query: When did The Big Bang Theory first air on television?

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The first season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 24, 2007, to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes. An unaired pilot also exists. The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only Big Bang Theory DVD set not to have one. The reissued Blu-ray, was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set. The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo. Two of the main cast, Sheldon and Leonard, are named after actor, director, and producer Sheldon Leonard.[1]

title: Warm Kitty

text: In "The Big Bang Theory", the song is described by Sheldon as a song sung by his mother when he is ill. The lyrics on "The Big Bang Theory" are: "soft kitty, warm kitty, little ball of fur! Happy kitty, sleepy kitty, purr purr purr!" A scene depicting the origin of the song in Sheldon's childhood is depicted in an episode of "Young Sheldon", the prequel series to "The Big Bang Theory". This aired on February 1, 2018, and shows Sheldon's mother Mary singing the song to her son, who is suffering with the flu.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The Big Bang Theory initially received mixed reviews, receiving 52% "rotten" score on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews, with the critics consensus reading "The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television, but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff."[29] It also received a 57-point score on review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews", based on 23 reviews.[30]

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 9)

text: The ninth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" started airing on CBS on Monday, September 21, 2015. It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 5, 2015 for the season's seventh episode. It concluded on May 12, 2016. On March 12, 2014, "The Big Bang Theory" was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 season for a total of ten seasons. Laura Spencer was upgraded to the main cast during the season as Dr. Emily Sweeney, after being a recurring cast member for two seasons.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: In Canada, "The Big Bang Theory" aired on CTV Television Network. The season premiere ("The Skank Reflex Analysis") garnered 3.72 million viewers and the finale was watched by 4.04 million households. Most episodes were the most watched programme in Canada that week. The highest rating in season 5 was 4.05 million, for "The Infestation Hypothesis", and the lowest rating was 3.17 million, for "The Stag Convergence".

title: Young Sheldon

text: In November 2016, it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin-off of "The Big Bang Theory" centered on Sheldon Cooper as a young boy. The prequel series, described as "a "Malcolm in the Middle"-esque single-camera family comedy" would be executive produced by "The Big Bang Theory" co-creator Chuck Lorre and producer Steven Molaro, with "The Big Bang Theory" co-creator Bill Prady expected to be involved in some capacity, and intended to air in the 2017–18 season alongside "The Big Bang Theory". The initial idea for the series came from Jim Parsons (who portrays the older Sheldon on "The Big Bang Theory"), who passed it along to "The Big Bang Theory" producers. On March 13, 2017, CBS ordered the spin-off "Young Sheldon" series, which was created by Lorre and Molaro. Jon Favreau directed and executive produced the pilot. Parsons, Lorre, Molaro and Todd Spiewak also serve as executive producers on the series, for Chuck Lorre Productions, Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television. On September 27, 2017, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. On January 6, 2018, the show was renewed for a second season. The second season premiered on September 24, 2018.

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: Showrunner Steve Molaro, who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season, credits some of the show's success to the sitcom's exposure in off-network syndication, particularly on TBS, while Michael Schneider of "TV Guide" attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier. Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro, in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships, such as the on-again, off-again relationship between Leonard and Penny. Throughout much of the 2012–13 season, "The Big Bang Theory" placed first in all of syndication ratings, receiving formidable competition from only "Judge Judy" and "Wheel of Fortune" (first-run syndication programs). By the end of the 2012–13 television season, "The Big Bang Theory" had dethroned "Judge Judy" as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1, "Judy" descending to second place for that season with a 7.0. "The Big Bang Theory" did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013–14 television season, beaten out by "Judge Judy".

title: History of the Big Bang theory

text: The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang model.

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: "The Big Bang Theory" started off quietly in Canada, but managed to garner major success in later seasons. "The Big Bang Theory" is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates. Now immensely popular in Canada, "The Big Bang Theory" is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network.

title: Pilot (The Big Bang Theory)

text: The pilot episode and series premiere of "The Big Bang Theory" originally aired on CBS in the United States on September 24, 2007. It was written by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, and directed by James Burrows. It marks the first appearance of all five main characters in the series, and also guest stars Vernée Watson as Althea and Brian Patrick Wade as Kurt.

title: Big Bang Night in Canada

text: The programming block's name is a portmanteau of The Big Bang Theory, the American sitcom from CBS that will play during the block, and Hockey Night In Canada, a show that airs on CBC Television during that same time block. Due to the NHL strike, CBC is only broadcasting previous games instead of those of the now-cancelled 2012-2013 season. Likewise, "Big Bang Night in Canada" also plays reruns of previous episodes. Unlike "Hockey Night", new Big Bang episodes do play every Thursday at 8 ET/PT, but they are not branded as "Big Bang Night".

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: "The Big Bang Theory" started off slowly in the ratings, failing to make the top 50 in its first season (ranking 68th), and ranking 40th in its second season. When the third season premiered on September 21, 2009, however, "The Big Bang Theory" ranked as CBS's highest-rated show of that evening in the adults 18–49 demographic (4.6/10) along with a then-series-high 12.83 million viewers. After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights, CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8:00 ET for the 2010–2011 schedule, to be in direct competition with NBC's Comedy Block and Fox's "American Idol" (then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011). During its fourth season, it became television's highest rated comedy, just barely beating out eight-year champ "Two and a Half Men". However, in the age 18–49 demographic (the show's target age range), it was the second highest rated comedy, behind ABC's "Modern Family". The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", began airing on CBS on September 23, 2010. Season four started four months after the end of season 3.

title: Big Bang

text: Detailed observations of the morphology and distribution of galaxies and quasars are in agreement with the current state of the Big Bang theory. A combination of observations and theory suggest that the first quasars and galaxies formed about a billion years after the Big Bang, and since then, larger structures have been forming, such as galaxy clusters and superclusters.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: The fifth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 22, 2011, to May 10, 2012, over 24 episodes.

title: Meaning of life

text: Though the Big Bang theory was met with much skepticism when first introduced, it has become well-supported by several independent observations. However, current physics can only describe the early universe from 10 seconds after the Big Bang (where zero time corresponds to infinite temperature); a theory of quantum gravity would be required to understand events before that time. Nevertheless, many physicists have speculated about what would have preceded this limit, and how the universe came into being. For example, one interpretation is that the Big Bang occurred coincidentally, and when considering the anthropic principle, it is sometimes interpreted as implying the existence of a multiverse.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" aired on CBS from September 27, 2012, to May 16, 2013.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 8)

text: The eighth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" first aired on CBS with a one-hour premiere on Monday, September 22, 2014. It returned to its previous Thursday time slot on October 30 for the season's seventh episode. It concluded on May 7, 2015. On March 12, 2014, "The Big Bang Theory" was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 season for a total of ten seasons.

