query: How many characters are in written Chinese?

title: Written Chinese

text: Because the majority of modern Chinese words contain more than one character, there are at least two measuring sticks for Chinese literacy: the number of characters known, and the number of words known. John DeFrancis, in the introduction to his Advanced Chinese Reader, estimates that a typical Chinese college graduate recognizes 4,000 to 5,000 characters, and 40,000 to 60,000 words.[3] Jerry Norman, in Chinese, places the number of characters somewhat lower, at 3,000 to 4,000.[4] These counts are complicated by the tangled development of Chinese characters. In many cases, a single character came to be written in multiple ways. This development was restrained to an extent by the standardization of the seal script during the Qin dynasty, but soon started again. Although the Shuowen Jiezi lists 10,516 characters—9,353 of them unique (some of which may already have been out of use by the time it was compiled) plus 1,163 graphic variants—the Jiyun of the Northern Song Dynasty, compiled less than a thousand years later in 1039, contains 53,525 characters, most of them graphic variants.[56]

title: Salar people

text: The Salar do not use any written script for the Salar language, instead using Chinese characters for practical purposes. Salar serves as their spoken language, while Chinese serves them as a both spoken and written language. China offered the Salar an official writing system but it was rejected. The Salars favor the continued use of Chinese characters which shows their "strong attachment to being citizens of the Chinese state". Many of the current generation of Salars are fluent in Chinese.

title: Written Hokkien

text: In many cases, when writing Hokkien using Chinese characters phonetically, the use of characters is entirely unrelated to the original meaning of the phrase. While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymologically correct or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. In addition, there may be many different ways to write a specific Hokkien phrase using Chinese characters. Wanhua District in Taipei is commonly written as in Chinese (literally "ten thousand flowers"); however, the original meaning of the location name, pronounced "Báng-kah" in Taiwanese Hokkien (old character form ), is a rendering of a non-Chinese indigenous name for "boat". Along with location names, common words also have orthography problems due to non-standardization; "chhit-thô" or "thit-thô" (lit. "play (around)") is commonly written as 𨑨迌; however, neither characters have anything to do with the act of "playing" (the characters mean "near" and "cunning, deceitful"). Within Robert Cheng's publication of a Han character edition of the Taiwanese Hokkien novella ' (lit. "Beloved Enemy") by Lai Jinsheng, the word ', meaning "gangster" and cognate with Vernacular Chinese (), is transcribed as ; these two phonetically-used characters literally translate to "perch-eel".

title: Singaporean Mandarin

text: In Singapore, simplified Chinese characters are the official standard used in all official publications as well as the government-controlled press. While simplified Chinese characters are taught exclusively in schools, the government does not officially discourage the use of traditional characters. Therefore, many shop signs continue to be written in traditional characters. Menus in hawker centres and coffeeshops are also usually written in simplified characters.

title: Character amnesia

text: It is difficult to establish exactly how many different Chinese characters are in use today; the new HSK, a widely used proficiency test for Standard Chinese as a second language, tests over 2,600 different characters, whilst in 1988 the People's Republic of China published the "List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese" which contains 7,000 different characters. In Japan, where a smaller set of characters are in general usage, the Japanese Ministry of Education prescribes the teaching of 2,136 kanji in primary and secondary school in a list called the jōyō kanji, meaning "regular-use Chinese characters".

title: Written Chinese

text: In the 20th century, written Chinese divided into two canonical forms, called simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese. Simplified Chinese was developed in mainland China in order to make the characters faster to write (especially as some characters had as many as a few dozen strokes) and easier to memorize. The People's Republic of China claims that both goals have been achieved, but some external observers disagree. Little systematic study has been conducted on how simplified Chinese has affected the way Chinese people become literate; the only studies conducted before it was standardized in mainland China seem to have been statistical ones regarding how many strokes were saved on average in samples of running text.[31]

title: Written Cantonese

text: Written Cantonese contains many characters not used in standard written Chinese in order to transcribe words not present in the standard lexicon, and for some words from Old Chinese when their original forms have been forgotten. Despite attempts by the government of Hong Kong in the 1990s to standardize this character set, culminating in the release of the Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS) for use in electronic communication, there is still significant disagreement about which characters are correct in written Cantonese, as many of the Cantonese words existed as descendants of Old Chinese words, but are being replaced by some new invented Cantonese words due to the Hong Kong Government's lack of knowledge about some of the Cantonese words.

title: CJK characters

text: Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was the written language of government and scholarship in Vietnam. Popular literature in Vietnamese was written in the "chữ Nôm" script, consisting of borrowed Chinese characters together with many characters created locally. By the end of the 1920s, both scripts had been replaced by writing in Vietnamese using the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.

title: Written Hokkien

text: Writing Hokkien using Chinese characters is a common method of writing in Taiwanese literature. However, there are various problems relating to the use of Chinese characters to write vernacular Hokkien, and in many cases Chinese characters are used alongside other scripts, such as bopomofo or POJ. The problem with using only Chinese characters to write Min Nan is that there are many morphemes (estimated to be around 15 percent of running text) which are not definitively associated with a particular character. Various strategies have been developed to deal with the issue, including researching and reviving the etymologically correct Chinese character from ancient Chinese texts, and classical Chinese, creating new characters, allocating Chinese characters used in written Mandarin with similar meanings, but dissimilar etymology, to represent the missing characters, or using romanization for the "missing 15%".

title: CJK characters

text: Chinese is written almost exclusively in Chinese characters. It requires over 3,000 characters for general literacy, but up to 40,000 characters for reasonably complete coverage. Japanese uses fewer characters — general literacy in Japanese can be expected with 1,945 characters. The use of Chinese characters in Korea is becoming increasingly rare, although idiosyncratic use of Chinese characters in proper names requires knowledge (and therefore availability) of many more characters. However, even today, students in South Korea are taught 1,800 characters.

title: Chinese characters

text: In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Modern Standard Korean, as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters and syllables took on identical pronunciations, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul. Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered by many Koreans a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education. It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.

title: Chinese characters

text: Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independently of the Chinese pronunciation (e.g., kunyomi in Japanese), and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

title: Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese

text:
The Zhuang people (an ethnic minority primarily living in Guangxi) are currently written with the character for "zhuang" 壮 "strong; robust", but "Zhuang" was initially transcribed with the character for "tong" 獞 "a dog name", and then with "tong" 僮 ("human" radical) "child; boy servant". The late American sinologist and lexicographer John DeFrancis described how the People's Republic of China removed the graphic pejoration.
Sometimes the use of one radical or another can have a special significance, as in the case of removing an ethnic slur from the name of the Zhuang minority in southwest China, which used to be written with the dog radical but after 1949 was first written with the human radical and was later changed to a completely different character with the respectable meaning "sturdy":
 獞 "Zhuàng" (with the dog radical)
 僮 "Zhuàng" (with the human radical)
 壮 "Zhuàng" ("sturdy") (1984: 17)
This 1949 change to "Zhuang" 僮 was made after the Chinese civil war, and the change to "Zhuang" 壮 was made during the 1965 standardization of simplified Chinese characters.

title: Chinese characters

text:
Several minority languages of south and southwest China were formerly written with scripts based on Chinese characters but also including many locally created characters.
The most extensive is the "sawndip" script for the Zhuang language of Guangxi which is still used to this day.
Other languages written with such scripts include Miao, Yao, Bouyei, Mulam, Kam, Bai and Hani. All these languages are now written using Latin-based scripts, while Chinese characters are still used for the Mulam language. Even today for Zhuang, according to survey, the traditional sawndip script has twice as many users as the official Latin script.

title: Written Chinese

text: The role of Chinese characters in Korean and Vietnamese is much more limited. At one time, many Chinese characters (called hanja) were introduced into Korean for their meaning, just as in Japanese.[14] Today, Korean is written almost exclusively using the Hangul alphabet with a small number of Chinese characters. Each square block character contains Hangul symbols, or letters, that together represent a syllable.[53] Similarly, the use of Chinese and Chinese-styled characters in the Vietnamese chữ nôm script has been almost entirely superseded by the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.[54] Chinese characters are still actively used in South Korea today, mostly for signs, newspapers, books, and government documents.

