query: What are Harriet Ann Jacobs accomplishments?

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Harriet Ann Jacobs (February 11, 1813 – March 7, 1897) was an African-American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed. She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs wrote an autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, first serialized in a newspaper and published as a book in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent. It was a reworking of the genres of slave narrative and sentimental novel, and was one of the first books to address the struggle for freedom by female slaves, explore their struggles with sexual harassment and abuse, and their effort to protect their roles as women and mothers.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In May, 1864, Jacobs wrote to the editors of American Baptist requesting help with the "Free Mission", an anti-slavery group. She wanted to collect clothing and basic necessities for the freedmen.[2]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In 1856, Jacobs' daughter Louisa became a governess in the home of James and Sara Payson Willis Parton, later known by the pen name Fanny Fern.[13]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In May, 1861, John S. Jacobs, Harriet's younger brother, was in London to publish a condensed version of her narrative called A True Tale of Slavery. This book covered much of Harriet Jacobs' story, but it excluded the account of sexual harassment. John Jacobs' goal was to focus on slavery as an institution, trying to convince the people of England to support the Union. Not long after he published his narrative, the Civil War began in April, 1861 with the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Three months before she died in 1825, Jacobs' mistress Margaret Horniblow had signed a will leaving her slaves to her mother. Dr. James Norcom and a man named Henry Flury witnessed a later codicil to the will directing that the girl Harriet be left to Norcom's daughter Mary Matilda, Horniblow's five-year-old niece. The codicil was not signed by Margaret Horniblow.[2] Norcom became Harriet's de facto master.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Harriet Jacobs: A Life was published in 2004 by Jean Fagan Yellin.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: On October 1, 1850, John S. Jacobs' speech was quoted in Meetings of Colored Citizens. Following Congressional passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, both John and Harriet Jacobs feared for each other's safety, as legally they were still escaped slaves. The new law increased pressure to capture people who escaped slavery and required cooperation from officials and citizens of free states. The Jacobs' siblings left Rochester and returned to New York City. Furious about the act, John wanted to leave the country. When he heard that the new state of California did not enforce the act, he decided to go there. He worked in the gold mines during the Gold Rush, where he was joined in 1852 by Joseph Jacobs, Harriet's son and his nephew.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Author Robin Hazard Ray cited Harriet Jacobs' Incidents as an inspiration for her own 2015 novel The Strangers' Tomb, set in 1850s Massachusetts.[22]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In the early years of the war, abolitionists were disturbed that Lincoln directed troops "to avoid any destruction of property," and they did not know what he was going to do about slavery. Unsure of what was to come, John S. Jacobs did not want to return to the United States until the government decided to abolish slavery. Many English had strong business ties to the South; southern cotton supplied British textile mills; and in addition to economic ties, aristocrats and others had some sympathies for the South. There was a threat that Great Britain might enter the war on the side of the Confederacy. John Jacobs stayed in London until the US government indicated it was serious about ending slavery. By January 14, 1862, John had already sold fifty copies of the narrative and stayed only two more weeks in England.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In 1860 Jacobs signed an agreement with the Thayer and Eldridge publishing house, which requested a preface by Lydia Maria Child.[14] Child also became involved in editing the manuscript, and the company introduced her to Jacobs. The two women remained in contact for much of their lives. Thayer and Eldridge published the book in 1861.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Harriet Ann Jacobs was born into slavery in Edenton, North Carolina, in 1813.[1] Her father was Elijah Knox, an enslaved biracial house carpenter owned by Andrew Knox. Elijah was said to be the son of Athena Knox, who was enslaved, and a white farmer, Henry Jacobs.[2] Harriet's mother was Delilah Horniblow, an enslaved black woman held by John Horniblow, a tavern owner. Under the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, both Harriet and her brother John were enslaved at birth, as their mother's status was passed to her children. Paternity from a free person—of any race—would not alter their status, according to law. Harriet lived with her mother until Delilah's death around 1819, when Harriet was six.[3] Then she lived with her mother's mistress, Margaret Horniblow, who taught Harriet to read, write and sew.

title: Harriet Anne Thiselton-Dyer

text: Thiselton-Dyer was also known as an accomplished gardener. In 1905 the Thiselton-Dyers moved to the Cotswolds. When her husband died in 1928, Harriet moved to Devonshire, where she died in 1945.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: On February 29, 1852, Harriet Jacobs was informed that Daniel Messmore, the husband of her young legal mistress Mary Matilda (Norcom) Messmore, had checked into a hotel in New York. To avert the risk of Jacobs being kidnapped, Cornelia Grinnell Willis (Willis' second wife) took Harriet and the Willis baby to a friend's house where they hid. Cornelia Willis encouraged Jacobs to take the baby and go to Willis relatives in Massachusetts. Without Jacobs' knowledge, Cornelia Willis paid $300 to Messmore for the rights to Harriet and gave Jacobs her freedom. Jacobs returned to New York with the Willis child.[7]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In February, 1867, Charles Lenox Remond, a prominent abolitionist, and Jacobs spoke to audiences in Johnstown, New York, thanks to arrangements made by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Jean Fagan Yellin conceived of the idea of the Harriet Jacobs Papers Project, a collection of documents by and about Jacobs. In 2000, an advisory board for the project was established, and after funding was awarded, the project began on a full-time basis in September, 2002. Sources of funding included the Carolina State Archives, the University of North Carolina Press, Pace University, the Gladys Delmas Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and the Center for the Study of the American South. The project won endorsement, and later a grant, from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, and was named by the NEH as one of its "We the People" projects. The Harriet Jacobs Papers Project amassed approximately 900 documents by, to, and about Harriet Jacobs, her brother John S. Jacobs, and her daughter Louisa Matilda Jacobs, over 300 of which were published in 2008 in a two volume edition entitled The Harriet Jacobs Family Papers. The published edition of the papers is intended for an audience of students, teachers, and scholars from elementary though graduate school, as well as for the general public.[21]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Boston publishing house Phillips and Samson agreed to print Jacobs' autobiography, if she could convince Willis or Harriet Beecher Stowe to provide a preface, which they thought would help sales. She refused to ask Willis for help and Stowe turned her down. As it happened, the Phillips and Samson company soon closed shop.[14]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Shockley, Ann Allen. Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989. ISBN0-452-00981-2 Yellin, Jean Fagan. Harriet Jacobs: A Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basic Civitas Books, 2004. ISBN0-465-09288-8

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: After being overshadowed by the American Civil War, the book was rediscovered in the late 20th century, when there was new interest in minority and women writers. One scholar (Jean Fagan Yellin) researched the book, identifying Harriet Jacobs as the author and documenting many events and people in her life that corresponded to this autobiographical account.

title: Isaac Jacobs

text: On 10 June 1808, Harriet Keyser, Isaac Jacob's daughter, wrote to David Samuels, manager at her father's glass factory. Harriet is planning a party, and asks David to send her a set of glassware. What was a party plan two hundred years ago is now an important historical document. The letter tells what glass Jacobs' company was manufacturing. The list includes blue and clear glass, as well as 'gilt-edged' glass. Harriet asks for a decanter, a jug, champagne glasses and 'finger cups', as well as glassware for lemonade and jelly. This might be the 'Dessert set' that Isaac's advertising campaign describes as 'burnished gold upon royal purple coloured glass', which they 'had the honour of sending to their Majesties'. Isaac's purple glass is on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In 2017 Jacobs was the subject of an episode of the Futility Closet Podcast, where her experience living in a crawlspace was compared with the wartime experience of Patrick Fowler.[23]

title: Louisa Matilda Jacobs

text: Louisa Matilda Jacobs (October 19, 1833 – April 5, 1917) was an African American abolitionist and civil rights activist and the daughter of famed fugitive slave and author, Harriet Ann Jacobs. Along with her activism, she also worked as a teacher in Freedmen's Schools in the South, and as a matron at Howard University.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Harriet Jacobs became less active in her later years, but supported her daughter and others in working for education of African Americans. Recently discovered letters written by her daughter, Louisa Matilda Jacobs, reveal aspects of her later life in 1880s and 1890s Washington, D.C.[17] She died in 1897 in Washington, DC. and was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her headstone reads: "Patient in tribulation, fervent in spirit serving the Lord".[18]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: According to records, Louisa Jacobs worked in a hospital throughout the Civil War.[2]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In 1865, Lydia Maria Child presented pages of Harriet Jacobs' narrative in The Freedmen's Book. She modified and republished certain passages from Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Child emphasized the role of Jacobs' grandmother, focusing on her devotion and hard work. Such an account gave newly freed people an uplifting view to help them deal with their freedom.[2]

