query: What martial arts do Marines learn?

title: Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

text: The Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP, /ˈmɪkmæp/) is a combat system developed by the United States Marine Corps to combine existing and new hand-to-hand and close quarters combat techniques with morale and team-building functions and instruction in the Warrior Ethos.[1] The program, which began in 2001, trains Marines (and U.S. Navy personnel attached to Marine units) in unarmed combat, edged weapons, weapons of opportunity, and rifle and bayonet techniques. It also stresses mental and character development, including the responsible use of force, leadership, and teamwork.

title: Original masters of taekwondo

text: K. J. Choi was born on 2 March 1942, in Daegu, Korea. His martial art training began when he was still a child, learning kwon bup. Choi served in the South Korean military and came into contact with H. H. Choi there. Around 1966–1967, he taught taekwondo in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Choi moved to the United States of America in 1970 to seek medical treatment for injuries sustained from martial arts training. In 1987, he founded his own martial art system and organisation, Choi Kwang-Do. He is based in Atlanta. Choi holds the rank of 9th "dan" in his own martial art, Choi Kwang-Do.

title: Hwa Rang Do

text: Within the Tae Soo Do program, practitioners will have belts to mark their progression in the art. The belt system in Tae Soo Do consist of 9 ranks, each with their own curriculum. Training at this level can take 3–5 years before a student receives their black belt and students work to not only develop an understanding of the fundamentals in the martial program, but they actively train to apply what they learn through various application methods. These belt ranks include:

title: Lucie Bertaud

text: She also created the TV Show "Face To Face", a monthly reality show focused on Bertaud's study of martial arts. The show followed Bertaud as she travelled around the France learning different styles of martial arts, spending one day training with notable champions of the styles she is studying, before exhibiting what she has learned in a final fight.

title: Brian Stann

text: U.S. Marine Corps officials have stated that they continue to use Stann's story as a recruiting tool. He attributes his success in mixed martial arts to the foundation he learned while training at the Marine Corps Martial Arts Center for Excellence in Quantico, Virginia and the explosiveness and powerlifting exercises he learned while playing football. "He has been an ideal spokesperson and role model" for the Marine Corps, said Lt. Col. Mike Zeliff, assistant chief of staff for advertising with Marine Corps Recruiting Command.

title: Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

text: The MCMAP was officially created by Marine Corps Order 1500.54, published in 2002, as a "revolutionary step in the development of martial arts skills for Marines and replaces all other close-combat related systems preceding its introduction."[2] MCMAP comes from an evolution dating back to the creation of the Marine Corps, beginning with the martial abilities of Marine boarding parties, who often had to rely on bayonet and cutlass techniques.

title: Sport in South Korea

text: Although there is much controversy regarding the historical origins of many martial disciplines in South Korea, there is little question that, Koreanized or traditional in origin, Korean martial arts and sports have enjoyed considerable success. Styles such as Hapkido, Kuk Sool, Hwarangdo, Han Moo Do, Yudo, Kumdo, Goog-sool, and many others arose quickly out of an independent Korea and have spread to countries around the world. Although they are not as popular as Taekwondo, they each uniquely represent the Korean martial spirit which dates back to antiquity. Unlike Japanese martial arts which often use "-"do"" at a name's end (meaning "way"), traditional Korean martial arts were called "Mu Sool" or "Mu Yea". This could lead to some confusion since although the ""do"" in Taekwondo and Hapkido means ""way"" (as in Karate-do and Aikido), the historical meaning in Hwarangdo is different from the modern usage (also "way" like the others). When that martial art was invented in the 1960s, the name was borrowed from an ancient group ("do") consisting mainly of the children of the gentry class ("yangban") for learning military tactics, leadership, and fighting skills.

title: Yong Taek Chung

text: Chung was born in Seoul, Korea on March 3, 1921. While his family had been highly respected and part of the educated class they lost everything during the Japanese occupation and, like most during that time, struggled for survival. Chung became interested in martial arts as a boy but it was illegal at that time to openly teach or learn martial art in Korea. Not until he was a young man, at the age of 25, did Chung begin to train in the art of Tang Soo Do under the instruction of Won Kuk Lee. Sometime later, after martial art training became legal, Chung circulated among the later Chung Do Kwan students and he was to become almost a mythic figure because of his exploits.

title: South Korea in the Vietnam War

text:
As early as 1966, South Korean officers begun to organise taekwondo classes for South Vietnamese army officers among others. Later the Commandant of the US Marine Corps, General James L. Jones, to push for the creation and development of what is now MCMAP. This may have also lead to the creation of the Combat Fitness Test. General Jones had served as a platoon and company commander in Vietnam and witnessed firsthand the military prowess of the South Korean marines. General Jones stated that he had “observed with keen interest how a challenging physical combative training and a national military martial arts system” unified and forged a warrior ethos within the South Korean marines. While the effectiveness of tae kwon do was proven in combat, it is not only useful as a combat tool, but also as a method of instilling discipline in military forces. While MCMAP draws from techniques of many additional martial arts styles aside from tae kwon do, it is clear that the Korean Marines’ emphasis on martial arts and physical fitness as a whole left a lasting impact on the American Marines.
Đơn Dương, a Vietnamese actor who played the role of Nguyễn Hữu An in the movie We Were Soldiers, stated that he had learned taekwondo from the Korean Army during the Vietnam War as a child.

title: Korean martial arts

text:
The two extant martial arts at the time of Japanese take over in 1910, Ssireum and Gungdo grew in popularity during the Japanese occupation period, both of them founding their current federations in 1920. Many of the oldest Gungdo clubs in Seoul, including Hwanghakjeong (near Gyeongbokgung Palace) and Sukhojeon on Namsan (Seoul) were founded in the 1930s. Taekkyeon did not enjoy much popularity during the occupation era. It has grown in popularity only in the 21st century through the continuance of Song Duk Ki.
Most Koreans learned Japanese martial arts during the occupation period, which eventually evolved into Korean martial arts. These include Tae Kwon Do, Soo Bahk Do, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sul Do, Moo Duk Kwan, Hapkido, Choi Kwang-Do, GongKwon Yusul, Kuk Sool Won, Hwa Rang Do, and Kumdo. The main indicator of their Japanese origin is in their uniform, ranking system, and rules. Traditional Korean clothing (Hanbok) has no belt. Belts used in judo and karate, to include the color code and Geup (Kyu) / Dan (rank) system were adopted wholesale by the Koreans. Rules, to include bowing to the flag, and to the master* are direct copies from Japanese martial arts and not found in Ssireum, Gungdo and Taekkyeon.
the International Tang Soo Do Federation‹唐手道 南仁道›

title: Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

text: Warrior Studies focus on individuals that have shown exemplary service on the battlefield, as well as discussion and analysis of combat citations. Martial Culture Studies focus on societies that produce warriors either primarily or exclusively. Some of the martial cultures that are studied are the Marine Raiders, Spartans, Zulu and Apache. By studying these cultures, Marines learn fundamental tactics and methods of the past and reconnect themselves with the warrior ethos of the Marine Corps. Combative Behavior studies interpersonal violence, as well as Rules of engagement and the Force Continuum (which dictates when and how much force can be used in response to the mission, up to and including lethal force). For some belts, PME courses are prerequisites. The development of this discipline also stresses situational awareness, tactical and strategic decision-making, and Operational Risk Management (ORM).

title: Keith Hackney

text: Hackney started training martial arts at the age 11 by learning wrestling, boxing and tang soo do. Two years later he began learning the art of taekwondo and eventually received a second degree black belt. In 1990, he furthered his martial arts training by beginning to train White Tiger Kenpo Karate.

title: Modern schools of ninjutsu

text: One of the earliest modern schools to be established was the Bujinkan Organization in 1978 by martial artist Masaaki Hatsumi. The organization teaches nine different martial arts styles, three of which are named after and claim to be descended from historical ninjutsu styles. Stephen K. Hayes, an early student of Shoto Tanemura and later Hatsumi, took what he learned to the United States in the 1970s, starting his own group of organizations called Quest Centers and his own martial arts style, To-Shin Do. Several other schools of ninjutsu also were created during the 1970s, including the Dux Ryu Ninjutsu school in 1975 and the Nindo Ryu Bujutsu Kai federation in 1979.

title: Diana Lee Inosanto

text: Inosanto grew up surrounded by the martial arts world, studying many forms including Jeet Kune Do and Filipino Martial Arts which she learned from her father, Dan Inosanto, a student of Jeet Kune Do founder Bruce Lee, who also was her godfather. She has appeared on the cover of numerous martial arts magazines including "Black Belt Magazine", "Martial Arts", "Inside Karate", "Self Defense" and "Inside Kung Fu". Diana was named Woman of the year by "Black Belt Magazine" in 2009.Inosanto is active in Southern California theatre, as a member of the Asian American theatre group, Lodestone Theatre Ensemble. In 2008 she worked with East West Players, serving as Martial Arts Choreographer on the world premiere of Dan Kwong's play "Be Like Water".

title: Tang Soo Do

text: Tang Soo Do (Hangul: 당수도, Hanja: 唐手道) is a karate-based Korean martial art incorporating fighting principles from subak (as described in the Kwon Bup Chong Do), as well as northern Chinese martial arts. The techniques of what is commonly known as Tang Soo Do combine elements of shotokan karate, subak, taekkyon, and kung fu.

title: Origins of Asian martial arts

text: Vietnamese martial arts are influenced by efforts to defend the country from foreign threats . The most influential in the country's martial arts is China with its thousand-year occupation of Vietnam. But through thousands of years of internal, civil strife: dynastic changes (dynasties), foreign conquests, warlordism and guerrilla tactics, the Vietnamese martial artists used what they learned from their neighbors and evolved a unique form of martial arts.

