query: What day was Alfred Caplin born?

title: Al Capp

text: Alfred Gerald Caplin (September 28, 1909– November 5, 1979), better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip Li'l Abner, which he created in 1934 and continued writing and (with help from assistants) drawing until 1977. He also wrote the comic strips Abbie an' Slats (in the years 1937–45) and Long Sam (1954). He won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1947 for Cartoonist of the Year, and their 1979 Elzie Segar Award, posthumously for his "unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning". Comic strips dealt with northern urban experiences until the year Capp introduced "Li'l Abner," the first strip based in the South. Although Capp was from Connecticut, he spent 43 years teaching the world about Dogpatch, reaching an estimated 60 million readers in over 900 American newspapers and 100 foreign papers in 28 countries. M. Thomas Inge says Capp made a large personal fortune on the strip and "had a profound influence on the way the world viewed the American South".[1]

title: Ivor Caplin

text: Ivor Keith Caplin (born 8 November 1958) is a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hove from 1997 until 2005.

title: Robert Caplin

text: Robert Caplin (born 1983, United States) is an American photographer and cinematographer. Since 2005, Caplin has photographed over 800 assignments for "The New York Times" and has contributed to and has been published by hundreds of local, national, and international newspapers and magazines including "National Geographic", "Los Angeles Times", "Sports Illustrated", "ESPN The Magazine", "USA Today", "The Sunday Times", "Newsweek", "Time", "Us Weekly", and "Vanity Fair". In 2010 Caplin spent six months on the road with and documented the international pop singer Justin Bieber and along with HarperCollins, put together Bieber's illustrated biography consisting of Bieber's words and Caplin's photos. The biography, "Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story" spent 14 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list and has sold over 1 million copies in 25 languages. Caplin's video documentation of Bieber on tour was released as part of Paramount Pictures' movie "".

title: Carole Caplin

text: Carole Caplin (born 8 January 1962) was the style adviser to Cherie Blair and a fitness adviser to Tony Blair, when he was the British prime minister. She was controversial because of her relationship with the convicted conman Peter Foster.

title: Elizabeth Taylor (novelist)

text: In the 21st century a new interest in her work was kindled by film-makers. During the 1970s, Ruth Sacks Caplin had written an adapted screenplay based on Taylor's novel "Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont". Caplin's screenplay languished for decades, until her son, Lee Caplin, purchased the rights to the film in 1999. Ruth Sacks Caplin's film adaptation, "Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont", directed by Dan Ireland, was finally released in 2005 with British actress Joan Plowright in the title role.

title: Paul Caplin

text: In 2018 Caplin and Massiah announced their intention to release music together as a duo. The first single by Caplin & Massiah, entitled "All You", was released on 13 July 2018.

title: Carole Caplin

text: In 2002, Caplin hit the newspaper headlines in the scandal referred to as "Cheriegate" because of her involvement with Peter Foster, an Australian with criminal convictions, who assisted the Prime Minister's wife, Cherie Blair, in the purchase of two flats in Bristol. Cherie Blair tried to distance herself from Foster and briefed the press office at 10 Downing Street to make a public statement claiming that Foster was not involved with the deal. She was caught out when Foster provided evidence that she had lied. She then made a public apology, tearfully reading a prepared statement blaming her "misfortune" on the pressures of running a family and being a mother. She again tried to distance herself from Foster, but it was later revealed that she and Tony Blair had agreed to be godparents to the yet-to-be born child of Carole Caplin (Caplin later miscarried).

title: Paul Caplin

text: Paul Caplin (born 31 December 1954, London) studied as a mathematician at Imperial College, London and Cambridge University. His varied career has spanned pop music, filmmaking and information technology.

title: Lee Caplin

text: Caplin worked as a Special Assistant Chairman with the National Endowment for the Arts. In conjunction with the U.S. Small Business Administration, in developing The Business of Art and the Artist, a national program designed to teach business skills to America’s artists. This effort culminated in Prentice Hall Trade publishing Caplin’s text book, "The Business of Art", a 3-time bestseller. Caplin’s publishing companies have produced over 200 titles of illustrated educational and children’s books.

title: Andrew Caplin

text:
Andrew S. Caplin (born 15 June 1956 in London, England) is a British economist, now living in the United States, where he received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1983. He is a Professor of Economics at New York University, co-Director of the Center for Experimental Social Science, and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Caplin's research focuses on six areas:
(1). economics and psychology (behavioral economics,)
(2.) indivisibility and economic outcome,
(3.) life cycle consumption and portfolio choice,
(4.) real estate finance, and
(5.) individual differences and outcomes in economics and policies.

title: Carole Caplin

text: Caplin has written a number of health and well-being books, and appeared in several television programmes, including presenting her own Channel 4 programme "The Carole Caplin Treatment".

title: Ruth Sacks Caplin

text:
Ruth Caplin Sacks chanced upon a novel called "Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont" by Elizabeth Taylor while traveling with her husband in London during the late 1970s. The Caplins had recently lost their daughter, 29-year-old Mary Ellen, to cancer. Ruth Caplin found the plot of the novel, which centers on Laura Palfrey, an older woman who moves to a residential hotel for the elderly, comforting. Palfrey, who is working through her own period of grief, befriends an aspiring young writer, Ludo. During the course of the book, Ludo helps Laura to overcome her loneliness and becomes as close as a grandson to her.
Caplin, who identified closely with the story, soon set out to write a screenplay based on the novel. While she had been a writer throughout her life, she had never been published, nor had she previously attempted to pen a screenplay. Caplin purchased a how-to guide on screenwriting and began her work. Her writing for the film allowed her to retreat into an "imaginary, quiet" and move forward through her grief, according to the "Washington Post". Caplin, who disliked unhappy endings, lightened the mood of some of the book's sadder scenes.

title: Nicholas Caplin

text: Major-General Nicholas John Caplin CB (born 4 December 1958) is a retired British Army officer who commanded United Kingdom Support Command (Germany).

title: Roxey Ann Caplin

text: She was born in 1793 in Canada. Around 1835 she married Jean Francois Isidore Caplin (c.1790-c.1872).

title: Ruth Sacks Caplin

text: In 1942, she married Mortimer Caplin, an attorney, whom she had met when both were teenagers. The couple had five children, Lee, Michael, Jeremy, Cate and Mary Ellen Caplin. She now has nine grandchildren; Ella, Bennett, Sophie, Phoebe, Aubrey, Harriet, Daniel, Victoria ad Carter Caplin. Mortimer Caplin served as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 1961-63. Ruth worked as a fashion designer in New York City early in the marriage.

title: Caplin & Drysdale

text: Caplin & Drysdale is a boutique law firm with offices in Washington, D.C. and New York City. It was founded by Mortimer Caplin, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue under John F. Kennedy.

title: Mortimer Caplin

text: Mortimer Maxwell Caplin (born July 11, 1916) is an American lawyer and educator, and the founding member of Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered. Born in New York City, Caplin holds a B.S. degree, Phi Beta Kappa, from the University of Virginia, where he is also a member of the school's prestigious Raven Society. He is an Order of the Coif graduate of the University of Virginia Law School, where he earned his LL.B. degree. Caplin also achieved a Doctor of Juridical Science from New York University, and several honorary doctorate in law degrees (LL.D.) from Washington College, the University of South Carolina, and Saint Michael's College.

title: Lee Caplin

text: Lee Evan Caplin (born September 8, 1946) is an American entertainment and communications industry executive. He is the founder of Picture Entertainment Corporation, and currently serves as Chairman and CEO.

title: Ruth Sacks Caplin

text: The Caplins again relocated in 1961, this time to Washington D.C. when Mortimer Caplin was appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue by the Kennedy administration. Ruth Sacks Caplin continued her work with children's theater in the Washington area. She offered therapy and counseling services from her home in Chevy Chase, Maryland. Caplin did not retire from counseling until she was in her late 80s.

title: Lee Caplin

text: In 2005, Caplin’s mother, Ruth Sacks Caplin, wrote an adaptation of a 1971 Elizabeth Taylor novel. Caplin purchased the film rights and produced "Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont", directed by Dan Ireland, starring Academy Award-nominated Joan Plowright opposite Rupert Friend in the title roles. Stephen Hunter of the Washington Post described Plowright’s performance as "possibly her best role in the flickers," and Roger Ebert called the film "a delight…in ways both expected and rare."

