted for 1,000 of these passengers each day.[10]

title: CityFlyer Express

text: CityFlyer Express can be traced back to the formation of Connectair in 1983. Connectair became a feeder airline for British Caledonian, at the time the UK's so-called Second Force airline, on 30 May 1984 when it commenced a regional scheduled service between Gatwick and Antwerp with a single, leased Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante turboprop. A small number of larger capacity, more efficient Shorts 330 turboprops eventually replaced the Embraer Bandeirante.

title: BA Connect

text: The regional operations of British Airways at Birmingham and Manchester, and the operations of the former CityFlyer Express, were integrated into the new airline later in 2002.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: BA proposed a solution to this by offering CityFlyer a franchise agreement, which it accepted. This occasion marked the conclusion of the first-ever franchise agreement between British Airways and another airline. It also marked the conclusion of the first franchise agreement in the UK airline industry.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: In addition, ILG purchased Guernsey Airlines in April 1989, another small, independent regional airline, which operated scheduled services between Guernsey and Gatwick as well as between Guernsey and Manchester at the time.[5] On 29 October 1989 ILG fully integrated Guernsey Airlines into its existing Air Europe Express operation.[6]

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Following its absorption into British Airways, the airline's turboprops were retired, while the company's fleet of regional short-haul jetliners and the associated crews were transferred to British Airways' regional operation in Birmingham and Manchester. This in turn resulted in British Airways mainline short haul crews based at Gatwick operating most of the erstwhile CityFlyer Express routes using the former's Gatwick-based Boeing 737 fleet.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: In 1993 it became the first British Airways (BA) franchisee operating as British Airways Express. CityFlyer's ownership passed to BA in 1999 when that company bought out the original promoters as well as 3i, the airline's main shareholder at the time. Initially, CityFlyer continued to operate as a separate unit, but it was eventually absorbed into British Airways' mainline short haul operation at Gatwick in 2001, the result of a change in British Airways' strategy for its Gatwick operation.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: When Sir Rod Eddington took over as BA's chief executive in 2000, he initiated a root-and-branch review of the airline's worldwide operation with the aim of improving profitability after it had incurred its first net loss since privatisation during the 1999/2000 financial year.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: The second reason was related to maintaining good industrial relations between management and the workforce, especially those working for the mainline short haul operation at Gatwick. These workers had always regarded the concept of franchising generally and CityFlyer Express in particular as a Trojan horse. They feared that BA's long-term strategy was to hand over its entire, heavily loss-making, mainline short haul operation to profitable franchisees such as CityFlyer, thereby threatening many jobs and the terms of employment of the remaining mainline employees. They also feared that BA would eventually resemble a "virtual" airline.[17]

title: CityFlyer Express

text: According to this ruling, British Airways and CityFlyer could control a combined maximum of 41% of all Gatwick slots on an annual basis as well as no more than 70% of the airport's slots on an hourly basis and up to 65% of these slots within a two-hour time span. These limits were designed to enable other airlines to offer competitive schedules on short haul routes where British Airways or CityFlyer was the sole or dominant carrier, without resorting to compulsory slot transfers that would have impeded British Airways' ability to run an effective hub-and-spoke operation at Gatwick.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: The airline was again UK launch customer for the larger, 66-seat ATR 72, the first of which was delivered in October 1994.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: During the summer of 1996 BA announced that it was planning to enter into a new code- and revenue- as well as profit-sharing alliance with American Airlines.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: BA's subsequent decision to retire the former CityFlyer turboprop fleet, resulted in the withdrawal of the airline's services from Gatwick to Antwerp, Guernsey and Rotterdam.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Air Europe Express was forced to halt its operations on 8 March 1991 along with its sister airlines in the ILG-controlled Airlines of Europe group as a result of its parent company's decision to put all the group's companies into administrative receivership on that day, even though Air Europe Express itself had remained profitable throughout that period.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: The Competition Commission eventually cleared the sale of CityFlyer Express to British Airways for £75mn in 1999. However, it also imposed a ceiling on the maximum number of slots British Airways and its newly acquired subsidiary CityFlyer Express were allowed to hold at Gatwick.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Air Europe Express flew under the same AE airline designator as its bigger sister airline.

title: BA CityFlyer

text: BA Cityflyer also lease a small number of aircraft from other airlines. These aircraft are operated and crewed by the third party airline on behalf of BA Cityflyer. As of November 2018, BA Cityflyer lease the following aircraft

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Within three years from the launch of Project "Jupiter", the BA mainline operation more than doubled the number of long haul aircraft at Gatwick and increased the number of short haul aircraft at the airport by more than half. In addition, the airline's franchisees, notably CityFlyer Express and GB Airways, increased their Gatwick-based fleets as well. During that period the number of BA passengers passing through Gatwick also doubled.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: With the franchise agreement due to end in 1999, CityFlyer Express was the second largest slot holder at Gatwick Airport (behind British Airways). It held 96 daily slots at Gatwick, employed 677 people and returned a pre-tax profit of £6.4mn on sales of £89.4mn. The airline’s shareholders took the opportunity to realise their investment and put the airline up for sale. HSBC was appointed to handle the process, and approached a number of carriers about the sale. Of the airlines approached, both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic stated their interest to acquire the airline.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Brad Burgess was instrumental in setting up Connectair. He was managing director of both Air Europe Express and CityFlyer Express. He is now chairman of Astraeus. Flight numbers in the 7000 and 8000 range used to be allocated to CityFlyer Express-operated British Airways franchise flights. Following CityFlyer's integration into the British Airways mainline operation at Gatwick, the latter's scheduled services from the airport to Amsterdam Schiphol, Bordeaux, Dublin, Jersey, Luxembourg, Nice and Toulouse still used flight numbers in these ranges, thus identifying them as former CityFlyer Express routes.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: From this point onwards, the airline was to post a consistent profit.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: The airline rebranded as CityFlyer Express in 1992.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Following the integration of CityFlyer Express into BA's mainline short haul operation at Gatwick, all former CityFlyer employees other than flight crew and engineers working on the jet fleet were made redundant.[17] The ex-CityFlyer flight crew and engineers whom BA continued to employ were transferred along with their equipment to BA's regional bases in Birmingham and Manchester.

title: CityFlyer Express

text: Under this arrangement the CityFlyer aircraft would be painted in full BA livery with interiors and cabin layout conforming to BA's contemporary, standard two-class European product. Staff would wear BA uniforms and all flights would operate under BA flight numbers. British Airways itself would take over CityFlyer's marketing and handle all reservations on its behalf. To all intents and purposes, CityFlyer Express would present itself and trade as British Airways.


query: Who developed MRI technology?

