query: Who played the lead role in Inside Man?

title: Inside Man

text: Inside Man is a 2006 American heist thriller film directed by Spike Lee, and written by Russell Gewirtz. It centers on an elaborate bank heist on Wall Street over a 24-hour period. The film stars Denzel Washington as Detective Keith Frazier, the NYPD's hostage negotiator, Clive Owen as Dalton Russell, the mastermind who orchestrates the heist, and Jodie Foster as Madeleine White, a Manhattan power broker who becomes involved at the request of the bank's founder, Arthur Case (Christopher Plummer), to keep something in his safe deposit box protected from the robbers. Inside Man marks the fourth film collaboration between Washington and Lee.

title: Peter Kastner

text: Kastner's first leading role was in the 1964 Canadian film "Nobody Waved Goodbye", which was a semi-improvised, documentary-style look at middle-class teenagers. He played an alienated young man, the son of a prosperous automobile dealer, who drifts into petty thievery. His breakthrough role was in the title role in Francis Ford Coppola's 1966 comedy "You're a Big Boy Now", which starred Elizabeth Hartman, Geraldine Page, Rip Torn, Karen Black, and Julie Harris, in which Kastner played an earnest young man who moves from his parents' house to New York City and struggles with confusing relationships. He played a similar role as an earnest young advertising man swept up in the era in 1971's "B.S. I Love You".

title: Roderick Paulate

text: Kuya Dick's 1st comedy non gay role in 1989 was "Last Two Minutes" which he play a straight man high school basketball coach with his fellow basketball members PBA Legends Alvin Patrimonio, Jerry Cordillera & Paul Alvarez, also in the movie as Zoren Legaspi, Jeffrey Santos, Aljon Jimenez with leading leadies Carmina Villaruel-Legaspi, Ruffa Gutierrez & Aiko Melendez & also in a special participation role and also introducing was Benjie Paras which Benjie plays a catholic priest for supposed to be a marriage inside a basketball gym. Kuya Dick also played the role of "Ding", a mentally-challenged homeless mute in 1980 in the first Philippine TV series "Malayo Pa Ang Umaga", about village life in the Philippines in the second world war under Japanese Imperial Army occupation. Kuya Dick's 1st fantasy drama role was "Engkanto" with the late hip hop king Francis Magalona was released in 1993 which also plays a straight tree man who saves the enviroment from nasty illegal loggers.

title: 24 Hrs (film)

text: The story is about a man who is mistakenly taken for another man who has killed a Mafia don's brother. The don who vows revenge sets his men after the youngster and demands that he be killed within 24 hours. Unarmed and untrained, the youngster fights frantically for his life, as the clock starts ticking away. Debutante actor Kuldeep was cast in the lead role while Manoj K. Jayan plays the Mafia don. Mumbai based Actress Komal Jha plays the female lead. Shammi Tilkan who plays a cop, and an honest one for a change. Devan, Vinaya Prasad, Anil Murali, Jagathy Sreekumar, Jameel Khan and Irshad play other major roles.

title: Fair & Lovely

text: The film was the second outing of the lead pair of Prem Kumar and Shwetha Srivatsav together, after having worked with a soap opera "Manavathara". In an interview with "The Times of India", Srivatsav, who plays the lead role in the film, revealed that her role in the film is of a sex worker. Talking of her preparation for the role, she said, "When I was in college, I played this role in two plays. So maybe that has helped me. Otherwise, I have watched a lot of movies. I'm a movie buff. Unintentionally, I observe the characters and maybe (I imbibed) all that body language and the way of delivering the dialogues." Speaking of his role, Kumar said, he plays "as a young man who also has a deep maturity and how he brings positivity and a ray of hope into a depressed person's life". The filming completed in early July 2014.

title: Chirutha

text: Chirutha (English: "Leopard") is a 2007 Indian Telugu action film directed by Puri Jagannadh. The film marks the debut of Ram Charan, son of the popular Telugu actor Chiranjeevi, in the lead role. Delhi-based model Neha Sharma plays the female lead with Ashish Vidyarthi, Prakash Raj, Brahmanandam, and Ali playing supporting roles. The film revolves around a man who searches for the person who murdered his father during his childhood. In the process, he falls in love with a girl and also finds his mother. The rest of the plot shows how the man avenges his father's death.

title: Ranga Vilas

text:
The story about a person who is engaged in the real estate business tries to take away the "Ranga Vilas" from the owners. How the orthodox family tries to retrieve the house from the business man.
The series is a Iyengar family melodrama with Jayachitra playing the lead female role. Jayachitra making her comeback after 15 years, and Radha Ravi, Vadivukkarasi, Delhi Kumar, Poovilangu Mohan and Anuradha Krishnamurthy in a lead role. Sailatha, who appeared in leading roles in the series Maharasi, Snehethy, Uravukku Kai Koduppom will portray an important role. Sathish, Udhay, Mahalakshmi, Rani and Sri Vithiya was selected to the Important roles.

title: Sarah Bernhardt

text: In five years, Bernhardt produced nine plays, three of which were financially successful. The first was a revival of her performance as Phédre, which she took on tour around the world. In 1898, she had another success, in the play "Lorenzaccio", playing the male lead role in a Renaissance revenge drama written in 1834 by Alfred de Musset, but never before actually staged. As her biographer Cornelia Otis Skinner wrote, she did not try to be overly masculine when she performed male roles: "Her male impersonations had the sexless grace of the voices of choirboys, or the not quite real pathos of Pierrot." Anatole France wrote of her performance in "Lorenzaccio": "She formed out of her own self a young man melancholic, full of poetry and of truth." This was followed by another successful melodrama by Sardou, "Gismonda", one of Bernhardt's few plays not finishing with a dramatic death scene. Her co-star was Lucien Guitry, who also acted as her leading man until the end of her career. Besides Guitry, she shared the stage with Edouard de Max, her leading man in 20 productions, and Constant Coquelin, who frequently toured with her.

title: Title role

text: The performer playing the title role is not always the lead and the title role may or may not be the protagonist. In the television miniseries "Shogun", for example, Toshirō Mifune had the title role, but the lead was played by Richard Chamberlain. In the James Bond novel "The Man with the Golden Gun", the title character is the primary antagonist. The title role and the lead can be different genders; for example, in the 2003 revival of August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom", Whoopi Goldberg had the title role, but the lead was Charles S. Dutton.

title: Kay Lenz

text:
Lenz made guest appearances in "The Streets of San Francisco", "Gunsmoke", "MacGyver", "McCloud", "Cannon", and "Petrocelli", and played a lead role in the film "White Line Fever" (1975) before being cast in the miniseries "Rich Man, Poor Man" in 1976, for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award.
She reprised her role for the sequel, "Rich Man, Poor Man Book II" (1977). Since the 1980s, she has played guest roles in numerous television series.

title: Lee El

text: Lee El (born Kim Ji-hyun on August 26, 1982) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her supporting roles in the film "Inside Men" (2015), the television series "It's Okay, That's Love", "" (2016–2017) and "A Korean Odyssey" (2017-2018). She played her first lead role in the film "What a Man Wants".

title: Lee Min-ki

text: In 2017, Lee was cast in the romantic-comedy drama "Because This Is My First Life" opposite Jung So-min; this is Lee's first television leading role in 10 years. This was followed with the fantasy melodrama "The Beauty Inside" (2018), based on the 2015 romantic comedy film of the same name. He plays a man who suffers from Prosopagnosia.

title: Revenge (1990 film)

text:
Costner:
To me, it's like picking a football team. The story made sense, to play the game made sense, and it was obvious that I should play quarterback or end. I mean, Cochran is a role that I should play ... The movie needed Anthony Quinn more than it needed me. I mean, there are probably five or six guys who could play Cochran's role, but who else is there who could play the role of Tibbey? The Tiburon character has to be really charming and Anthony has that in spades. He has to have danger and he has to have presence. Anthony has that because he's been a leading man all his life. And he has to be that age.

