query: When was the Naval Base Subic Bay built?

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: On 8 March 1885, the Spanish Navy authorized construction of the Arsenal de Olongapo and by the following September, work started at Olongapo. Both the harbor and its inner basin were dredged and a drainage canal was built, as the Spanish military authorities were planning to make Olongapo and their navy yard an "island." This canal also served as a line of defense and over which the bridge at the base's Main Gate passes. When the Arsenal was finished, the gunboats Caviteño, Santa Ana, and San Quintín were assigned for its defense. To complement these gunboats, coastal artilleries were planned for the east and west ends of the station, as well as on Grande Island.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: The US Navy began using the base in Subic Bay in 2015 to deliver materiel and personnel for annual joint military exercises.[24] Some 6,000 US personnel came to Subic in April, and returned for exercises in 2016 in agreement with Philippine authorities.[25] US ships have used Subic Bay as a resupply port during routine calls.[26]

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: The board requested an appropriation of $1million ($27040000 in 2018 dollars) to begin building the naval station. President Theodore Roosevelt, a strong supporter of the establishment of a naval station at Subic Bay, issued an Executive Order establishing the Subic Bay Naval Reservation.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: The freshly arrived Marines were assigned to provide land defense for Subic Bay.[4] Seaward defenses included the batteries at Fort Wint on Grande Island and a minefield, which had been laid off the entrance to Subic Harbor. As the Marines built beach defenses, Consolidated PBY-4 Catalinas from VP101 and VP-102 of Patrol Wing 10,[5] which was stationed at Subic Bay, were conducting daily patrols off Luzon as a response to rumors that the Japanese were approaching the Philippines. On 11 December, seven Catalinas had just returned from patrol when Japanese Zeroes appeared and strafed the aircraft. One ensign was killed and all Catalinas sank to the bottom of Subic Bay's inner basin.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: Cavite, which had been home to most of the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, suffered from unhealthy living conditions and was vulnerable in time of war and bad weather because of its shallow water and lack of shelter. Therefore, a military expedition was sent to Subic Bay in 1868 with orders to survey the bay to find out if it would be a suitable site for a naval yard. The Spanish explored the entire bay and concluded that it had much promise and thus reported their findings to Cavite. This report was not well received in Manila, as the Spanish command was reluctant to move to the provincial isolation of Subic. Finally, in 1884, a Royal Decree declared Subic Bay as a naval port.

title: Fort Wint

text: Grande Island and the remains of Fort Wint were incorporated into the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. The two disappearing guns of Battery Warwick were dismantled by the United States Navy in the 1960s and shipped to Fort Casey in Washington state for renovation and display. The four guns of Batteries Flake and Jewell were removed and divided between Forts Flagler and Casey in Washington state where they remain on display. The guns of Battery Hall remain in place (pictures right). Grand Island was operated for many decades after WW II by Subic Bay US Navy Special Services as an on base resort for US Military and Civilians stationed throughout the Philippines. It was accessible via a small landing craft type boat shuttle service at the pier adjacent to the Alava Carrier Pier in front of the HQ building at Naval Station Subic Bay. During Operation New Life, in 1975, thousands of Vietnamese refugees were sheltered and processed on Grande Island after the fall of Vietnam to North Vietnam. After that rescue mission, which lasted about six months, Grande Island was rehabilitated and was restored to its Special Services resort configuration until 1991. At that time the lease on US military bases expired, and the US bases were closed about the same time they were damaged by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo volcano. Grande Island was restored as a resort after repairs following damage from the Mount Pinatubo volcano eruption. It was restored by the civilian Philippine Subic Bay Free Port Zone Authority following the closure of the Subic Naval Base in 1992.

title: USS Amycus (ARL-2)

text: "Amycus "remained in Lingayen Gulf through 26 June, when she sailed for Subic Bay in the Philippine Islands. Upon her arrival there, the ship operated under Service Squadron 3 at the naval base at Subic Bay. The Japanese surrender in August found "Amycus" still providing services at Subic Bay. She remained there until 27 October, when she shaped a course for the United States.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: By the morning of 16 June, when the eruption subsided, Subic Bay lay buried under 1 foot (0.30m) of rain-soaked, sandy ash.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 called for the limitation of naval armaments and included provisions that facilities for the repair and maintenance of American naval forces in the Philippines would be reduced. Shops were dismantled at the navy yard at Subic Bay and Fort Wint was reduced to caretaker status and personnel levels were cut.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: Naval Air Station Cubi Point U.S. Naval Hospital, Subic Bay U.S. Naval Radio Facility Bagobantay U.S. Naval Station Sangley Point San Miguel Naval Communications Station Mount Santa Rita Naval Link Station

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: PT-32 was then ordered into Subic Bay and attacked and hit a light cruiser on 1 February. On 17 February, PT-34 made a final but unsuccessful attack at Subic Bay after which all PT boats were ordered to leave the Philippines.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: In the Philippines, Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo, realizing that Subic Bay would provide a more defensible position than Cavite, ordered his smaller ships and the batteries in Manila Bay to resist Dewey's fleet and deny them the entrance to Manila Bay. His other units would then use Subic Bay as a sally port, with which he could attack the American fleet's rear and cut off its supplies. On 26 April, Montojo arrived at Subic Bay aboard Reina Cristina with seven other ships.

title: James Wiggin Coe

text: A military rest camp in Subic Bay in the Philippines – part of the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay – is named in his honour, as is a street in Naval Station Pearl Harbor.

title: Subic Bay

text: Subic Bay is a bay on the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, about northwest of Manila Bay. An extension of the South China Sea, its shores were formerly the site of a major United States Navy facility named U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, which is now the location of an industrial and commercial area known as the Subic Bay Freeport Zone under the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority.

title: U.S. Naval Hospital, Subic Bay

text: U.S. Naval Hospital at Subic Bay was opened on 13 July 1956 as U.S. Naval Station Hospital, Subic Bay. In January 1973, the hospital expanded its command scope, adding the dispensaries at Naval Station Subic Bay, Naval Air Station Cubi Point, Naval Communication Transmitting Facility, Capas in Tarlac, and the Joint Military Group Manila. On 7 March 1977, the Hospital was designated as a "Regional Medical Center". On 1 August 1983, the Naval Medical Command, Pacific Region, Hawaii became the Subic Bay U.S. Naval Hospital's parent command. In 1989, the U.S. Navy Medical command was reorganized and the hospital began to report directly to the Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Philippines.

title: Subic Bay

text:
In 1542, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo sailed into Subic Bay but no port developed there because the main Spanish naval base would be established in the nearby Manila Bay. When the British captured this base in 1762, the Spanish were forced to find an alternate location and Subic Bay was found to be a strategic and superb port location. In 1884, King Alfonso XII of Spain decreed that Subic was to become "a naval port and the property appertaining thereto set aside for naval purposes."
The Americans captured the Spanish base in 1899 during the Philippine–American War, and controlled the bay until 1991. During this period, the naval facilities were greatly built up and expanded, including a new naval air station that was built in the early 1950s by slicing the top half from a mountain and moving the soil to reclaim a part of Subic Bay. In 1979, the area under American control was reduced from to when the Philippines claimed sovereign rule over the base. The presence of the American forces precipitated the start of a red-light district.

title: Subic, Zambales

text: In September 1762, the British invaded the Philippines and took over the Spanish main naval base in Manila Bay. This prompted the Spanish military to scout for the next promising naval station. The expedition returned with the good news for the naval command - a natural bounty and deep waters at Subic Bay. King Alfonso XII issued a decree in 1884 that declared Subic as "a naval port and the property appertaining thereto set aside for naval purposes." Construction of an arsenal and ship repair yard ensued March 8 the following year, as ordered by the new settlers' Naval Commission. Subic Bay's potential as naval station was realized by the Americans. Commodore George Dewey and his men engaged in a battle that destroyed the Spanish Army in 1898, and the Americans took over Subic Bay on December 10, 1899.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: In 1992, tons of materiel including drydocks and equipment,[19] were shipped to various Naval Stations. Ship repair, maintenance yards and supply depots were relocated to other Asian countries including Japan and Singapore. On 24 November 1992, the American Flag was lowered in Subic for the last time and the last 1,416 Sailors and Marines at Subic Bay Naval Base left by plane from Naval Air Station Cubi Point and by USS<i>Belleau Wood. This withdrawal marked the first time since the 16th century that no foreign military forces were present in the Philippines.[20] The departure of the United States Navy left a huge clean-up to be completed. Soil and water was contaminated with lead, asbestos, PCBs, pesticides, and possibly nuclear waste from submarines. As of 2012, clean-up estimates for Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base were $40million each.[3]