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Raymond Vahan Damadian (born March 16, 1936) is an American physician, medical practitioner, and inventor of the first MR (Magnetic Resonance) Scanning Machine.[1]

title: Gene Dolgoff

text: Gene (Eugene) Dolgoff (born 1950) is the founder, CEO, and CTO of HOLOBEAM TECHNOLOGIES INC., which is developing new technologies for treating diseases and medical imaging. The main technologies being developed, which are patent pending, are Holographic Energy Teleportation (HET), Advanced Nanoparticles, and a new type of MRI diagnostic imaging system.

title: University of New Brunswick

text: UNB has developed technology used by Google, is a research partner with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is a global leader in powered prosthetic research and developing MRI technology, and is home to one of the motion analysis labs in North America as well as the world’s first research centre in dermoskeletics.

title: Raymond Damadian

text: In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for their discoveries related to MRI. Although Nobel rules allow for the award to be shared by up to three recipients, Damadian was not given the prize. The controversy over who played what part in the development of the MRI had gone on for years prior to the Nobel announcement, and many in the scientific community felt that the Nobel had not been awarded for the MRI for so long due to debate over Damadian's role in its development.[14]

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Damadian has received several prizes. In 2001, the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program bestowed its $100,000 Lifetime Achievement Award on Damadian as "the man who invented the MRI scanner."[3] He went on to collaborate with Wilson Greatbach, one early developer of the implantable pacemaker, to develop an MRI-compatible pacemaker. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia gave its recognition of Damadian's work on MRI with the Bower Award in Business Leadership.[4] He was also named Knights of Vartan 2003 "Man of the Year".[5] He received a National Medal of Technology in 1988 and was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1989.[6]

title: Molecular imaging

text: To achieve molecular imaging of disease biomarkers using MRI, targeted MRI contrast agents with high specificity and high relaxivity (sensitivity) are required. To date, many studies have been devoted to developing targeted-MRI contrast agents to achieve molecular imaging by MRI. Commonly, peptides, antibodies, or small ligands, and small protein domains, such as HER-2 affibodies, have been applied to achieve targeting. To enhance the sensitivity of the contrast agents, these targeting moieties are usually linked to high payload MRI contrast agents or MRI contrast agents with high relaxivities. In particular, the recent development of micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) allowed to reach unprecedented levels of sensitivity to detect proteins expressed by arteries and veins.

title: GEC Medical

text: GEC also funded some of the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) using resistive magnet technology. At the same time, EMI Medical who had introduced the CT Scanner some time before using the principle of Godfrey Hounsfield, for which he won the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, were developing MRI using cryogenic magnets - which gave a higher field strength. At the time the maximum field strength with a resistive magnet was about 0.1T. With a cryogenic magnet, 1.0 T was easily achieved. EMI Medical went bankrupt at around this time so their interests in MRI were bought by GEC. This was a major impetus for GEC's acquisition of Picker Corporation in 1981.

title: Mark S. Cohen

text: In 1985 Cohen joined the MRI Applications Group at Siemens Healthcare where he began a career in MRI focused originally on education, and on technological improvements to reduce scan times. From 1988 to 1990 he directed the applications program at Advanced NMR Systems in Woburn Massachusetts, a small startup dedicated to the creation of a practical echo planar imaging instrument. He joined the faculty at Harvard/Massachusetts General Hospital in 1990 where he directed the "Hyperscan" fast imaging laboratory, and the MRI education program until 1993. Since 1993 he has been at UCLA, where he developed with John Mazziotta the first dedicated functional MRI imaging center.

title: Cystic kidney disease

text: Methods of diagnosis include ultrasounds, CT scan, and MRI scan. The least inexpensive, non-invasive, and most reliable method of diagnosis is an ultrasound. Ultrasounds are the best method for diagnosis but might not detect the smaller cysts in the kidneys. CT scans and MRI scans are able to capture the smaller cysts that cannot be see in an ultrasound, but normal CT scans and MRI scans would only be used as a diagnostic tool for someone at high risk. MRI are used to monitor the development of the cysts and growth of kidneys. Genetic test can be applicable to those who have family history of PKD. Genetic testing is very expensive and sometimes it fails to detect PKD in 15% of people who have it.

title: Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms

text: At five year follow-ups the overall risk of developing MS is 30%, with or without MRI lesions. Patients with a normal MRI still develop MS (16%), but at a lower rate compared to those patients with three or more MRI lesions (51%). From the other perspective, however, 44% of patients with any demyelinating lesions on MRI at presentation will not have developed MS ten years later.

title: Weber Research Institute

text: The Microwave Research Institute (MRI) was founded in 1945 by Ernst Weber at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (which later became the Polytechnic Institute of New York University). Research conducted at the institute included work in the areas of "electromagnetic theory, antennas and radiation, network theory and microwave networks, microwave components and devices." MRI was internationally regarded as one of the foremost centers of research on microwave field theory in the world. In 1985 it was renamed the Weber Research Institute in honor of its founder.Among its most prominent members were Nathan Marcuvitz, Leo B. Felsen, Dante C. Youla and Arthur A. Oliner, all fellows of IEEE and members of the National Academy of Engineering. The institute has attracted researchers from all over the world, including Alexander Graham Bell Medal winner Tsuneo Nakahara, who in 1961 was a visiting research associate of the institute, and who went on to be vice chairman of the Sumitomo Electric Company, and Dr. Oguchi, who became chief engineer of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Another faculty member closely associated with MRI was KunMo Chung, Director of the Plasma Physics Laboratory from 1967 to 1975, who served as Minister of Science and Technology of South Korea two times and who was associated with numerous international science and technology agencies.

title: Paul Bottomley (scientist)

text: In 1980, Paul joined the GE Research Center in Schenectady NY. They ordered the biggest magnet available – a 1.5 Tesla system – and built the first high-field whole-body MRI/MRS scanner, overcoming problems of coil design, RF penetration and signal-to-noise. The results translated into the highly successful 1.5 Tesla clinical MRI products of which there are well over 20,000 systems today, representing 60-70% of all systems. Paul did the first localized MRS in human heart and brain. After starting a collaboration on heart applications with Robert Weiss at Johns Hopkins, Paul returned to Johns Hopkins University in 1994, as Professor and Director of the MR Research Division. He works on the application of MRS to measure cardiac energy metabolism in the healthy and failing heart, and the development of interventional MRI technology. He has about 200 peer-reviewed papers with most-cited reviews of tissue relaxation in Medical Physics, and ~50 patents, including high-field MRI (>0.7 Tesla), spin-echo MRI, ‘crusher’ gradients, 'fat-saturation', '3D-slab' MRI, and 'point resolved spectroscopy' (PRESS), 2D spatially-selective pulses, MRI-safe implantable leads (licensed and sold as Avista™ by Boston Scientific Inc), and 'MRI endoscopy'. He is an ISMRM Fellow, 1989 Gold Medal recipient, a GE gold patent and Coolidge Fellowship awardee, and 2015 Gold Medal recipient of the American Roentgen-Ray Society.

title: Preclinical imaging

text: Strengths: Researchers can use standalone PET or MRI operation, or use multi-modality imaging. PET and MRI techniques can be carried out either independently (using either the PET or MRI systems as standalone devices), or in sequence (with a clip-on PET) in front of the bore of the MRI system, or simultaneously (with the PET inserted inside the MRI magnet). This provides a much more accurate picture far more quickly. By operating the PET and MRI systems simultaneously workflow within a laboratory can be increased. The MR-PET system from MR Solutions incorporates the latest technology in Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM), which significantly reduces the size of the system and avoids the problems of using photomultipliers or other legacy detector types within the magnetic field of the MRI. The performance characteristics of SiPM are similar to a conventional PMT, but with the practical advantages of solid-state technology.

title: Jens Frahm

text: Current methodologic projects focus on the use of iterative image reconstruction techniques for non-cartesian MRI (e.g., undersampled radial MRI) and parallel MRI that define the reconstruction process as a nonlinear inverse problem. Other developments address the possibility of real-time MRI in order to overcome the motion sensitivity of conventional MRI acquisitions and to monitor organ movements in real time. Most recent achievements in real-time MRI are based on FLASH techniques with highly undersampled radial data encodings. When combined with image reconstruction by nonlinear inversion with temporal regularization, they allow for movies of the human heart with image acquisition times as short as 10 to 30 milliseconds, which correspond to MRI movies with up to 100 frames per second. Such real-time movies may continuously be recorded during free breathing, without ECG synchronization, and without motion artifacts. Apart from cardiac applications and quantitative measurements of blood flow in real time, novel possibilities range from studies of joint movements, bowel motility and swallowing mechanics (e.g., dysphagia and reflux disorders) to speech generation and brass playing. Interactive real-time MRI will also revitalize "interventional" MRI which refers to MRI monitoring of minimally invasive procedures. A selection of example MRI videos can be found here: Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH. The development of a high-quality and robust real-time MRI technique must be considered another breakthrough in MRI that promises to shape its future. Real-time MRI will again broaden the diagnostic potential of MRI by adding completely new, hitherto impossible scientific and clinical applications as well as by simplifying and shortening existing procedures.

