query: Where in Ireland was Skeffington born?

title: Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

text: Francis Sheehy Skeffington was born in Bailieborough, County Cavan, the only son of Joseph Skeffington, a school inspector, and Rose Magorian of County Down. His parents had been married at the Roman Catholic Chapel at Ballykinlar, Co. Down in 1869. Francis was educated initially at home by his father, and later at the Jesuit community in St Stephen's Green, Dublin.

title: Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

text: After graduating from University College, Skeffington worked as a freelance journalist, contributing to socialist and pacifist publications in Ireland, England, France and North America. In 1901-02 he taught in St Kieran's College in Kilkenny, where he was a colleague and friend of the school's English, French and history master Thomas MacDonagh; the two also lodged in the same house in Kilkenny City. He then took a job as the registrar of University College.

title: Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington

text: Sheehy Skeffington was a founding member of the Irish Women Workers' Union and an author whose works deeply opposed British imperialism in Ireland. Sheehy Skeffington was a close friend of trade unionist and fellow suffragette Cissie Cahalan. The Irish Women's Franchise League was formed in November 1908, with Hanna Sheehy Skeffington among its founding members, along with her husband Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Margaret Cousins and James Cousins. Although it began with only twelve founding members, the I.W.F.L grew to become one of the largest suffrage groups that existed in the early twentieth century. The I.W.F.L. was a militant organisation that focused on trying to fight issues like the lack of Irish Independence and the exclusion of women from the voting process in accordance with the Home Rule Bill and the absence of women's rights in general.

title: Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

text: The raiding party, consisting of 25 men led by Bowen-Colthurst, along with Sheehy Skeffington who was held with his hands tied behind his back, left the barracks and headed towards Rathmines Road, where they intercepted two young men who were returning from a meeting of a religious sodality. On the pretext of the lateness of the hour, Bowen-Colthurst detained and threatened them, eventually shooting one of them: a 19-year-old mechanic named James Coade, who was left in the road and subsequently died of his wound.[36][37] Sheehy Skeffington witnessed this and protested against the shooting as the raiding party made its way through Rathmines. The party continued on down Lower Rathmines Road, and the soldiers stopped at the Portobello Bridge, where half of the men were left at a guardhouse along with Sheehy Skeffington. Bowen-Colthurst gave orders that the soldiers at the guardhouse were to monitor the further progress of the raiding party, and shoot Sheehy Skeffington if either his or their party came under attack from snipers.[36] He also ordered Sheehy Skeffington to say his last prayers in case this were to happen, and when Sheehy Skeffington refused, Bowen-Colthurst said prayers on his behalf.[28][38]

title: Algernon Skeffington, 12th Viscount Massereene

text: Skeffington was the eldest son of Clotworthy John Skeffington, 11th Viscount Massereene by Florence Whyte-Melville, only daughter of Major George Whyte-Melville. He succeeded his father as 12th Viscount Massereene and 5th Viscount Ferrard in 1905, both in the Peerage of Ireland; his inheritance included about 16,000 acres. They also held the title Baron Oriel, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which gave them the right to sit in the House of Lords

title: Richard Skeffington

text:
Skeffington was born after 1590, the second son of Sir William Skeffington, 1st Baronet of Fisherwick, Staffordshire, and his wife Elizabeth Dering of Surrenden Kent. He matriculated from Magdalene College, Cambridge in Autumn 1615. He was knighted on 20 August 1624. In 1625, he was elected Member of Parliament for Tamworth. He was elected MP for Staffordshire as a recruiter to the Long Parliament in 1646.
Skeffington died in 1647 and was buried at Broxbourne, Hertfordshire where there is a monument.

title: Terence Skeffington-Smyth

text: Terence George Randall Skeffington-Smyth was born on 31 May 1905, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Henry Julian Skeffington-Smyth and Violet Frances Monckton-Arundell, daughter of George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway and Vere Gosling. He had two brothers, Captain Noel Edward Vere Fitz-Patrick (b. 1908) and Denys Bryan (b. 1911). His father was the son of Randall Skeffington Smyth and the Hon. Gertrude Fitz-Patrick, daughter of the 1st Lord Castletown. At the death of Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown, Colonel Skeffington Smyth took the name and Arms of Fitz-Patrick by deed poll.

title: William Skeffington

text: Sir William Skeffington (c. 1465 – 31 December 1535), was a Lord Deputy of Ireland.

title: Skeffington baronets

text: The Farrell-Skeffington, later Skeffington Baronetcy, of Skeffington in the County of Leicester, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 27 June 1786 for William Farrell-Skeffington. The second Baronet used the surname Skeffington only. The title became extinct on his death in 1850.

title: Owen Sheehy-Skeffington

text: Sheehy-Skeffington was brought up in Dublin, Ireland. His father, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, was a pacifist and nationalist whose murder by firing squad, on the orders of Captain J.C. Bowen-Colthurst, during the week of the Easter Rising in 1916, became a cause célèbre. His mother, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, was a founder of the Irish Women's Franchise League. After her husband's murder she became increasingly nationalist, supporting the anti-Treaty IRA during the Irish Civil War.

title: Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

text: Francis Sheehy Skeffington is often considered one of the martyrs of Ireland's 1916 Easter Rising;[28] He was killed for trying to prevent looting. Richard Ellman, the eminent biographer of James Joyce, passes on such a caricature when he writes that Sheehy Skeffington "died at the hands of the British ... when he quixotically tried to dissuade the Dublin poor from looting," or again that he was "arrested while trying to keep the Dublin poor from looting."[29]

title: William Skeffington

text: He was Master of the Ordnance and a knight of the shire (MP) for Leicestershire from 1529–1535 in the reign of Henry VIII. He was also in 1529 appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland to Henry's son, the duke of Richmond, the nominal Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He crossed over in August 1529, but his power was so circumscribed by instructions from Henry that the head of the Fitzgeralds, Gerald, 9th earl of Kildare, and not Skeffington, was the real governor of Ireland. In May 1531 Skeffington accepted the formal submission of the Gaelic leader Hugh Duff O'Donnell in Drogheda.

title: Anthony Skeffington

text: Anthony Skeffington (died after 1535) was an English-born cleric and judge in Ireland.

title: Clotworthy Skeffington, 1st Earl of Massereene

text: Massereene was the son of Clotworthy Skeffington, 4th Viscount Massereene and Lady Catherine Chichester, daughter of Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall. He succeeded to his father's title in 1738 and assumed his seat in the Irish House of Lords. He was made a Member of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1746, and on 28 July 1756 he was created Earl of Massereene in the Peerage of Ireland. He died suddenly just over a year later.

title: John Whyte-Melville-Skeffington, 13th Viscount Massereene

text: John Clotworthy Talbot Foster Whyte-Melville-Skeffington, 13th Viscount Massereene and 6th Viscount Ferrard DL (22 October 1914 – 27 December 1992) was a British politician and landowner. He was also Baron of Loughneagh (1660, Ireland), 6th Baron Oriel (1790, Ireland), and 6th Baron Oriel (1821, UK), and served as a Deputy Lieutenant for County Antrim. He succeeded his father in 1956 and regularly attended the House of Lords.

title: Anthony Skeffington

text: He was born in Skeffington, Leicestershire. He was a cousin (possibly a brother) of Sir William Skeffington, who served as Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1529–32 and 1534–5, and he probably came to Ireland in William's retinue. He was appointed Master of the Rolls in Ireland in 1530 and held that office (which at that time was mainly administrative rather than judicial in nature) until 1533.

title: William Skeffington

text: William Skeffington was born in Skeffington Hall, Leicestershire, the eldest son of Thomas Skeffington by his wife, Mary. His brother John was the patriarch of the Massareene family. William was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire and Warwickshire for 1508, 1515 and 1521 in the reign of Henry VII and was knighted by that king for his services. In 1523, he received from Henry VIII property near Tunbridge that had belonged to the executed traitor Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham.

title: Skeffington Hall

text: In the 16th century the house was the birthplace of Thomas Skevington, Bishop of Bangor and Sir William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland. It was later owned by William Farrell, whose son Sir William Farrell-Skeffington, 1st Baronet, an officer in the British Army, adopted the Skeffington surname and sold the Hall to the Tailby family just before his death in 1815.

title: Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

text: The personal papers of Francis Sheehy Skeffington and his wife Hanna were donated to the National Library of Ireland. Details of the papers can be accessed online.[50]

title: Frank Skeffington Carroll

text: Carroll was born in Ireland, the second son of Bernard Carroll of Dublin.

title: Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington

text: Sheehy Skeffington fought hard to get women the right to vote in Ireland, founding the IWFL in 1908 and also founding the publication "The Irish Citizen" with her husband. Her strong republican ties were also shown as she helped in the 1916 rising by delivering messages and food to the GPO.

title: Humanist Association of Ireland

text: Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, son of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington helped to set up the organisation.

title: The Skeffington Arms Hotel

text: The Skeffington Arms is a small, 23 room, 3 star hotel with a large public bar in Galway, Ireland.

title: Sir John Skeffington, 2nd Baronet

text: Skeffington married Cicely Skeffington of Skeffington. He was succeeded in the baronetcy briefly by his son William (died 7 April 1652), then by a cousin, John Skeffington, the 4th baronet, who was the son of Sir Richard Skeffington, knight.

