query: How long is Interstate 97?

title: Interstate 97

text: Interstate 97 (I-97) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs entirely within Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The intrastate Interstate runs 17.62 miles (28.36km) from U.S. Route 50 (US50) and US 301 in Parole near Annapolis north to I-695 and I-895 in Brooklyn Park near Baltimore. The Interstate is the primary highway between Baltimore and Annapolis. I‑97 connects Annapolis with Baltimore–Washington International Airport and links the northern Anne Arundel County communities of Crownsville, Millersville, Severna Park, Glen Burnie, and Ferndale. It is the shortest primary Interstate Highway.

title: Interstate 97

text: With Interstate funding assured, MDSHA commissioned the Baltimore–Annapolis Transportation Corridor Study in 1973 to figure out, among other things, the best route for the Baltimore–Annapolis Interstate.[30] The study discovered a western route following the MD 3 and MD 178 corridors would be less disruptive and require fewer acquisitions of homes and businesses compared to an extension of the Arundel Expressway south along the MD 2 corridor.[31] In June 1979, MDSHA announced plans for I-97.[2] The original route numbering plan, which was approved by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) at its November 1975 meeting, was for I-97 to include its current route plus US 50 from Parole west to I-95 (Capital Beltway). That proposal included two auxiliary Interstate highways. I-197 would follow US 50 and US 301 east from I-97 to just west of the Severn River.[32] I-297 would follow MD 3 between a pair of intersections with I-97 in Millersville and Bowie.[29][32] AASHTO rescinded its approval of the 1975 plan at its June 1981 meeting, then approved what was essentially the original 1975 plan at its June 1982 meeting.[33][34] The east–west segment of I-97 and I-197 was replaced by I-68.[34] I-297 was withdrawn by request of the state of Maryland in 1983.[29] The 1982 concept of I-68 became unsigned I-595 and I-68 was applied to the National Freeway in Western Maryland in 1991 after AASHTO approved the new designations at its June 1989 meeting.[29][35]

title: Interstate 95 in South Carolina

text: By 1975, Interstate 95 was open continuously from US 17, in Hardeeville, to SC 63, in Walterboro; temporary exits were removed around Coosawhatchie. In 1976, the two sections of Interstate 95 were connected, from SC 63, in Walterboro, to US 301 Connector, in Santee (exit 97). In same year, exit numbers were added along Interstate 95. The last section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1978, connecting US 17, in Hardeeville, south to the Georgia state line.

title: Pennsylvania Route 97 (Erie County)

text: After , PA 97 meets Interstate 90 at exit 27 immediately south of Erie. from the exit, PA 97 meets the southern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 505. At PA 505, PA 97 separates from the Perry Highway and follows Old French Road north through downtown Erie to its terminus at an intersection with PA 8 two blocks south of U.S. Route 20.

title: Interstate 97

text: I-97 does not have an official name.[1] However, the Interstate is dedicated to John A. Cade, who served the area around Severna Park in the Maryland Senate from 1974 to his 1996 death and who worked to secure funding for the highway. The Maryland General Assembly passed a dedication bill in 1998, and the Maryland State Highway Administration (MDSHA) installed a pair of signs noting the dedication in Millersville and near Parole.[4] Like all Interstate Highways, I-97 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length.[5] I-97 is the shortest 2-digit mainline Interstate and only intracounty 2-digit Interstate in the contiguous United States.[6]

title: Interstate 35 in Texas

text: In Texas, Interstate 35 runs for just over 407 miles (655 km), which does not include either the 85-mile (137-km) segment of Interstate 35W or the 97-mile (156-km) segment of Interstate 35E. Texas contains more miles of the overall length of Interstate 35 than any other state, almost one-third of the entire length.

title: Maryland highway system

text: Maryland has 16 Interstate highways, including six primary Interstates and ten auxiliary Interstates. The longest Interstate in Maryland is Interstate 95, while the shortest Interstate is I-295. Maryland also contains an unsigned Interstate, I-595; a former Interstate, I-170; and an intracounty Interstate, I-97, which is also the shortest primary highway in the Interstate Highway System.

title: Interstate 97

text: I-97 begins at US 50 and US 301 (John Hanson Highway), which run concurrently with unsigned I-595, on the edge of the community of Parole west of Annapolis. The freeways meet at a semi-directional T interchange; the ramp from I-97 to eastbound US 50 and US 301 merges with a collector-distributor road that extends east to that freeway's interchange with MD 665 (Aris T. Allen Boulevard). I-97 heads northwest as a four-lane freeway with a speed limit of 65 miles per hour (105km/h). The freeway crosses over MD 450 (Defense Highway) and passes along the south and west sides of Crownsville, where it crosses several tributaries of the Bacon Ridge Branch of the South River. North of Crownsville, I-97 has a partial interchange that comprises a pair of long ramps to MD 178 (Generals Highway); the interchange allows access from southbound I-97 to MD 178 and from the state highway to the northbound Interstate. I-97 gains an extra lane in each direction from the MD 178 ramps; those extra lanes split off at the freeway's partial interchange with the eastern end of MD 32 just north of Millersville. The Interstate curves northeast and has a complementary partial interchange with the northern end of MD 3 (Robert Crain Highway). The two state highways meet each other at a six-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange immediately to the west of I-97's sweeping curve, which facilitates all movements between the three highways.[1][3]

title: Interstate 97

text: Construction on I-97 began in the late 1980s with new construction from US 50 and US 301 to Crownsville. The Crownsville–Millersville segment of MD 32 was expanded and incorporated into the Interstate and the MD 3–MD 32 junction was upgraded. The portion of the MD 3 corridor from Millersville to south of Glen Burnie was upgraded on the spot to Interstate Highway standards in the early 1990s, after which MD 3 was truncated at Millersville. I-97's interchange with I-695 was rebuilt in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Glen Burnie Bypass was upgraded and expanded to six lanes in the mid-1990s. The complex process included reconstruction of several interchanges; the last interchange to be reconstructed was upgraded in the mid-2000s.

title: Interstate 97

text: Before reconstruction of the Glen Burnie Bypass from MD 3 Business to MD 648 began in November 1993, the Stewart Avenue bridge across the Interstate just south of the MD 100 interchange was replaced and ramps from northbound I-97 to eastbound MD 100 and from westbound MD 100 to southbound I-97 were added between 1990 and 1992.[48] The freeway was reconstructed to Interstate standards in three sections.[39] The middle section from MD 174 to MD 176 was reconstructed concurrently with the segment of MD 100 west from I-97 to MD 295 starting in 1993.[39] That segment of MD 100, including the MD 100–I-97 interchange, opened in November 1996, and the reconstruction of the middle section of I-97 was finished in July 1997.[49][50] The sections of I-97 from MD 3 Business to MD 174 and from MD 176 to MD 648 and were reconstructed starting in January 1994.[39] The MD 176–MD 648 roadway section was completed in March 1996. [51] The northern half of the MD 176 interchange was reconstructed as part of the latter project. The new loop ramp from northbound I-97 to westbound MD 176 and the new ramp from MD 176 to northbound I-97 were completed in 1995.[52] The ramp from southbound I-97 to MD 176 was removed during the widening project.[50] The pair of ramps between southbound I-97 and MD 162 to replace the removed ramp were constructed between 1996 and 1998.[39][50][53] The final piece of construction on I-97 was the reconstruction of its interchange with MD 174, which began in 2002 and concluded in 2005.[39][54][55]

title: California County Routes in zone A

text:
In wintertime, the road is kept open only to the U.S.F.S outpost at the level.
County Route A11 is a county route located in Tehama County and connecting Interstate 5 and CR A8 near Tehama.
County Route A12, known locally as the "99-97 cutoff", or more commonly, "the 97 cutoff", is a two-lane rural highway with a length of . A12 begins in the west at its junction with Old 99 Highway, which was once US 99. Just a few dozen yards to the east, it intersects Interstate 5. Its eastern terminus is at US 97, north of Weed.

title: Interstate 97

text: I-97 temporarily gains two extra lanes in each direction between MD 100 and its partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 176 (Dorsey Road). Access from the southbound Interstate to MD 176 is via MD 162 (Aviation Boulevard), which forms part of the Airport Loop surrounding Baltimore–Washington International Airport. I-97 continues through Ferndale, where it crosses over the Glen Burnie branch of MTA Maryland's Baltimore Light RailLink immediately before the highway's four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 648 (Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard), which provides access to the transit line's terminal station, Cromwell / Glen Burnie station. I-97's final interchange is with I-695 (Baltimore Beltway). The Interstate crosses the Cabin Branch of Curtis Creek within the interchange, which includes a flyover ramp from I-97 to westbound I-695; that ramp and the one from eastbound I-695 to I-97 merge on the inside of the two carriageways of the Beltway. The Interstate drops to four lanes and reaches its northern terminus just north of the loop ramp from westbound I-695 to I-97 in Brooklyn Park. The highway continues as I-895A, a pair of ramps that merge with the spur from I-895 (Harbor Tunnel Thruway) to MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway). The continuation from I-97 includes a ramp to westbound I-695 that allows access to the Beltway's interchange with MD 648.[1][3]

title: U.S. Route 97 in California

text:
US 97 begins in Weed at an interchange with Interstate 5. It runs on Weed's Business Loop of Interstate 5, which all of the loop used to be U.S. Route 99. At the junction with California State Route 265, U.S. Route 97 ends its concurrency with the Business Loop and turns right, heading to the northeast into the Shasta-Trinity National Forest, and later the Klamath National Forest. US 97 passes by Grass Lake as it travels through the mountains before descending into the community of Macdoel. The route continues into the city of Dorris before intersecting with California State Route 161 near Indian Tom Lake before it crosses Oregon state border and leaves California.
US 97 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. US 97 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. As of 2007, it is part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.