title: Kristos Andrews

text: Andrews played the lead role in the indie feature films "The Southside", a biographical film based on the true story and tragic death of Robert Areizaga Jr. He received an Indie Series Award nomination for Best Lead Actor – Drama for the role. Andrews also played the lead role in "A Place Called Hollywood", a satire that tells the cutting-edge story of a young man who pursues his dream in becoming a famous actor and gives a glimpse of the harsher side of Hollywood.

title: Bashy

text: Early in 2011 he signed on to play the lead role in "The Man Inside", opposite Peter Mullen, David Harewood and Michelle Ryan. Later that year, he was part of an ensemble cast in "Cockneys vs Zombies", taking up the role of Mental Mickey. The Metro newspaper described Thomas' wild card performance as "Brilliant".

title: Leading man

text: A leading man is the actor who is the protagonist or plays a love interest to the leading actress in a film or play. A leading man is sometimes an all-rounder; capable of singing, dancing, and acting at a professional level.

title: Killers of Kilimanjaro

text: The screenplay was originally by Peter Viertel, who had worked on "The African Queen", and written a novel of the experiences called "White Hunter, Black Heart". Alan Ladd, who had made three films for Warwick, was the announced as male lead - it was meant to be part of a six-picture deal between Ladd and Warwick that also included "The Man Inside" and "It's Always Four O'Clock". In the final event Ladd made no further films for Warwick - the lead role went to Robert Taylor.

title: Housefull (1999 film)

text: Parthiban plays Ayya, a respected man who runs a cinema theatre. The story begins when bombs are placed inside the theatre during a movie. Surya and Rattan play police officers who want to defuse the bombs without letting the audience know. Vikram plays a man inside the theatre, and Suvalakshmi the woman outside who loves him.

title: Michael Nyqvist

text:
Nyqvist's first major role was as police officer John Banck in the first set of "Beck" TV series in 1997. His first big breakthrough came in 2000 with the film "Together" directed by Lukas Moodysson. The movie achieved great international success and earned Nyqvist his first Guldbagge Award nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his portrayal of a misguided husband with anger issues. He later played the leading man in the Swedish romantic comedy "Grabben i graven bredvid" for which he won a Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in Leading Role.
In 2004, he played the lead role in "As It Is in Heaven" as Daniel Daréus, a conductor and musician. "As It Is in Heaven" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. In 2006, he starred in "Suddenly" where Nyqvist plays Lasse – a man who must come to terms with the sudden loss of his wife and son. In the 2007 film "The Black Pimpernel", Nyqvist portrays Swedish ambassador to Chile, Harald Edelstam, who helped many people flee execution by dictator Augusto Pinochet during and after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.

title: Clive Owen

text: Owen has played leading roles in films such as "Sin City" (2005), "Derailed" (2005), "Inside Man" (2006), "Children of Men" (2006), and "The International" (2009). In 2012, he earned his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his role in "Hemingway & Gellhorn". He played Dr. John W. Thackery on the Cinemax medical drama series "The Knick", for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination.

title: Leading actor

text: A leading actor, leading actress, star, or simply lead, plays the role of the protagonist of a film, television show or play. The word "lead" may also refer to the largest role in the piece and "leading actor" may refer to a person who typically plays such parts or an actor with a respected body of work. Some actors are typecast as leads, but most play the lead in some performances and supporting or character roles in others.

title: The Lover (play)

text: Pinter leads the audience to believe that there are three characters in the play: the wife, the husband and the lover. But the lover who comes to call in the afternoons is revealed to be the husband adopting a role. He plays the lover for her: she plays the whore for him. As the play goes on the man (first as the lover and then as the husband) expresses a wish to stop the pretend adultery, to the dismay of the woman. Finally, the husband suddenly switches back to the role of the lover.

title: Baazigar

text: Baazigar () is a 1993 Indian crime thriller film directed by Abbas–Mustan starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol in the lead roles. It is a contemporary thriller about a young man who stops at nothing to get what he wants. This was Shah Rukh Khan's breakthrough role as the sole lead and Kajol's first commercial success. Actress Shilpa Shetty was supposed to debut with "Gaata Rahe Mera Dil", but it remained unreleased, and this became her debut film. "Baazigar" was the first film in which Shah Rukh Khan played the role of an anti-hero and the first which earned Khan a Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Initially this movie was offered to Armaan Kohli and Salman Khan to play the lead role, but they all rejected it as the role had negative shades.

title: Nimirndhu Nil

text: Jayam Ravi was signed for the lead role. He would be doing a dual role, a 26 years old young man and a 42-year-old man. Nayantara was the first choice for the role. Due to date issue Nayanthara turned down the offer and Amala Paul signed for the role, who would play the female lead in both the versions. Meghana Raj was said to have an important role in the film, but she said on Twitter that she was not acting in the film. Ragini Dwivedi was roped in to play an important role.

title: Derrick De Marney

text: After "Young and Innocent", he alternated between leading roles and supporting parts in films. He was cast in the title role of "Uncle Silas" (1947); a character part in which he played a man formerly suspected of murder who plots against his young niece, an heiress played by Jean Simmons. After a couple of more leads in self-produced films, he tended to concentrate on the theatre, only taking small roles in film and television thereafter. His last role was in the horror film "The Projected Man" (1966).

title: Missy Peregrym

text:
Peregrym then played the role of an illusion-generating Candice Wilmer on the television series "Heroes". Billed by production staff, in promotional materials as "a female temptress". She was due to appear in the episode titled Parasite, but she made her debut appearance in a non-speaking role in episode Company Man the week before.
Peregrym had her first lead television role on The CW's series "Reaper" from 2007 to 2009. Nikki Reed initially played the role in the unaired pilot. "Reaper" was about a young man named Sam who became a bounty hunter for the devil.

title: Trevor Cooper

text: Having won a Carleton Hobbs Award in 1979, Cooper had his first lead role in a 1980 radio production of "The File on Leo Kaplan". Cooper appeared in the films "The Whistle Blower" and "The Ruby in the Smoke". He is also known for playing Colin Devis on the television series "Star Cops" and Gurth in the 1997 BBC dramatisation of "Ivanhoe". His other television roles include appearances in "Outnumbered", "Doctor Who: Revelation of the Daleks", "Doctors", "Kingdom", "Trial & Retribution", "The Bill", "Spooks", "Casualty", "The Wrong Mans" and "Inside No. 9" ("The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge"). He has also worked on the "Kaldor City" series of audio plays, and had a part in "Cimerica" at the Harold Pinter Theatre 2013.

title: Jürgen Prochnow

text: His elder brother Dieter Prochnow, born 1939, is also an actor. Together, the brothers appeared in "The Man Inside" where Jürgen played the leading role and Dieter a small supporting role.

title: William Courtenay (actor)

text: A tall, handsome leading man Courtenay appeared in plays with Richard Mansfield, e.g., a revival of "Beau Brummel" and the American premiere of "Cyrano de Bergerac" as well as productions produced by Charles Frohman. An early important Frohman production from 1902 was Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest" his costars being Charles Richman, Margaret Anglin and Margaret Dale. For three years after 1902 he appeared as leading man in plays starring Virginia Harned the ex-wife of E. H. Sothern and seven years Courtenay's senior. They married around 1905 and Courtenay continued being a popular leading man on Broadway. Virginia Harned largely retired from acting after one or two more plays to be Mrs. William Courtenay. They had no children. In 1913 he was chosen for the lead in "Romance" by Edward Sheldon and starring Doris Keane in the role of a lifetime. The lead role in this soon to be famous and very long running play made Courtenay more famous. Sheldon had originally offered the part to his friend actor John Barrymore who declined and later regretted it. Keane and Courtenay performed the play over a thousand performances.