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre, "The Big Bang Theory" ends by showing for one second a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits, followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo. These cards are archived on Lorre's website.

title: Sheldon Cooper

text: Sheldon Lee Cooper, Ph.D., Sc.D., is a fictional character in the CBS television series "The Big Bang Theory" and its spinoff series "Young Sheldon", portrayed by actors Jim Parsons in "The Big Bang Theory" and Iain Armitage in "Young Sheldon" (with Parsons as the latter series' narrator). For his portrayal, Parsons has won four Primetime Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a TCA Award, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. The character's childhood is the focus of "Young Sheldon": the series' first season is set in 1989 when nine-year-old prodigy Sheldon has skipped ahead five grades, to start high school alongside his older brother.

title: The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report

text: Ferris explains in the beginning of his book the cosmological model as it has arrived to us today from ancient philosophy. He then goes into quantum physics, deep explanations of the Big Bang Theory and that "space" and matter in the Big Bang theory were able to move faster than the speed of light. He further explains that "space" itself was being created at the same time as its astronomical objects therein. These objects and "space" together were expanding at this speed greater than light, at least for the first fraction of a second. Ferris writes for the reader to understand that "space" was "created" in the Big Bang and did "not" preexist. He explains that all "space" and matter in the universe were in a "singularity" before the Big Bang even started. This means a "curvature of spacetime" that's immeasurably large.

title: TNT (U.S. TV network)

text: The TNT brand returned to the Spanish market in the summer of 2007, when it launched exclusively on pay television platform Digital+. , TNT is available on several subscription providers in Spain. TNT España is divided in two blocks: one exclusively carrying movies and another exclusively carrying television series (such as "The Vampire Diaries", "The Big Bang Theory", "Two and a Half Men", "Falling Skies" and "Sherlock"). In 2019, TNT España aired the first series they commissioned locally in Spain, "Vota Juan".

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The second pilot of The Big Bang Theory was directed by James Burrows, who did not continue with the show. This reworked pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007.[5] Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge. The show premiered September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007.[6]

title: List of The Big Bang Theory episodes

text: "The Big Bang Theory" is an American comedy television series created and executively produced by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady. Like the name of the series itself (with the exception of the first episode "Pilot"), episode titles of "The Big Bang Theory" always start with ""The"" and resemble the name of a scientific principle, theory or experiment, whimsically referencing a plot point or quirk in that episode.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)

text: The third season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 21, 2009 to May 24, 2010 with 23 episodes. It received higher ratings than the previous two seasons with over 15 million viewers. Season three started three months after the end of season two when the guys left for the North Pole.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 7)

text: The seventh season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" aired on CBS from September 26, 2013, to May 15, 2014.

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: The first and second pilots of "The Big Bang Theory" were directed by James Burrows, who did not continue with the show. The reworked second pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007. Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge. The show premiered on September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007. The show is filmed in front of a live audience, and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions. Production was halted on November 6, 2007, due to the Writers Guild of America strike. Nearly three months later, on February 4, 2008, the series was temporarily replaced by a short-lived sitcom, "Welcome to The Captain". The series returned on March 17, 2008, in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season.

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 12)

text: The twelfth and final season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on September 24, 2018.[1][2] The series returned to its regular Thursday time slot on September 27, 2018.

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: In November 2016, it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin-off of "The Big Bang Theory" centered on Sheldon as a young boy. The prequel series, described as "a "Malcolm in the Middle"-esque single-camera family comedy" would be executive-produced by Lorre and Molaro, with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity, and intended to air in the 2017–18 season alongside "The Big Bang Theory". The initial idea for the series came from Parsons, who passed it along to "The Big Bang Theory" producers. In early March 2017, Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon, as well as Zoe Perry as his mother, Mary Cooper. Perry is the real-life daughter of Laurie Metcalf, who portrays Mary Cooper on "The Big Bang Theory".

title: List of The Big Bang Theory characters

text: The American television sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", created and executive produced by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.


query: Who is Dexter's sister?

title: Jennifer Carpenter

text: Jennifer Leann Carpenter (born December 7, 1979) is an American actress. She is known for playing Debra Morgan, the adoptive sister of the title character of the Showtime series Dexter, for which she earned a Saturn Award in 2009, and also for playing Rebecca Harris in the CBS television series Limitless.

title: Dexter Romweber

text: Dexter's current band, The Dex Romweber Duo, began as Dexter and drummer Crash LaResh, who performed with Dexter from 1995 to 2007. The original Duo toured extensively and recorded several 7 inch releases and recorded two full length albums ("Chased By Martians" and "Blues That Defy My Soul"), but these were credited as solo Dex Romweber releases. Crash LaResh left the band in 2007 and was replaced by Dexter's sister, Sara Romweber. In 2009, the pair released their debut album, "Ruins of Berlin", on Bloodshot Records. The album featured guest appearances from Exene Cervenka, Cat Power, Neko Case, and longtime friend Rick Miller of Southern Culture on the Skids. The band toured the U.S. twice in support of the record, playing support for The Detroit Cobras on the second tour.

title: Darkly Dreaming Dexter

text: The killer begins sending messages to Dexter, who finds the crimes fascinating. Dexter is torn between helping Deborah and allowing the killer to continue his spree. Meanwhile due to his strange dreams Dexter wants to kill somebody so he follows a man whom he suspects of raping and killing five teenage girls and kills that man after confirming that the man did those crimes. The killer kidnaps Deborah and brings Dexter to the scene, revealing that his sister is being held in the same shipping container Dexter's mother Laura was held in. The killer is Dexter's biological brother, Brian, who was separated from Dexter after their mother's murder at the hands of a drug dealer. As Deborah's spiteful colleague, Migdia LaGuerta, arrives on the scene, Brian is disappointed that Dexter refuses to kill Deborah. Dexter allows Brian to kill LaGuerta and helps him get away out of loyalty to his brother. In the epilogue Dexter stands at LaGuerta's funeral and feels sad but cannot get himself to cry.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: In the season finale, Travis, believing Dexter to be dead, prepares for his final ascension into Heaven by completing the last of his tableaus during a solar eclipse. Hiding in Dexter's empty apartment, Travis learns of Harrison, and as the final sacrifice requires the death of an innocent, Travis kidnaps Harrison at his Catholic school's Sunday pageant and attempts to kill him atop the Miami Transcorp Building. In the midst of his ritual, Travis is halted by the reappearance of Dexter who proceeds to bargain his life for Harrison's. As Travis believes Dexter to be the embodiment of The Beast and values his death above all others, he agrees to release Harrison but not before demanding that Dexter inject himself with some of his tranquilizers to render himself unconscious. Unbeknownst to Travis, Dexter, having anticipated his demands, plays possum and manages to overpower DDK, knocking him out during their ensuing struggle. After dropping Harrison back home, Dexter brings Travis back to the abandoned church, and after a heated debate concerning the existence of God, Travis screams that it is not God's Will that he is to die by Dexter's hand, with Dexter concluding that things are exactly the way they are supposed to be. Dexter then stabs DDK in full view of his sister Debra, who had unknowing walked into the church at the exact moment Dexter murdered Travis.

title: Bernice King

text: The next day, Dexter Scott King's lawyers contended that Bernice was legally compelled to turn the letters over to Dexter, but ignored the order. Dexter's attorney Wood said "Regardless of what your last name is, if you have willfully withheld then you must suffer the consequences." Wood noted that Bernice denied the existence of the safety deposit box several times while under oath, which she said she found after the death of her sister Yolanda, who once owned it.