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: The following day, Grande Island was taken and Navy minesweepers began clearing the bay. Engineers of the 38th Division remained in Olongapo to begin reactivation of Subic Bay Naval Station. Bridges, buildings and the water distilling plant were repaired and the beaches and streets were cleared. Soon enough, LSTs were making dry-ramp landings near the town of Subic.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: In 1900, the General Board of the United States Navy made a thorough study of the naval base building program and decided that the American fleet in the Philippines could be easily bottled up in either the Manila or Subic bays. They instead recommended Guimaras Island, south of Manila, as the most suitable site for the main American naval base in the Philippines. Admiral of the Navy George Dewey and Admiral George C. Remey, Commander of the Asiatic Fleet, disagreed. They thought Subic Bay held the greatest potential.

title: Subic, Zambales

text: The Port of Subic is the nearest seaport in Subic. The Port is operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA). It covers the fenced area of the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay located in the south-west of Luzon Island in the Philippines. Local fish port is also present at the coastal waters and some are in beach side.

title: Port of Subic

text: The Port of Subic Bay is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, on Subic Bay in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest, largest, historical and most important of ports in the Philippines. The Port is operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA).

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: Because of the establishment of the Subic Bay Naval Reservation in November 1901 more troops were assigned to Subic. When the Samar force returned at the beginning of March 1902, its personnel were divided between Olongapo and Cavite. Cavite, however, still continued to have the largest number of Marines anywhere in the Philippines and continued to be the headquarters of the U.S. Navy because of its proximity to Manila.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair, supply, and rest and recreation facility of the Spanish Navy and subsequently the United States Navy located in Zambales, Philippines. The base was 262 square miles, about the size of Singapore.[1] The Navy Exchange had the largest volume of sales of any exchange in the world, and the Naval Supply Depot handled the largest volume of fuel oil of any navy facility in the world.[2] The naval base was the largest overseas military installation of the United States Armed Forces after Clark Air Base in Angeles City was closed in 1991.[3] Following its closure in 1992, it was transformed into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone by the Philippine government.

title: Port of Subic

text: Subic Bay is part of Luzon Sea on the west coast of the island of Luzon in Zambales, Philippines, about 100 kilometers northwest of Manila Bay. Formerly the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, it is now the location the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBF) managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA). The bay is surrounded by the town of Subic and Olongapo City, both in the province of Zambales and the town of Morong in the province of Bataan in the east. The mountain ranges around the bay area and the deep natural harbor provide a protected anchorage, naturally sheltered from typhoons. The harbor is up to 13.7 meters covering a total area of 41 hectares.

title: Subic Bay Freeport Zone

text: Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), which is known simply as Subic Bay or Subic is a special economic zone covering portions of Olongapo City and the towns of Subic in Zambales and Morong and Hermosa in Bataan.It is the Philippines' first successful case of a military base converted through volunteerism into a tax and duty-free zone, operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority or SBMA. It covers the fenced area of the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay located in the southwest of Luzon Island in the Philippines.The harbor faces the Zambales Mountain Range to the west and the Subic Bay opening to the South China Sea. It is northwest of the Bataan Peninsula and southeast of Zambales Province.

title: U.S. Naval Hospital, Subic Bay

text: U.S. Naval Hospital, Subic Bay (also the Navy Regional Medical Center) was the main medical facility of the U.S. Naval Forces, Philippines. In 1992, after the Philippine government decided not to renew that agreement with the U.S. for bases, the Subic Bay Naval Base (along with Clark Air Force Base) were abandoned by the U.S.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: Subic Bay's famous strategic location, sheltered anchorages, and deep water had first been made known when the Spanish explorer Juan de Salcedo reported the bay's existence to the Spanish authorities upon his return to Manila after Salcedo arrived in Zambales to establish the Spanish crown. It would be a number of years before the Spanish would consider establishing a base there.

title: Subic Bay

text: Today, water as well as the towns and establishments surrounding the bay are collectively referred to as Subic Bay. This includes the former US naval base at SBMA, Hanjin shipyard, Olongapo city, the town of Barrio Baretto, the Municipality of Subic, and the erstwhile US defence housing areas of Binictican and Kalayan housing, up to Morong in Bataan Province.

title: Subic Bay Freeport Zone

text: Subic Bay is surrounded by the town of Subic and Olongapo City, both in the province of Zambales, and Morong in the province of Bataan. Development of Olongapo City was largely tied to the presence of the United States Navy base, once the largest U.S. military naval base in Asia. An arsenal and ship-repair facility was established at Subic Bay in 1885 by the then colonial power, Spain. Following the Spanish–American War, Subic Bay became a U.S. Navy and Marine base, and grew to be a major facility. Until 1991, it was the base of the United States 7th Fleet.In early 1991, after the collapse of protracted negotiations, the Philippine Senate rejected terms for renewal of the lease of the base. The U.S. Navy was already in the process of downsizing its Subic operations in June 1991, when Mount Pinatubo erupted. One of the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 100 years, it covered the Navy Base in volcanic ash and collapsed a significant number of structures. The last ship, USS "Belleau Wood", left on November 24, 1992.

title: U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay

text: Subic Bay was designated Naval Advance Unit No. 6, and become a submarine and motor torpedo boat base shortly after the Philippines were liberated. USS<i>Fulton arrived on 11 February 1945 and found Subic Bay " ...a primitive, humid, unhealthy, desolate Siberia far from the pleasant climate, facilities, and girls of Australia... ".[6] A Naval Supply Depot was established at Maquinaya, about 3 miles (5km) from the main base in July 1945. A new town of Olongapo was built to replace building burned by the retreating Japanese and provide housing for Filipino civilians employed at the base. Olongapo and its 9,000 Filipino residents remained under United States Navy administration when the remainder of the Philippines became independent on 4 July 1946.[7]


query: How long did Stargate SG-1 air for?

title: List of Stargate SG-1 episodes

text: Stargate SG-1 premiered on July 27, 1997 on the subscription channel Showtime. After five seasons on the same network, the Sci Fi Channel bought Stargate SG-1 and would air it for five further seasons, totalling to 214 episodes in ten seasons (seasons 1 through 7 consisted of 22 episodes each, and seasons 8 through 10 had 20 episodes each). Since the American broadcast splits each season to allow the production to catch up, the British channel Sky One aired the second part of some seasons before their American counterpart. Stargate SG-1's finale episode premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky One on March 13, 2007. The Sci Fi Channel concluded the tenth season on June 22, 2007. All seasons of Stargate SG-1 are available on DVD, and two direct-to-DVD Stargate films have continued the series, the first released in March 2008, the second in July 2008.

title: Rodney McKay

text: Doctor Rodney McKay is a contractor for the United States Air Force and makes his first appearance in the "Stargate SG-1" episode "48 Hours", the fourteenth episode of "Stargate SG-1" Season 5, as a scientist who joins the fictional Stargate Program. McKay was seen in two more episodes of "Stargate SG-1" before becoming a main character in "Stargate Atlantis" which was set in the Pegasus Galaxy. His next appearances in "Stargate SG-1" were in Alternate timeline and different realities until the crossover episode "The Pegasus Project" in season ten. Overall, McKay and Joe Flanigan's character John Sheppard are the only two characters who appeared in every episode of "Stargate Atlantis", with McKay being the character with the most screentime.