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In April, 1865, a New York committee reported on its visit to freedmen in Alexandria. It noted that African Americans were happy with the efforts of Harriet Jacobs. The school was under her management, and was successful.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: In late 1852 or early 1853, Amy Post suggested that Jacobs should write her life story. She also suggested that Jacobs contact the author Harriet Beecher Stowe, who was working on A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. When Stowe wanted to use Jacobs' history in her own book, Jacobs decided to write her own account.[8] She wrote secretly at night, in a nursery in the Willis' Idlewild estate.

title: Charlotte Forten Grimké

text: Details of Charlotte Forten Grimké's health and travels during the 1880s and 1890s are documented in the recently discovered letters of Louisa M. Jacobs, daughter of fugitive-slave-narrative author, Harriet Ann Jacobs.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Norcom sexually harassed Harriet when she was still a child. He refused to allow her to marry, regardless of the man's status. Hoping to escape his attentions, Jacobs took Samuel Sawyer, a free white lawyer, as a consensual lover. Sawyer was later elected as a member of the US House of Representatives. With Sawyer, she had two children, Joseph and Louisa Matilda Jacobs. Because she was enslaved, their biracial children were enslaved at birth by Norcom.[4] Harriet later wrote that Norcom threatened to sell her children if she refused his sexual advances, but she continued to evade him.

title: Louisa Matilda Jacobs

text: Jacobs was born in Edenton, North Carolina, on October 19, 1833, to Samuel Tredwell Sawyer (a congressman and newspaper editor) and Harriet Ann Jacobs (mistress of Sawyer), at a time when Harriet was a slave under the ownership Dr. James Norcom. Louisa also had an older brother, Joseph Jacobs, born in 1829. Harriet Jacobs had been sexually harassed by Norcom for many years, but she continually refused his advances and mistakenly hoped that her relationship with Sawyer would be a deterrent to Norcom. As Harriet continued to refuse Norcom's advances, Norcom began to threaten her children in anticipation of coercing Harriet into a sexual relationship, and she became increasingly fearful for them. Harriet chose to escape when Louisa was two years old in hopes that Norcom would sell Louisa and Joseph into a safer situation. Harriet's hopes proved correct when Samuel Sawyer (the children's father) purchased the children from Norcom and sent Louisa to live with her great-grandmother Molly, then taking her to Washington, D.C. before sending her to live with a cousin in Brooklyn, New York. From Brooklyn, Harriet located Louisa and fled to Boston with her.

title: Harriet Ann Jacobs

text: Starting in January, 1861, the United States suffered break-up; South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas all seceded from the Union. The first six were the states that had the highest percentage of slaves to the total population among the 15 slave-holding states. In February, representatives from the southern states elected Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederacy. At this time, Harriet Jacobs and her editor, Lydia Maria Child, were trying to sell Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. They wrote to authors and editors of newspapers, to bookstore owners and to friends or frequent correspondents; they wanted anyone to advertise or sell Jacobs' narrative.


query: When was the Australian Labor Party formed?

title: History of the Australian Labor Party

text: At Federation, the Labour Party did not have any national organisation. It was some years before the party would have any significant structure or organisation at the federal level. The first election to the federal Parliament in 1901 was contested by state Labour parties in five of the six states - in Tasmania, where there was no Labour party, King O'Malley was elected as an independent labour candidate. In total, they won 15% of the vote and 14 of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives and eight Senate places, and two Independents joined the party. The 24 Labour members met as the federal parliamentary Labour Party (informally known as the Caucus, comprising members of the House of Representatives and the Senate) on 8 May 1901 at Parliament House, Melbourne, the meeting place of the first federal Parliament.[7][8] Caucus elected Chris Watson leader, decided to call the party Federal Labour Party and to support the Protectionist Party minority government against the Free Trade Party. Federal Labour under Watson increased its numbers to 23 in the House and 8 in the Senate at the 1903 federal election and continued to hold the balance of power and support the Protectionist Party. In April 1904, however, Watson and Deakin fell out over the issue of extending the scope of industrial relations laws concerning the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill to cover state public servants, the fallout causing Deakin to resign. Free Trade leader George Reid declined to take office, which saw Watson become the first Labour Prime Minister, and the world's first Labour head of government at a national level (Anderson Dawson had led a short-lived Labour government in Queensland in December 1899), though his was a minority government that lasted only four months. He was aged only 37, and is still the youngest Prime Minister in Australia's history.[9] After Watson's government fell, Deakin became prime minister again for a short period, to be followed by the Free Trade Party's Reid, who had Labour's Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904, which was the cause of the political upheaval, passed.

title: National Labor Party

text: The National Labor Party was formed by Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes in 1916 following the 1916 Labor split on the issue of World War I conscription in Australia. Hughes had taken over as leader of the Australian Labor Party and Prime Minister of Australia when anti-conscriptionist Andrew Fisher resigned in 1915. He formed the new party for himself and his followers after he was expelled from the ALP a month after the 1916 plebiscite on conscription in Australia. Hughes held a pro-conscription stance in relation to World War I.

title: 1918 Swan by-election

text: By 1909, Australia had evolved a two-party system at the federal level, with the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party and the progressive Australian Labor Party having both alternately won power via general election. This system was upset in November 1916, when the Labor party split over the issue of conscription; Prime Minister Billy Hughes and his pro-conscription supporters left the Labor party and formed a minority government as the "National Labor Party", before merging with the Liberals in February 1917 to form the Nationalist Party of Australia with Hughes as their leader.

title: 1932 New South Wales state election

text: The 29th parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 18 May 1932 after the Governor, Sir Philip Game dismissed the Premier Jack Lang (see the crisis of 1931–32) and commissioned Bertram Stevens to form a caretaker government. Lang's government had a majority of 20 at the time of the dismissal.In this election, the Australian Labor Party (NSW) and the Federal Executive of the Australian Labor Party, which had separated in 1931 (see Lang Labor), endorsed separate candidates. The ALP (Federal) had candidates in 43 seats but none were elected. The parties were re-united in 1936. The campaign was marked by mass Labor Party public meetings including, allegedly, the largest public meeting in Australian history when Lang addressed 200,000 people at Moore Park on 5 June.

title: Protestant Labor Party

text: The Protestant Labor Party was a minor Australian political party that operated mainly in New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia in the 1920s and 1930s. It was formed by Independent MP Walter Skelton, member for Newcastle in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1922–27. In 1925 he was elected to the Assembly under the Protestant Labor label, but when single-member constituencies were re-introduced in 1927 he was defeated in Wallsend. At the 1927 South Australian election, Thomas Thompson was elected under the Protestant Labor Party banner to the two-member seat of Port Adelaide but failed re-election in 1930. In 1938 the party elected George Morris to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as the member for Kelvin Grove, but the party was soon moribund and he sat out his term as an independent. The party was formed in an attempt to counter the perceived Roman Catholic dominance within the ALP. Aside from the sectarian issue, its policies were broadly in agreement with the ALP.

title: Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)

text: The Western Australian state division of the Australian Labor Party was formed at a Trade Union Congress in Coolgardie in 1899. Shortly afterwards the federal Labor Party was formalised in time for Australian federation in 1901. The WA Labor Party achieved representation in the Western Australian Parliament in 1900 with six members, and four years later the party entered into minority government with Henry Daglish becoming the first Labor Premier of Western Australia.

title: History of Australia (1901–45)

text: In 1916 the Labor Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, decided that conscription was necessary if the strength of Australia's military forces at the front was to be maintained. The Labor Party, Irish Australians, Catholics and the trade unions (heavily overlapping categories) were bitterly opposed to conscription, and Hughes and his followers were expelled from the party when they refused to back down. In 1916 and again in 1917 the voters rejected conscription in national plebiscites. (See History of Australian Conscription) Hughes united with the Liberals to form the Nationalist Party, and remained in office until 1923, when he was succeeded by Stanley Bruce. Labor remained weak and divided through the 1920s. The new Country Party took many country voters away from Labor, and in 1923 the Country Party formed a coalition government with the Nationalists.

title: SA Unions

text: A United Trades and Labor Council meeting with the purpose of creating an elections committee was convened on 12 December 1890, and held on 7 January 1891. The elections committee was formed, marking the inception of what is today known as the Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch). Originally known as the United Labor Party of South Australia, the party enjoyed immediate success, electing parliamentarians just four months later, and immediately held the balance of power with 10 of 54 seats resulting from the 1893 election, allowing radical liberal Charles Kingston to defeat the conservative John Downer government. Kingston served as Premier of South Australia for a then-record of six and a half years, usually implementing legislation with Labor support. Thomas Price formed the state's first Labor minority government and the world's first stable Labor Party government at the 1905 election with the support of several non-Labor MPs to form the Price-Peake administration, which was re-elected at the 1906 double dissolution election, with Labor falling just two seats short of a majority. So successful, John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, just two weeks after the 1910 federal election where their federal counterparts formed Australia's first elected majority in either house in the Parliament of Australia, the world's first Labor Party majority government at a national level, and after the 1904 Chris Watson minority government the world's second Labor Party government at a national level. The Australian Labor Party at both a federal and state/colony level pre-dates, among others, both the British Labour Party and the New Zealand Labour Party in party formation, government, and policy implementation. In less than two decades the party in South Australia went from inception to majority government, and would continue to this day as one of the two major parties in the bicameral Parliament of South Australia, the other being the Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division) created in 1974, and its predecessors.