title: Rude Removal

text: Dexter invents the Rude Removal System, a machine to remove the rudeness from his sister Dee Dee. However, Dee Dee thinks Dexter is the one who is rude. They start fighting and both wind up in the machine. Inadvertently, the Rude Removal System is activated, splitting the pair into well-behaved and rude halves, with the well behaved duplicates speaking with British accents, and the rude duplicates speaking with New York City accents. The rude pair use profanity and harbor destructive tendencies. They proceed to insult their mother and destroy the house and Dexter's lab. Dexter and Dee Dee trick their rude halves back into the Rude Removal System and reverse the process, combining the rude and polite halves and resolving the problem. The segment ends with Dexter and Dee Dee's mother holding a bar of soap, poised to wash the filthy words from their mouths.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: On a visit to his sister, Dexter and Debra both feel as if they have been drugged; just before he passes out, Dexter sees Hannah standing over him. When he later regains consciousness, Dexter begins investigating Hannah, and finds that she has changed her name and married Miles Foster (Julian Sands), a wealthy businessman. Dexter goes to see Hannah, who says that she had wanted him to kill Foster, but changed her mind after realizing she is still in love with Dexter. Foster warns him to stay away from Hannah, and has him beaten up. Dexter goes to Foster's boat to protect Hannah, but finds that she has already killed him. The two of them dispose of the body, and promise to watch out for each other. The two end up having sex and rekindle their relationship.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: When Dexter, Rita, Debra (Dexter's adopted sister) and "Rudy" came to sort out Joe's house, Dexter took blood samples of himself and Joe and sent them to Vince Masuka to perform a DNA test, which came back as a match. Dexter suspected that Joe's apparent heart attack was actually murder. However, the body was cremated before Dexter could obtain proof, and thus he never found out what "Rudy" had done. Rudy and Dexter stole Joe's ashes and scattered them at the entrance of Joe's favorite bowling alley.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: By the sixth season, Harrison has grown old enough to enter preschool by the premiere. Now being babysat by Batista's sister Jamie, he does not seem to have endured any permanent psychological impact from his mother's death. He is often seen playing or being read to by Dexter, who calls him a "light" to his "darkness". Harrison undergoes an appendectomy in the fourth episode, causing Dexter to have a crisis of faith.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: After the baby, Harrison, is born, Rita and Dexter move into a house together in the suburbs. Rita begins to notice a pattern of lies from Dexter, including deceiving her about the concussion he suffered in the car accident and the ownership of his old apartment. Rita and Dexter then go to a marriage counselor, who allows them to sort out their problems and instigates peace between them. However, their neighbor, Elliot, begins to fall for Rita, kissing her and pointing out that Dexter is never home. Though she initially kisses him back, she quickly ends it before something begins. In the Season 4 finale, Rita is murdered by the Trinity Killer, leaving her son Harrison sitting in a pool of her blood.Debra Morgan (known as Deborah Morgan in the book) is the younger foster sister of Dexter and biological child of Harry Morgan. Debra believed that she truly knew her father, but is unaware of the secrets he kept, especially concerning Dexter (whom she sees as a true brother). Inspired by their father's legendary police career, Debra joined the police and desperately yearned to become a homicide detective. Initially assigned to Vice, she was transferred to Homicide at the start of the first season. Being new to the job and very insecure, she largely relied on Dexter's expertise on murderers to solve difficult cases. Debra met Rudy Cooper, who unknown to her is the Ice Truck Killer using her to get close to Dexter. She falls in love with him, but is later kidnapped by him in order to be able to reveal himself to Dexter. She is bound to a table in the same manner that Dexter kills his victims, while Dexter and Brian discuss her fate. In the show, she is unconscious, but in "Darkly Dreaming Dexter", she is awake and finds out that her brother is a killer. Debra is severely affected by Rudy's betrayal; she moves in with Dexter for fear of being alone.

title: Arthur Mitchell (Dexter)

text: As Mitchell plans a trip to Tampa to build a house, Dexter concocts a plan to go to a meteorological convention to establish an alibi so he has a reason to be in Tampa as well. Mitchell reluctantly allows Dexter to tag along when Dexter claims he's done something terrible that only Mitchell can help him recover from. Dexter, hoping to redeem his murder of an innocent man, plans to murder the decidedly guilty Mitchell along the way. During their road trip, however, Mitchell pushes Dexter to admit his terrible deed, and Dexter claims to have killed someone in a hunting accident. This admission greatly affects Mitchell, who sees it as a sign of kinship. He takes Dexter to his old home and tells him that when he was 10, he startled his sister while spying on her in the shower; she fell and broke the glass door, slicing her femoral artery and bleeding to death. His mother later committed suicide by leaping off a building, leaving him in the care of his abusive father; Dexter conjectures that Mitchell bludgeoned his father to death, accounting for the third victim.

title: Dexter Walker

text: Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) asks Dexter to talk to her son VJ Patterson (Felix Dean) who is starting secondary school, about attending Summer Bay High. Dexter begins filming people with a video camera and is caught by Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) who is a member of a surfing gang named The River Boys. Dexter is kidnapped by two of the gang's members, who leave him in the forest. Dexter later returns home. Sometime afterwards Dexter and his group of friends go on a camping trip. Dexter is interested romantically in April but she is already dating Dexter's friend Xavier Austin (David Jones Roberts). Dexter takes Kate Hanlon (Mikayla Southgate) on the trip to make April jealous. April later begins a relationship with Dexter Behind Xavier's back. Xavier finds out about Dexter's relationship with April when he sees them kissing. Xavier is furious and punches Dexter in the nose. The two later become friends again. Dexter finds out that he has a sister, Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman). Shortly afterwards Dexter sees naked pictures of Sasha around school and is furious.Dexter and April plan to sleep with each other after the upcoming year 12 formal. Dexter attends the year 12 formal. Dallas Phillips (Emma Griffin) kisses Dexter just as April enters. April later ends their relationship. Dexter becomes a nurse at Summer Bay Hospital. His first patient is Dallas's son William (Daniel Place). Dexter finds out that Dallas is living in her car and gets her a job at the Gelato Bar. Dexter is jealous when April begins to date Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing). Dexter and the rest of the Walker family discover that Sasha has been assaulted repeatedly by her boyfriend Stu Henderson (Brenton Thwaites). Dexter and Xavier look for Stu with the intention of confronting him but he has disappeared. Stu is later found dead.

title: Dexter (episode)

text: Dexter is contacted by his foster sister Debra (Jennifer Carpenter), a vice officer in the Miami Metro Police Department. Dexter, a blood spatter analyst for the department, assists Debra in investigating an apparent serial killer targeting prostitutes. Dexter examines the latest victim and is shocked to find no trace of blood on the dismembered corpse. At the police station, Dexter discusses another murder case being handled by James Doakes (Erik King), a detective who dislikes him. Later, Dexter watches Jamie Jaworski, a murderer who escaped justice due to a faulty warrant, and breaks into his home to find evidence. Once he confirms that Jaworski is guilty, Dexter meets with his girlfriend Rita Bennett (Julie Benz), a former victim of domestic abuse victim; Rita has two young children, Astor and Cody. While on a date with Rita, Dexter finds another murder scene with no traces of blood, this time with the victim's head missing. Dexter theorizes that the killer murders his victims in extreme cold, explaining the absence of blood, and might be using a stolen refrigerated truck. Dexter allows Debra to pitch the theory, but their superior officer, Lt. María LaGuerta (Lauren Vélez), dismisses it.

title: Left Turn Ahead

text: The FBI is displeased with the lack of progress in the Bay Harbor Butcher case and assigns a deputy director to take over Lundy's role in the investigation. Angel is arrested for the sexual assault of Lila, who offers to drop the charges if Dexter will resume their relationship. Debra investigates Lila's past with Lundy and discovers she is using an alias, eventually discovering that she is an illegal immigrant by fingerprinting Angel's microwave. Meanwhile, using Dexter's GPS navigation which she stole from the van while Dexter was taking Rita and the kids out for one last day of freedom, Lila discovers the cabin in the swamp, where Doakes is being held. La Guerta is in Haiti and finds out that Doakes was there to get slides analyzed. She calls Lundy and he is interested in getting the details. Dexter changes his mind on turning himself in after having steaks with his sister who tells him he just needs to accept who he is and move on.