title: Mortimer Caplin

text: Recently, the Caplins donated $4 million to the University of Virginia to help build the Ruth Caplin Theatre, located inside the university's new $13.5 million drama building addition. On April 27, 2013, the University of Virginia honored Ruth in a ribbon cutting ceremony to celebrate the official opening of the brand new Ruth Caplin Theatre. The Ruth Caplin Theatre was designed by architect William L. Rawn, III, who designed The Music Center at Strathmore and other major public buildings and cultural facilities.

title: Ruth Sacks Caplin

text: Despite her efforts, Ruth Sacks Caplin's screenplay was ignored for decades until her son, film producer Lee Caplin, purchased the film rights for her screenplay and the movie in 1999. In the early 2000s, Lee and Mortimer Caplin flew Ruth to London, where she was surprised to find "Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont" in production. Directed by Dan Ireland, Academy Award-nominated actress Joan Plowright was cast as Laura Palfrey, opposite actor Rupert Friend as Ludo, in the title roles.

title: Lee Caplin

text: Caplin was born in New York City to Mortimer Caplin, prominent tax attorney and founder of Caplin & Drysdale, and screenwriter, Ruth Sacks Caplin. He is the grandson of Daniel Caplin, New York City teacher and fight manager, and the great-nephew of Jewish gangster Nathan Kaplan.

title: Paul Caplin

text: In 2000 Caplin founded software company Caplin Systems Ltd, and served as its chief executive and chairman until 2015. In 2001 he received an Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year award and the company was featured in the Sunday Times' Tech Track 100 in both 2002 and 2009 as one of the fastest-growing technology firms in Britain. In 2015 Caplin Systems was acquired by Ion Capital Management.

title: Sarah Caplin

text: Caplin quit after three months because of what was reported as a difficult relationship with Judy Finnigan. She was promoted to head of development for Granada Factual North and in 2000 was appointed Head of Features. Among the shows she created are "60 Minute Makeover", several series with Jade Goody and the "Royal Navy", and "House of Horrors".

title: Mortimer Caplin

text: Mr. Caplin was married to Ruth Caplin until her passing in 2014 at the age of 93. They were married for 72 years. The Caplins had four children Lee, Mary Ellen, Michael, Jeremy, and Cate, eight grandchildren Daniel, Conrad, Ella, Bennett, Sophie, Phoebe, Aubrey, and Harriet, and three great-grandchildren Victoria, Carter and Brooke as of April 2017.

title: Carole Caplin

text: In 2010 Caplin started libel proceedings against the "Daily Mail" for a newspaper article that suggested that Caplin might have been considering selling the story of her time with the Blairs and to "blow the lid on Tony and Cherie Blair’s sex secrets". It was announced on 1 November 2011 that Caplin has accepted "substantial" damages from the newspaper for the false claims the "Mail" had made.

title: Tony Caplin

text: Anthony Lindsay Caplin was born 1951 in Southport, Lancashire to Abram Moses Caplin and Vera Doris Benjamin, both descendants of Russian Jewish emigrees. He is a British company director and former chief operating officer of the United Kingdom's Conservative Party.

title: Ivor Caplin

text: In 2010 Sir Thomas Legg conducted an independent audit of MPs expenses in which he determined that Caplin should repay £17,865 representing mortgage interest payments claimed on his second home, after Caplin failed to provide paperwork to establish his entitlement to claim the money. Caplin appealed, explaining that Legg's letters had gone to an old address and had not been forwarded. On 1 April 2011 his appeal was upheld and the amount of repayment reduced to £1,178.43 (which Caplin had overclaimed due to interest rate fluctuations of which he was unaware); Caplin accepted the finding and agreed to repay the money.

title: Jean Caplin

text: Jean Caplin (born December 1930) is a British former swimmer. She competed in the women's 200 metre breaststroke at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

title: Carole Caplin

text: On 1 November 2011 Caplin announced that the Metropolitan Police had told her that her mobile phone was probably hacked on the instructions of the "News of the World". Caplin's spokesman stated "Dating from 2002, Ms Caplin's is one of the earliest cases so far discovered and the police investigation has yet to uncover all the available evidence. Once she is able to establish the extent of this invasion of her privacy, Ms Caplin will decide what further action to take."


query: When was Ellis Island active?

title: Ellis Island

text: Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the U.S. as the United States' busiest immigrant inspection station for over 60 years[8] from 1892 until 1954. Ellis Island was opened January 1, 1892. The island was greatly expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965 and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990.

title: Augustus Frederick Sherman

text: Sherman's photographs were not taken in an official capacity, but they were used by immigration officials to promote the work of Ellis Island. They were published in some of the annual reports of the Commissioner General of Immigration and provided by Ellis Island Commissioner William Williams to the New York Times to promote William's work at Ellis Island. Sherman's photograph collections are housed at the Ellis Island Immigration Museum and the New York Public Library.

title: Earl Hancock Ellis

text: Ellis believed that US acquiescence to Japan's South Pacific Mandate, which allowed Japan to occupy islands that had previously been controlled by Germany, would enable Japan to operate behind a defensive screen to expand its territory and influence without being observed. Convinced that this course would eventually lead to war between Japan and the United States, Ellis determined to carry out intelligence gathering activities to obtain details on Japan's activities.

title: William Ellis (missionary)

text: Ellis was invited to stay, and he arranged for his family to come to Hawaii, where they arrived on the "Active" on 4 February 1823. In June 1823 Ellis joined American Missionaries Asa Thurston, Artemas Bishop, and Joseph Goodrich on a tour of the island of Hawaii, to investigate suitable sites for mission stations. On the way he stopped at Maui and met and baptized Queen Keōpūolani. Their first stop was Kailua-Kona, where they met the Governor of the island Kuakini, known as "John Adams".

title: Ellis Island

text: The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island.

title: Ellis Island

text: Baur, J. , in M. König, and R. Ohliger, eds., Enlarging European Memory. Migration Movements in Historical Perspective (2006) pp.137–146. Baur, J. , in: H. J. Grabbe and S. Schindler, (eds.), The Merits of Memory. Concepts, Contexts, Debates (2008), pp.185–196. Bayor, Ronald H. Encountering Ellis Island: How European Immigrants Entered America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) 168 pp. Bolino, A. The Ellis Island Source Book, (1985) Cannato, V. J., , New York: Harper, 2009. ISBN978-0-06-074273-7 Coan, P. M. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words, 1998. Corsi, E. In the Shadow of Liberty: The Chronicle of Ellis Island, 1935. Fairchild, A. , 2004. Lerner, Ed. K. Lee, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. "Introduction to Immigration from 1905–1945: Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary Sources", Gale, 2006. p121. Moreno, B., , 2005. Moreno, B., , 2003. Moreno, B., , 2008. Moreno, B. Encyclopedia of Ellis Island, 2004. Moreno, B. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ellis Island (Fall River Press, 2010) Pitkin, T. M. Keepers of the Gate, 1975. Yew, E., M.D., , Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Vol. 56, No. 5, June 1980, New York Academy of Medicine.

title: Tuscany Suites and Casino

text: Negotiations with Gary Ellis began in January 2004, to combine the operations of Ellis Island and the Tuscany. In April 2004, Ellis agreed to invest in the Tuscany for joint ownership and the management of its casino. At that time, the Tuscany's casino had not been attracting its targeted clientele, partially because of competition from Ellis Island. In June 2004, Heers suddenly abandoned the deal before it was to be finalized. He subsequently ceased contact with Ellis. The following month, Ellis filed a lawsuit against Heers, accusing him of breach of contract, fraud and misappropriation of trade practices secrets. According to Heers' lawyer, Ellis changed the conditions of the deal, leading Heers to back out of it upon learning that Ellis planned to sell Ellis Island without combining the two properties into one company.

title: Ellis Island (Missouri)

text: Ellis Island is an island in the Mississippi River. The island is entirely within St. Charles County, Missouri.

title: Richard Ellis (Maltese photographer)

text: Soon after their arrival in Malta, James Conroy opened a photographic studio in Senglea, and Ellis worked as his assistant. Eventually they opened a studio in Valletta, and in 1871 Ellis set up his own studio. He was popular among both the locals and the British, since he had a British surname but was married to a Maltese woman. He soon became one of the leading photographers on the island, at a time when photography was still in its early stages. Ellis was active in multiple genres of photography, including views, portraits, still lifes and society photography. He was also proficient in developing, editing, printing, mounting and frame-making. Later on Ellis also dealt in photographic equipment.