title: Written Chinese

text: Written Chinese (Chinese:中文; pinyin:zhōngwén) comprises Chinese characters used to represent the Chinese language. Chinese characters do not constitute an alphabet or a compact syllabary. Rather, the writing system is roughly logosyllabic; that is, a character generally represents one syllable of spoken Chinese and may be a word on its own or a part of a polysyllabic word. The characters themselves are often composed of parts that may represent physical objects, abstract notions,[1] or pronunciation.[2] Literacy requires the memorization of a great many characters: educated Chinese know about 4,000.[3][4] The large number of Chinese characters has in part led to the adoption of Western alphabets as an auxiliary means of representing Chinese.[5]

title: Written Chinese

text: Various current Chinese characters have been traced back to the late Shang Dynasty about 1200–1050 BC,[6][7][8] but the process of creating characters is thought to have begun some centuries earlier.[9] After a period of variation and evolution, Chinese characters were standardized under the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC).[10] Over the millennia, these characters have evolved into well-developed styles of Chinese calligraphy.[11] As the varieties of Chinese diverged, a situation of diglossia developed, with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties able to communicate through writing using Classical Chinese.[12] In the early 20th century, Classical Chinese was replaced in this role by written vernacular Chinese, corresponding to the standard spoken language ("Mandarin"). Although most other varieties of Chinese are not written, there are traditions of written Cantonese, written Shanghainese and written Hokkien, among others.

title: Fuzhou dialect

text: Most of the words of Fuzhou dialect stem from Old Chinese and can therefore be written in Chinese characters. Many books published in Qing Dynasty have been written in this traditional way, such as the famous "Mǐndū Biéjì" (, Foochow Romanized: Mìng-dŭ Biék-gé). However, Chinese characters as the writing system for Fuzhou dialect do have many shortcomings.

title: Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters

text:
Traditional Chinese characters are only still used primarily by those in Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong and many overseas communities, comprising a small minority of the Chinese-speaking population (~50 million people). However, they also remain in use in mainland China for artistic, scholarly and advertising purposes. Simplified Chinese has come to dominate the written form of Chinese used nearly all over the world, due to the size and rising influence of mainland China. The United Nations has also used simplified Chinese since 1973. Moving back to traditional characters on the mainland has the potential to be difficult, confusing, and time-consuming.The long history of Chinese characters and the role of the Chinese Communist Party in the design and adoption of simplified characters means that there is often a strong political aspect to the debate on the usage of traditional and simplified Chinese characters.
In recent years, the official Campaign of Simplification of Chinese Language has caused many controversial discussions in the general public to higher level of the government in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and amongst some international organisations.

title: Hanja

text: Hanja (; ) is the Korean name for Chinese characters (). More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. "Hanja-mal" or "Hanja-eo" (the latter is more used) refers to words that can be written with Hanja, and "hanmun" (, ) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although "Hanja" is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because Hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese and "kyūjitai" characters, though the stroke orders for some characters are slightly different. For example, the characters and are written as and . Only a small number of Hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding Hanja characters.

title: Traditional Chinese characters

text:
In the past, Traditional Chinese was most often rendered using the Big5 character encoding scheme, a scheme that favors Traditional Chinese. Unicode, however, has become increasingly popular as a rendering method. Unicode gives equal weight to both simplified and traditional Chinese characters. There are various IMEs (Input Method Editors) available to input Chinese characters.
There are still many Unicode characters that cannot be written using most IMEs; one example would be the character used in the Shanghainese dialect instead of , which is U+20C8E ( with a radical).

title: Chinese characters

text: In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification.

title: Stroke (CJK character)

text: Stroke order refers to the order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are written. A stroke is a movement of a writing instrument on a writing surface. Because most Chinese characters have many strokes, certain stroke orders guidelines are recommended to ensure speed, accuracy, and legibility in composition. Also, teachers enforce exactly one stroke order for each character, marking every deviation as a mistake, so everyone writes these characters the same way. The stroke order follows a few simple rules, though, which aids in memorizing these. To write CJK characters, one must know how to write CJK strokes, and thus, needs to identify the basic strokes that make up a character.

title: List of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language

text: The following is a list of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language. While those countries or territories that designate Chinese as an official language use the term "Chinese", as Chinese is a group of related language varieties, of which many are not mutually intelligible, in the context of the spoken language such designations are usually understood as designations of specific varieties of Chinese, namely Cantonese, Taiwanese Hakka and Standard Mandarin. In the context of the written language, written modern standard Chinese is usually understood to be the official standard, though different territories use different standard scripts, namely Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters.

title: Standard Chinese

text: There are two standardised forms of the language, namely Putonghua in Mainland China and Guoyu in Taiwan. Aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters (plus Hanyu Pinyin romanization for teaching), and Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters (plus Zhuyin for teaching). Many characters are identical between the two systems.

title: Chinese characters

text: In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms ("shinjitai"), while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms ("kyūjitai"), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. Interestingly enough, many Chinese simplified forms were copied from "shinjitai" forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used, they are in traditional form, essentially identical to those used in Taiwan and Hong Kong where the official writing system is traditional Chinese. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade; a total of 1,800 characters are taught, though these characters are used only in certain cases (on names, signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use as native alphabetical hangul supplanted them in most aspects of Korean society.

title: Hanja

text: As an example of how Hanja can help to clear up ambiguity, many homophones are written in Hangul as (sudo), including:Hanja dictionaries ("Jajeon" () or "Okpyeon" ()) are organized by radical (the traditional Chinese method of classifying characters).

title: Classical Chinese

text: Another phenomenon that is common in reading Classical Chinese is homophony (words that sound the same). More than 2,500 years of sound change separates Classical Chinese from any modern variety, so when reading Classical Chinese in any modern variety of Chinese (especially Mandarin) or in Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese, many characters which originally had different pronunciations have become homonyms. There is a famous Classical Chinese poem written in the early 20th century by the linguist Chao Yuen Ren called the "Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den", which contains only words that are now pronounced , , , and in Mandarin. It was written to show how Classical Chinese has become an impractical language for speakers of modern Chinese because Classical Chinese when spoken aloud is largely incomprehensible. However the poem is perfectly comprehensible when read silently because Literary Chinese, by its very nature as a "written" language using a logographic writing system, can often get away with using homophones that even in spoken Old Chinese would not have been distinguishable in any way.

title: Character amnesia

text: Anecdotal evidence of character amnesia is plentiful, but there has been insufficient scientific study of the phenomenon. There are however a few surveys which reinforce the claim that reliance on input methods has caused those who communicate in written Chinese and Japanese to forget how to write many characters in general use which they previously were able to write from memory. An April 2010 survey conducted by "China Youth Daily" found that of the 2,072 respondents 83 percent reported having trouble writing characters. A similar Dayang Net survey found that 80 percent of respondents acknowledged having forgotten how to write some characters. In 2008 the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China conducted a survey of 3,000 teachers, where sixty percent complained of declining writing ability. Another anecdotal example can be seen during a spelling bee show hosted on CCTV in 2013, where only 30% of participants were able to write "toad" () in Chinese.

title: General Chinese

text: The result is a syllabary of 2082 syllables, about 80% of which are single morphemes—that is, in 80% of cases there is no difference between GC and standard written Chinese, and in running text, that figure rises to 90–95%, as the most common morphemes tend to be uniquely identified. For example, "kai" can only mean 開 "kāi" 'open', and "sam" can only mean 三 "sān" 'three'. Chao notes, "These syllables then are morphemes, or words with definite meanings, or clusters of meanings related by extensions. About 20 percent of the syllables are homophones under each of which there will be more than one morpheme, [which are traditionally] usually written with different characters [...] The degree of homophony is so low that it will be possible to write text either in literary or colloquial Chinese with the same character for each syllable [...] as has been tested in texts of various styles." Chao compares General Chinese to how Chinese was written when the writing system was still productive: "This amounts to a 100 percent use of writing Chinese by 'phonetic loan' [...] The situation is that when the ancients wrote a character by sound regardless of meaning, it was a 'loan character', whereas if a modern schoolboy writes one, he is punished for writing the wrong character!"


