query: Is dizziness a symptom of hypoglycemia?

title: Hypoglycemia

text: Abnormal thinking, impaired judgment Nonspecific dysphoria, moodiness, depression, crying, exaggerated concerns Feeling of numbness, pins and needles (paresthesia) Negativism, irritability, belligerence, combativeness, rage Personality change, emotional lability Fatigue, weakness, apathy, lethargy, daydreaming, sleep Confusion, memory loss, lightheadedness or dizziness, delirium Staring, glassy look, blurred vision, double vision Flashes of light in the field of vision Automatic behavior, also known as automatism Difficulty speaking, slurred speech Ataxia, incoordination, sometimes mistaken for drunkenness Focal or general motor deficit, paralysis, hemiparesis Headache Stupor, coma, abnormal breathing Generalized or focal seizures

title: Reactive hypoglycemia

text: The prevalence of this condition is difficult to ascertain because a number of stricter or looser definitions have been used. It is recommended that the term reactive hypoglycemia be reserved for the pattern of postprandial hypoglycemia which meets the Whipple criteria (symptoms correspond to measurably low glucose and are relieved by raising the glucose), and that the term idiopathic postprandial syndrome be used for similar patterns of symptoms where abnormally low glucose levels at the time of symptoms cannot be documented.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.[1] This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death.[1] A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness and weakness may also be present.[1] Symptoms typically come on quickly.[1]

title: Neonatal hypoglycemia

text: The maternal facets that cause the neonate to have an increased risk of developing hypoglycemia shortly after birth are:Those infants that have an increased risk of developing hypoglycemia shortly after birth are:The way in which neonatal hypoglycemia symptoms may be presented is vague or hard to tell apart from other conditions. The symptoms can be confused with:Neonatal hypoglycemia can also show no symptoms in some newborns or may be life threatening.

title: Diabetic coma

text: Unconsciousness due to hypoglycemia can occur within 20 minutes to an hour after early symptoms and is not usually preceded by other illness or symptoms. Twitching or convulsions may occur. A person unconscious from hypoglycemia is usually pale, has a rapid heart beat, and is soaked in sweat: all signs of the adrenaline response to hypoglycemia. The individual is not usually dehydrated and breathing is normal or shallow. Their blood sugar level, measured by a glucose meter or laboratory measurement at the time of discovery, is usually low but not always severely, and in some cases may have already risen from the nadir that triggered the unconsciousness.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: The glucose level that defines hypoglycemia is variable.[1] In people with diabetes, levels below 3.9mmol/L (70mg/dL) is diagnostic.[1] In adults without diabetes, symptoms related to low blood sugar, low blood sugar at the time of symptoms and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis.[5] Otherwise, a level below 2.8mmol/L (50mg/dL) after not eating or following exercise may be used.[1] In newborns, a level below 2.2mmol/L (40mg/dL), or less than 3.3mmol/L (60mg/dL) if symptoms are present, indicates hypoglycemia.[4] Other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and C peptide levels in the blood.[3]

title: Hypoglycemia

text: Not all of the above manifestations occur in every case of hypoglycemia. There is no consistent order to the appearance of the symptoms, if symptoms even occur. Specific manifestations may also vary by age, by severity of the hypoglycemia and the speed of the decline. In young children, vomiting can sometimes accompany morning hypoglycemia with ketosis. In older children and adults, moderately severe hypoglycemia can resemble mania, mental illness, drug intoxication, or drunkenness. In the elderly, hypoglycemia can produce focal stroke-like effects or a hard-to-define malaise. The symptoms of a single person may be similar from episode to episode, but are not necessarily so and may be influenced by the speed at which glucose levels are dropping, as well as previous incidents.

title: Reactive hypoglycemia

text: The NIH states: "The causes of most cases of reactive hypoglycemia are still open to debate. Some researchers suggest that certain people may be more sensitive to the body’s normal release of the hormone epinephrine, which causes many of the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Others believe deficiencies in glucagon secretion might lead to reactive hypoglycemia.[1]

title: Ketotic hypoglycemia

text: Ketotic hypoglycemia is a medical term used in two ways: (1) broadly, to refer to any circumstance in which low blood glucose is accompanied by ketosis, and (2) in a much more restrictive way to refer to recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic symptoms with ketosis and, often, vomiting, in young children. The first usage refers to a pair of metabolic states (hypoglycemia plus ketosis) that can have many causes, while the second usage refers to a specific "disease" called ketotic hypoglycemia.

