query: What is the life expectancy of horses?

title: Horse

text: Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30years.[7] Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond.[8] The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62.[7] In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.[9]

title: James Vaupel

text: Vaupel has been a leading proponent of the idea of the plasticity of longevity. Many people believe there is a looming limit to human life expectancy. Vaupel's research shows that life expectancy is likely to increase well beyond the purported limit of 85 years. Furthermore, Vaupel and others (such as Bernard Jeune of Denmark) advanced a new proposition: that the human life span is not fixed, but is a function of life expectancy and population size. He and S. Jay Olshansky have had a disagreement about what this means in terms of future projections of the human life span.

title: List of U.S. counties with longest life expectancy

text: Among all the counties in the US there is a wide range in average life expectancy from birth. The residents of Summit County, Colorado, live the longest with an average life expectancy of 86.83 years. The residents of Oglala Lakota County (formerly Shannon County) of South Dakota live the shortest with an average life expectancy of 66.81 years—twenty years less. Moreover, the gap between the counties with the longest life expectancy and the shortest is widening. The average life expectancy of the United States as a whole increased by more than 5 years between 1980 and 2014. The life expectancy of most of the longest-lived counties equaled or exceeded that increase. The life expectancy of most of the shortest-lived counties increased less than 5 years—and in a few counties, especially in Kentucky, life expectancy decreased.

title: Health in Algeria

text: According to the World Health Organization, life expectancy in Algeria in 2013 in males was 70.3 years of age and females 73.5 with a total life expectancy of 71.8. Giving Algeria a world life expectancy ranking of 103. In 2015 Algeria's life expectancy increased with males having a life expectancy of 75.49 years of age and females 77.96 years of age. The total life expectancy being 76.59 years of age.

title: Public morality

text: Public morality refers to moral and ethical standards enforced in a society, by law or police work or social pressure, and applied to public life, to the content of the media, and to conduct in public places. A famous remark of Mrs Patrick Campbell, that she did not care what people did as long as they "didn't frighten the horses" shows that in some sense even high tolerance expects a "public" limitation on behaviour (sexual conduct is implied here). At the opposite extreme a theocracy may equate public morality with religious instruction, and give both the equal force of law.

title: What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)

text: What to Expect When You're Expecting is a 2012 American romantic comedy film that follows the lives of five interconnected couples in the Atlanta area as they experience the thrills and surprises of having a baby, and realize that no matter what you plan for, life does not always deliver what is expected. It was distributed by Lionsgate, produced by Mike Medavoy, Arnold Messer and David Thwaites, co-produced by Alcon Entertainment, Phoenix Pictures, What to Expect Productions and Georgia Public, edited by Michael Berenbaum, directed by Kirk Jones from a screenplay by Shauna Cross and Heather Hach with music by Mark Mothersbaugh and based on the pregnancy guide of the same name by Heidi Murkoff.

title: Gelding

text: Sometimes a stallion used for breeding is castrated later in life, possibly due to sterility, or because the offspring of the stallion are not up to expectations, or simply because the horse is not used much for breeding, due to shifting fashion in pedigree or phenotype. Castration may allow a stallion to live peacefully with other horses, allowing a more social and comfortable existence.

title: Roamer (horse)

text: "His action is what makes him great," said his trainer. "I never expect to see another like him."

title: Horse Grenadier Guards

text: From June 1691, the Leuze, to the Peace of Ryswick, the Horse Guards and Horse Grenadiers had been exclusively in Britain and saw little action. Most of the Life Guards were deployed as King William III's bodyguard, but others were as troops of Horse Grenadiers as a regiment of horse. During the reigns of Queen Anne and George I they were deployed to keep the peace. The rivalry between the two regiments was intense. While Life Guards escorted General Schomberg to a royal reception, the Horse Grenadiers were relegated to the baggage train. They considered they were being treated as if second rate. But thanks to the Life Guards class as private gentlemen, an insult to Lord Albemarle in 1719 only required an apology; the matter never reached court. 'Private gentlemen of the right quality' were expected to join a Household regiment as they were expected to carry out public duties. By contrast Walpole's policy of isolationism from continental wars frustrated the Blues and Royals, who were used to police riots and on anti-smuggling patrols.

title: Heidi Murkoff

text: Murkoff's "What to Expect Kids" picture book series for preschoolers include "What to Expect When Mommy's Having a Baby", "What to Expect When the New Baby Comes Home", "What to Expect When You Use the Potty", and "What to Expect at Preschool".

title: Cumberland Island horse

text: The Cumberland Island horses are a band of feral horses living on Cumberland Island in the state of Georgia. Popular myth holds that horses arrived on the island some time in the 16th century with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. However, it is unlikely that any horses left by the Spanish survived, and more likely the current population descends from horses brought to the island in the 18th century by the English. Cumberland Island became part of the Cumberland Island National Seashore in 1972, when the National Park Service (NPS) took over its management. These horses are similar to the bands of horses living on the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague. There is estimated to be a population of between 150 and 200 horses on the island. Horses on Cumberland Island have a relatively short life expectancy, due to pest infestations, disease and their rugged environment. In 2000 a behavioral study found that instability marks the bands, with large numbers of co-dominant stallions, early dispersal of juveniles, and frequent band-changing among mares.

title: Second Boer War

text: The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the Relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs. The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.

title: Abdizhamil Karimuly Nurpeisov

text: "Well, we will defeat the enemies, everything will become as we wish, and our life will change to the best, and all people will be equal, but will they be able to curb the insatiable desires, their greed? Is it possible? More than once in his life he had to break unbridled horses. The most stubborn, restive horse being under the iron twisters used to become silky in a day or two. Moreover, it predicted and fulfilled the slightest desire of the rider and obediently followed him. And what will we do with an obstinate capricious man? Should he be bridled like a horse? A? What do you Say?

title: Fabio Ochoa Restrepo

text: "In his autobiography, 'My life in the world of Horses,' published by a vanity press Mr Ochoa writes that 'Don Fabio is to Colombia's Horse world what Garcia Marquez is to Colombia's world of letters or what Fernando Botero is to Colombia's world of painting." A 1989 picture of Fabio Ochoa Restrepo shows him signing his book which he planned to send to the Pope.

title: Speightstown (horse)

text: In the voting for the Eclipse Award for Champion Sprinter, Speightstown beat Pico Central by 157 votes to 101. Speightstown's win in the Breeders' Cup Sprint on racing's biggest day was likely decisive. Said Pletcher, "I have the utmost respect for Pico Central. But both horses had blemishes on their records. The thing is, I never felt like the Vosburgh was a fair indication of what our horse was all about. He stumbled coming out of there, and the track was not what we expected it to be. It was deep, cuppy, tiring. And, taking nothing away from Voodoo, but when Voodoo [a rank outsider] beat us, we felt our horse just didn't run his race. We threw that race out, regrouped, went on to the Breeders' Cup at a neutral and fair track, and won what we consider to be the biggest sprint race of the year."

title: Makati

text: In 1937, the airport Nielsen Field opened in what is now the Ayala Triangle, the control tower of which still exists and is currently a restaurant. The tracks of the now Philippine National Railways reached Makatie early in the decade. During that same period, Santa Ana Park, the nation's second horse racing facility, opened to expectations from horse racing fans.

title: The Tatling

text: From a wide stall position with only two horses on his outside, The Tatling started relaxed and was placed by Richard Kingscote in the rear of the pack where he sat for the first part of the race. At the turn he began making progress but could not obtain a clear passage in the home straight and had to be maneuvered between horses going from the inner right through the pack back on their outside. At the same time, he was producing a strong run that eventually got him near the leaders and with his final strides managed to win in a three-way photo-finish from Novabridge and Grand Stitch. His owner Darren Hudson-Wood, who had acquired the horse in the summer, said "I nearly cried a second ago. I didn't expect him to be in the first five, to be honest. That was incredible". Bradley was interviewed after the race and said "I know it was only a small race, but what a wonderful story. The horse is still a star in our eyes. He's one of those you drop on by mistake and spend the rest of your life looking for another one half as good. So many people in the country must know about him – it's unbelievable. He wasn't the easiest to train and it took us a while to get to know him. We learnt how he liked to come through horses and use that turn of foot in the last furlong – that's how he won the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot... He's been a marvellous servant for everyone involved with him... We're going to have to be very cautious now how we treat him as he won't want to be left without going out and seeing life."