title: Interstate 97

text: I-97 continues north as a six-lane freeway and is closely paralleled on the east by Veterans Highway on the western edge of Severna Park. The highways cross Severn Run within Severn Run Natural Environment Area before they diverge slightly at the Interstate's partial cloverleaf interchange with Benfield Boulevard; access from northbound I-97 to the crossroad is via Veterans Highway. I-97 and Veterans Highway continue to parallel each other to the latter highway's northern end at I-97's partial cloverleaf interchange with the southern end of MD 3 Business (Robert Crain Highway) and New Cut Road. The interchange includes a flyover ramp from northbound I-97 to northbound Veterans Highway just south of its intersection with MD 3 Business. The freeway continues north along the west side of Glen Burnie and meets MD 174 (Quarterfield Road) at a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange and MD 100 at a cloverstack interchange that has flyover exit ramps from both directions of I-97.[1][3]

title: Interstate 90 in Washington

text: Interstate 90 (I-90) is a transcontinental Interstate Highway that runs from Seattle, Washington, to Boston, Massachusetts. It crosses Washington state from west to east, traveling from Seattle across the Cascade Mountains and into Eastern Washington, reaching the Idaho state line east of Spokane. I-90 intersects several major north–south highways, including I-5 in Seattle, I-82 and U.S. Route 97 (US 97) near Ellensburg, and US 395 and US 2 in Spokane.

title: Pan-American Highway

text: I-5 Runs north from San Diego to Seattle then links indirectly with British Columbia Highway 97 north of the Canada–US border. A technically direct link between the same interstate and the highway 97 system can be found near Weed, California. US route 97 runs northeast then north from this junction and becomes BC highway 97 at the border with Canada. I-15 links San Diego with Alberta Highway 2 that eventually crosses into British Columbia and ends at the southern terminus of the Alaska Highway. Interstate 8 provides an east-west link from San Diego to Interstate 10 near Phoenix, Arizona. The latter continues to Tuscon and links with Interstate 19 that becomes a spur of the Pan-American highway through Mexico at the Nogales border crossing. Interstate 25 runs north from Interstate 10 at Las Cruces, New Mexico to Interstate 90 in Wyoming. This route has no direct extension into Canada, but links indirectly to Interstate 15. Interstate 25 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was named the Pan-American Freeway,[7]:248 as an extension of highway 45, the Mexican spur linking El Paso to the original route along highway 85 north of Mexico City.[8] This portion of I-25 largely follows the historic Camino Real, and thus serves a culturally significant portion of the Pan American system. Like I-15, the complete route of Interstate 25 is an official northerly continuation towards Alberta, where Highway 2 provides a direct but unofficial Canadian link to the Alaska Highway. Interstate 35 is a northerly continuation of the original Pan-American highway following Mexican Federal Highway 85. It extends from Laredo, Texas to the Canada–United States border north of Duluth, Minnesota with a spur, Interstate 29, that leads farther west towards Winnipeg, Manitoba. The section of Interstate 35 in San Antonio, Texas is referred to as the Pan Am Expressway by locals. I-35 is a northerly continuation of Mexico Highway 85, the original official Mexican route, ending in Duluth, Minnesota, where Minnesota State Highway 61 continues to the Canada–US border near Thunder Bay, Ontario. The Trans-Canada Highway provides a link from Winnipeg and Thunder Bay to Alberta and the Alaska Highway, but is not officially part of the Pan-American Highway. An additional route only partially complete is Interstate 69 which will eventually run northeasterly from the same Laredo border crossing to the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor in Canada where the route becomes unofficial.

title: New York State Route 97

text: After Long Eddy, NY 97 bends northeast through the town of Fremont, intersecting with Kellams Bridge Road. Kellams Bridge Road connects NY 97 to the Little Equinunk Bridge (also known as Kellam's Bridge). NY 97 continues northward, intersecting with the terminus of CR 134 (Basket Brook Road). After another dart to the west, NY 97 enters the hamlet of Long Eddy. In Long Eddy, NY 97 is the main road, passing multiple residences on both sides of the road. At an intersection with Kinney Road, NY 97 turns northward and crosses the county line into Delaware County. Upon crossing the county line, NY 97 is now in the town of Hancock. Through Hancock, NY 97 becomes a two-lane woods road, winding north and soon northeast into the hamlet of Pea Brook.

title: Interstate 97

text: I-97 was constructed along the corridor of Maryland Route 3 (MD 3) between Millersville and Ferndale and MD 178 between Parole and Millersville. From Millersville to south of Glen Burnie, the Interstate closely follows the former course of MD 3, which was built in the late 1910s and early 1920s and expanded to a divided highway in the late 1950s. North of there, the highway follows the Glen Burnie Bypass, a freeway built in the mid-1950s. The segment of I-97 from Millersville to Crownsville originated as a two-lane portion of MD 32 in the early 1970s. The Interstate was introduced in 1979 after the state of Maryland successfully obtained Interstate mileage for a Baltimore–Annapolis freeway from the federal government. The state decided to build the highway along I-97's current corridor rather than along the MD 2 corridor, which has partial freeway access via MD 10.

title: Maryland Transportation Authority

text: When the first segment of the ICC opened on February 23, 2011, it became the first toll facility in Maryland with fully automated toll collection. Connecting Interstate 370 with Maryland Route 97, the first segment is long.

title: List of Interstate Highways in Maryland

text: The following is a list of Interstate Highways in Maryland. There are currently 16 Interstate Highways that exist entirely or partially in the U.S. state of Maryland. Six of these are primary Interstates while ten are auxiliary Interstates related to one of the primary Interstates. The longest primary Interstate in Maryland is Interstate 95 (commonly abbreviated I-95) at . The shortest primary Interstate in Maryland is I-81 at . I-97 is the shortest primary Interstate at and the shortest intrastate Interstate. I-97 is also the only primary Interstate to be located entirely within one county and to not connect with any other primary Interstate. The longest auxiliary Interstate in Maryland is I-695 at . The shortest auxiliary Interstate in Maryland is I-295 at . All Interstates are maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration except for all of I-395, all of I-895, a small part of I-695, I-95 within and north of Baltimore, and I-83 within Baltimore. Maryland has one unsigned Interstate, I-595; that highway is marked as U.S. Route 50 and US 301, which are concurrent with I-595 for its entire length. Maryland has one former Interstate, I-170, which is shaded in dark gray in the list.

title: West Virginia Route 97

text: West Virginia Route 97 is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 52 and West Virginia Route 80 in Hanover. The eastern terminus is at exit 42 of the West Virginia Turnpike (Interstate 64 and Interstate 77) in Mabscott. West Virginia Route 16, which runs concurrent with WV 97 between Sophia and Mabscott, continues north into Beckley on Robert C. Byrd Drive, the right-of-way of both WV 16 and WV 97.

title: Interstate 97

text: Reconstruction of the MD 3 divided highway and the Glen Burnie Bypass was a complex operation that involved many temporary openings, lane shifts, construction of new roadways, and reconstruction of existing roadways over several phases over several years.[2] The first improvement was the reconstruction of the I-695 interchange between 1987 and 1991.[36][41] The modern ramps from I-97 to westbound I-695 and from eastbound I-695 to I-97 were built, eastbound I-695's ramp over these two ramps was constructed, and the loop ramp from I-97 to westbound I-695 was removed.[41] I-97 from its interchange with MD 648 to the new Beltway ramps was reconstructed to Interstate Highway standards and expanded to six lanes between May 1993 and August 1995.[39][42][43] Part of the functionality of the loop ramp to westbound I-695 was restored in October 1995 when another ramp from the Harbor Tunnel Thruway approach to westbound I-695 was added to allow access from I-97 to MD 648.[44]

title: Business routes of Interstate 90

text: Interstate 90 Business is a business loop of Interstate 90 in Ellensburg. It runs from a semi-trumpet interchange at exit 106 on I-90 at U.S. Route 97 then continues along West University Way to North Main Street, South Main Street and Canyon Drive, to a folded-diamond interchange with I-90/US 97 at exit 109.