title: Leading man

text: A leading man can also be an actor who is often seen in romantic roles. An example of this would be Bruce Cabot's role in "King Kong". Less frequently, the epithet has been applied to an actor who is often associated with one particular actress; for example, Spencer Tracy had a similar association with Katharine Hepburn. However, used in this sense, the woman is usually described as the "leading lady" of the man. The term is also used collectively, as in "Hollywood's leading men" to refer to a group of notable, famous, or popular actors.

title: David Krumholtz

text: It was the role of Yussel that brought Krumholtz to the attention of actor and filmmaker Edward Burns, who cast him in the independent film "Sidewalks of New York" (2001). Playing the romantic and slightly obsessed Benny, Krumholtz was on a path to larger, more complex film roles. His first role as a leading man was in the romantic comedy "You Stupid Man" (2002), opposite Milla Jovovich. Although never released theatrically in the United States, "You Stupid Man", directed by Edward Burns's brother Brian Burns, was released on DVD (2006). Krumholtz carried his first leading role in a released American film when he starred "Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie" (2002), which premiered on FX Networks.


query: Do First Nations have representation in Canadian government?

title: First Nations

text: The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a body of First Nations leaders in Canada. The aims of the organization are to protect the rights, treaty obligations, ceremonies, and claims of citizens of the First Nations in Canada.

title: Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform

text: The committee's final report, "Strengthening Democracy in Canada: Principles, Process and Public Engagement for Electoral Reform", was adopted by the committee on November 28, 2016 and presented to the House of Commons on December 1, 2016. Among the twelve recommendations made by the committee was that a form of proportional representation be implemented and that a national referendum be held on the issue. The system would be designed by the government with the goal of any proposed system scoring a 5 or less on the Gallagher index but preserve local representation by avoiding party-list proportional representation systems, and the committee recommended that the design of the proposed system be finalized and shared with Canadians before any referendum campaign is conducted.

title: Politics of New Zealand

text: In October 1990, the National Party again formed a government, for the first of three three-year terms. The new National government largely advanced the free-market reforms of the preceding government. In 1996, New Zealand inaugurated the new electoral system (mixed-member proportional representation) to elect its Parliament. The system was expected (among numerous other goals) to increase representation of smaller parties in Parliament and appears to have done so in the MMP elections to date. Since 1996, neither National nor Labour has had an absolute majority in Parliament, and for all but two of those years a minority government has ruled. In 1995 Georgina Beyer became the world's first openly transgender mayor, and in 1999 she became the world's first openly transgender Member of Parliament.

text: The Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association (UCCLA) is an independent, non-partisan educational and research organization. Established in 1986 after the Civil Liberties Commission (affiliated with the Ukrainian Canadian Congress) was disbanded, its members – all of whom are volunteers – have been particularly active in championing the cause of recognition, restitution and reconciliation with respect to Canada's first national internment operations, helping secure a redress settlement in 2008 with the Government of Canada along with the Ukrainian Canadian Congress and the Taras Shevchenko Foundation (see InternmentCanada.ca). They have also challenged allegations about "Nazi war criminals" hiding in Canada, have exposed the presence in Canada of veterans of the NKVD/SMERSH/KGB, have helped raise public awareness about Soviet and Communist war crimes and crimes against humanity (in particular about the genocidal Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine, the "Holodomor"), and have made numerous public representations, articulating the interests of Canada's Ukrainian community. The first chairman of the CLC/UCCLA was John B. Gregorovich, a lawyer. The current chairman is Roman Zakaluzny; the immediate past president was Professor Lubomyr Luciuk.

title: Canadian artist-run centres

text: Canadian artist-run centres are committed to the principle of paying artists for the exhibition or presentation of their work. Indeed, centres are required to do so if they receive funding from the Canada Council. A recommended minimum fee schedule for payment is provided by Canadian Artists Representation (CARFAC), a non-profit artists' advocacy group founded in 1968 that serves as the national voice of Canada's professional visual artists. CAR first suggested fee schedules to Canadian galleries in 1968; by 1971 they came more widely into use as a result of a threatened boycott of galleries by CAR members, and in 1988 the payment of an Exhibition Right for the public exhibition of artistic production became part of Canadian federal copyright law with an amendment to the Canadian Copyright Act (R.S., 1985, c. C-42) recognizing artists as the primary producers of culture and giving artists legal entitlement to exhibition and other fees.

title: National Do Not Call List

text: The National Do Not Call List (DNCL) is a list administered by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) that enables Canadian residents to decide whether or not to receive telemarketing calls. It was first announced by the Government of Canada on 13 December 2004.

title: Culture of Canada

text: The promotion of multicultural media in Canada began in the late 1980s as the multicultural policy was legislated in 1988. In the "Multiculturalism Act", the federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture. Thus, multicultural media became an integral part of Canadian media overall. Upon numerous government reports showing lack of minority representation or minority misrepresentation, the Canadian government stressed separate provision be made to allow minorities and ethnicities of Canada to have their own voice in the media.

title: Feminism in South Africa

text: On May 2, 1990 the African National Congress released a statement titled "The Statement of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress on the Emancipation of Women in South Africa" which was the first national acknowledgment of the need for gender equity in order to advance a truly democratic nation. The statement also recognized that there was a striking imbalance of women in government positions and that is detrimental as women's perspectives and issues are often overlooked. The document initially received high praise from feminists in the country, but in later years women criticized the congress for not taking action to rectify the issues outlined in the statement. However, since 1990 women have gained more positions of power within government as today South Africa is ranked among the top five African countries that have high representation of women in the national legislature. This improvement is largely due to mandatory quotas now required by political parties in South Africa to ensure minimum female representation in government positions.

title: Tony Penikett

text: In the 1985 territorial election, the party won eight seats, forming a minority government with Penikett serving as government leader. Four of the party's eight MLAs were of First Nations descent, with a by-election win by Danny Joe in 1987 bringing First Nations representation in the government to five out of nine; this remains the all-time historical record for First Nations representation in a Canadian legislature. Joe's by-election win also lifted the party to majority government status.

title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Today's political organizations have resulted from interaction with European-style methods of government through the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians. Aboriginal political organizations throughout Canada vary in political standing, viewpoints, and reasons for forming.[138] First Nations, Métis and Inuit negotiate with the Canadian Government through Indian and Northern Affairs Canada in all affairs concerning land, entitlement, and rights.[137] The First Nation groups that operate independently do not belong to these groups.[137]

title: Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation

text: Grassy Narrows First Nation received a settlement in 1985 from the Canadian government and the Reed Paper Company that bought-out the Dryden Pulp and Paper Company and its sister-company Dryden Chemical Company. Moreover, in June 2017, the Ontario government pledged $85 million to cleanup the industrial mercury contamination. However the mercury was never removed from the water and continues to affect the health of Grassy Narrows residents. Government agencies responsible for the cleanup and study of the mercury pollution in the Wabigoon River system fear that dredging the sediments in the Wabigoon River may increase the levels of mercury downstream. Thus, it is because the government entities do not wish to pollute the Wabigoon River system furthermore that the lack of cleanup is strategic rather than malicious. That being said, due to the fact that the Government of Canada still subjects the Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation community to the poisonous fish and has not actively attempted to remove the mercury contamination from the Wabigoon River system that the Asubpeeschoseewagong people have faced environmental racism.