title: Longevity in Okinawa

text: Caloric restriction (CR) or dietary restriction (DR) are helpful tools in understanding age and diet related health complications. In the 1972 Japan National Nutrition Survey it was determined that Okinawan adults consumed 83% of what Japanese adults did and that Okinawan children consumed 62% of what Japanese children consumed. It should be noted that today the difference in life expectancy between Okinawan and mainland Japanese is decreasing as the Okinawan are losing their dietary advantage. Recently, there is a decreasing trend in the life expectancy in Okinawa. This is evidenced by low birth weight, poor lactation, and the fact that the life expectancy for Okinawan men is lower than the national average. Scientist such as Dr. Éric Le Bourg believe that the Okinawa diet has more of a deleterious effect then beneficial one. Le Bourg and others alike think that the low protein intake can cause harmful effects on a human as they have done in animal studies. The individuals with a lower protein consumption were more vulnerable to pathogens. Another plausible reason for the decrease in life expectancy is westernization. After World War II, Okinawans started to consume more calories. This in part is due to Americanization of the diet, such as with fast food.

title: Kenda Area

text:
An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in Cluster 11 of 11 mines in Kenda Area (including some mines in adjoining areas), as of 2016, is as follows:
1. Krishnanagar underground mine has an annual capacity of 0.05 million tonnes and an expected life of over 25 years.
2. Haripur UG mine has an annual capacity of 0.75 million tonnes and an expected life of 15 years.
3. Chhora Block Incline (UG) has an annual capacity of 0.10 mt and an expected life of over 25 years, Bonbahal open cast patch has an annual capacity of 0.50 mt and an expected life of 3 years.
4. Chhora 7,8 &9 pits (UG) has an annual capacity of 0.15 mt and an expected life of over 25 years, Shankarpur/ Jambad OC patch has an annual capacity of 0.80 mt and an expected life of 6 years.
5. New Kenda UG mine has an annual capacity of 0.05 mt and an expected life of over 25 years. West Kenda OC patch has an annual capacity of 0.75 mt and an expected life of 6 years. New Kenda OC patch has an annual capacity of 1.20 mt and an expected life of 8 years.
6. Lower Kenda UG mine has an annual capacity of 0.15 mt and an expected life of over 25 years.
7. Bahula UG mine has an annual capacity of 0.25 mt and an expected life of over 25 years.
8. CL Jambad UG has an annual capacity of 0.05 mt and an expected life of over 25 years.
9. Siduli is a mixed mine. Siduli OC patch with an annual capacity of 1.2 mt and an expected life of 6 years will be followed by Siduli UG mine with an annual capacity of 1.02 mt and an expected life of over 25 years.
10. Khandra UG mine has an annual capacity of 0.20 mt and an expected life of over 25 years.
11. In Shankarpur Project OC mining with annual capacity of 2.00 mt and an expected life of 4 years will be followed by Shankarpur UG with annual capacity of 1.16 mt and expected life of over 25 years.

title: What to Expect When You're Expecting

text: The book presents advice in a question-and-answer format. It proceeds chronologically from the time a woman first begins to suspect pregnancy, through each of the nine months (with one chapter devoted to each), and into the postpartum period. The beginning of each chapter succinctly lists common physical and emotional changes and symptoms a woman may be experiencing, and gives information on what a woman can expect when visiting her doctor or nurse midwife during checkups. Also included early in each chapter is a section entitled "A Look Inside" which displays pictures of the changing female anatomy and the growing embryo then fetus. Additional information in sections titled "What You May Be Concerned About" and "What It's Important to Know" is designed to address a wide range of concerns, problems and life trends.

title: What to Expect When Bart's Expecting

text: "What to Expect When Bart's Expecting" is the nineteenth episode of the 25th season of the American animated sitcom "The Simpsons", and the 549th episode of the series. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 27, 2014. It was written by John Frink and directed by Matthew Nastuk. In the episode, Bart makes a voodoo doll of his hippie art teacher when he gets sick of art class and cast a spell to make her sick, but when he inadvertently gets her pregnant, he becomes a savior to Springfield couples trying to conceive—and is subsequently kidnapped to help conceive a thoroughbred race horse.

title: Ellen Feld

text: Author Feld has published five titles for younger children: "Shadow: The Curious Morgan Horse," "Justin Morgan and the Big Horse Race," "Blackjack: The Magical Morgan Horse," "What Can I Do? A Donkey-Donk Story," and "What Does A Police Horse Do?" The first three books are 32-page full-color hardcover books for readers aged 5 to 7. "Shadow" is a fictional story about a young foal who goes on an adventure, "Justin Morgan" is a historical fiction book about a real race that the famous horse participated in. This race is still celebrated each year in Vermont with the 'Morgan Mile Trotting Races,' which is held on the same stretch of road that Justin Morgan raced over 200 years ago, in Brookfield, Vermont, and "Blackjack: The Magical Morgan Horse" is a story of a horse from a child's drawing coming to life. "What Can I Do? A Donkey-Donk Story" and "What Does A Police Horse Do?" use photos of real horses to tell stories about real horses/donkeys.

title: Heidi Murkoff

text: The sequel, "What to Expect: The First Year", has sold over 10 million copies and is in its 2nd edition. Other titles in the series include "What to Eat When You're Expecting", "What to Expect Before You're Expecting" (a preconception plan), and the newest member of the "What to Expect" series: "What to Expect: the Second Year", a guide for parents of toddlers. The "What to Expect" books have sold more than 34 million copies in the U.S. alone and are published in more than 30 languages.

title: Dark Horse (Twista album)

text: He explained the album title, saying: "If you listen to it, and look at some of the old cats who’ve used the title before, one of The Beatles [George Harrison] was actually called “the dark horse” before, because you didn’t know how much of his musical involvement had a hand in what Beatles material came out. The dark horse meaning, like, the least expected person to win the race, or the least expected person to win the Super Bowl. I look at the dark horse as the person that you don’t always expect to see coming out on top. I consider myself a dark horse in the industry."

title: Reminiscence bump

text: There is one additional theory that explains the occurrence of the reminiscence bump: "the life script account". A life script refers to the series of culturally important transitional events that are expected to occur in a certain order at various points during the life span. During early adulthood one starts to make important decisions and have influencing experiences on his or her identity. The memories during this time period are therefore more significantly remembered because they are what has essentially determined and influenced their life script (Habernas & Bluck, 2000). A life script typically has the majority of expected transitional experiences occur during early adulthood (Gluck & Bluck, 2007), and usually include includes positive experiences such as marriage, the birth of a baby, or buying a house. Events that deviate from the life script are typically sad and traumatic. These events, such as the death of a child, are not culturally expected and often do not show a peak of recall at any specific point during the life span. Life scripts act as a way to structure memory and lead to the expectation that the happiest and the most important life events form the reminiscence bump. Contrary to the recall of happy events, the recall of sad events remains stable across the life span and does not exhibit a bump in recall.

title: Life expectancy

text: It can be argued that it is better to compare life expectancy of the period after childhood to get a better handle on life span. Life expectancy can change dramatically after childhood, even in preindustrial times as is demonstrated by the Roman Life Expectancy table, which estimates life expectancy to be 25 years "at birth", but 53 years upon reaching age 25. Studies like Plymouth Plantation; "Dead at Forty" and Life Expectancy by Age, 1850–2004 similarly show a dramatic increase in life expectancy once adulthood was reached.

title: Heidi Murkoff

text: Heidi Murkoff is the author of the "What to Expect When You're Expecting" series of pregnancy guides. She is also the creator of WhatToExpect.com and founder of the What to Expect Foundation. "Time" magazine named Murkoff one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World for 2011. In 2005, she was inducted into the Books For A Better Life Hall of Fame.

title: What to Expect When Bart's Expecting

text: Upon meeting Fat Tony, he orders Bart to work his baby magic on his horses to create a champion racehorse. Homer sees this as an opportunity to show Bart how babies are made. Nonetheless, the stallion turns out to like playing "It's Raining Men" more than making babies with the female horse. The horse then mates with Sudsley Brewright and the pregnancy test comes back positive.