title: Australian labour movement

text: The Barton Government which came to power following the first elections to the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party. The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration, reflecting the attitudes of the Australian Workers Union and other labour organisations at the time, upon whose support the Labor Party was founded.

title: History of the Australian Labor Party

text: Leaders of the Australian Labor Party Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch) Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch) Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch) Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch)

text: When the Labor party wins sufficient seats to be able to control a majority in the Legislative Assembly, the party leader becomes the State Premier and Labor will form the government. When the party is not in government, the party leader becomes the Leader of the Opposition. To become a Premier or Opposition Leader, the party leader must be or within a short period of time become a member of the Legislative Assembly.

title: Australian Labor Party split of 1931

text: The Australian Labor Party split of 1931 was caused by severe divisions within the Australian Labor Party over their economic response to the Great Depression in Australia. Amidst intense disagreement between economically conservative and radical elements of the party, two senior ministers in the Scullin Labor government, Joseph Lyons and James Fenton, resigned from Cabinet in January 1931. Lyons, Fenton and their supporters would subsequently merge with the conservative opposition Nationalist Party of Australia to form the new United Australia Party, led by Lyons with the last Nationalist leader, John Latham, as his deputy.

title: Catholic Action

text: The National Civic Council is an Australian Catholic Action group formed in 1957 out of the Australian Catholic social studies movement under the leadership of B.A. Santamaria. Precursors to the NCC were active in the Australian Labor Party, but were expelled from the party by less conservative members during the 1955 Labor Split. The expelled members of the party went on to form the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) and the subsequent Democratic Labor Party.

text: The Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch), commonly known as South Australian Labor, is the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party, originally formed in 1891 as the United Labor Party of South Australia. It is one of two major parties in the bicameral Parliament of South Australia, the other being the Liberal Party of Australia (SA Division).

title: Australian Labor Party (NSW)

text: The Australian Labor Party (NSW), commonly known as Lang Labor, was a political group arising from a major breakaway from the Australian Labor Party in New South Wales that operated from 1931 to 1936, when the two groups were reconciled.

title: Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist)

text: Following the disappearance of the previous Lang Labor group, the Australian Labor Party (NSW), Lang formed a new party, which contested the 1940 federal election.

title: 1917 Australian federal election

text: Hughes, at the time a member of the ALP, had become prime minister when Andrew Fisher retired in 1915. The Australian Labor Party split of 1916 over the conscription issue had led Hughes and 24 other pro-conscription Labor MPs to split off as the National Labor Party, which was able to form a minority government supported by the Commonwealth Liberal Party under Joseph Cook. Later that year, National Labor and the Liberals merged to form the Nationalist Party, with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader. The election was fought in the aftermath of the 1916 plebiscite on conscription, which had been narrowly defeated. The Nationalists won a decisive victory, securing the largest majority government since Federation. The ALP suffered a large electoral swing against it, losing almost seven percent of its vote from 1914. The swing was magnified by the large number of former Labor MPs who followed Hughes out of the party.

title: Australian Labor Party

text: In standard Australian English, the word "labour" is spelled with a . However, the political party uses the spelling "Labor", without a . There was originally no standardised spelling of the party's name, with "Labor" and "Labour" both in common usage. According to Ross McMullin, who wrote an official history of the Labor Party, the title page of the proceedings of Federal Conference used the spelling "Labor" in 1902, "Labour" in 1905 and 1908, and then "Labor" from 1912 onwards. In 1908, James Catts put forward a motion at Federal Conference that "the name of the party be the Australian Labour Party", which was carried by 22 votes to two. A separate motion recommending state branches to adopt the name was defeated. There was no uniformity of party names until 1918, when Federal Conference resolved that state branches should adopt the name "Australian Labor Party" – now spelled without a . Each state branch had previously used a different name, due to their different origins.

title: Electoral district of Brunswick

text: The seat has had three periods of existence. The seat was first formed in 1904 and abolished in 1955, recreated in 1976 and abolished again in 1992, and again re-established in 2002. It has always been held for Labor, apart from two months in 1955 when incumbent MP Peter Randles defected to the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) in the Australian Labor Party split of 1955.

title: Australian Workers' Union

text: When the Labor party wins sufficient seats to be able to control a majority in the Legislative Assembly, the party leader becomes the State Premier and Labor will form the government. When Labor is the largest party not in government, the party leader becomes the Leader of the Opposition. To become a Premier or Opposition Leader, the party leader must be or within a short period of time become a member of the Legislative Assembly.

title: Australian Labor Party split of 1931

text: In March 1931, the Labor Party split on the left as well, when Eddie Ward, a supporter of radical anti-austerity Premier of New South Wales Jack Lang, won a by-election, and was refused entry to the Labor caucus, resulting in six Lang supporters forming a Lang Labor party on the crossbench. In November, the United Australia Party and Lang Labor succeeded in defeating the Scullin government, resulting in the 1931 federal election in December. The election resulted in a landslide victory for the United Australia Party and the election of Lyons as Prime Minister.

title: History of the Australian Labor Party

text: The first general election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, where Labour candidates (then called the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales) won 35 of 141 seats. The major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy enactment.[1] Also in 1891, three United Labor Party (ULP) of South Australia candidates were elected to the South Australian Legislative Council.[2] At the 1893 South Australian election the United Labor Party led by John McPherson won 10 of the 54 seats and the balance of power in the House of Assembly, allowing the liberal government of Charles Kingston to be formed, ousting the conservative government of John Downer. By the 1905 South Australian election Thomas Price became the first Labor Premier of South Australia. Re-elected at the 1906 double dissolution election serving until his death in 1909, it was the world's first stable Labour Party government. So successful, John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 South Australian election. In 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a Labour minority government in Queensland, the first Labour Party government in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split.

title: Tom Howard (Australian politician)

text: In 1933, in the wake of the Great Depression and the 1931 Labor split, Howard was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly for Adelaide, representing the Lang Labor Party, a faction of the Labor Party supporting the ideas of Jack Lang, the Premier of New South Wales. In April, however, he and fellow Lang Labor MP Bob Dale left the party after disputes with leader Doug Bardolph, forming their own breakaway group, the South Australian Lang Labor Party. In June 1934 the various Labor factions were reunited. Howard was defeated at the next election in 1938.

title: Australian Labor Party

text: The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, when Labour candidates (then called the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales) won 35 of 141 seats. The major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions. The United Labor Party (ULP) of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election. Richard Hooper however was elected as an Independent Labor candidate at the 1891 Wallaroo by-election, while he was the first "labor" member of the House of Assembly he was not a member of the newly formed ULP.

title: Majority Labor Party

text: The Majority Labor Party, sometimes called the Majority Australian Labor Party, was an Australian political party formed by federal Australian Labor Party MP James Catts in 1922. It did not win any seats in parliament.

title: John Allan (Australian politician)

text: As a result, the April 1927 state election saw a big swing to Labor, which won 28 seats to the Nationalists' 15, the Country Party's 10, the Country Progressives four and independents eight. This was Labor's best result yet, and enough for the Labor leader Edmond Hogan to form a minority government with Progressive support. Allan resigned in May, and the Country Party stayed in opposition until 1935. In 1930 Dunstan led his followers back into a united party. When Stanley Argyle formed a United Australia Party-Country Party coalition government in 1932, Allan became Minister for Agriculture, but in 1935 Dunstan put Argyle out and formed a government with Labor support. Allan refused to serve in this government, and remained on the backbench until his death in 1936.

title: Australian Labor Party

text: The ALP was not founded as a federal party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the emerging labour movement in Australia, formally beginning in 1891. Labor is thus the country's oldest political party. Colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. The ALP formed the world's first Labour Party government, as well as the world's first social democratic government at a national level. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, at the 1910 federal election. The Australian Labor Party at both a federal and state/colony level predates, among others, both the British Labour Party and the New Zealand Labour Party in party formation, government, and policy implementation. Internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International.