title: Louie Bennett

text:
In 1920 Bennett took over financial and editorial control of the Irish Women's Franchise League's paper, the "Irish Citizen". It was founded in 1912 to further the cause of the suffragettes and feminists in Ireland. It was first edited by James Cousins and Francis Sheehy Skeffington. In March 1913 Cousins left to work in England and later India, leaving Sheehy Skeffington as the sole editor. Sheehy Skeffington was murdered in 1916 by British soldiers during in the Easter rising, having been arrested while leafletting for a citizen group to prevent people from looting. Control of the paper was then given to Francis's widow Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, with Bennett's help. Bennett seemed an odd choice as editor; she had been outspoken against the policy of the "Irish Citizen" in the past. She had actually withdrawn her subscription to the paper the previous year.
In 1916 Hanna Sheehy Skeffington had relinquished her role to travel to America and campaign for justice after the death of her husband. This left Bennett as the joint editor of the paper with fellow IWFL member Mary Bourke-Dowling. During the time that Bennett took over the paper had a number of debts, and had shrunk from its original eight pages to four, with one of these pages consisting entirely of advertisements. To combat this, Bennett wanted more space to be given towards trade unions (to increase sales) and in 1920 the IWWU and the Irish Nurses' Organisation started using the paper as their official journal – despite Skeffington writing in it that it needed to stay distinctly unaffiliated to any party.
In 1920 Bennett told Skeffington that she would like to take over control of the paper and turn it into a feminist Labour paper. This proved the last straw for Skeffington, who ended their agreement. Skeffington's own interests started to shift away from the paper as a member of the Sinn Féin in 1920.
Bennett was left in control of the paper until its demise a few months later. Funding decreased due to its dwindling support and the ethos of the paper changing from a suffragette paper to a trade union organ. The printing press was destroyed by the Black and Tans. The final issue was published in September 1920.

title: Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

text: Francis Sheehy Skeffington had always supported Home Rule for Ireland. After 1913 he had also supported his friend Thomas MacDonagh's more separatist Irish Volunteers; however he grew increasingly critical of the Volunteers' growing militarism, and in an open letter to MacDonagh published in 1915 in his own paper The Irish Citizen, Sheehy Skeffington wrote: "As you know, I am personally in full sympathy with the fundamental objects of the Irish Volunteers ... [however,] as your infant movement grows, towards the stature of a full-grown militarism, its essence – preparation to kill – grows more repellent to me."[30]

title: William Skeffington

text: He married secondly, Anne Digby, the daughter of Sir John Digby (d. May 1533) of South Luffenham, Rutland, by Katherine (née Griffin), widow of John Bellers (d. 27 January 1476), esquire, and daughter of Nicholas Griffin (d. 6 June 1482), esquire, "de jure" Baron Latimer, by Katherine Curzon, by whom he had several children, including a son Leonard Skeffington 'who served as a Lieutenant of the Tower of London, as a soldier in Ireland, and as a messenger who regularly represented his father at court'. Leonard Skeffington is credited with having invented the "Scavenger's Daughter", a torture device used in the Tower during the reign Henry VIII.

title: William Farrell-Skeffington

text: Born William Charles Farrell in London, the eldest son of William Farrell of Skeffington Hall, he was appointed to an ensigncy in the 1st Foot Guards on 11 February 1761, and married Catherine Josepha Hubbard, eldest daughter of the merchant Michael Hubbard of Tenerife, on 9 December 1765. On 27 May 1768 he was appointed a lieutenant and captain in the 1st Guards, and on 11 June that year assumed the surname and arms of Skeffington by royal warrant, tracing his membership of that ancient Leicestershire family through his grandmother, Elizabeth Skeffington.

title: Skeffington

text: The village's church is dedicated to St Thomas Becket and is a Grade II* listed building. It dates from the 13th century, but underwent a rebuild in 1860. There is jumbled medieval stained glass in the east chapel window, where damaged figures from a monument to Thomas Skeffington, sheriff of the county in Elizabethan times. There is also a 1651 monument to Sir John Skeffington, and several floor slabs commemorating other members of the family.

title: Smyth baronets

text: The Smyth Baronetcy, of Tinny Park in the County of Wicklow, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 5 August 1776 for Skeffington Smyth, son of James Smyth of Tinny Park and grandson of Dr Edward Smyth, Bishop of Down and Connor and Mary Skeffington. He was appointed to the Privy Council of Ireland in 1785. The title became extinct on his death in 1797.


query: How do thermostats work?

title: Thermostat

text: A thermostat exerts control by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or by regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. A thermostat can often be the main control unit for a heating or cooling system, in applications ranging from ambient air control, to such as automotive coolant control. Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature, examples include building heating, central heating, air conditioners, as well as kitchen equipment including ovens and refrigerators and medical and scientific incubators.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Since the release of smart thermostats, a number of third party studies have been conducted to determine if smart thermostats actually save energy and how they compare to manual and programmable thermostats with regards to savings. One study conducted an experiment in which 300 standard programmable thermostats were placed in homes and 300 Nest smart thermostats were placed in other homes. It is important to note that the homeowners involved in this study received proper training on how to properly use all of the thermostat functions. This effectively eliminated the issues regarding human error with programmable thermostats. All homes were located within one region of Indiana and had previously underwent home energy assessment. After 1 year of observation, the study concluded that Nest users reduced their heating gas consumption by 12.5% while users of a standard programmable thermostat reduced consumption by 5%. Additionally, it was concluded that Nest and standard programmable thermostat users reduced their cooling electric consumption by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. The major factors that allowed Nest to reduce consumption more than other thermostats was its ability to further reduce human error and set more efficient temperatures. The Nest thermostat used sensors and Wi-Fi connectivity to adjust the temperature on its own and provide more savings. This study helps to suggest that smart thermostats are in fact successful in reducing energy consumption. [21]

title: Smart thermostat

text: One of the main objectives of smart thermostats is to reduce the issues involved with using traditional programmable thermostats. In order to understand how smart thermostats take on this task, it is important to understand the issues regarding programmable thermostats and how they affect energy consumption. Between 2008-2009, Florida Power & Light (FPL) provided 400 home owners with programmable thermostats and monitored their heating and cooling patterns. Out of the 400 participants, 56% of users used the programming feature while the remaining participants did not program the thermostat and left it on “hold”. It was determined that the users who used the programming feature actually consumed 12% more energy than the non-programmers. This consumption increase resulted from higher overnight duty cycles associated with lower thermostat setpoints (i.e. lower temperature setting), due to confusion with setting the schedule. This study reveals that programmable thermostats will not necessarily save energy. The smart thermostat attempts to combat this issue by taking the user out of the picture and relying on sensors and computers to save energy.[7]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Manual thermostats (also known as analog thermostats) are the oldest and simplest type of thermostats. These thermostats are set to one temperature and do not change until the user manually adjusts the temperature.[5]

title: Ecobee

text: The ecobee4 is ecobee's flagship product which was originally launched May 3, 2017. It is a touchscreen thermostat that works with up to 32 remote temperature/motion sensors to adjust the thermostat based on where you are. It also has IFTTT integration. An updated version of the ecobee3 was released in 2015 that works with Apple HomeKit. The ecobee3 lite was released on October 17, 2016. The ecobee3 lite is a less expensive thermostat that resembles the ecobee3, but does not include any remote temperature sensors. Support for remote temperature sensors was added to the ecobee3 lite in March 2017.

title: Smart thermostat

text: A similar study conducted in 2012 with the ecobee thermostat also concluded that smart thermostats are capable of saving energy. The goal of this pilot program was to determine the gas and electric savings of smart thermostats. This study provided 86 households with 123 ecobee thermostats and monitored the homes for 12 months. The study included 69 houses from Massachusetts and 17 from Rhode Island. The participants either had manual or programmable thermostats before the study was conducted. Gas and electric billing data were provided for 12 months before the study was conducted to use as a baseline. After the 12 months of observation, the study concluded that ecobee thermostats led to an average electricity savings of 16% and an average gas savings of 10%. The gas savings for manual thermostat replacements (10% per thermostat) was found to be larger than for programmable thermostat replacements (8% per thermostat). The difference in electricity savings between homes whose prior equipment was a manual thermostat or programmable thermostat was found to be minimal. [1]

title: Nest Learning Thermostat

text: The Nest Learning Thermostat (or Nest Thermostat) is a smart thermostat developed by Nest Labs and designed by Tony Fadell, Ben Filson, and Fred Bould.[1] It is an electronic, programmable, and self-learning Wi-Fi-enabled thermostat that optimizes heating and cooling of homes and businesses to conserve energy.[2]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Another study conducted on the issue determined that the biggest problem for programmable thermostats was the human using it. The technology inside a programmable thermostat is no doubt one of the most important factors in determining whether or not the thermostat will be successful in saving energy. But an equally important factor is the human who is using the thermostat. Unfortunately, many people who own programmable thermostats do not know how to use the thermostat or are not using all of the features that are offered. One study conducted a number of interviews, surveys, and observations to determine that the vast majority of programmable thermostat owners are not using the thermostats for their intended purpose. An online survey showed that 89% of respondents do not use the schedule feature on their programmable thermostat. Other results from the interviews and surveys show that a large number of people have misconceptions about heating/cooling and the use of programmable thermostats. One misconceptions is people believing that heating all of the time is more efficient than scheduling the heat to turn off. Another misconception noted in the study is that turning down the thermostat does not substantially reduce energy consumption. These misconceptions reaffirm the idea that the programmable thermostat itself could have all of the necessary tools, but if the user does not use them or uses them incorrectly, then these thermostats will fail at saving energy.[6]

title: Antonio Escohotado

text: "Chaos and Order" criticises from a number of different perspectives this “professional infallibility”, arguing that we rather start to discern reality, after centuries aiming to adapt it to some theological or atheist faith’s ideal, thanks precisely to the understanding of the self-organisation phenomena. The work compares open and closed order modalities, some re-fed by the environment, such as the thermostat, and others isolated from it such as the clock, while ironising about the confusion between these two, as if the quarter and the convent’s order could be considered to be a synonym with what is real. Dogmatic thinking tries to do so by reducing, abstracting or forgetting as necessary in each case. But, according to Escohotado, doing so implies choosing the vicious circle to the detriment of the virtuous one - as Wiener’s says in his "Cybernetics"-, “ignoring the environment’s signals, as the clock which is sensitive only to its mainspring, in contrast with a thermostat which is permanently re-fed.”