title: When a white horse is not a horse

text:
Advocate: If one wants horses, that extends to yellow or black horses. But if one wants white horses, that does not extend to a yellow or black horses. Suppose that white horses were horses. Then what one wants [in the two cases] would be the same. If what one wants were the same, then 'white' would not differ from 'horse.' If what one wants does not differ, then how is it that yellow or black horses are acceptable in one case and unacceptable in the other case? It is clear that acceptable and unacceptable are mutually contrary. Hence, yellow and black horses are the same, one can respond that there are horses, but one cannot respond that there are white horses. Thus, it is evident that white horses are not horses.
This dialogue continues with deliberations over colored and colorless horses and whether "white" and "horse" can be separated from "white horse".

title: Dark Horse (Twista album)

text: In a February 2014, interview with "Nah Right", he spoke about what to expect from the album, saying: "New music that you expect. One thing that I’ve learned is to not steer too far from my fan base because they really appreciate what you do. You can never change the way you came out. It’s cool to try new things but you always want to give them what they expect too. So the thing that I’m happy about with this project is how much it sounds like an "Adrenaline Rush" anniversary almost. The songs don’t sound the same, but they definitely sound like I’m giving you what you’ve been missing from Twista. That’s what I’m happy about with this project, that it’s dope as hell."


query: How did Elisabeth Petrovna die?

title: Elizabeth of Russia

text: In the late 1750s Elizabeth's health started to decline. She began to suffer a series of dizzy spells and refused to take the prescribed medicines. She forbade the word "death" in her presence.[34] Elizabeth suffered a stroke on Christmas Eve 1761. Knowing that she was dying, Elizabeth used her last remaining strength to make her confession, to recite with her confessor the prayer for the dying and to say farewell to those few people who wished to be with her, including Peter and Catherine and Counts Alexei and Kirill Razumovsky. The Empress died the next day, 25 December 1761.[35] For her lying in state she was dressed in a shimmering silver dress; she was beautiful in death as she had been in life. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg on 3 February 1762 after six weeks lying in state.[34]

title: Archduchess Sophie of Austria

text: No matter how long Elisabeth begged Franz Joseph to discuss the matter with his mother, her cries went unheard. Eventually, Franz Joseph did discuss the problem with his mother and Elisabeth eventually began to openly express her wishes to her mother-in-law and even took the little girls with her as she travelled.

title: The Lie of Nina Petrovna

text: The Lie of Nina Petrovna (French: Le mensonge de Nina Petrovna) is a 1937 French drama film directed by Viktor Tourjansky and starring Isa Miranda, Fernand Gravey and Aimé Clariond. It is a remake of the 1929 silent film "The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna" with the setting moved from the Russian Empire to Imperial Vienna. The film's sets were designed by the art director Guy de Gastyne.

title: Elisabeth of the Palatinate

text: Elisabeth of Bohemia has been a key subject in the feminist history of philosophy. She has garnered attention as prominent female thinker and for her practical role in the development of 17th century female scholars. Feminist scholars study her correspondences and life to understand the limitations placed on 17th century female thinkers. Some scholars cite Elisabeth as an example of how philosophical conceptions of women as philosophers excluded them from the philosophical canon. For feminist scholars, her correspondence with Descartes presents an example of the value of including women in the canon. Some argue that Elisabeth's correspondence with Descartes helps feminist scholars re-conceptualize how women are to be included in the philosophical canon. Feminist scholars are concerned with how Elisabeth's gender informed her philosophy. Many believe that Elisabeth was keenly aware of the limitations of her sex. One scholar states that Elisabeth's health and femininity informed her interest about the immaterial soul's influence on the material body. Elisabeth's influence also extends to the development of other 17th century female thinkers. She utilized her exile court in The Hague to create a network of female scholars. Her network was a space where women could engage in philosophical inquiry through correspondence. Including Elisabeth, the network consisted of Anna Maria van Schurman, Marie de Gournay, and Lady Ranelagh.

title: Elisabeth of the Palatinate

text: SiblingsElisabeth met Descartes on one of Descartes' visits to The Hague. Descartes visited The Hague to meet some of the leading intellectual figures in Holland who might support his philosophy. The Hague was often a gathering place to meet other influential, powerful people. As Descartes talked of his ideas, Elisabeth intently listened and became very interested in Descartes' thoughts of the mind and body. After Descartes' visit, it was told to him that Elisabeth had been very interested in his work. Descartes was flattered and told others that he would like to get to know the princess better. Descartes made another visit to The Hague, and was intent on having a conversation with Elisabeth, although this conversation for some reason did not happen.Elisabeth, upon hearing of Descartes' failed attempt to converse with her, wrote Descartes a letter. In this letter, dated May 16, 1643, Elisabeth writes, "tell me please how the soul of a human being (it being only a thinking substance) can determine the bodily spirits and so bring about voluntary actions". Elisabeth is questioning Descartes' idea of dualism and how the soul and the body could interact. Elisabeth rightly questioned how something immaterial (Descartes' idea of the mind) could move something material (the body). Descartes replied to Elisabeth's letter with the answer that this interaction should not be thought of as between two bodies and that it is the kind of union that exists between the two qualities of heaviness and bodies.

title: Arno Brandner

text: Arno takes another shot at love when he meets Elisabeth Ryan, who of all people is Nina's mother. Elisabeth owns Ryan Cosmetics, which was founded by her late husband. Arno is fascinated by Elisabeth but it takes them time to really give in to their relationship. One obstacle is Elisabeth's estranged relationship with Nina. However, in the end it is Arno who can bring both woman closer. As Elisabeth's niece Lara Cornelius shows up in town Nina's relationship with Elisabeth is tested once more. After Elisabeth's sister Irene dies, she confesses to Arno that Lara isn't her niece but her granddaughter; Nina's daughter. Elisabeth felt that Nina was too young to be a mother and therefore Iris raised Lara as her own. After the truth comes out Lara has problems to forgive Elisabeth. Arno again proves to be a mediator and can bring the family together. Elisabeth realizes how lucky she is in her relationship with Arno. As he proposes, Elisabeth doesn't hesitate and she and Arno get married in July 2001.

title: Elisabeth's Eyes

text: Two remixes of "Elisabeth's Eyes" were issued on the 12" vinyl version of the single, titled "Elisabeth's Eyes (Extended Version)" and "Elisabeth's Eyes (Club Dub)", where both remixes were created by Michael H. Brauer. The UK card-cover maxi-single CD did not feature the "Club Dub" remix but did feature "Elisabeth's Eyes (Extended Version)".

title: Darya Petrovna Saltykova

text: Countess Darya Petrovna Saltykova, née Countess Chernysheva (20 September 1739 – December 23, 1802), was a Russian lady in waiting, socialite and noble and Dame of the Order of St. Catherine's first degree. She was the sister of the lady in waiting Princess Nataliya Petrovna Chernysheva, and in 1769 married to Field Marshal Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov.

title: The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna

text: Beranoff is enraged by his lover's decision to spurn him and he plots his revenge. One night in the officer's mess he traps Rostof into cheating at cards. When Rostof is confronted, he resolves to take the honourable way out. When Petrovna is informed, in order to save her lover's career and life, she agrees to abandon Rostof and go back to Beranoff. The Colonel in turn agrees to destroy the incriminating evidence. To hide the real reason from him, Petrovna pretends to abandon Rostof because he cannot afford to supply her with expensive clothes and jewels, sneering at his well meaning gift of some shoes. Rostof is left heartbroken, while Petrovna is secretly anguished.

