query: Where is Verden?

title: Verden an der Aller

text: Verden an der Aller (German pronunciation:[ˈfeːɐ̯dn̩ ʔan dɐ ˈʔalɐ]), also called Verden (Aller) or simply Verden, is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Aller. It is the administrative centre of the district of Verden.

title: Stade (region)

text: The collectively administered Land of Hadeln, the "Duchy of Bremen" and the "Duchy of Verden" were therefore colloquially referred to as the Duchies of Bremen-Verden or simply "Bremen-Verden". The latter two emerged in 1648 by the transformation of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, then "Duchy of Bremen", and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, then "Duchy of Verden".

title: Verden–Walsrode Railway

text: The "Verden-Walsroder Eisenbahn (VWE)" was founded as the "Kleinbahn Verden-Walsrode" with its base in Verden. Almost three quarters of its assets were taken over by the Prussian state and the Province of Hanover; the rest was divided between the districts of Verden and Fallingbostel and a few municipalities. Later the state and province pulled out of the company. Today the main shareholder is the district of Verden with 69% of the capital; others include the town of Verden, the district of Soltau-Fallingbostel and the town of Kirchlinteln.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: The rise of Swedish centralisation and absolutism found its way partially into Bremen-Verden's practise. Bremen-Verden wasn't streamlined as to its jurisdiction and its military system, but the latter strictly subjected to Stockholms generalty. Especially in jurisdiction, Bremen-Verden's Estates maintained their stake. But Bremen-Verden's tax-levying department, almost entirely manned with Swedes and using Swedish as administrative language, was directly subordinated to the finance ministry in Stockholm.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (; ), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180. By their original constitution they were prince-bishoprics of the Archdiocese of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: Bremen-Verden's coat of arms combined the arms of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, a black cross on white ground, with those of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, two keys crossed "Bremen-Verden's" seal), the symbol of Simon Petrus, the patron saint of Bremen.

title: Verden an der Aller

text: Verden is famous for a massacre of Saxons in 782, committed on the orders of Charlemagne (the Massacre of Verden), for its cathedral, and for its horse-breeding.

title: Verden an der Aller

text: In 1675, during the Swedish-Brandenburg War, Verden was conquered by several states of the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark following the Bremen-Verden Campaign and remained in allied hands until the end of the war in 1679. In the wake of the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1679, Verden was returned to Sweden.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: The territory belonging to the Duchies of Bremen and Verden covered a rough triangle of land between the mouths of the rivers Elbe and Weser on the North Sea, in today's German federal states of Hamburg and Bremen (the Elbe-Weser Triangle). This area included most of the modern counties (German singular: "Kreis") of Cuxhaven (southerly), Osterholz, Rotenburg upon Wümme, Stade and Verden, now in Lower Saxony; and the city of Bremerhaven, now an exclave of the State of Bremen. The city of Bremen and Cuxhaven (an exclave of Hamburg) did not belong to Bremen-Verden. The Land of Hadeln, then an exclave of Saxe-Lauenburg exclave around Otterndorf, was not part of Bremen-Verden until 1731. Stade was the capital.

title: Verden an der Aller

text: Until the Second World War, Verden was renowned for its trade and crafts and also its mounted division. During the Nazi regime forced-labourers were used in a furniture factory in Verden. Between 1945 and 1949 Verden was part of the British zone of occupation. Refugees from the former Prussian provinces of East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia, settled in and around the town.

title: Verden an der Aller

text: By the Peace of Westphalia the city of Verden was mediatised as regular city again within the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, which was transformed by the same contract into the Principality of Verden in May 1648. The northern city (with the town hall and St. John's church) and the southern town (with the proto-cathedral) were then united to form one city.

title: Verden–Walsrode Railway

text: In 2007 the society was renamed to the Verden Railway Society and Verden–Walsrode Railway ("Verdener Eisenbahnfreunde Kleinbahn Verden-Walsrode").

title: Verden an der Aller

text: Bremen-Verden Historic state of Verden within the German Empire

title: Bremen-Verden

text: The political entities of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden were transformed by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 into the "Duchy of Bremen" and the "Principality of Verden", however, colloquially the Duchies of Bremen and Verden, without changing the territories' status of imperial immediacy and imperial estate. Every imperial estate, thus Bremen and Verden separately, was represented in the Diet () of the Holy Roman Empire. The formerly Free Imperial City of Verden upon Aller was mediatised by the Peace of Westphalia and incorporated into the Duchy of Verden.

title: Jean Jules Verdenal

text: Claudio Perinot, wanting to expand the scant knowledge about Verdenal, interviewed Verdenal's nephew in 1994. Perinot's findings were published in 1996.

title: Verden (state)

text: With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Principality of Verden lost its importance as an Imperial Estate ("Reichsstand"). After its occupation and annexation during the Napoleonic Wars, it went to the Kingdom of Hanover following France's defeat. In 1823, the Principality of Verden was formally dissolved and turned into a Hanoverian administrative unit, "Landdrostei Stade", along with the Duchy of Bremen and Land Hadeln, but with a participation in the administration of the estates of Verden, Bremen and Hadeln that still existed. In 1864, the first two were merged into the "Region of the Duchies of Bremen and Verden" ("Landschaft der Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden") by a Hanoverian act and their area of responsibility redefined.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: In the summer of 1757, the French invaders defeated Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, son of George II and leading the Anglo-Hanoverian army. The French troops drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former convent of Zeven he had to capitulate on September 18 with the Convention of Klosterzeven. But King George II denied his recognition of the convention. In the following year, the British army, supported by troops from Brandenburg-Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Principality of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel) expelled again the occupants. Bremen-Verden remained unaffected for the rest of the war and after its end peace prevailed until the French Revolutionary Wars started.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: In October, an army newly recruited by John Frederick started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and — supported by Swedish troops — to capture the neighboured Prince-Bishopric of Verden, de facto dismissing Verden's intermittent Catholic Prince-Bishop Francis of Wartenberg who ruled 1630–1631, and causing the flight of the Catholic clergy wherever they arrived. The Prince-Bishopric of Verden was then subjected to Swedish military administration.

title: Bremen-Verden

text: The Holy Roman Empire's taxes were collected and armies recruited and financed along the lines of the imperial circles. Bremen and Verden sent their representatives to the circle diet (Kreistag) of their respective imperial circle. The circle diet decided how to share the burden of the taxes to be levied among the member territories. Thus Bremen and Verden even conflicted on the border between each other — i.e. on who may levy taxes where — which were not solved, even though the two fiefs were ruled in personal union by Sweden.

title: Verden (state)

text: In 985, Emperor Otto III, represented by his mother, Empress Theophanu, granted the bishop of Verden market, minting, taxation and ban privileges in the "Sturmigau" – as the region of the present district of Verden and the pre-1977 district of Rotenburg was then called. These privileges formed the basis of a future prince-bishopric (Hochstift), which materialised with the carve-up of the old Duchy of Saxony in 1180. Prince-Bishop Tammo of Verden gained for about a quarter of the diocesan territory, where the see held already considerable privileges, the territorial princely power, establishing the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. In 1195 Prince-Bishop Rudolph I founded the castle of Rotenburg upon Wümme as a stronghold against the neighbouring Bremen prince-archbishops. Later the castle took on the function of a prince-episcopal "Residenz".

title: Massacre of Verden

text: In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, historians generally approved of the executions of Verden, as displays of piety. During the Enlightenment this changed. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the first to suggest that Verden cast a shadow over Charlemagne's legacy. Voltaire considered the king a "thousandfold murderer", with Verden the centrepiece of his barbarism.

title: Verden–Walsrode Railway

text: The Verden Transport Company ("Verdener Verkehrsgesellschaft") or VVG) is a 100% subsidiary of the VWE and runs the public transport in Verden und Kirchlinteln using buses.

title: Massacre of Verden

text: The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782. Charlemagne claimed suzerainty over Saxony and in 772 destroyed the Irminsul, an important object in Saxon paganism, during his intermittent thirty-year campaign to Christianize the Saxons. The massacre occurred in Verden in what is now Lower Saxony, Germany. The event is attested in contemporary Frankish sources, including the "Royal Frankish Annals".

