query: When did the Writer's Almanac radio program first air?

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: The Writer's Almanac is a daily podcast and newsletter of poetry and historical interest pieces, usually of literary significance. Begun as a radio program in 1993,[1][2] it is hosted by Garrison Keillor and was produced and distributed by American Public Media through November 2017. Today it is available on Keillor's and major podcast platforms. Past program sponsors include The Poetry Foundation (using funds from a large bequest from philanthropist Ruth Lilly),[3] publisher of Poetry Magazine and The Mosaic Foundation of Rita and Peter Heydon.

title: This American Life

text: Glass, the program's creator, has served as executive producer and host since its November 17, 1995, debut. The program's first year was produced on a budget that was tight even by US public-radio standards. A budget of $243,000 covered an outfitted studio, marketing costs, purchased satellite time, and paid for four full-time staffers and various freelance writers and reporters. National syndication began in June 1996 when Public Radio International formed a distribution partnership with the program. It airs on 509 PRI affiliate stations in the United States reaching an estimated 2.1 million listeners each week. The show is also carried on Sirius XM Satellite Radio over the Public Radio International block on the XM Public Radio channel. The program consistently rates as the first- or second-most downloaded podcast on iTunes for each week.

title: Garrison Keillor

text: Keillor regularly takes the radio company on the road to broadcast from popular venues around the United States; the touring production typically features local celebrities and skits incorporating local color. In April 2000, he took the program to Edinburgh, Scotland, producing two performances in the city's Queen's Hall, which were broadcast by BBC Radio. He toured Scotland with the program to celebrate its 25th anniversary. (In the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, the program is known as "Garrison Keillor's Radio Show".) Keillor has produced broadcast performances similar to "PHC" but without the "Prairie Home Companion" brand, as in his 2008 appearance at the Oregon Bach Festival. He was also the host of "The Writer's Almanac," from 1993 to 2017, which, like "PHC", was produced and distributed by American Public Media.

title: RTÉ Radio

text: The first voice broadcast of 2RN, the original radio callsign for what would eventually become RTÉ Radio 1, took place on 14 November 1925 when Seamus Clandillon, the station director, announced on air: "Seo Raidió 2RN, Baile Átha Cliath ag tástáil", Irish for "This is Radio 2RN, Dublin testing". Regular Irish radio-broadcasting began on 1 January 1926. However, people in most of Ireland could not receive 2RN's (1.5 kilowatt) signal at the time. When faced with numerous complaints from Cork regarding the writers' inability to tune in to the signal, Clandillon remarked in "The Irish Radio Review", a magazine dedicated to the service, that they did not know how to operate their sets. A second station, 6CK (mostly relaying the transmissions of 2RN), was established in Cork in 1927.

title: The Orson Welles Almanac

text: The idea of doing such a variety show occurred to Welles after his success as substitute host of "The Jack Benny Program", radio's most popular show. When Jack Benny contracted pneumonia on a performance tour of military bases, Welles hosted four consecutive programs (March 14–April 4, 1943) and was Benny's first guest when he returned to the show April 11, 1943.

title: Writers & Company

text:
Writers & Company is a Canadian radio show that airs Sunday afternoons on CBC Radio One. Hosted by Eleanor Wachtel, the program broadcasts interviews with Canadian and international writers.
The show airs Sunday afternoons at 5:00 p.m. Manitoba and west, 3:00 p.m. Ontario and east, 3:30 Newfoundland and Labrador. It repeats on Tuesdays at 3 p.m. (but is heard only in areas where CBC Radio's local show begins at 4 p.m.).

title: Global Village (American radio show)

text: Global Village is a world music radio show distributed to public and community radio stations across the United States. The program has been on the air locally since 2007 on KMUW-FM, Wichita Public Radio, and distributed across the U.S. since 2010. The program airs daily and has aired on over 130 stations across the U.S. In April, 2013, Global Village also began airing on the 62-station Radio New Zealand National public radio service. It was the Reader's Choice World Music Award winner for Best World Music Radio Show for 2012, and Number Four in the Public Radio Exchange (PRX) Zeitfunk Awards for Most Licensed Series. Global Village is hosted by radio host/producer and freelance writer Chris Heim (WHPK, WJKL, WXRT, WBEZ, KMUW). It is a production of KMUW, Wichita Public Radio and is distributed through the Public Radio Exchange.

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: In 2005 the program was briefly cancelled by Kentucky public radio station WUKY due to concerns about purportedly indecent content in some of the poems. The station reinstated the program after receiving an "outpouring of support" for the show.[5][6] This program was distributed in APM's Classical 24 stream and a large percentage of stations that carry it air all or mostly Classical Music during other times.

title: Ghosts in Bengali culture

text: There are some radio programs which feature recitation of horror stories written by acclaimed writers. Such radio program is Sunday Suspense by Radio Mirchi, aired from Kolkata, which features recitation of horror stories, as well as stories of other genres such as detective fiction, fantasy, and Sci-fi, etc. Similar such radio program is Kuasha, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM from Bangladesh, which features horror stories written by famous writers, and also stories sent by listeners of the program.

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: “These archives feature the work of thousands of talented artists, poets, and musicians,” said Jon McTaggart, president and CEO of Minnesota Public Radio and American Public Media Group. “We are pleased that these performances will once again be available to fans of these programs.”[8]

title: For Your Ears Only (radio program)

text: For Your Ears Only/On Air (formerly "Newsweek on Air") was a weekly radio program and podcast previously produced by Newsweek, Inc. and co-produced with RKO Radio Networks, Associated Press, Jones Radio Networks, and Triton Media Group, then an independent, non-profit project of the New York Foundation for the Arts and distributed by the Radio America network. It debuted on April 25, 1982, with its main producer-anchor David M. Alpern, a reporter, writer, then senior editor at Newsweek, who was at the helm during the program's 32-year run.

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: Minnesota Public Radio has reached an agreement with Garrison Keillor to restore free public access to the online archives of A Prairie Home Companion and The Writer’s Almanac. They say that past performances of these popular shows will be returned to their respective websites: and . MPR will pay $275,000 for Mr. Keillor’s rights related to these historic archives and to resolve all other matters.

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: In November 2017, after allegations of inappropriate behavior by Keillor toward an individual who worked for him on a freelance basis, Minnesota Public Radio terminated its contracts with him and his private media companies. This effectively ended the distribution and broadcast of The Writer's Almanac via public radio, as well as rebroadcasts of Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion.[7]

title: Radio Noon

text: Radio Noon is the name of CBC Radio One's regional noon-hour programs in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. It was formerly the name of all of the network's noon programs, regardless of location, although many of the programs have since adopted new names such as "Maritime Noon", "BC Almanac" and "Ontario Today".

title: Wally Swist

text: Garrison Keillor read his poem "Radiance" on "The Writers Almanac" radio program in July 2014.

title: Star Wars (radio series)

text: NPR's plans for a "Return of the Jedi" radio serial were put on hold when federal funding for NPR was dramatically reduced. However, NPR was never the producer of the radio series nor was it ever granted the rights to produce the radio adaptions nor did NPR fund any of the radio productions. Plans for a "Jedi" radio adaptation fell apart in the 1980s due to a disagreement (believed to be financial) between KUSC, Los Angeles (the producer of the two previous radio adaptations and to whom the rights were granted for production) and Lucasfilm. NPR was granted limited rights to air the two previous radio series because KUSC, Los Angeles provided the radio adaptations to NPR as part of NPR's National Program Service that allows any NPR member station rights to air the series as part of the annual dues already paid (rather than the 3rd party Extended Program Service where KUSC could have charged each station a fee for rights to air cutting out NPR). It was not until 1996 that a six-part adaptation of "Return of the Jedi" was made by Highbridge Audio, the company that had released the first two series on tape and CD. The production returned to the Westlake Recording Studios, where the original series had been recorded.

title: Jess Oppenheimer

text: In 1936, Oppenheimer moved to Hollywood, where in his first week he was hired as a comedy writer on Fred Astaire's radio program. When Astaire's show ended the following year, Oppenheimer landed a job as a radio gag writer for Jack Benny. He later wrote comedy for such other variety programs as the "Chase and Sanborn Hour with Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy," "The Lifebuoy Program starring Al Jolson," "The Gulf Screen Guild Show," and "The Rudy Vallee Program." As a staff writer on those programs, Oppenheimer wrote sketch comedy for many Hollywood stars, including Fanny Brice, George Burns and Gracie Allen, Bing Crosby, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, Bob Hope, and Ginger Rogers.