title: Demons (Dostoevsky novel)

text: A troubled Varvara Petrovna has just returned from Switzerland where she has been visiting Nikolai Vsevolodovich. She berates Stepan Trofimovich for his financial irresponsibility, but her main preoccupation is an "intrigue" she encountered in Switzerland concerning her son and his relations with Liza Tushina - the beautiful daughter of her friend Praskovya. Praskovya and Liza arrive at the town, without Nikolai Vsevolodovich who has gone to Petersburg. According to Praskovya, Varvara Petrovna's young protégé Darya Pavlovna (Dasha), has also somehow become involved with Nikolai Vsevolodovich, but the details are ambiguous. Varvara Petrovna suddenly conceives the idea of forming an engagement between Stepan Trofimovich and Dasha. Though dismayed, Stepan Trofimovich accedes to her proposal, which happens to resolve a delicate financial issue for him. Influenced by gossip, he begins to suspect that he is being married off to cover up "another man's sins" and writes "noble" letters to his fiancée and Nikolai Vsevolodovich. Matters are further complicated by the arrival of a mysterious "crippled woman", Marya Lebyadkina, to whom Nikolai Vsevolodovich is also rumoured to be connected, although no-one seems to know exactly how. A hint is given when Varvara Petrovna asks the mentally disturbed Marya, who has approached her outside church, if she is Lebyadkina and she replies that she is not.

title: Elisabeth van der Noot d'Assche

text: After a few months in Ravensbrück, Elisabeth was retained in a forced residence in Thüringen. Freed in May 1945, she made her way back to Brussels. The American ambassador's wife Lydia Kirk recounted how, after the war, she discreetly mingled again with the higher circles. Her beauty and adventurous life exerted fascination. Kirk called her "a miniature Marlène Dietrich" and "a pocket Venus". Neither did she fail to mention the rumour that Elisbeth had received high-ranking German officers while taking a bath, or Elisabeth's boast that she had converted her German camp guard to catholicism.

title: Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)

text: Queen Elisabeth had influence on her husband Casimir, but she did not play a more active role in politics. Instead, Elisabeth was very actively involved in arranging her daughters' marriages. Her influence was particularly evident during the negotiations for the marriage of her daughter Hedwig to George, Duke of Bavaria in December 1474. When Elisabeth's demands exceeded authority of Bavarian envoys, instead of sending the envoys back to discuss the demands with the Duke of Bavaria, Elisabeth took the responsibility for her demands and wrote a letter to the Duke asking him not to punish the envoys. Elisabeth did not arrange her sons' marriages and none of her sons under her influence married young: Casimir (died at age 26) and John Albert (died at age 41) never married, while Sigismund married at 47. Only Alexander, who lived in Lithuania, and Vladislaus, who lived in Bohemia, married while Elisabeth was alive.

title: Duchess Alexandra of Oldenburg

text: Alexandra Petrovna was deeply upset by her husband's infidelity. She was torn between her duties, the breaking up of her marriage and the death of her sister Catherine Petrovna in 1866. By 1870, nothing was left of her marriage except the bitterness. Alexandra found solace in her two sons and her charity work while her husband divided his time between his children with Alexandra and his second family. The couple's palace in St. Petersburg was so large that they did not have to see each other. Nicholas and Alexandra led separate lives, appearing together only in official ceremonies.

title: Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria

text: She was Elisabeth's favorite child by far, and was acidly referred to by some courtiers as "Die Einzige" ("The Only Child") because Elisabeth paid so much more attention to her than her siblings. Valerie loved her mother, but according to her diaries, often felt embarrassed and overwhelmed by Elisabeth's concentration on her, particularly as she herself was of a modest and practical nature.

title: Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Württemberg

text: Elisabeth and William had issue:William died on 11 October 1859. Elisabeth would die five years later, on 5 December 1864.

title: Elisabeth Loewe

text: Christoph Meckel, Die Malerin Elisabeth Loewe, in „Die Waage“ Bd. 11, 1972

title: List of Heimat episodes

text: Elisabeth enquires into doing a course that will impress her father before he dies. She discussed with Juan how her father took the Goldbaum’s house, the Foxholes, during war and how he claimed he would give it back after, which he did not. Elisabeth reminises about her deceased brothers, Peter and Arno and how her father called her the ‘grace note’. Something that is not essential. Juan claims that Elisabeth knew her best friend would die and that she always knew whose house it was. Juan also claims Elisabeth loved Herr Gattinger. Elisabeth cries alone in her room.

title: The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna

text: The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna (German: Die wunderbare Lüge der Nina Petrowna) is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Hanns Schwarz and starring Brigitte Helm, Francis Lederer and Warwick Ward. It was the last big-budget silent film released by the leading German studio Universum Film AG before the transition to sound began with "Melody of the Heart". The film premiered on 15 April 1929 at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo in Berlin. It was amongst the most popular films released in Germany that year.

title: Ivan Betskoy

text: Betskoy was actively involved in a coup d'etat that brought Elizaveta Petrovna to the Russian throne. The grateful empress promoted him to General Major and asked him to attend Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, whose daughter Catherine was selected as a bride for the Empress' nephew and heir, Grand Duke Peter. In truth, Betskoy had been on friendly terms with Johanna Elisabeth for two decades previous, their intimacy giving rise to rumours that Catherine was his biological daughter.

title: The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna

text: It was remade in France in 1937 as "The Lie of Nina Petrovna".

title: The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna

text: At the end of the film, as his regiment rides out of St. Petersburg, Rostof symbolically ignores a rose thrown to him from her balcony by Petrovna. Shortly afterwards when Beranoff arrives to call on Petrovna in expectation of resuming their relationship, he discovers she has killed herself- wearing the shoes Rostof brought her.

title: Tydskrif vir Letterkunde

text: Originally, the journal was known as "Die Afrikaanse boek". In 1936 it became the journal for the "Afrikaanse Skrywersvereniging". The Skrywerskring was founded in Johannesburg and its goal was to positively promote the Afrikaans literature and arts. The journal's title was soon changed to "Jaarboek van die Afrikaanse Skrywersvereniging". It held this title until 1950. The first editions were compiled by C.M. van den Heever, and other prominent writers that were part of the Skrywerskring. The group did not allow any women to join the group. Elisabeth Eybers, a poet who was not allowed to join the group, once described it as: "Die Johannesburgse Vereniging vir Manlike Belangstellendes in Letterkunde" [The Johannesburg Association for Men interested in Literature].

title: Mayerling incident

text:
Hoyos did not look any closer, but rushed to the station and took a special train to Vienna. He hurried to the Emperor's Adjutant General, Count Paar, and requested him to break the appalling news to the Emperor. The stifling protocol that characterized every movement in the Hofburg swung ponderously into action; Paar remonstrated that only the Empress could break such catastrophic news to the Emperor. Baron Nopcsa, Controller of the Empress's Household, was sent for, and he in turn sent for Countess Ida Ferenczy, Empress Elisabeth's favorite Hungarian lady-in-waiting, to determine how Her Majesty should be informed.
Elisabeth was at her Greek lesson, and was impatient at the interruption. White to the lips, Ferenczy announced that Baron Nopcsa had urgent news. Elisabeth replied that he must wait and come back later. The countess insisted that he must be received immediately, finally being forced to add that there was grave news about the Crown Prince. This account comes from Ferenczy herself and Archduchess Marie Valerie, to whom Elisabeth dictated her memory of the incident, in addition to the description in her diary.

title: Peter III of Russia

text: Empress Elizabeth arranged for Peter to marry his second cousin, Sophia Augusta Frederica (later Catherine the Great), daughter of Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst and Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. The young princess formally converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Ekaterina Alexeievna (i.e., Catherine). They married on 21 August 1745. The marriage was not a happy one but produced one son, the future Emperor Paul, and one daughter, Anna Petrovna (20 December 1757 – 19 March 1759). Catherine later claimed that Paul was not fathered by Peter: that, in fact, they had never consummated the marriage. During the sixteen years of their residence in Oranienbaum, Catherine took numerous lovers, while her husband did the same in the beginning.

title: Florence Easton

text: It was her performance as the Saint Elisabeth in the staged version of Liszt's "Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth" in 1918 which set her into the first rank of Metropolitan Opera stars.

title: Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)

text: After the 1457 death of Elisabeth's childless brother, King Ladislaus the Posthumous, she and her family started to advance their claims to the thrones of Bohemia and Hungary. The Poles argued that since Elisabeth's dowry was unpaid, she was entitled to the Hungarian and Bohemian lands. However, the Golden Bull of 1356 did not recognize women's inheritance rights and Hungarian and Bohemian nobles considered their monarchy to be elective, not hereditary. Therefore, they elected Matthias Corvinus and George of Poděbrady. Since Poland was engaged in the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66), King Casimir could not enforce Elisabeth's claims. However, that did not stop political measures. In 1466, Bishop Rudolf of Rüdesheim informed Elisabeth that Pope Paul II considered George of Poděbrady to be a heretic and Elisabeth a rightful heir to the throne of Bohemia. When Matthias Corvinus proposed to Elisabeth's daughter Hedwig in 1468, Elisabeth angrily refused and called Corvinus a 'dog'.

