query: What is the average age that people have their first child in the UK?

title: Advanced maternal age

text: In Western, Northern, and Southern Europe, first-time mothers are on average 27 to 29 years old, up from 23 to 25 years at the start of the 1970s. In a number of European countries (Spain), the mean age of women at first childbirth has crossed the 30 year threshold.[2]

title: Wonderful (Everclear song)

text: The song tells the story of a divorce as perceived by a child. Each verse of the song corresponds to a different stage of the divorce. The first verse describes the child hearing their parents fight as they try to block it out, remembering what it was like before their parents began to fight. The second verse describes the child going to school and pretending to their friends that everything is all right at home, despite what is heard in the first verse. The bridge describes the child lashing out at their parents, not wanting to comprehend that their parents have begun to grow apart and date other people.

title: The Age of Innocence (Hamilton book)

text: The book is available for sale on Amazon.com, and in book shops around the world. Whilst the book itself has not been deemed illegal in any jurisdiction, the nature of the pictures within it have caused debate over what constitutes child pornography in both the US and the UK.

title: Auditory Verbal UK

text:
Auditory VerbalUK is an award-winning national charity that delivers Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) to deaf babies and children aged 0 – 5 years to enable them to listen and talk. AVUK advocates that with access to hearing technology every deaf child should have the opportunity to listen and talk.
AVT enables children who are deaf to learn to listen and speak without the need to rely on lip reading or sign language. Auditory verbal therapists at AVUK work with families on a one-to-one basis, giving parents and carers skills to help their child make progress. There have been several studies that show the efficacy of AVT. Hogan et al. (2008; 2010) published outcomes for children in an AV programme in the UK which showed that the average rate of language development increased significantly during the time on the programme compared to the average rate of language development prior to embarking on the programme. Hogan (2016) published a 10-year audit of outcomes for pre-school children in the UK who had attended the auditory verbal programme at Auditory Verbal UK. Of children who were on the programme for two years or more approximately 80% graduated from the AV programme with age appropriate language (AAL) by the age of 5 years. Of these children, 25% had challenges associated with their aetiology (e.g. those associated with meningitis, cCMV, ANSD etc.) in addition to their hearing loss.

title: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)

text: In 1979, the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population. The policy, while controversial, is widely approved by the Chinese people, and has resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty. The law currently applies to about a third of the mainland Chinese, and does not apply to minority ethnic groups. As a result of demographic transition, the demographics of China are rapidly changing. It has since been changed to allow parents to have two children due to the average age of Chinese people growing and because of the lack of people who are of working age.

title: Internet Matters

text: Over 1000 UK parents were surveyed to identify at what age they thought a child owning a smartphone was OK. The survey revealed that the majority of parents (84.6%) would like a minimum age on smartphone ownership with 10 being the most popular age.

title: Child marriage

text: Lower legally allowed marriage age does not necessarily cause high rates of child marriages. However, there is a correlation between restrictions placed by laws and the average age of first marriage. In the United States, per 1960 Census data, 3.5% of girls married before the age of 16, while an additional 11.9% married between 16 and 18. States with lower marriage age limits saw higher percentages of child marriages. This correlation between higher age of marriage in civil law and observed frequency of child marriages breaks down in countries with Islam as the state religion. In Islamic nations, many countries do not allow child marriage of girls under their civil code of laws. But, the state recognized Sharia religious laws and courts in all these nations have the power to override the civil code, and often do. UNICEF reports that the top five nations in the world with highest observed child marriage rates – Niger (75%), Chad (72%), Mali (71%), Bangladesh (64%), Guinea (63%) – are Islamic majority countries.

title: Human multitasking

text: A study by psychologist Keith Laws was widely reported in the press to have provided the first evidence of female multitasking superiority, although it was very focused in its sample (240 people that responded to advertisements online and in West Yorkshire, UK, averaged 27 years old, and sample controlled only for gender and age, and not for cultural background and education).

title: Virginity

text: Some studies suggest that people commence sexual activity at an earlier age than previous generations. However, the 2005 Durex Global sex survey found that people worldwide are having sex for the first time at an average age of 17.3, ranging from 15.6 in Iceland to 19.8 in India (though evidence has shown that the average age is not a good indicator of sexual initiation, and that percentages of sexually initiated youth at each age are preferred). A 2008 survey of UK teenagers between the ages of 14 and 17 (conducted by YouGov for Channel 4), showed that only 6% of these teenagers intended to wait until marriage before having sex. According to a 2011 CDC study, in the 15-to-19-year-old age group 43 percent of males and 48 percent of females in the United States reported never having an opposite-sex partner.

title: Kahra

text: The village is home to 4093 people, among them 2121 (52%) are male and 1972 (48%) are female. 89% of the whole population are from general caste, 11% are from schedule caste. The child (aged under 6 years) population of Kahra village is 19%, among them 52% are boys and 48% are girls. There are 807 households in the village and an average 5 persons live in every family. In Kahra village population of children with age 0-6 is 789 which makes up 19.28% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Kahra village is 930 which is higher than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Kahra as per census is 915, lower than Bihar average of 935.

title: Rohua

text: The village is home to 2722 people, among them 1480 (54%) are male and 1242 (46%) are female. 83% of the whole population are from general caste, 17% are from schedule caste. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Rohua village is 17%, among them 54% are boys and 46% are girls. There are 518 households in the village and an average 5 persons live in every family. In Rohua village population of children with age 0-6 is 476 which makes up 17.49% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Rohua village is 839 which is lower than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Rohua as per census is 838, lower than Bihar average of 935.

title: Kamwe language

text:
A first-born male child is named "Tizhe", a first-born female child "Kuve". The first ten children in Kamwe culture are named as follows:- First male child is Tizhe, the female child is Kuve. The second male child is Zira, the female is Masi. The third male child is Tumba, the female is Kwarramba, the fourth male child is Vandi, the female is Kwanye. The fifth child is Kwaji whether male or female. The sixth child is Tari for male and Kwata for female. The seventh child is sini for male and Kwasini for female. The eight child is Kwada for both male and Female. The ninth child is Drambi for both the male and female. The tenth child is called Kwatri for both the male and female child. Subsequently any other child will have a suffix "hale" attached to the name signifying that the child was born in old age of the mother. Example is Kuve-hale or Zira-hale as the case may be.
Twins or multiple births are celebrated in Kamwe culture.
To enhance cultural renaissance in Kamweland, annual cultural festival tagged "Kamwe People Annual Cultural Festival of Art and Culture has been staged in Michika Adamawa State Nigeria every First (1st) Saturday in the month of April every year since 2017. It is aimed at reviving the rich culture of the Kamwe people and attracts tourists from far and near.
During the maiden edition in 2017, a book tilted the 'Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture was presented to the public.

title: Child marriage

text: As with the United States, underage cohabitation is observed in the United Kingdom. According to a 2005 study, 4.1% of all girls in the 15–19 age group in the UK were cohabiting (living in an informal union), while 8.9% of all girls in that age group admitted to having been in a cohabitation relation (child marriage per UNICEF definition), before the age of 18. Over 4% of all underage girls in the UK were teenage mothers.

title: Child soldiers in Africa

text: Sudan: As of January 2017, an estimated number of 335 children were reported to have been recruited amidst the affairs of the current ongoing conflict in (North) Sudan within the last five years. In Sudanese culture, adulthood is believed to reached as young as 11 years of age, but on average most people reach it at the age of 15.

title: Bone age

text: Bone age is the degree of maturation of a child's bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray. The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach this stage of bone maturation. A child's current height and bone age can be used to predict adult height. For most people, their bone age is the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple years older or younger. Those with advanced bone ages typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing early sooner while those with delayed bone ages hit their growth spurt later than normal. Kids who are below average height do not necessarily have a delayed bone age; in fact their bone age could actually be advanced which if left untreated, will stunt their growth.

title: Criminal procedure in South Africa

text: In the light of this alteration in the law, section 9 is strange: It talks about a child under the age of ten who commits a crime. This is a contradiction in terms, since section 7 provides that a child under that age "cannot" commit a crime. What it probably means to refer to is a child under the age of ten who committed an act that would have amounted to a crime but for the fact that the child was under the age of criminal capacity.

title: Homelessness in the United Kingdom

text: The UK homeless charity "Shelter" put the 2017 figure for the whole of the UK's homeless at 300,000. Recorded deaths among rough sleepers and those in temporary accommodation more than doubled in the five years to 2018. Homeless people die much younger than the general population, research by the Office for National Statistics shows. Homeless men die on average aged 44 while homeless women die on average aged 42. Homeless deaths have been rising stradily in the five years to 2018. Suicide, drug and alcohol abuse are the most common causes of death among homeless people. Jon Sparkes of Crisis urged the government to put causes of homelessness right, "like building the number of social homes we need and making sure our welfare system is there to support people when they fall on hard times". The charity, Crisis attributes rising homelessness to a shortage of social housing, housing benefits not covering private rents and there not being homeless prevention schemes for people leaving care. Crisis wants the government to change polixy.