title: Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1914–1917

text: There was a significant change in the party system during the Sixth Parliament. There was a split in the Australian Labor Party on 14 November 1916, when the then Prime Minister Billy Hughes walked out of a meeting of the Labor caucus over the issue of conscription along with twenty-four of his supporters, who were all then expelled from the party. Hughes and his followers became the informal "National Labor Party", which formed a minority government until merging with the Commonwealth Liberal Party on 17 February 1917 to form the Nationalist Party of Australia.

title: Harvester case

text: After the federation of Australia, Higgins was a member of the Australian Parliament as a member of the Protectionist Party, but was in broad agreement with the Labor party's social reforms. When the Labor Party sought to amend the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill to cover state railway employees, Higgins was one of the radicals who supported the amendments and helped bring down Deakin's government. When Labor formed a minority government in 1904, Higgins became Attorney-General in the Labor ministry, because Labor had no suitably qualified lawyer in Parliament.


query: How long is a moray eel?

title: Giant moray

text: As the name suggests, it is a large eel, reaching up to 3m (9.8ft) in length and 30kg (66lb) in weight.[2] Its serpent-shaped body has a brownish background color. While juveniles are tan in color with large black spots, adults have black specks that grade into leopard-like spots behind the head and a black area surrounding the gill opening.[3]

title: Uropterygius macrocephalus

text: Uropterygius macrocephalus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is commonly known as the needle-tooth moray, large-headed snake moray, largehead snake moray, largehead moray, longhead moray, or the snowflake eel. It is used sometimes in aquariums.

title: Lesser moray eel

text: The lesser moray ("Gymnothorax minor") is a moray eel found in the western Pacific Ocean. It was first named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck and Hermann Schlegel in 1846, and is also known as the reticulated moray eel.

title: Indian mud moray eel

text: The Indian mud moray, "Gymnothorax tile", is a moray eel found in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Hamilton in 1822, and is also commonly known as the freshwater moray or freshwater snowflake eel. It lives in marine conditions, but travels to fresh water for breeding and spawning. When kept as pets, Indian mud morays actually thrive better in brackish water, rather than pure fresh water. It is said to reach a length of about . These eels can live up to 30 years. The species is characterized by a black body with orange and white speckles covering the length of the body. "Gymnothorax tile", like any other moray eel, possesses a second set of jaws, called the pharyngeal jaws, to swallow their prey. This eel also possesses terrible eyesight, and instead relies upon a keen sense of smell and vibrations in the water to detect prey or approaching threats. It is for the most part a scavenger that eats dead fish, shrimp, and other such foods. Due to its poor eyesight, this eel does not hunt on a normal basis, but will resort to hunting if there is no other option.

title: Channomuraena vittata

text: Channomuraena vittata is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific, Indian, and western Atlantic Oceans. It is commonly known as the broadbanded moray, banded moray, banded creeping eel, Chinese moray, double-ended moray, long-jawed moray, or the strange moray.

title: Uropterygius concolor

text: Uropterygius concolor is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Rüppell in 1838, and is commonly known as the unicolor snake moray, uniform reef-eel, brown reef-eel, brown moray eel, or the brown moray. It is mostly dull brown in colour, with the tip of the tail being yellow.

title: Gymnothorax annasona

text: Gymnothorax annasona is a moray eel found in the southwest Pacific Ocean, around Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. It was first named by Whitley in 1937, and is commonly known as the Lord Howe Island moray or the Lord Howe moray.

title: Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus

text: Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus is a moray eel found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1852, and is commonly known as the highfin moray, false spotted moray, mottled moray-eel, or the yellow-lined reef-eel.

title: Gymnothorax rueppelliae

text: The banded moray ("Gymnothorax rueppelliae"), also known as the banded reef-eel, Rüppell's moray, Rüppell's moray eel, black barred eel, yellow-headed moray eel or yellow-headed moray, is a moray eel found in coral reefs in Red Sea, East Africa to Hawaii, Tuamotu, Marquesas Islands, north of Ryukyu Islands and south of the Great Barrier Reef. It is a pale grey to greyish-brown moray with a 16-21 dark bars on the body and fins that become indistinct with growth, top of the head yellow and a dark spot at the corner of the mouth.

title: Sieve-patterned moray eel

text: The sieve-patterned moray eel ("Gymnothorax cribroris") is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the western Pacific Ocean and northern Australia. It was first named by Whitley in 1932 and is also commonly known as the sieve moray, brown-flecked reef eel, brown-flecked moray or the Australian moray.

title: Lipspot moray eel

text: The lipspot moray ("Gymnothorax chilospilus"), also known as the textile moray, white-lipped moray or white-lipped reef eel, is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1864.

title: Spotted moray

text: The spotted moray ("Gymnothorax moringa") is a medium to large moray eel. Other common names include conger, spotted eel, red moray, speckled moray, white cong, white jawed moray, white-chinned moray and white-jawed moray eel. Spotted eels have a long snake-like body, white or pale yellow in overall color with small overlapping reddish brown to dark-brown spots. They are commonly in length and can grow to , and weigh . They inhabit the Western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina and Bermuda to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. They are also found around the Mid- and Eastern Atlantic islands as far south as St Helena. They are typically found anywhere from the surface to a depth of .

title: Gymnothorax pictus

text: Gymnothorax pictus, the painted moray, paintspotted moray or peppered moray, is a moray eel. The Chamorro name of the eel is "títugi".

title: Atoll moray eel

text: The atoll moray eel ("Gymnothorax atolli") is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the eastern central Pacific Ocean. It was first named by Pietschmann in 1935.

title: Y-patterned moray eel

text: The Y-patterned moray eel ("Gymnothorax berndti") is a deep-water moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and western Indian Oceans at depths to 300 m. It was first named by Snyder in 1904, and is also commonly known as Berndt's moray eel.

title: Moray eel

text: Although the moray eel can occupy both tropical oceans and temperate oceans, as well as both freshwater and saltwater, the majority of moray eels occupy warm saltwater environments, which contain reefs. Within the tropical oceans and temperate oceans, the moray eel occupies shelters, such as dead patch reefs and coral rubble rocks, and less frequently occupies live coral reefs.

title: Gymnothorax longinquus

text: Gymnothorax longinquus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It is commonly known as the yellow-gilled reef-eel, yellow-gilled moray, brown moray-eel, or long moray.

title: Blotch-necked moray eel

text: The blotch-necked moray ("Gymnothorax margaritophorus") is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1864, and is also commonly known as the blackpearl moray, pearly moray, pearly reef-eel, or the trunk-eyed moray.

title: Latticetail moray

text: The latticetail moray ("Gymnothorax buroensis") is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1857, and is commonly also known as the vagrant moray, Buru moray eel, or Buro moray.

title: Elegant moray eel

text: The elegant moray ("Gymnothorax elegans"), or Goldsborough's moray eel, is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Bliss in 1883.

title: Southern moray eel

text: The southern moray ("Gymnothorax austrinus") is a moray eel found in the eastern Indian Ocean, around Victoria, Australia. It was first named by Böhlke and McCosker in 2001. It lives in moderate-temperature, marine habitat; it is a demersal fish. The maximum length discovered was a female at 88.2 cm long.

title: Giant moray

text: The giant moray (Gymnothorax javanicus) is a species of moray eel and a species of marine fish in the family Muraenidae. In terms of body mass, it is the largest moray eel (the slender giant moray is longer).[1]

title: Scuticaria tigrina

text: Scuticaria tigrina is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is commonly known as the tiger reef-eel, tiger snake moray, tiger moray eel, tiger moray, tiger eel, spotted eel, or the spotted snake moray.

title: Scuticaria okinawae

text: Scuticaria okinawae is a moray eel found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is commonly known as the shorttailed snake moray, shorttail moray, Seale's moray eel, or the Bennett's moray.

title: Snowflake moray

text: The snowflake moray eel is not safe to keep with shrimp, crabs or lobsters, since crustaceans are their natural diet. However, they are safe to keep with most other invertebrates, including starfish, anemones and sea urchins. Snowflake morays are reef safe and will not bother corals, though these eels are messy eaters and will require strong filtration and a relatively large protein skimmer for the long-term health of any corals housed in their aquarium. The moray eel will likely consume very small fish such as damselfish. Compatible tankmates for the snowflake moray eel include other relatively large, aggressive fish, such as lionfish, tangs, triggerfish, wrasses, and possibly even other snowflake moray eels if they are both introduced to the tank at the same time. Snowflake moray eels are capable of inflicting a severe bite.

title: Mediterranean moray

text: The Mediterranean moray (sometimes also called Roman eel, "Muraena helena","زريمباية") is a fish of the moray eel family. It has a long eel-like body and is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Its bite can be dangerous to humans.