title: Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

text: In 1956, at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Hayward (captain of the Judo team at MCRD) made Gunnery Sergeant Bill Miller the new Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge of Hand-To-Hand Combat. Miller was ordered to develop a new curriculum that a 110—or a 210—pound Marine could use to quickly kill the enemy. Miller created the program from various martial arts styles such as Okinawan karate, Judo, Tae Kwon Do, Wushu (often incorrectly called Kung Fu), Boxing, and Jujutsu. Every Marine recruit that went through MCRD was instructed in Miller's Combat Curriculum. This also included Special Operations Forces from all branches of the military and civilian entities. Later in 2001, retired Gunnery Sergeant Bill Miller was awarded the Black Belt Emeritus "for pioneering Martial Arts in the United States Marine Corps."

title: United States Marine Corps

text: In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated an internally designed martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines. The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together. MCMAP consists of punches and kicks from Taekwondo and Karate, opponent weight transfer from Jujitsu, ground grappling involving joint locking techniques and chokes from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and a mix of knife and baton/stick fighting derived from Eskrima, and elbow strikes and kick boxing from Muay Thai. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, where they will earn the first of five available belts.

title: Ted Wong

text: Wong was present as Lee developed Jun Fan Gung Fu into Jeet Kune Do. He was present to see Lee train other martial artists, including Karate Champion Joe Lewis and basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Wong was one of only a few people to receive rank in the art of Jeet Kune Do by Bruce Lee. Wong never learned another martial art besides what Lee had taught him, thus he never taught anything other than what he learned .

title: Taekwondo

text: Extreme Taekwondo - a complex version of World Taekwondo Ferderation, which combines elements from all Taekwondo styles, Tricking (martial arts), similarities from other martial arts Kun Gek Do[21] (also Gwon Gyokdo) - combines taekwondo and muay thai. Han Moo Do - Scandinavian martial art that combines taekwondo, hapkido, and hoi jeon moo sool. Han Mu Do - Korean martial art that combines taekwondo and hapkido. Teukgong Moosool - Korean martial art that combines elements of taekwondo, hapkido, judo, kyuk too ki, and Chinese martial arts. Yongmudo - developed at Korea's Yong-In University, combines taekwondo, hapkido, judo, and ssireum.

title: Culture of the United States Marine Corps

text: For decades, Marines learned a variety of martial arts and other methods of hand-to-hand combat, but these were irregular processes that varied greatly from unit to unit and from time to time. Eventually, the Corps solidified its various teachings into the LINE combat system, but its inherent inflexibility was evident. In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated a new program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is also a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines. The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together and consists of boxing movements, joint locking techniques, opponent weight transfer (Jujitsu), ground grappling (mostly wrestling), bayonet, knife and baton fighting, non-compliance joint manipulations, and blood restriction chokes. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, earning the first of five belts.

title: Hwa Rang Do

text: Through the 1970s and 1980s, Hwa Rang Do grew throughout California and the adjacent states as well as making its mark on the international martial art scene. Both Joo Bang Lee and Joo Sang Lee performed in expo style demonstrations in the south west United States, particularity in California and Arizona, as well as on TV shows including “That's Incredible!” and “Unknown Powers”. Notably, Hwa Rang Do students who trained under the Lee brothers like Vietnam veteran Michael Echanis (1950-1978), were fundamental with Hwa Rang Do's involvement with the US Army Rangers and Special Forces, thus bringing additional credibility to Hwa Rang Do's martial art training. In addition, because of what was being offered within Hwa Rang Do, many martial artist during this time became interested in what the art had to offer. Notable names included Graciela Casillas, who trained in Hwa Rang Do for a short while and who later through her involvement with Kempo-Karate, became the first female World Champion of professional full-contact Karate.

title: The Compass Institute Inc

text: Compass CEO David Dangerfield has been using martial arts to help build physical skills and self-confidence in people for over 30 years. He saw the potential to do the same with people with both physical or intellectual disabilities. "These individuals are always reminded of what they can't do, Martial arts is something they can do. It's a great physical outlet..."

title: James Mitose

text: Mitose claimed that he learned martial arts and religion in a Buddhist temple, but his descriptions of organization and practices of the temple do not match those practiced by mainstream Japanese Buddhism. It is possible that Mitose came from a heterodox background. Mitose often dressed as a Christian minister. In "What Is True Self Defense?" he stated that one should practice the dominant religion of whatever country one is in, including its application to martial arts and spiritual practices. This book (the original manuscript of his first book was completed and published while he was imprisoned), discourages offensive martial arts techniques completely, presenting its contents as a form of yoga and escape. Mitose even writes that karate is "evil." The description or lineage Mitose gave for his style also emphasized its Chinese roots. As a Japanese-American emigrating to Hawaii in 1935, he might have prudently downplayed the Japanese side of his background.

title: Shin Koyamada

text: In 2010 and 2011, Koyamada organized the United States Martial Arts Festival (USMAF), an international martial arts charity event to promote the arts and help educate the next generation to develop self-discipline, self-determination, self-affirmation, self-assertion, self-discovery and self-confidence through martial arts, held in Redondo Beach, CA. At USMAF, over 1,000 supporters and fans packed the auditorium to cheer up martial arts performances by different world renowned martial arts masters and youth performers representing different styles such as Karate, Shaolin Kung Fu, Krav Maga, Capoera, MMA, Tae Kwon Do, Shorinji Kempo, American Kenpo, Boxing, Marine Corps Martial Arts Program and others that are originated from the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, China, Egypt, Brazil, Thailand and Taiwan. All of the proceeds funded itself and martial arts scholarship program that provides youth and children the necessary funds so they can pursue training in the martial arts as a means to cultivate self-discipline, improve their health, and learn respect, honor and courtesy.

title: Chinese martial arts

text: In modern times, Chinese martial arts have spawned the genre of cinema known as the Kung fu film. The films of Bruce Lee were instrumental in the initial burst of Chinese martial arts' popularity in the West in the 1970s. Bruce Lee was the iconic international superstar that popularized Chinese martial arts in the West with his own variation of Chinese martial arts called "Jeet Kune Do". It is a hybrid style of martial art that Bruce Lee practiced and mastered. "Jeet Kune Do" is his very own unique style of martial art that uses little to minimum movement but maximizes the effect to his opponents. The influence of Chinese martial art have been widely recognized and have a global appeal in Western cinemas starting off with Bruce Lee.

title: Jerry Smith (martial artist)

text: In the late 1980s, Jerry Smith founded a martial art training system called "The Five-Level Method", based on his decades of experience as a martial artist. Jerry formed his training system around what he learned during his own fighting career and his many years of training professional fighters in the 1970s and 1980s. As the Senior Grandmaster of this style, Jerry continues today to train the next generation of students in the martial arts in Sunnyvale, California.

title: Kwang Jo Choi

text: In 1987, Choi incorporated everything he had learned into his own martial art system called Choi Kwang Do, which translates as “the art (or method) of Kwang Choi.” Choi maintains that Choi Kwang Do is free from the mysticisms of traditional martial arts, yet he advertises that his art practises yoga-based stretching. Choi heads the Choi Kwang Do organization from Atlanta and was inducted into the "Tae Kwon Do Times" magazine's Hall of Fame in 2006. One notable critic of Choi is Roger Koo. Since resigning from the post of Vice President under Choi's organization in 1991, Koo has remained a staunch opponent. Koo dedicates a large portion of his website to disparaging Choi and his organization.

title: Won Kuk Lee

text:
Won Kuk Lee (Hangul: 이원국, Hanja: 李元國) (April 13, 1907 – February 2, 2002) was a Korean martial artist, who founded Chung Do Kwan.
He introduced karate to Korea in 1944, creating his own style known as Tang Soo Do Chung Do Kwan style, which became Taekwondo as of 1955; instilling a profound influence in this martial art through teaching future masters and authoring the book “Tae Kwon Do handbook“ in 1968.
Won Kuk Lee was born on April 13, 1907 in Seoul, actual capital of South Korea, which was occupied by Japan and whose regimen regulated all of the population’s activities in the peninsula. It prohibited the practice or teachings of any martial arts, so those interested, had to go outside of Korea (either China or Japan) to learn the arts. Lee was interested in martial arts at a very early age, and he used to get together with the elders in his natal Seoul to listen to the old stories that narrated the practice of millennial Korean martial arts like the Taekkyeon,

title: Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

text: MCMAP instructors can train and certify other Marines up to their current belt level (though until November 2010 they could only certify Marines at one level below their current belt level).[5] The instructor status is signified by one vertical tan stripe on the MCMAP belt. A Marine must have attended at least the Martial Arts Instructor (MAI) course to advance beyond first degree black belt. The only one who can train a Marine to be an instructor are black belt Martial Arts Instructor-Trainers (MAIT). An MAIT's status is signified by a vertical red stripe on the MCMAP belt and a secondary MOS of 0917 (formerly 8552). To become an MAIT, a Marine must have already completed a local MAI course. The Marine then attends the MAIT course at the Martial Arts Center of Excellence at located at Raider Hall aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico.

title: Kukishin-ryū

text: Ryushin learned the martial arts and military sciences (Shinden Fujiwara Musō-ryū) handed down in his family from his grandfather Dōjitsu and Shingu-Bettō Ariie. After learning shugendō (mountaineering asceticism) from his father Dōyu, Ryushin then went to Kyoto where he learned esoteric Buddhism from the Buddhist monk Jōkai at Sanmaku-in temple. He also trained in martial arts at Mt. Kurama and was said to be master of Kuji-hihō and Onmyo-do.


query: What was the best-selling newspaper in 2018?

title: List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation

text: The Sun 1,447,959 -7%

title: Palatinate (newspaper)

text: Palatinate is the official student newspaper of Durham University and one of Britain's oldest student publications, having published its first edition on 17 March 1948 and celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2018. The newspaper was named Best Publication in the Student Publication Association's 2018 national awards. In the same year "Palatinate" was Highly Commended in the Best Publication category of the BBC Radio 4 Today Programme's Student Journalism Awards. It was NUS/Independent Student Newspaper of the Year in 2001, and Best Publication (North) in the Student Publication Association's 2017 and 2018 Regional Awards.