title: Sociology of the family

text: In the United States, 82.5 million women are mothers of all ages, while the national average age of first child births is 25.1 years. In 2008, 10% of births were to teenage girls, and 14% were to women ages 35 and older. In the United States, a study found that the average woman spends 5 years working and building a career before having children, and mothers working non-salary jobs began having children at age 27, compared to mothers with salary positions, who became pregnant at age 31. The study shows that the difference in age of child birth is related to education, since the longer a woman has been in school, the older she will be when she enters the workforce.

title: Inequality in Bolivia

text: The main social indicators by the (such as illiteracy rate, mother and child mortality; primary and secondary enrolment rates) also indicate that indigenous peoples have significantly less access to social services than non-indigenous peoples. While non-indigenous people (age 15 and older) completed on average 9.6 years of education, indigenous peoples only completed 5.9 years.

title: Stoke Ash

text: The average population is older than the national average of the UK and also that of Suffolk. According to the UK 2011 Census, Stoke Ash does not have a large immigrant population as it has a low rate of inhabitants born in other EU countries or outside the EU. It has a higher level of residents born in the UK than the national average. The residents stating their health as 'very good' in the 2011 UK census was higher than the national average. The residents stating their health as 'very bad' was lower than the national average which suggests that people in Stoke Ash are generally more satisfied with their health than the average person in the UK. Stoke Ash has a higher rate of home ownership, either completely or on contract compared to the national average, which suggests that Stoke Ash is a relatively wealthy place. The pie chart shows the occupational statistics of 2011. Almost all the main jobs in 2011 have an equal amount of people working in those sectors. This shows social structure has improved drastically because in 1831 most people were servants.

title: Ystalyfera

text:
Population density (People / sq mi) 2.8 "(24.9 for UK)"
(Females / male) 1.07 "(1.05 for UK)"
Average commute 12.03 miles "(8.73 miles for UK)"
Average age 41 "(39 for UK)"
Home ownership 12% "(16.9% for UK)"
Student population 2% "(4.4% for UK)"
People in good health 58% "(69% for UK)"
People in bad health 42% "(53% for UK)"

title: Romani society and culture

text: Romani people incorporate their values into how they raise their children. There is an element of impurity placed upon both the mother and father after the mother gives birth. This impurity is lessened if the child is a male and the family is considered “lucky”. Traditionally, the couple will live with the father of the groom until their first child is born. Romani people place high value on extended family so godparents, along with this other family, are active in the child’s life to ensure its well-being. The child’s parents often do not have an input in what their child eats throughout the day, so the child relies on eating whatever happens to come their way.

title: Risk factors for breast cancer

text: Lower age of first childbirth, compared to the average age of 24, having more children (about 7% lowered risk per child), and breastfeeding (4.3% per breastfeeding year, with an average relative risk around 0.7) have all been correlated to lowered breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, but not postmenopausal women, in large studies. Women who give birth and breast-feed by the age of 20 may have even greater protection. In contrast, for instance, having the first live birth after age 30 doubles the risk compared to having first live birth at age less than 25. Never having children triples the risk. The studies have found that these risk factors become less material as a woman reaches menopause, i.e. that they affect risk of breast cancer prior to menopause but not after it. In balancing premenopausal reductions in risk from childbirth and lactation, it is important also to consider the risks involved in having a child.

title: Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom

text: According to a recent British research conducted by the Centre for Family and Household Research, "an increasing proportion of young people are sexually active below the age of consent". Additionally, the UK's first National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL), which collected data up to 1990, found that a high proportion of young people engage in other forms of sexual activity prohibited by the law, including mutual masturbation and oral sex, beginning on average at the age of 14.

title: Career average pension

text: A career average pension or career average revalued earnings pension (CARE pension) is a type of occupational pension scheme, where people saving for retirement pay for a benefit after retirement where they will receive a sum that is calculated according to their average earnings over their career. Particularly in UK pensions, this model has been introduced as an alternative to both defined contribution pensions, which may run out and lead to old age poverty if they live longer, and final salary pensions which give people a benefit based on the last salary they earned before retirement. It is thought that career average pensions are fairer than final salary pensions, when people have not, for instance in their last few years of work, jumped up to management positions with much higher salaries: career average pensions mean that lower earners do not subsidise much higher pension benefits for just a few people.

title: Human trafficking in California

text: In Los Angeles, a sex trafficker makes, on average, $49,000 per victim. The average onset age for girls and boys subjected to child trafficking in Los Angeles is 12-14 and 11–13 years of age respectively. Survivors have an average lifespan of 7 years after their first encounter with trafficking, where HIV/AIDS or homicide are the largest causes of death. It has also been noted that Los Angeles street gangs are heavily involved with human trafficking.

title: Mental age

text: However, mental age varies according to what kind of intelligence is measured. A child's intellectual age can be average for his physical age but the same child's emotional intelligence can be immature for his physical age. In this psychologists often remark girls are more emotionally mature than boys in the tween years. Also, a six-year-old child intellectually gifted in Piaget terms can remain a three-year-old child in terms of emotional maturity. Mental age was once considered a controversial concept.

title: Oralism

text: There have been few quantitative evaluations regarding the long-term outcomes of oral programs for deaf individuals, but those that do exist tend to study this in relation to children with cochlear implants. One study compared the English development of deaf children with a cochlear implant versus what the English development might have been without the implant. English development was greater and more successful for the implanted deaf child than that of the non-implanted child based on the implementation of a predictive model. The predictive model employs age, residual hearing, and communication mode used by the child to predict the language development. Although deaf implanted children are already at a disadvantage for English development when compared to their hearing counterparts, the implant, on average, reduced what could have been an even larger deficit had the child not been implanted (based on the predictive model). The authors recommend implanting the child as early as possible.

title: List of countries by age at first marriage

text: Because the age distribution of people at first marriage is skewed with a longer tail towards older ages, the majority of people marry before the average age of first marriage. The median age is a more precise representation of when the majority of people marry, however, for most reporting sources, only the average age at marriage is reported.

title: Empathy

text: By the age of two years, children normally begin to display the fundamental behaviors of empathy by having an emotional response that corresponds with another person's emotional state. Even earlier, at one year of age, infants have some rudiments of empathy, in the sense that they understand that, just like their own actions, other people's actions have goals. Sometimes, toddlers will comfort others or show concern for them at as early an age as two. Also during the second year, toddlers will play games of falsehood or "pretend" in an effort to fool others, and this requires that the child know what others believe before he or she can manipulate those beliefs. In order to develop these traits, it is essential to expose your child to face-to-face interactions and opportunities and lead them away from a sedentary lifestyle.

title: Kumhrauli

text: The village is home to 1552 people, among them 787 (51%) are male and 765 (49%) are female. 76% of the whole population are from general caste, 24% are from schedule caste. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Kumhrauli village is 21%, among them 44% are boys and 56% are girls. There are 348 households in the village and an average 4 persons live in every family. In Kumhrauli village population of children with age 0-6 is 332 which makes up 21.39 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Kumhrauli village is 972 which is higher than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Kumhrauli as per census is 1274, higher than Bihar average of 935.


query: How large is the US navy?

title: United States Navy

text: The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most capable navy in the world,[6][7][8] with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage[9][10] and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, and two new carriers under construction. With 319,421 personnel on active duty and 99,616 in the Ready Reserve, the Navy is the third largest of the service branches. It has 282 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of March2018,[2] making it the second largest and second most powerful air force in the world.[11]

title: Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

text:
Slave labor on United States military installations was a common sight in the first half of the nineteen century, for agencies and departments of the federal government were deeply involved in the use of enslaved blacks. In fact, the United States military were the largest federal employers of rented or leased slaves throughout the antebellum period.
In 1816, a visitor to the Washington Navy Yard wrote that master blacksmith Benjamin King estimated daily expense for a slave as twenty-seven cents and noted how lucrative the business. Navy was paying eighty cents per day for black workers while white blacksmiths were paid $1.81 per diem. English visitor and author, Lady Emmeline Stuart Wortley, writing in the late 1840s, marked the prevalence of slave labor at the Washington Navy Yard: "We saw a sadder sight after that, a large number of slaves, who seemed to be forging their own chains, but they were making chains, anchors, &c., for the United States Navy."

title: Frigate navy

text: Frigate navy is a term describing a nation state's navy that is made of mostly frigates or destroyers as a major combat force. This navy would thus be lacking large vessels such as cruisers, a significant number of effective submarines, or aircraft carriers, but it would also be more effective and deployable than a navy that just maintains corvettes or gunboats. A frigate navy can be a green water navy or a brown water navy, depending on how logistics are structured. The Royal Netherlands Navy is an example of a frigate navy, as was the U.S. Navy in the War of 1812.

title: Mecanum wheel

text: The US Navy bought the patent from Ilon and put researchers to work on it in the 1980s in Panama City. The US Navy has used it for transporting items around ships. In 1997, Airtrax Incorporated and several other companies each paid the US Navy $2,500 for rights to the technology, including old drawings of how the motors and controllers worked, to build an omnidirectional forklift truck that could maneuver in tight spaces such as the deck of an aircraft carrier. These vehicles are now in production.