title: Abbott's moray eel

text: Abbott's moray eel ("Gymnothorax eurostus"), also known as the stout moray, is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the Indo-Pacific, antitropical in distribution. It is found in the eastern Pacific from Costa Rica to Easter Island, at depths to 40 m. Its length is up to 60 cm. Abbott's moray eel is a shallow-water, inshore reef species, though not often seen. They are voracious nocturnal carnivores feeding mostly on reef fishes.

title: Uropterygius marmoratus

text: Uropterygius marmoratus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is commonly known as the marbled reef-eel, marbled eel, marbled snake moray, marbled moray, or the slender conger eel.

title: Drab moray eel

text: The drab moray ("Gymnothorax monochrous") is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1856, and is also commonly known as the brown moray, monochrome moray, monotone moray, or plain moray eel.

title: Barred moray

text: The barred moray ("Echidna polygon"), also known as the banded moray, the dark-banded eel, the girdled moray, the girdled reef eel, the many banded moray eel, the ringed moray, the ringed reef moray, the striped moray and the zebra eel,) is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae. It was described by John Richardson in 1845, originally under the genus "Muraena". It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the Indo-Pacific, including the Red Sea, East Africa, the Hawaiian Islands, the Marquesan Islands, the Tuamoto Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Great Barrier Reef. It dwells at a depth range of , and leads a benthic lifestyle in reefs and shallow lagoons. Males can reach a maximum total length of .

title: Panamic green moray eel

text: The panamic green moray eel ("Gymnothorax castaneus") is a large moray eel in the Pacific. Common names also include chestnut moray eel.


query: What percentage of Ireland is Catholic?

title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: In the 2016 Irish census 78.3% of the population identified as Catholic in Ireland; numbering approximately 3.7 million people. Unlike Catholics in the United States, Ireland has seen a significant decline from the 84.2% who identified as Catholic in the 2011 census.[18]

title: Republic of Ireland

text:
Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ireland. Christianity is the predominant religion, and while Ireland remains a predominantly Catholic country, the percentage of the population who identified as Catholic on the census has fallen sharply from 84.2 percent in the 2011 census to 78.3 percent in the most recent 2016 census. Other results from the 2016 census are : 4.2% Protestant, 1.3% as Muslim, and 9.8% as having no religion. According to a Georgetown University study, before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular Mass attendance in the Western world.
While daily attendance was 13% in 2006, there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81% in 1990 to 48% in 2006, although the decline was reported as stabilising. In 2011, it was reported that weekly Mass attendance in Dublin was just 18%, with it being even lower among younger generations.

title: Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland

text:
The following table shows the percentage change between each census for the three main Protestant denominations in what is now the Republic of Ireland from 1901 to 2011:
The following table shows the annual percentage change for the three main Protestant denominations in what is now the Republic of Ireland from 1901 to 2011:

title: Demographic threat

text: In Northern Ireland, Protestants are more likely to favour continued political union with the UK, while Catholics are more likely to favour political union with the rest of Ireland. When Ireland was partitioned in the 1920s and Northern Ireland came into existence, Protestants were roughly 60% of the population, but as a result of higher fertility rates among Catholics, their share of the population has dropped to less than 50% in the 2011 census, while Catholics numbered only slightly fewer than Protestants. There is debate over whether and to what extent this trend will continue and its possible impact on the political situation.

title: John Ireland (bishop)

text: In 1891, Ireland refused to accept the clerical credentials of Byzantine Rite, Ruthenian Catholic priest Alexis Toth, citing the decree "Cum data fuerit", that married priests of the Eastern Catholic Churches were not permitted to function in the Catholic Church in the United States, despite Toth being a widower. Ireland then forbade Toth to minister to his own parishioners, despite the fact that Toth had jurisdiction from his own bishop and did not answer to Ireland. Ireland was also involved in efforts to expel all non-Latin Church Catholic clergy from the United States. Forced into an impasse, Toth went on to lead thousands of Ruthenian Catholics out of the Roman Communion and into what would eventually become the Orthodox Church in America. Because of this, Archbishop Ireland is sometimes referred to, ironically, as "The Father of the Orthodox Church in America." Marvin R. O'Connell, author of a biography on Ireland, summarizes the situation by stating that "if Ireland's advocacy of the blacks displayed him at his best, his belligerence toward the Uniates showed him at his bull-headed worst."

title: Buncrana

text: Around 90.9% of residents were recorded as Catholic, 4.3% were of another stated religion (e.g. Church of Ireland, Presbyterian, Orthodox or Islam). The percentage of residents with no religion was 4.1%.

title: Catholic Church by country

text: These percentages were calculated by using the above numbers. The first percentage, 4th column, is the percentage of population that is Catholic in a region (number in the region x 100 / total population of the region). The last column shows the national Catholic percentage compared to the total Catholic population of the world (number in the region x 100 / total RC population of the world).

title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: At the partition of Ireland in 1922, 92.6% of the south's population were Catholic while 7.4% were Protestant.[7] By the 1960s, the Anglican and Protestant population had fallen by half, mostly due to emigration in the early years of Irish independence, with some Anglicans preferring to live within the UK. However, in the early 21st century the percentage of Protestants in the Republic has risen slightly, to 4.2%, and the absolute numbers to over 200,000, almost equal to the number in 1920, due to immigration and a modest flow of conversions from Catholicism. The Catholic Church's policy of Ne Temere, whereby the children of marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to be brought up as Catholics,[note 3] also helped to uphold Catholic hegemony.

title: Industrial Schools in Ireland

text: 1898 saw Industrial Schools reach 71 (the highest number of them). Of the 61 which are in what is now the Republic of Ireland, 56 schools were Catholic run and 5 were Protestant run. Of the 10 in what is now Northern Ireland, 6 were Catholic run and 4 Protestant run. Of the 9 Protestant Industrial Schools in Ireland 5 were for girls and 4 for boys.

title: Athea

text: Athea is predominantly Roman Catholic though a small percentage of residents belong to the Church of Ireland faith. Weekend mass is the centrepoint for practicing Catholics. However a decline of church-goers has occurred in recent times with just 40% of locals regularly attending mass.

title: Protestantism in Honduras

text: According to articles published in 2018 by BBC and Periodista Digital, in Honduras and Guatemala there is a sharp decline in the percentage of the population that identifies as Catholic. This is due to rapid increase of Evangelism in the area. Additionally, the percentage of the population that identifies as Evangelical in these two countries practically matches or surpasses the percentage of the population that identifies as Catholic. The article published in the Spanish website, Periodista Digital, states that the percentage of the population that identifies as Catholic in Honduras is only 37%.

title: List of districts in Northern Ireland by national identity

text: Irish national identity was numerically in a majority in two districts, Derry and Newry, where 55.03% and 52.09% respectively consider themselves as having an Irish national identity. Whilst 45.14% of the population of Northern Ireland said that they were either Catholic or that they had been raised Catholic, only 28.35% described their nationality as Irish. In the Larne Borough Council area the percentage of Catholics was 24.87% and the figure for Irish nationality was 10.1%, meaning that no more (and almost certainly less) than 32.40% of Catholics described themselves as having an Irish nationality.

title: United Ireland

text: There are some very small pressure groups in the Republic of Ireland, such as the Reform Group and lodges of the Orange Order, that are sympathetic to Northern Ireland remaining within the United Kingdom for the foreseeable future, but their impact on the broader political opinion is negligible. A minority of politically conservative Catholic writers from the Republic of Ireland, such as Mary Kenny and Desmond Fennell have expressed misgivings about a united Ireland, fearing the incorporation of a large number of Protestants would threaten what they see as the Catholic nature of the Republic. A Red C/Sunday Times poll in 2010 found that 57% are in favour of a united Ireland, 22% say they are opposed, while 21% are undecided.

title: Wars of the Three Kingdoms

text: Meanwhile, in the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed such in 1541 but only fully conquered for the Crown in 1603), tensions had also begun to mount. Thomas Wentworth, Charles I's Lord Deputy of Ireland, angered Roman Catholics by enforcing new taxes while denying them full rights as subjects; he further antagonised the native Irish Catholics by repeated initiatives to confiscate and transfer their lands to English colonists. Conditions became explosive in 1639 when Wentworth offered Irish Catholics some reforms in return for them raising and funding an Irish army (led by Protestant officers) to put down the Scottish rebellion. The idea of an Irish Catholic army enforcing what many saw as already tyrannical government horrified both the Scottish and the English Parliaments, who in response threatened to invade Ireland.