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: Each program is at least five minutes long and begins with the phrase "And here is the Writer's Almanac for [insert date here]..." Each daily program includes vignettes about authors and other noteworthy people whose birthdays or significant events coincide with the program's date, as well as excerpts of important events in history. The program continues with one or more poems chosen by Keillor, and ends with Keillor's traditional sign-off, "Be well, do good work, and keep in touch." The program's theme music is a version of the Swedish song "Ge mig en dag", performed by Richard Dworsky on the piano.[4] The original theme music was from Antonín Dvořák's Slavonic Dance, Op. 72, No. 8.[2]

title: Time Almanac with Information Please

text: "Information Please" was created in 1947 from the host and panelists from the popular radio show entitled "Information Please". The radio show which began in 1938 consisted of a panel of information experts that answered questions sent in by the public. The fact experts answered questions over the air and when the panelists were not able to give a correct answer they used humor instead. Host Clifton Fadiman edited and helped publish the first edition in 1947. In 1997, the "Information Please Almanac" merged with "Time". The "Time Almanac for Kids with Information Please" was first published in 2000.

title: Burt Kimmelman

text: Born and raised in New York City after World War Two, Burt Kimmelman has published nine collections of poetry. His poetry is often anthologized and has been featured on The Writer's Almanac radio program, recited by Garrison Keillor. He has been the subject of a number of published interviews.

title: Old Moore's Almanac

text: In 1764, an almanac called "The Irish Merlin" burst onto the scene. It was published by Theophilus Moore, known henceforth to generations of Irish people as “Old Moore.” But when it was first published, this almanac did not bear the compiler's name, but it was indeed the first "Old Moore's Almanac". There was a good reason why Theophilus did not put his name to the "Irish Merlin". At the time, the Catholic faith was actively being quashed, and Theophilus, a convinced Catholic, wanted to publish anonymously so he could be free to be completely Catholic in the "Irish Merlin", without attracting undue attention from authorities to his entrepreneurial efforts.

title: Edward J. Mason

text: Edward J. Mason had his first major success in 1947 as a script writer when the BBC Home Service radio network began airing his British detective serial "Dick Barton" which he created with co-writer Geoffrey Webb. This was the first serial to air on the BBC and it continued to be aired until 1951. The BBC replaced "Dick Barton" with "The Archers". Originally another creation of the Mason-Webb team, today it remains as the world's longest-running soap opera on radio.

title: Leila Abouzeid

text: Leila Abouzeid () (born 1950, El Ksiba) is a Moroccan author. She writes in Arabic and is the first Moroccan woman writer of literature to have her works published in English-language translation.Leila's radio show was unique because it was spoken in Arabic, as opposed to French. Almost every radio broadcast was done in French because the radio was a business, and French was used in business. As part of her program, she translated movie scripts into Arabic and did dramatic readings. One of these was the famous autobiography of Malcolm X. She translated this script into Arabic and read it theatrically over the air.

title: Greg Delanty

text: Many of his poems have been broadcast on radio and television, from Garrison Kellior "The Writer's Almanac" to the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) and Radio Teilifis Éireann (Raidió Teilifís Éireann—Irish National TV and Radio Broadcasting). He also has been interviewed extensively. Two interviews worth noting are the Vermont PBS interview with Fran Stoddart in the program ‘Profiles’; and the other interview was with David Hanley in the RTÉ poetry program ‘The Enchanted Way’.

title: The Writer's Almanac

text: In April 2018, Minnesota Public Radio posted a message stating its intent to re-establish the online archives of The Writer's Almanac and A Prairie Home Companion:

title: The Next Chapter (radio program)

text: The Next Chapter is a Canadian radio program, which airs on CBC Radio One. Hosted by Shelagh Rogers, the program is an hour-long weekly magazine show on books and literature, including interviews with writers.

title: PassPort NTS

text: The local home channel and Seed List are programmed into the radio by the dealer. When a radio registers on a site, whether it is a home or roam site, it is also given an "almanac" of nearby neighbor site frequencies via DFA broadcast (direct frequency assignment) allowing radios the ability to Roam in large Systems bigger than the Seed List capability or when System Frequency/Channel changes have occurred without having to physically reprogram the Radio. When the currently registered site signal drops below a programmed RSSI (receive signal strength indication) threshold, it first searches the DFA almanac frequencies for a better signal. When it exhausts the almanac, it starts on a "seed list" which are frequencies of all or most sites in the PassPort Radio network.

title: When Radio Was

text: When Radio Was is a syndicated radio program that re-airs old-time radio programs.

title: Garrison Keillor

text: In November 2017, Minnesota Public Radio cut all business ties with Keillor after an allegation of inappropriate behavior with a freelance writer for "A Prairie Home Companion". On April 13, 2018, MPR and Keillor announced a settlement that allows archives of "A Prairie Home Companion" and "The Writer's Almanac" to be publicly available again, and soon thereafter, Keillor began publishing new episodes of "The Writer's Almanac" on his website.

title: Eleanor Roosevelt

text: Roosevelt also made extensive use of radio. She was not the first First Lady to broadcast—her predecessor, Lou Henry Hoover, had done that already. But Hoover did not have a regular radio program, whereas Roosevelt did. She first broadcast her own programs of radio commentary beginning on July 9, 1934. On that first show, she talked about the effect of movies on children, the need for a censor who could make sure movies did not glorify crime and violence, and her opinion about the recent All-Star baseball game. She also read a commercial from a mattress company, which sponsored the broadcast. She said she would not accept any salary for being on the air, and that she would donate the amount ($3,000) to charity. Later that year, in November 1934, she broadcast a series of programs about children's education; it was heard on the CBS Radio Network. Sponsored by a typewriter company, Roosevelt once again donated the money, giving it to the American Friends Service Committee, to help with a school it operated. During 1934, Roosevelt set a record for the most times a First Lady had spoken on radio: she spoke as a guest on other people's programs, as well as the host of her own, for a total of 28 times that year. In 1935, Roosevelt continued to host programs aimed at the female audience, including one called "It's A Woman's World." Each time, she donated the money she earned to charity. The association of a sponsor with the popular First Lady resulted in increases in sales for that company: when the Selby Shoe Company sponsored a series of Roosevelt's programs, sales increased by 200%. The fact that her programs were sponsored created controversy, with her husband's political enemies expressing skepticism about whether she really did donate her salary to charity; they accused her of "profiteering." But her radio programs proved to be so popular with listeners that the criticisms had little effect. She continued to broadcast throughout the 1930s, sometimes on CBS and sometimes on NBC.


query: What is a phylum?

title: Phylum

text: In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia or Metazoa contains approximately 35 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about 8 phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

title: Bacterial phyla

text: Since then a candidate phylum called Poribacteria was discovered, living in symbiosis with sponges and extensively studied. (Note: the divergence of the major bacterial lineages predates sponges) Another candidate phylum, called Tectomicrobia, was also found living in symbiosis with sponges. And "Nitrospina gracilis", which had long eluded phylogenetic placement, was proposed to belong to a new phylum, Nitrospinae.

title: Bacterial phyla

text: New species have been cultured since 1987, when Woese's review paper was published, that are sufficiently different that they warrant a new phylum. Most of these are thermophiles and often also chemolithoautotrophs, such as Aquificae, which oxidises hydrogen gas. Other non-thermophiles, such as Acidobacteria, a ubiquitous phylum with divergent physiologies, have been found, some of which are chemolithotrophs, such as "Nitrospira" (nitrile-oxidising) or "Leptospirillum" (Fe-oxidising)., some proposed phyla however do not appear in LPSN as they were insufficiently described or are awaiting approval or it is debated if they may belong to a pre-existing phylum. An example of this is the genus "Caldithrix", consisting of "C. palaeochoryensis" and "C. abyssi", which is considered Deferribacteres, however, it shares only 81% similarity with the other Deferribacteres ("Deferribacter" species and relatives) and is considered a separate phylum by Rappé and Giovannoni. Additionally the placement of the genus "Geovibrio" in the phylum Deferribacteres is debated.

title: Arthropod

text:
If the Ecdysozoa hypothesis is correct, then segmentation of arthropods and annelids either has evolved convergently or has been inherited from a much older ancestor and subsequently lost in several other lineages, such as the non-arthropod members of the Ecdysozoa.
Arthropods belong to phylum Euarthropoda. The phylum is sometimes called Arthropoda, but strictly this term denotes a (putative - see Tactopoda) clade that also encompasses the phylum Onychophora.

title: Bacterial phyla

text: Several candidate phyla (Microgenomates, Omnitrophica, Parcubacteria, and Saccharibacteria) and several accepted phyla (Elusimicrobia, Caldiserica, and Armatimonadetes) have been suggested to actually be superphyla that were incorrectly described as phyla because rules for defining a bacterial phylum are lacking. For example, it is suggested that candidate phylum Microgenomates is actually a superphylum that encompasses 28 subordinate phyla and that phylum Elusimocrobia is actually a superphylum that encompasses 7 subordinate phyla.

title: Chlorobium

text: Comparative genomic analysis has led to the identification of 2 conserved signature indels which are uniquely found in members of the phylum "Chlorobi" and are thus characteristic of the phylum. The first indel is a 28-amino-acid insertion in DNA polymerase III and the second is a 12 to 14 amino acid insertion in alanyl-tRNA synthetase. These indels are not found in any other bacteria and thus serve as molecular markers for the phylum. In addition to the conserved signature indels, 51 proteins which are uniquely found in members of the phylum "Chlorobi". 65 other proteins have been identified which are unique to the "Chlorobi" phylum, however these proteins are missing in several "Chlorobi" species and are not distributed throughout the phylum with any clear pattern. This means that significant gene loss may have occurred, or the presence of these proteins may be a result of horizontal gene transfer. Of these 65 proteins, 8 are found only in "Chlorobium luteolum" and "Chlorobium phaeovibrioides". These two species form a strongly supported clade in phylogenetic trees and a close relationship between these species is further supported by the unique sharing of these 8 proteins.