title: Silent stroke

text: Transfusion therapy lowers the risk for a new silent stroke in children who have both abnormal cerebral artery blood flow velocity, as detected by transcranial Doppler, and previous silent infarct, even when the initial MRI showed no abnormality. A finding of elevated TCD ultrasonographic velocity warrants MRI of the brain, as those with both abnormalities who are not provided transfusion therapy are at higher risk for developing a new silent infarct or stroke than are those whose initial MRI showed no abnormality.

title: Chandler Park

text: Park's medical research also included the groundbreaking MRI study that used viscoelastic pads to improve patient care during MRI studies. His research group developed the patented viscoelastic pads used by many of the current MRI tables. The patented viscoelastic pads decrease ischemia, pain, and discomfort for patients undergoing MRI studies. His MRI research led to improved quality of the MRI imaging studies to improve patient care, He has also studied the effect of nicotine on bone arteriole blood flow.

title: MRI Robot

text: To be MRI compatible, a robot needs to safely operate and perform its functions within the magnetic field of the MRI without deteriorating the image quality. Thus, the development of MRI robots is a very challenging engineering task because MRI scanners use magnetic fields of very high density (3 teslas is now common), and most of the components commonly used in robotics may not be used in close proximity of the magnet.

title: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

text: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), also known as cardiac MRI, is a medical imaging technology for non-invasive assessment of the function and structure of the cardiovascular system. Conventional MRI sequences are adapted for cardiac imaging by using ECG gating and high temporal resolution protocols. The development of CMR is an active field of research and continues to see a rapid expansion of new and emerging techniques.

title: Pathology of multiple sclerosis

text: Diffusion tensor MRI or Magnetic Transfer MRI are two options to enhance MRI-hidden abnormalities discovery. This is currently an active field of research with no definitive results, but it seems that these two technologies are complementary.

title: History of neuroimaging

text:
The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called ‘human circulation balance’ invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity.
Then, in the early 1900s, a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray, and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients (Beaumont 8). A form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The new MRI and CT technologies were considerably less harmful and are explained in greater detail below. Next came SPECT and PET scans, which allowed scientists to map brain function because, unlike MRI and CT, these scans could create more than just static images of the brain's structure. Learning from MRI, PET and SPECT scanning, scientists were able to develop functional MRI (fMRI) with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.

title: Neurotechnology

text: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for scanning the brain for topological and landmark structure in the brain, but can also be used for imaging activation in the brain. While detail about how MRI works is reserved for the actual MRI article, the uses of MRI are far reaching in the study of neuroscience. It is a cornerstone technology in studying the mind, especially with the advent of functional MRI (fMRI). Functional MRI measures the oxygen levels in the brain upon activation (higher oxygen content = neural activation) and allows researchers to understand what loci are responsible for activation under a given stimulus. This technology is a large improvement to single cell or loci activation by means of exposing the brain and contact stimulation. Functional MRI allows researchers to draw associative relationships between different loci and regions of the brain and provides a large amount of knowledge in establishing new landmarks and loci in the brain.

title: Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada

text: During these years the Montreal Neurological Institute pioneered the development of medical imaging technologies introducing Canada's first CAT scan in 1973, PET scan in 1975 and MRI in 1982. The technique of medical ultrasonography also became widely available beginning in the late 1960s and was especially popular with expectant mothers interested in the health and sex of their fetus. The number of these machines in use has grown greatly over the years. In 2004 there were about 150 MRI units and about 350 CAT units in use in Canada.

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Damadian is the company's largest shareholder, with 8% of stock worth $6.5 million.[7] Despite owning only 8% of the stock, he maintains almost 100% control of the company through a separate class of shares (Class C) that only Damadian controls 2007.[28] Damadian later collaborated with Wilson Greatbatch, one early developer of the implantable pacemaker, to develop an MRI-compatible pacemaker. He invented a stand-up MRI system and has 15 MRI scanning centers across the United States. There are a number of independent MRI centers that use this technology both in the U.S. and around the world. The company conceived and built the world's first Upright Multi-Positional MRI, which was recognized as The Invention of the Year in 2007 by the Intellectual Properties Owners Association Education Foundation.[29]

title: Periventricular leukomalacia

text: As previously noted, there are often few signs of white matter injury in newborns. Occasionally, physicians can make the initial observations of extreme stiffness or poor ability to suckle. The preliminary diagnosis of PVL is often made using imaging technologies. In most hospitals, premature infants are examined with ultrasound soon after birth to check for brain damage. Severe white matter injury can be seen with a head ultrasound; however, the low sensitivity of this technology allows for some white matter damage to be missed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is much more effective at identifying PVL, but it is unusual for preterm infants to receive an MRI unless they have had a particularly difficult course of development (including repeated or severe infection, or known hypoxic events during or immediately after birth). No agencies or regulatory bodies have established protocols or guidelines for screening of at-risk populations, so each hospital or doctor generally makes decisions regarding which patients should be screened with a more sensitive MRI instead of the basic head ultrasound.

title: MRI Robot

text: The Automation and Interventional Medicine Robotics Lab at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has been developing enabling technologies for MRI-guided interventions. This work includes MR-compatible sensors, actuators, software, and controllers. The group has also developed various types of fully MRI-compatible robots for percutaneous prostate interventions and another one for guiding deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode placement under real-time MR image guidance for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

title: Roderic I. Pettigrew

text: In 1983, Pettigrew undertook a position as clinical research scientist at Picker International, Inc., where he began work in developing nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, later called MRI, specifically for the heart. Picker was the first company to manufacture an MRI scanner, and Pettigrew helped develop their technology for cardiovascular imaging. Of the first 10 Picker MRI scanners installed worldwide, Pettigrew co-developed, along with A.V. Lakshminarayanan, and installed the cardiac imaging software on all of these systems. These included the first units at the Mayo Clinic, Wake Forrest University, and the NIH Clinical Center and several systems in Europe.

title: Roderic I. Pettigrew

text: In 1984, Pettigrew received a fellowship from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) in their Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, created to help achieve more appropriate representation and inclusion of minority scientists and scholars in academia. As an RWJF fellow, he moved to Emory University School of Medicine in the Department of Radiology and continued his work in developing non-invasive cardiovascular imaging employing nuclear medicine and MRI. At Emory, he partnered with scientists at Philips Medical Systems to develop the first industrial cardiovascular MRI software package (Philips Cardiac Package, 1988). In 1989, when the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) held its Diamond Jubilee 75th Anniversary meeting, then hailed as the largest medical meeting in the world, Pettigrew delivered the invited keynote, the Eugene Pendergrass New Horizons Lecture. This talk, titled "Four Dimensional Cardiac MRI: Diagnostic Procedure of the Future", predicted the advanced medial technological approach being realized and built upon today.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Real-time MRI refers to the continuous imaging of moving objects (such as the heart) in real time. One of the many different strategies developed since the early 2000s is based on radial FLASH MRI, and iterative reconstruction. This gives a temporal resolution of 20–30 ms for images with an in-plane resolution of 1.5–2.0mm.[71] Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging has a better image contrast between the blood pool and myocardium than the FLASH MRI, yet it will produce severe banding artifact when the B0 inhomogeneity is strong. Real-time MRI is likely to add important information on diseases of the heart and the joints, and in many cases may make MRI examinations easier and more comfortable for patients, especially for the patients who cannot hold their breathings or who have arrhythmia.[72]

title: Anders Dale

text: According to a UCSD website, the work of Dale's laboratory at UCSD has yield several other technological developments, including “a method for tracking and correcting for head motion, in real time, during MRI scans; a fully automated method for identifying white matter tracts from MRI scans; and a method for quantifying longitudinal anatomical change from serial MRI scans.” In addition, the laboratory has produced “a free software program that aids in the study of anatomical changes associated with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This technology, developed for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), involves longitudinal MRI and PET scans as well as CSF biomarkers in a large number of patients.” Dale has also initiated a number of “collaborative efforts using neuroimaging methods to study the genetic and environmental influences on brain structure and development” and that an “FDA-approved version of his automated segmentation technology is now in routine use for quantitative assessment of regional atrophy in patients under clinical evaluation for AD/MCI at UCSD.”