title: Elisabeth of the Palatinate

text: Elisabeth was not satisfied with this answer, so she wrote Descartes again. In this letter, dated June 20, 1643, Elisabeth writes that she cannot "understand the idea through which we must judge how the soul (nonextended and immaterial) is able to move the body, that is, by that idea through which you have at another time understood heaviness ... And I admit that it would be easier for me to concede matter and extension to the mind than it would be for me to concede the capacity to move a body and be moved by one to an immaterial thing." Jaegwon Kim cites this as the first causal argument for the doctrine of physicalism in philosophy of mind. In another letter from Elisabeth to Descartes dated July 1, 1643, Elisabeth agrees with Descartes that our senses are evidence that the soul does move the body and the body moves the soul, but that this interaction does not teach us anything about how this happens. In Elisabeth's correspondence with Descartes, we can see that Elisabeth assumes that Descartes does have an account of how the soul and body interact and asks for clarification on how the soul does this. In fact, Descartes did not have an exact account of how this happens, but merely assumed the soul had this capability. This particular correspondence between Descartes and Elisabeth ended with this July 1 letter.

title: Stig Bergling

text: Under the alias of Ivar and Elisabeth Straus, they lived in Moscow for a while. From the start, the Soviets did not trust Bergling suspecting him as a Säpo (double) agent. The escape had been too easy and the GRU thought it was prearranged. Again and again Bergling has to show how Elisabeth's house looked like and how they could run away from Säpo. Because of the questions the Soviets asked after they arrived in Moscow, he understood that there would be no intelligence work in for him. Bergling received 500 rubles per month, which was very much in a country where senior officials received 100 rubles a month.

title: Elisabeth Eybers

text: Die Vrou en ander verse (The woman and other poems) was published in 1945 while her fourth poetry collection, Die Ander Dors (The other thirst) was published in 1946.

title: Elisabeth von Rapperswil

text: Elisabeth von Rapperswil died probably on 10 April 1309 in the Rapperswil Castle and may have been buried in the "Wurmsbach" nunnery ("†. Apr. IV. Idus: Elizabeth die Graffin, vnser Stiffterin. Excerpta ex Necromonast. Wurmspacensis") on "Obersee" lake shore. The graves of her younger brother Vinzenz and her mother were excavated in the nunnery, but Elisabeth's grave so far was not discovered.

title: Mariya Petrovna Maksakova

text: Mariya Petrovna Maksakova can refer to:


query: Do men have mammary glands?

title: Male lactation

text: In zoology, male lactation is the production of milk from a male mammal's mammary glands. Such production is known as lactation. It is well-documented in the Dayak fruit bat. The term male lactation is not used in human medicine. It has been used in popular literature, such as Louise Erdrich's The Antelope Wife, to describe the phenomenon of male galactorrhea, which is a well-documented condition in humans, unrelated to childbirth or nursing. Newborn babies of both sexes can occasionally produce milk; this is called neonatal milk (also known as "Witch's milk") and not considered male lactation.

title: Mammary gland

text: Estrogen and growth hormone (GH) are essential for the ductal component of mammary gland development, and act synergistically to mediate it.[13][14][15][16][17] Neither estrogen nor GH are capable of inducing ductal development without the other.[14][15][16][17] The role of GH in ductal development has been found to be mostly mediated by its induction of the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which occurs both systemically (mainly originating from the liver) and locally in the mammary fat pad through activation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR).[14][15][16][17][18] However, GH itself also acts independently of IGF-1 to stimulate ductal development by upregulating estrogen receptor (ER) expression in mammary gland tissue, which is a downstream effect of mammary gland GHR activation.[17] In any case, unlike IGF-1, GH itself is not essential for mammary gland development, and IGF-1 in conjunction with estrogen can induce normal mammary gland development without the presence of GH.[17] In addition to IGF-1, other paracrine growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β),[19] amphiregulin,[20] fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)[21] are involved in breast development as mediators downstream to sex hormones and GH/IGF-1.[22][23][24]

title: Mammalian reproduction

text: The mammary glands of mammals are specialized to produce milk, a liquid used by newborns as their primary source of nutrition. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly.

title: Female

text: A distinguishing characteristic of the class "Mammalia" is the presence of mammary glands. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Only mammals produce milk. Mammary glands are most obvious in humans, as the female human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent breasts. Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are seldom used by the males of the species.

title: Mammary gland

text: A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Mammals get their name from the Latin word mamma, "breast". The mammary glands are arranged in organs such as the breasts in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the udder in ruminants (for example, cows, goats, and deer), and the dugs of other animals (for example, dogs and cats). Lactorrhea, the occasional production of milk by the glands, can occur in any mammal, but in most mammals, lactation, the production of enough milk for nursing, occurs only in phenotypic females who have gestated in recent months or years. It is directed by hormonal guidance from sex steroids. In a few mammalian species, male lactation can occur.

title: Adult stem cell

text: Mammary stem cells provide the source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation and play an important role in carcinogenesis of the breast.[4] Mammary stem cells have been isolated from human and mouse tissue as well as from cell lines derived from the mammary gland. Single such cells can give rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and have been shown to have the ability to regenerate the entire organ in mice.[4]

title: Mammary ridge

text: The mammary ridge is primordial for the mammary gland on the breast in humans, and is associated with mammary gland and breast development.

title: Mammary gland

text: A mammary gland is a specific type of apocrine gland specialized for manufacture of colostrum when giving birth. Mammary glands can be identified as apocrine because they exhibit striking "decapitation" secretion. Many sources assert that mammary glands are modified sweat glands.[7][8][9] Some authors dispute that and argue instead that they are sebaceous glands.[7]

title: Mammary gland

text: All the milk-secreting tissue leading to a single lactiferous duct is called a "simple mammary gland"; in a "complex mammary gland" all the simple mammary glands serve one nipple. Humans normally have two complex mammary glands, one in each breast, and each complex mammary gland consists of 10–20 simple glands. The presence of more than two nipples is known as polythelia and the presence of more than two complex mammary glands as polymastia.

title: Mammary gland

text: Male mammals typically have rudimentary mammary glands and nipples, with a few exceptions: male mice do not have nipples,[56] and male horses lack nipples and mammary glands. The male Dayak fruit bat has lactating mammary glands.[57] Male lactation occurs infrequently in some species, including humans.

title: Mammary alveolus

text: A mammary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin "alveolus", "little cavity") is a small cavity or sac found in the mammary gland. Mammary alveoli are the site of milk production and storage in the mammary gland. Mammary alveoli cluster into groups called lobules, and each breast may contain 15–20 of these lobules. The lobules drain milk through the lactiferous ducts out of the nipples.

title: Stratified cuboidal epithelium

text: This type of tissue can be observed in sweat glands, mammary glands, circumanal glands, and salivary glands. They protect areas such as the ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

title: Mammary gland

text: During pregnancy, the ductal systems undergo rapid proliferation and form alveolar structures within the branches to be used for milk production. After delivery, lactation occurs within the mammary gland; lactation involves the secretion of milk by the luminal cells in the alveoli. Contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli will cause the milk to be ejected through the ducts and into the nipple for the nursing infant. Upon weaning of the infant, lactation stops and the mammary gland turns in on itself, a process called involution. This process involves the controlled collapse of mammary epithelial cells where cells begin apoptosis in a controlled manner, reverting the mammary gland back to a pubertal state.