title: Stargate SG-1 (season 9)

text: The episode "Ripple Effect" was overly long and had many scenes edited and cut for time. Writer Joseph Mallozzi later posted script sections of all cut scenes online. Asked what the cryptic remark by Black Mitchell meant when he left through the gate at the end of the episode, Mallozzi answered the meaning of this remark will not be revealed in the series but might come up in the "Stargate SG-1" sequels, "" and "". "Camelot" was the first "Stargate SG-1" season finale since "Revelations" that was not intended to be the "SG-1" series finale, and the first one since "Exodus" that was a cliffhanger. The episode was written without the knowledge that "Stargate SG-1" would be picked up for a tenth season.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Since SG-1's ratings were good from a financial standpoint, the Sci Fi Channel picked up MGM's offer to continue the show into a sixth season, yet with a slightly reduced budget.[71] Sci Fi aired new episodes of Stargate SG-1 in the 9 p.m. Friday slot between The Dead Zone and Farscape, while it aired older SG-1 episodes in a four-hour block every Monday at 7 p.m. Episodes were broadcast in US syndication six months after their premiere on Sci Fi.[32] The sixth season was supposed to be the show's last,[7] but Sci Fi renewed SG-1 at the last minute.[94] The sixth and seventh seasons made Stargate SG-1 Sci Fi's highest-rated original series with an average of 2 million viewers in over 1.3 million households,[95] elevating Sci Fi into the top 10 cable networks in the United States.[96] For the next few years, the producers believed each current season to be the show's last and repeatedly wrote big series finales,[86] but the success of Stargate SG-1 put off their plans of ending the show to write a new Stargate feature film.[97] Sci Fi cut the length of an SG-1 season from 22 to 20 episodes from Season 8 onwards.

title: Stargate SG-1 (season 1)

text: The first season of the military science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1" commenced airing on the Showtime channel in the United States on July 27, 1997, concluded on the Sci Fi channel on March 6, 1998, and contained 22 episodes. The show itself is a spin-off from the 1994 hit movie "Stargate" written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. "Stargate SG-1" re-introduced supporting characters from the film universe, such as Jonathan "Jack" O'Neill and Daniel Jackson and included new characters such as Teal'c, George Hammond and Samantha "Sam" Carter. The first season was about a military-science expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them.

title: Stargate SG-1 (season 8)

text: The first season of "Stargate Atlantis" was filmed in parallel to the eighth season of "SG-1", and aired in the time slot immediately following "SG-1". Richard Dean Anderson and Michael Shanks appeared in the pilot episode of "Stargate Atlantis". Beginning with "New Order" and continuing into the spinoff series "Stargate Atlantis", Torri Higginson replaced Jessica Steen as Dr. Elizabeth Weir. Ellie Harvie, who first appeared in "Prometheus Unbound" as Lindsey Novak, later became a recurring character on "Stargate Atlantis"

title: List of recurring Earth characters in Stargate SG-1

text: Major Louis Ferretti, (played by French Stewart in the film as Lieutenant Louis Ferretti and Brent Stait in season 1) – A member of the United States Air Force and one of the four survivors of the first expedition through the Stargate in "Stargate". Ferretti joins O'Neill's team on another mission to Abydos in "Children of the Gods", and is put in charge of the SG-2 team after the death of Charles Kawalsky in "The Enemy Within". Ferretti makes his last appearance in "Within the Serpent's Grasp" to follow SG-1 through the Stargate, and is mentioned in season 3's "Shades of Grey" as a possible new leader of SG-1.

title: Stargate Program

text: The core of the fictional Stargate Program is Stargate Command (SGC), a publicly undisclosed military unit organized under the Department of the Air Force, and based at the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station near Colorado Springs, Colorado. (and at Creek Mountain Facility, a fictional name for Cheyenne Mountain in the "Stargate" film). Although on-base support personnel wear patches of Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), it has not been clarified whether or not Stargate Command itself is a component of that organization or a separate entity. Stargate Command, also referred to by its codename "Area 52", is tasked with operating the Stargate on Earth and coordinates exploration and diplomatic relationships through the Stargate. Long-term research of alien technology is usually moved from the SGC to Area 51 in Nevada. Stargate Command is constituted and activated in the pilot episode of "Stargate SG-1", "Children of the Gods", when the Goa'uld threat is first recognized. The writers considered replacing "Stargate SG-1" with a new show named "Stargate Command" after "SG-1"'s eighth season, but the Sci Fi Channel decided to continue "SG-1" for two more seasons instead.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Stargate SG-1 aired in the United Kingdom on Sky One with repeats on Sky Two, Sky Three and Channel 4. Sky One broadcast new episodes of the second half of most seasons before their American premiere. Brad Wright found it "almost embarrassing" that Stargate SG-1 was much more popular in the United Kingdom than in Canada,[26] where the show aired on Space, Citytv, A-Channel, Movie Central and French-language channels TQS and Ztélé.[96] Stargate SG-1 aired in Australia on Sci Fi Australia and Channel Seven. It aired in India on STAR World India and in Israel on Channel 1.

title: Stargate Atlantis (season 4)

text:
The fourth season of "Stargate Atlantis", an American-Canadian television series, began airing on September 28, 2007 on the US-American Sci Fi Channel. The fourth season concluded after 20 episodes on March 7, 2008 on Sci Fi. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper, who also served as executive producers. Amanda Tapping (Col. Samantha Carter) joins the cast as a regular for 14 episodes, Jewel Staite (Dr. Jennifer Keller) was a recurring character for eleven episodes, while regular cast member Torri Higginson (Dr. Elizabeth Weir) was a recurring cast member for four episodes. Other season four regular cast members include Joe Flanigan, David Hewlett, Rachel Luttrell and Jason Momoa.Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.
With the season premier, "Adrift", Amanda Tapping replaces Torri Higginson in the opening credits sequence, with Paul McGillion no longer appearing. This marks Amanda Tapping's first appearance as a main character on Atlantis. It also marks the only time an actor has appeared in the opening credits of both "Stargate SG-1" and Atlantis. Christopher Judge has a cameo appearance as his "Stargate SG-1" character Teal'c in "Reunion" and guest stars in the episode "Midway". Judge is the last original "Stargate SG-1" regular to appear on Atlantis, as the other three characters in the original SG-1 team all appeared in Atlantis's first season, as did other SG-1 characters Hank Landry and George Hammond. Of the three other SG-1 regulars (namely Cam Mitchell, Vala Mal Doran and Jonas Quinn), Mitchell and Vala visited Atlantis in the SG-1 crossover episode "The Pegasus Project". Jodelle Ferland, who plays Princess Harmony in the episode "Harmony", previously appeared in the episode "Flesh and Blood" in Stargate SG-1 season 10 as a young Adria; and Crystal Lowe previously appeared in the episode "Emancipation" in season 1 of Stargate SG-1, in the two-part "The Kindred" Luke Perry and Rebecca Gayheart reprised the roles from 1997 miniseries "Invasion" as both Beau Stark (in Carter's Dream) and Cassie Winslow and Christopher Orr and Connor Trinneer both reprising as Pitt Henderson and Michael Kenmore respectively.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Stargate SG-1 has had several opening title sequences, which are generally preceded by a teaser act. The credits are normally sixty seconds long. Richard Dean Anderson was the only SG-1 actor whose name appeared before the show's title. Michael Shanks' name was moved near the end of the opening credits with the appendage "as Daniel Jackson" after his return to the show in Season 7. Some DVD versions of early SG-1 seasons have different opening credits from the television versions, as do the direct-to-DVD films. Composer Joel Goldsmith adapted David Arnold's Stargate feature film score for SG-1's opening title theme, which remained the same during the run of Stargate SG-1 and its direct-to-DVD films.