title: Religion in the Republic of Ireland

text: In the 2016 census, 78.8% (3.7 million) of the population identified as Catholic which is 132,220 fewer than 5 years earlier in 2011 when the percentage stood at 84%.[2]

title: Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland

text: The Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI; ) was an Irish Catholic Scouting organisation active from 1927 until 2004, when it formed Scouting Ireland by merging with the former Scout Association of Ireland (SAI), a non-denominational Scout organisation. The CBSI changed its name to "Catholic Scouts of Ireland" (CSI) when it admitted girls and to "Scouting Ireland (CSI)" in the run-up to the foundation of Scouting Ireland. It was active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

title: Dunmanway

text: Dunmanway is predominantly Roman Catholic with a large Protestant minority and a small Neopagan minority. There are two different Protestant denominations in the town, namely the Church of Ireland and Methodism, the former being larger. While still majority Catholic, the rural area around Dunmanway has one of the highest percentage of non-Catholics in the Republic of Ireland and the town acts as an important focal point for this community.

title: Politics of the Republic of Ireland

text: Northern Ireland has been a major factor in Irish politics since the island of Ireland was divided between Northern Ireland and what is now the Republic in 1920. The creation of Northern Ireland led to conflict between northern nationalists (mostly Roman Catholic) who seek unification with the Republic and Unionists (mostly Protestant) who opposed British plans for Irish Home Rule and wished for Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. After the formation of Northern Ireland in 1921 following its opt out from the newly formed Irish Free State, many Roman Catholics and Republicans were discriminated against. The abolition of Proportional Representation and the gerrymandering of constituency boundaries led to Unionists being over-represented at Stormont and at Westminster. Even James Craig who was prime minister of Northern Ireland boasted of his Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People. In the 1960s NICRA was set up to end discrimination between Catholics and Protestants. There was a massive backlash to this from sections of the Unionist community. This conflict exploded into violence in the late sixties with the beginning of the Troubles, involving groups such as the Provisional IRA, loyalist paramilitaries, the police and the British army, the latter originally drafted in to protect Catholic communities from loyalist violence. These clashes were to result in the suspension of the Stormont Parliament and unsuccessful efforts by the British Government to encourage a power-sharing Executive in Northern Ireland which were only realised following the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. The Troubles caused thousands of deaths in Northern Ireland but also spilled over into bombings and acts of violence in England and the Republic.

title: Christianity in Ireland

text: Catholicism in Ireland is part of the worldwide Catholic Church. The Catholic Church in Ireland serves Catholics in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland under the spiritual leadership of Pope Francis and the Conference of Irish Bishops. In the Republic of Ireland, 87.4% of the citizens were baptised Catholic as infants while the figure for Northern Ireland is 43.8%.

title: Quiet Revolution (Republic of Ireland)

text: Following the 2018 abortion referendum in the Republic of Ireland, public campaigning has increased in Northern Ireland for complete rights to abortion. Secularized practices in the Republic are influencing the North to follow suit. According to 2011 Census data, 41.5% of the Northern Ireland population identifies as Protestant and 41% identifies as Roman Catholic. Despite reports of religious affiliation, these percentages do not represent the secular attitudes of the majority of citizens under 60 years old in Northern Ireland. Their current government, Sinn Féin, aims to extend certain policies of secular nature from the Republic of Ireland to Northern Ireland. Sinn Féin is a left-wing Irish republican political party in both the Republic and Northern Ireland with political goals toward a united Ireland. The party advocates for "Europe-wide measures that promote and enhance human rights, equality and the all-Ireland agenda”. One key social and cultural policy in their recent election campaign is to extend same-sex marriage to Northern Ireland. Although the party pledges support for minority rights, migrants' rights, and eradicating poverty, it is not in favor of extending legalized abortion to Northern Ireland. Only in certain cases, including incest, rape, sexual abuse, "fatal foetal abnormalities", or when risk or danger is threatening a woman's life, can abortion be permitted. The Quiet Revolution in the Republic has created pressure on Northern Ireland for an extension of secularized policies and influenced further discussion of a united Ireland. Former Northern Ireland politician and 1998 Nobel Peace prize winner, John Hume, has said “the country [the land mass] is not divided; it’s the people who are divided...We must learn to spill our sweat together rather than spill our blood together”. Today, Protestants, Catholics and agnostics over the whole island - both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland - are calling for socio-cultural and socio-political change, despite Northern Ireland having a higher percentage of active and devout religious citizens. The peaceful developments from the Quiet Revolution in the Republic are creating political stresses for the North to follow suit for their citizens.

title: Christianity in Ireland

text:
The majority of the people of Northern Ireland are recorded as members of the various Protestant churches such as the Presbyterian Church, Church of Ireland, Methodist Church and several others. While the Catholic Church is the largest single denomination in either jurisdiction, it is smaller than the combined Protestant denominations in Northern Ireland.
In the Republic of Ireland, approximately 3% were recorded as members of various Protestant (1991). The proportion was more than 10% in 1891 – a drop to less than a third of the previous percentage. The percentage in 2011 is almost 5%.

title: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: The Catholic Church in Ireland (Irish: Eaglais Chaitliceach na hÉireann) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. With 3.7 million members, it is the largest Christian church in Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland's 2016 census, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, which represents a decrease of 6% from 2011. By contrast, 45% of Northern Ireland identified as Catholic at the 2011 census, a percentage that is expected to increase in the coming years.[1] The Primate of All Ireland is the Archbishop of Armagh. The Church is administered on an all-Ireland basis. The Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference is a consultative body for ordinaries in Ireland.

title: Rome Rule

text: Anglicans of the established Church of Ireland and the other Protestant groups such as Presbyterians had had different legal rights and priorities, and mutual disagreements, until the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by the Irish Church Act 1869. While the Act was passed to reflect the small percentage of Church of Ireland members in the Irish population, and to increase the self-esteem of Irish Roman Catholics, the resulting level playing field allowed the different Protestant groups to act as political equals for the first time.

title: Robert Lynn (politician)

text: In 1902, the Education Act had been withheld from Ireland at the insistence of Roman Catholic bishops, the result of which was that education reform in Northern Ireland lagged behind that of the rest of the country by 1920. Lynn was asked by the Northern Irish government to look into reforms in education in 1921 and he set up what became known as the Lynn Committee. However, Roman Catholics refused to serve on or cooperate with the Committee. Much guidance was therefore rerquired of Roman Catholic Unionist, A. N. Bonaparte Wyse (who later became Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Education in Northern Ireland).

title: Religion in the Republic of Ireland

text: Between 2006 and 2011, Catholics decreased as a percentage of the population, but still showed a robust increase in absolute numbers due both to an excess of births over deaths as well as immigration from countries such as Poland. Most recently, Protestantism, including the Church of Ireland, has experienced a slight decrease in percentage, despite having earlier experienced some recovery. Those declaring no religion, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam showed significant increases.

title: Demographics of Mexico

text: The states with the highest percentage of professing Catholics are central states, namely Guanajuato (96.4%), Aguascalientes (95.6%) and Jalisco (95.4%), whereas southeastern states have the lowest percentage of Catholics, namely Chiapas (63.8%), Tabasco (70.4%) and Campeche (71.3%). The percentage of professing Catholics has been on the decrease over the last four decades, from over 98% in 1950 to 87.9% in 2000. The average annual growth of Catholic believers from 1990 to 2000 was 1.7% whereas that of non-Catholics was 3.7%. Given that the average annual population increase over the same time period was 1.8%, the percentage of Catholics in relation to the total population continues to be in overall decline.

title: Repartition of Ireland

text: Pollsters have rarely asked the population of Northern Ireland about their attitudes to repartition but it was asked twice in the early 1980s. In June 1981 and February 1982, the percentages of Protestants agreeing to repartition was 9% and 8%; the percentages for Catholics were 22% and 24%.

title: Who Knows Ireland Best?

text: "Who Knows Ireland Best?" has been likened to the British quiz show "Family Fortunes". Two teams of contestants would be asked to guess the results of various surveys. Prior to the show 1,000 Irish people were asked 100 questions regarding Irish life (e.g. "What percentage of people admitted to speaking on a mobile phone whilst driving?" or "What percentage of women said they would not date someone who was unemployed?").

title: Holy See–Ireland relations

text: Ireland has had links with the Holy See since at least the time of Saint Patrick. Patrick was sent to Ireland by Pope Celestine I. Relations between Ireland and the Holy See continued through the appointment of bishops, and papal legates were sent to preside over reforming synods, such as the Synod of Kells in 1152. The Synod of Cashel (1172) continued this process after the Norman conquest. The Pontifical Irish College, the Roman Catholic seminary for the training and education of priests in Rome, was founded in 1628. Irish Catholics were the main promoters of Catholic emancipation that was achieved in 1829 in what was then the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. From 1850 the Irish Church followed Ultramontanism under Cardinal Cullen and it became a conservative element in the Irish nationalist movement.