title: Resident Evil 5

text: The game remains the best-selling title in the "Resident Evil" franchise, outselling its closest rivals "Resident Evil 6" and "Resident Evil 4" by more than 2 millions and 3.5 million units respectively as of April 2018. The original release of "Resident Evil 5" was Capcom's best-selling individual edition of a game until March 2018, when "'s" sales reached 7.5 million units, compared to 7.3 million for "Resident Evil 5" at the time. As of September 2018, when taking into consideration the sales of all versions and re-releases of titles, "Resident Evil 5" was the second best-selling Capcom game overall, behind "Street Fighter II".

title: Whose Boat Is This Boat?

text: As of September 30, 2018, it was the number one best selling book on Amazon.com, according to a tweet sent by Colbert. As of the week of October 21, 2018, it was the second best selling non-fiction book on the site.

title: (What's the Story) Morning Glory?

text: At the 2010 Brit Awards, "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?" was named the greatest British album since 1980. It is claimed to have sold over 22 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time, and appears on several lists of the greatest albums in rock music. As of October 2018, it is the UK's fifth best-selling album (third best-selling studio album) of all time, having sold over 4.9 million copies, and was also the biggest-selling album of the 1990s in the UK.

title: The Rice Thresher

text: The "Thresher" has won numerous awards from journalism organizations like the Society of Professional Journalists, Texas Intercollegiate Press Association, the College Media Association (CMA), and the Associated Collegiate Press (ACP), including Best Newspaper for a 4-year University under 5,000 from CMA (2016, 2018), two All-American ratings from ACP (2009–2010, 1995–1996), and four Newspaper Pacemaker Finalist Awards (2018, 2017, 2003, 2000). In 2018, the "Thresher" was named the 3rd best college newspaper in the United States by the Princeton Review, up from 12th best in 2017.

title: And Then There Were None

text: This is the best selling crime novel of all time, and what makes Agatha Christie the best selling novelist. It is Christie's best-selling novel, with more than 100 million copies sold; it is also the world's best-selling mystery and one of the best-selling books of all time. Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best-selling title.

title: Politiken

text: "Politiken" had a circulation of 143,000 copies on weekdays and 185,000 copies on Sundays in the first quarter of 2000, making it the third best selling newspaper in the country. It was 142,780 copies in 2000. In 2002 it was the third best-selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 142,000 copies. The circulation of the paper was 137,000 copies in 2003, making it again the third best selling newspaper in the country. In 2004 the paper had a circulation of 134,000 copies.

title: BTS World Tour: Love Yourself

text: According to StubHub BTS was one of 2018's best selling concerts in the world, second to only Ed Sheeran. In Japan, it came in at nineteenth overall for 2018 best selling concerts.

title: The Unexpected (2018 comic book)

text: "The Unexpected" #1 debuted at 69th place on Diamond Comic Distributors best-selling comics ranking for June 2018, with 28,028 copies distributed, being the 29th best-selling DC comic book series published as well as the fourth best-selling title by DC to debut in that month.

title: Lithuania

text: Best-selling daily national newspapers in Lithuania are "Lietuvos rytas" (about 18,8% of all daily readers), ' (12,5%), "Kauno diena" (3,7%), ' (3,2%) and "Vakarų ekspresas" (2,7%). Best-selling weekly newspapers are "Savaitė" (about 34% of all weekly readers), "Žmonės" (17%), "Prie kavos" (11,9%), "Ji" (8,7%) and "Ekspress nedelia" (5,4%).

title: She Loves You

text: "She Loves You" was the best-selling single of 1963, and is the Beatles' all-time best-selling single in the UK. It was the best-selling single of any artist in the UK for 14 years until it was surpassed by Wings' "Mull of Kintyre" (written by McCartney and Denny Laine). As of December 2018, "She Loves You" was the ninth best-selling single of all time in the UK, with sales of 1.92 million copies.

title: Oberösterreichische Nachrichten

text: "OÖN" was the fifth best selling Austrian newspaper in 2002 with a circulation of 132,000 copies. The paper had a circulation of 123,470 copies in 2003. It was the fourth best selling newspaper in Austria with a circulation of 129,000 copies in 2004.

title: List of best-selling albums in Mexico

text: Information published by magazines, tabloids or local newspapers is excluded, as it is not supported by reliable sources such as AMPROFON. For instance, Mexico City-based newspaper El Universal claims that 1984 release "Las Mañanitas" by Pedro Infante is the best-selling album of all-time in the country, with more than 20 million copies sold, but lacks reliable sources.

title: + + (EP)

text: The album was the 6th best-selling album of August 2018, with 41,583 physical copies sold. On September, the EP sold 5,903 additional copies for a total of 47,486 copies sold. On October 15, it was reported that the album was the best-selling album by a girl group that debuted in 2018, after surpassing the 50,000 copies sold. The album sold 52,823 physical copies in 2018, being the second best-selling album by a girl group that debuted in 2018 after IZ*ONE's Color*Iz, 15th best-selling album by a girl group and 80th best-selling album overall in 2018.

title: ABC (newspaper)

text: The 1993 circulation of "ABC" was 334,317 copies, making it the second best selling newspaper in Spain. In 1994 it was again the second best selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 321,571 copies. In the period of 1995–1996 the paper had a circulation of 321,573 copies, making again it the second best-selling paper in the country.

title: Palatinate (newspaper)

text: Under editors Cameron McIntosh and Julia Atherley, "Palatinate" was highly commended in the Best Publication category of the BBC Radio 4 Today Programme's Student Journalism Awards 2018. In November 2018, the newspaper also won two regional awards (North) hosted by the Student Publication Association including 'Best Publication' and 'Best Journalist' (Cameron McIntosh).

title: Nintendo Switch

text: In 2018, the Switch became the best-selling Nintendo console in the United States from Thanksgiving to Cyber Monday, surpassing sales of the Wii in the same time period. The Switch was also the best-selling console online in the United States on Cyber Monday 2018 and the third best-selling product online overall on Cyber Monday, according to Adobe Analytics. In December 2018, the Switch surpassed lifetime sales of the PlayStation Vita in Japan. NPD Group reported that the Switch was the highest-selling console in the United States through 2018, by both unit sales and revenue, boosted by its first-party titles including the late-year release of "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate", itself which was the 5th best selling title in the United States.

title: Correio da Manhã

text: "Correio da Manhã" had a circulation of 111,585 copies in 2006. In 2007 the daily was the best-selling newspaper in Portugal with a circulation of 115,000 copies. Its 2008 circulation rose to 122,090 copies. In 2009 it was also the best-selling newspaper in the country.

title: Tages-Anzeiger

text: The circulation of "Tages-Anzeiger" was 268,000 copies in 2001. Its 2003 circulation was 235,000 copies, making it the second best selling newspaper in the country. In 2005 the paper had a circulation of 236,000 copies. The circulation of the paper was 225,287 copies in 2006. In 2008 the circulation of "Tages-Anzeiger" was 216,000 copies, making it the second best-selling newspaper in the country. In 2009 the paper had a circulation of 209,297 copies. It was 203,636 copies in 2010.

title: Mario Kart Wii

text: With 37.14 million copies sold worldwide as of September 30, 2018, the game is the best-selling "Mario" game for the Wii console, second-best-selling game for Wii and is the best-selling racing video game of all time.

title: La Vanguardia

text: In 1993 "La Vanguardia" had a circulation of 208,029 copies, making it the fifth best selling newspaper in Spain. In 1994 it was the fourth best selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 207,112 copies.

title: Tiroler Tageszeitung

text: "TT" was the sixth best selling Austrian newspaper in 2002 with a circulation of 122,000 copies. The paper had a circulation of 112,690 copies in 2003. It was the fifth best selling newspaper in Austria with a circulation of 121,000 copies in 2004.

title: Kronen Zeitung

text: In 2000 "Kronen Zeitung" was the seventh best-selling newspapers in Europe with a circulation of 1,052,000 copies. In 2001 it was the fifth best selling European newspaper and the most read newspaper in Austria with a circulation of 1,035,000 copies. The paper had a circulation of 1,018,000 copies in 2002, making it the best selling newspaper in the country. In 2005 its circulation was 850,000 copies. Its 2007 circulation was 961,000 copies. Next year the circulation of "Kronen Zeitung" was 881,000 copies, making it the best-selling paper in Austria. It had a circulation of 929,000 copies in 2010 and 818,859 copies in 2011. The 2012 circulation of the paper was 800,000 copies, reaching 40% of the Austrian readers. Its circulation was 820,000 copies in 2013.

title: Kronen Zeitung

text: "Kronen Zeitung" was the seventh largest newspaper worldwide and the largest European newspaper with a circulation of 1,075,000 copies in the late 1980s. It was the best-selling Austrian newspaper in 1993 with a circulation of 1.1 million copies. In the period of 1995-96 the daily had a circulation of 1,075,000 copies. "Kronen Zeitung" was the sixth best selling European newspaper with a circulation of 1,084,000 copies in 1999.

title: Nissan Leaf

text: Since inception, global sales totaled over 380,000 Leafs by December 2018, making the Leaf the world's all-time best-selling highway-capable electric car. The United States is the world's largest Nissan Leaf market, with 126,747 sold through October 2018; followed by Japan with 100,000 units by April 2018; and Europe with 100,000 by June 2018. The European market was led by Norway with 33,156 new units registered by the end of October 2018. The Nissan Leaf was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2013 and 2014.

title: Offset (EP)

text: The EP was the 26th best-selling album of January 2018, with 11,102 physical copies sold and the 100th best selling-album in the first half of 2018 with 13,751 copies sold.

title: Ed Sheeran

text: On 3 January 2018, "Shape of You" was named the best selling single of 2017 in the UK, and the best selling single of 2017 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US. The same day, "÷" was named the best selling album of 2017 in the UK, and the US. At the 2018 Brit Awards held at the O Arena in London on 21 February, Sheeran performed "Supermarket Flowers", and received the Global Success Award from Elton John and Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. In April 2018, the IFPI named "÷" the best-selling album worldwide of 2017. At the 2018 "Billboard" Music Awards on 20 May, Sheeran performed "Galway Girl" from Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland, and picked up six awards, including Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist.