title: Stargate SG-1 (season 5)

text: Many crew members appeared in "Wormhole X-Treme!", the 100th episode of "Stargate SG-1". The director of a "Wormhole X-Treme!" episode, played by Peter DeLuise, was the director of this "Stargate SG-1" episode. A "Wormhole X-Treme!" writer is played by Robert C. Cooper, a "Stargate SG-1" writer and executive producer. Further cameos include Joseph Mallozzi (who co-wrote this episode), producer N. John Smith, and "Stargate SG-1" writer Ron Wilkerson as "Wormhole X-Treme!" crew members; "Stargate SG-1" property master David Sinclair as the "Wormhole X-Treme!" assistant director; make-up artist Jan Newman as a make-up artist; director Andy Mikita and producer John Lenic as the characters being beaten by Col. Danning; "Stargate SG-1" director Martin Wood as an NID agent; and several more. The two executives who commented on how unrealistic Lloyd's spacecraft looked are played by "Stargate SG-1" executive producer Michael Greenburg and executive producer/co-creator Brad Wright.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Stargate SG-1 (often abbreviated SG-1) is a Canadian-American military science fiction adventure television series and part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Stargate franchise. The show, created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, is based on the 1994 science fiction film Stargate by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The television series was filmed in and around the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The series premiered on Showtime on July 27, 1997 and moved to the Sci Fi Channel on June 7, 2002; the final episode first aired on Sky1 on March 13, 2007.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Stargate SG-1 spawned the live-action spin-off TV series Stargate Atlantis, the animated Stargate Infinity and the second live-action spin-off Stargate Universe. By SG-1's tenth season in 2006, Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis were said to have brought US$500 million in production to British Columbia.[26] MGM executive vice president Charles Cohen described Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series as the television counterpart of their James Bond franchise, being very profitable and improving their image.[33]

title: Heroes (Stargate SG-1)

text: Part 2 of the episode was the 150th episode of "Stargate SG-1" to be aired.

title: Rising (Stargate Atlantis)

text: "Stargate Atlantis" was supposed to be set on present day Earth, after "Stargate SG-1" was canceled. This cancelation of SG-1 didn't happen and "Stargate Atlantis" was released while "Stargate SG-1" was still airing, so the story arc was set in a new galaxy under the name, Pegasus. The story was set in another galaxy so the two running series would not collide with each other and to stop plot interferences.

title: Redemption (Stargate SG-1)

text: Later, McKay leaves and says goodbye to Carter while O'Neill talks with Hammond. They are then contacted by Teal'c, who informs them that the weapon was destroyed. Later, the gate from the Russians is installed and, although they want a Russian member at SG-1, O'Neill decides to take Jonas in, who then leaves with the team on his first mission.At the end of season 5, Michael Shanks (Daniel Jackson) decided to leave "Stargate SG-1" for concerns over being under-utilized. Some casting people from the SciFi Channel, who were looking to fill the void with a new character, happened to walk through the courtyard of MGM's Santa Monica offices where Corin Nemec was that day. They briefly mentioned "Stargate" to him, and the same afternoon Nemec's manager called Nemec to tell him they were interested in him. Since Nemec had never watched "Stargate SG-1" up until that time (he was familiar with the "Stargate" film though), he was sent some videotapes of the show and had some more meetings until he was finally cast as Jonas Quinn for the penultimate season 5 episode "Meridian". Everyone agreed to wait and see how the character looked on film before deciding on long-term involvements, but MGM liked what they saw. Although "there's been quite a bit of ire directed by fans towards Daniel's replacement" after the airing of "Meridian", Robert C. Cooper hoped that they would like the character in the end.

title: Stargate literature

text: ROC published four "Stargate SG-1" novels written by Ashley McConnell from 1998 to 2001. These novels were available only in the United States. The United Kingdom-based publisher Fandemonium specialises in "Stargate SG-1" and "Stargate Atlantis", publishing the first book in 2005. The "Stargate SG-1" novels were originally only available in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa because the company did not hold a licence to distribute them in North America but the "Stargate Atlantis" books are available worldwide. The company's license was later extended to North America in June 2006. All books are written as canon; that is, they try to recreate the show. MGM reads and approves all the novels.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Stargate SG-1

text: "Stargate SG-1" is an American-Canadian military science fiction television series and part of MGM's Stargate franchise. The show was created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, based on the 1994 feature film "Stargate" by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The first five seasons of the television series were broadcast by Showtime before the series moved to the Sci Fi Channel for its last five seasons. "Stargate SG-1" premiered on Showtime on July 27, 1997; its final episode aired on Sky1 in the United Kingdom on March 13, 2007. "Stargate SG-1" was nominated for and won numerous awards in its ten-season run.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Stargate SG-1 spawned an industry of spin-off products. From 1999 to 2001, ROC published four Stargate SG-1 novels written by Ashley McConnell.[151] In 2004, UK-based Fandemonium Press launched a new series of licensed tie-in novels based on Stargate SG-1, although these books were unavailable in North America until 2006 when the license conflict with ROC expired.[152] Titan Publishing publishes the official Stargate Magazine,[26] while Avatar Press published a series of Stargate SG-1 comics.[26] British company Big Finish Productions began to produce Stargate SG-1 audio adventures in early 2008, voiced by members of the SG-1 cast.[153] A Stargate SG-1 roleplaying game and a Stargate trading card game were released in 2003 and 2007. Diamond Select Toys and Hasbro launched a series of toys in 2005 and 2006, respectively.[154][155] The planned video game Stargate SG-1: The Alliance was cancelled in 2005 and the futures of the MMORPG Stargate Worlds and the Third Person Shooter from the same studio (Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment) named Stargate Resistance were made clear in November 2010 following MGM's decision not to renew CME's Stargate license. Four amusement rides are based on Stargate– the Stargate SG-3000 theme park ride operating at Space Park Bremen in Germany and at Six Flags theme parks in Chicago, San Francisco and Louisville.[26]

text:
"Stargate SG-1" was nominated for 2 Golden Reel Awards by the Motion Picture Sound Editors.
"Stargate SG-1" was nominated for 2 Hugo awards.
"Stargate SG-1" won twelve Leo Awards out of 53 nominations.

title: Daniel Jackson (Stargate)

text: Daniel Jackson, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the military science fiction franchise "Stargate", and one of the main characters of the series "Stargate SG-1." He is portrayed by James Spader in the 1994 film "Stargate", and by Michael Shanks in "Stargate SG-1" and other "SG-1" derived media. Jackson is the only "Stargate" character to appear in all of the films and series in the franchise (not including the non-canonical "Stargate Infinity"); the main character Jack O'Neill did not appear in the 2008 film "".

title: Stargate SG-1

text: According to Wright and Cooper, the worldwide popularity of science fiction was a factor in SG-1's success and the good international reception helped keep the series on the air in the beginning.[103] Several newspapers reported in 2005–2006 that Stargate SG-1 aired in over 100 countries with a weekly worldwide viewership of around 10 million,[26][86][103] but The New York Times gave different numbers in 2004, saying that the show was broadcast in sixty-four countries with more than 17 million viewers a week.[104] Stargate SG-1 had a particularly fervent response in the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Australia.[97][104]

title: Stargate SG-1

text: The main setting of Stargate SG-1, the fictional Stargate Command (SGC) at the (real) Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station near Colorado Springs, Colorado, was filmed at stage 5 of The Bridge Studios.[31] Martin Wood filmed half a dozen stock shots of the real Cheyenne Mountain complex for use in the series approximately ten days before the premiere of the pilot episode. Although these shots wore out over the years, the producers did not film new shots until the beginning of Season 9, thinking that Stargate SG-1 would be cancelled after each current year.[35][36] By then, visitor questions and fan theories about the existence of a Stargate at the real Cheyenne Mountain complex had become so common that Cheyenne Mountain had installed a seemingly high-security door labeled "Stargate Command" for one of their storage rooms holding brooms and detergent.[37]

title: List of Stargate SG-1 characters

text: The SGC (Stargate Command) is a fictional military base at the (real) Cheyenne Mountain complex near Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is the main setting in "Stargate SG-1" and occasionally features on "Stargate Atlantis". The base extends many levels beneath the ground and is protected from most forms of attack including indirect nuclear detonations, also serving to contain biological, chemical or alien hazards to the outside world by means of a 'lockdown' status, as seen in the SG-1 episode (Foothold). Stargate Command is typically commanded by a general and is staffed by subject matter experts and military support personnel, several elite special operations teams, and several SG teams, including SG-1. The majority of the teams are U.S. Air Force with some U.S. Marine Corps, civilians and U.S. Army, but other nations have SG teams operating from the SGC as we learn in season 5.