title: Cheon Jinwoo

text: Through his fundamental studies, he integrated the fields of inorganic nanomaterials and medical science. This nexus led to the advent of a new field known as "nanomedicine". In 2005, for the first time, he demonstrated the principle of size-dependent MRI contrast effects using nanoparticles. This enabled the development of a new class of nano-MRI contrast agent, MEIO (magnetism-engineered iron oxide) which displayed 10 times stronger MRI signals compared to those of conventional contrast agents. This study opened possibilities to the advancement of the early stage diagnosis of cancer and stands as a research milestone in the field. In addition, Cheon developed multimodal probes to enhance the imaging accuracy by designing opto-magnetic probe, PET-MRI probes, dual-mode T1-T2 MRI probes. Successful discrimination of true signal of biological targets could be attained by these developments, opening a new avenue to have accurate diagnosis of disease.

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Recognizing their achievements, the President of the United States awarded the nation’s highest honor in technology, the national Medal of Technology, jointly to Dr Damadian and Dr Lauterbur for the development of MRI. In presenting the award on July 15, 1988, President Ronald Reagan cited both scientists ‘for their independent contributions in conceiving and developing the application of magnetic resonance technology to medical uses including whole-body scanning and diagnostic imaging.[23]


query: What scientific name does the Asian Black bear have?

title: Asian black bear

text: The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus, previously known as Selenarctos thibetanus), also known as the moon bear and the white-chested bear, is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia and largely adapted to arboreal life.[2][3] It lives in the Himalayas, in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, Korea, northeastern China, the Russian Far East, the Honshū and Shikoku islands of Japan, and Taiwan. It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), mostly because of deforestation and hunting for its body parts.[1]

title: Asian black bear

text: Li Guoxing, the second person in history to have received a facial transplant, was a victim of a black bear attack.[56][57] Nine people were killed by black bears in Japan between 1979–1989.[50] In September 2009, a black bear attacked a group of tourists, mauling nine people[58] and seriously injuring four at a bus station in the built-up area of Takayama, Gifu.[59] The majority of attacks tend to occur when black bears are encountered suddenly, and in close quarters. Because of this, black bears are generally considered more dangerous than brown bears, which live in more open spaces and are thus less likely to be surprised by approaching humans.[60] They are also likely to attack when protecting food.[27]

title: Afro-Asians

text: Afro-Asians or African-Asians (also known as Black Asians or Blasians), are persons of mixed African and Asian ancestry. Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict. The term Black Asian may also be used to describe Negritos (blacks indigenous to Asia); therefore Afro-Asian is a more scientifically proper term to describe Black Asians with direct African background or ancestry.

title: Ursid hybrid

text: A recent study found genetic evidence of multiple instances and species combinations where genetic material has passed the species boundary in bears (a process called introgression by geneticists). Specifically, species with evidence of past intermingling were (1) brown bear and American black bear, (2) brown bear and polar bear, (3) American black bear and Asian black bear, (4) bears currently distributed in Asia (sloth bear, sun bear and Asian black bear). Overall, this study shows that evolution in the bear family (Ursidae) has not been strictly bifurcating, but instead showed complex evolutionary relationships.

title: Asian black bear

text: Biologically and morphologically, Asiatic black bears represent the beginning of the arboreal specializations attained by sloth bears and sun bears.[3] Asiatic black bears have karyotypes nearly identical to those of the five other ursine bears, and, as is typical in the genus, they have 74 chromosomes.[15] From an evolutionary perspective, Asiatic black bears are the least changed of Old World bears, with certain scientists arguing that it is likely that all other lineages of ursine bear stem from this species.[2] Scientists have proposed that Asiatic black bears are either a surviving, albeit modified, form of Ursus etruscus, specifically the early, small variety of the Middle Villafranchian (Upper Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene)[16] or a larger form of Ursus minimus, an extinct species that arose 4,000,000 years ago. With the exception of the age of the bones, it is often difficult to distinguish the remains of Ursus minimus with those of modern Asiatic black bears.[2]

title: Asian black bear

text: Asiatic black bears have been hunted for their parts in China since the Stone Age.[45] Bile is most appreciated as it supposedly cures many diseases, effectively treats the accumulation of blood below the skin, and counters toxic effects. Also, bear bone glue is used as a tonic, and bear fat is also used as a traditional medicine and a tonic. Black bear meat is also edible. Due to their many uses black bears are worth about 20–30 million dong (US$1,500–2,250) each in Vietnam.[15]

title: American black bear

text: The fur is soft, with dense underfur and long, coarse, thick guard hairs. The fur is not as shaggy or coarse as that of brown bears. American black bear skins can be distinguished from those of Asian black bears by the lack of a white blaze on the chest and hairier footpads. Despite their name, American black bears show a great deal of color variation. Individual coat colors can range from white, blonde, cinnamon, light brown or dark chocolate brown to jet black, with many intermediate variations existing. Silvery-gray American black bears with a blue luster (this is found mostly on the flanks) occur along a portion of coastal Alaska and British Columbia. White to cream-colored American black bears occur in the coastal islands and the adjacent mainland of southwestern British Columbia. Albino specimens have also been recorded. Black coats tend to predominate in moist areas such as Maine, New York, Tennessee, Michigan and western Washington. Approximately 70% of all American black bears are black, though only 50% of American black bears in the Rocky Mountains are black. Many American black bears in northwestern North America are cinnamon, blonde or light brown in color and thus may sometimes be mistaken for grizzly bears. Grizzly (and other types of brown) bears can be distinguished by their shoulder hump, larger size and broader, more concave skull.

title: Brown bear

text: Brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. Due to their smaller size, American black bears are at a competitive disadvantage to brown bears in open, unforested areas. Although displacement of American black bears by brown bears has been documented, actual interspecific killing of American black bears by brown bears has only occasionally been reported. Confrontation is mostly avoided due to the American black bear's diurnal habits and preference for heavily forested areas, as opposed to the brown bear's largely nocturnal habits and preference for open spaces. Where they do not live in close proximity to grizzly bears, and especially where found near human habitations, American black bears may become, to a larger extent, nocturnal. Brown bears may also kill Asian black bears, though the latter species probably largely avoids conflicts with the brown bear due to similar habits and habitat preferences to the American black species. Brown bears will eat the fruit dropped from trees by the Asian black bear, as they themselves are too large and cumbersome to climb. Improbably, in the Himalayas, brown bears are reportedly intimidated by Asian black bears in confrontations. However, the Himalayan black bears are reportedly more aggressive towards humans than the Himalayan brown bear, and the latter is one of the smaller types of brown bear, though still somewhat larger than the Asian black bear. In Siberia, the opposite is true, and Asian black bears are not known to attack people, but brown bears are. Both species of black bear seem to be most vulnerable to predatory attacks by brown bears when the latter species leaves hibernation sooner in early spring and ambushes the smaller ursids in their dens.