title: Gohbach

text:
The Gohbach rises in the district of Rotenburg (Wümme) in the borough of Visselhövede near the village of Dreeßel.
From there it runs southwest through the area of Kirchlinteln in Verden district and on the territory of the town of Verden (Aller), where it discharges into the Aller at Eitze.

title: Verden (state)

text: While the Prince-Bishopric of Verden belonged, like the neighbouring County of Hoya, to the Westphalian Circle, other adjacent territories such as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen were part of the Lower Saxon Circle, albeit ecclesiastically having a share in the Verden diocese. Verden's secualar territory in those days roughly covered what is now the eastern part of the county of Verden, the southern part of the county of Rotenburg and parts of the county of Heidekreis.

title: Verden–Walsrode Railway

text: The Verden–Walsrode Railway () or VWE is a transport company with its headquarters in Verden on the River Aller in North Germany.

title: Verden (Aller) railway station

text: Verden (Aller) or Verden an der Aller () is a railway station located in Verden an der Aller, Germany. The station was opened in 1847 and is located on the Bremen–Hanover railway and Rotenburg-Verden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and NordWestBahn. The station has been part of the Bremen S-Bahn since December 2010.

title: Verden (state)

text: The historic territory of Verden () emerged from the Monarchs of the Frankish Diocese of Verden in the area of present-day central and northeastern Lower Saxony and existed as such until 1648. The territory managed by secular lords for the bishops was not identical with that of the bishopric, but was located within its boundaries and made up about a quarter of the diocesan area. The territory was referred to at the time as "Stift Verden" or "Hochstift Verden", roughly equating to Prince-Bishopric of Verden. This territory described in local sources today incorrectly as "Bistum Verden" ("Bishopric of Verden") and, in 1648, was given the title Principality of Verden, sometimes referred to as the Duchy of Verden.

title: Jean Jules Verdenal

text: Verdenal was born in Pau, France, the son of Paul Verdenal, a medical doctor. He had a talent for foreign languages. He was athletically inclined. Verdenal as a student was interested in literature and poetry and possessed copies of Stéphane Mallarmé's "Poésies" and of Jules Laforgue's "Poésies" and "Moralités Légendaires." It was perhaps Verdenal's literary inclinations that led him to become friends with American poet T.S. Eliot, whom he met in 1910 at the Sorbonne. After they parted ways, Verdenal and Eliot corresponded through letters. Verdenal was killed on 2 May 1915 while treating a wounded man on the battlefield. This was just a week into the Gallipoli Campaign and a few days shy of his twenty-fifth birthday.

title: Verden an der Aller

text: East of Verden, there is the 225 metre tall radio transmitter, Sender Verden, used by Deutsche Telekom primarily for TV and mobile phone broadcasting.


query: Who was president in 1817?

title: James Monroe

text: James Monroe (/mənˈroʊ/; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. He is perhaps best known for his foreign policy principle, known as the "Monroe Doctrine", which prohibited further European colonization of the Americas (beginning in 1823). Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty, and his presidency ushered in what is known as the Era of Good Feelings. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to the shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress.[1]

title: William Rabun

text: Rabun was a member of both houses of the Georgia General Assembly. In 1805, he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives, and in 1810, he was elected to the Georgia senate, serving until 1817 as president of the senate. When Governor David B. Mitchell resigned to accept President James Madison's appointment as U.S. agent to the Creek Nation, Rabun became governor of Georgia on March 4, 1817. Mitchell replaced Benjamin Hawkins, who had recently died. Rabun was elected to a full term as governor in November 1817 with the Democratic-Republican Party.

title: Inauguration of John Quincy Adams

text: The inauguration of John Quincy Adams as the sixth President of the United States took place on Friday, March 4, 1825, in the House Chamber of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of the four-year term of John Quincy Adams as President and the first term of John C. Calhoun as Vice President. Adams was the first president to have been the son of a former President–John Adams; and Calhoun, at age 42 on Inauguration Day, was the second-youngest vice president (after Daniel D. Tompkins, who was 3 months younger when inaugurated into office in 1817).

title: William Saunders (physician)

text: Dr William Saunders FRS FRSE (1743 – 4 June 1817) was a Scottish physician who was the first President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.

title: St. Louis Public Schools

text: The act of the United States Congress that created the Missouri Territory in June 1812 also required that all land in the territory not belonging to private individuals or to the government for military purposes was reserved for schools. In January 1817, the legislature of the Missouri Territory voted to create a Board of Trustees to manage all land and property designated to be used for schools in St. Louis. The Board also was given the power to employ teachers and create regulations for the schools. The first chairman of the Board was William Clark, and its first meeting was held in April 1817. In his role as chairman, Clark repeatedly wrote to President James Monroe requesting that Monroe identify land used for military purposes so that other land could be used for schools. After several exchanges between local military leaders, Clark, and President Monroe, in 1817 the federal government relinquished its claim to all land except for a small part, and further relinquished that area in 1824. Starting in 1817, the Board of Trustees began leasing its lands to provide income for future schools.

title: Foreign Mission School

text:
Daggett was nephew of Naphtali Daggett who had been president of Yale College, and Dwight was distant cousin of the Yale president in 1817, Timothy Dwight IV.
Approximately one hundred young men from non-European indigenous peoples were trained at the school with the intent of their becoming missionaries, preachers, translators, teachers, and health workers in their native communities.

title: Thomas Fletcher (American politician, born 1817)

text: Thomas Fletcher was born at Nashville, Tennessee, about the year 1817. Entering upon the study of law, he became of prominence in that profession and in the activities of political life, and during the administration of President Polk was appointed to the office of United States marshal, with his headquarters at Natchez, Mississippi. In 1850 he made his home in Arkansas, and soon occupied a leading position. He was President of the Arkansas Senate during the 12th, 13th, and 14th sessions, from 1858 to 1864, and President of the Arkansas Senate (Confederate government in exile) held at Washington, Arkansas, in October, 1864.

title: William Dickinson Hawley

text: He was called to serve St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.), also known as "The Church of the Presidents". He was essentially the church's first rector. When invited to serve it was for "six or twelve months" on a trial basis. He in fact served as rector from 1817 to 1845. Hawley was a friend of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The church's Presidential pew was set apart for that use in December 1817, it was occupied by every president thereafter through Buchanan. In Hawley's rectorship, Presidential worshipers included President John Quincy Adams who was a regular at afternoon services during his term of office. Hawley conducted the funeral of President William Henry Harrison in the East Room of the White House on April 7, 1841. His successor John Tyler was an Episcopalian who, with his family, became regular worshipers at St John's Church. Hawley officiated in the White House for the weddings of Samuel L. Gouverneur to Maria Monroe (the President's youngest daughter) and John Adams II to Mary Catherine Hellen.

title: Regents of the University of Michigan

text: In 1817, Michigan Chief Justice Augustus B. Woodward drafted a territorial act establishing a "Catholepistemiad, or University, of Michigania. The territorial act was signed into law August 26, 1817, by Woodward, Judge John Griffin, and acting governor William Woodbridge (in place of Governor Lewis Cass, who was absent on a trip with President James Monroe). In consequence of the foregoing territorial act and the 1856 ruling, the present-day University of Michigan recognizes 1817 as the year of its founding.

title: Roger Sherman

text: A daughter, Rebeca Sherman, was married to Simeon Baldwin, whose career included service in the United States Congress (1803–1806), as an Associate Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court, 1806–1817, and who became Mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, in 1826. Following the death of Rebecca Sherman, Baldwin married another of Roger Sherman's daughters, Elizabeth Sherman Burr. His daughter, Mehetabel Sherman Barnes married Jeremiah Evarts, who served as treasurer and secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. His daughter Martha Sherman married Jeremiah Day, who was President of Yale University from 1817 to 1846. Another daughter, Sarah Sherman, married Samuel Hoar, who was a member of the Massachusetts state legislature and the U.S. Congress.

title: Manuel Robles Pezuela

text: Manuel Robles Pezuela (23 May 1817 – 23 March 1862). He was unconstitutional provisional President of Mexico from 1858 to 1859 on the conservative side in the Mexican War of the Reform, serving by appointment of a military junta in opposition to the constitutional President Benito Juárez, who was the head of the liberal party.