title: Ketotic hypoglycemia

text: Ketotic hypoglycemia more commonly refers to a common but mysterious "disease" of recurrent hypoglycemic symptoms with ketosis in young children. The cause and the homogeneity of the condition remain uncertain, but a characteristic presentation, precipitating factors, diagnostic test results, treatment, and natural history can be described. It remains one of the more common causes of hypoglycemia in the age range.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: Hypoglycemic symptoms can also occur when one is sleeping. Examples of symptoms during sleep can include damp bed sheets or clothes from perspiration. Having nightmares or the act of crying out can be a sign of hypoglycemia. Once the individual is awake they may feel tired, irritable, or confused and these may be signs of hypoglycemia as well.[8]

title: Diabetic hypoglycemia

text: These medicines are designed to blunt the β-effect of adrenalin and related substances. Hence, if hypoglycemia occurs in someone who is using this type of drug, he/she may not experience the typical adrenergic warning symptoms such as tremor and palpitations. Again, the result is hypoglycemic unawareness. As noted above, beta blockers will also prevent adrenalin from stimulating the liver to make glucose, and therefore may make the hypoglycemia more severe and/or more protracted. Of all the hypoglycemia symptoms, sweating is typically not blocked by beta blockers.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: It may take longer to recover from severe hypoglycemia with unconsciousness or seizure even after restoration of normal blood glucose. When a person has not been unconscious, failure of carbohydrate to reverse the symptoms in 10–15 minutes increases the likelihood that hypoglycemia was not the cause of the symptoms. When severe hypoglycemia has persisted in a hospitalized person, the amount of glucose required to maintain satisfactory blood glucose levels becomes an important clue to the underlying etiology. Glucose requirements above 10mg/kg/minute in infants, or 6mg/kg/minute in children and adults are strong evidence for hyperinsulinism. In this context this is referred to as the glucose infusion rate (GIR). Finally, the blood glucose response to glucagon given when the glucose is low can also help distinguish among various types of hypoglycemia. A rise of blood glucose by more than 30mg/dL (1.70mmol/l) suggests insulin excess as the probable cause of the hypoglycemia.

title: Glucose tolerance test

text: The GTT (Glucose Tolerance Test) is of limited value in the diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia, since normal levels do not preclude the diagnosis, abnormal levels do not prove that the patient's other symptoms are related to a demonstrated atypical OGTT, and many people without symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia may have the late low glucose.

title: Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia

text:
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia describes the condition and effects of low blood glucose caused by excessive insulin. Hypoglycemia due to excess insulin is the most common type of serious hypoglycemia. It can be due to endogenous or injected insulin.
Manifestations of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia vary by age and severity of the hypoglycemia. In general, most signs and symptoms can be attributed to (1) the effects on the brain of insufficient glucose (neuroglycopenia) or (2) to the adrenergic response of the autonomic nervous system to hypoglycemia. A few miscellaneous symptoms are harder to attribute to either of these causes. In most cases, all effects are reversed when normal glucose levels are restored.

title: Reactive hypoglycemia

text: If there is no hypoglycemia at the time of the symptoms, this condition is called "postprandial syndrome." It might be an "adrenergic postprandial syndrome" — blood glucose levels are normal, but the symptoms are caused through autonomic adrenergic counterregulation.[23] Often, this syndrome is associated with emotional distress and anxious behaviour of the patient.[13] This is often seen in dysautonomic disorders as well. Dietary recommendations for reactive hypoglycemia can help to relieve symptoms of postprandial syndrome.

title: Neuroglycopenia

text: Not all of the above manifestations occur in every case of hypoglycemia. There is no consistent order to the appearance of the symptoms. Specific manifestations vary by age and by the severity of the hypoglycemia. In older children and adults, moderately severe hypoglycemia can resemble mania, mental illness, drug intoxication, or drunkenness. In the elderly, hypoglycemia can produce focal stroke-like effects or a hard-to-define malaise. The symptoms of a single person do tend to be similar from episode to episode.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: The glucose level that defines hypoglycemia is variable. In diabetics a level below 3.9mmol/L (70mg/dL) is diagnostic.[1] In adults without diabetes, symptoms related to low blood sugar, low blood sugar at the time of symptoms, and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis.[5] This is known as the Whipple's triad.[5] Otherwise a level below 2.8mmol/L (50mg/dL) after not eating or following exercise may be used.[1] In newborns a level below 2.2mmol/L (40mg/dL) or less than 3.3mmol/L (60mg/dL) if symptoms are present indicates hypoglycemia.[4] Other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and C peptide levels in the blood.[3] Hyperglycemia, a high blood sugar, is the opposite condition.