title: Smart thermostat

text: Another major feature of smart thermostats is their ability to connect to the internet. Smart thermostats are designed with a WiFi module that allows the thermostat to connect to the users home or office network and interface with a web portal or smartphone application, allowing users to control the unit remotely.[14] The WiFi feature also has the ability to send reports on energy usage and HVAC system performance via the web portal, informing the user on their energy efficiency and how it compares to other smart thermostat users. It also alerts users when a problem arises with their HVAC system or when it is time for equipment maintenance. The thermostat also uses the WiFi connection to display current weather conditions and the weather forecast. [1]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Development of the smart thermostat began in 2007 with the creation of the ecobee thermostat. The founder of ecobee, Stuart Lombard, wanted to save energy and reduce his family's carbon footprint. After realizing that heating and cooling made up most of his home's energy usage[8], Lombard purchased a programmable thermostat in an attempt to reduce total energy usage. Lombard quickly discovered that the programmable thermostat was difficult to use and unreliable. Following difficulties with the programmable thermostat, he set out to create a smart thermostat that saved energy and was easy to use. With that goal, the ecobee company was created in attempt to offer users a thermostat that could truly save energy by fixing the issues with programmable thermostats.[9]

title: Smart thermostat

text: In an attempt to mitigate the issues with human error involved with programmable thermostats, the smart thermostat utilizes a sensor that can determine occupancy patterns to automatically change the temperature based on occupant patterns and behaviors. The Nest Learning Thermostat in particular uses passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors inside the unit to sense occupancy in the vicinity of the thermostat. This sensor informs the thermostat whether or not the home is occupied. In the case that the home is not occupied, the thermostat can suspend heating/cooling until the sensor is reactivated by an occupant. This sensor is also used to determine the occupancy patterns to create the auto schedule. A grille member is placed in front of the sensor to visually conceal and protect the PIR motion sensor inside the thermostat. The grille also helps to make the thermostat visually pleasing.[2] While this sensor technology is important for conserving energy, it is not without flaws. One of the major issues is that the sensor must be activated by someone walking in front of or near the thermostat. It is possible that an occupant could be at home and not pass in front of the sensor. In this case, the thermostat would shut off the heating/cooling and decrease human comfort.[13]

title: Molecular dynamics

text: It is not trivial to obtain a canonical ensemble distribution of conformations and velocities using these algorithms. How this depends on system size, thermostat choice, thermostat parameters, time step and integrator is the subject of many articles in the field.

title: Sentroller

text: Many of the new things connected to the Internet will be Sentrollers. Sentrollers are either actuators, sensors, controllers, or combinations of these three things. One simple example is a home thermostat. A thermostat is a sentroller as it senses the temperature in the home, checks whether the home or room in which the thermostat is monitoring temperature is at the desired temperature, and if not, turns on the heater or the air conditioner. Therefore, a thermostat is a sensor and a controller – a sentroller. No human interaction with the thermostat or the cloud will be necessary for the thermostat to keep the heat in the home at the right level.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Smart thermostats could be a solution to reducing energy consumption, as numerous studies have shown that these thermostats do in fact reduce home energy consumption.[1][19][20][21] Additionally, the technology within smart thermostats has proven to provide optimal occupant comfort, while still reducing energy consumption.[20] In addition to providing comfort, these technologies take the human out of the picture. Many sustainable devices rely heavily on how the user uses them. By relying on technology instead of human actions, smart thermostats reduce the amount of human error often experienced with other sustainable devices, such as the programmable thermostat. These factors suggest that installing a smart thermostat is one easy step than many people can take to reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately leading to a more sustainable future.

title: Programmable thermostat

text: More expensive models have a built-in PID controller, so that the thermostat learns how the system will react to its commands. Programming the morning temperature to be 21° C at 7:00 AM, for instance, makes sure that at that time the temperature will be 21 °C. A standard programmable thermostat would simply start working toward 21° at 7:00 AM. The PID controller decides at what time the system should be activated in order to reach the desired temperature at the desired time. It knows this by remembering the past behavior of the room, and the current temperature of the room. This is called optimal start.

title: Radiator (engine cooling)

text: On vintage cars you may find a bellows type thermostat, which has a corrugated bellows containing a volatile liquid such as alcohol or acetone. These types of thermostats do not work well at cooling system pressures above about 7 psi. Modern motor vehicles typically run at around 15 psi, which precludes the use of the bellows type thermostat. On direct air-cooled engines this is not a concern for the bellows thermostat that controls a flap valve in the air passages.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Smart thermostats are similar to programmable thermostats in the sense that they have a scheduling feature that allows users to set different temperatures for different times of the day. In addition to this feature, smart thermostats implement other technologies to reduce the amount of human error involved with using programmable thermostats. Smart thermostats incorporate the use of sensors that determine whether or not the home is occupied and can suspend heating or cooling until the occupant returns. Additionally, smart thermostats utilize Wi-Fi connectivity to give the user access to the thermostat at all times. These additional technologies have proven to make smart thermostats successful in saving users energy and money.[5]

title: Smart thermostat

text: One of the issues with programmable thermostats that smart thermostats try to fix is the confusing user interface. Many owners of programmable thermostats found the controls and directions to be too confusing and opted out of using the scheduling feature completely. Others who used the feature used it incorrectly, due to the confusing directions, and saw an increase in energy usage.[6] Developers of smart thermostats have attempted to fix this issue by creating simple to use thermostats and providing proper direction. While this is an improvement on programmable thermostats, studies have shown that users desire more intense training from the installer of the thermostat on how to use the technical features. Additionally, many smart thermostats use a web portal where users can adjust the thermostat settings and look at their energy usage history. Again, studies have shown that users want this feature to be improved. Some complain that the web portal is not user friendly and they desire more training on how to use the web features during installation. [1]

title: Thermostat

text: HVAC systems with the ability to modulate their output can be combined with thermostats that have a built-in PID controller to achieve smoother operation. There are also modern thermostats featuring adaptive algorithms to further improve the inertia prone system behaviour. For instance, setting those up so that the temperature in the morning at 7a.m. should be 21°C (69.8°F), makes sure that at that time the temperature will be 21°C (69.8°F), where a conventional thermostat would just start working at that time. The algorithms decide at what time the system should be activated in order to reach the desired temperature at the desired time.[14] Other thermostat used for process/industrial control where ON/OFF control is not suitable the PID control can also makes sure that the temperature is very stable (for instance, by reducing overshoots by fine tuning PID constants for set value(SV)[15] or maintaining temperature in a band by deploying hysteresis control.[16])

title: Thermostat

text: On many automobile engines, including all Chrysler Group and General Motors products, the thermostat does not restrict flow to the heater core. The passenger side tank of the radiator is used as a bypass to the thermostat, flowing through the heater core. This prevents formation of steam pockets before the thermostat opens, and allows the heater to function before the thermostat opens. Another benefit is that there is still some flow through the radiator if the thermostat fails.

title: Smart thermostat

text: One issue with using a smart thermostat is the unreliability of the motion sensor. One of the main features of the smart thermostat is the ability to change the temperature when the sensor in the thermostat does not sense an occupant. The only sensor that is used though is the sensor in the thermostat. This means that if the home is occupied but no one walks passed the thermostat, the thermostat will think that the home is unoccupied and will change the temperature, potentially leading to occupant discomfort.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Programmable thermostats, first introduced in the 1970s, are a type of thermostat that allows the user to set a schedule for different temperatures at different times. Most programmable thermostats also have a hold feature which suspends the schedule and effectively turns the thermostat into a manual thermostat.[5] The idea of the scheduling feature is that users will set a warmer or cooler temperature when the home is unoccupied to save energy and money. Due to this assumed energy savings, some building codes and government programs began requiring the use of programmable thermostats.[6] Unfortunately, due to human error in using these devices, many programmable thermostats result in more energy use than the basic manual thermostat. [7]

title: Smart thermostat

text: To show that their thermostats save energy and money, numerous smart thermostat producers have conducted models and studies to confirm their savings claims. One popular way that smart thermostat producers calculate energy usage is through energy modeling. In these models, the smart thermostat is compared to a thermostat set at a constant temperature, and savings are calculated. Using this method, ecobee calculated energy savings by correlating how long heating and cooling equipment run to local weather conditions. Energy savings were calculated relative to a constant temperature of 72°F. Upon conducting this model, ecobee determined a 23% savings on heating and cooling costs for those who switch to their smart thermostat.[19] Using a similar modeling method, Nest claimed a 20% energy savings for home owners who install a Nest Learning Thermostat. [20]

title: Programmable thermostat

text: A programmable thermostat is a thermostat which is designed to adjust the temperature according to a series of programmed settings that take effect at different times of the day. Programmable thermostats may also be called setback thermostats or clock thermostats.