title: Earl Hancock Ellis

text: Ellis' maps and papers were confiscated by Japanese authorities. An inquiry undertaken at the behest of General Douglas MacArthur after World War II found no trace of any of Ellis' effects, nor a report on Ellis' activities by the Japanese governor of the island. It is not clear how competently Ellis performed his map-making and analysis, given his demonstrated instability in the final months of his life and the fact that the Japanese had not yet begun fortifying Palau. Had Ellis survived, he would likely have completed addenda to "Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia" that would have provided military authorities with information on the potential military uses of the islands.

title: Ellis Island

text: In 1982 the National Park Service embarked on an 8-year renovation. During that time, David Simonton was part of The Ellis Island Project: Documentation/Interpretation and captured stunning, black and white photos giving insight into immigrant's lives. Photographer Stephen Wilkes's series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island.[108]

title: Save Ellis Island

text: Save Ellis Island, founded in 1999, is a 501(c)3 organization and partner of the National Park Service for the rehabilitation of the 29 mostly unrestored buildings on the south side of Ellis Island. These buildings comprise the once state-of-the-art Ellis Island Hospital Complex.

title: New York Landmarks Conservancy

text: The South Side of Ellis Island - In the mid 90s, the Conservancy secured endangerment listings by the World Monuments Fund and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Conservancy helped found Save Ellis Island!, Inc., in 2001. A nonprofit dedicated to raising the funds necessary to see all thirty vacant buildings on Ellis Island restored and appropriately reused. By June 2006, all 29 of the unrestored former hospital buildings on Ellis Island were stabilized.

title: Earl Hancock Ellis

text: As Ellis continued his intelligence gathering mission and heavy drinking, he attracted the attention of the Japanese authorities, who began to keep track of his movements and activities. A friend, Kilili Sablan, suggested that Ellis check out of the hotel and live with the Sablan family. Ellis traveled around Saipan for several weeks, and produced detailed maps and charts. On December 3, 1922, he boarded the ship "Matsuyama Maru" to travel to the Carolines, Marshalls, Yap, and the Palaus. Upon arrival, he checked into a hotel in Koror, and again boarded the "Matsuyama Maru", intending to travel to Truk; Ellis was unable to survey this island because Japanese authorities denied him passage, which was an indication that they remained suspicious of him.

title: Ellis Island Medal of Honor

text:
The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is an American award founded by the Ellis Island Honors Society (EIHS) (formerly known as National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO) until Fall of 2017) which are presented annually to American citizens whose accomplishments in their field and inspired service to the United States are cause for celebration. Past medalists include seven U.S. presidents, several world leaders, two Nobel Prize winners and countless leaders of industry, education, the arts, sports and government, along with everyday Americans who have made freedom, liberty and compassion a part of their life's work.
The medals were established at the time of EIHS's founding in 1986; a ceremony is held each May on Ellis Island. All branches of the United States Armed Forces traditionally participate. Both the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate have officially recognized the Ellis Island Medals of Honor, and each year's recipients are read into the Congressional Record. The Ellis Island's Great Hall where immigrants were once processed hosts the gala dinner which follows the ceremony. Approximately 100 medalists are honored each year.

title: Save Ellis Island

text: In 2001, Save Ellis Island entered into an agreement with the National Park Service to coordinate fundraising activities and oversee the historic preservation of Ellis Island.

title: Statue of Liberty National Monument

text:
Liberty Island and Ellis Island have been the property of the United States government since 1800 and 1808, respectively. Historical circumstances have led to the unusual situation of Liberty Island and of Ellis Island being exclaves of one state, New York, located completely within another state, New Jersey. The dominion, jurisdiction, and sovereignty of the islands have variously been the subject of a colonial land grant, a provincial governor's directive, and an interstate compact, as well as several court cases and U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Liberty Island and the acreage on Ellis Island are part of New York City which are completely surrounded by the municipal borders of Jersey City, including created by land reclamation at Ellis Island and riparian areas. Jurisdiction not superseded by the federal government falls to the appropriate state.
Statue of Liberty:

title: Ellis Island: The Dream of America

text: Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by American composer Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02, commissioned by the Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts in Hartford, Connecticut. The work combines first-person narrations of seven immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island between 1910 and 1940, selected by Boyer from the Ellis Island Oral History Project, with Boyer’s original orchestral music. The work has received over 170 performances by more than 75 orchestras. A recording of the work released on the Naxos record label was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition in the 48th annual Grammy Awards. In April 2017, performances by Pacific Symphony of "Ellis Island: The Dream of America" were filmed for broadcast on PBS’ "Great Performances" series in the 2017-18 broadcast season.

title: John Catsimatidis

text: Other organizations with which Catsimatidis has been active are the National Kidney Foundation, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, Young Men's Philanthropic League, and Alzheimer's Foundation of America. Catsimatidis was the vice-chairman of the Ellis Island Awards Foundation of the National Ethnic Coalition Organization (NECO), and received an Ellis Island Medal of Honor from that organization. Catsimatidis has also served for many years on the board of the Guardian Angels, an organization started in New York City in 1979 by Curtis Sliwa.

title: Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital

text: "Forgotten Ellis Island", a documentary by Lorie Conway, explores the abandoned buildings on the island and covers the history of the hospital. Conway also tracked down immigrants and descendants of immigrants who had spent time in the hospital and discussed their experiences with them. The film premiered on Ellis Island and was later shown on CBS in 2007.

title: Ellis Island Special

text: An Ellis Island Special is a family name that is perceived or labeled, incorrectly, as having been altered by immigration officials at the Ellis Island Immigration Station, when a family reached the United States, typically from Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In popular thought, some family lore, and literary fiction, some family names were seen as having been shortened by immigration officials for ease of pronunciation or record-keeping, or lack of understanding of the true name—even though name changes were made by the immigrants themselves at other times. Among the family names that are perceived as being Ellis Island Specials are some that were supposedly more identifiably Jewish, resulting in last names that were not identifiably so.

title: Ellis Island

text: Between 1905 and 1914, an average of one million immigrants per year arrived in the United States. Immigration officials reviewed about 5,000 immigrants per day during peak times at Ellis Island.[41] Two-thirds of those individuals emigrated from eastern, southern and central Europe.[42] The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.[26] After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were those who had problems with their immigration paperwork, displaced persons, and war refugees.[43] Today, over 100 million Americans—about one-third to 40% of the population of the United States—can trace their ancestry to immigrants who arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.[44]

title: Ellis Island Honors Society

text: The Ellis Island Honors Society (EIHS) is a United States 501(c)(3) organization promoting ethnic diversity and commemoration of immigration to the United States, in particular the Ellis Island monument. The EIHS was founded in 1986 as the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO) and adopted its current name in 2017. The EIHS awards the "Ellis Island Medal of Honor" to naturalized or native-born American citizens "who preserve and celebrate the history, traditions and values of their [ethnic heritage] while exemplifying the values of the American way of life".

title: Save Ellis Island

text: The south side of the island is dominated by the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, whose restoration began in 2000. Exterior work and the interior restoration began in 2006 and cost $6.4 million. On April 2, 2007, Save Ellis Island and the National Park Service completed their first project of restoring the Ellis Island Ferry Building on the south side of the island.

title: Ellis Island

text: During and immediately following World War II, Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and "enemy aliens"—Axis nationals detained for fear of spying, sabotage, and other fifth column activity. In December 1941, Ellis Island held 279 Japanese, 248 Germans, and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast.[63] Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations, Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war.[64] A total of 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island.[26] It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants per year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands per year who arrived before the war. After the war, immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.

title: Albert Fuller Ellis

text: In 1928 Ellis was awarded the C.M.G., and in 1938 was created a Knight Bachelor. Ellis wrote a book about the history of the Pacific phosphate islands, his discovery and subsequent development of the phosphate industry on the islands, "Ocean Island and Nauru — their Story" was published in Australia in 1935.

title: Saint Elli

text: A different account is given in the 11th century "Vita Cadoci" (life of Cadoc), which says that Elli was the son the Queen of the Islands of Grimbul, and the foster son of Saint Cadoc. When travelling in foreign lands, Cadoc landed on the islands of Grimbul. Grimbul's queen was barren, but after Cadoc interceded for her she bore a son, Elli, who she entrusted to the care of Cadoc. Cadoc took Elli to the "clas" (ecclesiastical settlement) at Llancarfan, where he was educated. The "Vita Cadoci" says that Elli succeeded Cadoc as Abbot of Llancarfan when Cadoc was preparing to leave for Benevento.