title: Verrucomicrobia

text: Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of bacteria. This phylum contains only a few described species ("Verrucomicrobium spinosum", is an example, the phylum is named after this). The species identified have been isolated from fresh water and soil environments and human faeces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes. While verrucae is another name for the warts often found on hands and feet, this phylum is so called not because it is a causative agent thereof, but because of its wart-like morphology.

title: Siliceous sponge

text: The group, as a part of the phylum Porifera, has been named "Silicispongia" Schmidt, 1862 and "Silicea" Bowerbank, 1864. "Silicarea" is a proposed new phylum based on molecular studies of the phylum Porifera. It consists of the Poriferan classes Demospongiae and Hexactinellida. Some scientists believe that Porifera is polyphyletic/paraphyletic, and that some sponges, the Calcarea, are a separate phylum which was the first to diverge from the main line of kingdom Animalia. Silicarea is considered the next phylum to diverge from the primary animal lineage.

title: Symbion pandora

text: They are so unlike any known animal that its discovery by Danish scientists in 1995 led to the creation of a new phylum. The phylum Cycliophora, from the Greek for 'carrying a small wheel', was named after the creature's circular mouth. Two other members of that phylum have since been discovered.

title: Taxonomic rank

text: division or phylum ("divisio", "phylum")

title: Phylum

text: Crenarchaeota, second most common archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota, most common archaeal phylum Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota, ultra-small symbiotes, single known species Thaumarchaeota

title: Chloroflexi (phylum)

text: Recent phylogenetic analysis of the Chloroflexi has found very weak support for the grouping together of the different classes currently part of the phylum. The six classes that make up the phylum did not consistently form a well-supported clade in phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences for large datasets of proteins and no conserved signature indels were identified that were uniquely shared by the entire phylum. However, the classes "Chloroflexi" and Thermomicrobia were found to group together consistently by both the usual phylogenetic means and the identification of shared conserved signature indels in the 50S ribosomal protein L19 and the enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. It has been suggested that the phylum Chloroflexi ""sensu stricto"" should comprise only the classes Chloroflexi and Thermomicrobia, and the other four classes ("Dehalococcoidetes," Anaerolineae, Caldilineae and Ktedonobacteria) may represent one or more independent phyla branching in the neighborhood of the Chloroflexi.

title: Coprothermobacter

text: Coprothermobacter is a genus of rod-shaped microorganisms, belonging to the new bacterial family "Coprothermobacteraceae" of the new phylum "Coprothermobacterota". This taxonomic genus has been reclassified in 2018, after different phylogenetic studies showed that these bacteria represented a deeply branched taxon of the domain "Bacteria" ; consequently, the clade including this genus has been classified in a separate phylum from "Firmicutes", the phylum where it was included before reclassification.

title: Phylotypic stage

text: The phylotypic stage is the most conserved stage of embryogenesis between species within a phylum. It is the point in which developing embryos of species in the same phylum display maximal similarity. Recently, molecular tools have been used to identify the phylotypic period based on the developmental stage that displays maximal conservation of gene expression or minimal gene sequence divergence between species within a phylum.

title: List of bacterial orders

text:
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Fusobacteria.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Gemmatimonadetes.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Lentisphaerae.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Nitrospirae.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Proteobacteria.

title: Mollicutes

text: An early edition of "Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" placed class Mollicutes within phylum Firmicutes, whereas in the announced 2nd edition, they are moved to a separate phylum Tenericutes. The change is motivated by "their unique phenotypic properties, in particular the lack of rigid cell walls, and the general low support by alternative markers". In the "Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea" (TOBA Release 7.7), March 2007, the Mollicutes are a class in the phylum Firmicutes.

title: Nemertea

text: There is no doubt that the phylum Nemertea is monophyletic (meaning that the phylum includes all and only descendants of one ancestor that was also a member of the phylum). The synapomorphies (trait shared by an ancestor and all its descendants, but not by other groups) include the eversible proboscis located in the rhynchocoel.

title: Clamp connection

text: Clamp connections are structures unique to the phylum Basidiomycota. Many fungi from this phylum produce spores in basidiocarps (fruiting bodies, or mushrooms), above ground. Though clamp connections are exclusive to this phylum, not all species of Basidiomycota possess these structures. As such, the presence or absences of clamp connections has been a tool in categorizing genera and species.

title: Zygomycota

text: Historically, all fungi producing a zygospore were considered to be related and placed into Zygomycota. The use of molecular phylogenetics has increasingly revealed this grouping to be paraphyletic. However, the rank (i.e., phylum or subphylum) these clades is in dispute. What follows is a phylogeny of fungi with the zygomycete subphyla derived from Spatafora et al. (2016) with both possible phylum names.

title: List of bacteria genera

text: This article lists the genera of the bacteria.This phylum used to be known as green non-sulfur bacteriaThermomicrobia phylum is a phenotype of the green non-sulfur bacteria. It is, as its name suggests, thermophilic. Some scientists suggest that the thermomicrobia phylum is not a true bacteriological phylum, but a sub-division of the green non-sulfur division along with the current chloroflexi phylum.

title: Armatimonadetes

text: Armatimonadetes was originally described solely on the basis of environmental 16S rRNA gene clone sequences, and was temporarily titled candidate phylum OP10. However, in 2011 a bacterial strain belonging to the phylum was isolated from an aquatic plant in Japan. The species was named "Armatimonas rosea" and was the first member of its phylum, genus, and species.

title: TG3 (candidate phylum)

text: Candidate phylum TG3 is a candidate phylum that is closely related to the phylum "Fibrobacteres" based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. Originally thought to be composed solely of sequences from termite guts, it was later found to be more widespread in nature.

title: Phylum

text: Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain,[33] and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists[34] (see Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),[35] which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain placement): Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina.[33]

title: Organism

text: The most commonly accepted location of the root of the tree of life is between a monophyletic domain Bacteria and a clade formed by Archaea and Eukaryota of what is referred to as the "traditional tree of life" based on several molecular studies. A very small minority of studies have concluded differently, namely that the root is in the domain Bacteria, either in the phylum Firmicutes or that the phylum Chloroflexi is basal to a clade with Archaea and Eukaryotes and the rest of Bacteria as proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith.

title: Neocallimastigomycota

text: Neocallimastigomycota is a phylum containing anaerobic fungi, which are symbionts found in the digestive tracts of larger herbivores. Anaerobic fungi were originally placed within phylum Chytridiomycota, within Order Neocallimastigales but later raised to phylum level, a decision upheld by later phylogenetic reconstructions. It encompasses only one family.

title: Agmata

text: Currently, the phylum contains only one family, Salterellidae; a second family, Volborthellidae, was originally included but later became a synonym of the former. No orders, classes or superfamilies are used within the phylum, despite the order "Volborthellida" being previously proposed for "Volborthella" before the phylum's own proposal. The reasoning for this was that taxa of these ranks were not seen as necessary in a phylum with very few genera.

title: List of bacterial orders

text:
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Chlamydiae.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Chlorobi.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Chrysiogenetes.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Cyanobacteria.
This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Deferribacteres.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Dictyoglomi.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Elusimicrobia.

title: List of bacterial orders

text: This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Spirochaetes.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Synergistetes.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Thermotogae.This section lists the orders of Bacteria within the phylum Verrucomicrobia.

title: Bacterial phyla

text: The FCB group (now called Sphingobacteria) includes Bacteroidetes, the unplaced genus "Caldithrix", Chlorobi, candidate phylum Cloacimonetes, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadates, candidate phylum Ignavibacteriae, candidate phylum Latescibacteria, candidate phylum Marinimicrobia, and candidate phylum Zixibacteria.

title: Phylum

text: The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.[8] However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.[8] Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan.[11]

title: Phylum

text: A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.


query: What age did Guillaume Apollinaire die?

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Two years after being wounded in World War I, Apollinaire died in the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918; he was 38.

title: Le Bestiaire ou Cortège d'Orphée

text: Guillaume Apollinaire, was a bibliophile and a specialist in medieval bestiaries. In 1906 Picasso, a friend of Apollinaire's had made some experimental woodcuts of animals. Apollinaire published eighteen poems figuring all kinds of semi-mythical animals in 1908 in "La phalange", an experimental journal and promised his readers an illustrated edition. Picasso was not willing to cooperate and the poet persuaded Raoul Dufy, an engraver, to provide the woodcuts. Orpheus is present in four of the 30 poems.

title: Lycée Guillaume Apollinaire (Thiais)

text: Lycée Guillaume Apollinaire is a senior high school in Thiais, Val-de-Marne, France, in the Paris metropolitan area.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki was born in Rome, Italy, and was raised speaking French, Italian, and Polish.[1] He emigrated to France in his late teens and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire. His mother, born Angelika Kostrowicka, was a Polish noblewoman born near Navahrudak, Grodno Governorate (present-day Belarus). His maternal grandfather was a general in the Russian Imperial Army who was killed in the Crimean War. Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Costantino Camillo Flugi d'Aspermont (born 1835), a Graubünden aristocrat who disappeared early from Apollinaire's life. Francesco Flugi von Aspermont was a nephew of Conradin Flugi d'Aspermont (1787–1874), a poet who wrote in ladin putèr (an official language dialect of Switzerland spoken in Engiadina ota), and perhaps also of the Minnesänger Oswald von Wolkenstein (born c. 1377, died 2 August 1445; see Les ancêtres Grisons du poète Guillaume Apollinaire at Généanet).