title: Smart thermostat

text: To determine energy savings using actual data instead of energy models, in February 2015, Nest conducted a national study of Nest customers in 41 states who had enrolled in Nest's MyEnergy service. In May 2013, Nest acquired MyEnergy, a company that tracks and analyzes utility usage of people enrolled in the program. Upon acquiring MyEnergy, Nest was able to use the historical data to determine the energy savings of those who installed the Nest Learning Thermostat. This study looked at energy usage before and after the installation of a Nest Learning Thermostat and used a weather normalization procedure to prevent unusually cold or warm weather from skewing the data. The study had a sample size of 735 homes for gas usage analysis and 624 homes for electrical analysis. All of these homes were enrolled in the MyEnergy program and had sufficient energy data before and after the installation of a Nest Learning Thermostat. After observing the energy usage for one year, Nest determined that there was an average gas savings of 10% and a cooling savings of 17.5%. The savings varied from house to house depending on how occupants set their thermostat before the installation of a Nest thermostat, along with differences in occupancy patterns, house characteristics, and weather. [20]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Following the ecobee, EnergyHub released it's version of a smart thermostat in 2009 with the creation of the EnergyHub Dashboard. The co-founder of EnergyHub, Seth Frader-Thompson, got the idea for the Dashboard from his Prius. The Prius had screens on the dashboard that displayed the car's gas mileage in real time. Thompson felt that a house should have something that does the same. With that goal in mind, Thompson created a thermostat that could communicate with a home's furnace and appliances to determine the energy usage and efficiency and how much it was costing. The thermostat also had the capability to turn off appliances or raise and lower the temperature to save energy and cost. Ultimately, the goal of this thermostat was to display energy usage to users and to save energy and money. [10]

title: John Adams (geographer)

text: Adams is known for a theory of risk compensation, that states that a 'risk thermostat' guides much human behavior. Humans experiencing a 'safe' lifestyle seek out risky activities; but when doing them, overcompensate before returning to safety. This behaviour operates like a thermostat, regulating human behavior. He argues that because of the thermostat effect, banning risky activity will not work completely, and risk -seeking accompanies many aspects of everyday life. He spoke on this at the "Shared Space" conference held in Ipswich in June, 2005, where in his talk titled "Risk Compensation versus the obedient automaton theory of human behaviour" he discussed how understanding risk compensation was essential to the understanding of why shared space principles work for the design of public spaces such as road layouts in towns.

title: Thermostatic mixing valve

text: These are single Outlet Thermostatic Mixing Valves, often called "thermostatic faucets", "thermostat taps" or "thermostat valves".

title: Placebo button

text: Placebo thermostats work on two psychological principles, which are classical conditioning and the placebo effect. First, placebo thermostats work in accordance with classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov and is a type of learning which pairs a stimulus with a physiological response. Applied to placebo thermostats, this is when the employee adjusts the thermostat and hears the noise of hissing or a fan running and consequently physically feels more content. This is due to the countless trials involving the thermostat in their own home, which actually works. The employee has paired the sound of hissing or a fan running to being more physically content due to the actual temperature change and therefore when they experience the noise at work they feel the same way even though there is no change in temperature. As long as individuals get the result they are looking for (noise associated with temperature change) they will continue with the practice (changing the placebo thermostat). Additionally, placebo thermostats work due to the placebo effect. The placebo effect works on the basis that individuals will experience what they believe they will experience. This is attributed to Expectancy theory, which states that the placebo effect is mediated by overt expectancies. The most common example is in medical testing: inactive sugar pills are given to patients who are told they are actually medicine. Some patients will experience relief from symptoms regardless. According to expectancy theory, if people believe they are going to experience a temperature change after changing a placebo thermostat they may psychologically experience one without an actual change happening. Both psychological concepts of classical conditioning and the placebo effect may play a role in the effectiveness of placebo thermostats.

title: Intentional stance

text: Even when there is no immediate error, a higher-level stance can simply fail to be useful. If we were to try to understand the thermostat at the level of the intentional stance, ascribing to it beliefs about how hot it is and a desire to keep the temperature just right, we would gain no traction over the problem as compared to staying at the design stance, but we would generate theoretical commitments that expose us to absurdities, such as the possibility of the thermostat not being in the mood to work today because the weather is so nice. Whether to take a particular stance, then, is determined by how successful that stance is when applied.


query: What was the first book written by Sara Shepard?

title: Sara Shepard

text: Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars (2006) (ISBN978-0-06-088730-8) Flawless (2007) (ISBN978-0-06-088733-9) Perfect (2007) (ISBN978-0-06-088736-0) Unbelievable (2008) (ISBN978-0-06-088739-1) Wicked (2008) (ISBN978-0-06-156607-3) Killer (2009) (ISBN978-0-06-156611-0) Heartless (2010) (ISBN978-0-06-156614-1) Wanted (2010) (ISBN978-0-06-156617-2) Twisted (2011) (ISBN978-0-06-208101-8) Ruthless (2011) (ISBN978-0-06-208186-5) Stunning (2012) (ISBN978-0-06-208189-6) Burned (2012) (ISBN978-0-06-208192-6) Crushed (2013) (ISBN978-0-06-219971-3) Deadly (2013) (ISBN978-0-06-219974-4) Toxic (2014) (ISBN978-0-06-228701-4) Vicious (2014) (ISBN978-0-06-228704-5) Companion novels Alison's Pretty Little Diary (2010) (ISBN978-0-06-223336-3) Pretty Little Secrets (2012) (ISBN978-0-06-212591-0) Ali's Pretty Little Lies (2013) (ISBN978-0-06-223336-3) Pretty Little Love (2017) Pretty Little Lost (2017) The Lying Game The Lying Game (2010) (ISBN978-0061869716) Never Have I Ever (2011) Two Truths and a Lie (2012) Hide and Seek (2012) Cross My Heart, Hope to Die (2013) Seven Minutes in Heaven (2013) Companion novels The First Lie (2012) True Lies (2013) The Heiresses The Heiresses (2014) (ISBN978-0-06-225953-0) The Perfectionists The Perfectionists (2014) (ISBN978-0-06-207450-8) The Good Girls (2015) (ISBN978-0-06-207453-9) The Amateurs The Amateurs (2016) (ISBN978-1-48-474227-3) Follow Me (2017) (ISBN978-1-48-474228-0) Last Seen (2018) (ISBN978-1484742273) Adult fiction The Visibles (May 5, 2009) (ISBN978-1416597407) Everything We Ever Wanted (October 10, 2011) (ISBN978-0062080066) The Elizas (April 17, 2018) (ISBN978-1501162770)

title: E. H. Shepard

text: Shepard was recommended to A. A. Milne in 1923 by another "Punch" staffer, E. V. Lucas. Milne initially thought Shepard's style was not what he wanted, but used him to illustrate the book of poems "When We Were Very Young". Happy with the results, Milne then insisted Shepard illustrate "Winnie-the-Pooh". Realising his illustrator's contribution to the book's success, the writer arranged for Shepard to receive a share of his royalties. Milne also inscribed a copy of "Winnie-the-Pooh" with the following personal verse:

title: For Whom the Bell Tolls (Pretty Little Liars)

text: "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is the season finale of the first season of the American mystery-drama series "Pretty Little Liars", based on the novels written by Sara Shepard, and the twenty-second episode of the series overall. It originally aired on ABC Family in the United States on March 21, 2011. The episode was directed by Lesli Linka Glatter and written by I. Marlene King.

title: Elliott Fitch Shepard

text: Shepard's estate included the $100,000 Tarsus American College endowment, $850,000 in real estate and $500,000 in personal property for a total of $1.35 million ($ in ). His will distributed money and property to his wife and children, his brother Augustus, and religious organizations. Shepard funded a number of scholarships and prizes, including one at the City University of New York and New York University's annual Elliott F. Shepard Scholarship, and in 1888 he donated a large collection of books originally from lawyer Aaron J. Vanderpoel's library to the New York University School of Law. A year later, Shepard created an endowment for periodicals, necessitating the creation of the university's first reading room. In 1897, Shepard's wife donated his 1,390-volume collection of law books to the library.

title: Dindga McCannon

text: McCannon has also illustrated books for others: "Omar at X-mas by Edgar White", Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, and "Speak to the Winds, African Proverbs", written by K. O. Opuku, published by Lothrop, Lee & Shepard in 1972.

title: Tegan and Sara

text: On October 27, 2009, Tegan and Sara released their sixth album "Sainthood", produced by Chris Walla and Howard Redekopp. The duo also put out a three-volume book set titled "ON, IN, AT", which is a collection of stories, essays, journals, and photos of the band on tour in America in the fall of 2008, writing together in New Orleans, and touring Australia. The photographs in the book are taken by Lindsey Byrnes and Ryan Russell. The album "Sainthood" debuted on the Billboard top 200 albums at number 21 selling 24,000 copies in its first week. While recording "Sainthood", Tegan and Sara spent a week writing songs together in New Orleans. The song "Paperback Head" was the only song written by the pair to appear on the album, making it the first song on any Tegan and Sara album that they wrote together. "Spin" magazine gave "Sainthood" four out of five stars and wrote, "Tegan and Sara's music may no longer be the stuff of teens, but its strength remains in how much it feels like two people talking."