title: Asian black bear

text: Within Sikhote-Alin, the breeding season of black bears occurs earlier than in brown bears, starting from mid June to mid August. Birth also occurs earlier, in mid January. By October, the uterine horns of pregnant females grow to 15–22 millimetres (0.59–0.87in). By late December, the embryos weigh 75grams.[3] Sows generally have their first litter at the age of three years.[15] Pregnant females generally make up 14% of populations. Similar to brown bears, Asiatic black bears have delayed implantation.[15] Sows usually give birth in caves or hollow trees in winter or early spring after a gestation period of 200–240 days. Cubs weigh 13 ounces at birth, and will begin walking at four days of age, and open their eyes three days later.[27] The skulls of newborn black bear cubs bear great resemblance to those of adult sun bears.[3] Litters can consist of 1–4 cubs, with 2 being the average.[27] Cubs have a slow growth rate, reaching only 2.5kg by May.[3] Black bear cubs will nurse for 104–130 weeks, and become independent at 24–36 months. There is usually a 2–3 year interval period before females produce subsequent litters.[27] The average lifespan in the wild is 25 years, while the oldest Asian black bear in captivity died at the age of 44.[4]

title: Asian black bear

text: The Himalayan black bear is a savage animal, sometimes attacking without provocation, and inflicting horrible wounds, attacking generally the head and face with their claws, while using their teeth also on a prostrate victim. It is not uncommon to see men who have been terribly mutilated, some having the scalp torn from the head, and many sportsmen have been killed by these bears.

title: Asian black bear

text: Although black bears have been afforded protection in Russia since 1983, illegal poaching, fuelled by a growing demand for bear parts in the Asian market, is still a major threat to the Russian population. Many workers of Chinese and Korean origin, supposedly employed in the timber industry, are actually involved in the illegal trade. Some Russian sailors reportedly purchase bear parts from local hunters to sell them to Japanese and Southeast Asian clients. Russia's rapidly growing timber industry has been a serious threat to the Asiatic black bear's home range for three decades. The cutting of trees containing cavities deprives black bears of their main source of dens, and forces them to den on the ground or in rocks, thus making them more vulnerable to tigers, brown bears and hunters.[15]

title: Asian black bear

text: Asiatic black bears are similar in general appearance to brown bears, but are more lightly built and are more slender limbed. The lips and nose are larger and more mobile than those of brown bears. The skulls of Asiatic black bears are relatively small, but massive, particularly in the lower jaw. Adult males have skulls measuring 311.7 to 328mm (12.27 to 12.91in) in length and 199.5–228mm (7.85–8.98in) in width, while female skulls are 291.6–315mm (11.48–12.40in) long and 163–173mm (6.4–6.8in) wide. Compared to other bears of the genus Ursus, the projections of the skull are weakly developed; the sagittal crest is low and short, even in old specimens, and does not exceed more than 19–20% of the total length of the skull, unlike in brown bears, which have sagittal crests comprising up to 41% of the skull's length.[3]

title: Asian black bear

text: Asiatic black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species, and have on occasion produced hybrid offspring. According to Jack Hanna's Monkeys on the Interstate, a bear captured in Sanford, Florida was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asiatic black bear and a male American black bear, and Scherren's Some notes on hybrid bears published in 1907 mentioned a successful mating between an Asiatic black bear and a sloth bear.[23] In 1975, within Venezuela's "Las Delicias" Zoo, a female black bear shared its enclosure with a male spectacled bear, and produced several hybrid descendants.[24] In 2005, a possible black bear–sun bear hybrid cub was captured in the Mekong River watershed of eastern Cambodia.[25] An Asiatic black bear/brown bear hybrid, taken from a bile farm, is housed at the Animals Asia Foundation's China Moon Bear Rescue as of 2010.[26]

title: Asian black bear

text: Black bears occur as an infrequent species in the Red Data Book of Russia, thus falling under special protection and hunting is prohibited. There is currently a strong movement to legalize the hunting of Russian black bears, which is supported by most of the local scientific community.[15]

title: Asian black bear

text: Along with sun bears, Asiatic black bears are the most typically used species in areas where bears are either used in performances or as pets.[67] Asian black bears have an outstanding learning ability in captivity, and are among the most common species used in circus acts.[68] According to Gary Brown:

title: Siberian tiger

text: Amur tigers regularly prey on young bears and sub-adult brown bears. Reports of preying on fully grown small female adult Ussuri brown bears by a big male tiger are common as well. Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002. Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller Asian black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears. Certain tigers have been reported to imitate the calls of Asian black bears to attract them.

title: Asian black bear

text: Tigers will occasionally prey on black bears. Russian hunters may occasionally find black bear carcasses showing evidence of tiger predation, and their remains may occur in tiger scats. If they manage to escape a tiger, black bears will attempt to rush up a tree and wait for the tiger to leave, though some tigers will pretend to leave, and wait for the bear to descend.[40] One Manchurian tiger was reported to have lured an Asiatic black bear by imitating the species' mating call.[27] Tigers regularly prey on young bears but adult bears are occasionally taken as well.[40] Black bears are usually safe from tiger attacks once they reach five years of age.[41] Although black bears prefer to avoid tigers, they can be extremely tenacious when attacked: Jim Corbett observed a fight between a tiger and the largest black bear he had ever seen, which resulted in the bear managing to chase off the tiger, despite having half its nose and scalp torn off.[42] However, black bears may be less vulnerable than brown bears to tiger predation, due to their habit of living in hollows or in close set rocks, thus making them harder to pursue.[35] At least one fatal attack on a juvenile bear has been recorded in Jigme Dorji National Park, as Bhutan's tiger populations have begun to colonise higher altitude areas.[41] Black bears may steal tiger kills: Jim Corbett twice saw black bears carry off tiger kills when the latter was absent.[41][42]

title: Asian black bear

text: Asiatic black bears are diurnal, though they become nocturnal near human habitations. They may live in family groups consisting of two adults and two successive litters of young. They will walk in a procession of largest to smallest. They are good climbers of rocks and trees, and will climb to feed, rest, sun, elude enemies and hibernate. Some older bears may become too heavy to climb.[27] Half of their life is spent in trees and they are one of the largest arboreal mammals.[15] In the Ussuri territory in the Russian Far East, black bears can spend up to 15% of their time in trees.[3] Asiatic black bears break branches and twigs to place under themselves when feeding on trees, thus causing many trees in their home ranges to have nest-like structures on their tops.[15] Asiatic black bears will rest for short periods in nests on trees standing fifteen feet or higher.[27] Asiatic black bears do not hibernate over most of their range. They may hibernate in their colder, northern ranges, though some bears will simply move to lower elevations. Nearly all pregnant sows hibernate. Black bears prepare their dens for hibernation in mid-October, and will sleep from November until March. Their dens can either be dug out hollow trees (sixty feet above ground), caves or holes in the ground, hollow logs, or steep, mountainous and sunny slopes.[27] They may also den in abandoned brown bear dens. Asiatic black bears tend to den at lower elevations and on less steep slopes than brown bears. Female black bears emerge from dens later than do males, and female black bears with cubs emerge later than barren females.[28] Asiatic black bears tend to be less mobile than brown bears. With sufficient food, Asian black bears can remain in an area of roughly 1–2sqkm, and sometimes even as little as 0.5–1sqkm.[27]

title: Lesser black-backed gull

text: The lesser black-backed gull was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work, "Systema Naturae", and it still bears its original name of "Larus fuscus". The scientific name is from Latin. "Larus" appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and "fuscus" meant black or brown.