title: Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre

text: This is a large thematic display focusing on how the Navy’s people have 'done the job' at sea over the years. Branches and categories past and present are used to explain how the naval profession has changed and developed.

title: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

text: IRGC Navy and the regular "Artesh" Navy overlap functions and areas of responsibility, but they are distinct in terms of how they are trained and equipped—and more importantly also in how they fight. The Revolutionary Guards Navy has a large inventory of small fast attack craft, and specializes in asymmetric hit-and-run tactics. It is more akin to a guerrilla force at sea, and maintains large arsenals of coastal defense and anti-ship cruise missiles and mines. It has also a Takavar (special force) unit, called Sepah Navy Special Force (S.N.S.F.).

title: Alpha strike (United States Navy)

text: Alpha strike is a term used by the United States Navy to denote a large air attack by an aircraft carrier air wing, first coined during the Vietnam War. It is the Navy's version of the more widely used term "strike package".

title: Jacobite rising of 1719

text: Historians like Harcourt-Smith question how serious Alberoni was about the invasion. Unlike other statesmen of the period, he had direct experience of amphibious operations while Cape Passaro demonstrated the Royal Navy's power in far less favourable circumstances. He would have been well aware the Spanish fleet was unlikely to even reach England, let alone be allowed to disembark large numbers of troops. A potential invasion was more useful in occupying the Royal Navy and far less risky; this would explain why he did not share Ormonde's concern at the delays and made the fleet just as useful moored in Corunna, its destination when it left Cadiz.

title: Australian Navy Cadets

text: The 91 Training Ships (units) across Australia have a total membership around 400 staff and 2,200 cadets, including several that have been formed in high schools. However, 2012 reporting suggested membership has fallen drastically to about 1,600. The ANC adheres to a rank structure similar to the Royal Australian Navy, with cadets having the opportunity to progress from the rank of cadet recruit to cadet midshipman. Each unit has a complement which lays out how many cadets the unit is allowed to carry and how many are allowed at each rank. Training camps and examinations are held for promotion in rank. The structure and organisation of the ANC is based on that of the Royal Australian Navy, but additionally features a large community-involvement component.

title: Economy of the Empire of Japan

text: Large industrial groups received large investment for making weapons for Japanese Army and Navy in national war efforts. In military aircraft industry exist the next names of important companies how:

title: Uniform Service Recruiter Badges (United States)

text: The U.S. Navy Recruiting Command Badge is worn by all Navy personnel while assigned to duty with the Navy Recruiting Command. Excellent performance, meeting criteria set by Commanding Officer Navy Recruiting Command, is acknowledged with the addition of a gold metallic wreath, called the "Gold Wreath Award," that surrounds the badge. Subsequent awards of excellence are denoted with 5/16 inch silver stars at the bottom of the wreath. Once a recruiter has achieved their 5th award, the silver stars are replaced with a gold star. Once a recruiter has achieved their 10th award, the wreath is upgraded with a gold scroll that's incorporated into the top of the wreath with the word "Excellence" embossed on the scroll. (s) at the bottom of the wreath. This progression continues using a large gold star on top of the scroll to signify the 20th award, a large gold star with wreath for the 25th, and two large gold stars and wreaths for the 30th. Silver and gold stars at the bottom of the wreath are used to signify awards 31 through 39 and four large gold stars, two with wreaths on top of the badge, are used to denote the 40th award. A Navy recruiter can earn up to 49 consecutive gold wreath awards for achievements in recruiting.

title: Flower-class corvette

text: The majority served during World War II with the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). Several ships built largely in Canada were transferred from the RN to the United States Navy (USN) under the lend-lease programme, seeing service in both navies. Some corvettes transferred to the USN were manned by the US Coast Guard. The vessels serving with the US Navy were known as Temptress and "Action"-class patrol gunboats. Other Flower-class corvettes served with the Free French Naval Forces, the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Royal Norwegian Navy, the Royal Indian Navy, the Royal Hellenic Navy, the Royal New Zealand Navy, the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and, immediately post-war, the South African Navy.

title: USS Ascutney

text: USS "Ascutney" (1862) was a large steamer with powerful guns acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways. Post-war she performed some steamship service for the Navy.

title: USS Avenger (1863)

text: USS "Avenger" (1863) was a large steamer with powerful guns acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways. Because of her large size, she was also used, at times, as a cargo ship.

title: 5"/38 caliber gun

text: The 5"/38 cal gun was mounted on a very large number of US Navy ships in the World War II era. It was backfitted to many of the World War I-era battleships during their wartime refits, usually replacing 5"/25 guns that were fitted in the 1930s. It has left active US Navy service, but it is still on mothballed ships of the United States Navy reserve fleets. It is also used by a number of nations who bought or were given US Navy surplus ships. Millions of rounds of ammunition were produced for these guns, with over 720,000 rounds still remaining in Navy storage depots in the mid-1980s because of the large number of Reserve Fleet ships with 5"/38 cal guns on board.

title: Cruiser

text: Outside the US and Soviet navies, new cruisers were rare following World War II. Most navies use guided missile destroyers for fleet air defense, and destroyers and frigates for cruise missiles. The need to operate in task forces has led most navies to change to fleets designed around ships dedicated to a single role, anti-submarine or anti-aircraft typically, and the large "generalist" ship has disappeared from most forces. The United States Navy and the Russian Navy are the only remaining navies which operate cruisers. Italy used until 2003; France operated a single helicopter cruiser until May 2010, , for training purposes only. While Type 055 of the Chinese Navy is classified as a cruiser by the U.S. Department of Defence, the Chinese consider said ship as a guided missile destroyer.

title: Beartrap (hauldown device)

text: In the mid-1950s, the navies of the world were faced with the challenge of how to land a large helicopter on a rolling, pitching flight deck of a smaller ship. The problem was solved in the early 1960s when the Royal Canadian Navy's Experimental Squadron 10 (VX 10), based at Shearwater, in collaboration with Dartmouth's Fairey Aviation, developed the world's first HHRSD. The CH-124 Sea King was the first Royal Canadian Navy helicopter to be equipped with this system.

title: Service Squadron

text: In his planning for how the war in the Pacific would be fought and won, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew the manufacturing might of the United States would eventually supply him with a force large enough to overcome the forces of the Empire of Japan. He referred to this future force as the 'Big Blue Fleet'. To make it effective at projecting its power, he would need to devise a way to keep it supplied and in fighting condition. The ongoing resupply of a large naval force across the vast expanse of the Pacific would require the US Navy to perform something no navy had ever accomplished before.

title: The Tuckies, Jackfield, Shropshire

text: The Earl of Dundonald, (father of the then Lord Cochrane) who resided here a considerable time, undertook chemical experiments, among the principal of which, was that of extracting tar from coals. For this purpose many kilns or ovens were erected and the reference describes in some detail how the process was conducted. It is stated that great quantities of this useful article were sent for the use of the navy, and much of it was used in japanning. Dundonald expended large sums of money in these undertakings was said to thoroughly understood both the theory and the practice of the science, yet have a cheerful and benevolent disposition.

title: Brown-water navy

text: In Portuguese service, the brown-water navy has been often referred as the "Naval Dust" (), for its use of a large number of small vessels, in comparison with the conventional blue-water navy that uses a smaller number of larger vessels. In several historical periods, the Portuguese Navy had to develop riverine forces to operate in the former Portuguese colonies in Asia, South America and Africa.

title: Monitor (warship)

text: A monitor was a relatively small warship which was neither fast nor strongly armoured but carried disproportionately large guns. They were used by some navies from the 1860s, during the First World War and with limited use in the Second World War. During the Vietnam War they were used by the United States Navy. The Brazilian Navy's "Parnaíba" is the last monitor in service.

title: Submarine

text: Nuclear power is now used in all large submarines, but due to the high cost and large size of nuclear reactors, smaller submarines still use diesel-electric propulsion. The ratio of larger to smaller submarines depends on strategic needs. The US Navy, French Navy, and the British Royal Navy operate only nuclear submarines,[63][64] which is explained by the need for distant operations. Other major operators rely on a mix of nuclear submarines for strategic purposes and diesel-electric submarines for defense. Most fleets have no nuclear submarines, due to the limited availability of nuclear power and submarine technology.

title: Portsmouth Block Mills

text: The Royal Navy used large numbers of blocks, which were all hand-made by contractors. Their quality was not consistent, the supply problematic and they were expensive. A typical ship of the line needed about 1000 blocks of different sizes, and in the course of the year the Navy required over 100,000. Bentham had devised some machines for making blocks, but did not develop them and details of how they worked are now obscure. In 1802 Marc Isambard Brunel proposed to the Admiralty a system of making blocks using machinery he had patented. Bentham appreciated the superiority of Brunel's system and in August 1802 he was authorised by the Admiralty to proceed.

title: DATAR

text: However, equipping the entire Royal Canadian Navy's fleet would be extremely expensive. In order to lower the overall cost, the Navy wanted to spread the development costs across a larger production line, and invited representatives of the Royal Navy and US Navy to view the system. They proved to be equally impressed; one US officer was "too" impressed and looked under the display console, believing the display was being faked. But no matter how impressed they were, it appears they felt they could do better on their own, and declined to get involved. The Royal Navy would start work on their Comprehensive Display System that year under the direction of Elliot Brothers, and the US Navy's Naval Tactical Data System in 1956.