title: Ellis Island (novel)

text: When the ship arrives at in New York, Bridget is frustrated that while first and second class passengers just go straight to immigration, the steerage class passengers are all required to go through Ellis Island. Marco passes through with no problems, Jacob is treated for a gunshot wound that he had suffered during the trouble in his village. Bridget too is allowed in, but Georgiana is refused entry when she is diagnosed with trachoma an eye disease that can lead to blindness. Despite Bridget's criticism of the Ellis Island doctor Carl Travers, the decision is final, but the sisters' Uncle Casey, a powerful businessman, arranges for Georgiana to return to Ireland and then come back on another ship by second class as she wouldn't be checked that way.

title: Ellis Island

text: On May 20, 2015, the Ellis Island Immigration Museum was officially renamed the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration, coinciding with the opening of the new Peopling of America galleries. The expansion tells the entire story of American immigration, including before and after the Ellis Island era. The Peopling of America Center was designed by ESI Design and fabricated by Hadley Exhibits, Inc. The architectural design was done by Highland Associates, with construction executed by Phelps Construction Group.[82]

title: Ellis Island

text: Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries Ellis Island. The IMAX 3D movie incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie The Golden Door, directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island. Forgotten Ellis Island, a film and book, focuses on the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital.[109] The Immigrant is a 2013 American drama film directed by James Gray, starring Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix, and Jeremy Renner.[110] Ellis, a short, premiered in November 2015.

title: Ellis Island

text: Many of the facilities at Ellis Island were abandoned and remain unrenovated.[84] The entire south side, called by some the "sad side" of the island, is off limits to the general public. The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital operated here from early 1902 to 1930.[85][86] The foundation Save Ellis Island is spearheading preservation efforts. The New Ferry Building, built in the Art Deco style to replace an earlier one, was renovated in 2008, but remains only partially accessible to the general public.[87]


query: What is the oldest football club in Germany?

title: BFC Germania 1888

text: BFC Germania 1888 is a German football club from Berlin. Founded on 15 April 1888, it is the oldest still active football club in the country.

title: Geelong Football Club

text: The club was formed in 1859, making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world. Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association (VFA) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1897.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: Dresden English Football Club was founded on 18 March 1874 and was the first association football club in Germany, and likely the first outside Great Britain. In 1874, over 70 members participated, primarily Englishmen working in Dresden, watched by hundreds of spectators. Another German club, 1860 Munich did not play football until 1899, although it has its origins in a gymnastics and fitness club formed in 1848 and reestablished in the year indicated by its name.

title: Bremerhaven Seahawks

text: The club was formed in February 1979 and is, behind the Düsseldorf Panther, the second-oldest still existing American football club in Germany.

title: Castlemaine, Victoria

text: In 1859, the historic Castlemaine Football Club was established. Evidence makes it the second oldest football club in Australia and one of the oldest football clubs in the world.

title: BFC Viktoria 1889

text: Berliner Fußball-Club Viktoria 1889 was a German sports club based in the Tempelhof district of Berlin. Football, rugby, and cricket came to continental Europe in the late 19th century, and these "English games" became immediately popular in many countries. Viktoria was the oldest club in Germany that had both teams playing football and cricket. It was one of the founding members of the German Football Association (DFB) in 1900.

title: Ansbach Grizzlies

text: The Ansbach Grizzlies are an American football team based in Ansbach, Germany. The club, together with the Düsseldorf Panther and the Munich Cowboys, is one of the oldest in Germany. The Grizzlies were a dominating force in the game during the first decade of American football in Germany, reaching all of the first eight German Bowls.

title: Football in England

text: Association football is the most popular sport in England, where the first modern set of rules for the code were established in 1863, which were a major influence on the development of the modern Laws of the Game. With over 40,000 association football clubs, England has more clubs involved in the code than any other country as well as the world's first club (Sheffield F.C.), the world's oldest professional association football club (Notts County F.C), the oldest national governing body (the Football Association), the first national team, the oldest national knockout competition (the FA Cup) and the oldest national league (the English Football League). Today England's top domestic league, the Premier League, is one of the most popular and richest sports leagues in the world, with six of the ten richest football clubs in the world.

title: Club of Pioneers

text: The Club of Pioneers was founded in 2013 by Sheffield FC, the first and oldest football club in the world. The Club of Pioneers aims to discover and connect the world's oldest existing football clubs, to build a global network of like-minded football clubs to promote the importance of football history and the grass roots and amateur game.

title: History of rugby union

text: Rugby football has strong claims to the world's first and oldest "football club": the Guy's Hospital Football Club, formed in London in 1843, by old boys from Rugby School. Around the English-speaking world, a number of other clubs formed to play games based on the Rugby School rules. One of these, Dublin University Football Club, founded in 1854, has arguably become the world's oldest surviving football club in any code. The Blackheath Rugby Club, in London, founded in 1858 is the oldest surviving non-university/school rugby club. Cheltenham College 1844, Sherborne School 1846 and Durham School 1854 are the oldest documented school's clubs. Francis Crombie and Alexander Crombie introduced rugby into Scotland via Durham School in 1850.

title: BFC Germania 1888

text: Deutscher FV 1878 Hannover is generally recognized as Germany's oldest football team but plays rugby, which shares a common origin with association football. BFC Germania 1888's claim as the country's oldest club is specific to playing association football.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: Lima Cricket and Football Club claims to be the oldest football-practicing club in Peru and the Americas, having been founded in 1859 by the city's British community.

title: List of rugby union clubs in Germany

text: The oldest rugby union club in Germany is the DSV 78 Hannover, formed in 1878 as "DFV Hannover", in a time when a differencation between rugby and football was not yet made in Germany. While there is older clubs in Germany then "DSV 78", like the Heidelberger TV which was formed in 1846, their rugby departments were established after "DSV's".

title: Bendigo Football League

text: Formed in 1880, it is one of the oldest football leagues in Australia, and among its members are some of the oldest football clubs in Australia, including the Castlemaine Football Club, acknowledged as the second oldest football club in Australia and one of the oldest football clubs in the world.

title: History of the Geelong Football Club

title: Oldest football clubs

text: Sheffield F.C. in Sheffield, England, is the world's oldest surviving "independent" football club – that is, the oldest club not associated with an institution such as a school, hospital or university. It was founded in 1857. Sheffield F.C. initially played Sheffield rules, a code of its own devising, although the club's rules influenced those of the England Football Association (FA (1863) including handball, free kicks, corners and throw ins. While the international governing body of association football, FIFA and the FA recognise Sheffield F.C. as the "world's oldest football club", and the club joined the FA in 1863, it continued to use the Sheffield rules. Sheffield F.C. did not officially adopt association football until 1877.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: The oldest football club with the best-documented, continuous history is the Dublin University Football Club, founded in 1854 at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. The club plays rugby union.

title: Kragujevac

text: Kragujevac is home to Čika Dača Stadium, which is the third largest stadium in Serbia by seat capacity. The largest and most important sports association in Kragujevac is Radnički, which brings together 19 clubs: football, athletics, volleyball, handball, boxing, wrestling etc. FK Radnički 1923 is the city's most successful football club and competes in the Serbian SuperLiga. Kragujevac is also known for having the oldest Serbian football club FK Šumadija 1903. It should be noted that FK Bačka 1901 is the oldest club in present-day Serbia. FK Bačka 1901 was founded in Subotica, which at the time was located in Austro-Hungary, while Kragujevac was in Serbia. Therefore, Šumadija is considered the oldest Serbian football club, while Bačka is the oldest football club in Serbia.

title: Bargh Shiraz F.C.

text: Bargh Shiraz club is documented as the oldest Iranian football club that is still on the list of FIFA "active clubs" and one of the oldest football clubs in Asia. Esteghlal Tehran club was founded a few months earlier, but its football club was founded four years later than Bargh Shiraz football club.

title: Düsseldorf Panther

text: The Düsseldorf Panther are an American football team from Düsseldorf, Germany. The club is the oldest extant American football club in Europe, having been formed on 1 May 1978.