title: American black bear

text: American black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species and have occasionally produced hybrid offspring. According to Jack Hanna's "Monkeys on the Interstate", a bear captured in Sanford, Florida, was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asian black bear and a male American black bear. In 1859, an American black bear and a Eurasian brown bear were bred together in the London Zoological Gardens, but the three cubs that were born died before they reached maturity. In "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication", Charles Darwin noted:

title: Asian black bear

text: In India, attacks on humans have been increasing yearly, and have occurred largely in the northwestern and western Himalayan region. In the Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh, the number of black bear attacks on humans have gradually increased from 10 in 1988–89 to 21 in 1991–92. There are no records of predation on humans by Asian black bears in Russia and no conflicts have been documented in Taiwan.[15] Recent bear attacks on humans have been reported from Junbesi in Langtang National Park, Nepal, and occurred in villages as well as in the surrounding forest.[55]

title: Asian black bear

text: Asiatic black bears are close relatives to American black bears, with which they share a European common ancestor;[17] the two species are thought to have diverged 3,000,000 years ago, though genetic evidence is inconclusive. Both American and Asiatic species are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than other species of bear.[18] The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asiatic species.[16] The first mtDNA study undertaken on Asiatic black bears suggested that the species arose after the American black bears, while a second study could not statistically resolve the branching order of sloth bears and the two black species, suggesting that these three species underwent a rapid radiation event. A third study suggested that American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged as sister taxa after the sloth bear lineage and before the sun bear lineage.[15] Further investigations on the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence indicate that the divergence of continental and Japanese black bear populations might have occurred when bears crossed the land bridge between the Korean peninsula and Japan 500,000 years ago, which is consistent with paleontological evidence.[19]

title: Asian black bear

text: A black bear with broken hind legs can still climb effectively. In contrast to polar bears, Asiatic black bears have powerful upper bodies for climbing trees, and relatively weak hind legs which are shorter than those in brown bears and American black bears.[3][4] They are the most bipedal of all bears, and have been known to walk upright for over a quarter mile.[8] The heel pads on the forefeet are larger than those of most other bear species. Their claws, which are primarily used for climbing and digging, are slightly longer on the fore foot (30–45mm) than the back (18–36mm),[9] and are larger and more hooked than those of the American black bear.

title: Sloth bear

text: Sloth bears are one of the most aggressive extant bears and, due to large human populations often closely surrounding reserves that hold bears, aggressive encounters and attacks are unfortunately relatively frequent. Going on raw numbers, this is the species of bear that most regularly attacks humans. A single Indian district seems to report a roughly equal number of fatalities for humans each year from sloth bears as do the entire nearly circumpolar range of brown bears. Only the Himalayan black bear subspecies of Asian black bear is nearly as dangerous. Sloth bears likely view humans as potential predators, as their reactions to them (roaring, followed by retreat or charging) are similar to those evoked in the presence of tigers and leopards. Their long claws, ideally adapted for digging at termite mounds, make adults less capable of climbing trees to escape danger, as are other bears such as Asian black bears. Therefore, sloth bears have seemingly evolved to deal with threats by behaving aggressively. For the same reason, brown bears can be similarly inclined, accounting for the relatively high incidence of seemingly nonpredatory aggression towards humans in these two bear species.

title: Asian black bear

text: The fossil record indicates that black bears once ranged as far west as Germany and France, though the species now occurs very patchily throughout its former range, which is now limited to the Asian continent. Black bears occupy a narrow band from southeastern Iran eastward through Afghanistan and Pakistan, across the foothills of the Himalayas in India, to Myanmar. With the exception of Malaysia, black bears occur in all countries in mainland Southeast Asia. They are absent from much of east-central China, though they have a patchy distribution in the southern and northeastern part of the country. Other population clusters exist in the southern Russian Far East and into North Korea. South Korea has a small remnant population. Black bears also occur in Japan's islands of Honshu and Shikoku and on Taiwan and Hainan.[37]

title: Baluchistan black bear

text: The Baluchistan black bear ("Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus"), also called the Pakistan black bear is a subspecies of the Asian black bear occurring in the Baluchistan Mountains of southern Pakistan and Iran. It has an unusually thin coat for an Asian black bear, but this is because it is found in a warmer climate than most of the other subspecies, which are found in the much colder Himalayan Mountains. It is also more frugivorous than the other subspecies, and it loves to eat figs and bananas.

title: Wolf

text: Brown bears typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. Both species kill each other's young. Wolves eat the brown bears they kill, while brown bears seem to only eat young wolves. Wolf interactions with American black bears are much rarer than with brown bears, because of differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species' northern range, with no interactions being recorded in Mexico. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions to actively seek out black bears in their dens and kill them without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills. While encounters with brown and black bears appear to be common, polar bears are rarely encountered by wolves, though there are two records of wolf packs killing polar bear cubs. Wolves also kill the cubs of Asian black bears.

title: American black bear

text: The ancestors of American black bears and Asian black bears diverged from sun bears 4.58 mya. The American black bear then split from the Asian black bear 4.08 mya. The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asian species, though later specimens grew to sizes comparable to grizzly bears. From the Holocene to the present, American black bears seem to have shrunk in size, but this has been disputed because of problems with dating these fossil specimens.

title: Asian black bear

text: Although mostly herbivorous, the jaw structure of Asiatic black bears is not as specialized for plant eating as that of pandas: Asian black bears have much narrower zygomatic arches, and the weight ratio of the two pterygoid muscles is also much smaller in Asian black bears. The lateral slips of the temporal muscles are thicker and stronger in black bears.[7]

title: Asian black bear

text: In response to a chapter on black bears written by Robert Armitage Sterndale in his Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon on how black bears were no more dangerous than other animals in India, a reader responded with a letter to The Asian on May 11, 1880:[52]

title: Bear Creek Pioneers Park

text: Bear Creek Pioneers Park gets its name from one of the creeks (i.e., Bear Creek) that flow through the area. Actually, Langham Creek virtually bisects the entire park. When East Texas was first settled, the Louisiana black bear ("Ursus americanus luteolus") was common and widespread. Today though, despite the name of the creek and park, there are none in the area. Bears disappeared from the Houston vicinity by the late 1800s. No bears are kept at the park's wildlife habitat. So, what might have been named Langham Creek Pioneers Park was named Bear Creek Pioneers Park. Sounds lots more exciting than does Langham Creek Park.


query: When was the Pentagon built?

title: The Pentagon

text: The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain. Ground was broken on September 11, 1941, and the building was dedicated on January 15, 1943. General Brehon Somervell provided the major motivating power behind the project;[5] Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army.

title: Pentagon Shopping Centre

text: The Pentagon Shopping Centre (known locally as 'The Pentagon') is a shopping centre in Chatham in Kent. The shopping centre is located next to the Waterfront bus station which replaces the Pentagon bus station, which 80% of services use. The shopping centre contains over 70 shops and 7 leisure facilities, many high street names in fashion, homeware and food stores. There are also cafes, restaurants and a bowling alley. As is common with some other 1970's era town centre shopping centres, The Pentagon does not feature a food court or any dedicated dining area. Instead, there are various food outlets scattered throughout the centre. Built as part of the redevelopment of Chatham town centre in the 1970s, the Pentagon also features the high rise Mountbatten House office block, which has controversially stood empty or part-used for most of its history. The Pentagon, Mountbatten House and the Brook multi-storey carpark are built in a distinctive orange-red brick with grey concrete.