title: Stargate SG-1

text: Since Stargate SG-1 was expensive to produce, MGM arranged an agreement with Showtime that SG-1 could air in syndication six months after their premiere on Showtime.[90] All 22 Fox stations aired the first seasons after their Showtime debut, providing a clearance of 41% of the United States.[91][92] The Sci Fi Channel made its largest single programming acquisition of $150 million in 1998 by buying the exclusive basic cable rights to the MGM package Stargate SG-1, The Outer Limits and Poltergeist: The Legacy.[93] Showtime decided to end its association with Stargate SG-1 at the end of Season 5, saying that the show still had a sizeable viewership but could no longer draw new subscribers due to its availability in syndication.[33]

title: Peter DeLuise

text:
DeLuise has made guest appearances on the television shows "The Facts of Life", "21 Jump Street" spin-off "Booker", "Friends", "Supernatural", "", "Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda", and "Stargate SG-1".
In 1997, he began working on the series "Stargate SG-1", serving as producer, writer, director, and creative consultant. He has appeared, normally as an extra, in every episode of the series he has directed. He went on to work as executive producer, director and writer for the "Stargate SG-1" spin-off "Stargate Atlantis", and directed eight episodes of the spin-off "Stargate Universe". His father, Dom DeLuise, made a guest appearance in the "Stargate SG-1" episode "Urgo", which Peter directed. Peter also made a cameo in the episode as the "Urgo" character transformed to be a young man in a United States Air Force uniform.

title: Stargate SG-1 (roleplaying game)

text: Stargate: SG-1 Roleplaying Game is a role-playing game based on the TV series "Stargate SG-1", released in 2003 by Alderac Entertainment Group. The game, based on AEG's "Spycraft", uses the "d20 System". Since Sony did not renew AEG's contract to publish the game, it is now out of print.

title: Stargate fandom

text: GateWorld was inaugurated on October 22, 1999 as "Starguide," a fan site that has changed addresses and servers many times since then. The site was developed by "SG-1" fan, Darren Sumner to be an online community for the show "Stargate SG-1", similar to web sites for other science fiction shows. Though the site focused on "Stargate", other parts of the site were devoted to other sci-fi series in the form of episode guides. It was during this time that Starguide was given the new name GateWorld. The main site was completely redesigned in 2006 to coincide with the broadcast of "Stargate SG-1"s milestone 200th episode. With the cancellation of "Stargate SG-1", Gateworld announced its support for SaveStargateSG1, a fan run campaign to get international networks and executives to show support for "Stargate SG-1" and to help get it back on the air.

text: The Stargate Command (SGC) is a fictional military base at the (real) Cheyenne Mountain complex near Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is the main setting in "Stargate SG-1" and occasionally features on "Stargate Atlantis". The base extends many levels beneath the ground and is protected from most forms of attack including indirect nuclear detonations, also serving to contain biological, chemical or alien hazards to the outside world by means of a 'lockdown' status. Stargate Command is typically commanded by a General and is staffed by subject matter experts and military support personnel, several elite special operations teams, and several SG teams, including SG-1. The majority of the teams are United States Air Force with some United States Marine Corps, civilians and United States Army, but other nations have SG teams operating from the SGC as well after the events of season 5.


query: How many authors wrote under Erin Hunter?

title: Erin Hunter

text: Erin Hunter is a collective pseudonym used by the authors Victoria Holmes, Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, Gillian Philip, Inbali Iserles, Tui T. Sutherland, and Rosie Best, in the writing of several juvenile fantasy novel series, which focus on animals and their adventures. Notable works include the Warriors, Seekers, Survivors, and Bravelands book series.[1] Each of the authors play a different role: while Holmes creates the storyline of each book, Cary, Baldry, and Sutherland take turns writing the books.[2] In addition, another person who is not an Erin Hunter writes the manga: Dan Jolley.[3]

title: Kate Cary

text: Kate Cary (born 4 November 1967 in Birmingham, England) is one of the authors of the "Warriors" novel series, a story about wild cats, which she writes under the pen name of Erin Hunter. The other authors who also write the "Warriors" novel series under the pen name Erin Hunter are Cherith Baldry, Gillan Phillip, Rosie Best, Inbali Iserles, and Tui T. Sutherland. Kate Cary has also written the book "Bloodline", and its sequel "Reckoning". Besides writing Warriors, Kate Cary also has helped her partners write the Seekers books. Cary says she has loved cats since the age of 6, which helped her write the warriors novels. She has 2 cats of her own: Flower and Miu-Miu, and a son named Joshua. She lived in Scotland for twelve years, before moving back to England in 2004.

title: Warriors: The New Prophecy

text: The series was written by Erin Hunter, a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry, Kate Cary, Tui Sutherland, and series editor Victoria Holmes. The pseudonym is used so that the individual novels in the series would not be shelved in different places in libraries. Victoria Holmes chose the name Erin because she liked the name, and Hunter because it matched the theme of feral cats. It also ensured that the books were shelved near those of Brian Jacques, an author that the writers, collectively known as "the Erins", liked.

title: Moonrise (novel)

text: "Moonrise" was written by Erin Hunter, a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry, Kate Cary, Tui Sutherland, and series editor Victoria Holmes. The pseudonym is used so that the individual novels in the series would not be shelved in different places in libraries. Victoria Holmes chose the name Erin because she liked the name, and Hunter because it matched the theme of feral cats. It also ensured that the books were shelved near those of Brian Jacques, an author that the writers, collectively known as "the Erins", liked.

title: The Quest Begins

text: The Quest Begins is the first novel in the "Seekers" series. It was written by Erin Hunter, which is a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry, Kate Cary, Tui Sutherland, and editor Victoria Holmes. The novel details the adventures of four bears, Toklo, Kallik, Lusa and Ujurak, who are stranded together in the wild and must learn to survive. The declining environment around the bears is a theme explored throughout the novel. The development of the "Seekers" series began as a result of a request from HarperCollins for another series about animals to the authors who wrote the "Warriors" series about feral cats under the name of Erin Hunter. The novel was published on 27 May 2008. Critical reception was generally positive, with praise directed at the mixture between anthropomorphism and realism; reviewers also opined that the series would appeal to fans of Hunter's other series, "Warriors".

title: Erin Hunter

text: In 2003, Harper Collins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats, but, not being a reader of fantasy, she was less than enthusiastic.[4] After writing one storyline, Kate Cary was brought in to write the book as Holmes went behind the scenes to supervise details and edit the book. Then on the third book, Forest of Secrets, Cherith Baldry joined Erin Hunter.[5] Later, after Sutherland wrote the first Warriors field guide, she became the fourth Erin Hunter.[6]

title: J. Hunter Holly

text: Joan Carol Holly (1932–1982) was a science fiction author who wrote under the pseudonym J. Hunter Holly in the late 1950s until the mid-1970s. Holly lived and wrote in Lansing, Michigan and from her various book dedications, had a strong love of cats.

title: William Taylor Adams

text: Adams wrote well over 100 books in total, most of them for a boy audience, and the majority of these in series of four to six volumes. He never wrote under his own name. Though "Oliver Optic" was the pseudonym he used most, his work also appeared under the bylines "Irving Brown," "Clingham Hunter, M.D.," and "Old Stager." Like many children's authors of his day, he was additionally an editor, and many of his works first appeared in "Oliver Optic's Magazine".

title: Get the Girl

text: Many reviews criticized the Andy-Erin plot. White wrote that, "If the Andy and Erin scenes in this episode were supposed to make me root for them, I'm afraid it didn't quite work." Dougherty wrote, "Was anyone else rooting for Erin to just stay down there? I certainly was." McNutt bluntly wrote, "I'm not buying this relationship." The WHTC review noted that the arc was "a total carbon copy of the Jim/Pam version that sucked us all in years ago."