title: Howe Village Historic District

text: The Howe Village Historic District is a historic district in Boxford, Massachusetts. It encompasses an area in and around Massachusetts Route 97, just east of Interstate 95 and south of the junction of those two roads, and includes most of the properties on Ipswich Road and a few on adjacent roads. This area was among the first to be settled in what is now Boxford, and consists of a rural cluster of houses built between about 1750 and 1850. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

title: County Route 97 (Suffolk County, New York)

text: The road runs on two long bridges over Furrows Road (unmarked CR 90), the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road and Long Island Avenue. Access to Long Island Avenue is available from turning ramps onto Union Avenue which lead to connecting roads that run parallel to CR 97. As the road approaches the Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495 or I-495), it runs below a cloverleaf with collector/distributor roads along the expressway that were built before Nicolls Road itself, and had served as the southern terminus of Nicolls Road until 1975. The freeway portion terminates north of the CR 16 (Portion Road) interchange. From here, the road runs along the western side of the Ammerman Campus of Suffolk County Community College where it briefly curves to the northwest, then moves back north after crossing South Coleman Road before reaching the interchange with NY 25.

title: Interstate 595 (Maryland)

text: In the 1980s, the John Hanson Highway was planned to be designated as a part of I-97 between the Capital Beltway and the current I-97 interchange and as Interstate 197 between I-97 and MD 70.

title: U.S. Route 97 in Washington

text: On June 29, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 into law, establishing a system of freeways that would later become the Interstate Highway System. Included in the system were Interstate 82 (I-82) and I-90, which were to be concurrent with US 97. The Biggs Rapids Bridge (later renamed to the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge) was opened on November 1, 1962, replacing the ferry that had been operating on the route since the early 1920s. A new system of highways was introduced in 1964 and ultimately caused US 97 to replace the Primary state highways.

title: U.S. Route 264

text: U.S. Route 264 begins at the Raleigh Beltline (which carries US 64 and Interstate 440) and travels to the east from a directional T interchange, concurrently with both Interstate 87 and US 64 along with it on a freeway alignment. It meets the eastern terminus of Interstate 540, which features several unused stub ramps. The I-87 concurrency ends at the Rolesville Road interchange in Wendell. The route curves to the northeast, paralleling NC 97, until it passes by Zebulon. At the north side of town, US 64 continues to the northeast, while the US 264 freeway continues east through a long wooded stretch. It curves to the south just before it meets Interstate 95/Interstate 795, just west of Wilson.

title: Weed, California

text: Weed is at the intersection of Interstate 5 and U.S. Route 97. Interstate 5 is the primary north-south transportation corridor for the west coast of the United States running from the Mexico–US border to the Canada–US border. U.S. Route 97 is a major north-south U.S. highway continuing from Weed in a northeasterly direction toward Klamath Falls, Oregon, thence through Oregon and Washington to the Canada–US border. California State Route 265 also runs through the town of Weed, locally known as North Weed Boulevard. Only two blocks long, it is the second-shortest state highway in California.

title: Interstate 97

text: The first portion of I-97 proper to be constructed was the section south of Millersville, which was placed under construction in three sections in March 1985.[36][4] The first section of the highway, from US 50 and US 301 to Millersville Road west of the MD 178 interchange, opened in December 1987.[2] Construction of I-97 from Millersville Road to the intersection of MD 3 and MD 178 at Dorrs Corner started in July 1987.[36] The Interstate through Millersville opened in April 1989.[2] The interchange at I-97's southern terminus was originally constructed as a partial interchange, with I-97 tying into what are now the collector-distributor lanes of US 50 and US 301.[37][38] The ramps from eastbound US 50 and US 301 to I-97 and from I-97 to the westbound U.S. Highways were added during the reconstruction of US 50 and US 301 in 1992 and 1993.[39][40]


query: Who designed Blenheim Palace?

title: Blenheim Palace

text: The architect selected for the ambitious project was a controversial one. The Duchess was known to favour Sir Christopher Wren, famous for St Paul's Cathedral and many other national buildings. The Duke however, following a chance meeting at a playhouse, is said to have commissioned Sir John Vanbrugh there and then. Vanbrugh, a popular dramatist, was an untrained architect, who usually worked in conjunction with the trained and practical Nicholas Hawksmoor. The duo had recently completed the first stages of the Baroque Castle Howard. This huge Yorkshire mansion was one of England's first houses in the flamboyant European Baroque style. The success of Castle Howard led Marlborough to commission something similar at Woodstock.[15]

title: Blenheim Art Foundation

text: Blenheim Palace is an English country house situated in the civil parish of Blenheim near Woodstock, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. The Palace was a gift from Queen Anne to the 1st Duke of Marlborough for his victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. Designated by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site in 1987, Blenheim Palace is also the birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill. Handed down through successive generations, the palace continues to be resided in by the Spencer-Churchill family and is the official seat of the current and 12th Duke of Marlborough, Jamie Spencer-Churchill.

title: Blenheim Palace

text: As of October2016, the Marlboroughs still have to tender a copy of the French royal flag to the Monarch on the anniversary of the Battle of Blenheim as rent for the land that Blenheim Palace stands on.[54]

title: Mistress Masham's Repose

text: As the end-paper illustrations in the book show, the ruinous estate of Malplaquet has similarities with Stowe in Buckinghamshire, where White had taught at Stowe School during the 1930s, while the house is more like Blenheim Palace, the residence of the Dukes of Marlborough. The name is an allusion to Blenheim which depends upon knowing that the Battle of Blenheim was the first of the great Marlborough's major victories, while Malplaquet was his fourth and last. The titular Repose is a tiny forgotten island in the middle of an ornamental lake in the vast grounds of Malplaquet. A structure on it is occupied by descendants of the Lilliputians, brought to England two centuries earlier by a sea-captain, following their discovery by Lemuel Gulliver. The island provides the perfect setting for their timid and secretive civilisation, accessible only by boat and protected by a wall of brambles which is carefully cultivated by the island's occupants. Many of the monuments in the grounds of Malplaquet recall notable figures of the early 18th century; "Mistress Masham's Repose" itself commemorates Abigail Masham, a close confidante of Queen Anne. Although she has no other bearing on the story, she was a cousin of Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, thus providing another link between the fictional Palace of Malplaquet and the real Blenheim Palace. Blenheim and Stowe are in turn linked to each other, in that Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, who developed the house and gardens at Stowe in the early eighteenth century, was a notable soldier who had served under the Duke of Marlborough.

title: Blenheim Palace in film and media

text: In October 2004, British jazz-pop pianist Jamie Cullum released "Live at Blenheim Palace," a 145-minute live concert DVD of his performance at the Blenheim Palace Music Festival on 1 July 2004.

title: Blenheim Palace in film and media

text: The Wakestock 2008 music and wakeboarding festival took place at the front of Blenheim Palace in June 2008

title: Blenheim Palace in film and media

text: The BBC Radio Four programme "Just a Minute" was recorded (twice) at Blenheim with Clement Freud, Derek Nimmo, Peter Jones and Kit Hesketh-Harvey. They were broadcast in 1998.American musician Barry Manilow performed a concert for over 40,000 fans on the grounds of the Palace on August 27, 1983. The recorded concert was released on VHS and later on DVD as "Barry Manilow: The Concert at Blenheim Palace."

title: Palace

text: Blenheim Palace (in England) and Hamilton Palace (in Scotland, demolished in 1927) are the only non-royal (and non-episcopal) residences to have the word "palace" in their name, other than Dalkeith Palace in Scotland, which used to be the seat of the Dukes of Buccleuch (who descend from Charles II of England).

title: Spencer family

text: The family seat of the Dukes of Marlborough is Blenheim Palace in Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Most Spencer-Churchills are interred in the churchyard of St Martin's Church, Bladon, a short distance from the palace; only the Dukes and Duchesses are buried in the Blenheim Palace chapel.

title: Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel

text:
In 1900, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land between Ohio Avenue and Park Place on the Boardwalk, and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was financially successful and, in 1905, he chose to expand. White hired Philadelphia architect Will Price of Price and McLanahan to design a new, separate tower to be called the Blenheim.
"Blenheim" refers to Blenheim Palace in England, the ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill, a grandson of the Duke of Marlborough.

title: Blenheim, Oxfordshire

text: Blenheim is a civil parish in West Oxfordshire, England, about north of Oxford. It includes Blenheim Palace.

title: Blenheim Palace

text: —Plaque above the East gate of Blenheim Palace

title: Woodstock, Oxfordshire

text: Blenheim Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is next to Woodstock, in the parish of Blenheim. Winston Churchill was born in Blenheim Palace in 1874 and is buried in the nearby village of Bladon.

title: Palace

text: Blenheim Palace was built, on a different site, in the grounds of the disused royal Palace of Woodstock, and the name was also part of the extraordinary honour when the house was given by a grateful nation to a great general, the Duke of Marlborough. Along with several royal and episcopal palaces in the countryside, Blenheim does demonstrate that "palace" has no specific urban connotation in English. On the use of the term "palace" in the UK, it is notable that Buckingham Palace was known as Buckingham House before it was acquired by the monarchy.