title: Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

text:
IRGC Navy and "Artesh" Navy overlap functions and areas of responsibility, but they are distinct in terms of how they are trained and equipped— and more importantly also in how they fight. The Revolutionary Guards Navy has a large inventory of small fast attack craft, and specializes in asymmetric hit-and-run tactics. It is more akin to a guerrilla force at sea, and maintains large arsenals of coastal defense and anti-ship cruise missiles and mines.
It has also a Takavar (special force) unit, called Sepah Navy Special Force (S.N.S.F.).

title: Carl Gustav m/45

text: During the Vietnam War, the US Navy SEALs used the m/45 extensively. One of the gun's qualities which appealed to the US Navy was that the m/45 can fire almost immediately out of the water (over the beach). It also saw use by CIA operatives and advisers. In US service it was largely known as the "Swedish-K" or "K-Rifle". The US Navy was so impressed by the m/45 that when Sweden embargoed the export of weapons to the United States in 1966, Smith & Wesson was given the task of producing a copy. This was designated the Smith & Wesson M76. However, by the time the M76 was ready for combat deployment, the US Navy interest had largely evaporated. Many of the m/45s used by US forces and agencies were devoid of markings, implying clandestine use ("sanitized").

title: United States Navy reserve fleets

text: Many of the deactivated Second World War merchant vessels were of a class called the Liberty Ship which was a mass-produced ocean-going transport which was used primarily in the convoys going to/from the U.S., Europe and Russia. These Liberty Ships were also used as the navy's support vessel for its fleet of warships and to ferry forces across the Pacific and Atlantic. It was a race between how fast the U.S. could build these ships and how fast the German U-Boats could sink them, and the Liberty Ship was significant in maintaining the beleaguered United Kingdom.

title: Common Sense (pamphlet)

text: The fourth section of the pamphlet includes Paine's optimistic view of America's military potential at the time of the revolution. For example, he spends pages describing how colonial shipyards, by using the large amounts of lumber available in the country, could quickly create a navy that could rival the Royal Navy.

title: Kantai Kessen

text: In 1940-41, Plan Orange was formally retired and replaced with Plan Rainbow 5, which encompassed plans for the US Navy fighting a two-ocean war. Nevertheless, Plan Orange's assumptions remained a large part of Rainbow 5 and shaped the direction of American strategy in the Pacific from 1941 to 1945. Japanese moves at the start of hostilities into the south to New Guinea, threatening Australia and the communication between Australia and the United States, were not anticipated in US planning. These events altered how US strategy was pursued during the first two years of the war.

title: Operation Crossroads

text:
The first proposal to test nuclear weapons against naval warships was made on August 16, 1945, by Lewis Strauss, future chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. In an internal memo to Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, Strauss argued, "If such a test is not made, there will be loose talk to the effect that the fleet is obsolete in the face of this new weapon and this will militate against appropriations to preserve a postwar Navy of the size now planned." With very few bombs available, he suggested a large number of targets widely dispersed over a large area. A quarter century earlier, in 1921, the Navy had suffered a public relations disaster when General Billy Mitchell's bombers sank every target ship the Navy provided for the ship-versus-bomb tests. The Strauss test would be designed to demonstrate ship survivability.
Nine days later, Senator Brien McMahon, who within a year would write the Atomic Energy Act and organize and chair the Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, made the first public proposal for such a test, but one designed to demonstrate the vulnerability, rather than survivability, of ships. He proposed dropping an atomic bomb on captured Japanese ships and suggested, "The resulting explosion should prove to us just how effective the atomic bomb is when used against the giant naval ships." On September 19, the Chief of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), General of the Army Henry H. Arnold, asked the Navy to set aside ten of the thirty-eight captured Japanese ships for use in the test proposed by McMahon.

title: 13"/35 caliber gun

text: The Navy's Policy Board called for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to . A 16-inch caliber gun was beyond US manufacturing capabilities at this time though and the largest gun possible was the /35 caliber. The Navy intended to use this gun in short-range action against heavily armored targets and was fitted to the first true battleship in the US Navy, . This turned out to be the only 13-inch gun developed for the US Navy.


query: Who invented the telegraph machine?

title: Electrical telegraph

text: Samuel Morse independently developed and patented a recording electric telegraph in 1837. Morse's assistant Alfred Vail developed an instrument that was called the register for recording the received messages. It embossed dots and dashes on a moving paper tape by a stylus which was operated by an electromagnet.[19] Morse and Vail developed the Morse code signalling alphabet. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only later, in 1844, that he sent the message "WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT" over the 44 miles (71km) from the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore.[20][21]

title: Industrial Revolution

text: A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal. Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms. The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory. Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position, jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy. The milling machine, a fundamental machine tool, is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney, who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program. Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe, invented by Thomas Blanchard. The Blanchard lathe, or pattern tracing lathe, was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks. The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing.

title: Machine tool builder

text: In 1970, Wayne R. Moore wrote about the Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, who independently invented the jig borer (contemporaneously with its Swiss invention). Moore's monograph, "Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy", is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible accuracy and precision in machine tools (second only to that of metrological machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the tool and die maker.

title: History of electrical engineering

text:
Electrical engineering became a profession in the late 19th century. Practitioners had created a global electric telegraph network and the first electrical engineering institutions to support the new discipline were founded in the UK and USA. Although it is impossible to precisely pinpoint a first electrical engineer, Francis Ronalds stands ahead of the field, who created the first working electric telegraph system in 1816 and documented his vision of how the world could be transformed by electricity. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers (soon to be renamed the Institution of Electrical Engineers) where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort. The donation of his extensive electrical library was a considerable boon for the fledgling Society.
Development of the scientific basis for electrical engineering, with the tools of modern research techniques, intensified during the 19th century. Notable developments early in this century include the work of Georg Ohm, who in 1827 quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor, Michael Faraday, the discoverer of electromagnetic induction in 1831. In the 1830s, Georg Ohm also constructed an early electrostatic machine. The homopolar generator was developed first by Michael Faraday during his memorable experiments in 1831. It was the beginning of modern dynamos — that is, electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field. The invention of the industrial generator, which didn't need external magnetic power in 1866 by Werner von Siemens made a large series of other inventions in the wake possible.

title: Media consumption

text: Eventually communication reached an electronic state, and the telegraph was invented. Harrison Dyar, who sent electrical sparks through chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and dashes, invented the first telegraph in the USA. The telegraph was the first piece of equipment that allowed users to send electronic messages. A more developed version came from Samuel Morse, whose telegraph printed code on tape and was operated using a keypad and an earpiece. The pattern of communication soon became known as Morse code.

title: James Eugene Munson

text: Munson later went to work perfecting a typesetting machine that he had invented, which, being operated by means of a prepared ribbon of paper, automatically set a column of corrected, justified, and leaded type. He also invented the machines by which the ribbon is prepared, and a telegraph, also operated by the same paper ribbon, which causes an exact facsimile of the ribbon to be automatically produced at a distant point, ready for use in operating a similar typesetting machine. These inventions were based on his “Selecting Device,” which he also patented.

title: British Broadcasting Company

text: The invention of the electrical telegraph came under the control of the Telegraph Act 1869 which was based upon a law that forbade the encoding of electrical cables with messages without a licence. The messages were viewed as electrical forms of a letter. This invention was followed by the wireless telegraph which was then placed under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904.

title: Sakuma Shōzan

text: In 1849, he learned about electricity, through the book of the Dutch scientist Van den Bergh, and created Japan's first telegraph, five years before the gift of such a telegraph by Commodore Perry in 1854. He also invented electric machines derived from the Elekiter.

title: Wavemakers

text: The film documents the musical instrument's invention by Maurice Martenot, who conceived his instrument after being inspired by the humming and static sounds made by the telegraph machines he operated during the First World War. He built fewer than 300 of the instruments that bear his name during his lifetime, of which there are only about 70 left.

title: Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph

text: The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph was an early electrical telegraph system dating from the 1830s invented by English inventor William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Charles Wheatstone. It was the first telegraph system to be put into commercial service. The receiver consisted of a number of needles which could be moved by electromagnetic coils to point to letters on a board. This feature was liked by early users who were unwilling to learn codes, and employers who did not want to invest in staff training.

title: William Morrison (dentist)

text:
William James Morrison (1860–1926) was an American dentist and inventor who is best known for developing the cotton candy machine.
Morrison, from Nashville, Tennessee, was an avid inventor, and has a number of inventions to his credit. One of them is the first [cotton candy] (originally named Fairy Floss and named Candy Floss in the UK and Fairy Floss in Australia) machine, which he invented in 1897 in cooperation with confectioner John C. Wharton. This electric machine melted sugar and then used forced-air to push it through a wire screen. It was introduced at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, and was a big success. Thomas Patton and Josef Delarose Lascaux also claimed to invent the cotton candy machine.