title: Dexter Is Delicious

text: Nine months after the previous book, Dexter and Rita's daughter Lily is born. The birth brings remarkable changes in Dexter; apart from feeling genuine love and emotions for the first time, he also does not feel his "Dark Passenger's" compulsion to kill and vows to swear off his dark hobby in order to be a good father for his daughter. Dexter is called to a crime scene by his sister Deborah, who is in the middle of a jurisdictional fight with the FBI over a reported kidnapping. Dexter believes that the large quantity of blood found there was planted, and that the missing girl in question, Samanatha Aldovar, is faking her disappearance in order to get money from her parents. Dexter runs tests and discovers that the blood type does not match Samantha.

title: Hannah McKay

text: When Sal Price, a true crime writer who has written a book about Wayne Randall, wants to write a sequel about Hannah, she agrees to an interview. She admits to stabbing the woman at the hotel and then poisons Price, who later collapses and dies in Dexter's apartment. Furious over Price's death, and knowing that Hannah had confessed to him, Dexter's adoptive sister Debra calls Hannah in for questioning. Debra has very little proof against Hannah and instead baits her with information about a miscarriage. Dexter later confronts Hannah at her home, telling her that Price's death was needless. Hannah is touched to learn that Dexter deleted Price's files. She and Dexter later sleep together.

title: Colin Dexter

text: Dexter was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, to Alfred and Dorothy Dexter. He had an elder brother, John, a fellow classicist, who taught Classics at The King's School, Peterborough, and a sister, Avril. Alfred ran a small garage and taxi company from premises in Scotgate, Stamford. Dexter was educated at St. John's Infants School, Bluecoat Junior School, from which he gained a scholarship to Stamford School, a boys' public school, where one of his contemporaries was the England international cricket captain and England international rugby player M. J. K. Smith.

title: Dexter (season 6)

text: Dexter learns that the Trinity Killer's wife and daughter have been found dead in Nebraska, which Jonah Mitchell reports was the work of his father, Arthur Mitchell. Dexter, the only person who knows the Trinity Killer is dead, suspects that Jonah is following in his father's footsteps and goes to Nebraska to kill Jonah, encouraged by a vision of his brother, Brian Moser, the Ice Truck Killer. However, after confronting Jonah, Dexter learns that his sister committed suicide and Jonah killed his mother in a fit of rage, and wants to die out of guilt. Dexter decides to forgive Jonah and leaves him alive to deal with his demons.

title: Dexter's Laboratory

text: Dexter's Laboratory is an American comic science fiction animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Cartoon Network. It follows Dexter, a boy-genius and inventor with a hidden laboratory in his room, which he keeps secret from his parents. He is in a constant battle with his older sister Dee Dee, who always finds a way to get inside Dexter's lab and foil his experiments. Dexter engages in a bitter rivalry with a fellow boy-genius named Mandark, who is Dexter's neighbor and classmate. Prominently featured in the series' first two seasons are the superhero-based secondary characters Monkey, Dexter's pet lab-monkey/superhero, and The Justice Friends, a trio of superheroes who share an apartment.

title: Dexter by Design

text: Deborah Morgan: Dexter's adoptive sister and a police detective with the homicide department of Miami Police Department. Deborah has recently learned of Dexter's "hobby", and feels conflicted about keeping it a secret. Further complicating her feelings is the fact that Dexter saved her boyfriend, Kyle Chutsky, from a particularly brutal serial killer in "Dearly Devoted Dexter

title: Dexter (season 1)

text: The first season of "Dexter" is an adaptation of Jeff Lindsay's first novel in the "Dexter" series, "Darkly Dreaming Dexter". Subsequent seasons have featured original storylines. This season aired from October 1, 2006 to December 17, 2006, and follows Dexter's investigation of "The Ice Truck Killer". Introduced in the first episode, "Dexter", this serial killer targets prostitutes and leaves their bodies severed and bloodless. At the same time, Dexter's foster sister, Debra Morgan (Jennifer Carpenter), a vice squad officer, aspires to work in the homicide department, and Dexter's girlfriend, Rita Bennett (Julie Benz), wants their relationship to be more intimate. Christian Camargo appears as Rudy Cooper and is a recurring character until the end of the season.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: In season 6, he reappears in the episode "Nebraska" as the sole survivor of his family who has been murdered by who was reported to be the Trinity Killer. While Dexter suspects that Jonah was the perpetrator, with evidence supporting, Jonah's guilt emerges in a confrontation which shows that he killed his mother for instigating his sister's suicide. No longer truly fitting the Code of Harry, Dexter tells him to forgive himself and returns to Miami.Rebecca Mitchell is the daughter of Arthur and Sally. Though she is a 15-year-old teenager her room resembles that of a young child. After running away once Arthur now has locks on the outside of the door and on the windows. Arthur sometimes calls her "Vera", the name of his deceased sister. When Dexter asks her about this and tries to console her, she asks him to take her away, saying she would do "anything", implying she will give him sexual favors to do so (which Dexter flatly refuses). Both Becca and her mother believe he will take Becca up on her offer, however, the latter hopes that Dexter will not allow Arthur to find out. She is last seen in tears being taken out of her home by the police when they uncover that Arthur is Trinity.

title: The Children's Bach

text: The novel, set in Melbourne, concerns a couple, Athena and Dexter, who lead a self-sufficient life with their two sons, one of whom is severely disabled. Their apparently "comfortable rut is disrupted by the arrival of Elizabeth, a tough nut from Dexter's past." Elizabeth brings with her her sister Vicki, Elizabeth's sometime lover Philip, and Philip's prepubescent daughter, Poppy. Through them, Athena and Dexter are drawn into a world whose ideas and values test the foundations of their relationship.

title: List of Dexter characters

text: In Season 5, he strongly suspects Rita was really murdered by Dexter and not Trinity, because of subtle differences in MO and because Rita shared a kiss with the neighbor. He also believes that Dexter was the Kyle Butler that was hanging out with Arthur. He tracks down Trinity's son, hoping he can identify Dexter as Kyle, but he is stopped by the FBI and suspended by LaGuerta. Unable to continue, Quinn hires Stan Liddy to investigate Dexter. After a one-night stand with Debra, Quinn repeatedly tries to get her back into bed, eventually succeeding as the two begin to date, until Debra discovers that Quinn was suspended by LaGuerta for investigating Dexter, and not taking vacation days as he had said. Liddy begins to harass Quinn but Quinn does not wish to continue investigating Dexter because of his romantic feelings for his sister, Debra. Stan Liddy was killed by Dexter in self-defense. Quinn is the main suspect because there is blood on his shoe and numerous calls between his phone and Liddy. Dexter makes the blood evidence on Quinn's shoe go away and Quinn is once again a free man. Quinn thanks Dexter, who plays dumb and just says "For what? Just doing my job."

title: List of The Dumping Ground characters

text:
Series 3
Dexter turns up at The Dumping Ground looking for his sister, however his sister, Sasha (Annabelle Davis) tells him he has to go and she gets him out of The Dumping Ground. Sasha realises Dexter took her room key, so she goes home for it and Dexter needs Sasha's help to get nappies. Sasha ends up going shopping with May-Li (Stacy Liu) and she catches Dexter shoplifting nappies and Dexter tells her he couldn't find any money. After catching Dexter trying to shoplift, Sasha goes home and Murphy (Thomas and Oliver Waldram) is all alone. Dexter turns up unexpectedly, asking for Sasha. Dexter later throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector's (Shameem Ahmed) car in order to be taken into care, but his family are given the support of Social Services.