title: Blenheim Palace

text: Vanbrugh's severe massed Baroque used at Blenheim never truly caught the public imagination, and was quickly superseded by the revival of the Palladian style. Vanbrugh's reputation was irreparably damaged, and he received no further truly great public commissions. For his final design, Seaton Delaval Hall, which was hailed as his masterpiece, he used a refined version of the Baroque employed at Blenheim. He died shortly before its completion.[18]

title: Blenheim Palace

text: Blenheim Palace was the birthplace of the 1st Duke's famous descendant, Winston Churchill, whose life and times are commemorated by a permanent exhibition in the suite of rooms in which he was born (marked "K" on the plan). Blenheim Palace was designed with all its principal and secondary rooms on the piano nobile, thus there is no great staircase of state: anyone worthy of such state would have no cause to leave the piano nobile. Insofar as Blenheim does have a grand staircase, it is the series of steps in the Great Court which lead to the North Portico. There are staircases of various sizes and grandeur in the central block, but none are designed on the same scale of magnificence as the palace. James Thornhill painted the ceiling of the hall in 1716. It depicts Marlborough kneeling to Britannia and proffering a map of the Battle of Blenheim. The hall is 67ft (20m) high, and remarkable chiefly for its size and for its stone carvings by Gibbons, yet in spite of its immense size it is merely a vast anteroom to the saloon.[33]

title: Blenheim Palace in film and media

text: The British painter John Piper (1903–1992) was commissioned to paint scenes in the grounds of the palace during the 1980s. In 2012, an exhibition of the artist's work entitled "John Piper at Blenheim Palace" was held in a room at the palace to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Piper's death.

title: Blenheim Palace

text: BlenheimPalace (pronounced /ˈblɛnɪm/ BLEN-im[1]) is a monumental country house in Blenheim, Oxfordshire, England. It is the principal residence of the Dukes of Marlborough, and the only non-royal, non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and 1722, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.[2]

title: Blenheim Palace

text: List of Baroque residences Blenheim Palace in film and media

title: Blenheim Art Foundation

text: "SOFTER: Jenny Holzer at Blenheim Palace" (28 September - 31 December 2017) was a solo exhibition by American artist Jenny Holzer. The exhibition featured over fifty works concerning themes of modern conflict, history and memory. The first time Holzer visited Blenheim Palace, she became fascinated by the Palace’s own military history — not only the birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill but also built as a reward to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough for the Duke’s military victory against the French and Bavarians in the 1704 Battle of Blenheim. Holzer took this as a starting point to look at the timeless and universal theme of war, across history and countries. The exhibition showcased the breadth of Holzer's practice, from paintings, stoneworks, and electronic signs, to installations of black mondo grass and displays of human bones. Many of the works were site-specific, made in response to the Palace. Amongst these featured the light projection display ON WAR hosted for twelve nights after dark at the Palace. Using ten projectors beaming Holzer's text onto the Palace facade, this was Holzer's most ambitious light projection display to date.

title: Blenheim Palace in film and media

text: Film & TV productions that have shot scenes at Blenheim Palace, include the following:

title: Blenheim Palace

text: The palace, park, and gardens are open to the public on payment of an entry fee (maximum £24.90 as of October2016).[55] Separation of tourist entertainment attractions (the "Pleasure Gardens") from the palace ensures that the atmosphere of a large country house is retained. The palace is linked to the gardens by a miniature railway, the Blenheim Park Railway.[56]

title: Oxfordshire

text: Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener "Capability Brown", who planted the trees in the battle formation of the victorious army. In the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874.

title: Woodstock, Oxfordshire

text: The Palace was designed by John Vanbrugh, in a heavy Italo-Corinthian style. It was designated to John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough. Most of the palace was paid for by the nation. Churchill was given this palace in honour for his victories over the French and the Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession.

title: Blenheim Palace

text: The palace chapel, as a consequence of the Duke's death, now obtained even greater importance. The design was altered by the Marlboroughs' friend the Earl of Godolphin, who placed the high altar in defiance of religious convention against the west wall, thus allowing the dominating feature to be the Duke's gargantuan tomb and sarcophagus. Commissioned by the Duchess in 1730, it was designed by William Kent, and statues of the Duke and Duchess depicted as Caesar and Caesarina adorn the great sarcophagus. In bas relief at the base of the tomb, the Duchess ordered to be depicted the surrender of Marshal Tallard. However, the theme throughout the palace of honouring the Duke did not reach its apotheosis until the dowager duchess's death in 1744. Then, the Duke's coffin was returned to Blenheim from its temporary resting place, Westminster Abbey, and husband and wife were interred together and the tomb erected and completed.[31] Now Blenheim had indeed become a pantheon and mausoleum. Successive Dukes and their wives are also interred in the vault beneath the chapel. Other members of family are interred in St. Martin's parish churchyard at Bladon, a short distance from the palace.[32]

title: Blenheim Palace

text: In the design of great 18th-century houses comfort and convenience were subservient to magnificence, and this is certainly the case at Blenheim. This magnificence over creature comfort is heightened as the architect's brief was to create not only a home but also a national monument to reflect the power and civilisation of the nation. To create this monumental effect, Vanbrugh chose to design in a severe Baroque style, using great masses of stone to imitate strength and create shadow as decoration.[24]

title: Kidlington

text: An investigative journalist determined that, in fact, Chinese tour operators charge $68 extra for Chinese language tours of nearby Blenheim Palace. Tourists who do not want to pay to visit Blenheim are dropped off in Kidlington, which they find charming, but which tour operators select because it is too far from Blenheim to enable tourists to walk to the Palace and pay the cheaper £25 price for public tours in English.

title: Blenheim Palace

text: Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s.[3] It is unique in its combined use as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill.

title: Blenheim Park Railway

text: Blenheim Park Railway is a gauge miniature railway operating in the grounds of Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England.

title: Bladon

text: The parish of St Martin's includes Blenheim Palace, the family seat of the Duke of Marlborough. Most members of the Spencer-Churchill family are interred in St. Martin's parish churchyard at Bladon; only the Dukes and Duchesses are buried in the Blenheim Palace chapel. Blenheim Palace is also the birthplace of Winston Churchill, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1940–45 and again 1951–55. Like his parents, he was buried in St. Martin's parish churchyard after his death in 1965; his wife Clementine was buried in the same grave after her own death 12 years later.

title: Blenheim, South Carolina

text: Blenheim is a town in Marlboro County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 137 at the 2000 census. It is named for Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England which itself is named for the Battle of Blenheim, a major English victory of the War of the Spanish Succession at what is now Blindheim, Germany. Blenheim Palace was the residence of the Duke of Marlborough, after whom Marlboro County is named.


query: When was Jacob Aaron Westervelt born?

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Jacob Aaron Westervelt (January 20, 1800– February 21, 1879) was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder who constructed 247 vessels[2] of all descriptions during his career of over 50 years. From 1853 until 1855 he was Mayor of New York City.[4][5]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Westervelt was the eldest son of Ari and Vrowti Westervelt. Ari Westervelt was a builder by occupation. He built several houses in Franklin Street, New York, and constructed the South Church in Schraalenburgh in today's Bergenfield borough.[1][7] Westervelt was born in Tenafly, New Jersey, on January 20, 1800 and was baptized at Schraalenburgh on February 16, being the first child to receive that sacrament after the completion of the new church. The Westervelts then resided at the old family homestead on Tenafly Road midway between Englewood and Tenafly. When Ari Westervelt was working on improving the riverfront, he moved, together with his infant son, to New York in 1804, to be nearer his work.[8] It was to his father that Jacob Aaron owed his good education. His father died when Westervelt was only 14.[6]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: There are differing reports as to the start of this new chapter of Westervelt's life. On one side it is stated that Westervelt bought out his former partners Carnley and the Bergh brothers and took control of the Bergh shipyard,[14] at the foot of Gouverneur Street and extending to Water Street and up to Scammel.[15] Other sources state that Westervelt and William MacKay (not to be confused with Canadian shipbuilder Donald McKay) established one of a few new yards at Corlear's Hook (the block bounded by Third, Goerck and Houston Streets)[9] in 1841 and moved to Lewis and Seventh Street in 1844.[16] Westervelt may also have designed and built ships in connection with Edward Mills.[9] The shipyard Westervelt & MacKay, later Westervelt & Sons (which Westervelt formed with his sons Aaron and Daniel),[17] became prominent and prospered. Together with MacKay and his sons he built 50 steamships, 93 traditional sailing vessels and clippers, 5 barques, 14 schooners, one sloop, two lightships, and 11 pilot boats—a total of 181 vessels of 150,624tons.[9] Westervelt built more vessels of medium tonnage than any builder of his time. Some of his noteworthy sailing packets are:

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: In 1836 Westervelt built at least two ships under his own name, the Baltimore and Mediator, in partnership with the 22-year-old ship chandler Marshall Owen Roberts as Westervelt & Roberts.[13] Soon after Christian Bergh's retirement, Westervelt and Robert Carnley made an extensive tour of Europe, visiting the principal shipbuilding points, where Westervelt gathered information that he subsequently put to good use.[1] Westervelt found an inactive life disagreeable and, after a year of travel, returned to the dry docks in 1838[6] and resumed shipbuilding.

title: Morgan Morgans

text: In 1852, he was nominated by the Whigs as a candidate for mayor of New York City, but lost to Jacob Aaron Westervelt.

title: Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)

text: Jacob Westervelt (1794–1881) is often confused with his brother-in-law John Jacob V.B. Westervelt (1805–1866), who was a Deputy Sheriff under him, and subsequently High Sheriff of New York City himself too (1846–1849), as well as Assistant Alderman from the 16th Ward (1844–1846). Another namesake is Jacob Aaron Westervelt (1800–1879), the shipbuilder, Alderman from the 13th Ward and later Mayor of New York City (1853–1855).