title: Samuel Morse

text: In addition to the telegraph, Morse invented a marble-cutting machine that could carve three-dimensional sculptures in marble or stone. He could not patent it, however, because of an existing 1820 Thomas Blanchard design.

title: Frederick Bakewell

text: The chief problems with Bakewell's machine were how to keep the two cylinders synchronized and to make sure that the transmitting and receiving styli started at the same point on the cylinder at the same time. Despite these problems, Bakewell's machine was capable of transmitting handwriting and simple line drawings along telegraph wires. The system, however, never became commercial. Later, in 1861, the system was improved by an Italian priest, Giovanni Caselli who was able to use it to send handwritten messages as well as photographs on his pantelegraph. He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon eleven years before the invention of workable telephones.

title: David Alter

text: In 1836 Elderton, David Alter invented the electric telegraph, one year before the popular Morse telegraph was invented. David rigged the telegraph between his house and his barn. He was interviewed about the discovery going unobserved by other inventors and said: "I may say that there is no connection at all between the telegraph of Morse and others and that of myself...Professor Morse most probably never heard of me or my Elderton telegraph."

title: Ticker tape

text: Stock ticker machines are an ancestor of the modern computer printer, being one of the first applications of transmitting text over a wire to a printing device, based on the printing telegraph. This used the technology of the then-recently invented telegraph machines, with the advantage that the output was readable text, instead of the dots and dashes of Morse code. A special typewriter designed for operation over telegraph wires was used at the opposite end of the telegraph wire connection to the ticker machine. Text typed on the typewriter was displayed on the ticker machine at the opposite end of the connection.

title: Acoustic telegraphy

text: Inventors who worked on the acoustic telegraph included Charles Bourseul, Thomas Edison, Elisha Gray, and Alexander Graham Bell. Their efforts to develop acoustic telegraphy, in order to reduce the cost of telegraph service, led to the invention of the telephone.

title: Elisha Gray

text: In 1887 Gray invented the telautograph, a device that could remotely transmit handwriting through telegraph systems. Gray was granted several patents for these pioneer fax machines, and the Gray National Telautograph Company was chartered in 1888 and continued in business as The Telautograph Corporation for many years; after a series of mergers it was finally absorbed by Xerox in the 1990s. Gray's telautograph machines were used by banks for signing documents at a distance and by the military for sending written commands during gun tests when the deafening noise from the guns made spoken orders on the telephone impractical. The machines were also used at train stations for schedule changes.

title: Commercial Telegraphers Union of America

text: By 1907, discontent was widespread among telegraphers. As in earlier strikes, the major issues were low pay, long working hours, and poor working conditions, as well as the telegraph companies' use of the "sliding scale," in which an operator who accepted a promotion or new position would be given a lower salary than the person who previously held that position. Another issue was the cost of providing a typewriter; as the use of the typewriter to copy messages became commonplace during the 1890s, employers required telegraphers to purchase their own machine.

title: Elisha Gray

text: In 1865 Gray invented a self-adjusting telegraph relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line. In 1867 Gray received a patent for the invention, the first of more than seventy.

title: Michael Esposito (paranormal investigator)

text: Michael Andrew Esposito was born in Gary, Indiana in 1964. He is a descendant of Alfred Vail who invented the Morse Code and several early telegraph devices with his partner Samuel Morse. The invention of the telegraph sparked the spiritualist movement of the middle 1800s and the telegraph was used in spirit communication. Another ancestor, Jonathan Harned Vail was office manager and assistant to Thomas Edison. Edison, in his later years attempted to develop a device for communicating with the dead. Michael studied communication theory at Purdue University, University of Notre Dame, American University in Cairo, Egypt and Governor's State University. During the Gulf War Michael was a Psy-ops officer in Iraq.

title: Signal Corps in the American Civil War

text: For its first use in combat, during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, the Rogers train substituted a new telegraph instrument, the Beardslee Patent Magneto-Electric Field Telegraph Machine, invented by George W. Beardslee of New York. This instrument required no battery, using instead a hand-cranked generator, but it was also based on a dial indicator. The Beardslee telegraph was housed in a wooden chest with handles and weighed about 100 pounds. It had two significant technical deficiencies, however. Its generator could not produce enough electricity to transmit signals more than about 5 to 8 miles. More seriously, there was a tendency for the sending and receiving index pointers to get out of synchronization, hopelessly garbling transmitted messages. Broken machines had to be sent back to New York City for repair. It was these deficiencies that led Myer to his decision to use traditional Morse key technology and attempt to hire trained telegraphers, a decision that led Secretary Stanton to dismiss him as chief signal officer. All of the telegraph train assets of the Signal Corps were turned over to the Military Telegraph Service, but they did not use the Beardslee telegraph due to its unreliability. At their peak of usage in 1863, there were 30 telegraph trains in the field.

title: Media involvement and tropical cyclones

text: Before the invention of the radio, electronic media coverage of tropical cyclone was limited to the telegraph which was invented in 1839. A notable example of the telegraph coverage of tropical cyclones was during the 1900 Galveston Hurricane

title: Elisha Gray

text: In 1870 financing for Gray & Barton Co. was arranged by General Anson Stager, a superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Stager became an active partner in Gray & Barton Co. and remained on the board of directors. The company moved to Chicago near Highland Park. Gray later gave up his administrative position as chief engineer to focus on inventions that could benefit the telegraph industry. Gray's inventions and patent costs were financed by a dentist, Dr. Samuel S. White of Philadelphia, who had made a fortune producing porcelain teeth. White wanted Gray to focus on the acoustic telegraph which promised huge profits instead of what appeared to be unpromising competing inventions such as the telephone, White made the decision in 1876 to redirect Gray's interest in the telephone.

title: Telegraphy

text: In 1843, Scottish inventor Alexander Bain invented a device that could be considered the first facsimile machine. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. In 1855, an Italian abbot, Giovanni Caselli, also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention "Pantelegraph". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon.

title: Ticker tape

text: Although telegraphic printing systems were first invented by Royal Earl House in 1846, early models were fragile, required hand-cranked power, frequently went out of synchronization between sender and receiver, and did not become popular in widespread commercial use. David E. Hughes improved the printing telegraph design with clockwork weight power in 1856, and his design was further improved and became viable for commercial use when George M. Phelps devised a resynchronization system in 1858. The first stock price ticker system using a telegraphic printer was invented by Edward A. Calahan in 1863; he unveiled his device in New York City on November 15, 1867. Early versions of stock tickers provided the first mechanical means of conveying stock prices ("quotes"), over a long distance over telegraph wiring. In its infancy, the ticker used the same symbols as Morse code as a medium for conveying messages. One of the earliest practical stock ticker machines, the Universal Stock Ticker developed by Thomas Edison in 1869, used alphanumeric characters with a printing speed of approximately one character per second.

title: Charles-François Dupuis

text: In 1778, he invented a telegraph with which he was able to correspond with his friend Fortin de Bagneux, and must be considered among the first inventors of the telegraph that was perfected by Claude Chappe. The Revolution made it necessary to destroy his machine in order to avoid suspicion.

title: Phonograph

text: Edison presented his own account of inventing the phonograph. "I was experimenting," he said, "on an automatic method of recording telegraph messages on a disk of paper laid on a revolving platen, exactly the same as the disk talking-machine of to-day. The platen had a spiral groove on its surface, like the disk. Over this was placed a circular disk of paper; an electromagnet with the embossing point connected to an arm traveled over the disk; and any signals given through the magnets were embossed on the disk of paper. If this disc was removed from the machine and put on a similar machine provided with a contact point, the embossed record would cause the signals to be repeated into another wire. The ordinary speed of telegraphic signals is thirty-five to forty words a minute; but with this machine several hundred words were possible."

title: Globotype

text: The Globotype is a colour display for telecommunications. It was invented and patented by David McCallum of Stonehouse, Devon, England. The device features very low cost and does not use consumable supplies. It is Royal Letters Patent No. 2924 issued December 29, 1855. The design and coding used is described in "Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications", Volume 2, pages 461 and 462. Mr. McCallum invented the Globotype in response to the use of printing telegraph machines which he saw as both expensive and unneeded.

title: Wheatstone system

text: The Wheatstone system was an automated telegraph system that replaced a human operator with machines capable of sending and recording Morse code at a consistent fast rate. The system included a perforator, which prepared punched paper tape called a Wheatstone slip, a transmitter that read the tape and converted the symbols into dots and dashes encoded as mark and space electric currents on the telegraph line, and a receiver at the other end of the telegraph line that printed the Morse symbols. The system was invented by Charles Wheatstone. Enhancements could be made so that it was a duplex system, able to send and receive on the same line simultaneously.

title: Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator

text: The Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator was first invented and constructed by Kleinschmidt in 1911. Kleinschmidt wanted to develop a product that could be sold to telegraph companies rather than just selling patents. Western Union Telegraph Company was the first to purchase 50 units. As a result of this order, the Kleinschmidt Electric Company was formed to manufacture the perforator. F. G. Creed ordered ten machines for Creed high-speed Continental-Morse-code system. The British Post Office ordered 20, and then later in 1914 ordered another 100. Later the Teletype Corporation also made this machine.

title: Call signs in the United States

text: The use of call letters predates the invention of radio, and were introduced as part of landline telegraph communication. Telegraph operators generally used Morse code, and it was standard practice to assign identifying letters to individual offices located along a line. Early radio stations (originally called "wireless telegraphy") commonly employed former telegraph operators, who continued the practice.


query: Who produced Seven Ages of Rock?