title: Sara Shepard

text: Shepard's book series Pretty Little Liars and The Lying Game have both been turned into television series by ABC Family (now under the name of Freeform). The Pretty Little Liars series of novels is "loosely based on her experiences growing up in Chester County.[3] The adaptation television series Pretty Little Liars lasted for 7 seasons. It also had a short-lived spin-off starring cast member Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers, entitled Ravenswood.[4] Actresses Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Shay Mitchell, and Lucy Hale star as the main characters Spencer Hastings, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields and Aria Montgomery. Shepard had a cameo on two episodes of the show: "The Homecoming Hangover" and "I'm a Good Girl, I Am".[5]

title: Sara Kingdom

text:
Sara's first use in tie-in material was in "The Dalek Outer Space Book" (cover dated 1966), the last of three Dalek annuals containing short stories and comic strips licensed by the BBC between 1963 and 1965. Here she is sent on the first SSS mission, tricking the Daleks into attempting to invade Barzilla by claiming there is a large seam of pure gold. When the Daleks attack, they are defeated by a surprise force.
John Peel's two-book novelisation of "Master Plan" indicates that some six months elapsed between the seventh and eighth episodes of the serial, during which Sara, Steven and the Doctor travel together and have other adventures; Peel stated that this was in order to allow future writers to develop stories involving Sara. Sara subsequently appears in a short story entitled "The Little Drummer Boy" by Eddie Robson from the Big Finish book "". She is then heard in a trilogy of audio dramas in the Companion Chronicles range of Big Finish Productions. Written by Simon Guerrier, they feature Jean Marsh reprising her role as Kingdom.

title: Liliʻuokalani

text: On October 13, 1896, the Republic of Hawaii gave her a full pardon and restored her civil rights. "Upon receiving my full release, I felt greatly inclined to go abroad," Liliʻuokalani wrote in her memoir. From December 1896 through January 1897, she stayed in Brookline, Massachusetts, with her husband's cousins William Lee and Sara White Lee, of the Lee & Shepard publishing house. During this period her long-time friend Julius A. Palmer Jr. became her secretary and stenographer, helping to write every letter, note, or publication. He was her literary support in the 1897 publication of the Kumulipo translation, and helped her in compiling a book of her songs. He assisted her as she wrote her memoir "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen". Sara Lee edited the book published in 1898 by Lee & Shepard.

title: Free Fall (Pretty Little Liars)

text: "Free Fall" is the twentieth episode of the fourth season of "Pretty Little Liars", an American mystery drama television series based on the novel series written by Sara Shepard, and is the ninety-first episode of the series. The episode, directed by Melanie Mayron and written by Maya Goldsmith, originally aired on February 18, 2014 on ABC Family.

title: The Lying Game (book series)

text:
The Lying Game is a series of books by Sara Shepard published by HarperTeen. The first book in the series, "The Lying Game", was released in hardcover on December 7, 2010.
While the book and the television series based on the books share most of the same characters, there are differences in regards to the characters between the two (with the biggest difference being that Sutton is deceased in the books, but alive in the television series):

title: Sally Sara

text: Sara wrote a chapter in the book "South Africa Lesotho & Swaziland" by Mary Fitzpatrick. Sara has also written a chapter in the book ""Travellers' Tales Stories from ABC TV's Foreign Correspondents"" () which was published in 2004 which includes insights from the ABC's Foreign Correspondents.

title: Matthew Shepard

text: Stephen Jimenez, the producer of the 2004 20/20 segment, went on to write a book, The Book of Matt: Hidden Truths About the Murder of Matthew Shepard, which was published in September 2013. The book said that Shepard and McKinney—the killer who inflicted the injuries—had been occasional sex partners and that Shepard was a methamphetamine dealer.[39][40][41] Jimenez wrote that Fritzen told an interviewer "Matthew Shepard's sexual preference or sexual orientation certainly wasn't the motive in the homicide...".[42]

title: Mark David Gerson

text: Gerson's other books include "Acts of Surrender: A Writer's Memoir", released in 2012, "Writer's Block Unblocked: Seven Surefire Ways to Free Up Your Writing and Creative Flow," released in 2013 and "From Memory to Memoir: Writing the Stories of Your Life", "Organic Screenwriting: Writing for Film, Naturally" and "Birthing Your Book...Even If You Don't Know What It's About", all published in 2014. His latest series of books is "The Sara Sara Stories", comprising "Sara's Year", "After Sara's Year" and "The Emmeline Papers", set in London, Nova Scotia and his native Montreal.

title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: The first season of Pretty Little Liars, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on June 8, 2010 and concluded on March 21, 2011 on ABC Family.

title: Pretty Little Liars (novel)

text: Pretty Little Liars is the first book in the "Pretty Little Liars" series by Sara Shepard. It tells the story of four girls - Hanna, Aria, Emily and Spencer - after the disappearance of their clique leader, Alison. The book was written for the book packaging company Alloy Entertainment, the idea originally developed as a TV series.

title: Ashdown Forest

text: Ashdown Forest is famous as the setting for the "Winnie-the-Pooh" stories, written by A. A. Milne. The first book, "Winnie-the-Pooh", was published in 1926 with illustrations by E. H. Shepard. The second book, "The House at Pooh Corner", also illustrated by Shepard, was published in 1928. These hugely popular stories were set in and inspired by Ashdown Forest.

title: Mona Vanderwaal

text: Mona Vanderwaal is a fictional character and main antagonist in the "Pretty Little Liars" book series by Sara Shepard and its Freeform television series adaptation. In the TV series, she is portrayed by Janel Parrish.

title: Mary Shepard

text: Mary Eleanor Jessie Knox née Shepard (25 December 1909 – 4 September 2000) was an English illustrator of children's books. She is best known for the "Mary Poppins" stories written by P. L. Travers (1934 to 1988): "Mary Shepard: Putting Mary Poppins in the picture", "The Times" of London titled an obituary article. She used her married name Mary Knox outside the publishing industry.

title: Frank Shepard

text: In the same year, he also designed and published the first of his many citation books, "Illinois Citations." (Traditionally, the date is given as 1873, but there is evidence that he did not begin until 1875.) Shepard was surely aware of George R. Wendling's citation index, since it was published by the very firm for whom he had worked as a salesman, E.B. Myers & Co. Shepard envisioned and announced in his first publication that he would issue citation books for all the states.

title: Alan Shepard

text: On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission and became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space.[67] He named his spacecraft, Mercury Spacecraft 7, Freedom 7.[62] It was launched atop a Redstone rocket. According to Gene Kranz in his book Failure Is Not an Option, "When reporters asked Shepard what he thought about as he sat atop the Redstone rocket, waiting for liftoff, he had replied, 'The fact that every part of this ship was built by the lowest bidder.'".[68]

title: Unleashed (Sara Humphreys book)

text: Unleashed is a paranormal/suspense novel written by American author Sara Humphreys. Published in 2011, it is the first book in her The Amoveo Legend Series, which to date has 7 titles.

title: Sara Shepard

text: Shepard currently resides in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[3]

title: Sara Shepard

text: Shepard's father, Bob, was American, and her mother, Mindy, was born in Toronto.[1] Shepard grew up with a sister named Alison. She graduated from Downingtown High School in Downingtown, Pennsylvania in 1995. She attended New York University, where she graduated with a B.S. degree in 1999 and an MFA in Creative Writing from Brooklyn College in 2004.[2] From 2000 to 2005, Shepard worked at Time, Inc. Custom Publishing and produced lifestyle magazines for corporate clients. She started ghostwriting as a freelancer in 2002 and writing her own books in 2005.[2]

title: Sara Shagufta

text: Indian author Amrita Pritam, also a close friend of Sara, wrote two books based on the life and worksd of Sara; "Ek Thi Sara" (1990) and "Life and Poetry of Sara Shagufta" (1994). "Main Sara" (Lit. I am Sara), a play written by Shahid Anwar, is based on the life of Sara. "Sara Ka Sara Aasman", another play written by Danish Iqbal and directed by Tarique Hameed, is also based on the life of Sara. Based on Amrita Pritam's books on Sara, The play was presented by Wings Cultural Society at All India Radio's Urdu Theatre Festival in 2015.

title: Sara Shepard

text: Sara Shepard (born April 8, 1977) is an American author. She is known for the bestselling Pretty Little Liars and The Lying Game book series, both of which have been turned into television shows on Freeform.

title: Sam Shepard

text: In 2010, "A Lie of the Mind" was revived in New York at the same time as Shepard's new play "Ages of the Moon" opened there. Reflecting on the two plays, Shepard said that the older play felt "awkward", adding, "All of the characters are in a fractured place, broken into pieces, and the pieces don't really fit together," while the newer play "is like a Porsche. It's sleek, it does exactly what you want it to do, and it can speed up but also shows off great brakes." The revival and the new play also coincided with the publication of Shepard's collection "Day out of Days: Stories". The book includes "short stories, poems and narrative sketches... that developed from dozens of leather-bound notebooks [Shepard] carried with him over the years."

title: Jim Shepard

text: Several features characterize Shepard's writings, including a tendency to finish his stories with what Charles Baxter called an ""in medias res" ending", or an ending in the middle of the plot's events; a thematic focus on what Shepard calls the "costs of certain kinds of ethical passivity"; and a preference for events-driven plots that fight against what Shepard terms "the tyranny of the epiphany", referencing the more psychological, less active plots popularized by short story writers such as James Joyce. Additionally, Shepard writes from the point of view of characters of a wide variety of nationalities.