title: Paul Guillaume

text: Being from modest origins, Paul Guillaume worked in a garage. He found African sculptures which he displayed. This aroused the attention of Guillaume Apollinaire, who in turn introduced him to many of the artists of the beginning of the century in France. He soon organized important exhibitions, such as the "Première Exposition d’Art Nègre et d’Art Océanien", on 13–19 May 1919, with a catalogue by Henri Clouzot and additional text by Apollinaire. Apollinaire, who died the previous year, had also collaborated with Paul Guillaume on the pioneering study "Sculptures Nègres" in 1917. This exhibition – drawn from Guillaume's private collection – placed African art at the heart of Modernism.

title: Les mamelles de Tirésias

text: Guillaume Apollinaire was one a group of poets whom Poulenc had met as a teenager. Adrienne Monnier's bookshop, the "Maison des Amis des Livres", was a meeting place for "avant-garde" writers including Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Paul Éluard and Louis Aragon. Apollinaire, the illegitimate son of a Polish noblewoman, was described by the critic Edward Lockspeiser as the prominent leader of Bohemian life in Montparnasse. Among his achievements were to bring to prominence the painter the Douanier Rousseau, and to invent the term "surrealism", of which he was a leading exponent. In June 1917 the audience for the first performance of Apollinaire's "drame surréaliste", "Les Mamelles de Tirésias", at a theatre in Montmartre included Jean Cocteau, Serge Diaghilev, Léonide Massine, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Erik Satie, and the young Poulenc. Many years later Poulenc said that though he had been immensely amused by the farcical piece it did not occur to him at the time that he would ever set it to music.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: In Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (1913) Apollinaire described Orphism as "the art of painting new totalities with elements that the artist does not take from visual reality, but creates entirely by himself. [...] An Orphic painter's works should convey an untroubled aesthetic pleasure, but at the same time a meaningful structure and sublime significance. According to Apollinaire Orphism represented a move towards a completely new art-form, much as music was to literature.[16]

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Apollinaire was active as a journalist and art critic for Le Matin, L'Intransigeant, L'Esprit nouveau, Mercure de France, and Paris Journal. In 1912 Apollinaire cofounded Les Soirées de Paris, an artistic and literary magazine.

title: Apolinère Enameled

text: "Apolinère" is a play-on-words referencing the poet, writer and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire, a close associate of Duchamp during the Cubist adventure. Apollinaire wrote about Duchamp (and others) in his book "The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations" of 1913.

title: Prix Guillaume Apollinaire

text: The members of jury of the Guillaume Apollinaire prize are elected for life. Since the last renewal (2011), the board members are:

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: A Calligramme by Guillaume Apollinaire[24] Muse Inspiring the Poet. Portrait of Apollinaire and Marie Laurencin, by Henri Rousseau, 1909 Apollinaire's grave in Père Lachaise Cemetery Poem by Apollinaire on a wall in Leiden

title: Three Musicians

text: Each painting features a Harlequin, a Pierrot, and a monk, who are generally believed to represent Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and Max Jacob, respectively. Apollinaire and Jacob, both poets, had been close friends of Picasso during the 1910s. However, Apollinaire died of the Spanish flu in 1918, while Jacob decided to enter a monastery in 1921.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: In 1911 he joined the Puteaux Group, a branch of the Cubist movement soon to be known as the Section d'Or. The opening address of the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or—the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition—was given by Apollinaire.[5][6]

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: The war-weakened Apollinaire died of influenza during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.[2] He was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.

title: Jean Metzinger

text: In 1906 Metzinger met Albert Gleizes at the Salon des Indépendants, and visited his studio in Courbevoie several days later. In 1907, at Max Jacob's room, Metzinger met Guillaume Krotowsky, who already signed his works Guillaume Apollinaire. In 1908 a poem by Metzinger, "Parole sur la lune", was published in Guillaume Apollinaire's "La Poésie Symboliste".

title: Prix Guillaume Apollinaire

text: The prix Guillaume Apollinaire is a French poetry prize first awarded in 1941. It was named in honour of French writer Guillaume Apollinaire. It annually recognizes a collection of poems for its originality and modernity.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: In his youth Apollinaire lived for a short while in Belgium, mastering the Walloon dialect sufficiently to write poetry, some of which has survived.

title: Exploits of a Young Don Juan

text: Exploits of a Young Don Juan (, , also known as What Every Frenchwoman Wants) is a 1986 French-Italian erotic coming of age film written and directed by Gianfranco Mingozzi. It is loosely based on the novel "Les Exploits d'un jeune Don Juan" by Guillaume Apollinaire.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Apollinaire, Marcel Adéma, 1954 Apollinaire, Poet among the Painters, Francis Steegmuller, 1963, 1971, 1973 Apollinaire, M. Davies, 1964 Guillaume Apollinaire, S. Bates, 1967 Guillaume Apollinaire, P. Adéma, 1968 The Banquet Years, Roger Shattuck, 1968 Apollinaire, R. Couffignal, 1975 Guillaume Apollinaire, L.C. Breuning, 1980 Reading Apollinaire, T. Mathews, 1987 Guillaume Apollinaire, J. Grimm, 1993

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: In late 1909 or early 1910, Metzinger painted a Cubist portrait of Apollinaire. In his Vie anecdotique (16 October 1911), the poet proudly writes: "I am honoured to be the first model of a Cubist painter, Jean Metzinger, for a portrait exhibited in 1910 at the Salon des Indépendants." It was not only the first Cubist portrait, according to Apollinaire, but it was also the first great portrait of the poet exhibited in public, prior to others by Louis Marcoussis, Amedeo Modigliani, Mikhail Larionov and Picasso.[4]

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: The term Orphism was coined by Apollinaire at the Salon de la Section d'Or in 1912, referring to the works of Robert Delaunay and František Kupka. During his lecture at the Section d'Or exhibit Apollinaire presented three of Kupka's abstract works as perfect examples of pure painting, as anti-figurative as music.[14]

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: In 1907 Apollinaire published the well-known erotic novel, The Eleven Thousand Rods (Les Onze Mille Verges).[19][20] Officially banned in France until 1970, various printings of it circulated widely for many years. Apollinaire never publicly acknowledged authorship of the novel. Another erotic novel attributed to him was The Exploits of a Young Don Juan (Les exploits d'un jeune Don Juan), in which the 15-year-old hero fathers three children with various members of his entourage, including his aunt.[21][22] Apollinaire's gift to Picasso of the original 1907 manuscript was one of the artist's most prized possessions.[23] The book was made into a movie in 1987.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: La Chanson du mal-aimé, oratorio by Léo Ferré on Apollinaire's eponymous poem (from Alcools) Monostich Prix Guillaume Apollinaire

title: Chiwara

text: African sculptural forms became fashionable amongst European artists and collectors at the beginning of the Twentieth century, and the Chiwara, especially in its more abstract forms, became one of the icons of what Europeans called "Primitive Art". The artist Guillaume Apollinaire and collector Paul Guillaume published images of the Chiwara in their "Sculptures nègres" in 1917, while Picasso, Braque, and Les Fauves became fascinated with African sculpture and masks in general, and the Chiwara figure in particular.

title: Maison Devambez

text:
This set the tone for a glittering series of important exhibitions, such as the "Première Exposition d’Art Nègre et d’Art Océanien", organized by Paul Guillaume, 13–19 May 1919, with a catalogue by Henri Clouzot and additional text by Guillaume Apollinaire. Apollinaire, who died the previous year, had collaborated with Paul Guillaume on the pioneering study "Sculptures Nègres" in 1917. This exhibition – drawn from Guillaume's private collection - placed African art at the heart of Modernism.
Artists exhibiting at Galerie Devambez included Mary Cassatt, Armand Guillaumin, Claude-Oscar Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Marquet, Paul Signac, Raoul Dufy, Maurice de Vlaminck, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani, Tsuguharu Foujita, and Giorgio de Chirico.

title: Rue de l'Abbaye

text: The street was built in 1800 by driving a way through the abbey grounds which had been taken over by the new Republic. The old refectory and part of the chapel were destroyed in the creation of the street which was initially known as "rue de la Paix", became "rue Neuve de l'Abbaye" in 1809 and settled on its current name in 1815. As recently as 1951, that portion of the original street between Rue Bonaparte and Rue Saint-Benoît was renamed Rue Guillaume Apollinaire after the poet Guillaume Apollinaire.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Guillaume Apollinaire (French:[ɡijom apɔlinɛʁ]; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish-Belarusian descent.

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: at Internet Archive at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) , Cordite Poetry Review 2014 Becker, Annette: , in: . on IMDb Guillaume Apollinaire (poems in French and English) Les onze mille verges an e-book (in French)

title: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: Apollinaire is played by Seth Gabel in the 2018 television series Genius, which focuses on the life and work of Pablo Picasso.

title: Alberto Savinio

text: From a very young age, Savinio's piano playing impressed critics nearly unanimously. Guillaume Apollinaire once said of Savinio's piano playing:


query: When was Paul Kenneth Bernardo caught?