title: Harrison Reed (politician)

text: Harrison was one of eight Reed children, born on August 26, 1813, to parents Seth Reed (1781-1848) and Rhoda (Finney Reed) (1781-1874). The Reed family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1836, where his siblings contributed to the newly developing areas and two brothers became politicians. His brothers were Herbert Reed, who became a grocer in Milwaukee and married Phebe Adeline Brisbane; Orson Reed of Summit, Wisconsin, who married Agnes Fairservice; Curtis Reed, who served as a state legislator; and George B. Reed, who became a judge and politician in Wisconsin. His sisters married substantial men: Mary Augusta Reed (1811-1866) married Judge Abram Daniel Smith (1811-1865); Martha (1817-1902) married Alexander Mitchell (1817-1887), who became a banker and railroad tycoon; and Julia Ann married Dr. Thomas J. Noyes, who became the first president of the Milwaukee Academy of Medicine.

title: Charles Seymour

text: Seymour was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Thomas Day Seymour, who taught classics at Yale, and Sarah Hitchcock Seymour. His paternal grandfather, Nathan Perkins Seymour, was the great-great grandson of Thomas Clap, who was President of Yale in the 1740s. His paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Day, was the grandniece of Jeremiah Day, who was Yale's president from 1817 through 1846. An ancestor of his mother, the former Sarah Hitchcock, was awarded an honorary degree at Yale's first graduation ceremonies in 1702.

title: John Wheelock

text: John Wheelock (January 28, 1754 – April 4, 1817) was the eldest son of Eleazar Wheelock who was the founder and first president of Dartmouth College; John Wheelock succeeded his father as the College’s second president.

title: Roger Sherman

text: His daughter Rebecca Sherman was married to Simeon Baldwin, US Representative from Connecticut, 1803–1806, and an Associate Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court, 1806–1817, and who later became Mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, in 1826. Following the death of Rebecca Sherman, Baldwin married Rebecca's sister Elizabeth Sherman Burr. Daughter Martha was married to Jeremiah Day who was the President of Yale University from 1817 to 1846. Daughter Mehitabel Sherman was to married Jeremiah Evarts who was secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. His daughter Sarah Sherman was married to Samuel Hoar, who was a member of the Massachusetts state legislature and U.S. Representative from Massachusetts 1835–1837.

title: Benjamin Parke

text: President James Monroe on March 5, 1817, to become the first U.S. District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Indiana on March 5, 1817, and the U.S. Senate confirmed his nomination. Parke received his commission the following day and served in that position from March 1817 until his death in July 1835.

title: Elections in Venezuela

text: A second triumvirate followed on April 3, 1812. The presidency was disestablished in 1813, when Simon Bolivar established the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819). In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on January 13, 1830. Presidents of Venezuela who served under the 1864 constitution (starting with Juan Crisóstomo Falcón) bore the title of "President of the Union", instead of the usual "President of the Republic" still used today. Aside from that, all heads of state of the country since 1811 have held the title of "President of Venezuela."

title: George Wilkins (Vermont)

text: George Wilkins (December 6, 1817 – March 22, 1902) was a Vermont attorney and politician who served as President of the Vermont State Senate.

title: History of the University of Michigan

text: The act was signed into law August 26, 1817, by Woodward, Judge John Griffin, and acting governor William Woodbridge (Governor Lewis Cass was absent on a trip with President Monroe). Father Richard was granted six didaxiim (and the Vice-Presidency), and the Rev. John Monteith, who had moved to Detroit a year earlier after graduating from Princeton Theological Seminary, was granted seven (and the Presidency).

title: Nehemiah R. Knight

text: Born in Cranston, he attended the common schools. In 1802 he was a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives; he moved to Providence and was clerk of the Court of Common Pleas from 1805 to 1811 and clerk of the circuit court from 1812 to 1817. He was also collector of customs for the same period. He was the ninth Governor of Rhode Island from 1817 to 1821 and president of the Roger Williams Bank from 1817 to 1854.

title: Forrest Dewar

text: Dr Forrest Dewar PRCSE (1748–1817) was an 18th/19th century Scottish surgeon who served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh for the period 1786 to 1788.

title: Timothy Dwight IV

text: Timothy Dwight (May 14, 1752 – January 11, 1817) was an American academic and educator, a Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author. He was the eighth president of Yale College (1795–1817).

title: Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)

text: Alexander James Dallas (June 21, 1759 – January 16, 1817) was an American statesman who served as the U.S. Treasury Secretary under President James Madison.

title: Christ Church Cathedral (Cincinnati)

text: Christ Church was founded in 1817 by then missionary Rev. (future Bishop and Presiding Bishop) Philander Chase, and prominent early settlers of Cincinnati including William Henry Harrison (who became ninth President of the United States) and Dr. Daniel Drake. In 1820, the church was formally incorporated in the State of Ohio; the first building was on East Sixth Street.

title: Daniel McBride Graham

text: Daniel McBride Graham (1817–1888) was a Free Will Baptist pastor, abolitionist, writer, and inventor who served as the first president of Hillsdale College, serving from 1844 to 1848 and the fourth president from 1871 to 1874.

title: Monroe County, Florida

text: Monroe County was created in 1823. It was named for James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, who served from 1817 to 1825.

title: Dartmouth University

text: Many of Dartmouth's existing Trustees refused to obey the Legislature's act, however, and the Trustees of Dartmouth University failed to obtain a quorum to conduct any business. In response, the Legislature voted on December 18, 1816, that the Governor had the power to fill the vacancies left by the Trustees who would not submit (eight known as "the Octagon") and decided to reduce the number required for a quorum. The University Trustees met and brought the University into being during 1817. John Wheelock was named President, but upon his death in 1817 was replaced by his son-in-law, William Allen.

title: Louis-Michel Aury

text: However, while Aury was away, the pirate Jean Lafitte had taken control of the base at Galveston. On his return to Texas, Aury made an ill-fated attempt to establish another base at Matagorda Bay. He finally left Texas in 1817 to assist the Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor, who claimed to be commissioned by representatives of the revolting South American countries, in attacking Spanish Florida from Amelia Island. MacGregor left the island on September 4, and Aury sailed into the port of Fernandina on September 17, 1817. Following negotiations with MacGregor's lieutenants, Ruggles Hubbard and Jared Irwin, Amelia Island was dubiously annexed to the Republic of Mexico on September 21, 1817, and its flag raised over Fort San Carlos. Aury surrendered the island to American forces under the command of Commodore J.D. Henley and Major James Bankhead on December 23, 1817. Aury remained over two months as an unwelcome guest; Bankhead occupied Fernandina and President James Monroe vowed to hold it "in trust for Spain". This episode in Florida's history became known as the Amelia Island Affair.

title: Theodore Frelinghuysen (New York)

text: Frelinghuysen was born in Newark, New Jersey on April 17, 1860. He was the youngest of six children born to Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (1817–1885) and Matilda Elizabeth Griswold (1817–1889). His father was a lawyer who served as a U.S. Senator and later as Secretary of State under President Chester A. Arthur. His siblings included: Matilda Griswold Frelinghuysen, who married Henry Winthrop Gray, a prominent merchant; Charlotte Louisa Frelinghuysen; Frederick Frelinghuysen, who married Estelle B. Kinney; George Griswold Frelinghuysen, who married Sara Linen Ballantine, granddaughter of Peter Ballantine; and Sarah Helen Frelinghuysen (1856–1939), who married Judge John Davis, and after his death, Brig. Gen. Charles Laurie McCawley.

title: John Graham (diplomat)

text: Graham was chief clerk of the State Department from 1807 to 1817 and as such was acting United States Secretary of State for five days in March 1817, at the start of the administration of President James Monroe. Along with Caesar Augustus Rodney and Theodorick Bland, Graham was selected by Monroe in 1817 as one of three commissioners for a special diplomatic mission to South America, the South American Commission of 1817-1818. He served as the U.S. Minister to Portugal at Rio de Janeiro from June 1819 to June 1820.

title: Manuel María Ramírez Fortoul

text: Manuel María Ramírez Fortoul (Arauca, 5 May 1817 - Bogotá, 3 May 1891) was a Colombian lawyer and politician, who was President of Colombia from 22 December 1877 to 24 December 1877 as a designate, while President Aquileo Parra Gómez was away.


query: How many people speak French in Ontario?