query: What is the longest novel ever written?

title: List of longest novels

text: This is a list of the longest novels over 500,000 words published through a mainstream publisher. The longest novel is Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus, originally published (1649–54) in ten parts, each part in three volumes. Artamène is generally attributed to Madeleine de Scudéry.[1]

title: Wilkie Collins

text: Collins enjoyed ten years of great success following publication of "The Woman in White" in 1859. His next novel, "No Name" combined social commentary – the absurdity of the law as it applied to children of unmarried parents (see Illegitimacy in fiction) – with a densely plotted revenge thriller. "Armadale," the first and only of Collins's major novels of the 1860s to be serialised in a magazine other than "All the Year Round," provoked strong criticism, generally centred upon its transgressive villainess Lydia Gwilt, and provoked in part by Collins's typically confrontational preface. The novel was simultaneously a financial coup for its author and a comparative commercial failure: the sum paid by "Cornhill" for the serialisation rights was exceptional, eclipsing by a substantial margin the prices paid for the vast majority of similar novels, yet the novel failed to recoup its publisher's investment. "The Moonstone," published in 1868, and the last novel of what is generally regarded as the most successful decade of its author's career, was, despite a somewhat cool reception from both Dickens and the critics, a significant return to form and reestablished the market value of an author whose success on the competitive Victorian literary market had been gradually waning in the wake of his first perceived masterpiece. Viewed by many to represent the advent of the detective story within the tradition of the English novel, "The Moonstone" remains one of Collins's most critically acclaimed productions, identified by T. S. Eliot as "the first, the longest, and the best of modern English detective novels... in a genre invented by Collins and not by Poe," and Dorothy L. Sayers referred to it as "probably the very finest detective story ever written".

title: Women and Men

text: The novel is 16th on the Wikipedia list of longest novels, and seventh among novels written in English, and the longest novel written in America.

title: A Wrinkle in Time

text: Nevertheless, religious journalist Sarah Pulliam Bailey doubts whether the novel contains religious undertones. Bailey explains that many readers believe the novel promotes witchcraft, as opposed to alluding to Christian spirituality. Bailey states that conservative Christians take offense, due to the novel's potential relativistic qualities, suggesting the various interpretations of religious allusions signals anti-Christian sentiments. However, in her personal journal referencing "A Wrinkle in Time", L'Engle confirms the religious content within the novel: "If I've ever written a book that says what I feel about God and the universe, this is it."

title: Les Misérables

text:
The novel as a whole is one of the longest ever written, with approximately 1,500 pages in unabridged English-language editions, and 1,900 pages in French. Hugo explained his ambitions for the novel to his Italian publisher:
More than a quarter of the novel—by one count 955 of 2,783 pages—is devoted to essays that argue a moral point or display Hugo's encyclopedic knowledge, but do not advance the plot, nor even a subplot, a method Hugo used in such other works as "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" and "Toilers of the Sea". One biographer noted that "the digressions of genius are easily pardoned". The topics Hugo addresses include cloistered religious orders, the construction of the Paris sewers, argot, and the street urchins of Paris. The one about convents he titles "Parenthesis" to alert the reader to its irrelevance to the story line.

title: Charles McCarry

text: "It’s tempting to say that Charles McCarry’s"The Tears of Autumn" is the greatest espionage novel ever written by an American, if only because it’s hard to conceive of one that could possibly be better. But since no one can claim to have read every America espionage novel ever written, let’s just say that "The Tears of Autumn" is a perfect spy novel, and that its hero, Paul Christopher, should by all rights be known the world over as the thinking man’s James Bond — and woman’s too."—Brendan Bernard, "The Great American Spy Novel," March 31, 2005', LA Weekly"

title: Last Guardian of Everness

text: Last Guardian of Everness is a fantasy novel by John C. Wright (the author's first such novel, having been written before "The Golden Age"). It has a sequel, "Mists of Everness".

title: Men of Good Will

text: Les Hommes de bonne volonté () is an epic roman-fleuve by French writer Jules Romains, published in 27 volumes between 1932 and 1946. It has been classified both as a novel cycle and a novel and, at two million words and 7,892 pages, has been cited as one of the longest novels ever written.

title: Tobacco Road (play)

text: Tobacco Road is a play by Jack Kirkland first performed in 1933, based on the 1932 novel of the same name by Erskine Caldwell. The play ran on Broadway for a total of 3,182 performances, becoming the longest-running play in history at the time. As of 2018, it was still the 19th longest-running Broadway show in history, as well as being the second-longest running non-musical ever on Broadway.

title: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (novel)

text: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? is an American suspense novel by Henry Farrell published in 1960 by Rinehart & Company. The novel has earned a cult following, and has been adapted for the screen twice - in 1962 and 1991.

title: Kelidar

text: "Kelidar is the longest Persian novel written to date, and surely one of the finest. The present translation is of parts I and 2 only, which are sufficiently self-contained to make for satisfying reading and which also give a good idea of what the whole is like. (...) Doulatabadi's style is that of a traditional Persian storyteller, in that he constructs his tale in a linear fashion, speaks through an omniscient narrator, and uses a balanced mixture of narrative and dialogue. (...) One wishes that readers of English could also experience the pleasures of this novel." - William L. Hanaway, World Literature Today

title: Thomas Wolfe

text: Wolfe saw less than half of his work published in his lifetime, there being much unpublished material remaining after his death. He was the first American writer to leave two complete, unpublished novels in the hands of his publisher at death. Two Wolfe novels, "The Web and the Rock" and "You Can't Go Home Again", were edited posthumously by Edward Aswell of Harper & Brothers. The novels were "two of the longest one-volume novels ever written" (nearly 700 pages each). In these novels, Wolfe changed the name of his autobiographical character from Eugene Gant to George Webber.

title: Alberto Laiseca

text: Alberto Jesús Laiseca (February 11, 1941 - December 22, 2016) was an Argentine author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. He is one of the most respected writers of his generation. He published 13 novels and numerous short stories, as well as several essays and non-fiction books. He also published a book of brief poems based on Classical Chinese poetry, "Poemas chinos" ("Chinese Poetry", 1987). Most of his short stories have been collected in book collections. His monumental novel "Los sorias" (1998) -which had remained unpublished for twenty years after its completion- is currently considered, due to its extension, as the longest novel ever written in Argentine literature.

title: What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?

text: What Ever Happened to Baby Toto? () is a 1964 Italian black comedy film written and directed by Ottavio Alessi. It is a parody of Robert Aldrich's "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?".

title: To Green Angel Tower

text: To Green Angel Tower is the third and final novel in Tad Williams' "Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn" trilogy. At over 520,000 words, it is one of the longest novels ever written. Due to the length of the novel, the paperback version had to be split into two separate volumes, known as "To Green Angel Tower: Part 1" and "Part 2". In the United Kingdom, the two paperback volumes were titled "To Green Angel Tower: Siege" and "To Green Angel Tower: Storm". The saga follows a young man named Simon as he is caught up in an epic adventure.

title: Poor Fellow My Country

text: Poor Fellow My Country is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author Xavier Herbert. At 1,463 pages, it is the longest Australian work of fiction ever written. Primarily, it is the story of Jeremy Delacy and his illegitimate grandson Prindy in the years leading up to World War II. The novel's subject matter includes Aboriginal affairs and Australian patriotism and Australian nationalism, issues also dealt with in Herbert's 1938 novel "Capricornia".

text: "What Ever Happened to..." is a 1991 American made-for-television thriller drama film directed by David Greene and adapted for the small screen by Brian Taggert, based on the novel "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" by Henry Farrell and the 1962 theatrical film of the same name. It stars real-life sisters Lynn Redgrave as Baby Jane Hudson and Vanessa Redgrave as Blanche Hudson, in the roles previously played by Bette Davis and Joan Crawford in the 1962 adaptation.