title: Are You...?

text: The series revolves around Dexter Morgan (portrayed by Michael C. Hall), a psychopathic serial killer who was raised by his adoptive father, Harry (James Remar), to adhere to a "Code." Known to Dexter as "Harry's Code", this set of rules states that Dexter only kill criminals who deserve it, usually ones who have escaped legal justice, such as other serial killers, murderers and rapists. He works as a blood spatter analyst for the Miami Metro Police Department. Dexter has spent the last six seasons hiding his identity from his friends and family (only a few characters have learned of him and his MO throughout the series); especially from his sister Debra Morgan (Jennifer Carpenter), whom he is the closest to. The previous episode ended with Deb walking in on Dexter killing Travis Marshall (Colin Hanks), a religious-themed serial killer who Dexter and the police had spent the last season trying to apprehend. Dexter convinces Deb to help him cover up the murder, while trying to convince her the murder was a one-time event. The episode also introduced plotlines that would continue throughout the season, such as the introduction of the Russian Mafia. Dexter kills Viktor Baskov (Enver Gjokaj) for killing Miami Metro Detective Mike Anderson (Billy Brown), which prompts the arrival of Baskov's superior, Isaak Sirko (special guest star Ray Stevenson) in Miami. The episode also introduced a subplot involving Miami Metro Captain and Dexter and Debra's boss, María LaGuerta (Lauren Vélez).

title: Dexter's Laboratory: Deesaster Strikes!

text: Dexter's sister Dee Dee goes into Dexter's clone machine and create dozens of copies of herself. Dexter has to catch all of the clones and fix all of the machines that they broke. While Dexter tries to catch all of the clones, he has to fight monsters and robots. There are 70 levels and 8 areas.

title: Dexter School

text: The Dexter School was an independent school for boys in Brookline, Massachusetts, United States. The school was founded in 1926. The school motto was "Our Best Today, Better Tomorrow." In 2013 the Dexter School merged with the sister school Southfield School to form Dexter Southfield with which it had shared its campus since 1992.

title: Snafu Comics

text: The comic is known to be much darker in tone than the animated series on which it is based. One of the darker elements of the story is Dexter of the show "Dexter's Laboratory" having to deal with the death of his older sister Dee Dee, who was accidentally killed by her admirer and Dexter's nemesis, Mandark, who himself later tries to commits suicide. It is also known to have characters written in very different ways from how they act in their respective programs. Despite this, some characters retain their personalities, such as the egotistical but useless Irken Zim and his completely insane robot dog GIR.

title: Darkly Dreaming Dexter

text: Dexter succeeds in managing his double life until he investigates the "Tamiami Slasher", who has murdered three prostitutes. Dexter's adoptive sister, Deborah, who is also on the force and wants to be promoted to Homicide — and knowing that her brother has eerie "hunches" — asks him for help in solving the case. Dexter eventually decides to help Deborah due to his moral code, but still feels a compelling pull to the killer due to similar desires. After a lucid dream, Dexter drives around Miami and spots a refrigerated truck. When he follows the truck, the killer throws a severed head at his car.

title: Dexter (season 4)

text: Arthur takes Dexter on a weekend trip to Tampa, taking him to the house in which he grew up. This is where he, at age ten, saw his older sister die after he inadvertently surprised her in the bathroom; she fell through the glass shower door and severed her femoral artery, killing her almost immediately. Arthur's trauma is analogous to the event that transformed Dexter and his brother into killers. Dexter later stops Arthur from trying to commit suicide. Dexter discovers that the Trinity series represents the deaths of Arthur's sister, mother and father, and that Arthur has likely been using the Four Walls One Heart program to cover his tracks. Dexter discovers that Arthur's home life is not as pleasant as it appeared, as Arthur abuses his son and locks his daughter in her bedroom, and when things get violent at Thanksgiving dinner, Dexter is forced to subdue Arthur to prevent him from hurting his family. Now assured of Arthur's guilt, Dexter begins to make plans to kill him.


query: Who was the first female skater to land the triple axel?

title: Axel jump

text: In the early years of skating, jumping was the exclusive domain of men. Sonja Henie is generally acknowledged as the first female skater to perform an Axel jump. Today, however, her Axel technique (preserved in her many films) would be considered very poor, since her jumps were badly pre-rotated without a "step up", giving them more the character of a jumped spin. In 1953, Carol Heiss was the first woman to perform a double Axel. Thirty-five years later, Midori Ito (JPN) became the first woman to land the triple Axel jump in competition, when she first performed it at the 1988 NHK Trophy. Since then, eight other women (Tonya Harding (USA), Yukari Nakano (JPN), Ludmila Nelidina (RUS), Mao Asada (JPN), Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS), Rika Kihira (JPN), Mirai Nagasu (USA), and Alysa Liu (USA)) have succeeded in completing the jump in international competition, while another woman, Kimmie Meissner (USA), first completed the jump at the 2005 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. Midori Ito (JPN), Mao Asada (JPN), and Mirai Nagasu (USA) are the only women who have landed triple Axel jumps in Olympic games. Tonya Harding (USA) was the first woman to land two triple Axel jumps in the same competition (1991 Skate America). Mao Asada (JPN) was the first junior ladies competitor in history to land the triple Axel jump successfully, at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. This feat was next accomplished by fellow Japanese skater Rika Kihira who landed the jump at the 2016 JGP Ljubljana. Mao Asada (JPN) was the first woman to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition (2010 Winter Olympics). Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS) is the first woman to land four triple jumps in a short program including a triple Axel: 3A, 3Lz, 3T-3T (2015 World Championships) Rika Kihira (JPN) was the first woman to land a triple Axel-triple toeloop combination (2017-2018 JGP Final). Mirai Nagasu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup in Moscow, Russia. She was the first female athlete from the United States ever to land the triple Axel jump during an Olympic competition, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[2] Alysa Liu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2018 CS Asian Figure Skating Trophy, making her the youngest female athlete in history to land the jump successfully in international competition, at 12 years old.

title: Quadruple jump controversy

text: A triple Axel is worth 8.2 points as opposed to the quad's base value of 9.8. A skater can earn up to three bonus points if the triple Axel is well executed. Some figure skaters feel that instead of risking penalties for falling while attempting a quad, it is better to attempt a triple Axel, which is safer and more likely to be landed cleanly. Additionally, the difference in base value between a triple Axel and a triple lutz is 2.2 points, whereas between a quadruple toe and a triple Axel it is only 1.6 points. The degree of difficulty, however, between a triple Axel and a quad is greater than the degree of difficulty between a triple Lutz and a triple Axel.

title: Yukari Nakano

text: At her first senior international event, the 2002 Skate America, Nakano became the third female skater in the history of the sport to land a triple axel in an ISU sanctioned competition, and the first to have done so in ten years. She went on to land a triple axel-double toe loop combinations at the 2002 Japanese Nationals, the West Japan Championships 2002, and the Kanto Gakusei Freeskating Championships 2004.

title: Mao Asada

text: She held the world record for the ladies' short program score, until the record was broken by Evgenia Medvedeva at the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final. A former prodigy, Asada is the fifth woman and the first junior girl to land the triple axel, accomplishing this feat at the 2004–05 Junior Grand Prix Final. She won her first Grand Prix Final at the age of 15. Considered by many to be the best figure skater in the world at that time, Asada was 87 days too young to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She is the first figure skater in a singles discipline from Asia to win multiple world championships. At the 2013 Skate America, she became the first singles skater, male or female, to win all seven of the current events on the Grand Prix series. She holds 15 Grand Prix series titles, the third most of all time. At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Asada successfully accomplished 8 triple jumps in her individual free skate, becoming the first lady to ever do so, even though 2 were downgraded for lacking rotations. Due to her artistic interpretation, international success since the young age of 15, rare ability to accomplish the triple Axel, and collection of ISU titles surpassing any other ladies singles figure skater during her time, she has established herself as one of the most highly recognized athletes in Japan and is widely considered to be among the best ladies figure skaters of all time.