title: Political positions of Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman, "a hawk on foreign policy, has long been considered a friend of defense contractors, both in Connecticut and across the country." He has been "a powerful proponent for robust Pentagon spending and weapons programs." Michael E. O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institution said of Lieberman: "He is a giant of the Senate, to me just as important on national security as Kennedy was on health or Bradley on finance or Domenici on the deficit." "Lieberman cemented his favorable reputation with defense firms when he advocated for more models of combat systems like the Lockheed Martin-made F-22 fighter and the Boeing-built C-17 air lifter even when Air Force and Pentagon officials argued against them."

title: September 11 attacks

text: In Arlington County, The Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008. It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon. When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.

title: James V. Forrestal Building

text: In 1958 and 1959, most of the obstacles to the construction of Federal Office Building 5 were removed. Congress enacted legislation in 1958 authorizing the construction of the museum on the north side of Independence Avenue between 4th and 7th Streets SW. In 1959, when Congress passed legislation authorizing the construction of GSA's "Little Pentagon" project, removing the distance limitation. Funds for the construction were appropriated in 1960. The exact location of the structure was still unclear, but GSA wanted it built on Independence Avenue. The construction of such a large complex was not considered to be a problem. Congress and GSA believed that a large building helped to create a "dramatic northern boundary" for the redevelopment area. There was still some doubt as to which tenants would occupy the "Little Pentagon". There was some indication that Federal Office Building 10 would house the "Little Pentagon". But in January 1961, GSA allocated Federal Office Building 10 to the Federal Aviation Administration and said it would build the "Little Pentagon" elsewhere in Southwest.

title: Pentagon Renovation Program

text:
To keep the Pentagon operational at all times during renovation, one fifth of the building's 25,000 occupants must be relocated to swing space, temporary office space in and around the Pentagon. The vacated "wedge" of the Pentagon is then sealed off for demolition and abatement.
Over of external swing space was built-out in nearby Rosslyn and Crystal City. Over 45 floors of office space had to be connected to the Pentagon's voice and data communications systems.
Wedge 1 was the first above-ground section of the Pentagon to undergo renovation. Demolition of the existing structure and hazardous material abatement began in 1998, and the first move-in of tenants occurred in February 2001. The last tenants moved in on February 6, 2003.

title: Fort Madalena

text: Fort Madalena, which is located at the eastern extremity of the line, was second of the forts to be built. It was built on the site of a fifteenth century chapel dedicated to Mary Magdalene, which gave the fort its name. Construction of the pentagonal fort began in 1878 and was completed in 1880, at a total cost of £9400. The fort itself is quite small, with the short sides of the pentagon being about 30 metres long. The entire fort is surrounded by a 6-metre deep and 4-metre wide ditch. It was armed with a single RML 11-inch gun, four 64-pounders, two 40-pounders and two field guns. Later on, an artillery battery was built around the pentagonal fort, facing the sea for coastal defence. The battery was armed with two BL 9.2-inch guns.

title: Pentagon Renovation Program

text: When the Washington Metro's Pentagon station originally opened, access to the Pentagon from the station was gained through a direct underground entrance. An outdoor bus station also existed at the station's street entrance.

title: Solo (Mason novel)

text: When the self-aware Pentagon-built robot, Solo, goes AWOL, the Pentagon uses its reserve robot, Nimrod, as bait luring Solo into a trap meant to destroy him, and setting the stage for a cyborg confrontation.

title: The Pentagon

text: Contracts totaling $31,100,000 were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on September 11, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day.[29] Among the design requirements, Somervell required the structural design to accommodate floor loads of up to 150 pounds per square foot, which was done in case the building became a records storage facility at some time after the end of the current war.[25] A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply during World War II. Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River, and a lagoon was created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance.[30] To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators.[31][32] Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade.[33]

title: Geometrical frustration

text: But now, the interaction energy is supposed to be at a minimum when atoms sit on the vertices of a regular pentagon. Trying to propagate in the long range a packing of these pentagons sharing edges (atomic bonds) and vertices (atoms) is impossible. This is due to the impossibility of tiling a plane with regular pentagons, simply because the pentagon vertex angle does not divide 2. Three such pentagons can easily fit at a common vertex, but a gap remains between two edges. It is this kind of discrepancy which is called "geometric frustration". There is one way to overcome this difficulty. Let the surface to be tiled be free of any presupposed topology, and let us build the tiling with a strict application of the local interaction rule. In this simple example, we observe that the surface inherits the topology of a sphere and so receives a curvature. The final structure, here a pentagonal dodecahedron, allows for a perfect propagation of the pentagonal order. It is called an "ideal" (defect-free) model for the considered structure.

title: Equilateral pentagon

text: Both borders enclose a continuous region of the plane whose points map to unique equilateral pentagons. Points outside the region just map to repeated pentagons—that is, pentagons that when rotated or reflected can match others already described. Pentagons that map exactly onto those borders have a line of symmetry.

title: Park51

text: Nadler remarked that "a mosque in the Pentagon ... hasn't drawn any criticism", despite the Pentagon also being a target of the 9/11 attacks. What is referred to as the "Pentagon mosque" is, more precisely, a non-denominational chapel which was built and dedicated in 2002 in honor of Pentagon employees and passengers of American Airlines Flight 77 who died in the September 11 attack. Daily Muslim prayer sessions are held there weekday afternoons, and weekly Muslim services are led by an imam from a local mosque every Friday, which means the room can be considered a "mussallaah", a sacred space where Muslims "consistently perform their mid-day prayer when they do not have access to a mosque". This Muslim use of the Pentagon facility has drawn no complaints.

title: Virginia State Route 110

text: SR 110 is a part of the Pentagon road network, a network of freeways and surface roads built concurrent with the construction of the Pentagon in the early 1940s. The state highway received its numerical designation in 1964 when maintenance responsibility was transferred to the Virginia Department of Transportation. SR 110's most significant changes in routing were relocation of the highway in Rosslyn to tie into I-66 in the 1980s and relocation of the freeway at the Pentagon to provide a larger security buffer for the building after the September 11 attacks. The highway is sometimes closed for large events held at or around the Pentagon, including the Marine Corps Marathon.

title: National Military Command Center

text: The NMCC was begun in early 1962 (opened early October) when the JCS area with the Joint War Room was expanded from ~ to ~ by 1965 (the Pentagon's "Navy Flag Plot" coordinated the Cuban Missile Crisis blockade.) The NMCC was initially considered an "interim" location until the Deep Underground Command Center (DUCC) could be completed below the Pentagon (never built). In December 1963 "SAC accepted the first 465L elements and began to send a limited flow of [data] traffic through them." The NMCC had "direct communications with MACV headquarters in Saigon" during the Vietnam War.

title: Pentagon Barracks

text: United States Army Captain James Gadsden designed the Baton Rouge Barracks and took charge of their construction from 1819 to 1825. The soldiers completed four two-story brick buildings, forming four sides of a regular pentagon, by 1825, hence the nickname "Pentagon Barracks." They also built a commissary-warehouse building, forming the fifth side of the pentagon, in 1821, but tore down this defective building within a few months due to faulty construction. The Pentagon Barracks could house one thousand troops.

title: Pentagon road network

text: The Pentagon road network is a system of highways, mostly freeways, built by the United States federal government in the early 1940s to serve the Pentagon in northern Virginia. The roads, transferred to the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1964, are now state highways. The main part of the network is the "Mixing Bowl" at Interstate 395 (Shirley Highway) and Route 27 (Washington Boulevard), named because it had major weaving issues with traffic "mixing" between the two roads before it was rebuilt in the early 1970s.