title: Franco-Ontarian

text: There are more than 600,000 francophones residing in Ontario.[2] According to the 2016 Canadian census, there were 550,600 people living in Ontario who declared French their first official language spoken, 490,715 people who declared French their mother tongue, and 277,045 Ontarians who declared French as the language they speak most often at home.[1] Over 1.4 million Ontarians reported themselves as bilingual, and 1.3 million Ontarians reported partial or full French ethnic origins. French-speaking Ontarians constitute the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec, as well as the largest minority language group within Ontario, and French is the fourth most common ethnic background in the province after English, Scottish and Irish.

title: French people

text: There are nearly seven million French speakers out of nine to ten million people of French and partial French ancestry in Canada. The Canadian province of Quebec (2006 census population of 7,546,131), where more than 95 percent of the people speak French as either their first, second or even third language, is the center of French life on the Western side of the Atlantic; however, French settlement began further east, in Acadia. Quebec is home to vibrant French-language arts, media, and learning. There are sizable French-Canadian communities scattered throughout the other provinces of Canada, particularly in Ontario, which has about 1 million people with French ancestry (400 000 who have French as their mother tongue), Manitoba, and New Brunswick, which is the only fully bilingual province and is 33 percent Acadian.

title: Geographical distribution of French speakers

text: French is spoken by elderly people in the educated class who are over 40 years old. These people are more eloquent in this language because French was the main language used in education many years back before English prevailed and became the most preferred language of teaching. French is, however, starting to gain more prevalence as many young people are now attending French schools compared to before. As a result of this, the number of young people speaking French has risen to match those speaking English.

title: Official bilingualism in Canada

text: Knowledge of the two official languages is largely determined by geography. Nearly 95% of Quebecers can speak French, but only 40.6% speak English. In the rest of the country, 97.6% of the population is capable of speaking English, but only 7.5% can speak French. Personal bilingualism is most concentrated in southern Quebec and a swath of territory sometimes referred to as the "bilingual belt", which stretches east from Quebec through northern and eastern New Brunswick and west through Ottawa and that part of Ontario lying to the east of Ottawa, as well as north-eastern Ontario. There is also a large French-speaking population in Manitoba. In all, 55% of bilingual Canadians are Quebecers, and a high percentage of the bilingual population in the rest of Canada resides in Ontario and New Brunswick. Statistics Canada collects much of its language data from self-assessments.

title: Meänkieli dialects

text: Few people today speak Meänkieli as their only language. Estimates of how many people speak Meänkieli vary from 30,000 to 70,000, of whom most live in Norrbotten. Many people in the northern parts of Sweden understand some Meänkieli, but fewer people speak it regularly. People with Meänkieli roots are often referred to as Tornedalians although the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten is a far larger area than the Torne River Valley; judging by the names of towns and places, the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten stretches as far west as the city of Gällivare.

title: Languages of Canada

text: In 2011, just over 7.1 million Canadians spoke French most often at home, this was a rise of 4.2%, although the proportion of people in Canada who spoke French "most often" at home fell slightly from 21.7% to 21.5% . Of these, about 6.1 million or 85% resided in Quebec. Outside Quebec, the largest French-speaking populations are found in New Brunswick (which is home to 3.1% of Canada's Francophones) and Ontario (4.2%, residing primarily in the eastern and northeastern parts of the province and in Toronto and Ottawa). Overall, 22% of people in Canada declare French to be their mother language, while one in three Canadians speak French and 70% are unilingual Anglophones. Smaller indigenous French-speaking communities exist in some other provinces. For example, a vestigial community exists on Newfoundland's Port au Port Peninsula; a remnant of the "French Shore" along the island's west coast.

title: Mayotte

text: Nowadays there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French-language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of French-based creole.

title: Demographics of New Brunswick

text:
Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of French and English population.
As a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations. With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to both French and English language hospitals and healthcare networks, school systems, universities, and media. The province also has a relatively high proportion of people who state that they can speak both official languages, with about 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population reporting the ability to speak both English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual).

title: Connors, New Brunswick

text: Most people are French speaking. Many Irish and other ethnic groups settled in this heavily forested area in the 19th century, along with folks from nearby Québec. Since the Irish were Catholic like the French speakers, there was a great deal of inter-marriage. Today, you would find many people with Irish and Scottish surnames who are entirely French-speaking here, while others with French surnames speak only English. Connors is a place where people made their living from forestry rather than farming. This whole area is quite remote from major population centres, and is now having major economic problems because there is no other livelihood except logging and sawmills. Many of the younger people on both sides of the border have been leaving for better job prospects in bigger cities (Bangor or Portland, ME or Montreal and Quebec City, or Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick and sometimes even Halifax, Nova Scotia).

title: Secession

text: Throughout Canada's history, there has been tension between English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. Under the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Quebec colony (including parts of what is today Quebec, Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador) was divided in two: Lower Canada (which retained French law and institutions and is now divided between the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador) and Upper Canada (a new colony intended to accommodate the many English-speaking settlers, including the United Empire Loyalists, and now part of Ontario). The intent was to provide each group with its own colony. In 1841, the two Canadas were merged into the Province of Canada. The union proved contentious, however, resulting in a legislative deadlock between English and French legislators. The difficulties of the union led to the adoption of a federal system in Canada, and the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The federal framework did not eliminate all tensions, however, leading to the Quebec sovereignty movement in the latter half of the 20th century.

title: Embrun, Ontario

text: The town has a French-speaking majority, with a significant English-speaking minority. According to the 2006 Census, 57% of Embrun's population speaks French at home, while 41% speak English at home. The remaining 2% speak either both languages equally, or speak a non-official language.

title: North America

text: The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions. Canada is officially bilingual. French is the official language of the Province of Quebec, where 95% of the people speak it as either their first or second language, and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick. Other French-speaking locales include the Province of Ontario (the official language is English, but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco-Ontarians), the Province of Manitoba (co-official as "de jure" with English), the French West Indies and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, as well as the US state of Louisiana, where French is also an official language. Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French. Similarly, French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English.

title: Languages of the United Kingdom

text: British Asians speak dozens of different languages, and it is difficult to determine how many people speak each language alongside English. The largest subgroup of British Asians are those of Punjabi origin (representing approximately two thirds of direct migrants from South Asia to the UK), from both India and Pakistan, they number over 2 million in the UK and are the largest Punjabi community outside of South Asia. The Punjabi language is currently the third most spoken language in the UK. Many Black Britons speak English as their first language. Their ancestors mostly came from the West Indies, particularly Jamaica, and generally also spoke English-based creole languages, hence there are significant numbers of Caribbean creole speakers (see below for Ethnologue figures). With over 300,000 French-born people in the UK, plus the general popularity of the language, French is understood by 23% of the country's population. A large proportion of the Black British population, especially African-born immigrants speak French as a first or second language.

title: Russell, Ontario (community)

text: Russell is a predominantly English-speaking community, although with a sizeable French-speaking minority. 87% of the community speaks English at home, while 11% speak French at home.

title: French people

text: Most French people speak the French language as their mother tongue, but certain languages like Norman, Occitan, Auvergnat, Corsican, Euskara, French Flemish and Breton remain spoken in certain regions (see Language policy in France). There have also been periods of history when a majority of French people had other first languages (local languages such as Occitan, Catalan, Alsatian, West Flemish, Lorraine Franconian, Gallo, Picard or Ch'timi and Arpitan). Today, many immigrants speak another tongue at home.

title: Russell, Ontario

text: The township is predominantly English-speaking with a significant French-speaking minority. 61% of the population speaks English most often at home, while 36% speaks French most often at home. The remaining 3% speak either both languages equally, or speak a non-official language most often. The different parts of the township have different distributions of language, however. Embrun has a slight francophone majority, with 50% French-speaking and 46% English-speaking. Russell, on the other hand, has a stronger anglophone majority, with 86% English-speaking and 12% French-speaking.

title: River Canard, Ontario

text: River Canard is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, as it was part of early French colonial settlement in the 18th century related to Fort Detroit and the Detroit River. Their descendants, known as Fort Detroit French, still live in the area. They were joined in southwestern Ontario by more numerous French-speaking migrants, known as Canadian French, who came to the area in the 19th century, primarily from Quebec. The ethnic French largely formed two communities in Ontario because of their different histories, but they would sometimes collaborate of issues of joint importance, such as French instruction in schools and French language in churches with French-speaking congregations.