title: Axel jump

text: The Axel is a figure skating jump with a forward take off. It is named after Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen who, in 1882, was the first skater to perform the jump. Compared to other common figure skating jumps, an Axel has an extra ½ rotation in the air because of its forward take off. Most skaters perform the jump with counterclockwise rotation, taking off from the left forward outside edge and landing on the right back outside edge. The Axel can also be done as a double jump with 2½ rotations, or as a triple jump with 3½ rotations, or a quadruple Axel with 4½ rotations, but no skater has yet accomplished a quadruple Axel in competition.

title: Brian Orser

text: Orser became the second man to land the triple Axel when he performed it in winning his Canadian junior title in 1979, at a time when few senior skaters were even attempting it. Over the next few years, Orser performed the jump more frequently and more consistently than any other skater of the time. Orser became the first man to land the triple axel at the Olympics when he landed it in his free skate at the 1984 Winter Olympics. He won the silver medal behind Scott Hamilton, and then won the silver at 1984 Worlds, again behind Hamilton. Only Orser's low placements in the compulsory figures prevented him from winning both titles.

title: Elizaveta Tuktamysheva

text: At the 2015 World Championships, she became the first female skater to land four triple jumps in a short program (triple Axel, triple lutz, and a triple toe-triple toe combination).

title: 2002 Skate America

text: Yukari Nakano and Ludmila Nelidina both landed a triple axel in their free skating, together becoming the first female skaters to perform the jump in international competition since Midori Ito landed it at the 1992 Winter Olympics. Nakano landed it first and Nelidina, who skated after her, also performed it successfully.

title: Brian Orser

text: In the 1984-1985 season, after Hamilton's retirement, Orser was seemingly poised to become the dominant champion. However, he had an imperfect worlds, and placed second to Alexander Fadeev, who also had the triple axel in his repertoire. Orser resolved to begin including two axels, not just one, in his free skate, in order to give himself an advantage over Fadeev. He finally won Worlds in 1987. At that competition he became the first skater at the World Championships to land two triple axels in the free skate and three in the same competition.

title: Nicolas Pétorin

text: At an event in Sofia on 4 February 1988, Pétorin became the first French skater to land a triple Axel in international competition.

title: Axel jump

text: Axel Paulsen (NOR) was the first skater to perform the jump named after him, in 1882. He performed this feat wearing speed skates rather than figure skates. Dick Button (USA) was the first skater credited with a double Axel jump in competition. He performed this at the 1948 Winter Olympics, although footage of the jump shows that it may have been underrotated. Button's coach Gus Lussi was responsible for developing the modern Axel jump technique. Vern Taylor (CAN) was the first to land a triple Axel in competition at the 1978 World Figure Skating Championships. It has since become a standard jump for male competitors, but it is rare for female skaters to successfully land them or attempt them in a competition setting. Brian Orser (CAN) was the first skater to put two triple Axel jumps in the same program and the first to accomplish this at the World level at the 1987 World Figure Skating Championships; since he also landed one in the short program, he additionally was the first skater to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition.

title: International figure skating

text: At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Midori Ito became the first woman to land seven triple jumps in one segment. In March 1989, she won Japan's first World title in figure skating. In February 1992, she became the first Japanese skater to stand on an Olympic podium, winning silver at the Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. She is the first woman to land a triple-triple jump combination and a triple Axel in competition.

title: Carol Heiss

text: In 1953, Heiss became the first female skater to land a double Axel jump. One of her trademarks was performing a series of alternating clockwise and counterclockwise single Axels. She normally rotated her jumps clockwise and spins counterclockwise; it is much more common for skaters to do both in the same direction (usually counterclockwise).

title: Ludmila Nelidina

text: Nelidina landed a triple axel in competition at the 2002 Skate America. Together with Yukari Nakano, who also completed a triple axel at that competition, Nelidina was the first female skater in 10 years to perform a triple axel in international competition. She is the first European lady skater to land a triple axel in competition, the other skaters having been from Japan and the United States.

title: Denis Ten

text:
Ten began his season competing in the 2008–09 JGP. At his first event in Courchevel, France, he placed 5th in the short program and in the free skate to place 4th overall, placing 7.82 behind bronze medalist Florent Amodio. In his free skate, Ten landed a clean triple axel. By placing 4th in his first event, Ten entered into contention to potentially qualify for the Junior Grand Prix Final. A month later, Ten competed at his second JGP event, the event in Gomel, Belarus. In the short program, Ten landed four triples, including a triple axel, to win the short program by a 5.19 point margin of victory over second-place finisher Stanislav Kovalev. In the free skate, Ten landed six triple jumps to place 2nd in that segment of the competition by 3.88 points behind Yang Chao. Ten won the competition by 4.60 total points ahead of silver medalist Yang. By winning this competition, Ten simultaneously became the first skater from Kazakhstan to medal at an ISU competition and to win an ISU competition. Following the eighth and final Junior Grand Prix event, Ten became the first skater from Kazakhstan to qualify for the ISU Junior Grand Prix Final, for which he was the seventh qualifier.
Ten mentioned in interviews that he had landed the quad jump at the end of 2008, but an injury forced him to scale down training of the jump.

title: Javier Fernández (figure skater)

text: At the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Fernández successfully landed a quad toe loop-triple toe loop combination, quad Salchow, and triple Axel to score a new personal best of 102.54 points in the short program. With this score, he became only the second man in history to break 100 points in that segment. With a 14-point advantage going into the free skate, Fernández landed three quadruple jumps, but fell on the second triple Axel of the program (which he had just added). He scored 200.23 points, for a combined total of 302.77, becoming the second skater in history to cross the 300 point mark. He finished ahead of silver medalist Oleksii Bychenko by a margin of over 60 points.

title: Figure skating

text: The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a "quad"). The simplest jump begins with a waltz jump which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is extremely rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump; the only two female single skaters to be credited with quads in competition are Miki Ando, who landed the first quad Salchow in Dec 2002, and Alexandra Trusova, who landed the first quad Toe Loop (and only the second quad Salchow) in March 2018, both at the Junior level. Alexandra Trusova also was the first female to ever land 2 quadruple jumps in competition, the quad salchow and the quad toe loop. She was only 13 years old at the time.

title: Yuzuru Hanyu

text: Hanyu is credited as the first figure skater to successfully land a quadruple loop in an ISU sanctioned competition after performing it in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada on September 30, 2016. He is also the only skater who landed a quadruple toe loop-triple Axel sequence in competition. Currently, Hanyu is able to execute four different types of quadruple jumps in competition – the toe loop, Salchow, loop, and Lutz.