title: The Pregnant Widow

text: The novel was a work-in-progress for the best part of seven years, his first since "House of Meetings" (2006). Originally set for release in late 2007, its publication was delayed to 2008, when he made what he describes as a "terrible decision" to abandon what he had written to that point, and begin again, building the story up from one section he retained, the part about Italy. The long gestation period resulted in its expansion to some 370 pages, making it his longest novel since "The Information" in 1995.

title: The Murder of Roger Ackroyd

text: The novel was initially well-received, remarked for the startling ending, and in 2013, 87 years after its release the British Crime Writers' Association voted it the best crime novel ever. It is one of Christie's best known and most controversial novels, its innovative twist ending having a significant impact on the genre. Howard Haycraft included this novel in his list of the most influential crime novels ever written. The short biography of Christie which is included in 21st century UK printings of her books calls it her masterpiece, although writer and critic Robert Barnard has written that he considers it a conventional Christie novel.

title: Journal of a Novel

text: Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters is a series of letters written by John Steinbeck to his friend and editor Pascal Covici, in parallel with the first draft of his longest novel, "East of Eden". The letters were written between January, 29- October 31, 1951. They were not meant for publication, but an edited version was first published by Viking the year after the author's death in 1968.

title: Arrival and Departure

text: Arrival and Departure (1943) is the third novel of Arthur Koestler's trilogy concerning the conflict between morality and expediency (as described in the postscript to the novel's 1966 Danube Edition). The first volume, "The Gladiators", is about the subversion of the Spartacus revolt, and the second, "Darkness at Noon", is the celebrated novel about the Soviet Show trials. "Arrival and Departure" was Koestler's first full-length work in English, "The Gladiators" and "Darkness at Noon" were originally written in German. It is often considered to be the weakest of the three. Reviewing the novel in December 1943 George Orwell called it notable "for what must be one of the most shocking descriptions of Nazi terrorism that have ever been written."

title: The Children of the Dead

text: Next to Jelinek's novel "Neid", "The Children of the Dead" is her longest work. Although it can be classified as a postmodern horror novel, Jelinek herself calls it a "ghost story written in the tradition of the Gothic novel."

title: List of longest novels

text: Excluded are self-published, printed-on-demand, vanity works, unpublished novels like Henry Darger's, novel sequences like the Chronicles of Barsetshire, novel cycles such as those set in the James Bond universe, and record-grabbing stunts written solely for the title of the longest work.

title: Denene Millner

text: Millner's other books include the young adult novel "Miss You, Mina", written for Scholastic; the humor book, "The Angry Black Woman's Guide To Life", and the novel "The Vow," both written with Angela Burt-Murray and Mitzi Miller; and the three-book teen series "Hotlanta" written with Mitzi Miller. The novel "The Vow" was turned into a movie on the Lifetime network, called With This Ring, that premiered on Jan. 24, 2015. She wrote three novels and three books of non-fiction with her former husband Nick Chiles, including "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" and "What Brothers Think, What Sistahs Know", both "Essence" bestsellers. In 2007, Millner wrote the novelization of the screenplay for "Dreamgirls" and in 2012 the novelization for "Sparkle".

title: Tobacco Road (novel)

text: Tobacco Road is a 1932 novel by Erskine Caldwell about Georgia sharecroppers. It was dramatized for Broadway by Jack Kirkland in 1933, and ran for eight years, an astounding feat for a non-musical and, as of 2014, it was still the 18th longest-running Broadway show in history as well as being the second-longest running non-musical ever on Broadway. The novel ultimately argues for the sterilization of Georgia's poor whites, as the author's father, Ira Caldwell, had argued in his 1930 article in "The Eugenics Review".

title: Debbie Burton

text: Debbie Burton was an American singer. She is best known for dubbing the singing voice of the young Baby Jane Hudson (played by child actress Julie Allred) in the 1962 film "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", singing the song "I've Written a Letter to Daddy". Burton also sang a duet with Bette Davis, the rock and roll song "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", written by Frank DeVol and Lukas Heller. It was released as a promotional single, with Burton's rendition of "I've Written a Letter to Daddy" on the flipside. An instrumental version of "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" can be heard in the movie.

title: Men of Good Will

text: Structurally, "Men of Good Will" is a "roman-fleuve"—a long work across several volumes with continuation of plot and related characters that may mean it forms a single novel. It has been described as a novel cycle or novel sequence, and as a novel, by different writers. Its full extent, at 2,000,000 words, across 7,892 pages, 779 chapters and 27 volumes, means it has been described as one of the longest novels ever written—sometimes the single longest.

title: Hans Otto Storm

text: His last novel, "Count Ten" (1940) is his longest and most heavily marketed; it follows thirty years of the life of its protagonist, Eric Marsden. In Edmund Wilson’s estimation, the novel is "very much inferior on the whole to the ones that had gone before." Wilson also thought that it showed "what seemed internal evidence of having been written earlier," giving off the air of "one of those autobiographical novels that young men begin in college and carry around for years in old trunks."

title: Miss MacIntosh, My Darling

text: The novel is one of the longest ever written.

title: The Talisman (King and Straub novel)

text: Because Straub and King were both immensely successful and popular horror and suspense writers in their own rights, anticipation of this book was extremely strong. The publisher financed a USD$550,000 promotion budget and several articles ran which hailed the collaboration of the two writers and speculated what would be “the greatest horror novel ever written.”

title: List of longest novels

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu by Sohachi Yamaoka: The 40 volumes of this historical novel were published serially between 1950 and 1967. The complete text includes more than 10 million Japanese characters. It is the longest Japanese novel but also one of the longest ever written.[65] The Popular Romance of Chinese Dynasties by Cai Dongfan: Published in 11 volumes and 1080 chapters (1040 chapters by Cai Dongfan, the last 40 chapters by Xu Jinfu), this historical novel includes 6 million Chinese characters.[66] Daibosatsu Toge by Nakazato Kaizan: Published in 41 volumes and 1533 chapters, this historical novel includes 5.7 million Japanese characters.[67] On the Plateau by Zhang Wei: Scheduled to include 4.5 million Chinese characters, the ten volume fully published in 2010 and became the longest Chinese novel in prose.[68] The Swordspeople from Shu Mountains by Huanzhulouzhu: Published in 309 chapters, this Wuxia novel includes 4.1 million Chinese characters.[69] Li Zicheng by Yao Xueyin: This historical novel completed in 1999 includes 3.4 million Chinese characters. It has been published in 5 volumes over a period of 40 years. It is currently the longest novel published in modern Chinese.[70] Avakasikal by Vilasini: This book in Malayalam is known as the longest written in an Indian language. It contains 3,958 pages in four volumes and took 10 years to complete.[71] The Chinese wuxia novelist Jin Yong wrote a number of long novels, of which the longest are The Deer and the Cauldron (1,230,000 characters) and Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (1,211,000 characters).


query: When was Philip Melanchthon born?