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Bernardo was tried for the murders of French and Mahaffy in 1995, and his trial included detailed testimony from Homolka and videotapes of the rapes. Bernardo testified that the deaths were accidental, later claiming that his wife was the actual killer. On September 1, 1995, Bernardo was convicted of a number of offences, including the two first-degree murders and two aggravated sexual assaults, and sentenced to life in prison without parole for at least 25 years.[21] He was designated a dangerous offender, making him unlikely to ever be released.[21]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Bernardo and Homolka videotaped themselves torturing and sexually abusing Mahaffy while they listened to Bob Marley and David Bowie. At one point Bernardo said, "You're doing a good job, Leslie, a damned good job", adding: "The next two hours are going to determine what I do to you. Right now, you're scoring perfect." On another segment of tape played at Bernardo's trial, the assault escalated. Mahaffy cried out in pain, and begged Bernardo to stop. In the Crown description of the scene, he was sodomizing her while her hands were bound with twine.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: By 1990, Bernardo was spending long periods of time with Homolka's family, who liked him. Although he was engaged to Karla, he flirted with her younger sister Tammy. Bernardo had not told them that he had lost his job as an accountant and was smuggling cigarettes across the nearby Canada–United States border. He had become obsessed with Tammy, peering into her window and entering her room to masturbate while she slept. Homolka helped Bernardo by breaking the windows in her sisters' room, allowing him access. In July, he took Tammy across the border to get beer for a party; Bernardo later told his fiancée that "they got drunk and began making out".

title: Paul Bernardo

text: When she worked at a pet shop two years earlier, Homolka befriended a 15-year-old girl. On June 7, 1991, Homolka invited the girl, known as "Jane Doe" in the trials, for a "girls' night out". After an evening of shopping and dining, Homolka plied "Jane Doe" with alcohol laced with Halcion. When the girl lost consciousness, Homolka called Bernardo to tell him that his surprise wedding gift was ready. They undressed "Jane Doe", and Bernardo videotaped Homolka raping the girl before he penetrated her vaginally and anally. The next morning, "Jane Doe" was nauseated; she thought that her vomiting was from drinking alcohol for the first time, and did not realize that she had been sexually assaulted.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: During the after-school hours of April 16, 1992 (Maundy Thursday), Bernardo and Homolka drove through St. Catharines to look for potential victims. Although students were still going home, the streets were generally empty. As they passed Holy Cross Secondary School, a Catholic high school in the city's north end, they spotted 15-year-old Kristen French walking briskly to her nearby home. They pulled into the parking lot of nearby Grace Lutheran Church and Homolka got out of the car, map in hand, pretending to need assistance. When French looked at the map Bernardo attacked from behind, brandishing a knife and forcing her into the front seat of their car. From the back seat, Homolka controlled the girl by pulling her hair.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Homolka was released from prison on July 4, 2005. Several days before, Bernardo was interviewed by police and his lawyer Tony Bryant. According to Bryant, Bernardo said that he had always intended to free the girls he and Homolka kidnapped. However, when Mahaffy's blindfold fell off (allowing her to see Bernardo's face) Homolka was concerned that Mahaffy would identify Bernardo and report them to the police. Bernardo claimed that Homolka planned to murder Mahaffy by injecting an air bubble into her bloodstream, triggering an embolism.[13]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: May 4, 1987: Rape of a 21-year-old Scarborough woman in front of her parents' house, after Bernardo followed her home. May 14, 1987: Rape of a 19-year-old woman in the backyard of her parents' house. July 17, 1987: Attempted rape of a young woman. Although he beat the victim, he abandoned the attack when she fought back. September 29, 1987: Attempted rape of a 15-year-old girl. Bernardo broke into a house in Scarborough and entered the victim's bedroom. He jumped on her back, put his hand over her mouth, threatened her with a knife, bruised the side of her face and bit her ear. Bernardo fled when the victim's mother entered the room and screamed. 19 years old at the time of the crime, Anthony Hanemaayer was convicted of the sexual assault in 1989 and served a sixteen-month prison sentence, but was exonerated after Bernardo admitted the crime in 2006.[10] December 16, 1987: Rape of a 15-year-old girl. The next day Metropolitan Toronto Police issued a warning to women in Scarborough travelling alone at night, especially those riding buses. December 23, 1987: Rape of a 17-year-old girl with a knife he used to threaten his victims. At this point, he began to be known as the Scarborough Rapist. April 18, 1988: Bernardo attacked a 17-year-old girl. May 25, 1988: Bernardo was nearly caught by a uniformed Metro Toronto investigator staking out a bus shelter. Although the investigator noticed Bernardo hiding under a tree and pursued him on foot, he escaped. May 30, 1988: Rape of an 18-year-old woman in Mississauga, Ontario, about 40 kilometres (25mi) southwest of Scarborough. October 4, 1988: Attempted rape in Scarborough. Although his intended victim fought him off, he inflicted two stab wounds to her thigh and buttock which required 12 stitches. November 16, 1988: Rape of an 18-year-old woman in the backyard of her parents' house November 17, 1988: Metro Police formed a task force to capture the Scarborough Rapist. December 27, 1988: Attempted rape, with a neighbour chasing Bernardo off. June 20, 1989: Attempted rape; the young woman fought, and her screams alerted neighbours. Bernardo fled with scratches on his face. August 15, 1989: Rape of a 22-year-old woman. Bernardo stalked her the previous night outside the window of her apartment, and waited for her to arrive home. November 21, 1989: Rape of a 15-year-old girl Bernardo saw in a bus shelter. December 22, 1989: Rape of a 19-year-old woman. May 26, 1990: Rape of a 19-year-old woman. His victim's vivid recollection of her attacker enabled police to create a computer composite portrait, which was released two days later by police and published in Toronto and area newspapers. July 1990: Two months after police received tips that Bernardo fit the Scarborough Rapist composite, he was interviewed by two police detectives.

title: Paul Y. Anderson

text: After serving in World War II, both Paul and Kenneth moved to Southern California. Paul pursued a career as a brick mason. He and his wife, Margaret had no children. Kenneth went to work in the aerospace industry and became president of a small company that made fasteners and rivets for airplanes. He and his wife Irma had five children: Kenneth Jr. (1944-2004) John (1947) Katherine (1948), Paula (1949-2008) and Douglas (1951). Paul Y. Anderson is survived by four great-grandsons and one great-granddaughter.

title: Murder of Tammy Homolka

text: Tammy Lyn Homolka (January 1, 1975 – December 24, 1990) was the younger sister and victim of Canadian murderer Karla Homolka and her partner, Paul Bernardo. On 24 December 1990, less than two weeks before Tammy's 16th birthday, Karla Homolka and her fiancé Bernardo plied Tammy with alcoholic drinks laced with the sedative Halcion. When she became unconscious, the two raped her. Tammy became sick while sedated and died. After failed attempts to revive her, Karla covered up evidence of the assault and called an ambulance. Her official cause of death was listed as choking to death on her own vomit, and was believed at the time to have been an accident. After Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka were arrested for the murders of Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French, Tammy Homolka's body was exhumed. She is interred at Victoria Lawn Cemetery in St. Catharines, Ontario.

title: Hand of God (Miracles)

text: Paul watches Kenneth silently from the doorway. Slowly, he advances on him. He takes a pillow and holds it over the injured man's face. Kenneth struggles while Paul advises him to “let go.” He flatlines, and the doctor runs into the room in time to catch Paul in this deadly act. At the same doorway and, having finished his daydream, Paul continues to watch Kenneth sleep.

title: Imaginary Larry

text: Betsy (Riki Lindhome) is seen talking to herself, complaining that many of her dreams have not come true. Kenneth (Malcolm Barrett), who's visiting his famous brother Tevin (Ryan Devlin), enters the room. Betsy panics and is embarrassed that she was caught talking to herself. She feels she has to announce that she's alone when Kenneth turns to leave. Kate (Kate Micucci), her imaginary friend, is angry Betsy ignored her presence. Kenneth returns and asks Betsy for a date.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: From May to September 1990, police submitted more than 130 suspects' samples for DNA testing when they received two reports that the person they were seeking was Bernardo. The first, in June, had been filed by a bank employee. The second was from Tina Smirnis, wife of one of the three Smirnis brothers who were among Bernardo's closest friends. Smirnis told detectives that Bernardo "had been 'called in' on a previous rape investigation– once in December, 1987– but he had never been interviewed".[11] He frequently talked about his sex life to Smirnis and said that he liked rough sex, anal sex, and anilingus.[11]

title: Peter Aerts

text: Aerts was given the chance to avenge this loss at "K-1 Revenge '96" four months later, on September 1, 1996 when the rubber match was made between the pair. Anticipation was high, but the fight was an anticlimax. In the first round, Aerts caught Bernardo with an inadvertent low blow. When Bernardo was unable to continue, Aerts was disqualified.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Bernardo scored 35 out of 40 on the Psychopathy Checklist, a psychological assessment tool used to assess the presence of psychopathy in individuals.[32] This is classified as clinical psychopathy.[33] In November 2015, Bernardo self-published A MAD World Order, a violent, fictional, 631-page e-book on Amazon.[34] By November 15, the book was reportedly an Amazon bestseller, but was quietly removed from the website due to a public outcry.[35]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: The Toronto Star reported on February 21, 2006, that Bernardo admitted sexually assaulting at least 10 other women in attacks not previously attributed to him. Most were in 1986, a year before what police called the reign of terror by the Scarborough Rapist. Authorities suspected Bernardo in other crimes, including a string of rapes in Amherst, New York, and the drowning of Terri Anderson in St. Catharines,[26] but he has never acknowledged his involvement. Bernardo's lawyer, Anthony G. Bryant, reportedly forwarded the information to legal authorities in November 2005.[27]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Paul Kenneth Bernardo (born August 27, 1964), also known as Paul Jason Teale,[1] is a Canadian serial killer and serial rapist. He is known for several rapes in the eastern Metropolitan Toronto city of Scarborough, and a series of highly publicized sexual assaults, tortures, and murders committed with his wife, Karla Homolka.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Bernardo became eligible for parole in February 2018.[37] On 17 October 2018, he was denied day and full parole by the Parole Board of Canada.[38]