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: It comprised six 60-minute episodes (reduced to 48 minutes for VH1 Classic), with a final episode of 90 minutes, and was broadcast on Saturdays at 21:00 (repeated on BBC One on Sundays). Each episode focused on one type of rock music, each typified by one or two artists or bands. The series producer was William Naylor, and the executive producer for the BBC was Michael Poole, a former editor of the 1990s BBC music, arts and culture programme The Late Show. The production was based at BBC Bristol and each programme was narrated by Julian Rhind-Tutt on the BBC and Dennis Hopper on VH1 classic.[1][2]

title: Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast

text: Kid Rock began his professional music career as a member of the hip hop music group The Beast Crew in the late 1980s. During this time, Kid Rock met rapper D-Nice, which led to Kid Rock opening at local shows for Boogie Down Productions. During this time, Kid Rock began his professional association with producer Mike E. Clark, who was initially skeptical of the idea of a white rapper, but was impressed by Kid Rock's performance; Kid Rock had prepared his own beats and used his own turntables to demonstrate his skills for Clark. In 1988, Clark produced a series of demos with Kid Rock, which led to offers from six major record labels, including Atlantic and CBS Records. With the help of D-Nice, Kid Rock signed with Jive Records at the age of 17, releasing his debut studio album, "Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast" in 1990, which featured production by D-Nice and Too Short. According to Kid Rock, the contract with Jive resulted in animosity from fellow rapper Vanilla Ice, who Kid Rock claimed felt that he should have been signed with Jive instead of Kid Rock.

title: Samarium–neodymium dating

text:
Since CHUR defines initial ratios of continental rocks through time, it was deduced that measurements of Nd/Nd and Sm/Nd, with the use of CHUR, could produce model ages for the segregation from the mantle of the melt that formed any crustal rock. This has been termed "T".
In order for a "T" age to be calculated, fractionation between Nd/Sm would have to have occurred during magma extraction from the mantle to produce a continental rock. This fractionation would then cause a deviation between the crustal and mantle isotopic evolution lines. The intersection between these two evolution lines then indicates the crustal formation age. The "T" age is defined by the following equation:
The "T" age of a rock can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm/Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characterisity enables theitic immobile ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore allows crustal formation ages to be calculated, despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

title: Rock of Ages Corporation

text:
On 16 September 2016, Polycor inc., of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada -a natural stone producer, announced the acquisition of Swenson Granite and Rock of Ages Corporation to become the largest producer of marble and granite in North America. This also includes the Canadian division of Rock of Ages Corporation, located in Stanstead, Quebec, along the Vermont and Quebec border.
ROAC maintains the world's largest "deep hole" granite quarry. The quarry is called the "E. L. Smith Quarry", and the Devonian Barre Granite is mined there. Granite was originally quarried using primitive techniques which implemented hand saws and explosive charges to blast away the "benches" of the quarry. Modern techniques have evolved to include diamond-tipped wire saws and water jets. Visitors to the Rock of Ages factory and gift shop can also watch quarriers in the quarry cutting the granite away from the quarry wall.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: A new wave of British bands were now emerging. The Kinks produced an electrified gritty sound expanding musical possibilities. Inspired by them, The Who combined a macho image, pop art and fast driven rock. In 1965, year zero of rock, the Who released a song that the program postulates defined the era, "My Generation", and was incredibly innovative in both its sound and rebellious message.

title: Cancer (Showbread album)

text: Cancer is a science-fiction rock opera and the tenth studio album by American rock band Showbread. The album was released in 2012 through non-profit record label Come&Live!. "Cancer" was produced by Rich Veltrop, who had previously co-produced Showbread's albums "No Sir, Nihilism Is Not Practical", "Age of Reptiles", "The Fear of God" and "Who Can Know It?". This is the band's second album to be funded completely by fans and released as a free download without the assistance of a major record label.

title: Lovers rock

text: A style suited to the London reggae scene, lovers rock represented an apolitical counterpoint to the conscious Rastafarian sound dominant in Jamaica at the time, a continuation of the soulful and commonly love-themed rocksteady style, based on singers like Alton Ellis, who were not very optimistic about the rise of rastafarian reggae. It combined the smooth soul sounds of Chicago and Philadelphia soul with rocksteady and reggae bassline rhythms. Rooted in the sound systems of South London, the style had particular appeal amongst women and produced many female stars including Carroll Thompson. Louisa Mark was aged 14 when she had a major lovers rock hit with her version of Bobby Parker's "Caught You in a Lie" in 1975. This spawned the distinctive young girl female sound associated with early lovers rock. Simplicity formed in 1975 and released their first hit "To Be in Love" produced by Coxson; the B-side was the Emotions classic, "A Feeling is a Feeling". They were headhunted by Neville King who produced their hits "Loving Kind", "Waiting" and "Black is our Colour". This was followed by the husband and wife production team of Dennis and Eve Harris who then had a big hit with T.T. Ross's "Last Date". Dennis Harris then set up a new record label, Lover's Rock, at the south east London premises on Upper Brockley Road along with John Kpiaye and Dennis Bovell, which gave the new genre a name.

title: List of 2010s deaths in rock and roll

text: The following is a list of notable performers of rock and roll music or rock music, and others directly associated with the music as producers, songwriters or in other closely related roles, who died in the 2010s decade. The list gives their date, cause and location of death, and their age.

title: Electronic music

text: Electronic rock was also produced by several Japanese musicians, including Isao Tomita's "Electric Samurai: Switched on Rock" (1972), which featured Moog synthesizer renditions of contemporary pop and rock songs, and Osamu Kitajima's progressive rock album "Benzaiten" (1974). The mid-1970s saw the rise of electronic art music musicians such as Jean Michel Jarre, Vangelis, and Tomita, who with Brian Eno were a significant influence on the development of new-age music.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: Seven Ages of Rock (also known as 7 Ages of Rock) is a BBC Two series, co-produced by BBC Worldwide and VH1 Classic in 2007 about the history of rock music.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: As well as the TV Series the BBC also produced radioshows and created the website, which contains much additional information. Also a series of short films are available on the website, usually 3–5 minutes long, most of which do not appear on the finished programmes. These are:

title: Rock House Reservation

text: During the last ice age when the southern movement of the Wisconsin Glacier transformed the landscape producing unique rock formations and outcroppings. Today two glacially formed outcroppings are still present on the property. These formations are known as Balance Rock and the Rock House Shelter. After the ice age, archaeologists believe Native Americans used the Rock House Shelter as a winter camp, trail camp and/or meeting place.

title: Seven Secrets

text: Seven Secrets is the second studio album by North Irish progressive rock band Fruupp, released on 19 April 1974 in the United Kingdom on the Dawn Records label, a subsidiary of Pye Records for underground and progressive rock music. Like the band's debut album, it was recorded at Escape Studios in Egerton, Kent, but was this time produced by David Lewis, the frontman of another North Irish rock band Andwella.

title: Nzambani Rock

text: The rock is particularly famous for the myths surrounding it. It is believed that anyone who goes round the rock seven times changes into a member of the opposite sex This tale has been passed from one generation to another but it is clear that no one has ever tried to go round the rock seven times. There are many other tales as to how the rock came into being. Visitors are charged Kshs 200 to be told all the myths surrounding the rock.

title: Rock On!!

text: Rock On !! is a 2008 Indian rock musical drama film written and directed by Abhishek Kapoor, produced by Farhan Akhtar, and with music by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. The film marks the successful Bollywood debut of Akhtar and Prachi Desai. Arjun Rampal, Akhtar, Luke Kenny, and Purab Kohli star as members of the Mumbai-based grunge rock band, "Magik" (formed in 1998) who reunite in 2008. The winner of seven Filmfare Awards, "Rock On!!" was critically acclaimed but had an average performance at the box office. The film was archived at the Academy Film Archive library.It is similar to the film The Happy Life.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: In 1962, The Rolling Stones formed and started playing in the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond. Their Blues with a British twist proved a hit with teenage audiences. The Rolling Stones began creating their own songs with lyrics loaded with arrogance and sex. Their space at the Crawdaddy club was taken by The Yardbirds, who attempted to produce their own twist on the blues, helped by their guitarist Eric Clapton, who was considered by some to be so proficient with the guitar that he garnered the popular nickname "God". However, he split from the Yardbirds after their commercial success to become a serious blues musician.

title: Seven the Hard Way

text: Seven the Hard Way is American rock singer Pat Benatar's sixth studio album, and her seventh album overall, released on October 30, 1985. It debuted on the US "Billboard" 200 album chart the week of December 14 and peaked at No. 26, producing the hits: "Invincible", "Sex as a Weapon", and "Le Bel Age". The album sold approximately 600,000 in the US and was certified Gold.

title: Sunsets (song)

text: "Vulture Street" was recorded and developed over a seven-week period in Sydney, Australia. It was during this time that "Sunsets" was written and produced. Nick DiDia produced the album, as he had done on previous Powderfinger albums including "Odyssey Number Five". "Sunsets" was mixed in Atlanta, Georgia, by Brendan OBrien, who had previously worked with DiDia. Fanning described the album during production stages as "a much more dry, direct rock", but also noted that "just because I rock, doesn't mean I'm made of stone". In that sense, "Sunsets" (and numerous other songs on "Vulture Street") were seen as emotive, combined with the rock elements Fanning described.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: The Animals had first opened the path for these bands with the reimagining of "the House of the Rising Sun", which they came across when it was covered by Bob Dylan from the New York City folk scene. He now took inspiration from these new British bands by going electric to produce "the Wild Thin Mercury sound of Rock Music", which added sophisticated lyrics to rock.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: Back in Britain, Eric Clapton had found creative freedom in his own band Cream, which were much more musically skilled than most other groups at the time. They took the language and feel of the blues producing the 'endless-solo'. Disraeli Gears took the blues and combined it with the drug-filled psychedelia, showing the artistic potential of rock.