title: Yinka Dene Alliance

text: The Yinka Dene Alliance also opposes the project as a matter of land rights. The project would traverse around 50 First Nations' territories, much of which has never formally been ceded. Land title is still being negotiated through the BC Treaty Process. The Yinka Dene Alliance, whose traditional territories make up 25% of the land directly affected by the Northern Gateway project, argues that Enbridge has no legal right to proceed without First Nations' approval. However, based on the 1997 Delgamuukw case, the Supreme Court of Canada disagrees. According to Canadian law, the First Nations must be consulted, which is happening through the project's Joint Review Panel and through private negotiations between Enbridge and First Nations, but they do not have the power to veto. The Yinka Dene Alliance are not participating in the Joint Review Panel public hearings, calling them "bogus" on the grounds that the Canadian government has already made up its mind to support the project.

title: Dependent territory

text: Three Crown dependencies are in a form of association with the UK. They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation, and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. They do not have diplomatic recognition as independent states, but they are not an integrated part of the UK, nor do they form part of the European Union. The UK Parliament retains the ability to legislate for the Crown dependencies even without the agreement of the insular legislatures. None of the Crown dependencies has representatives in the UK Parliament. Bermuda and Gibraltar have similar relationships to the UK as the Crown dependencies. While Britain is officially responsible for defence and international representation, these jurisdictions maintain their own militaries and have been granted limited diplomatic powers, in addition to having internal self-government. Nevertheless, they are British Overseas Territories.

title: Canadian Association for Community Living

text: The CACL National organization is family-based, governed by a Board of Directors with representation from across Canada, activated through a national network of volunteers, and supported through a national staff team.

title: Multicultural media in Canada

text: The promotion of multicultural media began in the late 1980s as the multicultural policy was legislated in 1988. In the Multiculturalism Act, the federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture. Thus, multicultural media became an integral part of Canadian media overall. Upon numerous government reports showing lack of minority representation or minority misrepresentation, the Canadian government stressed separate provision be made to allow minorities and ethnicities of Canada to have their own voice in the media.

title: Vilnius Conference

text: The national minorities were promised freedom for their cultural needs. In later years national minorities were granted the same rights as Lithuanians and in some cases extra representation in the government: after the war ended, the Council of Lithuania was expanded to include Jewish and Belarusian representatives; the first governments of Lithuania included Ministries for Jewish and Belarusian affairs; in 1920 the Jewish community was granted national and cultural autonomy with the right to legislate binding ordinances; the Russian Orthodox Church received financial support from the government; Germans, concentrated in the disputed Klaipėda Region, were also granted autonomy. The only sizeable group that did not have extra representation was the Polish minority because of intense conflicts over the Vilnius Region.

title: District of Columbia home rule

text: A separate yet related controversy is the District's lack of voting representation in Congress. The city's unique status creates a situation where D.C. residents do not have full control over their local government nor do they have voting representation in the body that has full control.

title: The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia

text:
In order to do this, CDHR has consulted with democratic and constitutional experts and has devoted itself to creating a "blueprint" for a new democratic political structure in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They have proposed the following steps in doing so:
The holding of full and fair, internationally verified municipal elections as a first step towards the complete democratization of the Saudi political system. Regional and national elections are to follow local elections. All citizens of voting age should have the right to vote, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or religious orientation, at all levels of the democratic process (locally, regionally, and nationally). Representation at all levels of government is to be directly proportional to the percentage of the vote obtained in the elections by any candidate or party. To ensure fair political representation of both individuals and regions, the number of seats available for each body of government should be prescribed by the Constitution and directly related to the results of a regularly and independently held National Census. The new political structure is to be designed so that each of the five main regions enjoys equal representation at the national level in a legislative body.

title: Presidential system

text: Although most parliamentary governments go long periods of time without a no confidence vote, Italy, Israel, and the French Fourth Republic have all experienced difficulties maintaining stability. When parliamentary systems have multiple parties, and governments are forced to rely on coalitions, as they often do in nations that use a system of proportional representation, extremist parties can theoretically use the threat of leaving a coalition to further their agendas.

title: Kluane National Park and Reserve

text: Kluane National Park lies within the traditional territories of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations and Kluane First Nation who have a long history of living in this region. Through their respective Final Agreements with the Canadian Government, they have made into law their rights to harvest in this region.

title: Indigenous Canadian personalities

text: First Nation people have come from a diverse background of history, economy, culture and government. First Nations become active politicians in the Canadian government holding a sense of pride and patriotism towards the nation of Canada. First Nations also become politicians within their own well-defined First Nation government known as the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) which supported by its membership, land base and tribal councils

title: Canadian Artists' Representation v National Gallery of Canada

text: In 1992, the Parliament of Canada passed the "Status of the Artist Act" (""SAA""), which provided for Canadian artists to be represented by recognized professional associations in negotiating terms of compensation on their behalf with federal "producers" who commission artists' services. Accordingly, Canadian Artists' Representation ("CARFAC") and "Regroupement des artistes en arts visuels du Québec" ("RAAV") have been recognized with respect to rights relating to visual artists.

title: Canadian Index of Wellbeing

text: This domain measures the interest and participation of citizens in public life and governance, the functioning of Canadian governments, citizens' confidence in the federal government, women's representation as members of parliament, and the role Canadians and their institutions play as global citizens.

title: Canadian Artists' Representation

text: Canadian Artists' Representation/ (CARFAC) is a non-profit corporation that serves as the national voice of Canada's professional visual artists.

title: French Canadians

text: Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used "Québécois" (masculine) or "Québécoise" (feminine) to express their cultural and national identity, rather than "Canadien français" and "Canadienne française". Francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as "French Canadian" ("Canadien" or "Canadien français"). Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty, often find "Canadien français" to be archaic or even pejorative. This is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebecers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. It has given Québécois an ambiguous meaning which has often played out in political issues, as all public institutions attached to the Government of Quebec refer to all Quebec citizens, regardless of their language or their cultural heritage, as Québécois.

title: First-past-the-post voting

text: It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation, leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest. Further, during election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on marginal seats where there is a prospect of a change in representation, leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign. Political parties operate by targeting districts, directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal, where each additional vote has more value.

title: Mestizo

text: The Métis are recognized as Aboriginal, but not as a First Nation by the Canadian government and do not receive the same benefits granted to First Nation peoples. However, the 1982 amendments to the Canadian constitution recognize the Métis as an aboriginal people, and have enabled individual Métis to sue successfully for recognition of their traditional rights such as rights to hunt and trap. In 2003, a court ruling in Ontario found that the Métis deserve the same rights as other aboriginal communities in Canada.

title: National cinema

text: Canadian cultural and film critics have long debated how Canadian national cinema can be defined, or whether there is a Canadian national cinema. Most of the films shown on Canadian movie screens are US imports. If "Canadian national cinema" is defined as the films made in Canada, then the canon of Canadian cinema would have to include lightweight teen-oriented fare such as "Meatballs"(1979), "Porky's" (1983) or "Death Ship" (1980). Other critics have defined Canadian national cinema as a "...reflection of Canadian life and culture." Some critics argue that there are "two traditions of filmmaking in Canada." The "documentary realist tradition" espoused by the federal government's National Film Board and avant-garde films.

title: Canada–Venezuela relations

text: In February 1948, there was a Canadian Consulate General in Caracas and a Venezuelan Consulate General in Montreal. In that year, the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries; but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel for the manning of a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.

title: New Westminster Bridge

text:
The bridge is owned by the Government of Canada, operated and maintained by the Canadian National Railway, with the Southern Railway of British Columbia (SRY), Canadian Pacific Railway, and BNSF Railway having track usage rights, as do Amtrak's "Cascades"
(with service to Portland and Seattle) and Via Rail's "The Canadian" (with service to Toronto).

title: 1949 Canadian federal election

text: The Canadian federal election of 1949 was held on June 27 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 21st Parliament of Canada. It was the first election in Canada in almost thirty years in which the Liberal Party of Canada was not led by William Lyon Mackenzie King. King had retired in 1948, and was replaced as Liberal leader and Prime Minister by Louis St. Laurent. It was also the first federal election with Newfoundland voting, having joined Canada in March of that year, and the first election since 1904 in which the parts of the Northwest Territories were granted representation. The Liberal Party was re-elected with its fourth consecutive government, winning just under 50% of the vote. This victory was the largest majority in Canadian history to that point and remains, by any measure, the largest-ever majority won by the Liberal Party. As of 2017, it remains the third largest majority government in Canadian history.