title: History of French

text: During the 17th and 18th centuries, the French language established itself permanently in the Americas. There is an academic debate about how fluent in French the colonists of New France were. While less than 15% of colonists (25% of the women – chiefly "filles du roi" – and 5% of the men) were from the region of Paris and presumably spoke French, most of the rest came from north-western and western regions of France where regular French was not the primary native language. It is not clearly known how many among those colonists understood French as a second language, and how many among them – who, in overwhelming majority, natively spoke an oïl language – could understand, and be understood by, those who speak French thanks to interlinguistic similarity. In any case, a linguistic unification of all the groups coming from France happened (either in France, on the ships, or in Canada) such that, according to many sources, the then "Canadiens" were all speaking French (King's French) natively by the end of the 17th century, well before the unification was complete in France. Canada's reputation was to speak as good French as Paris did. Today, French is the language of about 10 million people (not counting French-based creoles, which are also spoken by about 10 million people) in the Americas.

title: French diaspora

text: Canada has the second largest community of people outside of France who have identified as being of French descent, close behind the United States. 8.5 million Canadians claim French heritage. The French-speaking province of Quebec has the highest concentration of people with French ancestry in the world: 90% of Quebecers have French roots. They are also found in large numbers in the province of New Brunswick where a third of the population can trace their roots back to France and in Ontario which is home to the second largest community of French Canadians in the country.

title: Quebec City–Windsor Corridor

text: When the English-speaking United Empire Loyalists arrived in Canada after the American Revolution, they naturally settled along the narrow strip north of the St. Lawrence River and lower Great Lakes, where good farm land was available and larger boats could be used for transportation, and these people formed the English-speaking nucleus of what would later be Ontario (by contrast, many of the Ontario towns along the old fur-trading and logging route to the north, through the Ottawa Valley and westward, still have significant French-speaking populations). Initially, Kingston was the principal city of the English half of the corridor, but eventually Toronto outgrew it.

title: Languages of Angola

text: However, in Cabinda, wedged between two French-speaking countries — the DRC and the Congo — many people speak French as well as, or better than, Portuguese. In fact, of the literate population, 90 percent speak French while 10 percent speak Portuguese. Also, the Angolan Bakongo who were exiled in the Democratic Republic of the Congo usually speak better French and Lingala than Portuguese and Kikongo.

title: Emae language

text: The language of Emae is a language spoken in the villages of Makatea and Tongamea on Emae in the country of Vanuatu. Most of the Emae people speak Emae, North Efate (Nguna), English, French and Bislama. Less than 1% of the people who speak Emae as their native language are literate in the language, while 50% to 70% are literate in their second language, whether it be Nguna, English, French or Bislama. Today, only around 400 people speak Emae, mainly in Makatea and Tongamea, 250 more than in the 1960s - around 150 speakers. According to Lewis, Emae is still underused by many of the people in the area, but 50% of children know and speak Emae (2014), and children speaking Emae will help the language thrive.

title: Jean-Paul Sartre

text: Sartre noted when Wehrmacht soldiers asked Parisians politely in their German-accented French for directions, people usually felt embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to help out the Wehrmacht which led Sartre to remark "We could not be "natural"". French was a language widely taught in German schools and most Germans could speak at least some French. Sartre himself always found it difficult when a Wehrmacht soldier asked him for directions, usually saying he did not know where it was that the soldier wanted to go, but still felt uncomfortable as the very act of speaking to the Wehrmacht meant he had been complicit in the Occupation. Ousby wrote: "But, in however humble a fashion, everyone still had to decide how they were going to cope with life in a fragmenting society ... So Sartre's worries ... about how to react when a German soldier stopped him in the street and asked politely for directions were not as fussily inconsequential as they might sound at first. They were emblematic of how the dilemmas of the Occupation presented themselves in daily life". Sartre wrote the very "correctness" of the Germans caused moral corruption in many people who used the "correct" behavior of the Germans as an excuse for passivity, and the very act of simply trying to live one's day-to-day existence without challenging the occupation aided the "New Order in Europe", which depended upon the passivity of ordinary people to accomplish its goals.

title: French Language Services Act

text: The French Language Services Act () (the "Act") is a law in the province of Ontario, Canada which is intended to protect the rights of Franco-Ontarians, or French-speaking people, in the province.

title: Embrun, Ontario

text: Language: 57% of Embrun's population speaks French at home, while 41% speak English at home. The remaining 2% speak either both languages equally, or speak a non-official language. However, because there a significant number of French-Canadians who change their primary language to English later in life, the number of people whose mother tongue is French is higher than those who speak French as their main home language. 63% of Embrun residents list French as their mother tongue, while 33% list English as their mother tongue. 66% of Embrun residents are bilingual in both English and French, 24% speak only English, and 9% speak only French. For language of work, the English language is disproportionately common; while only 41% of Embrun residents speak English at home, 57% of Embrun residents speak primarily or exclusively English at work.

title: French language

text: French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9.5 million people or 29% and the second language for 2.07 million or 6% of the entire population of Canada. French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal, which is the world's 4th-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, comprising just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario, the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are to be available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The city of Ottawa, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it is on the other side of a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of Gatineau, and is required to offer governmental services in French as well as English.

title: Leamington, Ontario

text: The majority of people from Leamington speak English. According to the 2006 census, 16,915 speak English only, 8460 male and 8460 female. Around 600 people speak French due to the French school; 10,840 speak other languages, such as German, Spanish and Arabic; and 45 speak English and French.

title: French people

text: Abroad, the French language is spoken in many different countries – in particular the former French colonies. Nevertheless, speaking French is distinct from being a French citizen. Thus, "francophonie", or the speaking of French, must not be confused with French citizenship or ethnicity. For example, French speakers in Switzerland are not "French citizens".

title: Language shift

text: The use of the French language in Canada is complex. In English-speaking regions of Canada, many former Canadian French language minorities have disappeared. Meanwhile, in Quebec, the decline of French has been reversed, and given high rates of emigration and substantial intermarriage with French Canadians, the English language has declined. Quebec's Eastern Townships, once a predominantly English-speaking region, is now overwhelmingly French-speaking. The French-speaking populations of neighboring Ontario and New Brunswick, once on the decline, have also rebounded.

title: French language in the United States

text: A total of 10,804,304 people claimed French ancestry in the 2010 census although other sources have recorded as many as 13 million people claiming this ancestry. Most French-speaking Americans are of this heritage, but there are also significant populations not of French descent who speak it as well, including those from Belgium, Switzerland, Haiti and numerous Francophone African countries.


query: When was Laura Wright born?

title: Laura Wright

text: Laura Wright (née Sisk; September 11, 1970) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her roles as Ally Rescott on Loving and The City (1991–1997), Cassie Layne Winslow on Guiding Light (1997–2005) and Carly Corinthos on General Hospital (2005–present);[1] the latter garnered her the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2011.[2]

title: Laura Wright (singer)

text: Nominated for a Classical Brit Award, Wright went on to receive the PPL Classical Award at the Nordoff Robbins 02 Silver Clef Awards. Alongside her role as ambassador at Nordoff Robbins, Laura is an ambassador of Arthritis Research UK, having battled her own debilitating condition at a very young age. She is also an ambassador for SportsAid and for the Invictus Games.

title: Laura Wright (singer)

text: Wright has trained to county level in hockey, netball, tennis and javelin.

title: Laura Gale House

text: The Laura Gale House, also known as the Mrs. Thomas H. Gale House, is a home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The house was designed by master architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1909. It is located within the boundaries of the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District and has been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places since March 5, 1970.

title: Laura Wright

text: Wright (then credited by her maiden name of Sisk) made her television acting debut on ABC's daytime soap opera Loving in 1991, playing the character of Allison "Ally" Rescott Bowman. She also starred in The City from 1995 to 1997 as the same character, and then she played the role of Cassie Layne Winslow on CBS soap opera Guiding Light from 1997 to 2005. On September 12, 2005, Wright was cast as the fourth actress to play the character of Carly Corinthos on ABC's General Hospital.[4] ABC Daytime executive Brian Frons stated in a statement, "Carly is a complex character, and we are excited to bring Laura's talent, beauty and intelligence to this role. [...] Fans can look forward to high drama between Sonny, Carly and Alcazar this fall."[4] In a statement, Wright, who was still appearing in episodes of Guiding Light when the announcent was made, said:[4]

title: Laura Wright (disambiguation)

text: Laura Wright (born 1970) is an American actress.