title: Pentagon Renovation Program

text: The basic information system infrastructure in the Pentagon was installed long before the advent of personal computers, facsimile machines, video teleconferencing, and digital telephone service, and has evolved without a design plan. In 1943, when the Pentagon was built, there was one telephone for every three employees. Over the last 57 years, new information technology capabilities have emerged and the new systems have been laid on top of the old. Over time, this merging of technology has become unmanageable and not easily upgraded. As requirements emerged, facilities and systems were added with little or no regard to existing capabilities or long-term requirements. The individual military departments and agencies engineered and installed equipment and cables to meet their immediate specific needs.

title: Virginia State Route 110

text: Following the September 11 attacks, SR 110 was closed to trucks and tour buses due to its proximity to the Pentagon. Police checkpoints were staffed around the clock to enforce this restriction. In September 2002, a contract was awarded to reroute SR 110 to increase the standoff distance between vehicles and the Pentagon. The project, called the Pentagon Secure Bypass, was completed in 2004. SR 110 was shifted eastward in a long arc to maintain a buffer distance from the Pentagon and a two-lane bridge to provide access to the Pentagon North parking lot and two pedestrian bridges were built over the new route. These and related security improvements cost $35 million (equivalent to $ in 2021) and were completed in October 2004.

title: Scaled Composites ARES

text: When a Pentagon official promised that they would evaluate his aircraft if he built it, he built a demonstrator aircraft in 1986.

title: Imaginationland Episode II

text: Meanwhile, Kyle and Stan are interrogated at The Pentagon. They are told of a portal into Imaginationland that had been built during the Cold War and is controlled by the government. It is discovered that the portal powers up when the boys correctly sing the "Imagination" song that the Mayor sang in the previous episode. The Pentagon decides to send a group of soldiers into Imaginationland, led by Kurt Russell, since his appearance in the film "Stargate" gives him more experience than anyone else. Before the troops are sent, Cartman breaks into the Pentagon in order for Kyle to suck his testicles, as per their bet. After Russell and his troop cross the portal, they encounter the Woodland Critters, who gang rape and kill the soldiers. The resulting emergency alert interrupts Kyle and Cartman before they can carry out the terms of the bet. Then, ManBearPig breaks through the portal into the Pentagon causing havoc before a Pentagon employee manages to reverse the portal, sending ManBearPig back into it, but it sucks Stan through as well, and the energy electrocutes Kyle, leaving him seemingly dead on the portal room floor, but he is revived by CPR.

title: Slammiversary XVI

text: After that, Pentagon Jr. defeated Sami Callihan in a Mask vs. Hair match, when Pentagon performed a package piledriver to win the match. After the match, Pentagon shaved Callihan's hair with a razor on the ramp, while Fenix held Callihan's arms.

title: T puzzle

text: The main difficulty in solving the puzzle is overcoming the functional fixedness of putting the pentagon piece either horizontally or vertically; and related to this, the tendency of trying to fill up the notch of the pentagon. In one study participants were found to spend over 60% of their attempts on such misguided placements of the pentagon piece. And even when the pentagon piece happened to be placed properly, it was mostly not recognized as part of the solution, as a match with the T is not easily seen. The puzzle is easily solved when the insight is reached that the pentagon is part of both the horizontal and vertical stem of the T and that the notch in the pentagon constitutes an inside corner.

title: Pentagonal number

text: Generalized pentagonal numbers are closely related to centered hexagonal numbers. When the array corresponding to a centered hexagonal number is divided between its middle row and an adjacent row, it appears as the sum of two generalized pentagonal numbers, with the larger piece being a pentagonal number proper:

title: Pentagonal number

text: A pentagonal number is a figurate number that extends the concept of triangular and square numbers to the pentagon, but, unlike the first two, the patterns involved in the construction of pentagonal numbers are not rotationally symmetrical. The "n"th pentagonal number "p" is the number of "distinct" dots in a pattern of dots consisting of the "outlines" of regular pentagons with sides up to n dots, when the pentagons are overlaid so that they share one vertex. For instance, the third one is formed from outlines comprising 1, 5 and 10 dots, but the 1, and 3 of the 5, coincide with 3 of the 10 – leaving 12 distinct dots, 10 in the form of a pentagon, and 2 inside.

title: Clathrin

text: When triskelia assemble together in solution, they can interact with enough flexibility to form 6-sided rings (hexagons) that yield a flat lattice, or 5-sided rings (pentagons) that are necessary for curved lattice formation. When many triskelions connect, they can form a basket-like structure. The structure shown, is built of 36 triskelia, one of which is shown in blue. Another common assembly is a truncated icosahedron. To enclose a vesicle, exactly 12 pentagons must be present in the lattice.

title: Washington Boulevard (Arlington)

text: The first of the two trails built was the easternmost section from the Mt Vernon trail to Columbia Pike. It runs 1.2 miles through Lady Bird Johnson Park and then along the edge of the Pentagon and the National 9/11 Pentagon Memorial. The trail section was first proposed in 1993 but it took decades to complete. The first section, from Memorial Circle to the existing sidewalks along the Pentagon grounds was completed in the late 1990s. In 2006, as part of a renovation of the Pentagon following 9/11, a section was built adjacent to the new security wall. Another section along the Pentagon Memorial was built in conjunction with that project and opened in September 2008. From 2015 to 2018, VDOT rebuilt the Washington Boulevard Bridge over Route 27 and when they did, they built the section of trail from the Pentagon parking lot ramp to the security wall section built in 2006. At the same time they built a short section from the Pentagon Memorial to Columbia Pike. That work was completed in December 2017.

title: Pentagonal pyramid

text:
The "regular" pentagonal pyramid has a base that is a regular pentagon and lateral faces that are equilateral triangles. It is one of the Johnson solids ("J"). Its height "H", from the midpoint of the pentagonal face to the apex, (as a function of "a", where "a" is the side length), can be computed as:
Its surface area, "A", can be computed as the area of pentagonal base plus five times the area of one triangle:
Its volume when an edge length is known can be figured out with this formula:

title: 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown

text: Although the Department of Defense was not shut down, the February 4, 2019 date for release of the Pentagon's 2020 budget was delayed by at least one month. This had repercussions on the interim period which is usually used by Pentagon planners for adjustments before the 2020 fiscal year which will begin in October 2019. The White House Office of Management and Budget, which oversees the Pentagon request, was shut down when the Pentagon budget arrived in December, and remained inactive, so no work was done on the budget.

title: National Military Command System

text: The National Military Command Center opened at the Pentagon in early October 1962 to replace the Air Force Command Post as the Joint Chiefs' command post. The ANMCC included 473L C equipment, including several IBM computers. It was started in early 1962 when the JCS area with the Joint War Room was expanded from ~ to ~ by 1965 (the Pentagon's "Navy Flag Plot" coordinated the Cuban Missile Crisis blockade.) The NMCC was initially considered an "interim" location until the Deep Underground Command Center (DUCC) could be completed below the Pentagon (never built). The NMCC had "direct communications with MACV headquarters in Saigon" during the Vietnam War.The NMCC at (tbd side of the Pentagon) coordinated responses to the 2001 September 11 attacks (AA Flt 77 struck the west side) and other events. By 2008, the NMCC had the NMCC Alert Center for intelligence fusion in the National Operations and Intelligence Watch Officer Network.

title: Penrose tiling

text: Penrose originally discovered the P1 tiling in this way, by decomposing a pentagon into six smaller pentagons (one half of a net of a dodecahedron) and five half-diamonds; he then observed that when he repeated this process the gaps between pentagons could all be filled by stars, diamonds, boats and other pentagons. By iterating this process indefinitely he obtained one of the two P1 tilings with pentagonal symmetry.