title: Berlingske

text: It was the second best-selling newspaper in Denmark with a circulation of 149,000 copies in 2002. The circulation of the paper was 142,000 copies in 2003, making it again the second best-selling Danish newspaper. In 2004 the paper had a circulation of 129,000 copies. The circulation of "Berlingske" was 103,685 copies in 2008 and 103,221 copies in 2009. It was 101,121 copies in 2010 and fell to 96,897 copies in 2011.

title: Kleine Zeitung

text: The circulation of "Kleine Zeitung" was 293,000 copies in 2001. It was the second best selling newspaper in Austria with a circulation of 295,000 copies in 2002. In 2003 it was again the second best selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 298,000 copies. The paper had a circulation of 292,000 copies in 2004. During the third quarter of 2005 its circulation was 264,253 copies.

title: Electric car

text: Tesla is the second all-time best-selling pure electric passenger car manufacturer, with over 530,000 electric cars delivered worldwide through December 2018. After 10 years in the market, Tesla was the world's top selling plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer in 2018, with over 245,000 units delivered. Its Model S was the world's top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 and 2016, and its Model 3 was the world's best selling plug-in electric car in 2018.


query: How are brain waves measured?

title: Electroencephalography

text: Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used such as in electrocorticography. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain.[1] In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time,[1] as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Diagnostic applications generally focus either on event-related potentials or on the spectral content of EEG. The former investigates potential fluctuations time locked to an event like stimulus onset or button press. The latter analyses the type of neural oscillations (popularly called "brain waves") that can be observed in EEG signals in the frequency domain.

title: Center for BrainHealth

text: Researchers work side-by-side with clinicians. Brain scientists at the Center use technologies to elucidate how brain networks can be strengthened and reconnected, including electroencephalography (EEG) to record the brain’s electrical rhythms during cognitive task performance, functional MRI (fMRI) scans to measure brain blood flow during cognitive tasks, an indicator of brain activity and brain morphometrics to measure size and shape differences of brain regions to millimeter accuracy. The Center houses specialists in various fields of neuroscience, and has produced publications from members of the BrainHealth Team. Research initiatives include:

title: Ryan D'Arcy

text: In 2013, D’Arcy's work was highlighted in a new brain imaging framework specific to the monitoring brain function recovery, and he coined a new neuroscience terminology, “brain vital signs” or the measurement of brain waves, similar to the measurement of a body's vital signs like blood pressure.

title: Measurement problem

text: To express matters differently (paraphrasing Steven Weinberg), the Schrödinger wave equation determines the wave function at any later time. If observers and their measuring apparatus are themselves described by a deterministic wave function, why can we not predict precise results for measurements, but only probabilities? As a general question: How can one establish a correspondence between quantum and classical reality?

title: Thought identification

text: The fMRI has allowed research to expand by significant amounts because it can track the activity in an individual's brain by measuring the brain's blood flow. It is currently thought to be the best method for measuring brain activity, which is why it has been used in multiple research experiments in order to improve the understanding of how doctors and psychologists can identify thoughts.

title: Neuroscience and race

text:
Neurotechnology enables studying the brain and racial interactions, though this study can be difficult because these interactions can be hard to replicate. Face recognition tests are the most commonly used method in studying racial interactions. These tests consist of observing own-race and other-race faces, and studying the brain's response to the faces. There are three major neurological techniques used to measure the brain's response to these simulated racial interactions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures the brain activity through measuring the blood oxygen level in the brain. This test gives insight into which regions of the brain are active during a certain event. Event-related potentials (ERPs) measure the brain's activity through measuring electrical impulses by electrodes on the head. This test gives insight in rapid changes in the brain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures the response of a region of the brain once activated through magnetism. This test gives insight into causality of occurrences and gives specific insight in what the brain regions are doing. Brain-damaged patients have also been used to study racial interactions, by studying how racial interactions are affected when specific brain regions are damaged. These studies give insight into how different brain regions are involved in racial interactions once certain regions have been damaged.
An implicit association test (IAC) is often used to measure the racial bias of people in studies by testing what objects, whether positive or negative, people associate with same-race or other-race faces.

title: Psychology

text: A classic and popular tool used to relate mental and neural activity is the electroencephalogram (EEG), a technique using amplified electrodes on a person's scalp to measure voltage changes in different parts of the brain. Hans Berger, the first researcher to use EEG on an unopened skull, quickly found that brains exhibit signature "brain waves": electric oscillations which correspond to different states of consciousness. Researchers subsequently refined statistical methods for synthesizing the electrode data, and identified unique brain wave patterns such as the delta wave observed during non-REM sleep.

title: Advertising research

text: 1970s - Computers emerge as business tools, allowing researchers to conduct large-scale data manipulations. (Honomichl p. 175) Multiple studies prove DAR (Recall) scores do not predict sales. The measure, persuasion, also known as motivation, is validated as a predictor of sales. The measure known as “breakthrough” is re-examined by researchers who make a distinction between the attention-getting power of the creative execution (attention) and how well “branded” the ad is (brand linkage). Herbert Krugman seeks to measure non-verbal measures biologically by tracking brain wave activities as respondents watch commercials. (Krugman) Others experiment with galvanic skin response, voice pitch analysis, and eye-tracking.

title: Brain

text: Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: "REM sleep" (with dreaming) and "NREM" (non-REM, usually without dreaming) sleep, which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured: REM, light NREM and deep NREM. During deep NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep, activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves, whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern.

title: Anders Dale

text: In a 2003 interview, Dale explained that he had “always been interested in using quantitative modeling methods and simulations to answer biological questions,” and that as a Harvard student he had been “interested in approaching connectionist neural networks from a more biological angle.” When he went to UCSD to continue his graduate work his interest “shifted to learning how to test models of how the brain works. Ideally you'd like to test your models not in anesthetized animals and brain slices, but by measuring brain activity in humans non-invasively. I wanted to study normal people doing normal tasks. That was what brought me to imaging. My goal was to see what kind of things we can measure non-invasively that can be quantitatively related to the models we want to build...I wanted to know what exactly we are measuring, how can you model it, and how can you relate the signal to what is going on in the brain physiologically...at a level that say you could measure invasively and that you could relate to parameters of quantitative models.” His thesis work at UCSD, he said, “was on the EEG and MEG forward and inverse problems, and how to use anatomical information to constrain the solutions. It is clear that if you only use EEG or MEG measures, the spatial precision is not good enough to make inferences at a scale that's most useful to neuroscience. That led us into trying to use information with higher spatial resolution to constrain or bias our estimations of the signal sources in the brain.”

title: William Grey Walter

text: As a young man, Walter was greatly influenced by the work of the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. He visited the lab of Hans Berger, who invented the electroencephalograph, or EEG machine, for measuring electrical activity in the brain. Walter produced his own versions of Berger's machine with improved capabilities, which allowed it to detect a variety of brain wave types ranging from the high speed alpha waves to the slow delta waves observed during sleep.

title: Brain activity and meditation

text:
Many studies on mindfulness meditation, assessed in a review by Cahn and Polich in 2006, have linked lower frequency alpha waves, as well as theta waves, to meditation. Much older studies report more specific findings, such as decreased alpha blocking and increased frontal lobe specific theta activity. Alpha blocking is a phenomenon where the active brain, normally presenting beta wave activity, cannot as easily switch to alpha wave activity often involved in memory recall. These findings would suggest that in a meditative state a person is more relaxed but maintains a sharp awareness. Two large, recent comprehensive review works, however, point to poor control and statistical analyses in these early studies and comment that it can only be said with confidence that increased alpha and theta wave activity exists.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is another highly utilized methodology for studying state changes in meditating brains. fMRI detects subtle increases in blood flow to areas of the brain with higher metabolic activity. Thus these areas of increased metabolic activity indicate which regions of the brain are currently being used to process whatever stimuli presented. Counter to EEG, the advantage of fMRI is its spatial resolution, with the ability to produce detailed spatial maps of brain activity. It suffers, however, in temporal resolution and cannot measure progressive activity, like the EEG, with much detail.

title: Boltzmann brain

text: One class of solutions to the Boltzmann brain problem makes use of differing approaches to the measure problem in cosmology: in infinite multiverse theories, the ratio of normal observers to Boltzmann brains depends on how infinite limits are taken. Measures might be chosen to avoid appreciable fractions of Boltzmann brains. Unlike the single-universe case, one challenge in finding a global solution in eternal inflation is that all possible string landscapes must be summed over; in some measures, having even a small fraction of universes infested with Boltzmann brains causes the measure of the multiverse as a whole to be dominated by Boltzmann brains.

title: Consciousness

text: In 2013, an experimental procedure was developed to measure degrees of consciousness, the procedure involving stimulating the brain with a magnetic pulse, measuring resulting waves of electrical activity, and developing a consciousness score based on the complexity of the brain activity.

title: Recurrent thalamo-cortical resonance

text: Gamma wave thalamocortical oscillation is prominent during REM sleep, similar to the awakened, active brain. Contrary to the conscious state, however, it appears that sensory input may be blocked or gated from interfering with the intrinsic activity of the brain during REM. Measures of bulk electrical signalling in the brain by MEG show no impact of auditory stimuli on the gamma wave patterns; measurements on conscious subjects show a distinct modulation due to the auditory input. In this way, the thalamocortical system acts to gate the brain from external stimuli during REM.

title: Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure

text: The majority of patented methods for noninvasive monitoring of ICP are based on an assumption that changes in ICP affect the physical dimensions and/or acoustic properties of the cranial vault or intracranial structures (dura, brain tissue, brain ventricles, and/or intracranial vessels). The common drawback of all these methods is that they measure only relative changes of ICP as referenced to a baseline measurement during which absolute ICP is known, i.e. the ultrasound readouts need to be calibrated on each subject against an invasive measurement. Ultrasound ‘time of the flight’ methods for non-invasive ICP monitoring have not been extensively validated and currently, the majority of them do not seem to be accurate enough for a routine clinical use. Their original formulations usually do not specify locations for the transducer's placement and do not address how the intentional or accidental use of different locations and/or angles of the transducers will affect the reliability of ICP estimates. It has also remained unexplored how the measurements are affected by the presence of intracranial pathological masses on the path of the ultrasound wave, or by brain masses shifts.