title: Axel jump

text: A delayed Axel is similar to a regular Axel, but the skater takes a very open body position on the ascent of the jump before pulling in to complete the rotation, in a similar way to the saut de basque in ballet. Robin Cousins mastered this variation. In an open Axel, the skater maintains an open body position throughout the jump without delaying the rotation. A tuck Axel has the same take-off and landing as a regular Axel, but the skater pulls the legs up into a tuck or sit spin position in the air. A half Axel is a jump with a regular Axel take-off but with only one rotation, landed forward (typically on the left toe pick and right forward inside edge, for a counterclockwise jump). This jump is sometimes also called a bell jump or a once around. This jump can also be used as a stage between the waltz jump and the single axel. A one-foot Axel is a 1½ rotation jump with a regular Axel take-off that lands on the back inside edge of the takeoff foot—the left foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known (especially in artistic roller skating) as a Colledge, after 1937 World Champion Cecilia Colledge. In the late 1980s, Jill Trenary made this jump as the first half of a combination (the other half being the triple Salchow) her signature move. An inside Axel is a 1½ rotation jump that takes off from a forward inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same foot – the right foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known as a Böckl, after its inventor Willy Böckl.

title: Dick Button

text: Button is credited as having been the first skater to successfully land the double axel jump in competition in 1948, as well as the first triple jump of any kind – a triple loop – in 1952. He also invented the flying camel spin, which was originally known as the "Button camel".

title: Mao Asada

text: In the 2008–09 season, she executed the 3A-2T combination in international competition, first getting full credit for it at the 2008–09 Grand Prix Final. At that same competition, Asada became the first female skater to land two 3A in the same program. She is also the only woman to have landed three 3A jumps in the same competition at an ISU competition. She has a Guinness World Record for the most triple axels performed by a female skater in competition.

title: Yoshie Onda

text: Onda became the first Japanese female figure skater to win a Grand Prix series title when she won the Bofrost Cup on Ice in Gelsenkirchen, Germany in 2002. She also won the NHK Trophy that same season. Throughout her career, Onda attempted to land a triple axel in her programs, but never did so successfully.

title: Mao Asada

text: From 23 to 25 February, Asada competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics. In the short program on 23 February, she executed a triple axel-double toe loop, a triple flip and a double axel as well as receiving level fours for all her spins and her spiral sequence. She scored 73.78 points to place second in this phase. In her free skating on 25 February, she succeeded in landing two triple axels, but under-rotated the first jump of a triple flip-double loop-double loop combination and popped a planned triple toe loop into a single. With 131.72 points from the free skating, Asada won the Olympic silver medal with a combined score of 205.50 points, 23.06 behind Yuna Kim of South Korea. She earned a Guinness World Record for the most triple axels performed by a female skater in a competition – one in the short program and two in the free skating. Asada was Japan's flag-bearer at the closing ceremonies.

title: Axel jump

text: Computerized bio-mechanical studies of skaters performing double and triple Axel jumps have shown skaters typically do not achieve as much height on triple Axel jumps as they do on double Axel jumps. This may seem counter-intuitive because higher jumps ought to give a skater more time to complete the rotation. Instead, during the triple Axel, skaters do not take a big "step up" so that they can pull into the rotation position more quickly.

title: Gordon McKellen

text: Although other skaters had practiced triple axels before then, McKellen was the first skater to attempt them in public performances. He landed several in exhibition in 1974–1975, as King of the Lake Placid Winter Festival exhibition and during the exhibitions following his third National championship win in Providence. The triple axel was not landed in competition until Vern Taylor did it in 1978.

title: Javier Fernández (figure skater)

text: Fernández began his last competition by placing third in the short program with 91.84 points after he stepped out of the landing of the triple Axel and the technical panel deemed his quad Salchow underrotated. Afterwards Fernández voiced strong criticism of his scores: "I've seen mistakes today in figure skating I've not seen in my whole life. I had a cheated quad Salchow today that was not [cheated]. I saw it on the ice and it was not." Referring to the 8.65 point lead Russia's Mikhail Kolyada had over him after the short program, he said: "I'm known for comebacks so if they let me tomorrow, I'll do it." In his final free skate, he landed two quads (with a turnout on the landing of the second jump of his quad-triple toe loop combination), two triple Axels and three more triples, with an aborted triple flip attempt as his only major mistake. He finished first in the segment with 179.75 points, receiving the highest free program component scores (94.20) since the introduction of the revised scoring system at the start of the season, and rose from third to first overall with 271.59 points. With his seventh victory, Fernández tied Evgeni Plushenko for total number of gold medals at the European Championships (although the Russian skater's wins span across a 13 year period), and retired from competitive figure skating holding the record of third highest number of consecutive gold medals in any discipline after Irina Rodnina (10) and Karl Schäfer (8), further cementing his legacy as one of the most dominant skaters in the history of figure skating in Europe.

title: Yuna Kim

text: During the 2009 World Championships, held in Los Angeles, United States, she set another new world record of 76.12 points in the short program, surpassing her previous record by almost four points. She performed a triple flip–triple toe loop combination, a triple lutz and a double axel as well as earning a level four on all her spins and her spiral sequence. She also won the free skating program, scoring 131.59 points and showing great presentation skills with her artistry and her musicality. She executed a triple flip-triple toe loop combination, a double axel, a triple lutz-double toe loop-double loop combination, a double axel-triple toe loop combination, a triple lutz and a double axel. As a result, she set a new world record total of 207.71 as well as winning her first World Championship title and she became the first female skater to surpass 200 points under the ISU Judging System. Her margin of victory was 16.42 points ahead of silver medalist Joannie Rochette. Also, she was the only competitor who earned eights in program components marks in both the short program and the free skate at the competition. She was the only female skater whose figure skating combination was recognized by the judges in both the short and free programs during the 2008–2009 season.

title: Kim Min-seok (figure skater)

text: Kim Min-seok (Korean: 김민석, born February 19, 1993) is a South Korean former figure skater. He is the 2012 Asian Trophy silver medalist, and a two-time (2009, 2010) South Korean national champion. He is the first Korean skater to land a triple axel in ISU competition.

title: Figure skating jumps

text: Jumps are referred to by how many times the skater turns in the air. One revolution (one and a half for the Axel) is a "single" jump. Two revolutions (two and a half for the Axel) is a "double" jump. Three revolutions (three and a half for the Axel) is a "triple" jump. Four revolutions (four and a half for the Axel, although this has never been done in competition) is a "quadruple" or "quad" jump. The first triple jump landed in competition was a loop jump. It was landed by Dick Button in 1952. The first quadruple jump landed in competition was a toe loop jump. It was landed by Kurt Browning in 1988. Currently, men in world-class competition usually attempt a full set of triples and sometimes one or two quadruple jumps in their free skating programs. Triple Axels are rare for ladies, and quadruple jump attempts even more so.

title: Mirai Nagasu

text: Nagasu has worked on improving her jumps to avoid under-rotations. She has added a triple axel jump to her programs, landing two fully rotated triple axel jumps at the 2017 CS U.S. International Figure Skating Classic with the negative grade of execution. She is the second US woman skater to have landed a triple axel jump internationally after Tonya Harding. In 2018, she became the first U.S. woman skater to have landed the triple axel in an Olympic competition."GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix"


query: When was the Philip Livingston Magnet Academy established?