query: When did the War of the Spanish Succession begin?

title: War of the Spanish Succession

text: The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700. His closest heirs were members of the Austrian Habsburg and French Bourbon families; acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either threatened the European balance of power.

title: Secret Treaty of Dover

text: The treaty's reference to the possibility of "new rights to the Spanish monarchy reverting to the King of France" envisaged the possibility of the Spanish King Charles dying childless, and of Louis then claiming the Spanish throne for the House of Bourbon. At the time of the treaty, the Spanish monarch was only nine years old, but his infirmity was already evident and well-known, casting doubt on his ever being able to beget children. However, by the time when it did happen - the King of Spain indeed dying childless in 1700 - the orientation of British foreign policy had completely reversed. Far from the King of England aiding the French one in "maintaining his Spanish rights", Britain went to a major war - the War of Spanish Succession - in order to block these French ambitions.

title: Habsburg Spain

text: Cardinal Richelieu had been a strong supporter of the Dutch and Protestants since the beginning of the war, sending funds and equipment in an attempt to stem Habsburg strength in Europe. Richelieu decided that the recently signed Peace of Prague was contrary to French interests and declared war on the Holy Roman Emperor and Spain within months of the peace being signed. The more experienced Spanish forces scored initial successes; Olivares ordered a lightning campaign into northern France from the Spanish Netherlands, hoping to shatter the resolve of King Louis XIII's ministers and topple Richelieu before the war exhausted Spanish finances and France's military resources could be fully deployed. In the ""année de Corbie"", 1636, Spanish forces advanced as far south as Amiens and Corbie, threatening Paris and quite nearly ending the war on their terms.

title: Peñol de Cerquín

text: The first Spanish expedition to pass the Peñol was led by Pedro de Alvarado in early 1536, but he did not attempt an assault. A few months later Alvarado sent his lieutenant Juan de Chávez against the fortress; his initial assault was defeated, and the siege that followed it faltered due to supply problems. Over the next year, Spanish expeditions in the general region were moderately successful, and the Spanish considered the area pacified. Unknown to the Spanish, Lempira had been fortifying the Peñol in secret, and he amassed a great quantity of warriors and supplies there before openly declaring war in late 1537. The Spanish captain Alonso de Cáceres laid siege to the fortress at the beginning of November. In spring of 1538, Lempira agreed to a parley with the Spanish, and was shot dead during the negotiations. The surprise Spanish assault that followed quickly overran the demoralised defenders, and the fortress fell to the European invaders.

title: Duchy of Luxemburg

text: With the abdication in 1555 of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain Charles I), the Habsburg Netherlands passed to his son King Philip II of Spain. During the Dutch Revolt, or Eighty Years War, the seven northern provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands broke away from Spain to form the Dutch Republic in 1581, while the remaining ten southern provinces (including Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule until 1714. During this time, the remaining southern provinces were referred to as the Spanish Netherlands (or Southern Netherlands, a name that continued under Austrian rule). The War of Spanish Succession, which was fought after the Spanish Habsburg line died out in 1700, resulted in the Spanish Netherlands coming under the rule of the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria in 1714, thereby beginning the period of the Austrian Netherlands. The area remained under Austrian rule until the French Revolution, when it was taken over by France in 1795.

title: André, marquis de Nesmond

text: At the beginning of the War of Spanish Succession he was sent to the Caribbean to protect the Spanish treasure fleet but in June 1702 he got sick and died on board the "Ferme" in the harbor of Havana, Cuba.

title: War of Jenkins' Ear

text: In the Treaty of Seville (1729), following the Anglo-Spanish War, Britain had accorded Spanish warships a "Visitation Right", the right to stop British traders and check them for smuggled cargo to verify that the "asiento" was being respected. Over time, the Spanish became suspicious British traders were abusing the contract and began to board ships and confiscate their cargoes. After very strained relations between 1727 and 1732, the situation improved between 1732 and 1737, when Sir Robert Walpole supported Spain during the War of the Polish Succession. But the causes of the problems remained and, when the opposition against Walpole grew, so did anti-Spanish sentiment among the British public.

title: Kingdom of Naples

text: After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, possession of the kingdom again changed hands. Under the terms of the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714, Naples was given to Charles VI, the Holy Roman Emperor. He also gained control of Sicily in 1720, but Austrian rule did not last long. Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by a Spanish army during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, and Charles, Duke of Parma, a younger son of King Philip V of Spain was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735. When Charles inherited the Spanish throne from his older half-brother in 1759, he left Naples and Sicily to his younger son, Ferdinand IV. Despite the two Kingdoms being in a personal union under the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, they remained constitutionally separate.

title: Spanish–Moro conflict

text: The Spanish–Moro Conflict (Filipino: "Sagupaang Kastila-Moro") was a series of wars lasting over several centuries from the beginning of Spanish colonization of the Philippines, to the Spanish–American War when Spain finally began to subjugate Moroland after centuries of failing to do so.

title: Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)

text: In the War of the First Coalition, Spain declared war on the newly formed French Republic, joined the Coalition in attempting to restore the Bourbon Monarchy. The main Spanish general was Antonio Ricardos, who failed to secure a decisive victory, despite initial successes. French forces elsewhere quickly overran the Austrian Netherlands after the Battle of Fleurus, and the Dutch Republic collapsed under huge pressure. The Spanish were having similarly bad times. The Spanish navy did little, with the exception of combining with the British and participating in the Siege of Toulon.

title: Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War

text: It culminated in a period during 1937 when all the powers were prepared to give up on non-intervention. By the end of July, the Committee was in deadlock, and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely. Unrestricted Italian submarine warfare began on 12 August. The British Admiralty believed that a significant control effort was the best solution to attacks on British shipping. It was decided by the Committee that naval patrols did not justify their expense and would be replaced with observers at ports.

title: Royal Palace of Milan

text: On 24–25 January 1695, a fire destroyed the Court theater. Reconstruction and expansion of a new ducal theater did not begin until 1717, when Milan, now ceded to the Austria after the War of Spanish Succession, received its first Austrian governor, the Count of Loewenstein. The new theater was designed by Francesco Galli Bibbiena, and his pupils Giandomenico Barbieri and Domenico Valmagini. The theater was larger, with four tiers of boxes and a gallery in the shape of a horseshoe; on the side was a small "Ridottino" for gambling and the sale of drinks and sweets beside masks and costumes for the feasts. It was completed on 26 December 1717 and it was inaugurated with the opera "Costantino" by Gasparini.

title: House of Habsburg

text: In the secret Oñate treaty, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs settled their mutual claims. The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the last male of the Austrian Habsburg line in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession), and finally the last female of the Habsburg male line in 1780.

title: Sankt Wendel

text: During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) the city was occupied and despoiled again. Commerce did not recover from that for a long time. Only in 1714 could people begin rebuilding.

title: Portugal–Spain relations

text: Henry also lacked heirs and his death triggered a succession crisis, where the main claimants to the throne were Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato. After the Spanish victory in the War of Portuguese Succession Philip of Spain was crowned king in 1581, beginning a personal union between the two nations known as the Iberian Union generating a decline of the Portuguese Empire during the period of Union. The Iberian Union lasted for almost sixty years until 1640, when the Portuguese Restoration War was initiated against Spain and Portugal reestablished the Portuguese dynasty under the Bragança.