title: A (Pretty Little Liars)

text: "A" is a fictional character created in 2006 by author Sara Shepard. It is a character of both "Pretty Little Liars"' books and television series, and primarily appears as a stalker and the main antagonist of the stories. "A" is one of the main characters of the stories, appearing anonymously in the majority of the episodes and books.

title: Lady Grace Mysteries

text: The first three books, "Assassin", "Betrayal", "Conspiracy", and the later "Feud", were written by Patricia Finney, and the other books are co-written by Sara Volger and Jan Burchett. All authors write under the pseudonym "Grace Cavendish".

title: Brighton Belle (novel)

text: Brighton Belle is a novel written by Scottish writer Sara Sheridan. The book was first published by Polygon Books in 2012 and is the first in the series of the Mirabelle Bevan mysteries.


query: What is the largest pet goldfish ever recorded?

title: Goldfish

text: As of April 2008, the largest goldfish in the world was believed by the BBC to measure 19 inches (48cm), and be living in the Netherlands.[12] At the time, a goldfish named "Goldie", kept as a pet in a tank in Folkestone, England, was measured as 15 inches (38cm) and over 2 pounds (0.91kg), and named as the second largest in the world behind the Netherlands fish.[12] The secretary of the Federation of British Aquatic Societies (FBAS) stated of Goldie's size that "I would think there are probably a few bigger goldfish that people don't think of as record holders, perhaps in ornamental lakes".[12] In July 2010, a goldfish measuring 16 inches (41cm) and 5 pounds (2.3kg) was caught in a pond in Poole, England, thought to have been abandoned there after outgrowing a tank.[13]

title: English Mastiff

text:
The greatest weight ever recorded for a dog, , was that of an English Mastiff
from England named Aicama Zorba of La Susa, although claims of larger dogs, including Saint Bernards, Tibetan Mastiffs, and Caucasian ovcharkas exist. According to the 1989 edition of the Guinness Book of Records, in March 1989, when he was 7 years old, Zorba stood at the shoulder and was 8 ft 3 in (251 cm) from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail, about the size of a small donkey. After 2000, the Guinness Book of World Records stopped accepting largest or heaviest pet records.

title: The Geoff Show

text:
"Did you ever catch your parents having or talking about sex"?
"What weird way do you communicate with your pet(s)"?
"Does your pet lead a double life"? "Shyness is nice..."

title: Pet Sounds

text: By the 1990s, three British critics' polls featured "Pet Sounds" at or near the top of their lists. Those who have deemed it "the greatest album of all time" include "NME", "The Times", and "Uncut". In 1998, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences inducted the album into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2004, "Pet Sounds" was preserved in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." As of 2006, more than 100 domestic and international publications and journalists have lauded "Pet Sounds" as one of the greatest albums ever recorded. It has been viewed by some writers as the best pop rock album of all time, including Tim Sommer who deemed it "the greatest album of all time, probably by about 20 or 30 lengths". As of 2015, Acclaimed Music, which statistically aggregates hundreds of published lists, ranked "Pet Sounds" as the most acclaimed album of all time. The position was previously held by "Revolver" and was overtaken by "Pet Sounds" in 2004.

title: Pet Sounds

text: In Chris Smith's book "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music" (2009), "Pet Sounds" is evaluated as "one of the most innovative recordings in rock"; that it "elevated Brian Wilson from talented bandleader to studio genius". Dominique Leone wrote a 9.4 (out of 10) review of its "40th Anniversary" edition for "Pitchfork" stating: "Certainly, regardless of what I write here, the impact and 'influence' of the record will have been in turn hardly influenced at all. I can't even get my dad to talk about "Pet Sounds" anymore. ... The hymnal aspect of many of these songs seems no less pronounced, and the general air of deeply heartfelt love, graciousness and the uncertainty that any of it will be returned are still affecting to the point of distraction." Music journalist Robert Christgau felt that "Pet Sounds" was a good record, but believed it had become looked upon as a totem. Composer Atticus Ross explained that the album has "an element of cliché that's grown around it". He references a sketch from the television show "Portlandia" in which "your classic hipster musicians ... are building a studio and everything is like 'this is the mike they used in "Pet Sounds".' This is exactly the same as "Pet Sounds".'" Commentator C.W. Maloney mused: "The songs on "Pet Sounds" are great, but you have to wonder, given all the hype and mythology and our love of shallow nostalgia, what we mean when we call it a classic or Wilson a genius. Consider what [Frank] Zappa was doing in 1966, to say nothing of Miles [Davis]. Wilson's high reputation is evidence of our obsession with childlike innocence and the victory of boring poptimism."

title: Comet (goldfish)

text:
The comet or comet-tailed goldfish is a single-tailed goldfish bred in the United States. It is similar to the common goldfish, except slightly smaller and slimmer, and is mainly distinguished by its long deeply forked tail.
Comet goldfish tend to have a diverse variety of colors, unlike the common house pet goldfish.

title: Lemony Snicket bibliography

text: "Goldfish Ghost", illustrated by Lisa Brown, the wife of Daniel Handler, was released in May 2017. The picture book details what happens after a pet goldfish dies.

title: Pocket pet

text: Other small animals, like reptiles, birds, fish, and amphibians, e.g. lizards, snakes, turtles, goldfish, canaries, and frogs, may not be considered "pocket pets".

title: Goldfish

text: Like all fish, goldfish do not like to be petted. In fact, touching a goldfish can endanger its health, because it can cause the protective slime coat to be damaged or removed, exposing the fish’s skin to infection from bacteria or water-born parasites. However, goldfish respond to people by surfacing at feeding time, and can be trained or acclimated to taking pellets or flakes from human fingers. The reputation of goldfish dying quickly is often due to poor care.[33] The lifespan of goldfish in captivity can extend beyond 10 years.[34]

title: Wardley (company)

text:
Wardley is one of 17 pet food manufacturers that established the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association, and is regarded as one of the most outstanding and successful serving the industry. It was also instrumental in the formation of the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council (PIJAC). Fifty years since its founding, Wardley offers a broad range of more than 200 formulations addressing the special needs of both amateur and professional aquatic hobbyists.
Wardley provides a full range of nutritional foods (flakes, pellets, crumbles or sticks) for goldfish, betta fish, tropical fish, pond fish and marine fish. Among their products include test kits, water conditioners and pet remedies.

title: Goldfish scooping

text: The things necessary to scoop goldfish is a pool in which goldfish swim, a "poi", a bowl to keep the scooped goldfish, a special bag in which to take goldfish home, and the goldfish themselves.

title: Pittsburgh Pet Expo

text: The Pittsburgh Pet Expo is a consumer pet trade show that takes place annually in mid-Autumn at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center located in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. With an estimated 14,000 spectators during the three days, the Pittsburgh Pet Expo is the second largest consumer pet trade show in the United States, covering over 2 1/2 acres of indoor space. The event originated in 2004, with an ever-widening national recognition as one of the premier pet events in the country. The event is highlighted by the annual Pet Olympics which includes the International Judges Association (IJA) sanctioned Rescue Me Rodeo Grooming Competitions, Dock Diving, National Dachshund Races, and various Agility competitions.

title: Goldfish

text: Although edible and closely related to some fairly widely eaten species, goldfish are rarely eaten. A fad among American college students for many years was swallowing goldfish as a stunt and as a fraternity initiation process. The first recorded instance was in 1939 at Harvard University.[42] The practice gradually fell out of popularity over the course of several decades and is rarely practiced today.

title: Crucian carp

text: In Britain, leisurely or competitive catching of this fish by rod and tackle belong in the coarse fishing category. The British rod-caught record for largest crucian is four pounds, nine ounces, (2.085 kg) landed by Martin Bowler in 2003, tied by Joshua Blavins in 2011. There have been various bids for a breakage of this record since, but they were rejected as not "true" crucians" but rather, e.g. a "brown goldfish variant" (i.e., hybrid born between the non-native goldfish or "gibelo" species and the British crucian). In the Netherlands, a typical crucian specimen of 54 cm, weighing 3 kg has been caught and photographed.

title: John Kolvenbach

text: Also at WHAT; the premiere of "Gizmo Love" (2004), directed by Sam Weisman and productions of "On an average day" (2006) and "Love Song" (2007) both directed by Jeff Zinn. "Goldfish" was presented by South Coast Repertory in their 2009 season, directed by Loretta Greco. Kolvenbach's companion piece to "Goldfish," entitled "Mrs. Whitney", was presented in repertory with "Goldfish" at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco in the Fall of 2009.

title: Goldfish

text: During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), goldfish also began to be raised indoors,[5] which permitted selection for mutations that would not be able to survive in ponds.[6] The first occurrence of fancy-tailed goldfish was recorded in the Ming Dynasty. In 1603, goldfish were introduced to Japan.[6] In 1611, goldfish were introduced to Portugal and from there to other parts of Europe.[6]

title: Common goldfish

text: Goldfish can live for long periods of time if they are fed a varied diet and housed in proper water conditions. The average lifetime of a goldfish is five to ten years. The longest lived goldfish on record lived to age 43. The oldest living goldfish was Tish, won by a UK family at a funfair. Tish was recognized into the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest living fish. Improper care or life in a bowl greatly reduces the typical lifespan of a goldfish.