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: The series did receive some criticism from the press as it ignored rock and roll's contribution to the birth of rock. Neil McCormick, music critic for The Daily Telegraph (who appeared in one of the episodes as an interviewee) said: "...popular music only really gelled into what we now know as rock when Hendrix arrived in London in 1966."[2]'.

title: Rivet (horse)

text: He was sired by the Australian stallion Fastnet Rock who sired many leading horses including Foxwedge and Atlantic Jewel in the Southern hemisphere before moving to the Coolmore Stud in Ireland. His European progeny have included Fascinating Rock and Qualify. Rivet's dam Starship showed good racing ability, winning three of her seven races including a handicap race over one mile at Newmarket Racecourse in 2006. As a broodmare she has also produced the Gallinule Stakes winner Alexander Pope. She was granddaughter of Dancing Rocks who was also the female-line ancestor of Footstepsinthesand and Power.

title: Formicodiplogaster

text: When described "Formicodiplogaster myrmenema" was described from approximately seven fossil nematodes which were group inclusions with ants in transparent chunks of Dominican amber. The amber was produced by the extinct "Hymenaea protera", which formerly grew on Hispaniola, across northern South America and up to southern Mexico. The specimens were collected from a number of amber mines in fossil bearing rocks of the Cordillera Septentrional mountains, northern Dominican Republic. The amber dates from at least the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene, based on studying the associated fossil foraminifera and may be as old as the Middle Eocene, based on the associated fossil coccoliths. This age range is due to the host rock being secondary deposits for the amber, and the Miocene the age range is the youngest that it might be.

title: List of deaths in rock and roll

text: The following is a list of notable performers of rock and roll music or rock music, and others directly associated with the music as producers, songwriters or in other closely related roles, who have died. The list gives their date, cause and location of death, and their age.

title: Who Can Know It?

text: Who Can Know It? is the ninth studio album by American rock band Showbread. The album was released on November 16, 2010 through non-profit record label Come&Live!. "Who Can Know It?" was produced by Sylvia Massy, who had previously produced Showbread's albums "No Sir, Nihilism Is Not Practical", "Age of Reptiles" and "The Fear of God". This is the band's first album to be funded completely by fans and released as a free download.

title: The American Idol Experience

text: Park guests age 14 and older auditioned before a Disney "casting director" who judged singers based on their ability to sing and perform in front of an audience. As with the auditions for the television show, initial auditions are a cappella. Selected singers advanced to a second round for an audition with a "producer", where they select from a song list (see photo right) provided by the producers which included pop, country, rock, Latin, R&B as well as Disney songs and then audition again, this time with pre-recorded music; to ensure that guests hear a wider variety of songs, singers could only select songs that have not previously been chosen that day. Those who pass the second audition would be scheduled into one of the preliminary shows each operating day. Guests could only enter the competition twice in a seven-day period, and if they win the dream ticket, not again for a year.

title: Lucía Gil

text: Although Lucía Gil first rose to fame when she won the first season of the Spanish version of "My Camp Rock" in 2009, by that time she had already participated in the TV singing competition "Veo Veo" at the age of seven and had uploaded multiple videos of cover songs on YouTube. In 2009, at the age of 10, she entered the competition "My Camp Rock" produced by Disney Channel Spain. She advanced to the semifinals and then the finals. Having received the most votes on the Disney Channel Spain website, she became the winner.

title: The Perfect Age of Rock 'n' Roll

text: According to rock and roll lore, age twenty-seven is a fateful milestone laced with tragic deaths, the 27 Club including Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, and Brian Jones, all shooting stars who were felled in their prime by drugs and fame. In this film, childhood friends come face to face with the demons of rock and roll (lust, drugs, and passion) on a cross-country road trip that compels them to face their past, present, and future. Rocker Spyder (Kevin Zegers), whose debut album was a huge hit saw his follow-on album bomb, causing him to retreat to his small hometown and give up. Seven years later, 27-year-old Spyder reconnects with his long-lost best friend and writer of his debut album Eric (Jason Ritter), son of a late great punk rock guitar legend, who has long settled into the sedate life of a suburban middle school music teacher. The reunion forces the two to recall their youthful ambitions and re-examine the choices they've made.The film also featured appearances by rocker Billy Morrison and blues musicians Pinetop Perkins, Hubert Sumlin Willie "Big Eyes" Smith, Bob Stroger and Sugar Blue.

title: Lee Sullivan

text: Lee Terrence Sullivan (born 6 March 1971) is the drummer for the London-based alternative rock band Bôa. Lee is the son of Terence Sullivan, the drummer for the rock band Renaissance and his wife, Christine Sullivan. He plays drums, piano and percussion. At the age of seven, Lee first performed with father on stage at one of Renaissance's concerts at the Apollo. He later joined the band Chapter VI. The band produced a single track called "The King of Comedy" and an EP called "Bucket Chemistry".

title: Seven Ages of Rock

text: "Seattle, Washington, USA. In the early 1990s the music capital of the world. Home to grunge, teen spirit and the kings of alternative rock, Nirvana, the band that brought the sound of the American underground to a mass audience." Alternative rock was a reaction to the shock treatment of Reaganomics, leading to Generation X, that couldn't identify with the studio-polished rock that filled mainstream radio and MTV. Nirvana's Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic were part of this generation and inspired by groups such as Black Flag, who played a more fitting musical style, hardcore punk. Alternative rock was in the early 1980s called college rock because it was mostly played by campus radio stations, who broadcast in the lower bandwidths that were not shown on the dials of radios, so listeners had to turn the knob 'left of the dial'. These were also forced to tour constantly and play in small venues with groups such as The Replacements and Sonic Youth.


query: How fast is the Porsche 919 Hybrid?

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: Porsche revealed an evolution of the 919 Hybrid on 11 April 2018, as it broke the lap record in Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps with a lap time of 1:41.77, with Neel Jani behind the wheel. The lap time was 0.783 seconds faster than Lewis Hamilton's flying qualification lap in 2017, previously posting a 1:42.553 in his Mercedes AMG F1 W08, a Formula One car. Jani was also over 12 seconds faster than the standard 919 Hybrid's 2017 pole position lap time of 1:54.097. During the lap, Jani's speed trap was 359km/h (223.1mph) at the Kemmel Straight, with an average speed of 245.61km/h (152.6mph).[13][14][15]

title: Romain Dumas

text: Romain Dumas will develop and drive the Porsche 919 Hybrid in the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2014.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: The 919 nomenclature is a reference to the successful Porsche 917 race car of the 1970s, and the Porsche 918 street car that debuted in 2013.[4]

title: 2015 6 Hours of Shanghai

text: The 2015 6 Hours of Shanghai was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai, China on 30 October–1 November 2015, and served as the seventh race of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season. Porsche's Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Mark Webber won the race driving the No. 17 Porsche 919 Hybrid car.

title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Toyota had a very strong race at Le Mans, qualifying 3rd and 4th behind the two Porsche 919 Hybrids. The cars worked their way into the lead, setting up what seemed like an inevitable victory, which would be the first for the manufacturer, following four previous 2nd place finishes in 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2013 . As the race drew to a close, the Toyota No.5 had a lead over the No.2 Porsche.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: The 919 Hybrid made its competitive debut at the 2014 6 Hours of Silverstone at the Silverstone Circuit. The No. 20 entry of Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Mark Webber finished third behind the two Toyota TS040 Hybrids, while the No. 14 entry of Romain Dumas, Neel Jani and Marc Lieb was forced out of the race after thirty laps.[10]

title: 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship

text: Debutants in 2014, Porsche retain their line-up but add a third 919 Hybrid for Le Mans: current Force India Formula One driver Nico Hülkenberg will join Nick Tandy and Earl Bamber who were promoted from Porsche's LMGTE program.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: Audi R18 e-tron quattro Nissan GT-R LM Nismo Toyota TS040 Hybrid Toyota TS050 Hybrid Rebellion R-One