title: Hussey Commission

text: The Hussey Commission, also known as the "Catholic Church Commission on Child Sexual Abuse", was established in June 2002 by the Bishops' Conference and the Conference of Religious in Ireland to examine what was known by Roman Catholic bishops about complaints of child sexual abuse by priests and religious in the Republic of Ireland.

title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: As the percentage of recruits from both communities did not reflect the religious demographics of Northern Ireland, it never became the model Lord Hunt intended. Catholics continued to join the regiment, but the numbers were never representative. They were highest in 3 UDR, which had the highest percentage of Catholics throughout the Troubles, beginning with 30%, although this was a much lower percentage than that of the battalion area. Some sections were staffed entirely by Catholics, which led to protests from the B Specials Association that in 3 UDR "preference for promotion and allocation of appointments was being given to Catholics". This was partially explained by the fact that the mostly Catholic Newry Territorial Army company of the Royal Irish Fusiliers had been disbanded in 1968 and the vast majority of its soldiers had joined the UDR en masse.


query: Who is the oldest gymnast to compete in the Olympics?

title: Oksana Chusovitina

text: Oksana Aleksandrovna Chusovitina (Russian: Оксана Александровна Чусовитина; born 19 June 1975) is a world and Olympic level gymnast who has competed for the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan, and Germany.

title: List of Olympic female gymnasts for Canada

text: Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896. Canadian female gymnasts have participated in every Summer Olympics since 1956, except for 1980. A total of 51 female gymnasts have represented Canada. Canadian women have not won any medals at the Olympics. Teresa McDonnell is the only Canadian female gymnast who has competed in at least three Olympics.

title: Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics

text: On August 21, 2008 the IOC instructed the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) to investigate allegations that Chinese gymnast He Kexin was underaged and therefore ineligible to compete during the Olympic gymnastics competition. The FIG requires that all gymnasts be at least 16 years of age in the Olympic calendar year. The IOC had initially accepted the ages of all the Chinese participants, but newly uncovered documents suggested He was 14 years old, and thus ineligible to compete.

title: Doina Stăiculescu

text: The time Rhythmic Gymnastics was officially added as an Olympic Sport at the 1984 Olympic Games. The gymnasts from USSR and Bulgaria were considered the favored to win Rhythmic Gymnastics in Los Angeles but Eastern led Boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics put Stăiculescu the highest rank gymnast to compete in the Olympics, Canadian Lori Fung ( ranked 23rd ) at that time trained together with Stăiculescu who would eventually upset Stăiculescu for the gold medal. She won the silver medal in All-around at the Olympics. She is the only Romanian to win a medal in Rhythmic Gymnastics.

title: Canada at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: The Canadian team included several past Olympic champions, three of them defending (freestyle wrestler Carol Huynh, equestrian jumping rider Eric Lamaze, and the men's coxed eight rowing team). Equestrian show jumper Ian Millar became the first athlete to compete at his tenth Olympic games, and also, the oldest athlete of the team at age 65. Eight rower Lesley Thompson, Canada's oldest female athlete, made her seventh Olympic appearance, having participated since 1984 (except the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she was not selected). Gymnast Victoria Moors, on the other hand, was the youngest athlete of the team, at age 15. Other Canadian athletes featured road cyclist Clara Hughes, who competed at both Summer and Winter Olympic games, two-time silver medalist Alexander Despatie in springboard diving, multiple-time Olympic medalist Adam van Koeverden in sprint kayaking, and swimmers Ryan Cochrane and Brent Hayden.

title: Brittany Rogers

text: Brittany Rogers (born June 8, 1993) is a Canadian artistic gymnast who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She attends the University of Georgia and competes for the Georgia Gym Dogs. Consequently, combining both elite and college gymnastics without deferral, Rogers is one of very few gymnasts to have undertaken this combination – vying for a spot on the 2016 Summer Olympics team.

title: Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: The Russian team featured twelve defending champions from Beijing, including pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva (who competed at her fourth Olympics), synchronized swimmer Anastasia Davydova, race walkers Olga Kaniskina and Valeriy Borchin, modern pentathlete Andrey Moiseev and rhythmic gymnast Evgeniya Kanaeva. Among these champions, Isinbayeva, Davydova and Kanaeva only managed to defend their Olympic titles for the second consecutive time in their events. Kanaeva became the first rhythmic gymnast to win back to back gold medal at the Olympics. Volleyballer Yevgeniya Estes became the first Russian athlete to compete in six Olympic games, although she first appeared as part of the Unified Team. Meanwhile, rifle shooters Artem Khadjibekov and Sergei Kovalenko, and volleyballer Sergey Tetyukhin made their fifth Olympic appearance. Equestrian show jumper Vladimir Tuganov, at age 51, was the oldest athlete of the team, while relay swimmer Mariya Baklakova was the youngest at age 15.

title: Rhythmic gymnastics

text: Olympic rhythmic gymnastics is only for female participants (although Japan has begun developing programs in which men can compete. Also in Spain, where men are allowed to participate in the women’s competition. The men's program has yet to be formally recognized by the FIG, however, and men cannot compete in the Olympics as a rhythmic gymnast). Gymnasts start at a young age and become age-eligible to compete in the Olympic Games and other major international competitions on January 1 of their 16th year (For example, a gymnast born December 31, 2000 would be age eligible for the 2016 Olympics). Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties but since 2004 it is common to see gymnasts achieving their peak after reaching their twenties. Some gymnasts who were or are highly competitive in their early twenty or late twenties are Yulia Barsukova, Sylvia Miteva, Almudena Cid, Liubov Charkashyna, Aliya Yussupova, Aliya Garayeva, Ganna Rizatdinova, Melitina Staniouta, Delphine Ledoux, Anna Bessonova, Evgenia Kanaeva and Carolina Rodriguez. The latter and her fellow countrywoman Almudena Cid are among the oldest rhythmic gymnasts ever.

title: Olivia Vivian

text: Olivia Vivian (born 13 July 1989 in Perth) is an Australian artistic gymnast who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics. After competing at the 2008 Olympics, Vivian competed for Oregon State University in NCAA gymnastics for four years. She also competed in the 2005 and 2006 World Championships.

title: Romania at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: The Romanian team featured past Olympic champions, four of them defending (marathon runner Constantina Diță, judoka Alina Dumitru, gymnast Sandra Izbașa, and rowing pair Georgeta Andrunache and Viorica Susanu). Eight female Romanian athletes were among the oldest of the team, including discus thrower Nicoleta Grasu, who competed at her sixth Olympics. Georgeta Andrunache became one of the most successful female rowers in Olympic history, with a total of six medals; five of them gold. Andrunache's compatriot, Viorica Susanu, who won a total of five Olympic medals, competed at her fifth Olympics, along with marathon runner Lidia Șimon. Skeet shooter Lucia Mihalache, at age 45, was the oldest athlete of the team, while gymnast Larisa Iordache was the youngest at age 16.

title: Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics

text: Gymnastics events have been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. For 32 years, only men were allowed to compete. Beginning at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, women were allowed to compete in artistic gymnastics events as well. Rhythmic gymnastics events were introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and trampoline events were added at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

title: Oksana Chusovitina

text: She returned the following year and announced plans to continue competing through the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.[24] She went on to qualify an individual place for Uzbekistan at a qualifying event in Rio de Janeiro in April 2016.[25] By competing, she set a new record as the oldest gymnast to ever compete at the Olympic Games at the age of 41 and 2 months and the only gymnast ever to compete in seven consecutive Olympic Games, surpassing the record of six that she set in 2012 with Yordan Yovchev of Bulgaria.

title: Courtney McGregor

text: McGregor started gymnastics at age six. When she was younger, she was inspired by the American artistic gymnast Shawn Johnson. Having grown older, she is inspired by American artistic gymnast Bailie Key and New Zealand flatwater canoer Lisa Carrington. Her first international appearances were the 2012 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships in Everett, Washington, and the 2013 Australian Youth Olympic Festival in Sydney. She competed at the 2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Nanning, China. She won a bronze medal in the vault at the 2016 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships. A week later, she met the qualifications for the 2016 Summer Olympics at the 2016 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event (known as Aquece Rio 2016) in Rio de Janeiro. She subsequently gained approval by the New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) to be sent to the Olympics and was one of three gymnasts confirmed by the NZOC on 11 May 2016; Mikhail Koudinov and Dylan Schmidt were the other two. She is the first artistic gymnast to compete for New Zealand since the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where Laura Robertson represented the country, and at age 17 is New Zealand's youngest Olympic competitor in 2016.