title: Hormonal breast enhancement

text: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression in mammary gland tissue produces mammary gland hyperplasia as well as precocious mammary gland development in female mice, indicating a strong stimulatory effect of this enzyme on the growth of the mammary glands. These effects appear to be downstream actions of increased activation of the prostaglandin EP, EP, and EP receptors, but not the EP receptor, in mammary gland tissue, which in turn results in the potent induction of amphiregulin expression, a critical growth factor involved in normal mammary gland development. In addition, agonists of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the molecular target of amphiregulin, induce COX-2 expression in mammary gland tissue, potentially resulting in a self-perpetuating cycle of growth amplification by COX-2. This mechanism is closely related to formation, growth, and spreading of cancers with poor prognosis, and is in accordance with the fact that long-term administration of aspirin, a COX inhibitor, as well as of other COX-inhibiting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have been found to slightly reduce the risk of breast cancer in women (it is notable here that breast growth/size and breast cancer risk are positively associated). Taken together, these findings indicate that COX-2 inhibitors, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib, may decrease breast cell proliferation.

title: Mammary gland

text: By the pubertal stage, the mammary ducts have invaded to the end of the mammary fat pad. At this point, the terminal end buds become less proliferative and decrease in size. Side branches form from the primary ducts and begin to fill the mammary fat pad. Ductal development decreases with the arrival of sexual maturity and undergoes estrous cycles (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). As a result of estrous cycling, the mammary gland undergoes dynamic changes where cells proliferate and then regress in an ordered fashion.[33]

title: Mammary gland

text: Mammary gland development is characterized by the unique process by which the epithelium invades the stroma. The development of the mammary gland occurs mainly after birth. During puberty, tubule formation is coupled with branching morphogenesis which establishes the basic arboreal network of ducts emanating from the nipple.[30]

title: Mammary gland

text: The evolution of the mammary gland is difficult to explain; this is because mammary glands are typically required by mammals to feed their young. There are many theories on how mammary glands evolved. For example, it is thought that the mammary gland is a transformed sweat gland, more closely related to apocrine sweat glands.[59] Because mammary glands do not fossilize well, supporting such theories with fossil evidence is difficult. Many of the current theories are based on comparisons between lines of living mammals—monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians. One theory proposes that mammary glands evolved from glands that were used to keep the eggs of early mammals moist[60][61] and free from infection[62][63] (monotremes still lay eggs). Other theories suggest that early secretions were used directly by hatched young,[64] or that the secretions were used by young to help them orient to their mothers.[65]

title: Mammary gland

text: Lactation is thought to have developed long before the evolution of the mammary gland and mammals; see evolution of lactation.

title: Mammary gland

text: During postmenopause, due to much lower levels of estrogen, and due to lower levels of GH and IGF-1, which decrease with age, mammary gland tissue atrophies and the mammary glands become smaller.

title: Body shape

text: Females have enlarged breasts due to functional mammary glands, which develop from puberty onward due to the effects of estrogen. Mammary glands do not contain muscle tissue. The shape of female breasts is affected by age, genetic factors, and body weight.

title: Synapomorphy and apomorphy

text: The concept of synapomorphy is relative to a given clade in the tree of life. What counts as a synapomorphy for one clade may well be a primitive character or plesiomorphy at a less inclusive or nested clade. For example, the presence of mammary glands is a synapomorphy for mammals in relation to tetrapods but is a symplesiomorphy for mammals in relation to one another—rodents and primates, for example. So the concept can be understood as well in terms of "a character newer than" (autapomorphy) and "a character older than" (plesiomorphy) the apomorphy: mammary glands are evolutionarily newer than vertebral column, so mammary glands are an autapomorphy if vertebral column is an apomorphy, but if mammary glands are the apomorphy being considered then vertebral column is a plesiomorphy.

title: Udder

text: An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of dairy breeds of cattle and female four-legged mammals, particularly ruminants such as goats, sheep and deer. It is equivalent to the breast in primates. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands with protruding teats. In cattle there are normally two pairs, in sheep, goats and deer there is one pair, and in some animals such as pigs there are many pairs. In animals with udders, the mammary glands develop on the milk line near the groin, and mammary glands that develop on the chest (such as in humans and apes) are generally referred to as breasts.

title: Mammary gland

text: Tumorigenesis in mammary glands can be induced biochemically by abnormal expression level of circulating hormones or local ECM components,[50] or from a mechanical change in the tension of mammary stroma.[51] Under either of the two circumstances, mammary epithelial cells would grow out of control and eventually result in cancer. Almost all instances of breast cancer originate in the lobules or ducts of the mammary glands.

title: Agent-based model in biology

text: The first agent-based model is a multiscale model of mammary gland development starting with a rudimentary mammary ductal tree at the onset of puberty (during active proliferation) all the way to a full mammary gland at adulthood (when there is little proliferation). The model consists of millions of agents, with each agent representing a mammary stem cell, a progenitor cell, or a differentiated cell in the breast. Simulations were first run on the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrencium supercomputer to parameterize and benchmark the model against a variety of "in vivo" mammary gland measurements. The model was then used to test the three different mechanisms to determine which one led to simulation results that matched "in vivo" experiments the best. Surprisingly, radiation-induced cell inactivation by death did not contribute to increased stem cell frequency independently of the dose delivered in the model. Instead the model revealed that the combination of increased self-renewal and cell proliferation during puberty led to stem cell enrichment. In contrast epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the model was shown to increase stem cell frequency not only in pubertal mammary glands but also in adult glands. This latter prediction, however, contradicted the "in vivo" data; irradiation of adult mammary glands did not lead to increased stem cell frequency. These simulations therefore suggested self-renewal as the primary mechanism behind pubertal stem cell increase.

title: Human placental lactogen

text: hPL has been found to bind to the prolactin receptor with equal affinity to that of prolactin in rabbit milk fat gobule membrane, and hPL and prolactin have been found to possess very similar lactogenic activity "in vitro" in mouse and rat mammary gland explants. In addition, hPL has been found to stimulate DNA synthesis in human mammary fibroadenoma cells transplanted into mice, which suggests that hPL promotes the growth of the human mammary gland similarly to prolactin. As hPL circulates at concentrations that are 100-fold higher than those of prolactin during pregnancy, these findings suggest that hPL may play an important role in human mammogenesis during this time. However, the relative affinities of hPL and prolactin for the human prolactin receptor have yet to be published and the effects of hPL on normal human mammary epithelial tissue have not yet been investigated, and so a definitive role of hPL in human mammary gland development during pregnancy has not been established at present.

title: Mammary tumor

text: A mammary tumor is a neoplasm originating in the mammary gland. It is a common finding in older female dogs and cats that are not spayed, but they are found in other animals as well. The mammary glands in dogs and cats are associated with their nipples and extend from the underside of the chest to the groin on both sides of the midline. There are many differences between mammary tumors in animals and breast cancer in humans, including tumor type, malignancy, and treatment options. The prevalence in dogs is about three times that of women. In dogs, mammary tumors are the second most common tumor (after skin tumors) over all and the most common tumor in female dogs with a reported incidence of 3.4%. Multiple studies have documented that spaying female dogs when young greatly decreases their risk of developing mammary neoplasia when aged. Compared with female dogs left intact, those spayed before puberty have 0.5% of the risk, those spayed after one estrous cycle have 8.0% of the risk, and dogs spayed after two estrous cycles have 26.0% of the risk of developing mammary neoplasia later in life. Overall, unspayed female dogs have a seven times greater risk of developing mammary neoplasia than do those that are spayed. While the benefit of spaying decreases with each estrous cycle, some benefit has been demonstrated in female dogs even up to 9 years of age. There is a much lower risk (about 1 percent) in male dogs and a risk in cats about half that of dogs.

title: Sweat gland

text: Specialized sweat glands, including the ceruminous glands, mammary glands, ciliary glands of the eyelids, and sweat glands of the nasal vestibulum, are modified apocrine glands. Ceruminous glands are near the ear canals, and produce cerumen (earwax) that mixes with the oil secreted from sebaceous glands. Mammary glands use apocrine secretion to produce milk.

title: Mammary gland

text: The breasts of the adult human female vary from most other mammals that tend to have less conspicuous mammary glands. The number and positioning of mammary glands varies widely in different mammals. The protruding teats and accompanying glands can be located anywhere along the two milk lines. In general most mammals develop mammary glands in pairs along these lines, with a number approximating the number of young typically birthed at a time. The number of teats varies from 2 (in most primates) to 18 (in pigs). The Virginia opossum has 13, one of the few mammals with an odd number.[52][53] The following table lists the number and position of teats and glands found in a range of mammals:

title: Mammal

text: The mammary glands of mammals are specialized to produce milk, the primary source of nutrition for newborns. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the nipples seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly.