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Philip Melanchthon[lower-alpha 1] (born Philipp Schwartzerdt;[lower-alpha 2] 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and molder of Protestantism. After Luther himself, he is the primary founder of Lutheranism.[1]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: From Melanchthon came also the first Protestant work on the method of theological study, so that it may safely be said that by his influence every department of theology was advanced even if he was not always a pioneer.[29]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: The composition now known as the Augsburg Confession was laid before the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and would come to be considered perhaps the most significant document of the Protestant Reformation. While the confession was based on Luther's Marburg and Schwabach articles, it was mainly the work of Melanchthon; although it was commonly thought of as a unified statement of doctrine by the two reformers, Luther did not conceal his dissatisfaction with its irenic tone. Indeed, some would criticize Melanchthon's conduct at the Diet as unbecoming of the principle he promoted, implying that faith in the truth of his cause should logically have inspired Melanchthon to a firmer and more dignified posture. Others point out that he had not sought the part of a political leader, suggesting that he seemed to lack the requisite energy and decision for such a role and may simply have been a lackluster judge of human nature.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Melanchthon viewed any veneration of saints rather critically but developed positive commentaries about Mary. In his Annotations in Evangelia commenting on Lk 2,52, he discusses the faith of Mary, "she kept all things in her heart" which to Melanchthon is a call to the church to follow her example.[16] During the marriage at Cana, Melanchthon points out that Mary went too far, asking for more wine, misusing her position. But she was not upset, when Jesus gently scolded her.[17] Mary was negligent, when she lost her son in the temple, but she did not sin.[17] Mary was conceived with original sin like every other human being, but she was spared the consequences of it. Consequently, Melanchthon opposed the feast of the Immaculate Conception, which in his days, although not dogma, was celebrated in several cities and had been approved at the Council of Basel in 1439.[18] He declared that the Immaculate Conception was an invention of monks.[16] Mary is a representation (Typus) of the church and in the Magnificat, Mary spoke for the whole church. Standing under the cross, Mary suffered like no other human being. Consequently, Christians have to unite with her under the cross, in order to become Christ-like.[16]

title: Melanchthon Circle

text: The Melanchthon Circle was a 16th-century Lutheran intellectual network centred on the University of Wittenberg in Germany, and its leading theologian Philip Melanchthon. It was identified as significant for its interests in natural philosophy by Lynn Thorndike, in a chapter "The Circle of Melanchthon" in his multi-volume "History of Magic and Experimental Science". Among this circle were found many of the most important early proponents of the heliocentric model of Copernicus. They included Caspar Peucer who became Melanchthon's son-in-law, Erasmus Reinhold, and Georg Joachim Rheticus. Patronage came from Albert, Duke of Prussia.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: More than anything else the controversies on the Lord's Supper embittered the last years of his life. The renewal of this dispute was due to the victory in the Reformed Church of the Calvinistic doctrine and its influence upon Germany. To its tenets Melanchthon never gave his assent, nor did he use its characteristic formulas. The personal presence and self-impartation of Christ in the Lord's Supper were especially important for Melanchthon; but he did not definitely state how body and blood are related to this. Although rejecting the physical act of mastication, he nevertheless assumed the real presence of the body of Christ and therefore also a real self-impartation. Melanchthon differed from John Calvin also in emphasizing the relation of the Lord's Supper to justification.[15]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: The last years of his life were embittered by the disputes over the Interim and the freshly started controversy on the Lord's Supper. As the statement "good works are necessary for salvation" appeared in the Leipzig Interim, its Lutheran opponents attacked in 1551 Georg Major, the friend and disciple of Melanchthon, so Melanchthon dropped the formula altogether, seeing how easily it could be misunderstood.[14]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: As a reformer, Melanchthon was characterized by moderation, conscientiousness, caution, and love of peace; but these qualities were sometimes said to only be lack of decision, consistence, and courage. Often, however, his actions are shown stemming not from anxiety for his own safety, but from regard for the welfare of the community and for the quiet development of the church. Melanchthon was not said to lack personal courage, but rather he was said to be less of an aggressive than of a passive nature. When he was reminded how much power and strength Luther drew from his trust in God, he answered, "If I myself do not do my part, I can not expect anything from God in prayer." His nature was seen to be inclined to suffer with faith in God that he would be released from every evil rather than to act valiantly with his aid. The distinction between Luther and Melanchthon is well brought out in Luther's letters to the latter (June 1530):[23]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: In his controversy on justification with Andreas Osiander Melanchthon satisfied all parties. Melanchthon took part also in a controversy with Stancari, who held that Christ was our justification only according to his human nature.[14]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: There have been preserved original portraits of Melanchthon by three famous painters of his time – by Hans Holbein the Younger in various versions, one of them in the Royal Gallery of Hanover, by Albrecht Dürer (made in 1526, meant to convey a spiritual rather than physical likeness and said to be eminently successful in doing so), and by Lucas Cranach the Elder.[31] Melanchthon was dwarfish, misshapen, and physically weak, although he is said to have had a bright and sparkling eye, which kept its colour till the day of his death.[31]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Gottlob Frege, notable descendant of Melanchthon List of Erasmus's correspondents Dimitrije Ljubavić Philippists Ubiquitarians

title: Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

text: Born in Torgau, he succeeded his father as elector in 1486; in 1502, he founded the University of Wittenberg, where Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon taught.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: His commentaries, however, are not grammatical, but are full of theological and practical matter, confirming the doctrines of the Reformation, and edifying believers. The most important of them are those on Genesis, Proverbs, Daniel, the Psalms, and especially those on the New Testament, on Romans (edited in 1522 against his will by Luther), Colossians (1527), and John (1523). Melanchthon was the constant assistant of Luther in his translation of the Bible, and both the books of the Maccabees in Luther's Bible are ascribed to him. A Latin Bible published in 1529 at Wittenberg is designated as a common work of Melanchthon and Luther.[29]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Finally, Melanchthon's doctrine of the Lord's Supper, lacking the profound mysticism of faith by which Luther united the sensual elements and supersensual realities, demanded at least their formal distinction.[29]

title: Paul Luther

text:
Born at Wittenberg, the third son of Martin Luther by his marriage to Katharina von Bora, Luther was named after Saint Paul the Apostle and proved such an energetic child that his father said of him, "He is destined to fight against the Turks." The boy's education began with the study of Greek and Latin under Philip Melanchthon and Veit Winsheim.
In 1546, when Luther was thirteen, his father died, leaving the family in straitened circumstances without Luther's salaries. At the outbreak of the Schmalkaldic War, they fled to Magdeburg and in 1547 to Brunswick. In July, at the end of the war, it was possible to return to Wittenberg, although in relative poverty. On the advice of Melanchthon, Luther attended the University of Wittenberg to study medicine.

title: Matthäus Aurogallus

text: In 1519 Aurogallus left his position and moved to Wittenberg, where he began a friendly relationship with Philip Melanchthon. Melanchthon had recently accepted a position as professor of Greek at the University of Wittenberg on the recommendation of his great-uncle, Martin Luther. During this time, Melanchthon had the opportunity to observe Aurogallus’ impressive command of Hebrew. Two years later, at the recommendation of Melanchthon and Luther, Aurogallus also joined Wittenberg’s faculty as professor of Hebrew, replacing Matthäus Adrian, who – although he had been recommended for the position by Luther several years earlier – was removed from the post after his vocal opposition to Luther’s religious reform.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: The appearance of Melanchthon's Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae (Wittenberg and Basel, 1521) was of subsequent importance for Reformation. Melanchthon presented the new doctrine of Christianity under the form of a discussion of the "leading thoughts" of the Epistle to the Romans. Loci communes began the gradual rise of the Lutheran scholastic tradition, and the later theologians Martin Chemnitz,[lower-alpha 3] Mathias Haffenreffer, and Leonhard Hutter expanded upon it.[12] Melanchthon continued to lecture on the classics.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Melanchthon then settled into the comparative quiet of his academic and literary labours. His most important theological work of this period was the Commentarii in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos (Wittenberg, 1532), noteworthy for introducing the idea that "to be justified" means "to be accounted just", whereas the Apology had placed side by side the meanings of "to be made just" and "to be accounted just". Melanchthon's increasing fame gave occasion for several honourable calls to Tübingen (September 1534), to France, and to England, but consideration of the elector caused him to refuse them.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Melanchthon's importance for the Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. These two, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the Reformation. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him a student. Without Luther's influence Melanchthon would have been "a second Erasmus", although his heart was filled with a deep religious interest in the Reformation. While Luther scattered the sparks among the people, Melanchthon by his humanistic studies won the sympathy of educated people and scholars for the Reformation. Besides Luther's strength of faith, Melanchthon's many-sidedness and calmness, as well as his temperance and love of peace, had a share in the success of the movement.[23]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: As a philologist and pedagogue Melanchthon was the spiritual heir of the South German Humanists, of men like Reuchlin, Jakob Wimpfeling, and Rodolphus Agricola, who represented an ethical conception of the humanities. The liberal arts and a classical education were for him only a means to an ethical and religious end. The ancient classics were for him in the first place the sources of a purer knowledge, but they were also the best means of educating the youth both by their beauty of form and by their ethical content. By his organizing activity in the sphere of educational institutions and by his compilations of Latin and Greek grammars and commentaries, Melanchthon became the founder of the learned schools of Evangelical Germany, a combination of humanistic and Christian ideals. In philosophy also Melanchthon was the teacher of the whole German Protestant world. The influence of his philosophical compendia ended only with the rule of the Leibniz-Wolff school.[30]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: He was also still a strong opponent of the Roman Catholics, for it was by his advice that the Elector of Saxony declared himself ready to send deputies to a council to be convened at Trent, but only under the condition that the Protestants should have a share in the discussions, and that the Pope should not be considered as the presiding officer and judge. As it was agreed upon to send a confession to Trent, Melanchthon drew up the Confessio Saxonica which is a repetition of the Augsburg Confession, discussing, however, in greater detail, but with moderation, the points of controversy with Rome. Melanchthon on his way to Trent at Dresden saw the military preparations of Maurice of Saxony, and after proceeding as far as Nuremberg, returned to Wittenberg in March 1552, for Maurice had turned against the emperor. Owing to his act, the condition of the Protestants became more favourable and were still more so at the Peace of Augsburg (1555), but Melanchthon's labours and sufferings increased from that time.[14]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Both were aware of their mutual position and they thought of it as a divine necessity of their common calling. Melanchthon wrote in 1520, "I would rather die than be separated from Luther", whom he afterward compared to Elijah, and called "the man full of the Holy Ghost". In spite of the strained relations between them in the last years of Luther's life, Melanchthon exclaimed at Luther's death, "Dead is the horseman and chariot of Israel who ruled the church in this last age of the world!"[23]