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Westervelt married Eliza M. Thompson in New York City on April 25, 1825. They had eight children:[1]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: After the end of the Civil War in 1865, the U.S. government auctioned off the hundreds of ships it had requisitioned during the war at firesale prices, depressing the market and leaving American shipyards with no work. The result was that most American shipyards, along with marine engine specialists, failed. Not only the Westervelt shipyard, but the whole shipbuilding industry in New York was badly affected by the slump, being practically wiped out in the ensuing years. As the demise of shipbuilding after the war afforded him little opportunity to recover from his losses, the firm was dissolved in 1868, with no large surplus of assets. By this time Westervelt had constructed 247 ships with his partners, more than any other American shipbuilder in his day.[6]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: In the middle of the 17th century a few Westervelts lived in Meppel, situated a few miles from the eastern shore of the Zuiderzee, in the province of Drenthe and three miles east of Zwolle. Amongst them were two brothers, Willem and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, both farmers and cattle raisers, who with their wives and children decided to move to the New World.[67] They left Amsterdam on board De Hoop ("Hope") on April 8, 1662. On their arrival on May 24, 1662, New Amsterdam (which later became New York City) was suffering from a prolonged drought as no rain had fallen for eighty consecutive days.[67] Lubbert settled near Hackensack, New Jersey and was one of the promoters of the Dutch Church organized there in 1686. Willem was a member of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in New Amsterdam (1667), whilst his son lived at New Utrecht on Long Island. This son sold his lands in 1706 and is supposed to have moved to New Jersey, where the family has been numerous and prominent for the past 300years.[6] William Lubbertsen van Westervelt with his wife and six children, and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, with his wife and four children, became the progenitors of the van Westervelt/Westervelt family in America, and were at one time the second largest family in Bergen County, New Jersey.[67] Jacob Aaron Westervelt was a seventh-generation descendant of Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt.[6]

title: Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)

text: He married Elizabeth Westervelt, the sister of John Jacob V.B. Westervelt, in Schraalenburgh, New Jersey on March 21, 1812. He moved to New York City (880, Pacific street) immediately after his marriage. In the 1840s he purchased a farm in Upper Nyack, New York, which was subsequently sold. Jacob Westervelt and his wife had nine daughters and two sons: Isabella, Eliza, Margaret, James M., William, Maria, Gertrude, Rachel, Lavinia, Sarah Jane and Caroline Westervelt.

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Some historians[33] take the view that Westervelt built the first true American steamship that crossed the Atlantic to Europe. The Marquis Claude de Jouffroy d'Abbans from France invented and constructed the first steamboat, the so-called Palmipède, in 1774, and a second one, the steamboat Pyroscaphe, in 1783. Robert Fulton built the first commercially successful steam paddleship in the US, the North River Steamboat (also known as Clermont) in 1807, using a Boulton and Watt engine.[34]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Westervelt, as his name indicates, came from old Dutch stock.[6] The name was known in the Netherlands at a very early period, and although the family members were not of nobility, they had been extensive property owners for many generations. The earliest mention of the Westervelts that has been recorded is of a Dirk van Westervelt and his family who resided in and around the town of Harderwijk for many years. Some individuals sharing that name appear to have been early inhabitants of Zwolle, and their descendants are still to be found there, known by the name Westerveld.[67]

title: Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)

text: He was born on July 27, 1794 in Schraalenburgh, New Jersey to William Westervelt.

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: By 1855, the gold rush was over and Westervelt, like other shipbuilders, began looking for new markets to keep his yard busy, as the shipping lines that had carried almost 2.7million emigrants across the Atlantic by sailing vessels between 1846–1855,were ordering fewer ships than before. The declining trend continued because of the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. Between 1855 and the end of the war in 1865, only 1.4million emigrants were conveyed from Europe to the United States.[43]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Westervelt's term was marked by many reforms of the city's police.[6] One of the most controversial was his attempt to enforce a police uniform.[55]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: . Retrieved on March 20, 2009. "". The New York Times (February 25, 1879). Retrieved on March 19, 2009.

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: As Dock Commissioner, Westervelt followed in the footsteps of his father by continuing to improve the riverfront.[50][51]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: It was Mayor Westervelt's stated aim to sort out the bad seed.[57] In 1853 an administrative body was created, called the Board of Police Commissioners, consisting of Mayor Westervelt, the recorder and the city judge. Apart from the fact that the chief of police was selected by the Mayor with the Board's approval, the Board had full powers of appointment and dismissal of all members of the force and was charged with general administrative duties.[59]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Westervelt was politically an ardent but not very active Democrat. In 1840 he was elected to the Common Council,[6] in which he served for two years as an Alderman from the thirteenth ward.[20] Westervelt stepped back from active political involvement for a couple of years, but remained a shrewd observer of current affairs and recognized nuisances and the needs of the people of "his" town. He witnessed sharply increasing taxes between 1850 and 1852 and the establishment of a reform movement that began to decry excessive government spending. Grand jury revelations of widespread corruption on the common council heightened such concerns. Reformers mobilized and ran the Democratic incumbents out of office, electing in their place a combination of Whigs and reform Democrats committed to "economy" in government.[52] In November 1852 Westervelt was nominated for Mayor of the city by reformist representatives of the Democratic party. The mayoralty election was held at the same time as the presidential election, and the Democrats were successful in both.[1]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Besides the Brooklyn, also built at the Westervelt shipyard were the gunboats USS<i>Ottawa, USS<i>Otsego and the revenue cutter USRC<i>Kankakee, all of which performed efficient blockading services during the war. Westervelt also built many vessels for foreign governments, among these the frigate Hope in 1825 for the Greek government, Guadalquiver for Spain, and Eusiyama for Japan. Westervelt was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Queen of Spain for the preparation of models and plans for three Spanish frigates.[1][2]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: John Albert, b. September 15, 1826 Daniel Demarest, b. November 5, 1827; d. June 4, 1896 Aaron Jacob, b. March 14, 1829; d. March 9, 1879 James Thompson, b. October 5, 1830; d. in infancy Annie Halstead, b. May 12, 1832 Sophronia, b. December 19, 1834 Robert Carnley, b. November 25, 1837 Eliza Mariette, b. July 16, 1841; d. April 21, 1891

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Together with his partners (Westervelt & MacKay and Westervelt & Sons) he designed some of the fastest and most successful sailing packets, clippers and steamships ever built, among these the screw sloop USS<i>Brooklyn and the clipper Sweepstakes, as well as many vessels for foreign governments and Royal Houses. Westervelt was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Queen of Spain for the preparation of models and plans for three Spanish frigates.[1][2] For many years he was the President of the Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Marine Society, the Port Society and the St. Nicholas Society.[1] He was also President of the Board of Dock Commissioners for several years. After Westervelt's death, the flags at City Hall were lowered to half-mast.[6]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: The feelings of the members of this movement against the participation of foreign-born citizens in municipal affairs had grown very bitter,[63] and Westervelt set himself so sternly against them that his house was mobbed again.[6] Probably due to the paucity of support for his reformist efforts during his term, but also because he applied himself more and more to the business of shipbuilding again, Westervelt declined a renomination, which for him was equivalent to an election, and was succeeded as Mayor by Fernando Wood.[1] In 1857 Westervelt became a member of the New York State Assembly for Rockland County.[66]

title: Jacob Westervelt

text: Jacob Westervelt may refer to:

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: When the Dock Department was created in 1870, Wilson G. Hunt prevailed upon Westervelt to accept the duties of Superintendent of the Department. His management was characterized by prudence, sagacity and honesty.[6] When William Frederick Havemeyer became Mayor in 1873,[4] Westervelt was appointed a Commissioner of Docks and at the same time elected President of the Board of Dock Commissioners[47] (which position he also held at the time of his death),[6] and as such made tremendous improvements in piers and docks. His chief engineer, whom he selected in July 1870, was General George B. McClellan,[48] and his secretary General was Louis Fitzgerald.[20] In 1875 George S. Greene Jr. became the new chief engineer.[49]

title: Aaron Westervelt

text: Aaron Westervelt (born 21 November 1979) in Adelaide, Australia is an Australian football (soccer) player who plays as a Central midfielder for Adelaide Victory FC in the National Premier Leagues State League.