title: Battle of Ameixial

text:
The Battle of Ameixial, was fought on 8 June 1663, near the village of Santa Vitória do Ameixial, some north-west of Estremoz, between Spanish and Portuguese as part of the Portuguese Restoration War.
In the spring of 1663, the Spanish had undertaken their most successful attack on Portugal, since the beginning of the war.

title: Spanish Alarm

text: When the war had finally ended, however, South Carolinians were relieved; the war had not brought in much of the way of benefits. "No sooner had the war begun than did Charleston merchants begin to consider methods by which they could gain from it". The English colonists hoped to gain from the Spanish Alarm, but as the raids continued, the merchants realized their ill effects. Many colonists started to lose their enthusiasm, especially during the 1740s. The court, "during nine years of actual warfare, recorded only twenty-one enemy ships which were captured by Charleston privateers and condemned as prizes of war". The book "Georgia Journeys" stated that "the Spanish Alarm...was of great damage to the colony in regarding cultivation".

title: Admiralty in the 18th century

text: Naval operations in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13) were with the Dutch against the Spanish and French. They were at first focused on the acquisition of a Mediterranean base, culminating in an alliance with Portugal and the capture of Gibraltar (1704) and Port Mahon in Menorca (1708). In addition Newfoundland and Nova Scotia were obtained. Even so, freedom of action in the Mediterranean did not decide the war, although it gave the new Kingdom of Great Britain (created by the Union of England and Scotland in 1707) an advantage when negotiating the Peace of Utrecht, and made Britain a recognized great power. The British fleet ended Spanish occupation of Sicily in 1718 and in 1727 blockaded Panama.

title: Southern Italy

text: After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, possession of the kingdom again changed hands. Under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Naples was given to Charles VI, the Holy Roman Emperor. He also gained control of Sicily in 1720, but Austrian rule did not last long. Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by a Spanish army during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, and Charles, Duke of Parma, a younger son of King Philip V of Spain was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735. When Charles inherited the Spanish throne from his older half-brother in 1759, he left Naples and Sicily to his younger son, Ferdinand IV. Despite the two kingdoms being in a personal union under the House of Bourbon from 1735 onwards, they remained constitutionally separated.

title: King George's War

text: The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander chopped off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was confined to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen, and war was only formally declared between Britain and France in March 1744. Massachusetts did not declare war until June 2.

title: L'Alcúdia

text: The locality is named after a 13th-century Moorish farmhouse, granted in 1238 by the Aragonese king Jaume I (James I) to Pere de Montagut. On January 17, 1252 this latter conceded the right to found a township upon these lands to 54 Christian pioneers after the "reconquista" of the Valencian Moorish territories. The town was involved in many of the conflicts that shook Spain throughout its history: it was sacked during the "Revolta de les Germanies" in the beginning of the 16th century; in the 18th century, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Bourbon troops plundered it again, and finally, during the Peninsular War it lodged a camp of French troops that looted everything from the villagers, leaving them in debt. During the Spanish Civil War, it was lucky to keep on the rearguard, although this did not spare the town from being bombed by Italian fascist planes, supporting Franco’s uprising.

title: Spanish Road

text: The Spanish Road was only used once or twice per year by the military, and the rest of the time by merchants. Because of this, military magazines were seen as unimportant by some countries. The military did, however, use a system of providing staples called "etapés". This system was going to be put into place after the successful proposal of Don Cristóbal de Benavente to the Council of War in Madrid. Unfortunately, the Spanish King was not impressed, so Madrid did not support them. However, some "governors" did think the "etapés" were a good idea, so they set them up along the Spanish Road, using commissioners sent by the governor of the Spanish Netherlands or by the governor of the Milan to work out pricing details, so that the providers were always paid for their services. The first type of "etapés" was permanent and found only in Savoy. It consisted of a place where soldiers and other travellers had access to food and shelter when they passed through. The second type was in Franche-Comté, Lorraine and the Low Countries, and was created only when arranged for in advance by a private contractor, who would work out the payments, shipments and quantities of food based on the type and schedule of each individual military excursion. This system made the use of the Spanish Road more practical.

title: Names given to the Spanish language

text: However, the term "Spanish" ("español") is a more recent term that first referred to Spain as a country, and then to the predominant language spoken in that country. Spain as a truly unified nation appeared centuries later than the language and the Kingdom of Castile; in fact, it was only in the late 15th century that the personal union between the Crowns of Castile and Aragon unified Spain. The actual legal unification date is disputed, but commonly agreed to have occurred not earlier than the eighteenth century at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. Only then did the Castilian language begin to be commonly called Spanish.

title: Frederick North, Lord North

text: North's ministry had an early success during the Falklands Crisis in 1770 in which Great Britain faced down a Spanish attempt to seize the Falkland islands, nearly provoking a war. Both France and Spain had been left unhappy by Great Britain's perceived dominance following the British victory in the Seven Years War. Spanish forces seized the British settlement on the Falklands and expelled the small British garrison. When Britain opposed the seizure, Spain sought backing from her ally, France. However, Louis XV did not believe his country was ready for war and in the face of a strong mobilisation of the British fleet the French compelled the Spanish to back down. Louis also dismissed Choiseul, the hawkish French Chief Minister, who had advocated war and a large invasion of Great Britain by the French.

title: Mallorca

text: In the early 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession resulted in the replacement of that dynastic union with a unified Spanish monarchy under the rule of the new Bourbon Dynasty. The last episode of the War of Spanish Succession was the conquest of the island of Mallorca. It took place on 2 July 1715 when the island capitulated to the arrival of a Bourbon fleet. In 1716, the Nueva Planta decrees made Majorca part of the Spanish province of Baleares, roughly the same to present-day Illes Balears province and autonomous community.

title: Military history of Spain

text: Globally, Spain remained an important naval and military power, depending on critical sea lanes stretching from Spain through the Caribbean and South America, and westwards towards Manila and the Far East. The 18th century saw an ongoing struggle between the growing naval power of the rising imperial power Great Britain and Spain that worked to maintain it transoceanic links with its overseas empire, still by far the largest of the time. The number of Spanish galleons deploying across the Atlantic sea routes increased significantly in the first half of the century, undoing the decline of the latter 17th century. Britain used the exclusive right to non-Spanish slave trading in Spanish America for thirty years which she had gained at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession as an excuse for increased military intervention, such as during the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748). During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), Britain attempted to leverage its existing island bases along the Spanish Main and the Spanish West Indies, briefly occupied Havana and Manila, but in each case the British hold was tenouous and practical and strategic considerations led to their return in exchange for Florida. During the American War of Independence, Spanish forces reconquered Florida and assisted the American rebels with arms and soldiers and by attacks on British trade and supplies. Both Spain and Britain made extensive use of privateers throughout the war, the Spanish exploiting fully the British prejudice against using the convoy system to protect its expensive merchant assets in times of war. The earlier war of the Polish succession was still seen as positive for Spain, as the kingdom did recover the territories lost after the war of Spanish succession, in Italy. However, during the Seven Years' War, three Spanish attempts to conquer Portugal ended in crushing disasters.

title: War of the Spanish Succession

text: War became inevitable when the exiled James II of England died on 16 September and Louis reneged on his earlier recognition of the Protestant William III as his successor to the thrones of England and Scotland. Instead Louis supported the claim of the Catholic James Francis Edward Stuart. When William died in March 1702, his successor Queen Anne confirmed her continuation of the Protestant succession. The Dutch did the same and on 15 May the Grand Alliance declared war on France, followed by the Imperial Diet on 30 September.[27]

title: Prince of Asturias

text: With the arrival of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne after the War of the Spanish Succession begins a new period for the Principality of Asturias, whose population looked upon the new dynasty with hope. The new royal house promoted an identification of the Principality with the Spanish heir following the aid given by the Crown of Castile during the war, and the Principality of Asturias, which until then had been held by the heir of Castile, tended to be considered properly Spanish.