title: Nathaniel Wright

text: Wright married Laura Hoar on March 5, 1820.

title: Laura Wright

text: Wright was born Laura Sisk in Washington, D.C., and was raised in Clinton, Maryland. She appeared in several high school plays such as Gypsy, Our Town, and You Can't Take It with You.[3]

title: Isabel Roberts House

text: Mary Roberts (1836–1920) was born in Prince Edward Island. She married James H. Roberts in 1867. The family settled in South Bend, Indiana, where Mary lived until James' death in 1907. In South Bend they became friends with Laura C. B. DeRhodes; this friendship resulted in Laura building the K. C. DeRhodes House by Wright. Mary then moved to live with Isabel who was already working in the Oak Park Studio for Wright. The Isabel Roberts House was built for mother and daughter to share.

title: Isabel Roberts

text: Roberts was born in Mexico, Missouri, the younger of two surviving daughters of James H. and Mary Harris Roberts. James was a mechanic and inventor born in Utica, New York; Mary, a homemaker and a native of Prince Edward Island. They had been married in 1867 in New York state. They lived for a time in Missouri, where Roberts and her sister Charlotte were both born. Leaving Missouri, the Roberts family moved several more times, including to Providence, Rhode Island. They eventually settled in South Bend, Indiana, where James H. Roberts became Deputy Director of Inspections for the State of Indiana. They were active members of the First Presbyterian Church of South Bend, and social and civic groups through which they became friends of Laura Caskey Bowsher (later, DeRhodes). This friendship eventually led to Roberts' introducing Laura to Frank Lloyd Wright and Laura's commissioning from Wright's studio the K. C. DeRhodes House.

title: Laura Wright (singer)

text: Wright first shot to fame as chorister of the year when she was just 14.

title: Laura Gale House

text: Laura R. Gale, widow of realtor Thomas Gale, commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design the house on Elizabeth Court in 1909. This was not the first time that the Gale family utilized Wright. The architect had designed two houses on Chicago Avenue in Oak Park, two of Wright's "bootleg" houses, for the Gales. The Gale House was designed during Wright's most productive Prairie style period and has been cited by architectural "authorities" as a milestone in the development of early modern architecture. The house was occupied by its original owner until 1962 when architect Howard Rosenwinkel purchased it and undertook a meticulous restoration. The current owners of the house are Andrea Kayne and Andrew C. Mead .

title: Laura Wright (author)

text: Laura Wright is an American author of romance novels.

title: K. C. DeRhodes House

text: Laura DeRhodes was still living in the house in 1940 when she was interviewed by Wright researcher Grant Manson, whose notes of the interview are in the Oak Park, Illinois public library. Laura continued to live in the house until the time of her death. Both are buried in the Highland Cemetery Mausoleum, South Bend.

title: K. C. DeRhodes House

text: The celebrated rendering of the DeRhodes house by Wright's assistant Marion Mahony Griffin is considered by scholars to be among the best to emerge from the Oak Park Studio, and was thought so by Wright himself, who inscribed it "Drawn by Mahony after FLLW and Hiroshige".Laura Caskey was born in Ligonier, Indiana, the daughter of Lutheran clergyman Curtis Caskey and his wife Margaret. Before her marriage to Kersey C. DeRhodes, Laura Caskey was the second wife of South Bend industrialist-millionaire Nelson Prentice Bowsher (1845-1898). Bowsher rose from being an inventor and master mechanic at the Oliver Chilled Plow Works to the proprietor of his own manufacturing business, N. P. Bowsher. By his first wife, Clarissa C. Hostetter, Bowsher had two sons, Delavan Denis Bowsher and Jay C. Bowsher. Prior to her marriage to DeRhodes, Laura lived in the Bowsher family mansion at 805 West Washington, South Bend.Kersey C. DeRhodes was born in Fairfield, Ohio, the son of farmer David and his wife Madi DeRhodes. After coming to South Bend in 1901, DeRhodes served as the cashier of the Merchant's National Bank (later the National Bank). He also served as the treasurer of the Williams-Forrest Machine Company. His residence before his marriage to Laura C. Bowsher was at 329 West Colfax Avenue, now the site of the First Presbyterian Church of South Bend. From a prior marriage, he had one daughter, Hazel M. DeRhodes (July 10, 1888 - January 1975), who lived with Kersey and Laura DeRhodes in their Wright designed home before moving to Detroit, Michigan, as an adult.

title: Laura Wright (author)

text: Wright was born in Minnesota. As an adult, she pursued a career as an actress, singer and competitive ballroom dancer, teaching ballroom dancing and Latin dancing for more than ten years. After many years of reading romance novels, Wright left dancing and attempted to write romantic fiction. After three years of writing, she sold a manuscript to Harlequin books for their Silhouette Desire line of category romances.

title: All Angels

text: Laura Wright (born 17 June 1990) was a member of All Angels and left the group in 2010.

title: Laura Wright

text: Wright married architect John Wright on October 7, 1995. They have two children, Lauren Beth Wright and John Michael Wright.[15] In April 2016, Wright announced that she and John decided to end their marriage.[16]

title: Laura Wright (academic)

text: Laura Wright is a professor of English at Western Carolina University. Wright proposed 'vegan studies' as a new academic field, and her book "The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror" (2015) served as the foundational text of the discipline.

title: Richard B. Wright

text: Wright was born in Midland, Ontario, to Laverne and Laura (née Thomas). Wright graduated from Midland high school in 1956, and attended and graduated from Ryerson Polytechnic Institute in the area of Radio and TV arts in 1959. He worked briefly within local newspapers and radio stations as a copywriter before becoming an assistant editor for Macmillan Canada in 1960.

title: Lincolnshire, Illinois

text: The first school to be built in what is now Lincolnshire was Half Day Intermediate School, which initially served all grades for the small town; it was originally a one-room schoolhouse before a major expansion project was undertaken to accommodate the district's increasing population. Numerous changes were made to Half Day School between 1958 and 1965, but it remained too small to receive all prospective students; in 1983, Half Day School was closed, its duties were given to Laura B. Sprague Elementary School and Daniel Wright Junior High School. It was, however, reopened nine years later as Daniel Wright and Laura Sprague began to fill to capacity. Another expansion was added to Laura Sprague and h\Half Day in 2017 to accommodate the increase in students. Grade 6 was also moved to Half Day from Daniel Wright in 2017.

title: K. C. DeRhodes House

text: In early 1906, Laura C. Bowsher visited with her South Bend friend Isabel Roberts (of the Isabel Roberts House) in Berwyn, Illinois. Isabel was an architectural designer and draughtsman in Wright's Oak Park Studio and through Isabel, Laura met architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who was at the peak of his acclaim with the success of his prairie houses. She commissioned Wright's Oak Park studio to design a house for her to be located at 715 West Washington Avenue, which was to be completed in time to move into it with her new husband. Isabel Roberts stated that she was the designer of this house, although since it came from Wright's studio it has always been attributed to him.

title: Laura Wright (disambiguation)

text: Laura Wright may also refer to:

title: Luke and Laura

text: Luke is revealed to be keeping secret that the drug therapy is only a temporary solution and that Laura will eventually return to her catatonic state. Lulu is able to convince her cousin Carly Corinthos (Laura Wright) to postpone her marriage to Jasper Jacks (Ingo Rademacher), allowing her parents to use the supplies already in place. On November 16, 2006, Luke and Laura remarry on their 25th wedding anniversary. A drunken Tracy has to be removed from the ceremony, and scheming Maxie manages to sneak into the ceremony and catch Laura's bouquet, much like Scott had 25 years before. On November 20, Luke reveals that Laura's illness is no longer mental but physical and she will soon revert to her catatonic state. Laura decides she wants an early Christmas as she may not be around for the real one and is able to comfort Lulu when she reveals the truth about her abortion. When Luke arrives with the tree, Laura is confused, confirming that her catatonia is returning. After being escorted back to the asylum, Laura reveals to her daughter that she does not think she really killed Rick Webber and asks her to prove her innocence. After saying goodbye to her family, Laura returns to her chair and sits with Luke as he tearfully watches her slip back into silence.