title: Insulin glargine/lixisenatide

text: Prior to the approval of insulin glargine/lixisenatide, two studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of the formulation. Adverse reactions for at least 5% of people taking it were hypoglycemia, nausea, nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, and headache. In Study A (N=469), symptoms of hypoglycemia were recorded in 25.6% of people with zero cases of severe symptomatic hypoglycemia. Study B (N=365) had a 40% incidence of hypoglycemic events with 1.1% incidence of severe hypoglycemia requiring assistance.

title: Ketotic hypoglycemia

text: The typical patient with ketotic hypoglycemia is a young child between the ages of 10 months and 4 years. Episodes nearly always occur in the morning after an overnight fast, often one that is longer than usual. Symptoms include those of neuroglycopenia, ketosis, or both. The neuroglycopenic symptoms usually include lethargy and malaise, but may include unresponsiveness or seizures. The principal symptoms of ketosis are anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and nausea, sometimes progressing to vomiting.

title: Adrenal insufficiency

text: Signs and symptoms include: hypoglycemia, dehydration, weight loss, and disorientation. Additional signs and symptoms include weakness, tiredness, dizziness, low blood pressure that falls further when standing (orthostatic hypotension), cardiovascular collapse, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These problems may develop gradually and insidiously. Addison's disease can present with tanning of the skin that may be patchy or even all over the body. Characteristic sites of tanning are skin creases (e.g. of the hands) and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa). Goitre and vitiligo may also be present. Eosinophilia may also occur.

title: Carvedilol

text: Carvedilol may mask symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), resulting in hypoglycemia unawareness. This is termed beta blocker induced hypoglycemia unawareness.

title: Meglitinide

text: Side effects include weight gain and hypoglycemia. While the potential for hypoglycemia is less than for those on sulfonylureas, it is still a serious potential side effect that can be life-threatening. Patients on this medication should know the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and appropriate management.

title: Sympathoadrenal system

text: Hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose, causes cardiovascular physiological effects as a result of the sympathoadrenal system. These physiological changes include an increased heart rate, increased heart contractility, and decreased peripheral arterial resistance. Together, the effects increase peripheral blood pressure, but decrease central blood pressure. This can have larger effects on those with diabetes. Hypoglycemia may cause greater arterial wall stiffness and less elasticity, which in turn decreases blood pressure and increases the heart’s workload. Symptoms of hypoglycemia related to the symapthoadrenal system include anxiety, tremors, irregular heartbeat, sweating, hunger, and paresthesia. Hypothermia and neurological deficits can also occur. Permanent brain damage is uncommon but have been seen in some who suffer from hypoglycemia. The activation of the system is assisted by norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and epinephrine. Hypoglycemia unawareness can occur because the symapthoadrenal system response is reduced, in turn, the symptoms are reduced. Since the symptoms go unnoticed, this may lead to a dangerous cycle of hypoglycemia and an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, which can have serious consequences.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: Among people with diabetes, prevention is by matching the foods eaten with the amount of exercise and the medications used.[1] When people feel their blood sugar is low, testing with a glucose monitor is recommended.[1] Some people have few initial symptoms of low blood sugar, and frequent routine testing in this group is recommended.[1] Treatment of hypoglycemia is by eating foods high in simple sugars or taking dextrose.[1] If a person is not able to take food by mouth, an injection of glucagon may help.[1] The treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes includes treating the underlying problem as well and a healthy diet.[1] The term "hypoglycemia" is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to idiopathic postprandial syndrome, a controversial condition with similar symptoms that occur following eating but with normal blood sugar levels.[6][7]

title: Diabetic hypoglycemia

text: Symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia, when they occur, are those of hypoglycemia: neuroglycopenic, adrenergic, and abdominal. Symptoms and effects can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how low the glucose falls and a variety of other factors. It is rare but possible for diabetic hypoglycemia to result in brain damage or death. Indeed, an estimated 2–4% of deaths of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been attributed to hypoglycemia.

title: Hypoglycemia

text: Diabetic hypoglycemia represents a special case with respect to the relationship of measured glucose and hypoglycemic symptoms for several reasons. First, although home glucose meter readings are often misleading, the probability that a low reading, whether accompanied by symptoms or not, represents real hypoglycemia is much higher in a person who takes insulin than in someone who does not.[28][29]

title: Hypoglycemia

text: In both young and old patients, the brain may habituate to low glucose levels, with a reduction of noticeable symptoms despite neuroglycopenic impairment. In insulin-dependent diabetic patients this phenomenon is termed hypoglycemia unawareness and is a significant clinical problem when improved glycemic control is attempted. Another aspect of this phenomenon occurs in type I glycogenosis, when chronic hypoglycemia before diagnosis may be better tolerated than acute hypoglycemia after treatment is underway.