title: Prince Eugene of Savoy

text: With the death of the infirm and childless Charles II of Spain on 1 November 1700, the succession of the Spanish throne and subsequent control over her empire once again embroiled Europe in war—the War of the Spanish Succession. On his deathbed Charles II had bequeathed the entire Spanish inheritance to Louis XIV's grandson, Philip, Duke of Anjou. This threatened to unite the Spanish and French kingdoms under the House of Bourbon—something unacceptable to England, the Dutch Republic, and Leopold I, who had himself a claim to the Spanish throne. From the beginning, the Emperor had refused to accept the will of Charles II, and he did not wait for England and the Dutch Republic to begin hostilities. Before a new Grand Alliance could be concluded Leopold I prepared to send an expedition to seize the Spanish lands in Italy.

title: Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua

text: When the Seven Years' War broke out in Europe in 1756, Spain did not initially join either of the two coalitions of belligerents. The Spanish policy of neutrality was immediately tested on December 26, 1756 when a British privateer, the "Antigallican", captured the French ship "Penthievre". When the British captain took both ships into the Bay of Cadiz, the Spanish authorities inpounded both ships. Spain insisted that the captured ship should be returned to France, along with the "Antigallican" which was awarded as compensation. This outraged the British, but no military action was taken. This incident marked the beginning of a decline in Anglo-Spanish relations.

title: Province of Valladolid

text: The revolt of the comuneros in the year 1520, which ended with the ringleaders of that revolt publicly executed in Villalar de los Comuneros. Valladolid became the capital of the Spanish empire between the years 1601-1606. When the Spanish Empire began to decline due to the continuing wars in which this involved and the emergence of new emerging powers, there was an economic decline in the area, as in the rest of the Spanish monarchy. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–1715) It positioned the side of the Bourbon pretender, that would be the one who got the throne. In the Peninsular War against France (1808–1814), there were a succession of small battles and the continued action of guerrillas as "The Undaunted".


query: When did Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel die?

title: Coco Chanel

text: Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (19 August 1883[1] – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and business woman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the "corseted silhouette" and popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her design aesthetic in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product. She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[2] Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.[3]:211

title: Chanel No. 5

text: Chanel No. 5 was the first perfume launched by French couturier Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel. The chemical formula for the fragrance was compounded by French-Russian chemist and perfumer Ernest Beaux. The design of its bottle has been an important part of the product's allure.

title: Chanel

text: Wisely, Pierre Wertheimer settled his business- and commercial-rights quarrel with Chanel, and, in May 1947, they renegotiated the 1924 contract that had established Parfums Chanel — she was paid $400,000 in cash (wartime profits from the sales of perfume No. 5 de Chanel); assigned a 2.0 per cent running royalty from the sales of No. 5 "parfumerie"; assigned limited commercial rights to sell "her" "Chanel perfumes" in Switzerland; and granted a perpetual monthly stipend that paid all of her expenses. In exchange, Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss "parfumerie" enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name "Coco Chanel".

title: Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge

text: Vera Bate Lombardi, Coco Chanel's muse and PR representative, was rumoured to be Adolphus' illegitimate daughter. Hal Vaughan, in his 2012 biography of Coco Chanel ('Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War', p. 42), describes Vera Bate Lombardi as a 'cousin and childhood friend' of Edward, Prince of Wales.

title: Chanel

text: The success of the No. 5 encouraged Coco Chanel to expand perfume sales beyond France and Europe and to develop other perfumes — for which she required investment capital, business acumen, and access to the North American market. To that end, the businessman Théophile Bader (founder of Galeries Lafayette) introduced the venture capitalist Pierre Wertheimer to Coco Chanel. Their business deal established the Parfums Chanel company, a "parfumerie" of which Wertheimer owned 70 per cent, Bader owned 20 per cent, and Chanel owned 10 per cent; commercial success of the joint enterprise was assured by the Chanel name, and by the cachet of la "Maison Chanel", which remained the sole business province of Coco Chanel.

title: Gabrielle Dorziat

text: Gabrielle Dorziat (1880–1979) was a French stage and film actress. Dorziat was a fashion trend setter in Paris and helped popularize the designs of Coco Chanel. The Théâtre Gabrielle-Dorziat in Épernay, France is named for her.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress.[12] When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a cafe-concert (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, La Rotonde. She was a poseuse, a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name "Coco" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, "Who Has Seen Coco?" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father.[13] Others believe "Coco" came from Ko Ko Ri Ko, and Qui qu'a vu Coco, or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, cocotte.[14] As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitués of the cabaret.[6]

title: Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster

text: In 1925, he was introduced to Gabrielle ("Coco") Chanel after a party in Monte Carlo and pursued her. He was as extravagant with her as he was with all of his lovers. He purchased a home for Chanel in London's prestigious Mayfair district, and in 1927 gave her a parcel of land on the French Riviera at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin where Chanel built her villa, "La Pausa". His romantic liaison with Chanel lasted ten years. An illustration of both Westminster’s extravagance and orchestrated technique in the courting of women has endured in the form of various apocryphal stories. He purportedly concealed a huge uncut emerald at the bottom of a crate of vegetables delivered to Chanel. Disguised as a deliveryman, Westminster appeared at Chanel’s apartment with an enormous bouquet of flowers. His ruse was only uncovered after Chanel’s assistant offered “the delivery boy” a tip.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Vaughan also addressed the discomfort many felt with the revelations provided in his book: "A lot of people in this world don't want the iconic figure of Gabrielle Coco Chanel, one of France's great cultural idols, destroyed. This is definitely something that a lot of people would have preferred to put aside, to forget, to just go on selling Chanel scarves and jewellery."[42]

title: Little black dress

text: In 1926 Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel published a picture of a short, simple black dress in American "Vogue". It was calf-length, straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines. "Vogue" called it "Chanel's Ford". Like the Model T, the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes. "Vogue" also said that the LBD would become "a sort of uniform for all women of taste". This, as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black from mourning, and reinvent it as the uniform of the high-class, wealthy, and chic. As Coco herself proclaimed, "I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around."

title: Coco Chanel

text: The first film about Chanel was Chanel Solitaire (1981), directed by George Kaczender and starring Marie-France Pisier, Timothy Dalton, and Rutger Hauer. Coco Chanel (2008) was a television movie starring Shirley MacLaine as the 70-year-old Chanel. Directed by Christian Duguay, the film also starred Barbora Bobuľová as the young Chanel and Olivier Sitruk as Boy Capel. Coco avant Chanel (Coco Before Chanel) (2009) was a French-language biographical film starring Audrey Tautou as the young Chanel, with Benoît Poelvoorde as Étienne Balsan and Alessandro Nivola as Boy Capel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2009) was a French-language film directed by Jan Kounen. Anna Mouglalis played Chanel, and Mads Mikkelsen played Igor Stravinsky. The film was based on the 2002 novel Coco and Igor by Chris Greenhalgh, which concerns a purported affair between Chanel and Stravinsky. It was chosen to close the Cannes Film Festival of 2009.[65]

title: Chanel

text: In Switzerland, the news revived Coco Chanel's resentment at having been exploited by her business partner, for only ten per cent of the money. So she established a rival Swiss "parfumerie" to create, produce, and sell "her" "Chanel perfumes". In turn, Wertheimer, the majority capital stock owner of Parfums Chanel, saw his business interests threatened, and his commercial rights infringed because he did not possess legally exclusive rights to the Chanel name. Nonetheless, Wertheimer avoided a trademark infringement lawsuit against Coco Chanel, lest it damage the commercial reputation and the artistic credibility of "his" Chanel-brand "parfumerie".