title: Australian rules football in Germany

text: Formed in Frankfurt by Malte Schudlich in 1995, the Redbacks are one of the two oldest Australian rules football clubs in Germany and were a founding member club of the AFLG. They originally wore black jumpers with a vertical red stripe on the front, this has now been changed to red jumpers with a stylised redback spider logo. Their homeground is the Frankfurt Ostpark.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: The history of the formation of the oldest football clubs is of interest to sport historians in tracing the origins of the modern codes of football from casual pastime to early organised competition and mainstream sport. The identity of the first or oldest football clubs in the world, or even in a particular country, is often disputed or claimed by several clubs, across several codes of football.

title: Cologne Crocodiles

text: The Cologne Crocodiles were formed in 1980, making it one of the oldest American football clubs in Germany. The club, in its first season, took part in the Nordwestdeutsche Football Liga, a renegade league which only existed for two seasons, 1980 and 1981.

title: Modbury Football Club

text: Formed in 1862, the Modbury Football Club is the oldest extant football club in South Australia and the sixth oldest football club of any code in Australia.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: In terms of gridiron football the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League can trace their roots back to the Hamilton Football Club (nicknamed the "Tigers") which formed in 1869, then later merged with the Hamilton Wildcats in 1950 to form the current franchise. Their rivals to the north, the Toronto Argonauts, were founded four years later in 1873 and have a mostly unchanged franchise history. Both clubs began as rugby football clubs and only later adapted to the gridiron-style of play which would become known as Canadian football. The oldest continuous rugby club in North America which still plays rugby is the McGill University Rugby Football Club which was established in 1863, although their first recorded game was not until 1865. The oldest independent (non-university) rugby club is the Westmount Rugby Club of Montreal, which formed in 1876.

title: Football in Luxembourg

text: The oldest football club in Luxembourg is Fola Esch, founded as the "Football and Lawntennis Club" on 9 December 1906 by English language teacher Jean Roeder. Being the oldest club in the country, they are also part of the Club of Pioneers, a group set up by Sheffield FC to join together the oldest clubs in each country.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: It has been claimed that the present-day Barnes Rugby Football Club, from Barnes in London, is a continuation of the nineteenth-century Barnes Football Club, and moreover that the latter club was formed in 1839 and is thus the oldest club to have played football for its entire history. However, as of 2018, Barnes RFC's website claims only that the club was established in the 1920s, while alluding to "possibilities" that its history stretches back to 1862. Hence it is argued, and supported by the "Guinness Book of Records", that Guy's Hospital Football Club, founded by staff at Guy's Hospital in London in 1843, is the oldest club. While a rugby club still exists at Guy's Hospital, the connection between the present club and the one formed in 1843 is still disputed.

title: Brandenburg football championship

text: A competition similar to the Brandenburg football championship never reformed. After the end of the Second World War, Germany remained divided until 1991 and the former clubs of this competition played in separate countries. Clubs from both parts of Berlin played in the same competition, the Oberliga Berlin until 1950, but it did not include clubs from the rest of Brandenburg. After the reunion, the clubs from what was East Germany joined the united German football league system, but a competition that only includes clubs from Brandenburg and Berlin was not recreated.

title: Wrexham A.F.C.

text: Wrexham Association Football Club () is a professional association football club based in Wrexham, Wales that plays in the English football league system. Based on the club's recorded formation date of 1864, they are the oldest club in Wales and the third oldest professional football team in the world. Since August 2011 Wrexham have been a supporter-owned football club.

title: Oldest football clubs

text: The Danish Kjøbenhavns Boldklub is the oldest football club on continental Europe. The club was formed in 1876 and association football was first played two years later.

title: FC Mulhouse

text: Mulhouse was founded under the name Fussball-Club Mülhausen in what was then Mülhausen, Alsace-Lorraine in Germany. The club's location has been dependent on the control of the Alsace region between France and Germany. Mulhouse has played in French football since the re-acquisition of the region after World War II and is the second-oldest football club in France after Le Havre AC. The club has achieved minimal honours in its history having spent most of its existence playing in the amateur divisions of France. However, Mulhouse have spent seven seasons in Ligue 1 and 27 seasons in Ligue 2. The club's highest honour to date in France was winning the Division d'Honneur in 1928. Regionally, Mulhouse has won the Alsace Division d'Honneur seven times. During the club's stint in Germany, it won the Gauliga Elsaß three times.


query: Who first landed the quadruple axel?

title: Quad (figure skating)

text: A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least three but less than four revolutions.[1] Most quadruple jumps have 3 1/2 revolutions; the quadruple Axel has 4 1/2 revolutions, although no figure skater to date has completed this jump in competition. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly skated in the discipline. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not having one in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap.[2][3] The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. In 2002, Miki Ando became the first woman to do so, and she remains one of only two women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in competition.

title: Axel jump

text: In the early years of skating, jumping was the exclusive domain of men. Sonja Henie is generally acknowledged as the first female skater to perform an Axel jump. Today, however, her Axel technique (preserved in her many films) would be considered very poor, since her jumps were badly pre-rotated without a "step up", giving them more the character of a jumped spin. In 1953, Carol Heiss was the first woman to perform a double Axel. Thirty-five years later, Midori Ito (JPN) became the first woman to land the triple Axel jump in competition, when she first performed it at the 1988 NHK Trophy. Since then, eight other women (Tonya Harding (USA), Yukari Nakano (JPN), Ludmila Nelidina (RUS), Mao Asada (JPN), Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS), Rika Kihira (JPN), Mirai Nagasu (USA), and Alysa Liu (USA)) have succeeded in completing the jump in international competition, while another woman, Kimmie Meissner (USA), first completed the jump at the 2005 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. Midori Ito (JPN), Mao Asada (JPN), and Mirai Nagasu (USA) are the only women who have landed triple Axel jumps in Olympic games. Tonya Harding (USA) was the first woman to land two triple Axel jumps in the same competition (1991 Skate America). Mao Asada (JPN) was the first junior ladies competitor in history to land the triple Axel jump successfully, at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. This feat was next accomplished by fellow Japanese skater Rika Kihira who landed the jump at the 2016 JGP Ljubljana. Mao Asada (JPN) was the first woman to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition (2010 Winter Olympics). Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS) is the first woman to land four triple jumps in a short program including a triple Axel: 3A, 3Lz, 3T-3T (2015 World Championships) Rika Kihira (JPN) was the first woman to land a triple Axel-triple toeloop combination (2017-2018 JGP Final). Mirai Nagasu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup in Moscow, Russia. She was the first female athlete from the United States ever to land the triple Axel jump during an Olympic competition, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[2] Alysa Liu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2018 CS Asian Figure Skating Trophy, making her the youngest female athlete in history to land the jump successfully in international competition, at 12 years old.

title: Quadruple jump controversy

text: A triple Axel is worth 8.2 points as opposed to the quad's base value of 9.8. A skater can earn up to three bonus points if the triple Axel is well executed. Some figure skaters feel that instead of risking penalties for falling while attempting a quad, it is better to attempt a triple Axel, which is safer and more likely to be landed cleanly. Additionally, the difference in base value between a triple Axel and a triple lutz is 2.2 points, whereas between a quadruple toe and a triple Axel it is only 1.6 points. The degree of difficulty, however, between a triple Axel and a quad is greater than the degree of difficulty between a triple Lutz and a triple Axel.

title: Axel jump

text: The Axel is a figure skating jump with a forward take off. It is named after Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen who, in 1882, was the first skater to perform the jump. Compared to other common figure skating jumps, an Axel has an extra ½ rotation in the air because of its forward take off. Most skaters perform the jump with counterclockwise rotation, taking off from the left forward outside edge and landing on the right back outside edge. The Axel can also be done as a double jump with 2½ rotations, or as a triple jump with 3½ rotations, or a quadruple Axel with 4½ rotations, but no skater has yet accomplished a quadruple Axel in competition.

title: Todd Eldredge

text: In the 1996-1997 season Eldredge started off on fire, easily beating Alexei Urmanov (who also skated cleanly) to win Skate America. He controversially lost the Grand Prix final to Elvis Stojko who landed the first ever quadruple-triple combination, but had other errors, including a fall on his 2nd triple axel. Eldredge skated a clean and more complete program, but suffered from the home country scoring of the event in Canada. He regained his U.S title easily, in the absence of defending Champion Rudy Galindo, who was now professional. At the World Championships Eldredge skated a spectacular short program, but due to the very early draw he finished 2nd to Alexei Urmanov who skated near the very end. The top 6 were all clean with triple axel-triple toe combinations. Elvis Stojko though came from 4th to win the gold after a flawless long program with a quadruple-triple combination. Eldredge first singled, then later fell on his 2nd triple axel try, sealing his fate when combined with that he also didn't have a quadruple jump to begin with.