title: Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

text: Thus the "secret advice of a confessor" was won from Luther and Melanchthon (on 10 December 1539), neither of them knowing that the bigamous wife had already been chosen. Bucer and Melanchthon were now summoned, without any reason given, to appear in Rotenburg an der Fulda, where, on 4 March 1540, Philip and Margarethe were united. The time was particularly inauspicious for any scandal affecting the Protestants, for the Emperor, who had rejected the Frankfort Respite, was about to invade Germany. A few weeks later, however, the whole matter was revealed by Philip's sister Elisabeth, and the scandal caused a painful reaction throughout Germany. Some of Philip's allies refused to serve under him, and Luther, under the plea that it was a matter of advice given in the confessional, refused to acknowledge his part in the marriage.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: He believed that the relation of the church to God was that the church held the divine office of the ministry of the Gospel. The universal priesthood was for Melanchthon as for Luther no principle of an ecclesiastical constitution, but a purely religious principle. In accordance with this idea Melanchthon tried to keep the traditional church constitution and government, including the bishops. He did not want, however, a church altogether independent of the state, but rather, in agreement with Luther, he believed it the duty of the secular authorities to protect religion and the church. He looked upon the consistories as ecclesiastical courts which therefore should be composed of spiritual and secular judges, for to him the official authority of the church did not lie in a special class of priests, but rather in the whole congregation, to be represented therefore not only by ecclesiastics, but also by laymen. Melanchthon in advocating church union did not overlook differences in doctrine for the sake of common practical tasks.[26]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: He was born Philipp Schwartzerdt on 16 February 1497, at Bretten where his father Georg Schwarzerdt was armorer to Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine.[2] His birthplace, along with almost the whole city of Bretten, was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on its site in 1897.

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: The last eventful and sorrowful period of his life began with controversies over the Interims and the Adiaphora (1547). It is true, Melanchthon rejected the Augsburg Interim, which the emperor tried to force upon the defeated Protestants; but in the high pressure negotiations concerning the so-called Leipzig Interim he made controversial concessions that would long be debated. In agreeing to various Roman usages, Melanchthon started from the opinion that they are adiaphora if nothing is changed in the pure doctrine and the sacraments which Jesus instituted, but he disregarded the position that concessions made under such circumstances have to be regarded as a denial of Evangelical convictions.[14]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Melanchthon himself perceived his faults in the course of time and repented of them, perhaps having to suffer more than was just in the displeasure of his friends and the hatred of his enemies. From now on until his death he was full of trouble and suffering. After Luther's death he became the "theological leader of the German Reformation", not indisputably, however; for the Gnesio-Lutherans with Matthias Flacius at their head accused him and his followers of heresy and apostasy. Melanchthon bore all accusations with patience, dignity, and self-control.[14]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: On the other hand, Luther wrote of Melanchthon, in the preface to Melanchthon's Commentary on the Galatians (1529), "I had to fight with rabble and devils, for which reason my books are very warlike. I am the rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master Philip comes along softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has richly endowed him with gifts." Luther also did justice to Melanchthon's teachings, praising one year before his death in the preface to his own writings Melanchthon's revised Loci above them and calling Melanchthon "a divine instrument which has achieved the very best in the department of theology to the great rage of the devil and his scabby tribe." It is remarkable that Luther, who vehemently attacked men like Erasmus and Bucer, when he thought that truth was at stake, never spoke directly against Melanchthon, and even during his melancholy last years conquered his temper.[23]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: Melanchthon's views differed from Luther's only in some modifications of ideas. Melanchthon looked upon the law as not only the correlate of the Gospel, by which its effect of salvation is prepared, but as the unchangeable order of the spiritual world which has its basis in God himself. He furthermore reduced Luther's much richer view of redemption to that of legal satisfaction. He did not draw from the vein of mysticism running through Luther's theology, but emphasized the ethical and intellectual elements.[26]

title: Philip Melanchthon

text: On a journey in 1524 to his native town, he encountered the papal legate, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who tried to draw him from Luther's cause. In his Unterricht der Visitatorn an die Pfarherrn im Kurfürstentum zu Sachssen (1528) Melanchthon presented the evangelical doctrine of salvation as well as regulations for churches and schools.


query: What is an adventure game?

title: Adventure game

text: An adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of a protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving.[1] The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of literary genres. Many adventure games (text and graphic) are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult.[2] Colossal Cave Adventure is identified as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include Zork, King's Quest, The Secret of Monkey Island, and Myst.

title: Normality (video game)

text: Reviewing the game in "Maximum", Rich Leadbetter praised the rendered intro, the believability of the 3D environment, the setting, and the user-friendly interface, while criticizing the dull scenario and repetitive speech. He concluded, "Although technically innovative and visually impressive, this one is for adventure fans only." A reviewer for "Next Generation" said the free roaming, real-time 3D environment is an impressive change of pace for the adventure genre, but feels incongruous in light of the fact that the game does not allow any interaction beyond what is traditionally seen in adventure games. He complimented the puzzles as being logical and not overly difficult, but added that veteran adventure gamers might find them too easy because of that. He summarized the game as "at least mildly fun and entertaining."

title: Archibald's Adventures

text: TouchArcade wrote "Anyone who longs for a platformer with a little more to offer than the typical jump-stomp-run experience would do well to have a look at Rake in Grass' iPhone offering." 148Apps said "This is a game that you will love if you have any platform gaming experience but also young gamers new to the style. The character is cute and the levels, though simple in their design keep you wondering what’s next. You won’t be able to put this game down." SlideToPlay said "Archibald's Adventures is a long and addictive game that's greater than the sum of its parts." PSPMinis wrote "If you are looking for a great puzzle game and with over 180 challenging levels across 12 different chapters Archibald’s Adventures is a game that should be in everybody’s game library." Pocket Gamer said "Archibald's Adventures is puzzle-cum-platforming at its best, serving up a Titantic-sized quest that's as endearing as it is extensive." PlayStationLifeStyle wrote "Overall, Archibald’s Adventures is quite simply brilliant value for money. The seamless mix of platforming and puzzle solving makes for a refreshing take on an aged genre and its plethora of levels certainly helps it stand out among the more basic of minis."