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: (For more information about legend click here)

title: Kinetic energy recovery system

text: Audi and Toyota both developed LMP1 cars with kinetic energy recovery systems for the 2012 and 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Audi R18 e-tron quattro uses a flywheel-based system, while the Toyota TS030 Hybrid uses a supercapacitor-based system. When Porsche announced its return to Le Mans in 2014, it also unveiled an LMP1 car with a kinetic energy recovery system. The Porsche 919 Hybrid, introduced in 2014, uses a battery system, in contrast to the previous Porsche 911 GT3 R Hybrid that used a flywheel system.

title: V4 engine

text: In 2014, Porsche announced that their 919 Hybrid Le Mans Prototype would use a small-capacity, turbocharged V4 engine.

title: 2016 6 Hours of Shanghai

text: The 2016 6 Hours of Shanghai was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai, China on 4—6 November 2016, and served as the eighth race of the 2016 FIA World Endurance Championship. Porsche's Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Mark Webber won the race driving the No. 1 Porsche 919 Hybrid car.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: The 919 Hybrid is a new car for its second season with approximately 85%–90% new parts while finally bringing the car's empty weight (no driver, no fuel) to the 870kg minimum;[11] it has also moved from the 6MJ subclass to the 8MJ subclass. Porsche have stated that they will be able to fully use this extra battery capacity for Circuit de la Sarthe although it might struggle on shorter circuits.[12] The 919 achieved pole positions in Spa and Silverstone before finally picking up a pole and win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. After Le Mans it won the five remaining races of the season.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: The Porsche 919 Hybrid is a sports-prototype racing car constructed by the German car manufacturer Porsche for use in the Le Mans Prototype 1-Hybrid (LMP1-H) category of the FIA World Endurance Championship for factory-supported hybrid-powered cars. It is the first sports-prototype built by Porsche since the RS Spyder that raced until 2010, the first sports-prototype built by Porsche to compete in a top category of sportscar racing since the 1998 Porsche 911 GT1-98 and Porsche LMP1-98 and the first sports-prototype to be raced by Porsche as a racing team since the Porsche 911 GT1-98 and Porsche LMP1-98.

title: Earl Bamber

text: Prior to the 2015 season, Bamber signed with Porsche Motorsport as a works driver. In January 2015, he and fellow works drivers Jörg Bergmeister and Frédéric Makowiecki took the No.912 Porsche 911 RSR to seventh place at the 24 Hours of Daytona. Bamber and Nick Tandy joined Formula One driver Nico Hülkenberg in the Porsche LMP squad to contest the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the Le Mans 24 Hours in a 919 Hybrid. Bamber's hybrid, car No. 19, was third on the grid after Porsche finished first, second and third in qualifying, but ended up winning comfortably. Bamber's childhood friend and Porsche teammate, Brendon Hartley, with co-drivers Mark Webber and Timo Bernhard, started from second on the grid in a 919 Hybrid and finished the race in second place. Bamber claimed his first career GT Le Mans (GTLM) pole at the Continental Tire Road Race Showcase at Road America in his first qualifying attempt as a Porsche factory driver on August 8. He bettered the previous lap record by more than a full second. He also made a guest appearance in the FIA World Endurance Championship's 6 Hours of Nürburgring, filling in for Klaus Bachler in the No. 88 Abu Dhabi-Proton Racing Porsche 911 RSR. Bamber made his debut in the FIA GT World Cup in the streets of Macau in November. The versatility in going between LMP1, GTE-Pro (GT Le Mans in IMSA) and GTE-Am this year, he said, made him a better driver.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: The 919 Hybrid uses a 2.0L four-cylinder turbocharged engine with a battery-based hybrid system.[2] The car made its competitive debut at the 2014 6 Hours of Silverstone, the opening round of the 2014 season. The 919 Hybrid project was discontinued at the end of the 2017 season to allow Porsche to focus on entering Formula E.[3]

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: The 919 Evo will be doing demo runs through 2018 as part of the "919 Tribute Tour" at the Nürburgring Nordschleife for the 24 Hours Nürburgring, at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, for the Festival of Porsche at Brands Hatch and at Laguna Seca as part of Porsche Rennsport Reunion VI.[14][15]

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: Races in bold indicate pole position and races in italics indicate fastest lap

title: 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: The No. 18 Porsche 919 Hybrid of Neel Jani, Romain Dumas, and Marc Lieb started from pole position after Jani broke the circuit's lap record in qualifying. The race was won by the No. 19 Porsche of Nick Tandy and Le Mans rookies Earl Bamber and Nico Hülkenberg, followed a lap behind by the second Porsche of Mark Webber, Brendon Hartley and Timo Bernhard. Audi's best car, driven by the title defenders Benoît Tréluyer, Marcel Fässler, and André Lotterer, finished third, a further lap behind the two Porsche vehicles. This was the seventeenth overall victory for Porsche, and their first since .

title: Hybrid electric vehicle

text: As emissions regulations become tougher for manufacturers to adhere to, a new generation of high-performance cars will be powered by hybrid technology (for example the Porsche GT3 hybrid racing car). Aside from the emissions benefits of a hybrid system, the immediately available torque which is produced from electric motor(s) can lead to performance benefits by addressing the power curve weaknesses of a traditional combustion engine. Hybrid racecars have been very successful, as is shown by the Audi R18 and Porsche 919, which have won the 24 hours of Le Mans using hybrid technology.

title: Toyota TS040 Hybrid

text: New regulations were enacted for 2015, requiring an 80-percent redesign of the TS040; this included a new front-end crash structure, a suspension optimised to preserve tyre life and additional weight reduction. Two body kits were designed: one for fast tracks and the other for tight turns. Designers added a guide vane below the car's headlights for balance while braking, but felt that a second (at the rear of the vehicle) would create turbulence. Although Toyota considered changing to a battery system, comparing its hybrid technology with that installed in the Porsche 919 Hybrid and switching to the category, the manufacturer ultimately decided to remain in the class. However, the TS040's supercapacitor was modified for enhanced performance. Construction of the car began immediately after the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, and continued until January 2015.

title: Porsche

text: 64 360 Cisitalia 550 Spyder 718 787 804 904 906 907 908 909 Bergspyder 910 911 GT1 917 919 hybrid 934 934/5 935 936 956 961 962 Porsche-March 89P WSC-95 / LMP1-98 LMP2000(neverraced) RS Spyder (9R6)

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: Porsche made an initial announcement of the new program on 11 June 2012,[5] with Timo Bernhard and Romain Dumas named as the initial development and race drivers of the car. Exactly one year after its announcement, the first test chassis completed its initial rollout.[6] The 919 utilizes a 2-litre V4 turbocharged gasoline engine with direct injection and two energy recuperation systems, with new signing, Australian Formula One driver Mark Webber, testing the car at Algarve in Portugal.[7][8] The first public showing of the car was on 14 December 2013.[4] The 919 uses a Lithium-ion battery hybrid system, and can store up to 6 MJ of energy (1.7 kWh) per lap of Le Mans. The car will also have an exhaust-energy recovery system that runs through a turbine in the exhaust.[9]

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: On 29 June 2018 Porsche ran the 919 Evo on the Nürburgring and Timo Bernhard put down a time of 5:19.546, breaking the long-held record of 6:11.13 set by Stefan Bellof in the Porsche 956.[17]

title: 2015 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas

text: The 2015 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Circuit of the Americas, Austin, US, on 17–19 September 2015, and served as the fifth round of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season. Porsche's Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Mark Webber won the race driving the No. 17 Porsche 919 Hybrid car.

title: Porsche in motorsport

text: In 2015, a Porsche 919 Hybrid hybrid car driven by Nick Tandy, Earl Bamber and Nico Hülkenberg won the 83rd running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Porsche LMP1 program went on to win the overall victory in the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship. The 919 program has also gone on to win the 84th running of Le Mans (2016) in a 919 driven by Neel Jani, Romain Dumas, and Marc Lieb, taking the lead with just over 3 minutes left. Porsche completed a hat trick by winning the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans with drivers Timo Bernhard, Earl Bamber, and Brendon Hartley.

title: Marc Lieb

text: Porsche then announced after the conclusion of the 2013 season that Lieb would be joining the Porsche 919 Hybrid LMP1 program for the 2014 WEC.

title: Porsche 919 Hybrid

text: Porsche 919 at Geneva Motor Show 2014 Porsche 919 Hybrid at Le Mans 2015 Porsche 919 at Goodwood Festival of Speed on Thursday 23rd, 2016 Porsche 919 at IAA 2017

title: 2015 6 Hours of Bahrain

text: The 2015 6 Hours of Bahrain was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Bahrain International Circuit, Sakhir, Bahrain on 19–21 November 2015, and served as the eighth and last race of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season. Porsche's Marc Lieb, Romain Dumas and Neel Jani won the race driving the No. 18 Porsche 919 Hybrid car.

title: 2015 6 Hours of Fuji

text: The 2015 6 Hours of Fuji was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Japan on 9–11 October 2015, and served as the sixth race of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season. Porsche's Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Mark Webber won the race driving the No. 17 Porsche 919 Hybrid car.