title: Twilight (Hunter novel)

text: Twilight is a children's fantasy novel in the "Warriors" novel series written by Erin Hunter, a pseudonym used by multiple authors. It is the fifth book in the series "" and continues the cat clans' adventures while seeking a new home. It was generally well received by critics.

title: Cherith Baldry

text: Baldry is one of the seven authors of the Warrior and Seekers series, along with Kate Cary, Tui T. Sutherland and editor Victoria Holmes who write under the pen name of Erin Hunter. They write a series of books called "Warriors", in which wild cats strive for peace in their territories. She also wrote the second and sixth novels for the Seekers series.

title: Harold Hunter Armstrong

text: Harold Hunter Armstrong (9 April 1884 - 11 July 1979) was an American author. He also wrote under the name Henry G. Aikman.

title: Pen name

text: A collective name, also known as a house name, is sometimes used with series fiction published under one pen name even though more than one author may have contributed to the series. In some cases the first books in the series were written by one writer, but subsequent books were written by ghost writers. For instance, many of the later books in "The Saint" adventure series were not written by Leslie Charteris, the series' originator. Similarly, "Nancy Drew" mystery books are published as though they were written by Carolyn Keene, "The Hardy Boys" books are published as the work of Franklin W. Dixon, and "The Bobbsey Twins" series are credited to Laura Lee Hope, although numerous authors have been involved in each series. Erin Hunter, author of the "Warriors" novel series, is actually a collective pen name used by authors Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, Tui T. Sutherland, and the editor Victoria Holmes.

title: Erin Hunter

text: (official) at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database at Library of Congress Authorities, with 79 catalogue records

title: Erin Hunter

text: Sutherland was born in Caracas, Venezuela, but now lives in the United States which makes her the only non-British author of the series. She now lives in Boston and first wrote the field guide Secrets of the Clans.[8] Sutherland was an editor of the Warriors series for HarperCollins until she quit editing to become a full-time writer.[14] Victoria Holmes approached her and asked if she would like to become a writer for the Erin Hunter team, and Sutherland accepted.[14] She is also the author of the novel series Wings Of Fire. And one of the outstanding authors for Spirit Animals.

title: Click Here : (To Find Out How I Survived Seventh Grade)

text: Erin receives many messages after the intranet is launched. Some are nice, agreeing that what she wrote was correct, but much more common were the mean notes. Rosie still supports her, her family along with her. Unfortunately, many other people do not, Jilly especially. Erin agrees that she did write some pretty horrible things about her, including Jilly's bruises from her bedframe that result from her fear of monsters in the night. Jilly thinks Erin released the blog to get even with her, and is embarrassed, enraged, and hurt.

title: Victoria Holmes

text: Victoria "Vicky" Holmes is an English author. She is better known as Erin Hunter, a pseudonym under which she and many others wrote the New York Times Bestselling "Warriors" books.

title: Cherith Baldry

text: Cherith Baldry (born 21 January 1947) is a British writer of children's fiction and fantasy fiction. Beside publication under her own name she is the author of some works published under each of the house pseudonyms Adam Blade, Jenny Dale, Jack Dillon, and Erin Hunter.

title: Erin Hunter

text: Philip is the author of The Empty City and A Hidden Enemy, the first two books in the Survivors series. She lives in the northeast Scottish Highlands with her husband, two children, three dogs, two cats, and hamster.[15] Philip has toured the United States twice as the face of the Erin Hunter responsible for "Survivors". In addition to Survivors, she has written the Rebel Angels series (Firebrand, Bloodstone, Wolfsbane and the forthcoming Icefall); the Darke Academy series, and young adult novels including Bad Faith, Crossing The Line and The Opposite of Amber. She was married in 1989 to Lan and had a set of twins, Lucy and Jamie.

title: Erin Hunter (field hockey)

text: Erin Hunter (born 20 March 1992) is a South African field hockey player for the South African national team.

title: Erin Hunter

text: Kate was the second author brought on board to write for the series. Holmes chose Cary to write the first book after Holmes had finished one storyline. In the first series she wrote Into the Wild, Fire and Ice and Rising Storm.[5] In the second series (The New Prophecy) she only wrote Dawn, the third book.[10] In the third series (Power of Three) she wrote The Sight, Dark River and Eclipse.[11] In the fourth series (Omen of The Stars) she wrote Fading Echoes and The Last Hope.[12]

title: Kate Cary

text: Kate Cary is a contributor to the "Warriors" book series, alongside Cherith Baldry, Victoria Holmes, and Tui Sutherland under the name of Erin Hunter, and she is also the single author of a series called "Bloodline" under no pseudonym.

title: Firestar's Quest

text: All of the "Warriors" novels are listed as being written by Erin Hunter. Erin Hunter is a pen name for four people, Victoria Holmes, who creates the storylines and edits, Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, and Tui Sutherland, who write the books in turns. Chronologically, "Firestar's Quest" takes place between the first two series—after the events of "The Darkest Hour" and before "Midnight". "Firestar's Quest" was put under the title "Warriors: Super Edition", as a special edition extra long book.

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: The Warriors website features Warriors screensavers,[91] along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting The Last Hope.[92] There is also a "How To Draw Manga" page.[93] In addition, there are games, including quizzes,[93] the New Prophecy Adventure, and the Warriors Adventure Game.[94] On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site, Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010.[95] It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010, but has not been released. Whether it will be a role-playing game is unknown. Erin Hunter has stated on the official Warriors website that there is still no plan for an official video game, but if there was, it would probably be based on a movie version of the Warriors series, which was at the time not under consideration.[95] Many fans have resorted to making their own games and websites, many of these sites being Play-by-post role-playing game forums.[68]

title: Into the Wild (novel)

text: Another theme found throughout the book is the hardship of life in the wild. Reviews have note how the story does not cover up the hardships of Clan life. "School Library Journal" commented on how the story describes the hardships and difficulties of a feral cat's life in detail and how there is no sugarcoating of the violence. Fantasy Book Review also wrote "Erin Hunter does not spare the reader from the grim realities of living in the wild". "Kirkus Reviews" noted that doing so shows how the Clans are on the brink of survival.

title: Aylmer Hunter-Weston

text: The journalist Ashmead-Bartlett wrote of how "a great number of the Brigadier-Generals openly refused to take any further orders from Hunter-Weston, who was responsible for the muddle … they all said that … he had been affected by the sun a little, and was incapable of giving orders". Hunter-Weston relieved Egerton of command of 52nd Division on 13 July, sending him to his ship for a night’s rest. Orlo Williams, a cipher officer, wrote in his diary (21 July) of how Hamilton, the nominal commander-in-chief of the campaign, had little direct involvement and how Hunter-Weston and a few staff officers were running the show.

title: Erin Hunter

text: The name "Erin Hunter" was chosen for a few reasons. First, if the authors used all of their own names, the books would be placed in different places in a library, making them hard to find. Second, they were trying to pick a surname that would place the books very close to the Redwall series by Brian Jacques, which was, at the time, the book series with the closest plot to Warriors. One of the authors suggested "Hunter", and the others found that it was "perfect" because not only did it place the book series close to Jacques, but it evokes the image of a cat.Victoria Holmes suggested ‘Erin' because she liked the name.[7] One of Victoria Holmes's favourite given names is Erin, and it was accepted for being a strong, Celtic name and "not particularly girly".[7]

title: Survivors (novel series)

text: Survivors is a children's novel series written by a team of authors under the pseudonym Erin Hunter, who also wrote the Warriors series. Survivors follows the adventures of a group of pet dogs who form a pack with the help of Lucky, a lone dog, after an earthquake separates them from their owners. The first book The Empty City was released on 21 August 2012, and was followed by A Hidden Enemy on 7 May 2013, Darkness Falls on 3 September 2013, The Broken Path on 11 February 2014, The Endless Lake on 3 June 2014, and Storm of Dogs released on 10 February 2015.