title: Rogue (video game)

text: Toy subsequently enrolled in computer science at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) in the late 1970s. Working first on UCSC's PDP-11 and then its VAX-11, Toy began exploring what games were available over ARPANET, the predecessor of the current Internet. One game that intrigued him was "Colossal Cave Adventure" (also known as "Adventure") (1976) by William Crowther and Don Woods. "Adventure", considered the first text-based adventure game, challenged the player to explore a cave system through descriptions given by the computer and commands issued by the player. Toy was impressed by the game and started writing his own.

title: Gates of What If?

text: Gates of What If? is a role-playing game adventure published by TSR in 1986 for the "Marvel Super Heroes" role-playing game.

title: Universe (1994 video game)

text: "Universe" was the second and last point-and-click adventure developed by Core Design, who then instead concentrated on 3D games for the PC and fifth-generation consoles, including what would become "Tomb Raider". It has begun as a direct sequel for Core Design's successful 1992 comic fantasy adventure game "Curse of Enchantia", which would continue the adventures of the young teenager Brad as he would return to an otherdimensional realm of Enchantia with his sister Jenny to rid that world of the remaining evil witches. This game was planned but never released, in part because of Robert Toone's departure from the company.

title: Adventure game

text: While most adventure games typically do not include any time-based interactivity by the player, action-adventure games are a hybrid of action games with adventure games that often require to the player to react quickly to events as they occur on screen.[16] The action-adventure genre is broad, spanning many different subgenres, but typically these games utilize strong storytelling and puzzle-solving mechanics of adventure games among the action-oriented gameplay concepts. The foremost title in this genre was Adventure, a graphic home console game developed based on the text-based Colossal Cave Adventure,[15] while the first The Legend of Zelda brought the action-adventure concept to a broader audience.

title: Action-adventure game

text: Exactly when a game stops being an adventure game and becomes an action game is a matter of interpretation. There are quite a few disagreements in the community and in the media over what actually constitutes an action-adventure game. One definition of the term "action adventure" may be '"An action/adventure game is a game that has enough action in it not to be called an adventure game, but not enough action to be called an action game." In some cases an action game with puzzles will be classified as an action-adventure game, but if these puzzles are quite simple they might be classified as an action game. Others see action games as a pure genre, while an action-adventure is an action game that includes situational problem-solving. Adventure gamers may also be purists, rejecting any game that makes use of physical challenges or time pressure. Regardless, the action-adventure label is prominent in articles over the internet and media. The term "action-adventure" is usually substituted for a particular subgenre due to its wide scope.

title: Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure

text: Adventure Gamers praised the game for its traditional adventure gameplay, arguing that ""Tesla Effect" doesn't reinvent the wheel, nor does it aim to. What it does attempt – and successfully accomplishes – is to mark the comeback of a beloved adventure gaming icon, and to do so in a way familiar to legions of fans." Likewise, Adventure Classic Gaming praised the game as "a perfect sendoff for a beloved series that has survived the rise and fall of a once dying genre" and "an easy recommendation for all Tex Murphy fans who long to see Tex return in full form."

title: Pajama Sam 3: You Are What You Eat from Your Head to Your Feet

text: Pajama Sam 3: You Are What You Eat From Your Head To Your Feet is an adventure game developed and published by Humongous Entertainment, for the Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, PlayStation, and Steam operating systems. This was the last adventure game to feature Pamela Segall Adlon as the voice of Sam. In , Aldon is replaced by Elisha Ferguson.

title: Judge Dredd (role-playing game)

text: In February 2017, EN Publishing announced the new "Judge Dredd & The Worlds of 2000 AD Tabletop Adventure Game" using the What's OLD is NEW (WOIN) roleplaying game system. The first releases will be the "Judge Dredd & The Worlds of 2000 AD" core rulebook, and "The Robot Wars" adventure/sourcebook.

title: Adventure game

text: Combat and action challenges are limited or absent in adventure games,[15] thus distinguishing them from action games.[7] In the book Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design, the authors state that "this [reduced emphasis on combat] doesn't mean that there is no conflict in adventure games ... only that combat is not the primary activity."[5] Some adventure games will include a minigame from another video game genre, which are not always appreciated by adventure game purists.[16] Hybrid action-adventure games blend action and adventure games throughout the game experience, incorporating more physical challenges than pure adventure games and at a faster pace.[17] This definition is hard to apply, however, with some debate among designers about which games are action games and which involve enough non-physical challenges to be considered action-adventures.[12]

title: Gray Matter (video game)

text: Reception by the gaming press to the English language release has been mixed. PC version received an aggregated score of 72 on Metacritic and 75% on GameRankings. Xbox 360 version received an aggregated score of 66% on GameRankings. Zen Review commented that, "While it does pale in comparison to what was one of the pinnacle[s] of adventure gaming [Gabriel Knight], for being such a refined product of well-told story and carefully crafted multimedia experience, it has been well worth the decade-long wait for the fans of Jensen's work." Adventure Classic Gaming stated that, "for the rest of gamers who opt to evaluate this game on its own merits, Gray Matter is a game that can easily measure up against the best of what the genre can offer. Gray Matter succeeds not because of its pedigree but because of what it can deliver." Most of the criticisms of the game are directed at the quality of the cut scenes, which are considered out of keeping with the quality of the rendered graphics. Official Xbox Magazine UK gave the game an unfavorable review, criticizing the clunky interference and "patronizing" depiction of England. "The A.V. Club" gave it an A- rating, praising the puzzles and writing and calling it "the best traditional adventure game in a decade."

title: Adventure game

text: , community based on making adventure games using Sierra's Creative Interpreter , repository for text adventure game reviews written and rated by Interactive Fiction community players and members , a 1983 programming manual by Tim Hartnell , article by David Tanguay (1999) , an article on adventure game puzzles and interfaces , database of adventure games , walkthroughs, reviews, and info on Adventure games , classic adventure computer game museum . Google Tech Talk 7 March 2011. 2hour documentary. A free-to-browse searchable database of Adventure games, each with their own feature page. Reviews of selected Adventure games. Helpful community of Adventure game enthusiasts. Reviews. Previews. – Freely available editor and engine for Adventure games (for Android)

title: Tails Adventure

text: Along with "Tails' Skypatrol", the game is one of two on the Game Gear to star Tails in a solo role. "Tails Adventure" received mixed reviews, with critics finding the game unoriginal and too slow-paced compared to previous "Sonic" offerings. Retrospective reviews commended the game for trying something different and compared the gameplay to the "Metroid" series, but disliked what they felt was repetitive backtracking. "Tails Adventure" was included in "Sonic Adventure DX" (2003), "Sonic Gems Collection" (2005), and re-released on the Nintendo 3DS in 2013.

title: What Remains of Edith Finch

text: "Eurogamer" ranked the game second on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017", while "GamesRadar+" ranked it fifth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017. In "Game Informer"s Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, the game came at fourth place for "Best Adventure Game" with just 10% of the votes, about 4% behind "". The same website also gave it the award of "Best Adventure Game" in their Best of 2017 Awards, and of "Best Narrative" and "Adventure Game of the Year" in their 2017 Adventure Game of the Year Awards. EGMNow ranked the game at #25 in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017, while "Polygon" ranked it 13th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017.

title: Action-adventure game

text: Many action-adventure games simulate a conversation through a conversation tree. When the player encounters a non-player character, they are allowed to select a choice of what to say. The NPC gives a scripted response to the player, and the game offers the player several new ways to respond.

title: Adventure Games Live

text: True to its mission, "Fantasy Quest II" spends most of its time ridiculing the many absurdities, inconsistencies, and annoying elements of the original game, and, to a lesser extent of all adventure games. For example, characters from the original who apparently had no purpose return which involved and highly contrived explanations of what they were there for. Areas of the game that were inaccessible before are opened up - spectacularly and hilariously. And certain elements of adventure games that seem particularly odd (exchanging unrelated items, having to try an option multiple times to get a result) are played out for maximum comedic effect.