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The former Philip Livingston Magnet Academy is located along Northern Boulevard in the West Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a large brick building predominantly in the Colonial Revival architectural style, with some Art Deco touches inside, erected during the 1930s. Additions were made in the 1960s. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Philip Livingston Junior High School,[2] the only purpose-built public school building in the city so recognized.[lower-alpha 1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The building itself is a three-story, "Y"-shaped, steel frame building clad in brick and cast stone. It consists of a three-story central pavilion with flanking wings themselves ending in pavilions. On the west of the central section is a shorter wing housing the building's auditorium.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Under new leadership in the late 1990s, the school began to reverse those trends. By the late 2000s, it had been taken off the dangerous schools list, and student test scores were increasing again. However, the building's physical plant continued to deteriorate.[14]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: In 1967 came the most significant alteration to the building. Architect William Gleason designed a one-story cafeteria wing (no longer extant) that projected from the back of the building. It was of more modern design, and thus considered a non-contributing portion of the building when it was later listed on the National Register.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: In the center, the main block consists of the five-bay central pavilion, flanked with a recessed bay on either side. Both the main and recessed portions have a gambrel roof with parapets along their end walls. A tall copper-clad cupola rises from the center.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The school continued in its role as a community and cultural center throughout the postwar years. Despite its access to larger and better space, the orchestra continued to give concerts there as late as the mid-1950s. For years, a local church raised money through performances of its gospel choir. A performance of The Mikado was staged there in 1958, and touring glee clubs and a cappella groups found the Philip Livingston auditorium an ideal venue.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Philip Livingston soon became one of the city's distinctive buildings, despite its location away from downtown. "Because of its great size, impressive appearance and splendid location," a 1936 guidebook to the Albany schools said, "it is considered Albany's outstanding school building ... It is the embodiment of the ideals of beauty and utility."[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Albany established its public school system in 1796, shortly after American independence. In 1832 it built it first school building. Over the next century the state expanded the funding options available for local schools if they expanded their offerings in turn, such as providing secondary education. By the 1920s Albany's school district operated 25 elementary schools and its high school.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Above the third story is a frieze and cornice. Between those and the roofline is an entablature with five recessed panels. In the middle one, wider than the other four, is set metal lettering reading "Philip Livingston Junior High School".[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: However, over the last quarter of the 20th century the school itself began to decline. The building began showing signs of aging, at the same time as financial shortfalls led to maintenance being deferred. Within it, educational achievement began to decline as disciplinary problems rose. By the end of the century it was on the state's Persistently Dangerous Schools list. Pressure from parents in Arbor Hill led to the establishment of private charter schools in the area, and enrollment at Philip Livingston began to fall as that option became available to parents.[14]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: In 2005 the district diverted $19 million meant for maintenance to Philip Livingston to other schools instead. Two years later the superintendent proposed remodeling the building into a high school dedicated to engineering, nanotechnology and environmental science, but the school board rejected the idea. Parents, believing that the district was unwilling to make the necessary investments in the aging school, increasingly chose to send their children to the new charter schools in the Arbor Hill neighborhood.[14]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: In September 1932 the school opened, now named for Philip Livingston, an Albany native who had signed the Declaration of Independence. Mayor John Boyd Thacher II proudly noted that despite its delayed opening, its enrollment was more than double Hackett's yet it had cost less to build. Its amenities included a thousand-seat auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool and conservatory. "It would be difficult to find anywhere a building more satisfactorily planned and built, and more efficiently equipped," the school superintendent wrote in the district's annual report.[1] The school cafeteria's kitchen prepared food not just for its own students but for other schools in the city;[12] for its entire lifetime it remained the main office of the district's food-services department.[5]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Behind the three main entrance doorways is an interior vestibule. It has polished concrete floors, simulated stone walls and Art Deco piers. Three more doors, wooden with glass panels topped by five-light transoms, open into the main lobby.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The board hoped to be able to obtain space for a fourth middle school on the north side of the city by 2018. One member, Rose Brandon, lamented that Livingston could no longer be reused. "We had a beautiful one there," she said at a meeting. "Prior boards and superintendents decided to close that school ... Now it appears we need a school on exactly that side of the city." While the decision was irreversible by that time, she still called it "a serious injustice."[15]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: In response to the protesters' concerns, the school district applied for grants from the Magnet Schools Assistance Program, established by the federal government under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The intent was to remake the school as a magnet school and thus ease racial segregation. By the early 1970s this had been done and the school was officially renamed Philip Livingston Magnet Academy.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Two years later the school was again the focus of a race-related controversy in the city. A hundred protesters against racial discrimination in the school system were arrested in the building. With tensions high in the wake of the incident, the city closed all its schools for two days afterwards.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The building did more than just educate students through early adolescence. Until the city canceled the program at Philip Livingston in 1938 due to declining enrollment, it hosted night school classes as well. Arbor Hill residents came to the school to cast their votes in election.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: At the outset of construction the school district hoped to have the building completed in time for the 1930 school year. That estimate was pushed back a year when closing the land acquisitions took longer than expected, meaning grading and other site preparation was delayed. These delays in turn led to difficulties with the labor unions representing workers on the job, anxious with the onset of the Great Depression. By January 1931 only the foundation was complete.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The school was built in response to increasing demands on the educational system, and changes in educational theory. During the 77 years it was open, it went from being a junior high school to a magnet school.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Albany established its first junior high schools in 1922, using space in its existing buildings. William Hackett, elected mayor that year, committed $1.5 million of the city's money to build its first junior high school. The school, designed by prominent local architect Marcus T. Reynolds and named after Hackett, opened its Delaware Avenue campus to 600 students in 1927.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: A stone beltcourse divides the first and second stories. At the center a decorative wrought iron fence makes for a small balcony atop the entrance. The top of the fence is level with a ribbon course that also serves as the sill for windows on that story.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The concrete floors and simulated stone walls continue into the lobby. They are complemented by Art Deco pilasters rising to a coffered ceiling. Elaborate surrounds with cast stone entablatures frame the doorways to the two former main administrative offices off the lobby.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Within the block are two sets of staircases connecting the basement to the third floor. They are primarily metal, but with an additional wooden handrail. An elevator is also located on the south side.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The roof is clad in asphalt shingles. On the east side it is pierced by six segmental-arched dormer windows sided in copper. They are set with four-over-four double-hung sash with a lower hopper and four-light sides. Large scroll brackets mark the end of the north and south parapets.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: From its inception the school played a role in developing the community, an early center of African American migration into Albany, beyond its educational function. The Albany Symphony Orchestra played its concerts in the building's auditorium for many years. Amelia Earhart spoke at the school, and a 1947 concert by Paul Robeson at the school caused a major local controversy when the city government attempted to block it due to the performer's known sympathies with the Communist Party.

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Cultural activities were also held in the auditorium. The recently established Albany Symphony Orchestra, then known as the People's Symphony of Albany, rehearsed there[5] and sometimes performed concerts. In 1934, its founder John Carabella, premiered his original work The Helderbergs, "a symphonic poem dedicated to the citizens of Albany", at Philip Livingston.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Upstairs, a single open space was later partitioned into classrooms. They all have gypsum walls and modern dropped ceilings. All rooms have solid metal doors; some have closets with wood and glass doors. Metal staircases on either end of the section provide access to the roof.[1]

title: Philip Livingston

text: Livingston Avenue and the former Philip Livingston Magnet Academy, both in Albany, New York, are named for him. A public school in Brooklyn, PS 261 in Boerum Hill, is named for him.

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: Other notable people of the era made appearances at the building. Amelia Earhart spoke at the school at the end of 1935 just after she became the first person to fly solo over the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to California. The next year, dancer and choreographer Ted Shawn brought his Men Dancers to the auditorium's stage as part of his effort to show that ballet could be for men, too, an effort that culminated in the establishment of the annual Jacob's Pillow dance festival in nearby Western Massachusetts.[1]

title: Philip Livingston Magnet Academy

text: The new junior high school model put students in grades seven through nine in a separate building, where they could be adjusted to the academic rigor expected of them at the high school level more slowly. Elsewhere in New York, Rochester became the first city to establish a junior high school in 1915. A year later the state's Education Department began encouraging other municipalities to start their own.[1]