title: Mammary gland

text: Androgens such as testosterone inhibit estrogen-mediated mammary gland development (e.g., by reducing local ER expression) through activation of androgen receptors expressed in mammary gland tissue,[27][28] and in conjunction with relatively low estrogen levels, are the cause of the lack of developed mammary glands in males.[29]

title: Pinc

text: In mice, Pinc is expressed in the developing embryo and in the mammary glands of adults. Its expression in the mammary gland is induced by pregnancy and drops during lactation. It may have a role in cell survival and in the regulation of cell cycle progression.


query: How long was Holy Wood?

title: Hollywood Sign

text: "HOLLYWOOD" is spelled out in 45-foot (13.7m)-tall[1] white capital letters and is 352 feet (107.3 m) long. The sign was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development, but due to increasing recognition, the sign was left up.[2] The sign has been a frequent target of pranks and vandalism across the decades, but it has since undergone restoration, including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism. The sign is protected and promoted by The Hollywood Sign Trust,[3] a nonprofit organization, while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park.

title: Name of Brazil

text: The "Santa Cruz" ("Holy Cross") name did not disappear altogether. In the 1527 map of the Visconte Maggiolo it re-appears in the dual label "Terre Sante Crusis de lo Brasil e del Portugal" ("Land of the Holy Cross of Brazil and of Portugal"). Years later, in 1552, the chronicler João de Barros grumbled at the change in name. Barros notes how, before leaving in 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral erected a huge wooden cross as the marker of the land, but that later, because brazilwood was brought from this land, "this name (Brazil) became stuck in the mouth of the people, and the name Santa Cruz was lost, as if the name of some wood which tinctured cloths was more important than that wood which has tinctured all the Sacraments by which we were saved, by the blood of Jesus Christ, which was spilled upon it." Barros goes on to moan that he can do little but remind his readers of the solemnity of the original name and urge them to use it lest, on Judgment Day, "they be accused of being worshipers of brazilwood" rather than worshipers of the Holy Cross. "For the honor of such a great land let us call it a province, and say the 'Province of Holy Cross', which sounds better among the prudent than 'Brazil', which was placed vulgarly without consideration and is an unfit name for these properties of the royal crown."

text: After concluding the European and Japanese legs of their tour on August 8, the band withdrew from public view. The early development of "Holy Wood" coincided with Manson's three-month seclusion at his home in the Hollywood Hills, during which he considered how to respond to the controversy. Manson said the maelstrom made him re-evaluate his career: "There was a bit of trepidation, [in] deciding: 'Is it worth it? Are people understanding what I'm trying to say? Am I even gonna be allowed to say it?' Because I definitely had every single door shut in my face ... there were not a lot of people who stood behind me." He told "Alternative Press" that he felt his safety was threatened to the point that he "could be shot Mark David Chapman-style." He began work on the album as a counterattack.

text: Credits adapted from the liner notes of the vinyl edition of "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)".

title: Holy Wood (novel)

text: Holy Wood is an unpublished novel by Marilyn Manson, written between 1999 and 2000 (although Manson has claimed to have been writing selections since 1995). Initially envisioned as a companion piece to the album "Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)", it remained unreleased after a series of delays, alleged by Manson to have been caused by a "publishing war".

title: Villa Cetinale, province of Siena

text: There are several original non-axial elements of the gardens. Northeast of the main axis beyond the bell tower a garden walkway proceeds around a hill, going through the 'Holy Woods' with stone statues and sculptures of animals, also by Giuseppe Mazuoli. West across the axis a long looping walkway passes through open woods past a series of religious shrines with statues. Olive groves are also part of the landscape surrounding the villa and long axis.

title: Holy Wood (novel)

text: Manson has also stated that there is a character "that's very much a take on Walt Disney," who was a big inspiration in the writing of both the book and its accompanying album. In describing the setting, he compared Holy Wood, the place, to Disney World: "I thought of how interesting it would be if we created an entire city that was an amusement park, and the thing we were being amused by was violence and sex and everything that people really want to see."

title: Marilyn Manson (band)

text: The band also revealed that within their concept album trilogy, "Holy Wood" serves as prequel to "Mechanical Animals" and "Antichrist Superstar" despite the latter two preceding "Holy Wood" in release date. Each album contains its own distinct storyline, which can be linked together to create a larger overarching storyline encompassing all three. Manson has offered this much in the way of an interpretation: "["Holy Wood" is about] wanting to fit into a world that didn't want me, and fighting really hard to get there. [The album's deepest elements] are idealism and the desire to start a revolution. If you begin with "Holy Wood", then "Mechanical Animals" really talks about how that revolution gets taken away from you and turned into a product, and then "Antichrist Superstar" is where you're given a choice to decide if you're going to be controlled by the power that you created or if you want to destroy yourself and then start over. It just becomes a cycle."

title: Solomon's Temple

text: The "Hekhal", or Holy Place, (1 Kings 8:8–10), is also called the "greater house" (2 Chr. 3:5) and the "temple" (1 Kings 6:17); the word also means "palace", was of the same width and height as the Holy of Holies, but 40 cubits in length. Its walls were lined with cedar, on which were carved figures of cherubim, palm-trees, and open flowers, which were overlaid with gold (1 Kings 6:29-30). Chains of gold further marked it off from the Holy of Holies. The floor of the Temple was of fir-wood overlaid with gold. The door-posts, of olive-wood, supported folding-doors of fir. The doors of the Holy of Holies were of olive-wood. On both sets of doors were carved cherubim, palm-trees, and flowers, all being overlaid with gold (1 Kings 6:15 et seq.)

text: Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) is the fourth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was released on November 11, 2000 by Nothing and Interscope Records. A rock opera concept album, it is the final installment of a triptych that also included "Antichrist Superstar" (1996), and marked a return to the industrial metal style of the band's earlier work, after the glam rock-influenced production of "Mechanical Animals" (1998). After its release, the band's eponymous vocalist said that the overarching story within the trilogy is presented in reverse chronological order: "Holy Wood", therefore, begins the narrative.

title: Rabbit and the Moon

text: Rabbit and the Moon is a 1998 book by Douglas Wood. It is an adaption of a Cree legend about how Rabbit reached the Moon, and how the Whooping crane got its long legs and red head marking.

title: Victoria Wood as Seen on TV

text: Music featured regularly on the show, often with Wood singing self-penned songs accompanying herself on the piano. The best-remembered tune from the show is the seven-minute-long "The Ballad of Barry and Freda – Let's Do It". It concerns a couple, Barry and Freda; she is hungry for sex, he isn't. It climaxes with the lines "beat me on the bottom with a "Woman's Weekly", let's do it! Let's do it tonight!". The song was performed numerous times by Wood in her live performances. Wood said of the number: "A joy to write, a sod to learn, and I daren't finish a show without it. The first time I performed it, a woman at the stage door asked, 'How long have you been cross-eyed?'"

title: Kyaukmyaung (Sagaing)

text: When the pots are loaded into the kiln, wood gatherers bring in wood by the truckload for this firing. The wood comes from as far away as 60 kilometers, and is generally harder wood. The firing process differs from western firing because the fire master does not know the specific temperatures that they fire pots to. Instead, they measure how long to fire these pots for based on how many truckloads of wood they have to use and the duration. Although every wood kiln firing is different, they tend to fire for two days and use four truckloads of wood.

title: Holy Week

text: Holy Week is also observed in parts of Southern Italy, notably Sicily. The most famous is the Holy Week of Trapani, culminating in the Processione dei Misteri di Trapani or simply the "Misteri di Trapani" (in English the "Procession of the Mysteries of Trapani" or the "Mysteries of Trapani"), a day-long passion procession featuring twenty floats of lifelike wood, canvas and glue sculptures of individual scenes of the events of the Passion.

text: "Holy Wood" received generally positive reviews from music critics at the time of its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 72 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews", and is the 88th best-reviewed album of the year. The record was praised by several publications as being the band's finest work: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described it as their definitive record; a writer for "Entertainment Weekly" called it their "most potent effort yet", and April Long of "NME" said it was "by far the best thing Manson has ever set his warped mind to, [it] ultimately inspires something far more potent than fear or hatred—respect."