title: Yuzuru Hanyu

text: At the 2015 NHK Trophy, Hanyu placed first in the short program with a world record score of 106.33. He cleanly executed a quadruple Salchow, a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination, and a triple Axel. In the free skating, Hanyu landed three clean quadruple jumps, two clean triple Axels, and five clean triple jumps to receive 216.07 and combined total of 322.40, breaking both world records. With this result, he qualified for the Grand Prix Final in second place with 28 ranking points.

title: Tomáš Verner

text: In 2007, Verner improved significantly upon his previous results. At the European Championships in Warsaw, he led after the short program before finishing with the silver medal behind Brian Joubert. He was the first Czech male single skater to medal at the European Championships since 1992. At the 2007 World Championships in Japan, he finished fourth overall. Having popped a triple axel and made an error on a spin, he was in ninth place after the short but moved up to fourth after the long program, landing a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination and a further quadruple toe loop.

title: Axel jump

text: Axel Paulsen (NOR) was the first skater to perform the jump named after him, in 1882. He performed this feat wearing speed skates rather than figure skates. Dick Button (USA) was the first skater credited with a double Axel jump in competition. He performed this at the 1948 Winter Olympics, although footage of the jump shows that it may have been underrotated. Button's coach Gus Lussi was responsible for developing the modern Axel jump technique. Vern Taylor (CAN) was the first to land a triple Axel in competition at the 1978 World Figure Skating Championships. It has since become a standard jump for male competitors, but it is rare for female skaters to successfully land them or attempt them in a competition setting. Brian Orser (CAN) was the first skater to put two triple Axel jumps in the same program and the first to accomplish this at the World level at the 1987 World Figure Skating Championships; since he also landed one in the short program, he additionally was the first skater to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition.

title: Stéphane Lambiel

text: At the 2008 World Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden, Lambiel fell on his triple axel and put his hand down on a quadruple toe loop in the short program, leaving him in fifth place going into the free skate. In the free skate, he stepped out of his triple axel attempt, put his hand down again on the quadruple toe loop in his combination, and then stepped out of his solo quadruple toe loop. He finished in fifth place overall.

title: Ludmila Nelidina

text: Nelidina landed a triple axel in competition at the 2002 Skate America. Together with Yukari Nakano, who also completed a triple axel at that competition, Nelidina was the first female skater in 10 years to perform a triple axel in international competition. She is the first European lady skater to land a triple axel in competition, the other skaters having been from Japan and the United States.

title: Elvis Stojko

text: At the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Stojko fell on his triple axel combo jump, leaving him in seventh place after the short programme. In the free programme he included a quadruple jump combination (the only one in the competition) and moved him all the way up to fourth, just off the podium behind American Rudy Galindo, who won the bronze. His quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop was the first ever performed by a skater in a major competition.

title: Kevin Reynolds (figure skater)

text: Reynolds is the first skater to have landed two quadruple jumps in a short program. He is the first to have landed five quadruple jumps in one competition — at the 2013 Four Continents, he landed two quads in the short program and three in the free skate.

title: Javier Fernández (figure skater)

text: At the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Fernández successfully landed a quad toe loop-triple toe loop combination, quad Salchow, and triple Axel to score a new personal best of 102.54 points in the short program. With this score, he became only the second man in history to break 100 points in that segment. With a 14-point advantage going into the free skate, Fernández landed three quadruple jumps, but fell on the second triple Axel of the program (which he had just added). He scored 200.23 points, for a combined total of 302.77, becoming the second skater in history to cross the 300 point mark. He finished ahead of silver medalist Oleksii Bychenko by a margin of over 60 points.

title: Brian Boitano

text: In 1982 Boitano became the first American to land a triple axel. In 1987 he introduced his signature jump, the 'Boitano triple lutz' in which the skater raises his left arm above his head. He attempted a quadruple jump throughout the 1986–87 season and at the 1988 World Figure Skating Championships, but did not cleanly land the jump; he double-footed the landing on two occasions.

title: Quad (figure skating)