title: Erin Hunter

text: Cherith was the third author brought in to the Erin Hunter team and was born on 21 January 1947. Holmes invited her to join on the third book, Forest of Secrets after seeing her writing style and feeling that it was similar to Kate Cary's.[5] She wrote the rest of the books that Kate Cary did not write, since there were only 12 books of Cary's.

title: April Kelly

text:
She was a writer on the shows "Happy Days" and "Mork & Mindy". She was a producer on "Love, Sidney", "9 to 5", and "Teachers Only". She wrote the TV movies "I Still Dream of Jeannie", "How to Murder a Millionaire" and "Your Mother Wears Combat Boots" (under pseudonym Susan Hunter). She also co-created "Boy Meets World", "Girl Meets World" and now is the co-executive producer for the first season. She also wrote for the TV series "The Pursuit of Happiness" and "Becker". She was the supervising producer on "Where I Live" and "Webster".
She is also the author of "Winged". She is also the author of "Murder in One Take" which she co-wrote with Marsha Lyons.


query: What language was spoken by the Roman Empire?

title: Languages of the Roman Empire

text: Latin and Greek were the official languages of the Roman Empire, but other languages were important regionally. Latin was the original language of the Romans and remained the language of imperial administration, legislation, and the military throughout the classical period.[2] In the West it became the lingua franca and came to be used for even local administration of the cities including the law courts.[3][4] After all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire were universally enfranchised in 212 AD, a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin, though they were expected to acquire at least a token knowledge, and Latin remained a marker of "Romanness".[5]

title: Languages of the Roman Empire

text: Latin was the official language of the Roman army until the mid-6th century, and remained the most common language for military use even in the Eastern empire until the 630s.[31] By contrast, only two bishops are known to have spoken Latin at the ecumenical councils held during the reign of Theodosius II (d. 450 AD).[32]

title: Europe

text: Europe has about 225 indigenous languages, mostly falling within three Indo-European language groups: the Romance languages, derived from the Latin of the Roman Empire; the Germanic languages, whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the Slavic languages. Slavic languages are most spoken by the number of native speakers in Europe, they are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Romance languages are spoken primarily in south-western Europe as well as in Romania and Moldova, in Eastern Europe. Germanic languages are spoken in Northern Europe, the British Isles and some parts of Central Europe. Other Indo-European languages outside the three main groups include the Baltic group (that is, Latvian and Lithuanian), the Celtic group (that is, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton), Greek, Armenian, and Albanian.

title: Italic languages

text: Of course, the most famous Indo-European language in Italy is Latin, whose diffusion coincided with the expansion of Roman power. It must be recognized that the Romance languages ended up imposing themselves on the vernacular languages in many of the territories that were occupied by the Roman Empire, making the Italic branch the second most spoken in the world among the Indo-European languages, with about 550 million speakers.

title: Vulgar Latin

text: The original written Latin language (what is today referred to as "Classical Latin") was adapted from the actual spoken language of the Latins, with some minor modifications, long before the rise of the Roman Empire. As with many languages, over time the spoken "vulgar" language diverged from the written language, with the written language remaining somewhat static. During the classical period spoken (Vulgar) Latin still remained largely common across the Empire, some minor dialectal differences notwithstanding.

title: Romance languages

text: Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum, various counts of the modern Romance languages are given; for example, Dalby lists 23 based on mutual intelligibility. The following, more extensive list, includes 35 current, living languages, and one recently extinct language, Dalmatian:Romance languages are the continuation of Vulgar Latin, the popular and colloquial sociolect of Latin spoken by soldiers, settlers, and merchants of the Roman Empire, as distinguished from the classical form of the language spoken by the Roman upper classes, the form in which the language was generally written. Between 350 BC and 150 AD, the expansion of the Empire, together with its administrative and educational policies, made Latin the dominant native language in continental Western Europe. Latin also exerted a strong influence in southeastern Britain, the Roman province of Africa, western Germany, Pannonia and the whole Balkans.

title: Languages of the Roman Empire

text: Greek had been in use in the southern part of the Balkans since the late 4th century BC, as a result of the Macedonian conquests of Philip and Alexander. The ancient Macedonian language, perhaps a Greek dialect,[146] may have been spoken in some parts of what is now Macedonia and northern Greece; to the north of this area, Paeonian would have been used, and to the south Epirot, both scantily attested.[147]

title: Roman Empire

text: The dominance of Latin among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages, since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral. In the West, Latin, referred to in its spoken form as Vulgar Latin, gradually replaced Celtic and Italic languages that were related to it by a shared Indo-European origin. Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin.

title: Gauls

text: Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Latin of the late Roman Empire became dominant in Roman Gaul. According to Julius Caesar in his "Commentaries on the Gallic War", it was one of three languages in Gaul, the others being Aquitanian and Belgic. In Gallia Transalpina, a Roman province by the time of Caesar, Latin was the language spoken since at least the previous century. Gaulish is paraphyletically grouped with Celtiberian, Lepontic, and Galatian as Continental Celtic. The Lepontic language and the Galatian language are sometimes considered to be dialects of Gaulish.

title: Languages of the Roman Empire

text: Because communication in ancient society was predominantly oral, it can be difficult to determine the extent to which regional or local languages continued to be spoken or used for other purposes under Roman rule. Some evidence exists in inscriptions, or in references in Greek and Roman texts to other languages and the need for interpreters. For Punic, Coptic, and Aramaic or Syriac, a significant amount of epigraphy or literature survives.[7] The Celtic languages were widespread throughout much of western Europe, and while the orality of Celtic education left scant written records,[8] Celtic epigraphy is limited in quantity but not rare.[9] The Germanic languages of the Empire have left next to no inscriptions or texts, with the exception of Gothic.[10] Multilingualism contributed to the "cultural triangulation" by means of which an individual who was neither Greek nor Roman might construct an identity through the processes of Romanization and Hellenization.[11]

title: History of Latin

text: Surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin in its broadest definition. It includes a polished and sometimes highly stylized literary language sometimes termed Golden Latin, which spans the 1st century BC and the early years of the 1st century AD. However, throughout the history of ancient Rome the spoken language differed in both grammar and vocabulary from that of literature, and is referred to as Vulgar Latin. In addition to Latin, the Greek language was often spoken by the well-educated elite, who studied it in school and acquired Greek tutors from among the influx of enslaved educated Greek prisoners of war, captured during the Roman conquest of Greece. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which became the Byzantine Empire, the Greek Koine of Hellenism remained current and was never replaced by Latin. It continued to influence the Vulgar Latin that evolved into the Eastern Romance languages.

title: World language

text: The Romance languages bear testimony to the role of Latin as the "lingua franca" of the Roman Empire; for example, Italian has always been important in the Mediterranean region, and nowadays it is the most-spoken language among members of the Roman catholic hierarchy and it is also used in music (especially Opera) and the fashion industry. Turkish was similarly important as the primary language of the Ottoman Empire. Koine Greek was the "world language" of the Hellenistic period, but its distribution is not reflected in the distribution of Modern Greek due to the linguistic impact of the Slavic, Arabic and Turkic expansions. The distribution of the Arabic and Turkic languages, in turn, are a legacy of the Caliphates and the Turkic Khaganate, respectively.

title: African Romance

text: The Roman province of Africa was organized in 146 BC following the defeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War. Carthage, destroyed following the war, was rebuilt in the dictatorship of Julius Caesar as a Roman colony. In the time of the Roman Empire, the province had become populous and prosperous, and Carthage was the second-largest Latin-speaking city in the Empire. Latin was, however, largely an urban and coastal speech; Carthaginian Punic continued to be spoken in inland and rural areas as late as the mid-5th century. It is probable that Berber languages were spoken in some areas as well.

title: History of education

text: The official language of the empire was Quechua, although dozens if not hundreds of local languages were spoken. The Amautas did ensure that the general population learn Quechua as the language of the Empire, much in the same way the Romans promoted Latin throughout Europe; however, this was done more for political reasons than educational ones.