title: Hydrostatic shock (firearms)

text: Blast and ballistic pressure waves have physical similarities. Prior to wave reflection, they both are characterized by a steep wave front followed by a nearly exponential decay at close distances. They have similarities in how they cause neural effects in the brain. In tissue, both types of pressure waves have similar magnitudes, duration, and frequency characteristics. Both have been shown to cause damage in the hippocampus. It has been hypothesized that both reach the brain from the thoracic cavity via major blood vessels.

title: Cerebral organoid

text:
Using human pluripotent stem cells to create "in vitro" cerebral organoids allows researchers to summarize current developmental mechanisms for human neural tissue as well as study the roots of
human neurological diseases. Cerebral organoids are an investigative tool, used to understand how disease
pathology works. These organoids can be used in experiments that current "in vitro" methods are too simple for, while also being more human applicable than rodent or other mammalian models. Historically, major breakthroughs in how the brain works have resulted from injury or disorder in human brain function, leading to understanding of how regions of the brain work. An "in vitro" human brain model would allow
for the next wave in understanding of the human brain.

title: Brain activity and meditation

text: Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used in many studies as a primary method for evaluating the meditating brain. Electroencephalography uses electrical leads placed all over the scalp to measure the collective electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. Specifically, EEG measures the electric fields of large groups of neurons. EEG has the benefit of excellent temporal resolution and is able to measure aggregate activity of portions or the entire cortex down to the millisecond scale. Unlike other imaging based methods, EEG does not have good spatial resolution and is more appropriately used to evaluate the running spontaneous activity of the cortex. This spontaneous activity is classified into four main classifications based on the frequency of the activity, ranging from low frequency delta waves (< 4 Hz) commonly found during sleep to beta waves (13–30 Hz) associated with an awake and alert brain. In between these two extremes are theta waves (4–8 Hz) and alpha waves (8–12 Hz).

title: List of Brain Powerd characters

text: Nelly Kim is a lone Brain Powerd pilot whom Yu met when he and his Brain was damaged by the Baron Grand Cher. She gave Yu pieces of wisdom on how to listen and understand carefully of how his Brain feels. But in the end on the second attack made by the Baron Grand Cher she fell and disappeared in a storm gust as the two damaged Brains fused in a Chakra wave and became a hybrid Brain Powerd named Nelly Brain.

title: Mindball

text: The brain sensing headband measures the players brain waves with EEG technology.

title: Neurometrics

text: Neurometrics is the science of measuring the underlying organization of the brain's electrical activity. Certain brainwave frequencies are associated with general psychological processes. EEGs are used to measure the brain waves.

title: Game brain

text: Mori's theory was criticized as unwarranted research by established neuroscientists and brain specialists, because he used unreliable measures and misinterpreted the fluctuation of beta waves. One of his critics, Dennis Schutter, a neuroscientist specialising in the EEG signatures of different emotional states has stated, "My guess is that fatigue is the most likely cause of the absence of the beta waves and not the gaming per se."

title: Visual acuity

text: VEP testing of acuity is somewhat similar to preferential looking in using a series of black and white stripes (sine wave gratings) or checkerboard patterns (which produce larger responses than stripes). Behavioral responses are not required and brain waves created by the presentation of the patterns are recorded instead. The patterns become finer and finer until the evoked brain wave just disappears, which is considered to be the endpoint measure of visual acuity. In adults and older, verbal children capable of paying attention and following instructions, the endpoint provided by the VEP corresponds very well to the psychophysical measure in the standard measurement (i.e. the perceptual endpoint determined by asking the subject when they can no longer see the pattern). There is an assumption that this correspondence also applies to much younger children and infants, though this does not necessarily have to be the case. Studies do show the evoked brain waves, as well as derived acuities, are very adult-like by one year of age.

title: Papez circuit

text: Theta waves are used to measure activity in mainly the hippocampus but can be used to measure other brain regions as well. Strong synchronization of theta waves in the hippocampus and anterior ventral thalamus has been observed. Although theta waves between the hippocampus and the anterior dorsal and anterior medial regions in the thalamus showed no synchronization, scientists have seen a marked increase in firing rates of the neurons in the brain regions. Overall, based on theta wave experimentation, some components of the Papez circuit have shown to indeed have a connection and work together. Also, theta waves are thought to be linked to learning and memory. Consequently, many scientists believe that the Papez circuit is involved with memory because of theta wave experiments. Some scientists have narrowed it down to specifically spatial and episodic memory.

title: Noise

text: Sound is measured based on the amplitude and frequency of a sound wave. Amplitude measures how forceful the wave is. The energy in a sound wave is measured in decibels (dB), the measure of loudness, or intensity of a sound; this measurement describes the amplitude of a sound wave. Decibels (dB) are expressed in a logarithmic scale. On the other hand, pitch describes the frequency of a sound and is measured in hertz (Hz).

title: Neurofeedback

text: Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback that measures brain waves to produce a signal that can be used as feedback to teach self-regulation of brain function. Neurofeedback is commonly provided using video or sound, with positive feedback for desired brain activity and negative feedback for brain activity that is undesirable. Related technologies include hemoencephalography biofeedback (HEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) biofeedback.

title: Alpha wave

text: Berger took a cue from Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, who used a string galvanometer to create a photograph of the electrical activity of a dog's brain. Using similar techniques, Berger confirmed the existence of electrical activity in the human brain. He first did this by presenting a stimulus to hospital patients with skull damage and measuring the electrical activity in their brains. Later he ceased the stimulus method and began measuring the natural rhythmic electrical cycles in the brain. The first natural rhythm he documented was what would become known as the alpha wave. Berger was very thorough and meticulous in his data-gathering, but despite his brilliance, he did not feel confident enough to publish his discoveries until at least five years after he had made them. In 1929, he published his first findings on alpha waves in the journal "Archiv für Psychiatrie". He was originally met with derision for his EEG technique and his subsequent alpha and beta wave discoveries. His technique and findings did not gain widespread acceptance in the psychological community until 1937, when he gained the approval of the famous physiologist Lord Adrian, who took a particular interest in alpha waves.

title: John C. Lilly

text: During World War II, Lilly researched the physiology of high-altitude flying and invented instruments for measuring gas pressure. After the war, he trained in psychoanalysis at the University of Pennsylvania, where he began researching the physical structures of the brain and consciousness. In 1951 he published a paper showing how he could display patterns of brain electrical activity on a cathode ray display screen using electrodes he devised specially for insertion into a living brain. Furthermore, Lilly's work on electrical stimulation of the nervous system gave rise to biphasic charge balanced electrical stimulation pulses (later known as "Lilly's wave" or "Lilly's pulses" ), now an established approach to design of safe electrical stimulation in neuroprosthetics. In the 1960s he sponsored research on Human–animal communication with a dolphin.

title: Primal therapy

text: Janov initiated from the outset small-scale research using questionnaires and measures of EEG, body temperature, blood pressure and pulse from his patients. A 1971 "Pittsburgh Press" article cited a University of California at Irvine study on primal therapy patients that showed a slowing of brain waves. Janov claimed that primal therapy reduced, in some patients, the frequency and the amplitude of Alpha waves, core body temperature (as much as three degrees) and blood pressure (as much as 30 percent). Two Brain Research Institute (UCLA) scientists confirmed that there were brain-wave changes in primal patients.

title: Cordance

text: Cordance is a measure of regional brain activity. It is computed using quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) measures of brain wave patterns in an algorithm developed at the UCLA Laboratory of Brain, Behavior, and Pharmacology by Drs. Andrew Leuchter and Ian Cook.


query: When was Robert Fuller born?

title: Robert Fuller (actor)

text: Robert Fuller (born Leonard Leroy "Buddy" Lee, July 29, 1933), is an American horse rancher and retired actor. He began his career on television, guest-starring primarily on Western programs, while appearing in two movies: The Brain from Planet Arous and Teenage Thunder (both in 1957).

title: Robert Snyder (filmmaker)

text: Robert Snyder was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 16, 1916. He married Allegra Fuller, the daughter of Buckminster Fuller, professor emeritus and former chairwoman of the dance department at University of California at Los Angeles. They had a son Jaime and a daughter Alexandra.

title: Robert Fuller

text: Robert Fuller comes from a wrestling family: his father Buddy Fuller and his grandfather Roy Welch were wrestlers, as were his brother Ron Fuller and his cousin Jimmy Golden ("Bunkhouse Buck").

title: Jonathan Boyd

text: In 1981 Butch Miller of the Sheepherders decided that he wanted to return closer to home and went to Australia to wrestle. Luke remained in the United States and started teaming with Boyd as "the Kiwi Sheepherders" and "The New Zealand Sheepherders". The duo of Williams and Boyd quickly gained a reputation of one of the most violent, hard hitting teams in the business. One of the first people to feel the wrath of the "new and improved" Sheepherders was Robert Fuller in South Eastern Championship Wrestling. In later 1981 Robert Fuller and Jos LeDuc had split up when LeDuc turned on Fuller during a match. LeDuc brought in the Sheepherders to be a part of his "Commonwealth Connection" to fight against Robert Fuller and the entire Fuller family. In December 1981 the Sheepherders won the NWA Southeast Tag Team Championship that had been vacated when Fuller and LeDuc split and defended the titles against Robert Fuller and various partners including his brother Ron Fuller and his cousin Jimmy Golden (later known as Bunkhouse Buck). One act that made the Sheepherders the most hated men in SECW for a while was when the duo attacked and injured (storyline) Jimmy's father Billy Golden. Williams and Boyd kept the upper hand for months as Robert Fuller recruited partner after partner to defeat the dastardly duo. On 11 September 1982 the Sheepherders were finally defeated by Fuller and Golden ending the feud on a high for the face duo as the Sheepherders were "run out" of the territory.