title: How Long, How Long Blues

text: "How Long, How Long Blues" was Carr and Scrapwell's biggest hit. They subsequently recorded six more versions of the song (two of them, unissued at the time), as "How Long, How Long Blues, Part 2", "Part 3", "How Long Has That Evening Train Been Gone", "New How Long, How Long Blues", etc. There are considerable variations in the lyrics, many of which have since fallen out of use in modern performances. Most versions begin with the lyric "How long, how long, has that evening train been gone?"

text:
The central character is the protagonist Adam Kadmon—a name derived from the Kabbalah which means "original man". The story follows him as he goes in search of a better life out of Death Valley and into Holy Wood. Disenchanted by what he finds, he fashions a counterculture revolution, only to have it usurped and co-opted by Holy Wood's consumer culture, and he finds himself appropriated as a figure of Holy Wood's ideology of "Celebritarianism": an ideology in which fame is the primary moral value of a religion deeply rooted in celebrity worship and martyrdom; where dead celebrities are revered as saints, and John F. Kennedy is idolized as the contemporary Jesus Christ. Holy Wood's religion parallels Christianity, in that it juxtaposes the dead-celebrity phenomenon in American culture with the crucifixion of Jesus.
The phrase "guns, god and government" is repeated multiple times throughout the album. It is suggested that these are the root cause of violence, and the album examines the role American conservatism played in the Columbine massacre: specifically their advocacy of gun culture, the inadequacies of traditional family values, the inclination of the political right toward war-mongering, and the Christian right toward moral panic. This glorification of violence within mainstream American culture is the central theme of the record. A substantive portion of the record analyzes the cultural role of Jesus Christ, specifically Manson's view that the image of his crucifixion was the origin of celebrity. Manson said that while his previous work argued against the Bible's content, for the purpose of "Holy Wood", he instead looked for things in the Bible to which he could relate. He developed an opinion that Christ was a revolutionary figure—a person who was killed for having dangerous opinions, and whose image was later exploited and merchandised for financial gain by entities such as The Vatican.

text: Like "Antichrist Superstar" before it, "Holy Wood" uses a song cycle structure, dividing the album into four movements. These movements are titled A: In the Shadow, D: The Androgyne, A: Of Red Earth, and M: The Fallen. Manson described the record as "the final piece of a triptych that I began with "Antichrist Superstar"." Despite being the last of the three albums to be released, Manson explained that the triptych's storyline takes place in reverse chronological order; "Holy Wood" began the story, and "Mechanical Animals" and "Antichrist Superstar" were sequels. The storyline unfolds in a multi-tiered series of metaphors and allusions; for example, the album's title refers not only to the Hollywood Sign, but also to "the tree of knowledge that Adam took the first fruit from when he fell out of paradise, the wood that Christ was crucified on, the wood that [Lee Harvey] Oswald's rifle is made from, and the wood that so many coffins are made of."

title: Holy Wood

text: Holy Wood or Holywood may refer to:

title: How Wood

text: How Wood has its own primary school, How Wood Primary School and Nursery.

title: Armenian Native Faith

text: The Arordiners have reconsecrated the temple to Vahagn, although historically it was dedicated to Mihr. They have also been given approval for the rearrangement of the compound, in order for it to match the ideal structure of ancient Armenian sanctuaries. They have added a holy spring dedicated to Slak Kakosyan and a wood of apricot trees, the holy tree of Armenian Native Faith. The temple is now organised into three sacred spaces: The first is the sacred spring, the second one is the temple proper, and the third one is the holy wood, located on a hillock. The rituals at the Temple of Garni take place following a route which starts from the spring, passes through the temple, and endly reaches the holy wood. Downhill, each newly established local Arordiner community plants a tree, symbolising the unity and well-being of the group itself. These holy trees are adorned with ribbons and handkerchiefs symbolising one's requests to the gods.

title: Heat bending of wood

text: To properly bend a sheet of wood, there are a few techniques that will help. The hardness of the wood will determine how long is required to soak the wood in water. The harder the wood, the more time is needed to fully soak the wood, making it easier to bend and preventing the wood from springing back to its original form. Popular hardwoods are oak, maple, cherry, birch, walnut, ash and poplar. Common softwoods are pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar and redwood.

title: J. S. Wood

text: Wood died on 20 December 1920, aged 67, after a long illness, still chairman and managing director of "The Gentlewoman" and of Press Printers, Limited. He died at 26 Kensington Court, London. The funeral was at Holy Trinity Church, Prince Consort Road, on 23 December. His wife had died in 1919.

title: North Maine Woods

text: The move followed a long debate about whether and how to preserve parts of the North Maine Woods.

title: Discworld characters

text: A Holy Wood actress in [[Moving Pictures (novel)|"Moving Pictures"]]. Using the name Delores De Syn, she starred in several movies with [[Discworld characters#Victor Tugelbend|Victor Tugelbend]], usually as the maiden to be rescued. She is descended from the High Priestess of Holy Wood, and while sleeping, she was repeatedly possessed by an unknown force, possibly the priestess. This force used Ginger to attempt to awaken the Holy Wood guardian, which would have put a stop to the Holy Wood magic and prevented the Things from the [[Dungeon Dimensions]] from breaking through to the Discworld. Her name is a reference to [[Theda Bara]].

title: Bird of Happiness (toy)

text:
Suddenly the hunter noticed a splinter that was glowing in the fire. A smile lit up his face; and he knew how to help his son.
The hunter was working all the night. He carved a wood bird, made wood chips, decorated them with fretwork. He hung the bird above his son's bed, and the bird suddenly came to life: it began spinning and moving in the hot air that was coming from the furnace.
The boy woke up, smiled and exclaimed: “Well, here is the sun!”
From that day on, the child began to recover rapidly. So, miraculous power was attributed to the wood chip bird and it was called the “Holy spirit”, the guardian of children, the symbol of family happiness.

text: Retrospective commentary on the album has been highly positive. In November 2010, "Kerrang!" published a tenth-anniversary commemorative issue dedicated to "Holy Wood" titled "Screaming For Vengeance", calling it "Manson's finest hour". In 2014, "Metal Hammer" identified the album as a modern classic, calling it the band's "creative zenith". Manson said in a June 2015 Reddit AMA that he considered the record to be his best work, and, that same month, "NME" referred to it as the band's best album. A 2016 feature in "Houston Press" called "Holy Wood" "the album that really cemented the band as more than just shock-rockers, but true musical mavericks with an intelligent perspective on social issues." "Metal Hammer" referred to the record as "perfect", saying: "Manson has yet to better "Holy Wood" and that's fine—nobody's really bettered it. The flow of the record, the delivery of its concept, the clarity with which it strikes its opponents. A gargantuan artistic feat that will go down in history as Manson's defining statement."

title: Holi

text: As in other parts of India, in rural Telangana, children celebrate kamuda and collect money, rice, corn and wood for weeks prior to Holi, and on Kamudha night all the wood is put together and set on fire.

title: Moving Pictures (novel)

text: In the end most things return to normal (also because the Patrician and the wizards make it clear that they won't allow any more movies to be produced ever again), although dwarfs find themselves inexplicably singing "Hihohiho" while mining. Victor and Ginger have a last dialogue over the meaning of Holy Wood and being famous, and Gaspode and the other animals under the influence of Holy Wood lose their ability to reason and speak. The ending lines depict a poetic scene about the fragility of Holy Wood dreams.

title: Valla Wood

text: Valla Wood lies right beside two important neighbours: Valla Farm and Old Linköping. These three should be considered as a group. The idea is that visitors can see how the land was used in Sweden long ago and the connections between village, forest, and farm.

title: Steam bending

text: To properly bend a sheet or plank of wood, there are a few techniques that will help. The hardness of the wood will determine how long is required to soak the wood in water. The harder the wood, the more time is needed to fully soak the wood before it can be bent and to prevent it from springing back to its original form. Popular hardwoods are oak, maple, cherry, birch, walnut, ash and poplar. Common softwoods are pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar and redwood.