title: Revenge of the Goldfish

text: Revenge of the Goldfish is the third studio album from British indie band Inspiral Carpets. It was released 5 October 1992 on Cow Records through Mute Records.

title: List of goldfish varieties

text:
Single tailed varieties have a single caudal fin and anal fin. They have long, streamlined bodies and are faster swimming than shorter egg-shaped goldfishes. They all come from common goldfish, but rare egg-shaped varieties like nymph goldfish are developed from egg-shaped goldfish. They have no telescopic eyes, celestial eyes, nor bubble eyes. They have no headgrowths like orandas, lionheads, and ranchus, narial bouquets like pompoms, or curled gills like curled-gill.
Double-tailed or "fancy" goldfish. Fancy, in goldfish, meaning they have double caudal fins and anal fins. They are the most popular and the most expensive types of goldfish. There are two types of fancy goldfish:Egg-shaped goldfish is the most popular type of goldfish, they have two types:

title: Cuniculture

text: Closely overlapping with breeding for exhibition and for fur has been the breeding of rabbits for the pet trade. While rabbits have been kept as companions for centuries, the sale of rabbits as pets began to rise in the last half of the twentieth century. This may have been, in part, because rabbits require less physical space than dogs or cats, but without the specialized habitat of a goldfish. Several breeds of rabbit—such as the Holland Lop, the Polish, the Netherland Dwarf, and the Lionhead—have been specifically bred for the pet trade. Traits common to many popular pet breeds are small size, "dwarf" (or neotenic) features, plush or fuzzy coats, and an array of coat colors and patterns.

title: Goldfish (cracker)

text: Pepperidge Farm has created several spin-off products including Goldfish Sandwich Crackers, Flavor-Blasted Goldfish, Goldfish bread, multi-colored Goldfish (known as Goldfish-American), and Baby Goldfish (which are smaller than normal). There are also seasonably available color-changing Goldfish, colored Goldfish (come in a variety pack). There was reportedly once a line of Goldfish cookies in vanilla and chocolate; chocolate has reappeared in the "100 calorie" packs.

title: Seasons in the Sun

text: Jacks released his version as a single in 1973 on his own label, Goldfish Records. "Put the Bone In", an original composition about burying a deceased pet dog, was included as the B-side. The single soon topped the record charts in the U.S. (where it was released on Bell Records), in Canada, and the UK, selling over 14 million copies worldwide.

title: My Goldfish Is Evil

text: The series follows the adventures of Beanie, and his pet goldfish, Admiral Bubbles. The superintelligent anthropomorphic goldfish has dreams of bringing a reign of terror on the city and of world domination. Frequently, he escapes from his bowl in his attempts at mischief. With Beanie's mother always failing to believe him, Beanie must save the world himself.

title: Timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls

text: Sergeant’s Pet Care Products voluntarily recalled some production lots of Atlantis Goldfish Flake Food and Atlantis Tropical Fish Flake Food due to melamine being found in these specific products (approximately 20-80 parts per million). The fish food that is being recalled is for pet/ornamental fish and not used to feed fish intended for human consumption.

title: Goldfish

text: By the Song dynasty (960–1279), the selective domestic breeding of goldfish was firmly established.[8] In 1162, the empress of the Song Dynasty ordered the construction of a pond to collect the red and gold variety. By this time, people outside the imperial family were forbidden to keep goldfish of the gold (yellow) variety, yellow being the imperial colour. This is probably the reason why there are more orange goldfish than yellow goldfish, even though the latter are genetically easier to breed.[9] The occurrence of other colours (apart from red and gold) was first recorded in 1276.

title: Spreckels Lake

text: Aquatically, the lake's algae-laden water hosts minnows, sticklebacks and carp. Wild carp up to around 24 inches in size also inhabit the lake, though some appear to be discarded goldfish or koi that have managed to survive. There is a 'tradition' of dumping goldfish in many of Golden Gate Park's lakes, sometimes by the bucketfuls, for good luck as well as a means of 'freeing' unwanted pets.

title: Guppy (album)

text: The cover art of "Guppy" is a photograph of five goldfish the band purchased at a pet store, taken by Jacqueline Harriet and Mark T. Davis. It was taken two days before cover art for the album was due to be submitted to Barsuk Records. The first planned cover artwork was not used due to it be copyrighted by the Los Angeles Times.

title: List of Wonder Pets! episodes

text:
19. Save the Goldfish!/Save the Baby Birds! (Air Date: June 28, 2007)
The Wonder Pets fly to a child's bedroom where a goldfish in an aquarium is trapped inside a bubbling treasure chest. The Wonder Pets head to the tundra where a group of baby birds has no place to perch, except in the antlers of a lonely moose.

title: A Riot of Goldfish

text: Throughout the story, Mataichi attempts to create the perfect goldfish by genetically engineering goldfish and breeding different varieties of goldfish together. He is unsuccessful in his attempts of human manipulation of nature and the resulting goldfish are tossed into a small pond. Eventually, Mataichi visits the small pond to discover that nature has created what humans could not: the ideal goldfish.

title: Elmo's World

text: According to Clash and Gikow, Elmo's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. Dorothy's silence allowed children to fill in the blanks, and her curiosity, which was created and enhanced by Elmo's imagination, allowed the writers and researchers to insert the curriculum lessons they want to convey. Up to nine goldfish were used per episode, so they could be replaced when necessary. Several fish were needed each season, and the surviving Dorothys were given good homes afterwards.


query: Where are septic tanks normally built?

title: Septic tank

text: A septic tank consists of one or more concrete or plastic tanks of between 4000 and 7500 liters (1,000 and 2,000 gallons); one end is connected to an inlet wastewater pipe and the other to a septic drain field. Generally these pipe connections are made with a T pipe, allowing liquid to enter and exit without disturbing any crust on the surface. Today, the design of the tank usually incorporates two chambers, each equipped with a manhole cover, and separated by a dividing wall with openings located about midway between the floor and roof of the tank.

title: Septic tank

text: A properly designed and normally operating septic system is odor-free and, besides periodic inspection and emptying of the septic tank, should last for decades with minimal maintenance.

title: Septic tank

text: Additionally, a code of practice has been developed by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the planning and construction of new septic tanks, secondary treatment systems, septic drain fields and filter systems.[26] Direct discharge of septic tank effluent into groundwater is prohibited in Ireland, while the indirect discharge via unsaturated subsoil into groundwater, e.g. by means of a septic drain field, or the direct discharge into surface water is permissible in accordance with a Water Pollution Act license.[26] Registered septic tanks must be desludged by an authorized contractor at least once a year; the removed fecal sludge is disposed of, either to a managed municipal wastewater treatment facility or to agriculture provided that nutrient management regulations are met.[26]

title: Septic tank

text: Septic tank additives have been promoted by some manufacturers with the aim to improve the effluent quality from septic tanks, reduce sludge build-up and to reduce odors. However, these additives—which are commonly based on "effective microorganisms"—are usually costly in the longer term and fail to live up to expectations.[13] It has been estimated that in the U.S. more than 1,200 septic system additives were available on the market in 2011.[14] However, very little peer-reviewed and replicated field research exists regarding the efficacy of these biological septic tank additives.[14]

title: Septic tank

text: The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the tank which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank. Septic tanks can be coupled with other onsite wastewater treatment units such as biofilters or aerobic systems involving artificially forced aeration.[3]

title: Septic tank

text: Excessive disposal of cooking oils and grease can cause the inlet drains to block. Oils and grease are often difficult to degrade and can cause odor problems and difficulties with the periodic emptying. Flushing non-biodegradable waste items down the toilet such as cigarette butts, cotton buds/swabs or menstrual hygiene products and condoms can cause a septic tank to clog and fill rapidly, so these materials should not be disposed of in that manner. The same applies when the toilet is connected to a sewer rather than a septic tank. Using the toilet for disposal of food waste can cause a rapid overload of the system with solids and contribute to failure.[10] Certain chemicals may damage the components of a septic tank or kill the bacteria needed in the septic tank for the system to operate properly, such as pesticides, herbicides, materials with high concentrations of bleach or caustic soda (lye), or any other inorganic materials such as paints or solvents.[11] Using water softeners - the brine discharge from water softeners may harm the bacteria responsible for breaking down the wastewater. Usually the brine is however sufficiently diluted with other wastewater that it does not adversely affect the septic system.[12]

title: Weeping tile

text: Weeping tile is used for the opposite reason in the septic drain fields for septic tanks. Clarified sewage from the septic tank is fed into weeping tiles buried shallowly in the drain field. The weeping tile spreads the liquid throughout the drain field.

title: Septic tank

text: Roots from trees and shrubbery protruding above the tank or drainfield may clog and/or rupture them. Trees that are directly within the vicinity of a concrete septic tank have the potential to penetrate the tank as the system ages and the concrete begins to develop cracks and small leaks. Tree roots can cause serious flow problems due to plugging and blockage of drain pipes, added to which the trees themselves tend to expand extremely vigorously due to the ready supply of nutrients from the septic system. Playgrounds and storage buildings may cause damage to a tank and the drainage field. In addition, covering the drainage field with an impermeable surface, such as a driveway or parking area, will seriously affect its efficiency and possibly damage the tank and absorption system. Excessive water entering the system may overload it and cause it to fail. Very high rainfall, rapid snowmelt, and flooding from rivers or the sea can all prevent a drain field from operating, and can cause flow to back up, interfering with the normal operation of the tank. High winter water tables can also result in groundwater flowing back into the septic tank. Over time, biofilms develop on the pipes of the drainage field, which can lead to blockage. Such a failure can be referred to as "biomat failure".