title: Robert Fuller (footballer)

text: Robert Fuller (born 21 October 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

title: Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)

text: The Mayflower Society has rejected the reported maiden surname of 'Fuller' for Susanna White and has determined that the maiden name of Susanna White is unknown. Further, Susanna White was not the sister of Dr. Samuel Fuller as is often stated. The Samuel and Edward Fuller who traveled on the "Mayflower" were sons of Robert Fuller of Redenhall, England. Robert had a daughter Anna, born about 1578, far too old a bride for Winslow who was not born until 1595. The 1615 will of Robert Fuller mentions no daughter named Susanna, nor a daughter married to William White. It does mention Alice Bradford, a sister-in-law. In a letter that Edward Winslow wrote in 1623 to "Uncle Robert Jackson", he provided news of Susanna, her late husband William White, and her children. He also sends his regards to his father-in-law in England, obviously not Robert Fuller who had been dead for nine years.

title: Robert Fuller

text: Robert Welch (born May 14, 1950) is a professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring names Robert Fuller and Col. Robert Parker. Robert and his brother Ron co-owned Continental Championship Wrestling for a time.

title: Luke Williams (wrestler)

text: After the team left WWC, Butch decided that he wanted to return closer to home and went to Australia to wrestle. Luke remained in the United States determined to keep the "Sheepherders" name on everyone’s lips by teaming up with "Lord" Jonathan Boyd (formerly of the Royal Kangaroos). The duo of Williams and Boyd quickly gained a reputation of one of the most violent, hard hitting teams in the business. One of the first people to feel the wrath of the "new and improved" Sheepherders was Robert Fuller in South Eastern Championship Wrestling. In December 1981, the Sheepherders won the NWA Southeast Tag Team Championship that had been vacated when Robert Fuller and Jos LeDuc split. After winning the title, Boyd and Williams became embroiled in a bitter feud with Robert Fuller and various partners including his brother Ron Fuller and his cousin Jimmy Golden (later known as Bunkhouse Buck). One act that made the Sheepherders the most hated men in SECW for a while was when the duo kayfabe attacked and injured Jimmy’s father Billy Golden. After almost 10 months with the title, the Sheepherders were finally defeated by Fuller and Golden; this ended the feud on a high note for the face duo, as the Sheepherders were "run out" of the territory.

title: Ron Fuller (wrestler)

text: In 1985, Fuller changed the name of the territory to Continental Championship Wrestling, to compete with Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation. At that time, he created the Stud Stable and renewed his feud with Armstrong. In a steel cage tag team match, Fuller teamed with cousin Jimmy Golden against Armstrong and Robert Fuller. Robert turned heel and all three beat up Armstrong. Armstrong's sons Brad, Steve, and Scott came to their father's rescue, but he was already injured. The next week, Fuller revealed a clause in the contract claiming, "Because Armstrong lost (though a pin never occurred), he must leave the territory." In the weeks that followed, The Stud Stable eliminated all of the Armstrongs except for Brad. Brad teamed with 7'7" wrestler Big John Harris. While Fuller fought Harris outside the ring, Golden and Robert were about to "squash" Brad. Suddenly, a masked man ran to the ring and saved him. The man put Robert in the figure-four leglock and Robert screamed in pain. The masked man spoke and said, "You can call me The Bullet!" Hearing him sound like Bob Armstrong, Fuller cried out in anger. In the following weeks, Fuller talked with Bob Geigel, who declared on television, "If The Bullet is unmasked as Bob Armstrong, he is banned for life." Over the next two years, Fuller and his stable tried unmasking Armstrong, but never succeeded. In a steel cage match, Armstrong locked Fuller in the figure-four and kept it clamped on. The storyline was that the move broke Fuller's leg, giving him a storyline to retire as a wrestler. Still working as a manager, he brought in different wrestlers to the Stud Stable. In 1987, he hired Kevin Sullivan to unmask Armstrong, but Sullivan revealed he had used Fuller as a pawn to start his own faction. He brought in the New Guinea Headhunters, Sheik Abdul (Saudi Arabia), and Kris von Kolt (Germany). Fuller and the Stud Stable turned face and put their differences with The Bullet aside. The Bullet, the Armstrongs and the Stud Stable then formed an alliance to battle Sullivan and his clique. Since Sullivan's faction were foreigners (kayfabe) who hated America, the alliance became American patriots. However, Sullivan brought up that Fuller could not wrestle, because he was medically forced to retire, so Fuller set out to fluster Sullivan by donning his Tennessee Stud mask once again. In a throwback to Bob Armstrong's Bullet storyline, The Tennessee Stud arrived to wrestle on behalf of Ron Fuller.

title: Nicholas Fuller

text: The son of Robert Fuller by his wife Catharine Cresset, he was a native of Hampshire, and was born about 1557. He was sent to schools at Southampton, kept by John Horlock and Adrian Saravia. He entered, in the capacity of secretary, the household of Robert Horne, bishop of Winchester; and on his death through the influence of William Barlow who was Horne's brother-in-law, continued as secretary to John Watson.

title: Calvin Souther Fuller

text: Calvin S. Fuller was married to Willmine Fuller. They had three children, Robert W. Fuller, Stephen Fuller, and John Fuller and eight grandchildren. Fuller moved to Vero Beach, Florida when he reached age 65 and was subject to mandatory retirement from Bell Labs. In retirement he acquired an Airstream RV and traveled widely in the USA with Willmine. In 1994 Fuller died in Vero Beach, Florida at age 92. According to stories told by Calvin's son Robert Fuller to his grandson, Ben Fuller, Calvin Fuller's hobbies included cultivating large red homegrown tomatoes in his New Jersey garden, photography of family and landscape images, and being capable of performing a wide range of home repairs and home improvements.

title: Robert Fuller (actor)

text: On November 8, 2014, aged 88, Best's final appearance with Fuller was when the two (with their wives) flew to Los Angeles, California, from their homes (Best was living in North Carolina), to celebrate the 100th Birthday of their dear friend Norman Lloyd (who worked with Fuller's wife, Jennifer Savidge on St. Elsewhere),[24] and reminisce over Lloyd's memories. Five months later, on April 6, 2015, Best died of pneumonia. Fuller did not attend his funeral in North Carolina.

title: Robert Fuller (actor)

text: Fuller's longest-lasting friendship has been with James Drury, whom he met (along with the late Robert Horton, 9 years Fuller's senior) when the three were under contract to MGM in 1954. Drury put Fuller in touch with Jock Mahoney, who in turn contacted Dick Jones. When their contracts were over, Drury and Fuller moved to Universal, where they each starred in their own Western series. In 1959, Fuller co-starred opposite another old friend, John Smith, in Laramie (before joining the cast of Wagon Train after Laramie's cancellation), while Drury starred in The Virginian for 9 seasons, between 1962 and 1971. Fuller appeared in The Virginian later in its run, in two episodes in which Drury did not appear.

title: Devin Fuller

text: Fuller was born in Englewood, New Jersey, to Bart Fuller and Cindy Mizelle. His mother became a touring singer when she was 17. She was on tour with Luther Vandross when she found out she was pregnant with Fuller. After he was born, Fuller accompanied his mom when she would perform with Vandross, who encouraged his tour members to also bring their children along on his tour bus.

title: Thomas Wafer Fuller

text:
Fuller died at his Minden home at the age of fifty-three as a result of complications from an appendectomy. Fuller was married in 1891 to the former Mary Alma Bright (November 16, 1871 – June 3, 1949), a daughter of Edward Clarence Bright (1840–1893) of Tennessee and the former Texana Phillips (1845–1893), who was born in Alabama but raised in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana.
Thomas and Alma Fuller had three daughters, Lee Aura Fuller Griffin (born 1895), Xenia Doyle Fuller Ruffin (c. 1898-1977), and Miriam Rupert Fuller White (1900–1983), and sons-in-law, Robert M. Griffin (born 1896), a native of Henderson, Texas, and Trueheart H. Ruffin (born 1895), a native of DeSoto Parish, and Russell Lanier White (1898–1967) of Minden. A subsequent granddaughter, Miriam White King, was born in 1929. Thomas and Alma Fuller are interred at the Fuller-White plot in the old Section A at the historic Minden Cemetery.
The Fuller-White House (built 1905) at 229 West Union Street in Minden, is located down a hill from the front campus of Minden High School. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house has five upstairs bedrooms, with parlors, a study, and kitchen on the bottom floor. It is not open for public touring, but the caretaker may conduct individual tours when he is on the property. Fuller lived there for at least the last five years of his life. After his death, Alma Fuller resided there as she continued publishing "The Webster Signal".

title: Neil Fuller

text: Neil Robert Fuller, OAM (born 2 August 1969 in Shoreham by Sea, Sussex) is an Australian athlete, Paralympic competitor, and amputee.

title: Robert Fuller Murray

text: Robert Fuller Murray (1863–1894), was a Victorian poet. Although born in the United States, Murray lived most of his life in the United Kingdom, most notably in St Andrews, Scotland. He wrote two books of poetry and was published occasionally in periodicals.

title: Robert Fuller (actor)

text: In 2001, when Fuller remarried, Cord served as his best man. Then Fuller attended Cord's wedding to Susannah Moller, where Fuller served as best man. Two years later, Fuller moved with his wife to Texas, becoming Cord's neighbors.[23]

title: Robert E Fuller

text: Born in 1972, Fuller moved to Great Givendale, where his father, Richard Fuller, an author and wildlife enthusiast, earned notability for wildlife conservation after winning the Silver Lapwing award for farm conservation.

title: William White (Mayflower passenger)

text: The Mayflower Society has refuted the reported maiden surname of 'Fuller' for Susanna White and has determined that the maiden name of Susanna White is unknown. Further, Susanna ____ (White) Winslow, was not the sister of Dr. Samuel Fuller as is often stated. The Samuel and Edward Fuller who traveled on the "Mayflower" were sons of Robert Fuller of Redenhall, England. Robert had a daughter Anna, born about 1578, far too old a bride for Winslow who was not born until 1595. The 1615 will of Robert Fuller mentions no daughter named Susanna, nor a daughter married to William White. It does mention Alice Bradford, a sister-in-law. In a letter that Edward Winslow wrote in 1623 to "Uncle Robert Jackson", he provided news of Susanna, her late husband William White, and her children. He also sends his regards to his father-in-law in England, obviously not Robert Fuller who had been dead for nine years.