title: Beneath a Steel Sky

text: "CU Amiga"s Tony Dillon proclaimed "Beneath a Steel Sky" as "one of the greatest adventures ever." "Amiga Format"s Rob Mead said that the game is an "Utterly brilliant", "massive, intense and atmospheric adventure which will keep you on tenterhooks right until its final startling conclusion." "PC Gamer US"s Steve Poole called it "slick, funny," "absorbing" and "one of the most playable adventures of all time" "that will appeal to a wide variety of gamers". "Amiga Power"s Cam Winstanley said that it is "an example of what an adventure game should be like – funny, enthralling and convincing." Adventure Gamers' Claire Wood called it an "enjoyable", "engaging adventure classic, thoroughly enjoyable playing experience" and "a "1984" for the computer game generation."

title: Adventure Time: Hey Ice King! Why'd You Steal Our Garbage?!!

text: The game received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 67% score on Metacritic, with some criticism of its relatively short story length. IGN's Lucas M. Thomas, an avid "Adventure Time" fan, gave the game an 8.5 "great" rating, commenting that "this is an amazing adventure and I have almost no complaints to level against it." GamingUnion.net's Spencer Pressly scored it as a 7/10, arguing that while "this is what most "Adventure Time" fans could want in a game", but due to the short story length it "should've been a downloadable title".

title: Introduction to Adventure Gaming

text: W. G. Armintrout reviewed "Introduction to Adventure Gaming" in "The Space Gamer" No. 50. Armintrout commented that "What good is an introductory game that is all introductory and no game? "Tower" is enough to discourage any novice fantasy gamer, while "Creatures" is hardly an endorsement for science fiction gaming. Only "Napoleon at Waterloo" is both a decent game and an introduction to gaming. I should also warn you that the 'History of Gaming' and the 'Hints on Play' promised on the cover aren't to be found inside the booklet! Even so, one of the three games here is perfect for the purpose."

title: Dave Arneson

text: Arneson wrote up the Blackmoor setting for Judges Guild in "The First Fantasy Campaign" (1977). In 1979 Arneson and Richard L. Snider, an original "Blackmoor" player, co-authored "Adventures in Fantasy", a role-playing game that attempted to recapture the "original spirit of the Role Playing Fantasy Game" that Arneson had envisioned in the early 1970s, instead of what "D&D" had become. In the early 1980s he established his own game company, Adventure Games – staffed largely by Arneson's friends, most of whom were also members of a Civil War reenactment group – that produced the miniatures games "Harpoon" (1981) and "Johnny Reb" (1983), as well as a new edition of his own "Adventures in Fantasy" role-playing game (1981). The company also put out about a half-dozen Tékumel related books, due to Arneson's friendship with M. A. R. Barker. Adventure Games was profitable, but Arneson found the workload to be excessive and finally sold the company to Flying Buffalo. Flying Buffalo picked up the rights to Adventure Games in 1985; because Arneson owned a portion of Flying Buffalo, he let them take care of the rest of the company's stock and IP when he shut the company down.

title: The Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game

text: There is an adventure called 'What Follows in Shadow', set during the events of "The Eye of the World", which features the adventuring party running afoul of Padan Fain during the procession of Logain Ablar through the city. The adventure ends with the adventurers lost in the Ways, ready for the events of "The Prophecies of the Dragon" adventure book.

title: LucasArts adventure games

text: In 1989, while designing the first Monkey Island game, Ron Gilbert wrote an article titled Why Adventure Games Suck outlining what he perceived to be design flaws in adventure games of the time.

title: Bill & Ted's Excellent Video Game Adventure

text: Upon its release the game earned a handful of Mixed-to-Negative reviews. "Nintendo Power" gave the game a 3.6 out of 5 stating the positive side as "Bill & Ted fans won't be disappointed by the video versions of the dudes from San Dimas" but also points "It isn't easy finding items, which means you'll spend ages wandering around, and that's frustrating." "Game Player's Strategy Guide" states "It's a change of pace from the usual role playing adventure, with a refreshing - if somewhat overbearing - humor." GamePro states "What could have been a truly excellent video game adventure wound up as a mildly entertaining video-jaunt." "Video Games & Computer Entertainment" states "The verbose Bill and Ted themselves would likely describe this adventure of theirs as being 'bogus,' but what we get can be best called average.""

title: Carol Reed Mysteries

text:
Just Adventure gave it a B and B+ in two separate reviews. Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3/5 stars.
Just Adventure gave it a B+ Adventure Classic Gaming gaver it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3/5 stars.
Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3/5 stars.
Quandaryland gave it 3.5. Just Adventure gave it an A-/B-. The game has a rating on Mobygames of 73% based on 4 critics. Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3/5 stars.
Gamezebo gave it 3.5/5 stars. Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3.5/5 stars.
Just Adventure gave it an A-. Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3.5/5 stars.
Gamezebo gave it 2 out of 5 stars. Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3/5 stars.
Adventure Gamers gave it 3.5/5 stars.
Adventure Gamers gave it 3.5/5 stars.Just Adventure gave it a positive review. Adventure Classic Gaming gave it a positive review. Adventure Gamers gave it 3/5 stars.

title: The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery

text: "The Beast Within" won "Computer Gaming World"s 1995 "Game of the Year" award, and was named the best computer adventure game of 1995 by "Computer Games Strategy Plus", and the best of 1996 by GameSpot and "PC Gamer US". It also won GameSpot's "Best Story" prize. Hailing it as "one of the best adventure games ever", the editors of "PC Gamer US" wrote, "If it had been just a movie, "The Beast Within" would easily beat 99 percent of what passes for horror on the big screen these days." The staff of "Computer Gaming World" called it "the continuation of a brilliant tradition—the graphic adventure as art."

title: Adventure board game

text: Adventure board games often integrate various role-playing game mechanics, such as experience points and character creation into the board game format. The origins of these two types of game are related. In the early 1970s, Dave Arneson introduced his role-playing game, Blackmoor, to a group of players. One of those players, Gary Gygax, collaborated with Arneson to create "Dungeons & Dragons" (1974). Another member of that gaming group, Dave Meggary, translated the experience into the board game, "Dungeon!" (1975), the first adventure board game. In fact, the term "adventure gaming" in the 1970s referred to what later became known as tabletop role-playing games, and only later became associated with board games.

title: Adventures of Mana

text: "Adventures of Mana" is a remake of the 1991 Game Boy game "Final Fantasy Adventure", which was the first entry in the "Mana" series. It is the second remake of "Final Fantasy Adventure", the first being the Game Boy Advance game "Sword of Mana", which had removed the connections to the "Final Fantasy" series in favor of being more connected to the rest of the "Mana" series. According to "Adventures of Mana"s producer, Masaru Oyamada, the development team focused on not upsetting what had made the original game good, while adding things that had not been possible to do in the original version due to hardware limitations; they also aimed to make the game more comfortable and intuitive to play: for instance, switching armor and weapons and using items and magic was made easier, and shortcut commands were added. The game borrows some elements from the original Game Boy version, and some from "Sword of Mana". For example, the first remake introduced the ability to play as the heroine, but "Adventures of Mana", like the original, only has a male playable character; conversely "Adventures of Mana"s battle system, user interface and sword attack are based on "Sword of Mana"s rather than the original's. Kenji Ito, the composer for "Final Fantasy Adventure", returned to create updated and more dramatic rearrangements for the remake.

title: Finder Love

text: The adventure part is similar to most Japanese romantic adventure games: the player reads and listens to what a girl says and occasionally has to choose an answer. The dialogue sequences are interspersed with mini-games such as rock-paper-scissors or rhythm games like PaRappa the Rapper.

title: The Dig

text: In 2011, Adventure Gamers rated "The Dig" at No. 92 on its list of the 100 best adventure games of all time, noting that gamers did not know what to make of the game at the time of its release, but adding, "Strip away the preconceptions, however, and what’s left is a very good game in its own right".