title: Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences

text: The Campbell Inquiry in 1999 looked into the police and justice system failings around the Paul Bernardo case. As a sexual assault suspect, Bernardo was sampled for DNA comparison to case evidence by Metro Toronto Police in November 1990 but the sample was not analyzed by CFS until December 1992. During this time Bernardo had moved to another region and committed four additional sexual assaults and two sadistic sexual murders.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Over the Easter weekend Bernardo and Homolka videotaped themselves torturing, raping and sodomizing French, forcing her to drink large amounts of alcohol and submit to Bernardo. At his trial, Crown prosecutor Ray Houlahan said that Bernardo always intended to kill her because she was never blindfolded and could identify her captors. The following day, Bernardo and Homolka murdered French before going to the Homolkas' for Easter dinner. Homolka testified at her trial that Bernardo strangled French for seven minutes while she watched. Bernardo said that Homolka beat French with a rubber mallet because she tried to escape, and French was strangled with a noose around her neck which was secured to a hope chest; Homolka then went to fix her hair.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Although Bernardo was kept in the segregation unit at Kingston Penitentiary for his own safety, he was attacked and harassed; he was punched in the face by another inmate when he returned from a shower in 1996. In June 1999, five convicts tried to storm his segregation range and a riot squad used gas to disperse them.[25]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Six months before their 1991 wedding, Homolka stole the anaesthetic agent Halothane from the clinic. On December 23, 1990, Homolka and Bernardo administered sleeping pills to the 15-year-old in a rum-and-eggnog cocktail. When Tammy lost consciousness, Homolka and Bernardo undressed her and Karla applied a Halothane-soaked cloth to her sister's nose and mouth. Homolka wanted to "give Tammy's virginity to Bernardo for Christmas"; according to her, Bernardo was disappointed that he was not Karla's first sex partner. With Tammy's parents sleeping upstairs, they videotaped themselves raping her in the basement. Tammy began to vomit; they tried to revive her and called 911 after hiding evidence, dressing Tammy and moving her into her bedroom. A few hours later, Tammy was pronounced dead at St. Catharines General Hospital without regaining consciousness.

title: Dyosa

text: On the day of her wedding, Sinukuan was still undecided whether to follow her duty as the chosen one or follow her heart. Bernardo Carpio came to convince her to elope with him. Mariang Sinukuan made up her mind, followed her heart and went on to escape with Bernardo Carpio, accompanied by Huling and Miong. As they crossed treacherous roads and in the middle of their journey, Sinukuan revealed that she was carrying Bernardo's child. Apo Suga, Tadaklan and Magayon caught up with Sinukuan and Bernardo Carpio at the passageway to the world of mortals. Tadaklan, enraged by Sinukuan's treachery, turned Bernardo Carpio into a statue of stone, while Sinukuan's two companions were transformed into dwarves and Bakos was turned into an ugly goat creature. Mariang Sinukuan was not able to escape the fury of her sister Magayon who turned her into a unicorn. Mariang Magayon revealed that she was also in love with Bernardo and also pregnant with his child. The Kasamyans almost immediately returned to their previous ugly appearance after the wedding was called-off.

title: Kenneth Zebrowski

text: When his son Kenneth Paul Zebrowski graduated from law school, the two men founded the law firm of Zebrowski & Zebrowski. After Zebrowski died, Kenneth Jr. was elected his State Assembly seat.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Paul Bernardo's father, Kenneth, fondled a girl and was charged with child molestation in 1975; he also sexually abused his daughter.[2] Bernardo's mother, depressed about her husband's abuse, withdrew from family life and lived in the basement of their home in Scarborough, in eastern Metropolitan Toronto.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Homolka and Bernardo were questioned by police several times in connection with the Scarborough Rapist investigation, Tammy Homolka's death, and Bernardo's stalking of other women before the death of French. The officer filed a report, and on 12 May 1992 an NRP sergeant and constable briefly interviewed Bernardo. The officers decided that he was an unlikely suspect, although Bernardo admitted that he had been questioned in connection with the Scarborough rapes. Three days later, the Green Ribbon Task Force was created to investigate the murders of Mahaffy and French. Bernardo and Homolka had applied to have their names legally changed to Teale, which Bernardo had taken from the serial killer in the 1988 film Criminal Law. At the end of May, John Motile (an acquaintance of Smirnis and Bernardo) reported Bernardo as a possible murder suspect.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Twenty-six months after Bernardo submitted a DNA sample, Toronto police were informed that it matched that of the Scarborough Rapist and immediately placed him under 24-hour surveillance. Metro Toronto Sexual Assault Squad investigators interviewed Homolka on February 9, 1993. Despite hearing their suspicions about Bernardo, Homolka focused on his abuse of her. Later that night she told her aunt and uncle that Bernardo was the Scarborough Rapist, that she and Bernardo were involved in the rape and murder of Mahaffy and French and that the rapes were recorded on videotape. The NRP reopened its investigation of Tammy Homolka's death. Two days later Homolka met with Niagara Falls lawyer George Walker, who sought legal immunity from Houlahan in exchange for her cooperation. She was also placed under 24-hour surveillance.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Mahaffy later told Bernardo that her blindfold seemed to be slipping, which signaled the possibility that she could identify her attackers if she lived. The following day, Bernardo claimed, Homolka fed her a lethal dose of Halcion; Homolka claimed that Bernardo strangled her. They put Mahaffy's body in their basement, and the day after that the Homolka family had dinner at the house. After the Homolkas and their remaining daughter Lori left, Bernardo and Homolka decided that the best way to dispose of the evidence would be to dismember Mahaffy and encase each part of her remains in cement. Bernardo bought a dozen bags of cement at a hardware store the following day; he kept the receipts, which were damaging at his trial. Bernardo used his grandfather's circular saw to dismember Mahaffy. Bernardo and Homolka made a number of trips to dump the cement blocks in Lake Gibson, 18 kilometres (11mi) south of Port Dalhousie. At least one of the blocks weighed 90kg (200 pounds) and was beyond their ability to sink. It lay near the shore, where it was found by Michael Doucette and his son Michael Jr[12] while on a fishing expedition on June 29, 1991. Mahaffy's orthodontic appliance was instrumental in identifying her.

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Smirnis's phrasing, awkward and stilted, left detectives uncertain whether to take her seriously. However, after cross-checking several files they decided to interview Bernardo. The November 20, 1990 interview lasted 35 minutes, and Bernardo voluntarily provided samples for forensic testing. When the detectives asked Bernardo why he thought he was being investigated for the rapes, he admitted that he resembled the composite. According to the detectives, he "was far more credible than Smirnis who, with her awkward, strange way of speaking, might just be trying to collect the reward". Bernardo was released the next day.[11]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: In his book, Lethal Marriage, Nick Pron describes the young Bernardo: "He was always happy. A young boy who smiled a lot. And he was so cute; with his dimpled good looks and sweet smile, that many of the mothers just wanted to pinch him on the cheek whenever they saw him. He was the perfect child they all wanted; polite, well mannered, doing well in school, so sweet in his Boy Scout uniform."[3] Beneath the charming facade, Bernardo had developed dark sexual fantasies and enjoyed humiliating women in public and beating women he dated.[4] When Bernardo was 16, his mother told him that he was conceived illegitimately during an extramarital affair. Disgusted, he began openly insulting her.[4]

title: Paul Bernardo

text: Early in the morning on June 15, 1991, Bernardo detoured through Burlington (halfway between Toronto and St. Catharines) to steal licence plates and found Leslie Mahaffy. The 14-year-old had missed her curfew after attending a friend's wake and was locked out of her house. Bernardo left his car and approached Mahaffy, saying that he wanted to break into a neighbour's house. Unfazed, she asked if he had any cigarettes. When Bernardo led her to his car he blindfolded her, forced her into the car, drove her to Port Dalhousie and informed Homolka that they had a victim.


query: How many people take part in Eastern Orthodox?

title: Eastern Orthodoxy by country

text: Based on the numbers of adherents, the Eastern Orthodox Church (also known as Eastern Orthodoxy) is the second largest Christian communion in the world after the Roman Catholic Church.[1] The most common estimates of the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide is approximately 200–260 million.[2][3][4][5] The numerous Protestant groups in the world, if taken all together, outnumber the Eastern Orthodox,[6] but they differ theologically and do not form a single communion.[7]

title: Christianity in Kuwait

text: Traditionally, Eastern Orthodox Christians in Kuwait belong to the jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East. Eastern Orthodox parish in Kuwait was reorganized in 1969 by late metropolitan Constantine Papastephanou of Baghdad and Kuwait (1969-2014), who visited Kuwait on many occasions. His successor is Metropolitan Ghattas Hazim of Baghdad and Kuwait (since 2014). His official seat remains in Baghdad, but administrative headquarters of the Archdiocese are located in Kuwait. Today, Eastern Orthodox parishes in Kuwait are administered by priests Ephrem Toumi and Filimon Saifi.The denominations of both citizen and foreign Christians in Kuwait include, but are not limited to, the following:The constitution allows for religious freedom. Many churches exist in Kuwait. Kuwait's largest cathedral is situated in the eastern part of Kuwait city.