title: Henry Robert Fuller

text: Fuller was born in Cambridge Heath, London the eldest son of H. P. Fuller, a surgeon of Hackney Road, London. He was educated at E. Duke's academy, "Belle Vue", at Ball's Pond, near Highbury, then at Mr. Burn's school, Kennington Common. He was employed as second officer on several P. & O. steamships. He left the company at Port Adelaide in 1845, and worked as a carter, carrying goods between the port and Adelaide city. In 1856 he and partners Henry Hill and George Mills won the contract to manage rail freight between the port and the city. When Cobb and Co., who had taken over the carrying business of William Rounsevell, decided to leave South Australia, Henry Fuller, George Mills and John Hill (Henry's son), as John Hill & Co., took over that business, later became H. R. Fuller & Co.

title: Robert Fuller (actor)

text: In the middle of 2004, Fuller and wife Jennifer Savidge moved from Los Angeles to North Texas to raise horses on a ranch. His neighbor and long-term friend Alex Cord had urged Fuller to move to Cooke County. The two, who are the same age, had met in 1961 on the set of Laramie when Cord made his television acting debut.[16] Fuller's former Emergency! co-star and long-time friend, Randolph Mantooth, said in an interview with Tom Blixa of WTVN that he would no longer keep in touch with Fuller because of the relocation.[17]

title: Charles Murray Floyd

text: In 1948, Floyd married Mary Elizabeth Fleetwood Fuller, OBE, JP, DL (1916–1996), the daughter of Major Robert Fleetwood Fuller (1875–1955), JP, DL, of Great Chalfield, Melksham, Wiltshire (of which county he was High Sheriff in 1926), and the widow of Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick John Salvin Boyle (1910–1944). Floyd and his wife had three children: Robert Charles (born 1949), Thomas Henry Floyd (born 1951) and William Duckett (born 1956); his step-son is Sir Simon Boyle.

title: Robert Fuller (actor)

text: Laramie was eventually aired in more than 70 countries. When Laramie ended its run, Fuller jumped to another western, Wagon Train, alongside John McIntire (a veteran film actor, a two-time guest-star on Laramie, and a future star of The Virginian), Frank McGrath, and Terry Wilson. According to an August 17, 2009 interview for On Screen and Beyond, Fuller noted that he was not brought into the show to replace Robert Horton (an actor Fuller met in 1954, when he and friend James Drury were under contract at MGM, and befriended for 62 years until Horton's death in March 2016) in the role of the wagon train scout. He resembled Horton and the two shared the same birthday, but Horton was nine years Fuller's senior.[9] While Horton had worn a dark cowboy hat, Fuller usually wore a light one. Horton had already departed from the cast a season earlier, and McIntire had carried the series for a year. Fuller stepped in the following year, where he remained in the series (which switched to ABC in 1962) until it ended its run after two additional seasons.

title: Wagon Train

text: In the first four seasons Ward Bond was billed above Robert Horton in the opening credits. In season five Horton rotated top billing with relative newcomer John McIntire, a practice which subsequently continued with McIntire and Robert Fuller rotating top billing from episode to episode when Fuller joined the series in the seventh season.

title: Robert Fuller (disambiguation)

text: Robert Fuller (born 1951) is an American former professional wrestler and manager.

title: Robert W. Fuller

text: Robert Works Fuller (born 1936) is an American physicist, author, social reformer, and former president of Oberlin College.

title: Ron Fuller (wrestler)

text: Ronald Welch (born September 7, 1947) is a retired professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring names Ron Fuller and Tennessee Stud. He is the elder brother of Robert Fuller (Col. Robert Parker). Ron and his brother co-owned Continental Championship Wrestling for a time.

title: Esther Gordy Edwards

text: Esther Gordy Edwards was born to Berry Gordy, Sr. and Bertha Fuller Gordy in Washington County, Georgia. She was the couple's second oldest child and eldest daughter. When she was two years old, her parents moved to Detroit, Michigan. Edwards' younger siblings included sisters Anna, the late Loucye, and Gwen, as well as brothers Fuller, George, Berry and Robert, who was the youngest of the family. Edwards attended Detroit's prestigious Cass Technical High School. She later graduated from Howard University. Esther married Detroit politician George Edwards in 1951. From a previous relationship, she has a son by Robert Theron Bullock named Robert Berry Bullock, and through him has three granddaughters named Robin, Elesha and Gwen and grandson Alejandro Quinn a Major in the United States Marine Corps.

title: Robert J. O. Compston

text: Robert John Orton Compston was born in Farnham, Surrey the son of Herbert Fuller Bright Compston, a clergyman, and his wife Rose Contance Compston (née Orton). He joined the Royal Naval Air Service in 1915 when he was 17 years old. He originally flew Home Defense missions, but was reassigned to 8 Naval Squadron when it went to France. He was a close friend of ace Robert Little.


query: How many units has Worst Witch sold?

title: The Worst Witch

text: The Worst Witch is a series of children's books written and illustrated by Jill Murphy. The series are primarily boarding school and fantasy stories, with eight books already published. The first one, The Worst Witch, was published in 1974 by Allison & Busby,[1] and the most recent one, First Prize for the Worst Witch, was published in 2018 by Puffin Books, the current publisher of all the series. The books have become some of the most successful titles on the Young Puffin paperback list and have sold more than 4 million copies.[2]

title: List of The Worst Witch characters

text: Maud Spellbody is first introduced as Mildred's best friend. She breaks off her friendship with Mildred in "The Worst Witch Strikes Again" after growing jealous of Mildred's apparent friendship with the new girl, Enid Nightshade. She later reverts her friendship to Mildred after Ethel locks them in a store cupboard and makes friends with Enid. She is short and chubby with glasses and hair worn in bunches (in A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch she wore pigtails and in "The Worst Witch Saves the Day" she has curly bunches instead of straight ones). She is fiercely loyal to Mildred and Enid and has stood up to Ethel many times, most notably in "The Worst Witch All at Sea" where she reprimands Ethel about eavesdropping on a conversation between her and Enid about Mildred acting strangely.

title: The Worst Witch (1998 TV series)

text: In Australia series 1–3 of "The Worst Witch" were released onto DVD as was "Weirdsister College", and both series of "The New Worst Witch" were released in 2007. Series one and two of "The Worst Witch" were released as one boxset, containing four discs which play on most DVD players (including the United Kingdom), as well as Series three and "Weirdsister College" on another boxset.

title: List of The Worst Witch episodes

text: "The Worst Witch" is a British ITV television series about a group of young witches at a Magic Academy. The series stars Georgina Sherrington and Felicity Jones, and is based on "The Worst Witch" books by Jill Murphy. It aired for a total of three series between 1998 and 2001 before being followed by "Weirdsister College". Most episodes revolved around the school, following the adventures of Mildred and her friends. The series was later followed by "The New Worst Witch", which ran for two series and chronicled the experiences of Mildred's younger cousin Hettie as she attended the school. The series was rebooted in 2017 as "The Worst Witch", a co-production between CBBC, ZDF and Netflix.

title: List of The Worst Witch characters

text: Miss Constance Hardbroom is the terrifying and extremely strict form-mistress of Mildred, Maud, Enid, Ethel, and Drusilla. She is tall, thin and bony with waist-length black hair which she keeps ""scragged into such a tight knot that her forehead looked quite stretched"". Miss Hardbroom favours Ethel Hallow but has the complete opposite attitude to Mildred Hubble. Miss Hardbroom is even terrifying enough to reduce any pupil to a gibbering heap with one word. Despite seeming cruel, Miss Hardbroom's soft side does come through on occasions, such as her ""brief flicker of friendliness"" at the end of "The Worst Witch Saves the Day" and her admitting her error of judgement in "The Worst Witch to the Rescue" after it is revealed that Ethel stole Mildred's summer project for herself, Maud noting in "The Worst Witch and the Wishing Star" that Miss Hardbroom's dislike of cheats means that Ethel will be under close watch.

title: The Worst Witch

text: The author Jill Murphy began writing The Worst Witch at the age of 15, while still at school, and based many points of the stories on her own school experiences at Ursuline Convent in Wimbledon, England, with Singing becoming Chanting, Chemistry becoming Potions and so on.[4] Recalling how she got the idea for the story, she said: "My two friends and I used to come home in our dark uniforms, looking very scruffy at the end of the day – my dark plaits sprouting tufts, with lost hair ribbons. My Mum used to say 'Look at you all. You look like the three witches!' and it gave me the idea for a witch's school – so that it was exactly like my school, but with a subtle touch of magic. All the characters are based on my school friends (and enemies) and teachers."[5] Murphy concluded the first book at the age of 18, but failed to achieve a publishing deal, causing her to "put it in a drawer" and decide to "concentrate on other things instead." After working as a nanny and in a children’s home, Murphy had a phone call from a small publisher interested in the book. The Worst Witch was finally published in 1974, when Murphy was 24.