title: Irma Boom

text: Boom also makes use of various finishing in her printed material such as embossing and die cuts. In her commissioned book for Chanel, "Chanel N ͦ5", Boom printed an entire 300 page book devoid of ink, using instead embossed text and image to create a semi-invisible narrative of "Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel". The book is completely white and housed in a black box. The concept behind the book was inspired by the nature of perfume—it is best understood in an olfactive, not visual, manner—and relies on lesser dominant senses to tell the story.

title: Coco Before Chanel

text: Coco Before Chanel () is a 2009 biographical drama film directed and co-written by Anne Fontaine. The film stars Audrey Tautou and details the early life of French fashion designer Coco Chanel.

title: Chanel No. 22

text: Chanel No. 22 is one of several well-known fragrances from Parisian couturier, Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel.

title: Coco Chanel

text: In 1927, the Duke of Westminster gave Chanel a parcel of land he had purchased in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the French Riviera. Chanel built a villa here, which she called La Pausa[30] ('restful pause'), hiring the architect Robert Streitz. Streitz's concept for the staircase and patio contained design elements inspired by Aubazine, the orphanage where Chanel spent her youth.[6]:48–49[31] When asked why she did not marry the Duke of Westminster, she is supposed to have said: "There have been several Duchesses of Westminster. There is only one Chanel."[32]

title: Spring 2009 Chanel couture collection

text: The show continued in the tradition of Coco Chanel’s use of white. Coco Chanel often wore white, and in 1933 presented an all-white collection.

title: Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky

text: "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky" is based on the 2002 fictional novel "Coco and Igor" by Chris Greenhalgh and traces a rumoured affair between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky in Paris in 1920, the year that Chanel No. 5 was created. Greenhalgh also wrote the screenplay for the film. Chanel and its current chief designer Karl Lagerfeld lent their support to the production; they granted access to the company's archives and to Coco Chanel's apartment at 31, rue Cambon, Paris. The film was released very soon after Anne Fontaine's film "Coco avant Chanel" starring Audrey Tautou.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Suspicions of Coco Chanel's involvement first began when German tanks entered Paris and began the Nazi occupation. Chanel immediately sought refuge in the deluxe Hotel Ritz, which was also used as the headquarters of the German military. It was at the Hotel Ritz where she fell in love with Baron Hans Gunther von Dincklage working in the German embassy close to the Gestapo. When the Nazi occupation of France began, Chanel decided to close her store, claiming a patriotic motivation behind such decision. However, when she moved into the same Hotel Ritz that was housing the German military, her motivations became clear to many. While many women in France were punished for “horizontal collaboration” with German officers, Chanel faced no such action. At the time of the French liberation in 1944, Chanel left in a note in her store window explaining Chanel No. 5 to be free to all GIs. During this time, she fled to Switzerland to avoid criminal charges for her collaborations as a Nazi spy.[36]

title: Coco Chanel

text: Chanel introduced a line of jewellery that was a conceptual innovation, as her designs and materials incorporated both costume jewelry and fine gem stones. This was revolutionary in an era when jewellery was strictly categorized into either fine or costume jewellery. Her inspirations were global, often inspired by design traditions of the Orient and Egypt. Wealthy clients who did not wish to display their costly jewellery in public could wear Chanel creations to impress others.[62]

title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: One of the first women to wear trousers, cut her hair, and reject the corset was Coco Chanel. Probably the most influential woman in fashion of the 20th century, Coco Chanel did much to further the emancipation and freedom of women's fashion.

title: Coco Before Chanel

text: Several years after leaving the orphanage where her father abandoned her, a young Gabrielle Chanel finds herself working in a provincial bar. She is both a seamstress for the performers and a singer, earning the nickname 'Coco' from the song she sings nightly with her sister. A liaison with the charismatic Baron Balsan (Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde) gives her an entry into French high society, and a chance to develop her gift for designing increasingly popular hats.

title: Chanel

text: Coco Chanel thus could sell to them the hats she designed and made; she thus earned a living, independent of her financial sponsor, the socialite Balsan. In the course of those salons Coco Chanel befriended Arthur 'Boy' Capel, an English socialite and polo player friend of Étienne Balsan; per the upper class social custom, Chanel also became mistress to Boy Capel. Despite that social circumstance, Boy Capel perceived the businesswoman innate to Coco Chanel, and, in 1910, financed her first independent millinery shop, "Chanel Modes", at 21 rue Cambon, Paris. Because that locale already housed a dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture. Two years later, in 1913, the Deauville and Biarritz couture shops of Coco Chanel offered for sale "prêt-à-porter" sports clothes for women, the practical designs of which allowed the wearer to play sport.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to mother, Eugénie Jeanne Devolle—known as Jeanne—a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, France.[7]:14[8] She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, was born less than a year earlier.[8] Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments,[9]:27 living a nomadic life, traveling to and from market towns. The family resided in rundown lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle,[7]:16 persuaded to do so by her family who had "united, effectively, to pay Albert to marry her."[7]:16

title: Coco Chanel

text: In September 1944, Chanel was interrogated by the Free French Purge Committee, the épuration. The committee had no documented evidence of her collaborative activities and was obliged to release her. According to Chanel's grand-niece, Gabrielle Palasse Labrunie, when Chanel returned home she said, "Churchill had me freed".[6]:186-187

title: Coco Chanel (film)

text: Coco Chanel is a 2008 made-for-television biographical film directed by Christian Duguay and written by Ron Hutchinson, Enrico Medioli and Lea Tafuri. It stars Shirley MacLaine as (the older) Coco Chanel, the pioneering French fashion designer. MacLaine was nominated for a Golden Globe award, an Emmy and a Screen Actors Guild award for her work in the film.

title: Coco Chanel

text: When Gabrielle was 12,[3][10] her mother died of tuberculosis[3] at the age of 32.[7]:18 Her father sent his two sons to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the convent of Aubazine, which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was "founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls".[7]:27 It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Placement in the orphanage may have been the best thing for Coco's future because it is where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of Moulins.[6]:5

title: Chanel ready-to-wear collection

text: Chanel is a privately held French company founded in 1909 by Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel, a former milliner. The Chanel ready-to-wear collection is showcased biannually for spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons during Paris Fashion Week to an audience of media, retailers, buyers, investors, and customers, under the auspices of the Chambre Syndicale du Prêt-à-Porter des Couturiers et des Créateurs de Mode, which is one of three trade associations affiliated with the Fédération française de la couture, du prêt-à-porter des couturiers et des créateurs de mode. The House of Chanel is known for liberating women from the corset in the early 20th century and designing fluid, jersey pieces, most notably the little black dress. Chanel died in 1971, Karl Lagerfeld has been the Creative Director since 1983.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that evolved into a commercial enterprise. She became a licensed milliner in 1910 and opened a boutique at 21 rue Cambon, Paris, named Chanel Modes.[23] As this location already housed an established clothing business, Chanel sold only her millinery creations at this address. Chanel's millinery career bloomed once theatre actress Gabrielle Dorziat wore her hats in Fernand Nozière's play Bel Ami in 1912. Subsequently, Dorziat modelled Chanel's hats again in photographs published in Les Modes.[23]

title: Chanel

text: Chanel S.A. (, ) is a French privately held company owned by Alain Wertheimer and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the "couturière" Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S.A. is a high fashion house that specializes only in women's haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods, and fashion accessories. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname "Coco" from her time as a chanteuse. As a fashion designer, Coco Chanel catered to women's taste for elegance in dress, with blouses and suits, trousers and dresses, and jewellery (gemstone and bijouterie) of simple design, that replaced the opulent, over-designed, and constrictive clothes and accessories of 19th-century fashion. The Chanel product brands have been personified by fashion models and actresses, including Inès de La Fressange, Catherine Deneuve, Carole Bouquet, Vanessa Paradis, Nicole Kidman, Anna Mouglalis, Audrey Tautou, Keira Knightley, Kristen Stewart and Marilyn Monroe.