title: Eastern Orthodoxy in Pakistan

text: In 2005 an Eastern Orthodox mission, headed by Pakistani priest John Tanveer, opened in Pakistan. Since 1986 he served as a Catholic priest in the city of Lahore, and in 1990 met with Greek Orthodox general. Following the meeting, John Tanveer in 1993 visited Australia, where closer acquainted with Eastern Orthodoxy. In 1996 he resigned as Catholic priest in 1997, married a graduate of Oxford - Rose. In 1998 John Tanveer comes to contact with the representatives of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and wrote a petition to adopt it in Eastern Orthodoxy. In 2001 his application was approved, and in 2003 he had his first meeting with the Eastern Orthodox bishop. In 2005 John (John) and his family, as well as many other people take to Eastern Orthodoxy.

title: Turkic peoples

text:
The major Christian-Turkic peoples are the [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] of [[Chuvash Republic|Chuvashia]] and the [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]] ("Gökoğuz") of [[Moldova]]. The traditional religion of the [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] of Russia, while containing many ancient Turkic concepts, also shares some elements with [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Khazar]] Judaism, and Islam.
The Chuvash converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] for the most part in the second half of the 19th century. As a result, festivals and rites were made to coincide with Orthodox feasts, and Christian rites replaced their traditional counterparts. A minority of the Chuvash still profess their traditional faith. [[Church of the East]] was popular among Turks such as the [[Naimans]]. It even revived in Gaochang and expanded in [[Xinjiang]] in the [[Yuan dynasty]] period. It disappeared after its collapse.

title: Rusyns

text: Although originally associated with the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo, that diocese was suppressed after the Union of Uzhhorod. New Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov was created in 1931 under the auspices of the Serbian Orthodox Church. That eparchy was divided in 1945, eastern part joining Russian Orthodox Church as the Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod, while western part was reorganized as Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Prešov of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church. The affiliation of Eastern Orthodox Rusyns was adversely affected by the Communist revolution in the Russian Empire and the subsequent Iron Curtain which split the Orthodox diaspora from the Eastern Orthodox believers living in the ancestral homelands. A number of émigré communities have claimed to continue the Orthodox Tradition of the pre-revolution church while either denying or minimizing the validity of the church organization operating under Communist authority. For example, the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) was granted autocephalous (self-governing) status by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1970. Although approximately 25% of the OCA was Rusyn (referred to as "Ruthenian") in the early 1980s, an influx of Eastern Orthodox émigrés from other nations and new converts wanting to connect with the Eastern Church have lessened the impact of a particular Rusyn emphasis in favor of a new American Orthodoxy.

title: Branch theory

text: An anonymous author wrote, in "Orthodox Life" magazine, that the metaphor comparing the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church to two lungs of one body was "shaped and influenced by" the branch theory and developed by "Orthodox ecumenists and Papists". Eastern Orthodox reject as incompatible with the Orthodox faith any such use of the "two lungs" expression to imply that the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches are two parts of a single church and "that Orthodoxy is only for Easterners, and that Catholicism is only for Westerners", according to Archpriest Andrew Phillips. Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople "rejects the opinion" that "there would be an 'incompatibility between Orthodox tradition and the European cultural way', which would be antinomic" and points out that idea "is against the principle of equality and respect of peoples and cultural traditions on our continent."

title: List of Eastern Orthodox Christians

text:
This is primarily a list of notable people who contributed to the history of Eastern Orthodox Christianity's theology or culture. However it is also for people whose Eastern Orthodox identity is an important part of their notability. As there are many nations that are predominantly Eastern Orthodox names from such nations should usually meet a stricter standard, but in the case of converts their conversion might be notable enough to make an exception.
Note: Most political figures in the Byzantine Empire, or most other Medieval Eastern European Empires, would be at least nominally Eastern Orthodox. Therefore, this is limited to modern times, specifically after 1800. For United States entries Political Graveyard was used for this section, but additional sources are encouraged.

title: Eastern Orthodoxy in Montenegro

text: Eastern Orthodoxy is one of the three main religions in Montenegro, and the largest one. According to the latest census, 446,858 people (72.07%) registered as Eastern Orthodox Christians (2011). The majority of Eastern Orthodox people in Montenegro are adherents of the Serbian Orthodox Church. A minor percentage support the uncanonical and unrecognized Montenegrin Orthodox Church which claims the property of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro.

title: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: The term "Eastern Church" (the geographic east in the East–West Schism) has been used to distinguish it from western Christendom (the geographic West, which at first came to designate the Catholic communion, later also the various Protestant and Anglican branches). "Eastern" is used to indicate that the highest concentrations of the Eastern Orthodox Church presence remain in the eastern part of the Christian world, although it is growing worldwide. Orthodox Christians throughout the world use various ethnic or national jurisdictional titles, or more inclusively, the title "Eastern Orthodox", "Orthodox Catholic", or simply "Orthodox".

title: Eastern Europe

text: Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian (many times incorrectly labeled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons, the most prominent being that Greece's history, for the most part, was more so influenced by Mediterranean cultures and contact.

title: History of the Eastern Orthodox Church

text: The Boxer Rebellion of 1898–1900 saw violent attacks on Chinese converts to Christianity. Some Orthodox Chinese were among those killed, and in June every year the 222 Chinese Orthodox, including Father Mitrophan, who died in 1900 are commemorated as remembered on the icon of the Holy Martyrs of China. The mission's library at Beijing was also burned down. In spite of the uprising, by 1902 there were 32 Orthodox churches in China, with close to 6,000 adherents. The church also ran schools and orphanages. A total of 106 Orthodox churches had opened in China by 1949. In general the parishioners of these churches were Russian refugees, and the Chinese part was composed of about 10,000 people. The Chinese Orthodox Church was virtually obliterated by the Cultural Revolution, during which many churches were destroyed.

title: Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov

text: Only after the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, legal restraints to Eastern Orthodoxy were removed. In the new state, Eastern Orthodox communities were mainly located in the eastern parts of the country, including Carpathian Rusynia that was incorporated into Czechoslovakia in 1919. In that region, the city of Mukačevo was located with its traditions going back to the old Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukačevo, that existed until the Union of Užgorod. In the spirit of Eastern Orthodox revival, many people in the region left the jurisdiction of Greek Catholic Church. Since there were no Eastern Orthodox bishops in Czechoslovakia, local leaders looked to the Serbian Orthodox Church because Serbs were historically and ethnically close to Czechs, Slovaks and Rusyns. That view was also supported by state authorities of Czechoslovakia (1920). In order to regulate the ecclesiastical order, Bishop Dositej Vasić of Niš (Serbia) arrived in Czechoslovakia and met with leaders of Eastern Orthodox community, receiving them into full communion (1921).

title: Eastern Orthodoxy in Guatemala

text: Eastern Orthodoxy in Guatemala refers to adherents, communities and organizations of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Guatemala. Many of the Eastern Orthodox Christians in Guatemala are ethnic Mayans. Although the dominant religion in Guatemala is historically Roman Catholicism, in recent decades other Christian denominations have gained adherents there. Eastern Orthodox Christianity in particular has been growing rapidly, as a number of schismatic Catholic groups have expressed their desire to become Eastern Orthodox and have been received under the jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodox hierarchs. Currently, there are two distinct Eastern Orthodox communities in Guatemala, the Antiochian and the Constantinopolitan.

title: Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church

text: After the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, legal restraints to Eastern Orthodoxy were removed. In the new state, Eastern Orthodox communities were mainly located in the eastern parts of the country, including Carpathian Rusynia that was incorporated into Czechoslovakia in 1919. In that region, the city of Mukačevo was located with its traditions going back to the old Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukačevo, that existed before the Union of Užgorod. In the spirit of Eastern Orthodox revival, many people in the region left the Greek Catholic Church. Since there were no Eastern Orthodox bishops in Czechoslovakia, local leaders looked to the Serbian Orthodox Church because Serbs were historically and ethnically close to Czechs, Slovaks and Rusyns. That view was also supported by state authorities of Czechoslovakia (1920). In order to regulate the ecclesiastical order, Bishop Dositej Vasić of Niš (Serbia) arrived in Prague and met with leaders of Eastern Orthodox community, receiving them into full communion (1921).

title: Christian culture

text: Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward. A number of states contemporary with the Byzantine Empire were culturally influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the "Byzantine commonwealth"). These included Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Rus, as well as some non-Orthodox states like the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European culture. Art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire is often called "post-Byzantine." Certain artistic traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.

title: Bulgarian Australians

text: It was not until 1950 that Bulgarian Orthodox church communities were officially established. The Bulgarian Orthodox churches in Australia are part of the Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Diocese of the USA, Canada and Australia. Today, there are three Bulgarian Orthodox churches in Australia: the Saint John of Rila Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church in Macquarie Fields, Sydney, the Saint Petka Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church in Adelaide, and the Saints Cyril and Methodius Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Cathedral in Melbourne.