title: Sasanian Empire

text: Due to invasions from the Scythians and their sub-group, the Alans, into Azerbaijan, Armenia, and other places in the Caucasus, the places gained a larger, although small, Iranian population. Parthian, along with other Iranian dialects and languages was spoken in Khorasan, while to the further east in places which were not always controlled by the Sasanians, Sogdian, Bactrian and Khwarazmian was spoken. To the further south in Sistan, which saw an influx of Scythians during the Parthian period, Sistani was spoken. Kirman was populated by an Iranian group which closely resembled the Persians, while, farther to the east in Paratan, Turan and Makran, Balochi and non-Iranian languages were spoken. In major cities such as Gundeshapur and Ctesiphon, Latin, Greek and Syriac were spoken by Roman/Byzantine prisoners of war. Furthermore, Slavic and Germanic were also spoken in the Sasanian Empire, once again due to the capture of Roman soldiers. Semitic languages including Himyaritic and Sabaean were spoken in Yemen.

title: History of the Latin script

text: The Latin alphabet spread from Italy, along with the Latin language, to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, including Greece, Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as a lingua franca, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half of the Empire, and as the western Romance languages, including French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan, evolved out of Latin they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.

title: Ancient Rome

text: While Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire, Greek came to be the language spoken by the well-educated elite, as most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which later became the Byzantine Empire, Latin was never able to replace Greek, and after the death of Justinian, Greek became the official language of the Byzantine government. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and Vulgar Latin evolved into dialects in different locations, gradually shifting into many distinct Romance languages.

title: Latins

text: The original Latins were an Italic tribe inhabiting central Italy, in present-day Lazio. Through the conquests of their most populous city-state, Rome, the Latins united all Italic tribes in to one group and then with "Romanization" or "Latinization" spread their influence across their empire. As the Roman Empire spread to include areas that are now Spain, Portugal, France, and Romania, these joined Italy in becoming "Latin", as the languages spoken in these countries derive primarily from the Latin Language. In the late 15th–16th centuries, a millennium after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Portugal, Spain, and France began to create world empires. In consequence, by the mid-19th century, the former American colonies of these nations became known as "Latin America" and this region's inhabitants as "Latin Americans".

title: Mount Vesuvius

text: ' was a name of the volcano in frequent use by the authors of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. Its collateral forms were ', ', ' and '. Writers in ancient Greek used or . Many scholars since then have offered an etymology. As peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied Campania in the Roman Iron Age, the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time. Naples was settled by Greeks, as the name ', "New City", testifies. The Oscans, a native Italic people, lived in the countryside. The Latins also competed for the occupation of Campania. Etruscan settlements were in the vicinity. Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors.

title: Languages of Iberia

text: The following languages were spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in medieval times, following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

title: Culture of ancient Rome

text: Most of the surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which became the Byzantine Empire; Greek was the main lingua franca as it had been since the time of Alexander the Great, while Latin was mostly used by the Roman administration and its soldiers. Eventually Greek would supplant Latin as both the official written and spoken language of the Eastern Roman Empire, while the various dialects of Vulgar Latin used in the Western Roman Empire evolved into the modern Romance languages still used today.

title: Arabization

text: Since the foundation of the Ptolemaic kingdom in Alexandria, Egypt had been under the influence of Greek culture, and later fell under the control of the Persian Empire and Roman Empire. Eventually it was conquered from the Eastern Romans by the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th century CE. The Coptic language, which was written using the Coptic variant of the Greek alphabet, was spoken in Egypt before the Islamic conquest. As a result of Egypt's cultural Arabization, the adopted Arabic language began to serve as a lingua franca. The Egyptian Arabic dialect has retained a number of Coptic words, and the grammar takes some influence from Coptic, as well. Currently the Ancient Coptic language only survives as a liturgical language of the Coptic Church and is fluently spoken by many Egyptian priests.

title: State church of the Roman Empire

text: At the end of the 4th century the Roman Empire had effectively split into two parts although their economies and the Church were still strongly tied. The two halves of the Empire had always had cultural differences, exemplified in particular by the widespread use of the Greek language in the Eastern Empire and its more limited use in the West (Greek, as well as Latin, was used in the West, but Latin was the spoken vernacular).

title: Aromanian language

text: It is generally considered that sometime between 800 and 1,200 years ago, Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire, which is also known as Proto-Eastern Romance, broke up into four languages: Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. One possibility for the origin of Aromanian is that in the same way standard Romanian is believed to be descended from the Latin spoken by the Getae (Dacians ["Daco-Thracians"] and Roman settlers in what is now Romania), Aromanian descended from the Latin spoken by Thracian and Illyrian peoples living in the southern Balkans (Epirus, Macedonia and Thrace).

title: Languages of the Roman Empire

text: The dominance of Latin and Greek among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages, since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral.[51] In areas where Syriac, Coptic, Hebrew and Aramaic were spoken, they coexisted with Greek.[52]

title: Byzantine Empire

text: Apart from the Imperial court, administration and military, the primary language used in the eastern Roman provinces even before the decline of the Western Empire was Greek, having been spoken in the region for centuries before Latin.[251] Following Rome's conquest of the east its 'Pax Romana', inclusionist political practices and development of public infrastructure, facilitated the further spreading and entrenchment of Greek language in the east. Indeed, early on in the life of the Roman Empire, Greek had become the common language of the Church, the language of scholarship and the arts, and to a large degree the lingua franca for trade between provinces and with other nations.[252] Greek for a time became diglossic with the spoken language, known as Koine (eventually evolving into Demotic Greek), used alongside an older written form (Attic Greek) until Koine won out as the spoken and written standard.[253]

title: Old French

text: Beginning with Plautus's time (254–184 ), one can see phonological changes between Classical Latin and what is called Vulgar Latin, the common spoken language of the Western Roman Empire. Vulgar Latin differed from Classical Latin in phonology and morphology as well as exhibiting lexical differences. However they were mutually intelligible until the 7th century when Classical Latin 'died' as a daily spoken language, and had to be learned as a second language (though it was long thought of as the formal version of the spoken language). Vulgar Latin was the ancestor of the Romance languages, including Old French.

title: Italic languages

text: Latino-Faliscan, also known as the Western Italic languages: Faliscan, which was spoken in the area around Falerii Veteres (modern Civita Castellana) north of the city of Rome Latin, which was spoken in west-central Italy. The Roman conquests eventually spread it throughout the peninsula and beyond, in the Roman Empire. Romance languages, the descendants of Latin (evolved dialects of Latin) Venetic, spoken in northeastern Italy by the Veneti. Osco-Umbrian or Sabellian, or Eastern Italic languages: Oscan, which was spoken in the south-central region of the Italian Peninsula Marrucinian Paeligni Sidicini Umbrian (not to be confused with the modern Umbrian dialect of Italian), which was spoken in the north-central region Volscian Hernican Marsian, the language of the Marsi South Picene, in east-central Italy Sabine in Lazio and the central Apennines Pre-Samnite Unknown classification Aequian Vestinian Unknown Sicel, spoken in eastern Sicily by the Sicels (limited attestation).

title: Basque language

text: Latin inscriptions in Gallia Aquitania preserve a number of words with cognates in the reconstructed proto-Basque language, for instance, the personal names "Nescato" and "Cison" ("neskato" and "gizon" mean "young girl" and "man", respectively in modern Basque). This language is generally referred to as Aquitanian and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the Roman Republic's conquests in the western Pyrenees. Some authors even argue for late Basquisation, that the language moved westward during Late Antiquity after the fall of the Western Roman Empire  into the northern part of Hispania into what is now Basque Country.

title: Vulgar Latin

text: The term "common speech" ("sermo vulgaris"), which later became "Vulgar Latin", was used by inhabitants of the Roman Empire. Subsequently, it became a technical term from Latin and Romance-language philology referring to the unwritten varieties of a Latinised language spoken mainly by Italo-Celtic populations governed by the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

title: Iberian Romance languages

text: Like all Romance languages, the Iberian Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin. Vulgar Latin was the nonstandard (in contrast to Classical Latin) form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire. With the expansion of the empire, Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman-controlled territories. Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the Punic Wars, when the Romans conquered the territory (see Roman conquest of Hispania).