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Westervelt's position was clear: that a uniform incites a high degree a chivalrous sentiment; that it involves a "pride of cloth" and that the wearer knows that if he disgraces it he disgraces himself and the profession in which he serves.[55] Westervelt earned many party enemies by his determined policy to keep appointments to the police force, which were then a large part of the patronage appertaining to the mayoralty, free from political influence.[6]

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: Albion, Robert Greenhalgh. (1938, reprint 1965): Square-riggers on schedule, ASIN B0006AO5QE. Clayton, W. Woodford; Nelson, William (1882 - from old catalogue): History of Bergen and Passaic counties, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, ASIN B0006QCEF2. Dayton, Fred Erving. (1925): Steamboat Days, Frederick A. Stokes, New York, ISBN978-0-356-04765-2 (reprint of 1974) Morrison, John Harrison. (1909): History of New York Ship Yards, ISBN978-1-4181-8738-5. Westervelt, Walter Tallman. (1905): Genealogy of the Westervelt Family, Higginson Genealogical Books (1987), ASIN B00071870S

title: Jacob Aaron Westervelt

text: The most successful year for Westervelts's yard was 1858 when 12 ships were built (aggregating 14,081tons). At the outbreak of the Civil War, Westervelt was one of the richest shipowners in the country. He was a supporter of the Union cause. President Abraham Lincoln esteemed his judgment highly, and entrusted him with the purchase of many of the river craft which were altered to suit the demands of blockading and transport service. Westervelt accepted nothing for such service, but contented himself with the profits accruing from his shipyard. It was during this period that his fortune shrank very much faster than it had been accumulated. Steamer after steamer was wrecked, burned or captured by Confederate cruisers, until at the close of the war he was almost bankrupt. During one year alone his losses from marine casualties amounted to $500,000.[6]

title: Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)

text: Jay Westervelt (Jacob James Westervelt), contemporary 21st century New York biologist/professional snowboarder, is a namesake descendant of Jacob Westervelt.


query: Is there a Fist of the North Star game?

title: List of Fist of the North Star video games

text: The following is a list of video games based on the manga Fist of the North Star. Since , many video games based on the Hokuto no Ken franchise have been released for the Japanese market, including coin-operated arcade games and computer software. The majority of these games were released only in Japan, with the exceptions of Fist of the North Star for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Taxan Soft in , Fist of the North Star: 10 Big Brawls for the King of Universe for the Game Boy by Electro Brain in , and the Ken's Rage series by Koei Tecmo, which started in . The arcade games Fighting Mania by Konami and the Fist of the North Star fighting game by Sega, also received international distribution.[1][2] Additionally, the Sega games Black Belt for the Master System and Last Battle for the Genesis, were originally released as Hokuto no Ken video games in Japan before they were stripped of the license and rebranded for the international market.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: In 2018, a dedicated e-reader was sold that shipped with 18 volumes of Fist of the North Star, without the option of loading anything else, it is a read-only device just for Fist of the North Star. It has two screens that fold out like a book and sold for ¥30,000 in Japan. The device is called an eOneBook and is powered by removable AAA batteries.[21]

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2003-2004) Shin Hokuto no Ken (New Fist of the North Star) - OVA, 3 Episodes

title: Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage

text: Hisashi Koinuma, the game's producer said that the staff aim to create a "new realistic feel" for the "Fist of the North Star" series while still being faithful to the original's roots. During this process, he mentioned his concerns for the characters' body structure, muscles, and other minute details (such as perfecting the model for Raoh's wrinkled forehead). He noted that the official mode for this title carries more action adventure tones than other "Warriors" titles thus far yet gave his assurance that "Warriors" fans can easily feel at home in the game's original story mode. He personally spoke his thoughts regarding the game at Yodobashi-Akiba, Biccamera Yurakucho, and Biccamera Ikebukuro on March 22 and March 25. He also played a rock-paper-scissor game for attendants, the winner of the crowd obtaining an original T-shirt signed by the game's voice actors.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (1984-1987) Hokuto no Ken (Fist of the North Star) - Animated Series, 109 Episodes

title: Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise

text: The Japanese voice cast features many of the actors from the "Yakuza" series portraying characters analogous to those they played in previous "Yakuza" titles, such as Kazuma Kiryu voice actor Takaya Kuroda playing Kenshiro. The worldwide release of the game includes an English dub, making it the studio's second game since the original "Yakuza" and "Binary Domain" to feature one. The worldwide release also includes an option to increase the amount of in-game gore that is exhibited on screen. It is also the first "Fist of the North Star" game since the first "Ken's Rage" to have an English dub, as "Ken's Rage 2" did not have one due to budget constraints.

title: Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise

text: Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise is an action-adventure video game for the PlayStation 4, developed and published by Sega. It is based on the manga franchise "Fist of the North Star" by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara. It was released in Japan on March 8, 2018 and worldwide on October 2, 2018.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2008) Hokuto no Ken Zero: Kenshirou Den (Fist of the North Star: Legend of Kenshiro) - Animated movie

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2007) Hokuto no Ken: Raoh Gaiden Gekitou-hen (Fist of the North Star: Raoh Side Story Fierce Fighting Arc) - Animated movie

title: Fist of the North Star

text: Numerous video game titles based on the Fist of the North Star have been produced since the 1986 release of the Enix adventure game, simply titled Hokuto no Ken for the PC-88. The earlier games in the franchise were released by Sega for the Mark III and Mega Drive and by Toei Animation for Nintendo's Famicom, Game Boy and Super Famicom. These titles included side-scrolling action games, role-playing video games and competitive-style fighting games. The two Sega titles were released overseas without the Hokuto no Ken license under the titles of Black Belt and Last Battle, while a couple of the Toei titles, namely Fist of the North Star for the NES and Fist of the North Star: 10 Big Brawls for the King of Universe for the Game Boy, had American releases with the license intact. Further games were released for the Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Arcade, PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS among other platforms. In 2000, Konami released an arcade game based on the franchise titled Fighting Mania. Another arcade game, a 2D fighting game simply titled Fist of the North Star, was produced by Sega and Arc System Works in 2005. Both games saw international distributions, although the PS2 version of the fighting game was released exclusively in Japan. Tecmo Koei produced a Dynasty Warriors spinoff focusing on the events from the first half of the manga, titled Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage. It which was released in Japan on March 25, 2010, and later in North America on November 2, 2010,[33] and Europe on November 5, 2010. A sequel, Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage 2, expanded on the first game and incorporated the events from the second half of the manga. It was released in Japan on December 20, 2012, and in North America on February 5, 2013. On August 25, 2017, Sega announced a new game, Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise, for release in 2018 on PlayStation 4. The game was released on March 8, 2018 by the team behind the Yakuza series and features similar gameplay and elements.[34]

title: Yakuza (series)

text: "Hokuto ga Gotoku" is a spin-off for the PlayStation 4, based on the series "Fist of the North Star", released in Japan on February 22, 2018. The game was released worldwide on October 2, 2018 as "Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise". This will be the first "Ryu ga Gotoku" title since "Yakuza" to release with an English dub, and the first overall with dual audio options.

title: Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage

text: Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage, originally released in Japan as , is a 3D beat 'em up for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 developed by Omega Force and published by Tecmo Koei. It is a spin-off of the "Dynasty Warriors" series based on the manga franchise "Fist of the North Star" by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara. It was first released in Japan on March 25, 2010, and it was released in North America on November 2, 2010 and in Europe on November 5. A was announced with a surprise trailer at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2012. New playable characters and story arcs are featured, and the game was released in Japan on December 2012.

title: Fist of the North Star (NES video game)

text: The U.S. version was shown at the 1988 Summer Consumer Electronic Show under the title "Ken the Great Bear Fist", which is the localized title used by Toei's international sales department. The title was changed to "Fist of the North Star" for its release in order to tie in with Viz's English adaptation of the manga. The cover artwork for the U.S. version depicts Kenshiro sparring with Toki, who doesn't appear in the game and never actually appeared in the "Hokuto no Ken 2" anime series outside flashbacks (as the character was already deceased by that point of the storyline). The NES version has some slight differences from its Famicom counterpart, which cuts the appearances of side characters at the end of certain stages (such as Bat and Rin at the end of the first stage), as well as the kanji that appear at the top of the screen when Kenshiro defeats a boss after striking its weak point at the start of the battle.

title: Fist of the North Star (disambiguation)

text: Fist of the North Star is a manga series that was originally serialized from 1983 to 1988 in the Japanese "Weekly Shonen Jump".

title: Fist of the North Star

text: Fist of the North Star was adapted into two anime television series produced by Toei Animation, which together aired on Fuji TV and its affiliates from 1984 through 1988, comprising a combined total of 152 episodes. It has since expanded into a media franchise, including a number of films, OVAs, video games, and a series of spin-offs centering on other characters from the original story. It has also had a number of video games and pachinko machines produced by Sega Sammy. As of June 2018, Fist of the North Star is the 18th highest-grossing media franchise of all time, estimated to have generated more than $20 billion in total revenue.[3]

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2006) Hokuto no Ken: Raoh Gaiden Junai-hen (Fist of the North Star: Raoh Side Story Junai Arc) - OVA

title: Fist of the North Star (2005 video game)

text: Used to perform super moves and Guard Cancels (similar to alpha counters.) The gauge can hold two stocks. The first stock fills the gauge up with blue; the second stock fills the gauge up with gold. When at least one stock is ready, text reading "GOD FIST BLOW" appears next to the gauge. If the player's opponent has lost all his stars, it will read "DEADLY FIST BLOW."