text: 1983 Mark Cockerell (USA) lands quads in training at the US National Sports Festival, but decides not to try it during his performance.[13] 1984 Alexander Fadeyev (USSR) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[14] 1986 Jozef Sabovčík (CZE) attempts a quad toe at the European Championships. It was approved at the time but a few weeks later ruled invalid because of a touchdown with his free foot.[15] 1987 Brian Boitano (USA) makes a quad toe attempt at the World Championships but falls and loses his title to Brian Orser (CAN).[16] 1988 Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first ratified quadruple jump, a toe loop, at the World Championships (with three turns on the landing).[15][17][18] Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen."[15] Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.[17] 1989 Kurt Browning (CAN) lands a quad toe loop at the World Championships but touchdown with free foot.[18] 1990 Alexei Urmanov (USSR) becomes the first Soviet skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December. Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but touches down with free foot at the European Championships in January 1991 Erik Larson (USA) attempts a slide spiral into a quad toe lands it and turns out at the NHK Trophy. Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot Axel/quad Salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed. Alexei Urmanov (RUS) lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January. Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.[19] He later said that he had studied VHS tapes of Browning, Boitano, Fadeev, and Sabovcik to master the quad.[20] 1992 Petr Barna (CZE) lands a quad toe loop, but stepping out on landing at the European Championships in January.[21] Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January Alexei Urmanov (CIS) lands the first quad (toe loop) in Olympic competition but touches down with the right hand. Petr Barna (CZE) lands a huge quad toe-loop but touch down with free foot.[22] 1993 Konstantin Kostin (LAT) lands a quad toe loop at the European Championships in January 1994 Zhang Min (CHN) lands a quad toe cleanly at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer. Elvis Stojko (CAN) attempts a quad toe-triple toe combination at the World Championships, but steps out on the landing. 1995 Vassily Eremenko (UKR) falls on a quad toe attempt at the European Championships in January Michael Weiss (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals. Francis Gastellu (FRA) lands a quad toe at the French Nationals.[23][24] 1996 Guo Zhengxin (CHN) landed a quad-toe-double toe at the World Championships.[25] 1997 Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.[26] Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.[20] A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition: Ilia Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN). Guo Zhengxin (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance. Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships. Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop). 17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series and attempts a quad Salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt is ruled a two-footed landing. 1998 Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall). Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals. Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad Salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple Salchow and the first quad Salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is ratified by the ISU a month later.[27] Ilia Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program. The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June. Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad Salchow at the Goodwill Games in July. Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly. Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt. 1999 Zhang Min (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[28] Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships.[29] Ilia Klimkin (RUS) becomes the first man to land two different quadruple jumps (salchow and toe loop) in a program at the 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy.[30] Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at 1999 Skate America in October; he landed a quad salchow, quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe as a solo jump.[15] Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs the world's first quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy. 2000 Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program at the World Championships, including one in combination[31] Todd Eldredge (USA) lands his first quadruple jump in competition at the Masters of Figure Skating. 2001 Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) at the World Championships. Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) falls on a quad lutz attempt at the Cup of Russia. 2002 Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands a quad-triple combination jump in his short program at the 2002 Olympics.[32] Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympic-winning long program: 1) a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe, toe-triple toe, double loop) combination and 2) a quadruple toe loop.[33] Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands two quads in his Olympics long program: a quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop attempt (step out on the last jump) and a solo quad toe.[34] Zhang Min (CHN) is the first to land three quadruple jumps in the long program at the Olympic Games.[35] Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a quad salchow-triple toe loop combination in his Olympic short program. Timothy Goebel (USA) lands two quad salchow (one in combination with a triple toe loop) and one quad toe loop during his Olympic free program. Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) lands the first quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia. 2003 Takeshi Honda (JPN) lands three quadruple jumps in his long program at the 2003 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[36] 2006 Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination in his Olympic-winning free skate. Stephane Lambiel (CHE) performs a quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop combination during his free skate at the Olympics. He attempts a second quad past the halfway point, but steps out and touches down with his hand.[37] Brian Joubert (FRA) lands three quads (a quad toe in combination with double toe, a quad Salchow and a second quad toe) in competition at the Cup of Russia. He became the first European to perform it, and the first skater to land three quads in a free program under the ISU Judging System.[38] 2008 Kevin Reynolds (CAN) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple loop) at the Canadian Championships (at the age of 17), being the second one to do so. Jeffrey Buttle (CAN) won at the 2008 World Championships. He became the first Champion whom without attempting a quad since Todd Eldredge in 1996. This led to criticism from silver-medal winner Brian Joubert and U.S. champion Evan Lysacek.[39] 2010 Evan Lysacek (USA) won the gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics without attempting a quad. This led to heavy criticism from silver-medal winner Evgeni Plushenko who landed a quad toe-triple toe combination in both his short program and free skate.[40] Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the World Championships, but the jump is underrotated.[41] Kevin van der Perren (BEL) lands a quad-triple-triple (quad toe-triple toe-triple toe) combination in competition at the World Championships in Torino, Italy. Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first skater to successfully land two quadruple jumps (quad salchow-triple toe loop and quad toe-loop) in a short program at the 2010 Skate Canada International.[42] Daisuke Takahashi (JPN) attempts a quadruple flip jump at the Grand Prix Final, but the jump is downgraded. 2011 Brandon Mroz (USA) lands a quad Lutz in the short program at the 2011 Colorado Springs Invitational.[4][5] The U.S. Figure Skating-sanctioned competition was a small non-ISU event with three men's entries, making it unclear whether the accomplishment would be recognized by the International Skating Union.[5][43] On October 26, the ISU announced it had ratified the jump as the first quad Lutz to be performed in a sanctioned competition.[6][7] World Champion Patrick Chan of Canada commented, "I don't think it can be an official ISU record until [Mroz] has done it in an ISU event."[44] Adam Rippon attempted quad Lutz in his free skating at the 2011 Skate Canada, but the jump was downgraded and two-footed.[45] On November 12, 2011, Brandon Mroz (USA) landed a quad Lutz as his opening jump in the men's short program at the NHK Trophy in Sapporo, Japan, becoming the first skater to land a quadruple lutz in international competition.[46] Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2011 Cup of China. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[47] 2012 Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2012 World Team Trophy. The jump was underrotated, then he fell.[48] Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the second European skater to land three quads (two salchows and a toe-loop) in a free program and the first one to do it with a quad-triple combination (4S+3T) at the 2012 Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia. 2013 Brian Joubert (FRA) becomes the first skater to land more than 100 quadruple jumps in his career at international competitions.[49] Vladislav Sesganov (RUS) becomes the first European skater to have landed quadruple Lutz in a competition at the 2013 International Cup of Nice.[50] Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the first skater to land three quads twice in the same season after the 2012-13 Grand Prix Final and the 2013 European Championships. In both programs he did two quad Salchows and a quad toe loop, the first Salchow in combination with a triple toe loop. Kevin Reynolds (CAN) becomes the first figure skater to land five quads in one competition 2014 Gordei Gorshkov (RUS) at a domestic competition (2nd stage of 2014 SPB Cup) attempts quad loop. The jump was downgraded, then he fell.[51] 2015 Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Latvia attempts the quad loop. The jump was downgraded and received a fall deduction.[52] He also attempts quad loop at a JGP in Poland but the jump is underrotated.[53] Boyang Jin (CHN) at a domestic competition (2015 National Grand Prix) lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Lutz.[54] Boyang Jin (CHN) lands a successful quad Lutz - triple toe-loop (4Lz-3T) combination during his senior debut, the short program at the 2015 ISU Grand Prix event, Cup of China. The jump combination earned +1.29 GOE and Jin became the first man to land a positively graded 4Lz in an official ISU competition and the first man to jump a 4Lz in combination. Jin landed two successful quads in his short program. During the free skate Jin attempted four quads, landing a 4Lz, 4T-2T, 4T, but falling on his 4S attempt. He earned +2.14 GOE on his 4Lz, landing it for the second time in one competition. Boyang Jin (CHN) at the 2015-16 Grand Prix Final lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Salchow.[55] 2016 Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first American to have landed two quads (4T and 4S) in his short program, four quads (4T-2T, 4S-2T-2Lo, 4T and 4S) in the free skate, and also six quads in two programs.[56] Boyang Jin (CHN) at his debut Four Continents Championships in Taipei landed six clean quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate. Shoma Uno (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple flip in the competition at the 2016 Team Challenge Cup.[57][58][59][60] Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Slovenia landed quad loop but stepped out on the landing. The jump was counted as fully rotated. Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first skater in history to successfully land a quadruple loop in competition at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International.[61] Nathan Chen (USA) attempts five quads in a single program for the first time in his free skate at 2016 Finlandia Trophy: a quad Lutz, a quad flip, a quad toe loop, a quad toe loop-double toe loop-double loop combination and a quad Salchow. However, only his quad toe combination is landed cleanly as he falls on the first quad toe and the quad salchow. 2017 Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first skater in history to land 1) four different types of quads in a free skating program (Lutz, flip, toeloop, Salchow), 2) five quads in total in a free skating program, and 3) seven quads in total in both his short program and free skating.[62] Shoma Uno (JPN) successfully lands a quad loop in his free skate at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He also lands a quad flip and two quad toe loops in the same programs.[63] Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first competitor to land three quads in the second half of a free skating program.[64] Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to have landed five different types of quads across various competitions: toe loop, Salchow, loop, flip and Lutz, following his successful quadruple loop at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic. Yaroslav Paniot (UKR) successfully lands a quad flip in his free skate at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic. Mikhail Kolyada (RUS) successfully lands a quad Lutz in his free skate at the 2017 Ondrej Nepela Memorial. Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) successfully lands a quad Lutz at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup (Cup of Russia). Alexander Samarin (RUS) became the first European skater to land a quad Lutz in combination with a triple toe in international competitions at the 2017 Skate Canada. Nathan Chen (USA) became the first figure skater in history to land two quad Lutz jumps in a free skating and three quad Lutz jumps in a single competition at the 2017 Skate America. Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the youngest person to land a quad Lutz jump in international competition, at the age of 15. He did so in his free skate at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb. 2018 Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2018 Winter Olympics Team event (men's short) became the first skater to land a quad flip at the Olympics.[65] Vincent Zhou (USA) became the first skater to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics.[66] Nathan Chen (USA) was the first to land six quads in a free skate (five of them cleanly), also at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[65] Vincent Zhou (USA) successfully lands a quad flip in competition at the World Championships. Stephen Gogolev (CAN) became the youngest person to land quad Lutz, quad Salchow and quad toe in international competition, at the age of 13. He landed three quad jumps in his free skate at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Slovakia. Dmitri Aliev (RUS) became the first European skater to have completed three quadruple jumps (toe loop, Lutz and Salchow) in international competitions. He added the quad Lutz during the 2018 Winter Olympics and the quad Salchow during the 2018 Lombardia Trophy. Daniel Grassl (ITA) became the first European skater to have completed quad loop in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Golden Bear in Zagreb. Artur Dmitriev Jr. (RUS) became the first skater to have attempted quad axel in international competition. He did so in his free skate at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. His jump was recognized as quad axel in the protocols, though it was downgraded. [67]

title: Yuzuru Hanyu

text: Hanyu is credited as the first figure skater to successfully land a quadruple loop in an ISU sanctioned competition after performing it in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada on September 30, 2016. He is also the only skater who landed a quadruple toe loop-triple Axel sequence in competition. Currently, Hanyu is able to execute four different types of quadruple jumps in competition – the toe loop, Salchow, loop, and Lutz.

title: Artur Dmitriev Jr.

text: Dmitriev was the first man to land a 3Lz+3F cleanly in competition at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, although it received a negative GOE for the lutz's landing on a left inside edge. At the 2018 Rostelecom Cup, Dmitriev attempted a quadruple axel, but landed forwards and fell, receiving both a downgrade and a fall deduction; this made him the first skater ever to attempt a quadruple axel in international competition

title: Figure skating

text: The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a "quad"). The simplest jump begins with a waltz jump which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is extremely rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump; the only two female single skaters to be credited with quads in competition are Miki Ando, who landed the first quad Salchow in Dec 2002, and Alexandra Trusova, who landed the first quad Toe Loop (and only the second quad Salchow) in March 2018, both at the Junior level. Alexandra Trusova also was the first female to ever land 2 quadruple jumps in competition, the quad salchow and the quad toe loop. She was only 13 years old at the time.