title: Age requirements in gymnastics

text: Currently, per the 1997 regulation, gymnasts must be at least 16 years of age, or turning 16 within the calendar year, to compete in senior-level events. For the current Olympic cycle, in order to compete in the 2016 Olympics, a gymnast must have a birth date before January 1, 2001. There is no maximum age restriction, and some gymnasts compete well into their 20s. The oldest female gymnast currently competing in senior international events is Uzbekistan's Oksana Chusovitina, (b. 1975) who was old at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She was old at her first Olympics, the 1992 Summer Olympics.

title: Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic qualification

text: At 39 years old, Iordan Iovtchev was the oldest of all the competitors in the artistic gymnastics events at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He and Oksana Chusovitina share the record for competing at the greatest number of Olympic Games - for both artistic gymnasts, the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was their 6th time as Olympians.

title: Anna Li

text: Anna Li (born September 4, 1988) is a retired American artistic gymnast. She was an 8-time All-American gymnast while competing in the NCAA and a member of the UCLA Bruins women's gymnastics team that won the 2010 NCAA National Championship title. She was on the US National Team in 2011 - 2012. Her parents, Li Yuejiu and Wu Jiani were Olympic gymnasts who competed for China at the 1984 Summer Olympics and are also her coaches. She has a younger sister, Andrea Li, who is also a gymnast. While training as a Level 10 and Elite gymnast she attended and graduated from Waubonsie Valley High School in Aurora, Illinois.

title: Germany at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Two naturalized German athletes made their sixth Olympic appearance as individuals: Mongolian-born pistol shooter Munkhbayar Dorjsuren, who won two Olympic bronze medals (including one from Beijing), and Uzbek-born gymnast Oksana Chusovitina, who won silver in the women's vault exercises. Other naturalized athletes included Kazakh-born marathon runner Irina Mikitenko, who competed at her fifth Olympics as an individual athlete, and Georgian-born trampoline gymnast Anna Dogonadze, who represented her current nation in four consecutive Olympic games. Pistol shooter and triple Olympic gold medalist Ralf Schumann was at his seventh appearance, having participated at every Olympic Games since 1988 (his first under the former East Germany). Rifle shooters Maik Eckhardt and Sonja Pfeilschifter, on the other hand, made their fifth Olympic appearance, although the latter had participated in the Games since 1992. Equestrian eventing rider and Olympic gold medalist Peter Thomsen, at age 51, was the oldest athlete of the team, while gymnast Janine Berger was the youngest, at age 16.

title: Heikki Savolainen (gymnast)

text: Heikki Ilmari Savolainen (28 September 1907 – 29 November 1997) was a Finnish artistic gymnast. He competed in five consecutive Olympics from 1928 to 1952 and won at least one medal in each of them. In 1928 he won a bronze on pommel horse, which was the first-ever medal in gymnastics for Finland. Winning his last medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, he became the oldest gymnastics medalist, at 44 years old; he delivered the Olympic Oath in the opening ceremony of those games. In 1932 Savolainen and his teammate Einari Teräsvirta had the same score on horizontal bar, but the Finnish team voted to give the silver medal to Savolainen. In 1948 he again had the same score as teammates Veikko Huhtanen and Paavo Aaltonen on pommel horse, and the gold medal was shared between the three.

title: Sport in Cardiff

text: Cardiff Olympic Gymnastics Club, founded in 1948 as a ladies artistic gymnastics club, opened a boys section in September 1999. It is the oldest established and 'most senior' ladies artistic gymnastics club in Wales. The club, based in Grangetown, has over 400 members. The Girls Gymnastics section compete on four pieces of apparatus: asymmetric bars; beam; floor; and vault. The Boys Gymnastics section compete on six pieces: floor; vault; pommel horse; still rings; parallel bars; and high bar.

title: List of Olympic female gymnasts for Australia

text: Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896. Australian female gymnasts have participated in every Summer Olympics since 1956. A total of 46 female gymnasts have represented Australia. Australian women have not won any medals at the Olympics. Lisa Skinner is the only Australian female gymnast who has competed in at least three Olympics.

title: Lavinia Gianoni

text: 1928 was the first women's Olympic gymnastics event where 5 teams competed. Lavinia Gianoni was the oldest member of the Italian gymnastics team in 1928 at 17 years of age.

title: List of Olympic female gymnasts for Great Britain

text: Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896. British female gymnasts have participated in every Summer Olympics since 1928, except for 1932. Prior to 2016, a total of 55 female gymnasts had represented Great Britain. British women have won four medals at the Olympics: the 1928 team all-around bronze; the 2012 uneven bars bronze, which was won by Beth Tweddle, a silver medal won by Bryony Page in the trampoline event in 2016; and the 2016 floor exercise bronze, won by Amy Tinkler. Tweddle and Pat Hirst are the only British female gymnasts who have competed in at least three Olympics.

title: Hiroshi Hoketsu

text: In his 70s, the 1968 graduate of Duke University is regarded as the "hope for old men". He was the oldest athlete in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. Hoketsu is the oldest Olympian to ever compete for Japan, and is the third oldest Olympian to compete ever, next to shooter Oscar Swahn of Sweden, who won a silver in the 1920 Summer Olympics and Arthur von Pongracz, who competed at age 72 in Dressage in 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

title: Naoya Tsukahara

text: Naoya Tsukahara (Japanese:塚原 直也 "Tsukahara Naoya", born June 25, 1977) is a former Japanese artistic gymnast and 2004 Olympic Gold Medalist now coaching and competing for Australia. He is the son of the former Japanese gymnast, Mitsuo Tsukahara, who was also a multiple gold medalist in the Olympic Games during the 1960s and 70s. He competed at the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Olympics as well as many World Championships for team Japan from 1996 until 2006. In 2009, he moved to Australia, gaining citizenship in 2012, and currently represents Australia's national gymnastics team, most recently competing at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games.

title: Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around

text: These are the results of the rhythmic team all-around competition, one of the two events of the rhythmic gymnastics discipline contested in the gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. These games marked the beginning of the olympic career of Almudena Cid from Spain who went to compete in another three more olympic games.

title: Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics

text: At the 1984 Summer Olympics, two different gymnastics disciplines were contested. In addition to the fourteen artistic gymnastics events contested, for the first time at the Olympics, a rhythmic gymnastics event was contested–the women's individual all-around. All of the gymnastics events were held at UCLA's Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles from July 29 through August 11. Several teams who had qualified to compete were absent as a result of the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott, including the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and North Korea.

title: Age requirements in gymnastics

text: The one exception to the F.I.G.'s age restrictions until recently applied to the year before the Olympics, when gymnasts who were one year below the required age, but would be the required age in the Olympic year, were allowed to compete as seniors at the World Championships and other FIG meets. For instance, gymnasts born in 1977 were allowed to compete at senior events in 1991, when they were 14 or turning 14 within the calendar year. Within the last Olympic cycle, gymnasts born in 1992 were permitted to compete as seniors in 2007. This was permitted to allow nations to qualify to the Olympics with their best teams, and to give emerging gymnasts some experience in major competition before the Olympics. However, the FIG eliminated this exception as of the 2012 Olympic cycle.

title: Age requirements in gymnastics

text: By the late 1970s, Federations occasionally requested permission to allow slightly underage athletes to compete as seniors. One such example is that of Canadian gymnast Karen Kelsall, who legally competed in the 1976 Olympics at the age of 13. At the time, gymnasts had to turn 14 by the start of the Games to be eligible. Kelsall, with her December 1962 birthday, was five months shy of the requirement but was turning 14 within the Olympic year, and was granted a special exemption by the FIG to compete. Such exemptions were not automatic, however: American gymnast Tracee Talavera, who was named to the United States team for the 1979 World Championships, was deemed ineligible to compete due to her age of 12½ years.

title: Valery Karasyov

text: Valery Nikolayevich Karasyov (; born 23 September 1946) is a retired Russian gymnast. He competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and won a silver medal in the team competition. Individually his best result was fifth place in the floor exercise. At the world championships Karasyov won team silver medals in 1966 and 1970. He married Olga Karasyova, a Russian gymnast who also competed at the 1968 Olympics.

title: List of Olympic female gymnasts for Italy

text: Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896. Italian female gymnasts have participated in every Summer Olympics since 1928, except for 1932, 1964, and 1980. A total of 52 female gymnasts have represented Italy. Italian women have won one medal at the Olympics – the 1928 team all-around silver. Monica Bergamelli, Vanessa Ferrari and Miranda Cicognani are the only Italian female gymnasts who have competed in at least three Olympics.

title: Gustave Sandras

text: Gustave Sandras (February 24, 1872 – June 21, 1951) was a French gymnast who competed in the early 20th century. He participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France, and won the equivalent (see 1900 Summer Olympics) of a gold medal in the only gymnastic event to take place at the games, the combined exercises (see Gymnastics at the 1900 Summer Olympics).