title: List of The Worst Witch characters

text:
Enid Nightshade is Mildred's second best friend who is introduced in "The Worst Witch Strikes Again" where she has hair "the colour of milky tea" wearing it in a thick plait and having large limbs. Mildred is assigned to look after her by Miss Cackle. Enid at first appears to be dull and boring but turns out to be a wild practical joker/prankster who is more likely to get the three into trouble than Mildred is. She unintentionally causes trouble for Mildred throughout the novel, even to the point where Miss Cackle threatens to expel Mildred if there is any more bother from her. Nevertheless, Enid is just as loyal as Maud is and provides comfort and support to Mildred in the following books of the series. Enid is the second worst witch in the Academy, as both she and Mildred are hapless at broomstick riding and lack the specific requirements to be fully-fledged, efficient witch. In the TV series, Enid was portrayed by Jessica Fox. In the new BBC reboot, Enid was portrayed by newcomer Tamara Smart.
Ethel Hallow is the snobbish, stuck-up, vindictive, and sly rival and enemy of Mildred and her friends. She is favoured by Miss Hardbroom, but appears to have no friends, apart from the rarely seen Drusilla Paddock, who is just as bad as Ethel. Ethel is described as being ""one of those lucky people for whom everything goes right"" which is what caused her to become so snobby. Ethel is tall and thin (just like Mildred) and has mousy-brown hair which she wears in a ponytail with a black hair ribbon. She also has a very spiky nose (pointed out by Maud in "A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch"). Various sources have noted that Ethel's primary weakness as a student is that, which she is able to easily follow the rules and perform new spells after demonstration, she lacks the ability to imagine and improvise when given free rein. This was demonstrated most clearly in "The Worst Witch to the Rescue", when she was the student who performed worst in the art class and had no ideas whatsoever for a summer project to research a spell of the student's choice as she lacked a framework for her to start studying in, in contrast to Mildred who not only performed best in art but had even created a completely new spell for the project.Because of her nasty ways, Ethel is sometimes seen as a bully. Yet her actions are instrumental in setting up the climax of nearly every novel.
In "The Worst Witch" the jinx she puts on the broomstick results in Mildred running away into the woods rather than face Miss Cackle. If Mildred hadn't run away she wouldn't have spotted Agatha Cackle and her coven.
In "The Worst Witch Strikes Again", if she hadn't locked Mildred and Enid in the store cupboard they would never have flown into the Great Hall to do a performance and improve Maud's speech.
In "A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch", if Ethel hadn't turned Mildred into a frog, Mildred wouldn't have discovered Algernon Rowan-Webb and he would have remained a frog for the rest of his life.
In "The Worst Witch All at Sea", if she hadn't set the boat adrift, the legendary treasure chest on Cat's Head Rock wouldn't have been discovered.
In "The Worst Witch Saves the Day", if Ethel hadn't left Tabby on the roof then Miss Granite wouldn't have picked him up and Mildred wouldn't have found out Miss Granite was actually Agatha Cackle in disguise.
While she is a straightforward bully in "The Worst Witch to the Rescue", where the main threat is Ethel stealing Mildred's summer project to pass off as her own, Ethel returns to her traditional role of unwittingly provoking success in "The Worst Witch and the Wishing Star", where her attempts to expose Mildred's new dog Star result in Mildred being granted permission to use Star as her broom companion rather than Tabby after she and Star win an inter-school competition.

title: Mildred Hubble

text: In The Worst Witch Strikes Again she is assigned by Miss Cackle to show the new girl, Enid Nightshade, around the school, much to the chagrin and disappointment of both Maud and Miss Hardbroom. Throughout the novel, Enid gets Mildred into trouble without owning up. In A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch she is turned into a frog by Ethel Hallow after telling her younger sister a pretend story about Miss Hardbroom turning a pupil into a frog after being two seconds late for a lesson. This is how she discovers Algernon Rowan-Webb. In The Worst Witch All at Sea, after being given a normal black cat after Fenella Feverfew transferred to Miss Pentangle's Academy, Mildred disobeys orders and brings Tabby with her to Grim Cove. She also discovers a legendary treasure chest on Cat's Head Rock.

title: List of minor The Worst Witch characters

text:
Appearances in the books:
NONE (mentioned in The Worst Witch All at Sea and in The Worst Witch Saves the Day)

title: The Worst Witch

text: In the first book of the series, it is revealed without explanation that Ethel and Mildred were enemies prior to the story. Ethel takes pleasure in taunting Mildred about her inability to train her cat into riding a broomstick, and Mildred responds by turning her into a pig. From then on Mildred and Ethel resent each other, and Ethel vows to get Mildred expelled. So far she has been unsuccessful. In the first five books she appears to have no friends, although her young sister, Sybil, makes an appearance in A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch. A friend of Ethel's, Drusilla, makes a brief appearance in The Worst Witch All at Sea and later plays a bigger part in The Worst Witch to the Rescue, where she hides Mildred's tortoise up a tree. Ethel is Mildred's arch-enemy.

title: Timeshare

text:
Units are usually listed by how many the unit will sleep and how many the unit will sleep privately. Traditionally, but not exclusively:
(timeshares are sold worldwide, and every venue has its own unique descriptions)

text:
This is a list of minor characters who have roles in the children's book series "The Worst Witch", or its television adaptations.
Appearances in the books:
A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch (briefly)

text: The Worst Witch

title: Kasumi Ninja

text: "Kasumi Ninja" received mixed to negative reception when it was released. While it received praise for its visuals, critics panned the controls, sound and slow gameplay, with many reviewers calling it a "Mortal Kombat" rip-off. By April 1, 1995, the game has sold more than 24,000 copies though it is unknown how many were sold in total during its lifetime and has since been called by some as one of the worst games of all time. A sequel, "Kasumi Ninja II", was in development for the Atari Jaguar CD but it was cancelled.

title: The Worst Witch

text: The Worst Witch to the Rescue (ISBN978-0-14-138301-9) was published in 2007 and features Ethel Hallow's only friend, Drusilla Paddock, in a largely increased role since her brief cameo in The Worst Witch All at Sea.

text: The Worst Witch to the Rescue

title: The Worst Witch

text: Mildred "Millie" Hubble is the protagonist of the series. She is a good-hearted, but bungling young witch-in-training, who never seems to get anything right. She is friends with Maud Spellbody and Enid Nightshade and has a strong rivalry with Ethel Hallow. It is Miss Hardbroom, her potions teacher, who calls her "The Worst Witch".

title: Witches (Discworld)

text: Many witches, especially in the Ramtops, have steadings; geographical areas and populations that they're responsible for. It is unclear how steadings are defined; Tiffany has the entire Chalk as a steading, while other witches have only two or three villages. Steadings are not necessarily passed on to the apprentice of the witch who previously watched over the steading. There does seem to be a particular geography to it; a discussion of the older witches dying off leads reluctantly to discussing a redrawing of territorial boundaries, which is getting more difficult to handle as there are fewer young girls becoming witches than there are older witches dying.

title: The New Worst Witch

text: The New Worst Witch is a British CITV television series about a group of young witches at a Witch Academy. It ran for 2 series from 2004–2007. The series was a spinoff from "The Worst Witch" which ran from 1998 to 2001.

text: Miss Pentangle is the headmistress of Miss Pentangle's Academy for Witches, a fellow witch academy several mountaintops away from Cackle's Academy. In "The Worst Witch All at Sea", the unseen character Fenella Feverfew transfers there and leaves behind her regulation black cat since they have owls at Miss Pentangle's, although in The Worst Witch Saves The Day, Mildred reveals that the head girl there has a ragdoll cat, suggesting that the senior students can choose which animal they want. Mildred also describes Pentangle's Academy as being more up-to-date than Cackle's, and the students wear purple uniforms instead of black. In The Worst Witch Saves the Day, it is revealed that Miss Hardbroom is good friends with Miss Pentangle.

title: The Witches (novel)

text: The Witches is a children's fantasy novel by the British writer Roald Dahl. The story is set partly in Norway and partly in the United Kingdom, and features the experiences of a young British boy and his Norwegian grandmother in a world where child-hating societies of witches secretly exist in every country. The witches are all ruled by the extremely vicious and powerful Grand High Witch, who in the story has just arrived in England to organise her worst plot ever. But an elderly former witch hunter and her young grandson find out about the evil plan and now they must do everything to stop it and defeat the witches.

title: The Worst Witch

text: In the later books Miss Hardbroom's humanity comes through on occasion, in incidents such as her accident in The Worst Witch All at Sea, the restoring of Mildred's hair to its rightful length in The Worst Witch Saves the Day, and her admitting of her error of judgment at the end of The Worst Witch to the Rescue.

title: The Worst Witch

text: The Worst Witch All at Sea (ISBN978-0-670-83253-8) was published in 1993. It is the only book in the series not set in Miss Cackle's Academy for Witches, but by the sea instead.

title: The Worst Witch (1998 TV series)

text: The Worst Witch is a British-Canadian ITV television series about a group of young witches at a school for magic. The series stars Georgina Sherrington and Felicity Jones, and is based on "The Worst Witch" books by Jill Murphy (published from 1974 onwards). It aired for a total of 40 episodes spread over three series between 1998 and 2001, before being followed by "Weirdsister College." Most episodes revolved around the school, following the adventures of Mildred and her friends. The series was later followed by "The New Worst Witch", which ran for two series and chronicled the experiences of Mildred's younger cousin Hettie as she attended the school.

title: Weirdsister College

text: In 2007, Shock released "Weirdsister College" on DVD, in a boxset with Series 3 of "The Worst Witch", although it is titled as "Series 4" of "The Worst Witch". Shock also released box sets of Series 1 & 2 of "The Worst Witch", and Series 1 & 2 of "The New Worst Witch". These are released only in Australia, but are playable worldwide.

title: The Worst Witch

text: Maud Spellbody is Mildred's best friend. She is fiercely loyal to Mildred and assists her on most of her adventures, often against her better judgment. Maud is a decent and considerate person, but grows weary of Mildred's incessant clumsiness and often lectures her on how to improve herself. Ironically, Maud is not a perfect student, as she is also responsible for a laughing potion going wrong, as she along with Mildred had no idea how to make one. The Worst Witch All at Sea reveals her last name to be Spellbody, rather than "Moonshine", which is what the ITV series dubbed her.

title: The Worst Witch (disambiguation)

text: The Worst Witch may also refer to:

title: The Worst Witch (2017 TV series)

text: The Worst Witch is a British-German fantasy children's television series about a group of young witches at a school for magic. It stars Bella Ramsey and is based on "The Worst Witch" books by Jill Murphy (published 1974–2018). It is the fifth adaptation of The Worst Witch series after the 1986 television film, the 1998 television series, the 2001 television spin-off and the 2005 television spin-off.

text: Drusilla Paddock is the older half-sister of Clarice crow and makes her first appearance in "The Worst Witch All at Sea". She claims a bed that Enid Nightshade offered to Mildred that looked like a hospital trolley. She has a much bigger role in the sixth book "The Worst Witch to the Rescue" where she hides Mildred's talking pet tortoise up a tree to prevent him from revealing the truth about Ethel's project.

text: The Worst Witch