title: Stéphane Lambiel

text: On 16 January, Lambiel withdrew from the 2007 European Championships, citing burnout. He returned to compete at the 2007 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. In the short program, Lambiel fell on his triple axel and only tripled the first jump in his intended quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, finishing sixth. He did better in the long program, landing two quadruple toe loops and a triple axel, and earning high program component scores and a level four for three of his spins. Lambiel finished in 2nd on the night and third overall behind Brian Joubert and Daisuke Takahashi.

title: Axel jump

text: A delayed Axel is similar to a regular Axel, but the skater takes a very open body position on the ascent of the jump before pulling in to complete the rotation, in a similar way to the saut de basque in ballet. Robin Cousins mastered this variation. In an open Axel, the skater maintains an open body position throughout the jump without delaying the rotation. A tuck Axel has the same take-off and landing as a regular Axel, but the skater pulls the legs up into a tuck or sit spin position in the air. A half Axel is a jump with a regular Axel take-off but with only one rotation, landed forward (typically on the left toe pick and right forward inside edge, for a counterclockwise jump). This jump is sometimes also called a bell jump or a once around. This jump can also be used as a stage between the waltz jump and the single axel. A one-foot Axel is a 1½ rotation jump with a regular Axel take-off that lands on the back inside edge of the takeoff foot—the left foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known (especially in artistic roller skating) as a Colledge, after 1937 World Champion Cecilia Colledge. In the late 1980s, Jill Trenary made this jump as the first half of a combination (the other half being the triple Salchow) her signature move. An inside Axel is a 1½ rotation jump that takes off from a forward inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same foot – the right foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known as a Böckl, after its inventor Willy Böckl.

title: Artur Dmitriev Jr.

text: Artur Arturovich Dmitriev (, born 7 September 1992) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2015 CS Ice Challenge champion, 2014 Cup of Nice silver medalist, and competed at three World Junior Championships, twice finishing in the top ten. He was the first skater ever to attempt a quadruple axel in international competition; however, he landed forwards and received a downgrade on the jump.

title: Timothy Goebel

text: Timothy Richard Goebel (born September 10, 1980) is an American former competitive figure skater. He is the 2002 Olympic bronze medalist. He was the first person to land a quadruple salchow jump in competition and the first person to land three quadruple jumps in one program. He landed 76 career quadruple jumps before his retirement in 2006.

title: Figure skating jumps

text: A jump sequence consists of 2 (two) jumps of any number of revolutions, beginning with any jump, immediately followed by an Axel type jump with a direct step from the landing curve of the first jump to the take-off curve of the Axel jump. The old definition of jump sequences prior to the 2018/19 season was ""Jumps that are not directly linked from landing to take-off edge are considered sequences. Sequences often include "decorative" jumps like toe loop"". Long sequences of single and double jumps used to be common in figure skating through the 1980s, but became more rare as skaters instead packed their programs with triple and quadruple jumps. Under the ISU Judging System, jump sequences are worth 80% of what they would be worth if the same jumps were executed in combination, and in some cases carry less value than just doing the most difficult jump in the sequence as a solo jump.

title: Keegan Messing

text: At the Final, Messing underrotated two jumps in the short program, placing sixth. He moved up to fifth place in the free skate, despite falling on a triple Axel and doubling a planned quadruple toeloop. Messing landed the quad Lutz in competition for the first time, the second Canadian skater to do so after Stephen Gogolev.

title: Timothy Goebel

text: Goebel was sometimes referred to as the "Quad King" because of his ability to land quadruple jumps. On March 7, 1998, in Lausanne, Switzerland, at the Junior Grand Prix Final, Goebel became the first skater in the world to land a quadruple Salchow, and the first American skater to land a quadruple jump of any kind in competition. International Skating Union officials ratified the jump at the end of the month after watching a video provided by the parents of Tiffany Stiegler / Johnnie Stiegler.

title: Brian Joubert

text: Joubert was considered a strong jumper during his competitive career. He landed the quadruple salchow jump in competition and had a consistent quadruple toe loop jump. In 2013, he became the first skater to land 100 quadruple jumps in international competition. At the 2006 Cup of Russia competition, Joubert landed three quadruple jumps in his free skate: two toe loops (one in combination) and a Salchow, the first skater to accomplish this under the IJS. Joubert has stated in interviews that he considers quadruple jumps to be important for the future of figure skating as a sport. Although the triple lutz was normally consistent for him in practice, he twice cut his right foot while picking in for the jump.

title: Quad (figure skating)

text: 1977 Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakrai (URS) perform the first ever quadruple twist lift at the European Championships. 1987 Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov (URS) perform a quadruple twist at the World Championships.[74] 2000 Dan Zhang and Hao Zhang (CHN) perform the first quadruple twist in a Junior competition at the Junior World Championships.[75] 2002 Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw Salchow at the Olympics. She lands, then falls, and the jump is not ratified. 2004 Ding Yang and Ren Zhongfei (CHN) attempt a quadruple-throw toe loop at the Four Continents Championships; the landing is two-footed. 2007 Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent (USA) became the first pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard.[76] 2008 Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the second pair to land a quadruple-throw Salchow in competition, at the 2008 European Championships. They also were the first pair to land a quadruple Salchow at the Russian and World Championships. 2011 Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) successfully perform a quadruple twist at JGP Innsbruck, Austria.[77] 2012 Sui Wenjing and Han Cong (CHN) became the first pair to attempt two quadruples, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple twist, in a program at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships; the landing for the quadruple-throw Salchow is two-footed.[78] 2014 Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete a quadruple-throw salchow in domestic competition[79] 2015 Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) at a domestic competition (1st stage of 2015 SPB Cup) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop. The landing for the quadruple-throw loop is two-footed, then she falls.[80] Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) at a domestic competition (2015 Souvenir Georges-Ethier) attempt two quadruple-throws, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw Lutz, but she falls after the quad Lutz attempt. Yuko Kavaguti and Alexander Smirnov (RUS) became the first pair to perform two quadruple-throws in one program, a quadruple-throw Salchow and a quadruple-throw loop, at the ISU competition - 2015 Cup of China, although the landing for the loop is two-footed. It is also the first attempt to perform the quadruple-throw loop at the international competition.[81] 2017 Vanessa James and Morgan Cipres (FRA) at the 2017 European Figure Skating Championships attempt a quad Salchow throw, but the landing was two-footed. 2018 Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford (CAN) complete the first quadruple-throw salchow in Olympic competition.[82][83][84]

title: Quadruple jump controversy

text: TV commentators and experts saw Plushenko's "saving power" in managing to land a seemingly off-axis triple Axel as a testament to what real mastery is all about, as few would have been able to save it. "This is exactly what determines the great skill of a figure skater – the ability to save a jump when needed, even in the most difficult situation. At the Olympics, mistakes are practically always bound to happen, and the one who is able to correct them wins it."

title: Quad (figure skating)

text: On March 25, 1988, at the World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Kurt Browning, a Canadian, landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) in competition. On March 7, 1998, at the Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow and, in particular, a quad Salchow in combination. On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quad Lutz in a sanctioned competition.[4][5][6][7][8] On November 12, he landed a ratified quad Lutz at the NHK Trophy, becoming the first skater to land successfully a quad Lutz in international competition. On April 22, 2016, in the short program at the Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, United States, Shoma Uno landed the first ratified quadruple flip in competition.[9] On September 30, 2016, in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada, Yuzuru Hanyu landed the first ratified quadruple loop (also known as the "Rittberger" in Europe) in competition.[10] No quadruple Axel has yet been ratified. No quadruple combinations (quadruple jumps followed by quadruple loop or toe loop) or sequences (quadruple jumps followed by any quadruple jumps except for quadruple loop or toe loop) have yet been ratified.

title: Figure skating jumps

text: Jumps are referred to by how many times the skater turns in the air. One revolution (one and a half for the Axel) is a "single" jump. Two revolutions (two and a half for the Axel) is a "double" jump. Three revolutions (three and a half for the Axel) is a "triple" jump. Four revolutions (four and a half for the Axel, although this has never been done in competition) is a "quadruple" or "quad" jump. The first triple jump landed in competition was a loop jump. It was landed by Dick Button in 1952. The first quadruple jump landed in competition was a toe loop jump. It was landed by Kurt Browning in 1988. Currently, men in world-class competition usually attempt a full set of triples and sometimes one or two quadruple jumps in their free skating programs. Triple Axels are rare for ladies, and quadruple jump attempts even more so.