title: List of Shortland Street characters (1999)

text: Dr. Laura Hill was a character created specifically to undergo a plot where Caroline Buxton (Tandi Wright) would realize she was attracted to women. Larissa Matheson had auditioned for nearly 20 different roles before she landed Laura, in what she called: " a case of waiting for the right part." Laura arrived in early 1999 and after getting a job at the clinic, struck up a friendship with Caroline. Several months later Caroline asked Laura to be her bridesmaid for her wedding to Alan Dubrovsky (Malcolm Murray). However Caroline called off the wedding when it became clear she had fallen in love with Laura and the two started a controversial relationship. However, after an argument Caroline slept with Greg Feeney (Tim Balme), fell pregnant and left Laura. In 2000 the clinic staff were shocked to discover Laura came from a family of extensive wealth and she soon began to date Madeline Trent (Miranda Harcourt). In May Laura unexpectedly suffered a massive heart attack and died.

title: Laura Wright (singer)

text: Wright was born in Suffolk, and grew up in Framlingham. She won scholarships to attend the fee-paying Framlingham College along with her three brothers.

title: Jessica L. Wright

text: Jessica Lynn Wright (née Garfola; born November 2, 1952) was the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness of the United States Department of Defense. She retired at the end of March 2015, succeeded by Brad Carson as Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. Laura Junor is the Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness.

title: My Platonic Sweetheart

text: On the contrary, Howard G. Baetzhold of Butler University examines the relationship between Wright and Twain and argues that the woman in the narrative refers to Laura M. Wright, and that she is a source of inspiration for some of Twain's works. Ron Powers of Smithsonian Magazine agrees with Baetzhold saying, "scholar Howard Baetzhold has pieced together overwhelming evidence that the figure in the dream is Laura."

title: Laura Ingalls Wilder

text: Controversy arose following MacBride's death in 1995, when the Laura Ingalls Wilder Branch of the Wright County Library in Mansfield — the library founded in part by Wilder — decided it was worth trying to recover the rights. The ensuing court case was settled in an undisclosed manner, but MacBride's heirs retained the rights to Wilder's books. From the settlement, the library received enough to start work on a new building.

title: Laura Wright (singer)

text: Laura Kathryn Wright (born 17 June 1990) is an English soprano. She is a classical-popular crossover singer who performs classical and operatic music, popular songs, musical theatre and folk songs.


query: When was the first tonsillectomy?

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Tonsillectomies have been practiced for over 2,000 years, with varying popularity over the centuries.[8] The procedure is claimed in some books as "Hindu medicine" about 1000 BCE (non-evidence based literature). Others refer to it as cleaning of tonsil using the nail of the index finger. Roughly a millennium later the Roman aristocrat Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BCE – 50 CE) described a procedure whereby using the finger (or a blunt hook if necessary), the tonsil was separated from the neighboring tissue before being cut out.[8] Galen (121–200 CE) was the first to advocate the use of the surgical instrument known as the snare, a practice that was to become common until Aetius (490 CE) recommended partial removal of the tonsil, writing "Those who extirpate the entire tonsil remove, at the same time, structures that are perfectly healthy, and, in this way, give rise to serious Hæmorrhage".[8] In the 7th century Paulus Aegineta (625–690) described a detailed procedure for tonsillectomy, including dealing with the inevitable post-operative bleeding. 1,200 years pass before the procedure is described again with such precision and detail.[8]

title: Peritonsillar abscess

text: Treatment can also be given while a patient is under anesthesia, but this is usually reserved for children or anxious patients. Tonsillectomy can be indicated if a patient has recurring peritonsillar abscesses or a history of tonsillitis. For patients with their first peritonsillar abscess most ENT-surgeons prefer to "wait and observe" before recommending tonsillectomy.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: In 2018, a study of the medical records of 1,630,807 UK children found 15,760 had sufficient sore throats to justify tonsillectomy, but only 13.6% (2144) underwent surgery. This means that even in children who experience frequent, severe sore throats, the vast majority do not undergo tonsillectomy, suggesting it is not essential even in severely affected children. The same study found 18,281 children who had undergone tonsillectomy, but of these only 11.7% (2144) had evidence-based indications (i.e. frequent enough sore throats to justify surgery). This did not change over 12 years from 2005 to 2016. The vast majority of tonsillectomies were undertaken for indications which did not have an evidence-base: five to six sore throats in one year (12.4%), two to four sore throats in one year (44.6%), sleep disordered breathing (12.3%), or obstructive sleep apnoea (3.9%).[31] In the UK therefore, most children who undergo tonsillectomy probably do not benefit and most children who might benefit do not undergo tonsillectomy. The study says that 32,500 out of the 37,000 children who have their tonsils removed annually "are unlikely to benefit". No similar study has been undertaken in any other country. Therefore, it is not known if the situation is better or worse elsewhere. However tonsillectomy rates are lower in the UK than in many countries including the USA[7] Netherlands and Germany.[35]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Tonsillectomy is controversial as its benefits are only modest and temporary whereas the operation has recognised hazards (including deaths). There are also strong indications that tonsillectomy compromises the immune system in the long run, especially when performed at a young age.[1][2] For example, there is evidence that tonsillectomy is associated with an increased risk of cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, allergic diseases and is linked to higher mortality rates.[3][4][5][6]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: These recommendations, were made by a body whose members derive a substantial part of their income from undertaking tonsillectomies, which may explain the delay of 28 years (and 14 million childhood tonsillectomies - 28 years x 530,000 per year) before recommending that practice followed the evidence. The claims that tonsillectomy improves poor school performance, bedwetting (enuresis), or behavioural problems are based on "observational before-and-after studies", (i.e. case series), which are prone to bias and very weak evidence.[7][16][17]

title: Neasden Hospital

text: During the First World War its name was changed to Willesden Municipal Hospital. When it joined the National Health Service in 1948 it had 200 beds. A newly refurbished theatre block was opened in 1949 with 16 beds for tonsillectomy patients.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: In 2012, 28 years after the original Paradise clinical trial, the American Academy of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guidelines adopted the Paradise criteria, stating tonsillectomy is indicated as follows:

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Given the evidence that many tonsillectomies may be unnecessary, the occurrence of complications and deaths following tonsillectomy are important considerations. Although tonsillectomy is a relatively safe surgery, serious complications (especially hemorrhage, dehydration and infection) and death do occur.[19][59][60] Minor complications include voice change and taste disturbance.[61][62][63] Because tonsillectomy takes place under general anaesthesia, there is a small risk of brain damage.[64][65][66]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Watchful waiting for recurrent throat infection if there have been fewer than 7 documented episodes in the past year or fewer than 5 episodes per year in the past 2 years or fewer than 3 episodes per year in the past 3 years; Assessing the child with recurrent throat infection who does not meet criteria in statement 2 for modifying factors that may nonetheless favor tonsillectomy, which may include but are not limited to multiple antibiotic allergy/intolerance, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, or history of peritonsillar abscess; Asking caregivers of children with sleep-disordered breathing and tonsil hypertrophy about comorbid conditions that might improve after tonsillectomy, including growth retardation, poor school performance, enuresis, and behavioral problems; Counseling caregivers about tonsillectomy as a means to improve health in children with abnormal polysomnography who also have tonsil hypertrophy and sleep-disordered breathing; Counseling caregivers that sleep-disordered breathing may persist or recur after tonsillectomy and may require further management; Advocating for pain management after tonsillectomy and educating caregivers about the importance of managing and reassessing pain; and Clinicians who perform tonsillectomy should determine their rate of primary and secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage at least annually.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: For example, a study of 43,207 Danish children who underwent tonsillectomy found a significantly increased risk of respiratory, infectious, and allergic conditions later on in life; the increased risk of respiratory diseases was two to threefold, which means that for every five tonsillectomies, one extra case of respiratory disease will be caused.[5] An Australian study observed a 50% increased mortality rate in young adults if surgery took place before the age of seven.[6] And a study of 179,875 Swedish patients observed an increased risk of autoimmune conditions such as thyroid disease, rheumatic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and type 1 diabetes.[4]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Tonsillectomy can be considered as an industry with a market. In the USA there are 530,000 childhood tonsillectomies annually.[7] At an average of $3500 per operation this is an industry worth $1.855 billion yearly.[41] The rise in adenotonsillectomies for sleep apnoea in the USA has been much greater than the decline in tonsillectomies for sore throat.[42] This means that the tonsillectomy industry continues to grow, despite limited evidence that tonsillectomy confers significant benefits and increasing concerns in relation to long term safety. In 2009 US President Obama even remarked: "Right now, doctors, a lot of times, are forced to make decisions based on the fee payment schedule that's out there. So if they're looking and -- and you come in and you've got a bad sore throat, or your child has a bad sore throat, or has repeated sore throats, the doctor may look at the reimbursement system and say to himself, 'You know what? I make a lot more money if I take this kid's tonsils out.' Now, that may be the right thing to do. But I'd rather have that doctor making those decisions just based on whether you really need your kid's tonsils out or whether it might make more sense just to change -- maybe they have allergies. Maybe they have something else that would make a difference."[43]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Moreover, these and other studies found correlation between a previous history of tonsillectomy and the following diseases:

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Despite being a common childhood operation it is difficult to find accurate estimates of serious complications and deaths following tonsillectomy.[2] The morbidity rate associated with tonsillectomy is 2% to 4% due to post-operative bleeding; in the US 3.6% of children are readmitted to hospital following tonsillectomy, mainly because of dehydration or bleeding.[19][69] Haemorrhage after tonsillectomy affects about 4.2% of patients.[70] This would be about 22,260 (4.2% of 530,000) children annually in the USA.[7] Mortality has been reported as between 1 in 7,132 and 1 in 170,000 patients. A more recent estimate from Sweden suggests 1 in 40,000 patients die as a result of tonsillectomy.[2] In the USA the mortality rate is 1 in 15,000, due to bleeding, airway obstruction, or anesthesia complications.[71]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Tonsillectomy is also sometimes performed on those who suffer chronically from tonsilloliths.[18] There are no clinical trials of tonsillectomy for tonsillolith.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Table: Numbers of children (from 1.6 million children between 2005 and 2016 in the UK) identified with possible indications for tonsillectomy and the numbers who subsequently undergo tonsillectomy.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: For the past 50 years at least, tonsillectomy has been performed by dissecting the tonsil from its surrounding fascia, a so-called total, or extra-capsular tonsillectomy. Problems including pain and bleeding led to a recent resurgence in interest in sub-total tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy, which was popular 60–100 years ago, in an effort to reduce these complications.[130] The generally accepted procedure for 'total' tonsillectomy uses a scalpel and blunt dissection or electrocautery, although harmonic scalpels or lasers have also been used. Bleeding is stopped with electrocautery, ligation by sutures, and the topical use of thrombin, a protein that induces blood clotting.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: There are a great many more clinical trials comparing different ways of undertaking tonsillectomies and how to manage patients who undergo tonsillectomy than there are studies investigating whether they are effective in the first place. A single dose of the corticosteroid drug dexamethasone may be given during surgery to prevent post-operative vomiting.[72] A systematic review found that a dose of dexamethasone during surgery can prevent vomiting in one out of every five children who receives the drug.[72] The review also found that these children return to a normal diet more quickly and have less post-operative pain.[72]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Tonsillectomy appears to be more painful in adults than children, although there will be individual variations in response.[148]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Throat with tonsilloliths. Bilateral Tonsillectomy – Cryptic Tonsils Two removed tonsils. Throat 1 day after a tonsillectomy. Throat some days after a tonsillectomy.

title: Tonsillitis

text: Chronic cases can be treated with tonsillectomy (the surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment. Children have had only a modest benefit from tonsillectomy for chronic cases of tonsillitis.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: In the US 77% of tonsillectomies in children are undertaken for obstructive sleep apnoea (usually adenotonsillectomies), but for this there is insufficient evidence to say if this is more effective than no surgery as even without treatment the condition tends to improve with time.[27][19][28] Because the effectiveness of tonsillectomy for breathing related problems is not known there are ongoing clinical trials to investigate whether it is effective.[29][30] The Cochrane review assessed evidence from randomised controlled trials, because these are less prone to bias than studies without a control group and concludes: “high quality evidence indicates no benefit in terms of objective measures of attention and neurocognitive performance compared with watchful waiting”.[28] Data from the UK indicates that the vast majority (77.8%) of children with obstructive sleep apnoea do not ever undergo tonsillectomy, which casts doubt on whether surgery is really necessary.[31]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: There are significant variations in tonsillectomy rates, both between and within countries. As it is unlikely that recurrent sore throats vary in frequency between countries it suggests that many, tonsillectomies may in fact be done without sufficient medical justification.[19][34] In 2015, tonsillectomy rates in the Netherlands, Belgium, Finland and Norway were at least twice those in the UK but rates in Spain, Italy and Poland were at least a quarter lower.[35] Childhood tonsillectomy rates in the USA are among the highest in the world and are three times higher than in England.[19][7] Tonsillectomy rates vary considerably between even quite similar countries: rates are three times higher in Croatia than Slovenia.[35]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: In each of these studies it is not entirely clear if tonsillectomy caused the increased risk or whether it was merely an indicator of other factors which might be linked to poorer health such as poverty or exposure to smoking. Causation is difficult to prove anyway as correlation does not imply causation. However, many researchers argue that tonsillectomy is likely to be a causative factor because confounding variables are taken into account during research and because they claim that the tonsils act as the first line of defence in the immune system. Furthermore, research points out that the lower the age at which tonsillectomy is performed, the higher the probability of attracting certain diseases in adult life. This may be a strong indication that the tonsils play an important role in the development of the immune system.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: As tonsillectomy is most often performed on young children for whom the surgery and its aftermath may be a traumatic and very painful experience, there may be a depression and behavioural changes that last for several weeks.[67][68]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: Furthermore, research indicates that tonsillectomy may also lead to the following:

title: Tonsillectomy

text: A study, led by professor of pediatrics Jack Paradise and published in 1984, identified that children suffering from frequent, severe sore throats benefitted modestly from tonsillectomy.[10] This meant at least:

title: Tonsillectomy

text: It is not known whether the benefits of subtotal tonsillectomy in obstructive sleep apnea are enduring. But this is also the case for tonsillectomy for sleep apnea. There have been no randomised controlled trials of long term effectiveness of tonsillectomy for sleep apnea.[19][28]

title: Tonsillectomy

text: There are several indications that far too many tonsillectomies have been performed worldwide .

title: Adenoidectomy

text: By 1996, roughly a half million children underwent some surgery on their adenoid and/or tonsils in both outpatient and inpatient settings. This included approximately 60,000 tonsillectomies, 250,000 combined tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies, and 125,000 adenoidectomies. By 2006, the total number had risen to over 700,000 but when adjusted for population changes, the tonsillectomy "rate" had dropped from 0.62 per thousand children to 0.53 per thousand. A larger decline for combined tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy was noted - from 2.20 per thousand to 1.46. There was no significant change in adenoidectomy rates for chronic infectious reasons (0.25 versus 0.21 per 1000).

title: Adenoidectomy

text: A decline in the frequency of the procedure started in the 1930s as its use became controversial. Tonsillitis and adenoiditis requiring surgery became less frequent with the development of antimicrobial agents and a decline in upper respiratory infections among older school-aged children. Also, several studies had shown that adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy were ineffective for many of the indications used at that time as well as the suggestion of an increased risk of developing poliomyelitis after the procedure, later disproved. Prospective clinical trials, performed over the last 2 decades, have redefined the appropriate indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A), tonsillectomy alone, and adenoidectomy alone.

title: Tonsillectomy

text: A 2010 study in England found the annual tonsillectomy rate per 100,000 between 2000 and 2005 was 754 in the highest region, the national average was 304 and the lowest region was 102. This means there is a seven-fold difference between the region with the highest tonsillectomy rate and the region with the lowest one.[36] In 2006, Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson revealed that unnecessary tonsillectomies and unnecessary hysterectomies combined cost the British National Health Service 21 million Pounds a year.[37]