title: Caucasus

text: The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus tend to be either Sunni Muslims, Eastern Orthodox Christians and Armenian Christians. Twelver Shi'ism has many adherents in the southeastern part of the region, in Azerbaijan which extends into Iran.

title: Eastern Orthodox Church

text:
The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Eastern Europe, Greece, and the Caucasus, with smaller communities in the former Byzantine regions of the Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, and in the Middle East where it is decreasing due to persecution. There are also many in other parts of the world, formed through diaspora, conversions, and missionary activity.
In keeping with the church's teaching on universality and with the Nicene Creed, Orthodox authorities such as Saint Raphael of Brooklyn have insisted that the full name of the church has always included the term "Catholic", as in "Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Church". The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the "Orthodox Catholic Church". It is the name by which the church refers to itself in its liturgical or canonical texts, in official publications, and in official contexts or administrative documents. Orthodox teachers refer to the church as Catholic. This name and longer variants containing "Catholic" are also recognised and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Orthodox writers.

title: Branch theory

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church is a part of several ecumenical efforts on international, national, and regional levels, such as the World Council of Churches. With respect to branch theory, some conservative Eastern Orthodox, however, take a decidedly anti-ecumenical stand. For example, in 1983 Metropolitan Philaret (Voznesensky) and the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia stated:

title: Eastern Orthodoxy in Pakistan

text:
Eastern Orthodoxy in Pakistan is a Christian denomination in the territory of Pakistan. In 2011, the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians in Pakistan was estimated at 500 people, representing approximately 0.0002% of the population. Eastern Orthodox Churches in the country are represented by:
There are five Eastern Orthodox parishes:

title: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church the terms "mystery" or "the mysteries" refer to the process of "theosis". While it is understood that God theoretically can do anything instantly and invisibly, it is also understood that he generally chooses to use material substance as a medium in order to reach people. The limitations are those of mankind, not God. Matter is not considered to be evil by the Eastern Orthodox. Water, oil, bread, wine, etc., all are means by which God reaches out to allow people to draw closer to him. How this process works is a "mystery" and cannot be defined in human terms. These mysteries are surrounded by prayer and symbolism so that their true meaning will not be forgotten.

title: Andronicus of Pannonia

text: In the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions, Andronicus was one of the Seventy Apostles. Andronicus was made Bishop of Pannonia and preached the Gospel throughout the whole of Pannonia─together with Junia. Andronicus and Junia were successful in bringing many to Christ and in demolishing many temples of idolatry. The tradition holds that they were capable of performing miracles, by which they drove out demons and healed many of sickness and disease. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Andronicus died as a martyr. He and Junia are commemorated in the Eastern Orthodox Church on May 17.

title: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: The missionaries to the East and South Slavs had great success in part because they used the people's native language rather than Greek, the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire or Latin as the Roman priests did. Today the Russian Orthodox Church is the largest of the Orthodox Churches followed by the Romanian Orthodox Church.

title: Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians

text: Since the many migrations of Serbs (predominantly and traditionally Eastern Orthodox) into the Habsburg Monarchy beginning in the 16th century, there were efforts to Catholicize the community. The Orthodox Eparchy of Marča became the Catholic Eparchy of Križevci after waves of Uniatization in the 17th and 18th centuries. Notable individuals active in the Catholicisation of Serbs in the 17th century include Martin Dobrović, Benedikt Vinković, Petar Petretić, Rafael Levaković, Ivan Paskvali and Juraj Parčić. Catholic bishops Vinković and Petretić wrote numerous inaccurate texts meant to incite hatred against Serbs and Orthodox Christians, some of which included advice on how to Catholicize the Serbs.

title: Role of Christianity in civilization

title: Sanctuary

text: In many Western traditions altar rails sometimes mark the edge of the sanctuary or chancel. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches of Syro-Malabar Church, Byzantine rite and Coptic Orthodox Churches, the sanctuary is separated from the nave (where the people pray) by an iconostasis, literally a wall of icons, with three doors in it. In other Oriental Orthodox traditions, a sanctuary curtain is used.

title: Polish People's Republic

text: Following with the forcible conversion of Eastern Catholics in the USSR to Orthodoxy, the Polish government called on the Orthodox church in Poland to assume 'pastoral care' of the eastern Catholics in Poland. After the removal of Metropolitan Dionizy from leadership of the Polish Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius was placed in charge. He was from western Ukraine (previously eastern Poland) and who had been instrumental in the compulsory conversion of eastern Catholics to orthodoxy there. Polish security forces assisted him in suppressing resistance in his taking control of Eastern Catholic parishes.[34] Many eastern Catholics who remained in Poland after the postwar border adjustments were resettled in Western Poland in the newly acquired territories from Germany. The state in Poland gave the POC a greater number of privileges than the Roman Catholic Church in Poland; the state even gave money to this Church, although it often defaulted on promised payments, leading to a perpetual financial crisis for the POC.

title: Finnish Orthodox Church

text: The Lutheran state church of Sweden tried to convert the Orthodox population. They were not allowed to obtain priests from Russia, which meant, in the long run, that they did not have priests at all. As Lutheranism was the only legal religion in Sweden, to be an Orthodox was a handicap in many ways. About two-thirds of the Orthodox population fled to Central Russia from under the oppression. They formed the population of Tver Karelia. The Swedish state encouraged Lutheran Finns to occupy the deserted farms in Karelia. This massive flight of Orthodox Finns away from Finland meant that Eastern Orthodoxy was never again the main religion of any part of Finland. However, in the remoter areas of Eastern Finland and Karelia, like Ilomantsi, the Eastern Orthodox Christianity survived.

title: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Icons can be found adorning the walls of churches and often cover the inside structure completely. Most Orthodox homes have an area set aside for family prayer, usually an eastern facing wall, where are hung many icons. Icons have been part of Orthodox Christianity since the beginning of the church.

title: Sacrament

text:
The Eastern Orthodox tradition does not limit the number of sacraments to seven, holding that anything the Church does as Church is in some sense sacramental. However it recognizes these seven as "the major sacraments", which are completed by many other blessings and special services. Some lists of the sacraments taken from the Church Fathers include the consecration of a church, monastic tonsure, and the burial of the dead. More specifically, for the Eastern Orthodox the term "sacrament" is a term which seeks to classify something that may, according to Orthodox thought, be impossible to classify. The Orthodox communion's preferred term is "Sacred Mystery", and the Orthodox communion has refrained from attempting to determine absolutely the exact form, number and effect of the sacraments, accepting simply that these elements are unknowable to all except God. According to Orthodox thinking God touches mankind through material means such as water, wine, bread, oil, incense, candles, altars, icons, etc. How God does this is a mystery. On a broad level, the mysteries are an affirmation of the goodness of created matter, and are an emphatic declaration of what that matter was originally created to be.
Despite this broad view, Orthodox divines do write about there being seven "principal" mysteries. On a specific level, while not systematically limiting the mysteries to seven, the most profound Mystery is the Eucharist or Synaxis, in which the partakers, by participation in the liturgy and receiving the consecrated bread and wine (understood to have become the body and blood of Christ) directly communicate with God. No claim is made to understand how exactly this happens. The Eastern Orthodox merely state: "This appears to in the form of bread and wine, but God has told me it is His Body and Blood. I will take what He says as a 'mystery' and not attempt to rationalize it to my limited mind". The emphasis on mystery is characteristic of Orthodox theology, and is often called apophatic, meaning that any and all positive statements about God and other theological matters must be balanced by negative statements. For example, while it is correct and appropriate to say that "God exists", or even that "God is the only Being which truly exists", such statements must be understood to also convey the idea that God transcends what is usually meant by the term "to exist".

title: Eastern Orthodoxy by country

text: The number of members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in each country has been subject to a lot of debate. Each study performed that seeks to discover the number of adherents in a country may use different criteria, and be submitted to different populations. As such, some numbers may be inflated, and therefore inaccurate. Examples of this are Greece and Russia, where estimates of adherence to Eastern Orthodoxy may reach 80-98%, but where surveys found lower percentages professing Eastern Orthodoxy or belief in God. The likely reason for this disparity is that many people in these majority Eastern Orthodox countries will culturally identify with the Eastern Orthodox Church, especially if they were baptized as children, even if they are not currently practicing. This includes those who may be irreligious, yet culturally identify with the Eastern Orthodox Church, or for whom Eastern Orthodox Christianity is listed on official state records. Other cases of incongruent data also might be due to counting ethnic groups from Eastern Orthodox countries rather than actual adherents. A case of this is the United States, which has large numbers of immigrants from Eastern Orthodox countries. The Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions often reported large numbers of members, which together would total 2-3 million across the country. However, a 2010 study by Alexei Krindatch sought data from each parish, with the specific criteria of annual participation. This study produced the "Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches", and discovered that there were only about 817,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians actively practicing their faith (that is to say, attending church services on a regular basis) in the United States. The study explained that such a difference was due to a variety of circumstances, for example the higher numbers having counted all people who self-identify as Eastern Orthodox on a census regardless of active participation, or all people belonging to ethnic groups originating in Eastern Orthodox countries. This study, while initially controversial, proved groundbreaking, and has since been officially approved for use by the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America.