title: Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage

text: The first opening song of the "Fist of the North Star" anime, "Ai o Torimodose!!", can also be heard in the game as background music. It was given a special heavy metal arrangement for the game and plays during important events.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: Berserk creator Kentaro Miura has named Fist of the North Star as the work that has had the biggest impact on his own.[42]

title: Fist of the North Star

text: Fist of the North Star was one of Weekly Shōnen Jump's most popular titles during the 1980s. It is one of the best-selling manga series in history, having sold approximately 100 million copies.[39] In a poll conducted by TV Asahi in 2005, the Fist of the North Star anime series ranked 26 in a list of Top 100 Anime series.[40] In a second poll in 2006, it ranked 89.[41] In a celebrity version of the poll, it ranked 15.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: In 2001, Tetsuo Hara began working on a Fist of the North Star prequel titled Fist of the Blue Sky, which was serialized in Weekly Comic Bunch until 2010. Set during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1935, the story stars Hokuto Shinken predecessor and Kenshiro's namesake, Kenshiro Kasumi. An English adaptation of Fist of the Blue Sky was published in North America by Gutsoon! Entertainment in the now-defunct manga anthology Raijin Comics. Four collected volumes were published before the company went out of business.

title: Kenshiro

text: Kenshiro has been voiced by numerous voice actors in different media. Akira Kamiya voiced him first in the original anime television series and movie, as well as in a few video games. He is voiced by Takehito Koyasu in the original video animation series "New Fist of the North Star", Kunihiro Kawamoto in the "Fist of the North Star" arcade game and CGI short "Hokuto no Ken: Legend of Heroes", Hiroshi Abe in "" film series, Hideo Ishikawa in the video game version of "Ten no Haō", Katsuyuki Konishi in the video games "" and "J-Stars Victory VS", and Takaya Kuroda in the video game "". The child version of Kenshiro is voiced by Ryō Horikawa in the original anime series and by Yūko Gibu in the "Legends of the True Savior" film series.

title: Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise

text: The game received a score of 35/40 from the video game magazine Famitsu.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2007) Hokuto no Ken: Yuria-den (Fist of the North Star: The Legend of Yuria) - OVA

title: Fighting Mania

text: Fighting Mania: Fist of the North Star, released in Japan as , is a boxing game based on the manga series "Fist of the North Star" released by Konami in as a coin-operated arcade game.

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2008) Hokuto no Ken: Raoh Gaiden Ten no Haoh (Legends of the Dark King: A Fist of the North Star Story) - Animated series, 13 Episodes

title: Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage

text:
Voice actors in parenthesis.
Hokuto Musō was originally announced as a "mystery title" during the 2009 Tokyo Game Show and was publicly unveiled during a staged media event on October 14, 2009 (broadcast live to the Japanese movie site, Nico Nico Douga). Its story and characters are based on the famous Japanese comic and anime "Fist of the North Star". Tetsuo Hara and Buronson, the illustrator and writer respectively of the original comic, have expressed their support and enthusiasm for the title.

title: Fist of the North Star (NES video game)

text: Fist of the North Star is a side-scrolling action video game produced by Toei Animation and developed by Shouei System for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was first released in Japan under the title on April 17, 1987, being the second "Hokuto no Ken" video game released for the Family Computer (Famicom) by the anime production company (which briefly entered the video game publishing business after their success with the original "Hokuto no Ken" game for the Famicom in 1986), while also serving as a tie-in to the "Hokuto no Ken 2" anime series which began airing on Fuji TV a few weeks earlier. Taxan published the localized NES version on April 1989, making it one of the earliest "Fist of the North Star" products released in the U.S. alongside Viz Communications' English adaptation of the manga.

title: Fist of the North Star (disambiguation)

text: Fist of the North Star may also refer to:

title: Fist of the North Star

text: (2008) Hokuto no Ken: Toki-den (Fist of the North Star: The Legend of Toki) - OVA


query: Which country colonized the Beagle Channel? Chile or Argentina?

title: Beagle Channel cartography since 1881

text: The region of the Beagle Channel, explored by Robert FitzRoy in the 1830s, was one of the last to be colonized by Chile and Argentina. The cold weather, the long distances from other inhabited regions, and the shortage of transport and subsistence, kept it far from the governmental task.

title: Pacts of May

text: During the Beagle Channel Arbitration Argentina brought forward the argument that the Pactos de Mayo implied a demarcation clause between both countries: Chile at the Pacific and Argentina at the Atlantic. Chile denied the argument; the pactos are not a border treaty and therefore no place is named as limit between the Pacific and the Atlantic, the Cape Horn is limit between both oceans is an Argentine convention.

title: Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict

text: The Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict followed the failure of negotiations between Chile and Argentina, when, on 22 December 1978, the Argentinian Junta started Operation Soberanía, to invade Cape Horn and islands awarded to Chile by the Beagle Channel Arbitration. Soon after the event, Pope John Paul II, offered to mediate and sent his personal envoy Cardinal Antonio Samoré to Buenos Aires. Argentina, in acceptance of the authority of the Pope over the overwhelmingly Catholic Argentine population, called off the military operation and accepted the mediation. On 9 January 1979 Chile and Argentina signed the Act of Montevideo formally requesting mediation by the Vatican and renouncing the use of force.

title: Beagle Channel cartography since 1881

text: This partially reproduced map corresponds to that titled Preliminary Map of the Southern Region of the Argentine Republic which was included as No. XIV in the Argentine Evidence submitted by the Argentine Government to . It is the first official map of Argentina showing in the area of the Beagle Channel a different frontier from the one established in the Boundary Treaty with Chile of 1881. As may be seen from the map, the boundary line deviates from the Beagle Channel towards Picton and Richmond Passages to end up between Lennox and Nueva Islands. In that way Picton and Nueva Islands appear as Argentine and Lennox Island as Chilean. The islands and islets extending southward as far as Cape Horn continue to be shown as under Chilean sovereignty. It should be recalled that there was no question concerning the territories to the south of the Magellan Strait in the British Arbitration of 1898–1902. Thus neither Chile nor Argentina made any specific reference to the boundary shown on the Argentine map reproduced here.

title: Argentina–Chile relations

text: The relationship between the two countries can be traced back to an alliance during Spanish colonial times. Both colonies were offshoots of the Viceroyalty of Peru, with the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (which Argentina was a part of) being broken off in 1776, and Chile not being broken off until independence. Argentina and Chile were colonized by different processes. Chile was conquered as a southward extension of the original conquest of Peru, while Argentina was colonized from Peru, Chile and from the Atlantic.

text: The increasing significance of Beagle channel region led to various incidents and confrontations between Chile and Argentina around transit and fishing rights, which could potentially lead to full-scale war.

title: Beagle conflict

text: In 1971 Chile and Argentina signed an agreement formally submitting the Beagle Channel issue to binding arbitration under auspices of the UK's Queen Elizabeth II. The court that was to decide the controversy was composed of five judges selected by Chile and Argentina from the International Court of Justice at The Hague. The court of arbitration's final decision would be submitted to the British Crown, which was then to recommend acceptance or rejection of the award of the court but not to modify it. On 2 May 1977 the court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. See the Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration. In their only meeting in 1974 Juan Perón expressed his wishes to settle the conflict to Augusto Pinochet.

title: Beagle Channel cartography since 1881

text: Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile, Escudé, Carlos and Cisneros, Andrés, , archived from the original , in Spanish Language. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile: Relaciones Chileno–Argentinas, La controversia del Beagle. Genf, Switzerland, 1979, English and Spanish Language Text of the , Copy to the United Nations, English Language Mateo Martinic, Cartografía Magallánica 1523–1945, ISBN956-7189-07-2, Ediciones de la Universidad de Magallanes, 1999

title: Foreign relations of Argentina

text: In 1978 the bellicose Argentine dictatorship abrogated the binding Beagle Channel Arbitration and started the Operation Soberania in order to invade Chile but aborted it a few hours later due to military and political reasons. The conflict was resolved after the Argentine defeat in the Falklands by Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict of Pope John Paul II and in the form of a Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina ("Tratado de Paz y Amistad"), granting the islands to Chile and most of the Exclusive economic zone to Argentina; since then, other border disputes with Chile have been resolved via diplomatic negotiations.

title: Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)

text: Chile was on the brink of being invaded by Argentina,(also ruled by a military government) as the Argentina Junta started the Operation Soberania on 22 December 1978 because of the strategic Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands at the southern tip of South America on the Beagle Canal. A full-scale war was prevented only by the call off of the operation by Argentina due to military and political reasons. But the relations remained tense as Argentina invaded the Falklands (Operation Rosario). Chile along with Colombia, were the only countries in South America to criticize the use of force by Argentina in its war with the U.K. over the Falkland Islands. Chile actually helped the United Kingdom during the war. The two countries (Chile and Argentina) finally agreed to papal mediation over the Beagle canal that finally ended in the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina ("Tratado de Paz y Amistad"). Chilean sovereignty over the islands and Argentinian east of the surrounding sea is now undisputed.

title: Argentina–Chile relations

text: Trouble once again began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands in the Beagle Channel were rightfully theirs, although this was in direct contradiction of the 1881 treaty, as the Beagle Channel Arbitration, and the initial Beagle Channel cartography since 1881 stated.

title: History of Argentina

text:
Most of the members of the Junta are currently in prison for crimes against humanity and genocide.
The Beagle conflict began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands in the Beagle Channel were rightfully hers. In 1971, Chile and Argentina signed an agreement formally submitting the Beagle Channel issue to binding Beagle Channel Arbitration. On May 2, 1977 the court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. See the Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration.