title: Septic tank

text: The soil's capacity to retain phosphorus is usually large enough to handle the load through a normal residential septic tank. An exception occurs when septic drain fields are located in sandy or coarser soils on property adjoining a water body. Because of limited particle surface area, these soils can become saturated with phosphates. Phosphates will progress beyond the treatment area, posing a threat of eutrophication to surface waters.[16]

title: Septic tank

text: Services for de-sludging tend to empty a septic tank completely, i.e. take out all septage, while the actual requirement is removal of settled solids, it's left purposefully incomplete so as to leave at least some of the microbial populations in place to continue the anaerobic degradation processes that take place in a septic tank. An empty tank may be damaged by hydrostatic pressure causing the tank to partially "float" out of the ground, especially in flood situations or very wet ground conditions.[9]

title: Fecal sludge management

text: Septage or "septic tank sludge" is partially treated sludge that is accumulated and stored in a septic tank or similar onsite sewage facility. Septage is a by-product from the pretreatment of household wastewater (sewage) in a septic tank. After a few years of accumulation, septage is usually pumped out of a septic tank by a vacuum truck. Septic tanks are receiving blackwater from flush toilets, as well as greywater. This means that septage only contains the kind of solid waste that can be flushed, such as toilet paper. Septage may also include "scum", which is material that floats at the top and contains fats, oil and grease as well as any floating solid waste.

title: Storage tank

text: A septic tank is part of a small scale sewage treatment system often referred to as a septic system. Septic systems are commonly used to treat wastewater from homes and small businesses in rural and suburban areas. It consists of the tank and a septic drain field. Waste water enters the tank where solids can settle and scum floats. Anaerobic digestion occurs on the settled solids, reducing the volume of solids. The water released by the system is normally absorbed by the drain field without needing any further treatment.

title: Septic tank

text: In the United States, the 2007 American Housing Survey indicated that about 20 percent of all households rely on septic tanks, [17] and that the overwhelming majority of systems are located in rural (50%) and suburban (47%) areas.[17] Indianapolis is one example of a large city where many of the city's neighborhoods still rely on separate septic systems.[18] In Europe, septic systems are generally limited to rural areas.

title: Water privatization in Metro Manila

text: Most residents of Manila discharge their wastewater into an estimated 2.2 million septic tanks. The concessionaires are obliged to empty these septic tanks. Manila Water operates 60 desludging trucks that empty septic tanks free of charge. The sludge is brought to two septage treatment plants. Maynilad also operates desludging trucks, but so far does not have a septage treatment plant.

title: Water supply and sanitation in Egypt

text: Costs of emptying septic tanks. The cost of emptying septic tanks can be significant. Some people avoid using their septic tanks, because if they do the tank fills up more quickly and they must pay to empty it more often. They thus continue to pollute the surrounding environment, although they have sanitation facilities at home.

title: Effluent sewer

text: Septic tanks also have a higher capital cost if they are being installed for new homes or if the existing septic tanks must be replaced. If there is a suitable septic tank in place, pumping the effluent from the tank is the lowest cost option for initial costs. Whether the septic tank is the lowest cost option over time depends on the cost of electricity in the area, how often the tank must be emptied and how much it costs to have the solids pumped out of the tank.

title: Autonomous building

text: The standard system is a tiled leach field combined with a septic tank. The basic idea is to provide a small system with primary sewage treatment. Sludge settles to the bottom of the septic tank, is partially reduced by anaerobic digestion, and fluid is dispersed in the leach field. The leach field is usually under a yard growing grass. Septic tanks can operate entirely by gravity, and if well managed, are reasonably safe.

title: Septic tank

text: While a properly maintained and located septic tank does not pose any more environmental problems than centralized municipal sewage treatment, certain problems can arise with septic tanks in unsuitable locations. Since septic systems require large drainfields, they are not suitable for densely built areas.

title: Septic tank

text: The fermentation processes cause the contents of a septic tank to be anaerobic with a low redox potential, which keeps phosphates in a soluble and, thus, mobilized form. Phosphates discharged from a septic tank into the environment can trigger prolific plant growth including algal blooms, which can also include blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria.

title: Mars Desert Research Station

text: North of the GreenHAB is the underground septic tank and its outflow field. This area is a "No Drive - Foot Traffic Only Zone" as there is no record of where exactly the septic tank is buried. East of the GreenHab is an omnidirectional Jovian radio telescope.

title: Septic tank

text: Part 1 (EN 12566-1) is for septic tanks which are prefabricated or factory manufactured and made of polyethylene, glass reinforced polyester, polypropylene, PVC-U, steel or concrete. Part 4 (EN 12566-4) regulates septic tanks that are assembled in situ from prefabricated kits, generally of concrete construction. Certified septic tanks of both types must pass a standardized hydraulic test to assess their ability to retain suspended solids within the system. Additionally, their structural adequacy in relevant ground conditions is assessed in terms of water-tightness, treatment efficiency, and structural behaviour.[19]

title: Effluent sewer

text: Effluent sewers also currently serve fewer people than septic systems, which also use septic tanks, but simply dispose of the effluent by draining it into a leach field. About one quarter of United States homes dispose of their wastewater with septic tanks. However, effluent sewers are being looked at as a sewage treatment solution in areas where gravity sewer systems are not well-suited or when the high capital cost to build a gravity system is prohibitive. Areas that are less than ideal for gravity systems include areas that are large, but extremely flat and areas that require long-distance pumping, such as where homes are widely spread out or when several small villages or towns connect their sewage systems so that a centralized plant can be built.

title: Septic tank

text: In Australia, septic tank design and installation requirements are regulated by State Governments, through Departments of Health and Environmental Protection Agencies. Regulation may include Codes of Practice[31][32] and Legislation.[33] Regulatory requirements for the design and installation of septic tanks commonly references Australian Standards (1547 and 1546). Capacity requirements for septic tanks may be outlined within Codes of Practice, and can vary between states.

title: Autonomous building

text: Septic tanks have to be pumped periodically by a vacuum truck to eliminate non reducing solids. Failure to pump a septic tank can cause overflow that damages the leach field, and contaminates ground water. Septic tanks may also require some lifestyle changes, such as not using garbage disposals, minimizing fluids flushed into the tank, and minimizing nondigestible solids flushed into the tank. For example, septic safe toilet paper is recommended.

title: Septic tank

text: An Imhoff tank is a two-stage septic system where the sludge is digested in a separate tank. This avoids mixing digested sludge with incoming sewage. Also, some septic tank designs have a second stage where the effluent from the anaerobic first stage is aerated before it drains into the seepage field.

title: Septic tank

text: Waste that is not decomposed by the anaerobic digestion must eventually be removed from the septic tank. Otherwise the septic tank fills up and wastewater containing undecomposed material discharges directly to the drainage field. Not only is this detrimental for the environment but, if the sludge overflows the septic tank into the leach field, it may clog the leach field piping or decrease the soil porosity itself, requiring expensive repairs.

title: Aerobic treatment system

text: The aeration stage and the disinfecting stage are the primary differences from a traditional septic system; in fact, an aerobic treatment system can be used as a secondary treatment for septic tank effluent. These stages increase the initial cost of the aerobic system, and also the maintenance requirements over the passive septic system. Unlike many other biofilters, aerobic treatment systems require a constant supply of electricity to drive the air pump increasing overall system costs. The disinfectant tablets must be periodically replaced, as well as the electrical components (air compressor) and mechanical components (air diffusers). On the positive side, an aerobic system produces a higher quality effluent than a septic tank, and thus the leach field can be smaller than that of a conventional septic system, and the output can be discharged in areas too environmentally sensitive for septic system output. Some aerobic systems recycle the effluent through a sprinkler system, using it to water the lawn where regulations approve.

title: Septic tank

text: A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic through which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment.[1] Settling and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment efficiency is only moderate (referred to as "primary treatment").[1] Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be used in areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such as rural areas. The treated liquid effluent is commonly disposed in a septic drain field which provides further treatment. However, groundwater pollution may occur and can be a problem.

title: Pit additive

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) produced a fact sheet on the use of pit additives to improve the performance of septic tank treatment systems. The fact sheet concludes that bacteria and extracellular enzymes do not appear to significantly enhance normal biological decomposition processes in septic tanks. They go on to say that ‘some biological additives have been found to degrade or dissipate septic tank scum and sludge. However, whether this relatively minor benefit is derived without compromising long-term viability of the soil infiltration system has not been demonstrated conclusively’. They noted that some studies suggest that material degraded by additives in the tank actually adds to the suspended solids and other contaminants in the otherwise clarified septic tank effluent.

title: Pit additive

text: Australian scientists investigated the effect of additives in a wastewater treatment plant and a number of septic tanks. Their aim was to test the hypothesis that the additive reduces sludge volumes. They found significant reduction in pH levels at the wastewater treatment plant together with improved settlement of sludge but with a significant increase in organic matter (measured as biological oxygen demand). Their results for the septic tanks showed a homogenization of conditions in the tanks after application of septic tank additives, which they suggested was due to domination by a particular type of micro-organism. However, they found no reduction in suspended solids concentration in the effluent and concluded that there were not sufficient changes in sludge volume in the wastewater treatment plant or suspended solids in the septic tanks to indicate a clear benefit from the use of these kinds of additives in wastewater.