title: Beagle Channel

text: Several small islands (Picton, Lennox and Nueva) up to the Cape Horn were the subject of the long-running Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina; by the terms of a Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina they are now part of Chile. From the 1950s to 1970s several incidents involving the Chilean and Argentine Navy occurred in the waters of the Beagle Channel, for example the 1958 Snipe incident, the 1967 "Cruz del Sur" incident and the shelling of "Quidora" the same year. See List of incidents during the Beagle conflict.

title: Tierra del Fuego

text: The archipelago consists of a main island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, often called simply Tierra del Fuego or Isla Grande, with an area of , and a group of smaller islands. The main island is split between two countries: , and , 61.43% of the total area, belongs to Chile while 38.57% of the total area, belongs to Argentina. The archipelago is divided by an east–west channel, the Beagle Channel, immediately south of the main island. The largest islands south of the Beagle Channel are Hoste and Navarino.

text: The treaty recognizes the Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina and its "«…supplementary and declaratory instruments…»" as the unshakeable foundation of relations between Chile and Argentina and defines the border "«…from the end of the existing boundary in the Beagle Channel, i.e., the point fixed by the coordinates 55°07.3' South latitude and 66°25.0' West longitude…»" (Bold by Wikipedia). That is, Argentina recognizes the borderline determined by the Beagle Channel Arbitration in 1977 (Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration), which it had earlier rejected. Hence, there is no mention of Picton, Nueva, Lennox and other islands. The Treaty calls its content a "Transaction"

title: Beagle conflict

text: Tensions between Argentina and Chile did not subside until the democratic government of Raúl Alfonsín took office in Argentina in December 1983. Still isolated diplomatically due to the War, the Alfonsín administration made great efforts to stabilise the border situation. Without the support of the opposition, Alfonsín called for non-binding referendum on 25 November 1984, which produced a result of 82.6% in favour of the second papal proposal. The voting was close only in the territory of Tierra del Fuego, which included the Argentine sector of the disputed Beagle Channel and many military personnel. Even there the vote was narrowly in favour of the treaty. On 29 November 1984 Argentina and Chile signed a protocol of agreement to a treaty at Vatican City giving the islands to Chile but maritime rights to Argentina.

title: Direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina in 1977–78

text: The direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina about the islands and maritime rights in Beagle conflict began after the Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom announced on 2 May 1977 the judgement of the Beagle Channel Arbitration to the governments of both countries. The court ruled that the islands and all adjacent formations belonged to Chile. The direct negotiations finished with the Act of Montevideo on 9 January 1979, where both countries accept the papal mediation after Argentina's call off of the Operation Soberanía. This was the most dangerous phase of the Beagle Conflict and there was a real possibility of open warfare.

title: Cape San Pío

text: The Beagle Conflict was a border dispute between Argentina and Chile, in which Argentina claimed sovereignty of the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands off the coast south of Tierra del Fuego, and took both countries to the brink of war in 1978. The conflicts dates back to the Boundary Treaty of July 23, 1881, which did not specify the border to details in this waters. The conflict was finally resolved on January 23, 1984, when Argentina and Chile signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina giving the islands to Chile but most maritime rights to Argentina.

title: Beagle Channel

text: Beagle Channel () is a strait in Tierra del Fuego Archipelago on the extreme southern tip of South America between Chile and Argentina. The channel separates the larger main island of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego from various smaller islands including the islands of Picton, Lennox and Nueva; Navarino; Hoste; Londonderry; and Stewart. The channel's eastern area forms part of the border between Chile and Argentina and the western area is entirely within Chile.

title: Argentina–Chile relations

text: Both countries submitted the controversy to binding arbitration by the international tribunal. The decision (see Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile, "Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration") recognized all the islands to be Chilean territory. Argentina unilaterally repudiated the decision of the tribunal and planned a war of aggression against Chile.

title: Snipe incident

text: Both countries disagreed about the sovereign rights over the zone and Snipe, an uninhabitable islet between Picton Island and Navarino Island, claimed by both. Chileans call the waterway around the islet "Beagle Channel", but in Argentina they called it "Moat channel" on the grounds that the Beagle Channel, allegedly, went south around Navarino Island. In accordance with the Beagle Channel Arbitration and the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, it should be called Beagle Channel.

title: Beagle Channel

text: Although it is navigable by large ships, there are safer waters to the south (Drake Passage) and to the north (Strait of Magellan). Under the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, ships of other nations navigate with a Chilean pilot between the Strait of Magellan and Ushuaia through the Magdalena Channel and the Cockburn Channel to the Pacific Ocean, then by the Ballenero Channel, the O'Brien Channel and the northwest branch of the Beagle Channel.

title: Beagle Channel cartography since 1881

text: The new name didn't prevail and disappeared into oblivion. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina mention (only) the Beagle channel.[5]

title: Picton, Lennox and Nueva

text: Due to their strategic location south of the Beagle Channel, Chile and Argentina disagreed if the islands were on the Pacific Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean. The dispute started in 1904 when Argentina started to claim the islands, overlapping the Chilean claim. In 1893, both countries agreed that Argentina should only have access to the Atlantic Ocean and Chile to the Pacific Ocean. Both countries disagreed if the Beagle Channel was to the north or the west of the islands. Whichever government controlled Picton, Lennox, and Nueva could stake territorial rights further into the ocean (important for the fishing industry), to several other islands, and to a larger part of Antarctica (import for resource development and exploration).

title: Argentina–Holy See relations

text: Vatican officials, including Pope John Paul II and Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Agostino Casaroli acted as mediators to help resolve Argentina's dispute with Chile over the Beagle Channel. After the two countries almost went to war over the area in 1978, John Paul II became interested in resolving the dispute, which led to discussions between Chile and Argentina being mediated by the Vatican, and Argentine Foreign Minister Dante Caputo and Chilean Foreign Minister Jaime Del Valle issuing a joint statement of peace and friendship with the intent of developing a final treaty to resolve sovereignty in the channel.

title: Beagle Channel

text: The Beagle Channel develops between several islands; to the north lies Argentine-Chilean Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, to the south Hoste, Navarino, and Picton and Nueva, which were claimed by Argentina until 1984. The latter two lie at the bi-national eastern entrance to the channel while the western entrance is wholly inside Chile. The western entrance of Beagle Channel is divided by Gordon Island into two channels. Some minor islands exist inside the channel among them Snipe Islet and Gable Island. Except for eastern Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and Gable Island all islands mentioned here belong to Chile.

title: Beagle Channel Arbitration

text: About the course of the Beagle Channel there were discrepancies. The eastern end of the Channel can be seen as a delta with an east-west arm and a north-south arm (around Navarino Island). The channel specified in the border treaty of 1881 was seen by Chile as the east-west arm, but by Argentina as the north-south arm. Following this controversy, two clauses were in dispute: Chile argued the Channel clause ("... to Chile shall belong all the islands to the south of Beagle Channel up to Cape Horn..."), while Argentina the Atlantic clause ("... the other islands there may be on the Atlantic to the east of Tierra del Fuego ..."). Some Chileans argued that the text ""until it touches the Beagle Channel"" in article III meant that Argentina had no navigable waters in the Beagle Channel, although this interpretation was not supported by the Chilean claim.

title: Tierra del Fuego National Park

text: The Boundary Treaty of 1881 was an attempted resolution of the territorial dispute between Argentina and Chile, and stipulated that the boundary between the two countries would run south from "Cape Espiritu Santo, on the northern shore of Tierre del Fuego till it touches the Beagle Channel". This division meant that Argentina would be entitled to the eastern portion while Chile would have the western part of the Tierre del Fuego. However, the Treaty did not clarify on the terminus of the Beagle channel, which created many territorial and collateral issues such as navigation rights. This resulted in a dispute between the two countries, particularly on the small islands (Picton, Lennox and Nueva) up to Cape horn. The dispute, which started in 1840, almost resulted in war between the two countries in 1978. However, with the intervention of the Vatican the issue was resolved. The Pope ruled on the dispute, a ratification ensued and a treaty was signed on 2 May 1985. Under this treaty, Chile retained control of all the disputed islands and Argentina was entitled to the navigational rights and maintained their limited presence on these islands.

title: Beagle conflict

text:
Until 1887 there was no doubt in Argentina and Chile that the islands Picton, Nueva and Lennox belonged to Chile:
In 1904 the Argentine government solicited Chile to define jointly which was the deepest arm of the Beagle channel in the zone in order to find the demarcation of the border. On the basis of the international cartography of the zone, the descriptions of the discoverer of the channel, and the discourse of the signatories of the 1881 Treaty, Chile initially did not attach importance to the note.

title: Wollaston Islands

text: After Chile and Argentina achieved independence, they asserted their claims in this area. The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina ceded the islands south of the Beagle Channel to Chile, but 1904 Argentina claimed the islands. In 1978 Argentina started the Operation Soberanía to occupy the islands around Cape Horn and then, in a second phase, either to stop or continue hostilities according to the Chilean reaction. The invasion was halted after a few hours. In 1982, after the invasion of the Falklands, the Argentine government planned also the invasion of the islands south of the Beagle Channel.