title: Diabetic hypoglycemia

text: Although one expects hypoglycemic episodes to be accompanied by the typical symptoms (e.g., tremor, sweating, palpitations, etc.), this is not always the case. When hypoglycemia occurs in the absence of such symptoms it is called "hypoglycemic unawareness". Especially in people with long-standing type 1 diabetes and those who attempt to maintain glucose levels which are closer to normal, hypoglycemic unawareness is common.

title: Diabetic hypoglycemia

text: Because the autonomic response is, in effect, the body's backup system for responding to hypoglycemia, patients with type 1 diabetes are forced to rely almost exclusively on a backup system for protection, which can unfortunately, deteriorate over time. The reduced autonomic response (including the sympathetic neural norepinephrine and acetylcholine as well as the adrenomedullary epinephrine response) causes the clinical syndrome of hypoglycemia unawareness — loss of the largely neurogenic warning symptoms of developing hypoglycemia.

title: Neonatal hypoglycemia

text: Some observed symptoms are (these symptoms may be transient but reoccurring):Screening for hypoglycemia is done on every neonate on admission. One way of screening includes a heal stick to test the blood glucose level at the bedside. Diagnosing hypoglycemia in neonates requires two consecutive blood glucose readings of less than 40 mg/dl to properly diagnose hypoglycemia. Bedside glucose monitoring is only effective if the equipment is accurate, rapid, and reliable. This form of testing is often faster and more cost effective. Laboratory serum glucose testing is the most accurate way of testing blood glucose levels. These specimens are either taken from the heel, arterial, or venous punctures and must be store immediately on ice in order to prevent glycolysis, further altering the results. The hypoglycemic neonate should have a glucose test every 2-4 hours for the first 24 hours of life.


query: How much damage did the Joplin tornado cause?

title: 2011 Joplin tornado

text: Overall, the tornado killed 158 people (with an additional three indirect deaths), injured some 1,150 others, and caused damages amounting to a total of $2.8 billion. It was the deadliest tornado to strike the United States since the 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes, and the seventh-deadliest overall.

title: 2011 Joplin tornado

text: List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths Tornadoes of 2011 Tornado intensity and damage Tornado records

title: Missouri

text: Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $ in today's dollars.

title: Tornadoes of 2018

text: On October 31, the Storm Prediction Center issued an enhanced risk of severe weather for eastern Texas, much of Louisiana, and southwestern Mississippi. This included a 10% hatched risk area for tornadoes. Later that night, a line of severe storms with multiple embedded tornadoes moved through the region. In Texas, the towns of Cushing, Evadale, and Angleton all sustained minor to moderate damage from weak tornadoes. A supercell thunderstorm that developed ahead of the main line produced a long-tracked EF2 tornado that touched down in Alexandria, Louisiana, where several businesses sustained significant damage before the tornado continued through rural areas to the northeast, destroying multiple mobile homes, causing additional damage in Trout, and injuring two people. Severe weather spread eastward throughout the region into the early morning hours of November 1, and numerous tornadoes touched down. Strong EF2 tornadoes caused damage near the Louisiana towns of Oakdale, Cheneyville, Bogalusa, and Varnado. In Mississippi, an EF1 tornado caused minor to moderate damage in Port Gibson. North of town, a second EF1 tornado caused one fatality when a car drove into a falling tree. An EF2 tore most of the roof off of a house and snapped power poles in Morgantown as well. On November 2, despite only a marginal risk being issued by the Storm Prediction Center, scattered tornadoes continued further east in the Mid-Atlantic region and southward into Florida. An EF1 touched down in Baltimore, Maryland, where a wall collapse at an Amazon warehouse killed two employees. An EF2 tornado tore the roof off of a house, damaged two other homes, and caused major tree damage near Crystal Hill, Virginia as well. In Florida, a few weak tornadoes also caused damage. Fifty-six tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak, which killed 3 people, making it the deadliest North American tornado event of 2018.

title: Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011

text: A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for much of the Midwest, as well as further south to Oklahoma for May 22. The first tornadic supercell developed in the mid-afternoon hours over the western Twin Cities in Minnesota, and caused moderate damage in the Minneapolis area. Shortly thereafter, an intense tornado crept towards Harmony, Minnesota, prompting the National Weather Service to issue the first tornado emergency of the outbreak. Late that afternoon, a large, intense EF5 multiple-vortex tornado left catastrophic destruction in Joplin, Missouri. Causing 158 fatalities, it was the deadliest single tornado in the U.S. since at least 1947.

title: Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003

text:
Four years after an F5 tornado caused incredible damage across much of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, another strong tornado affected the area. The storm responsible for the tornado developed across Grady County during the mid-afternoon hours and produced a weak tornado near Newcastle and west of Moore. Just after 5:00 pm, a new tornado touched down on the west side of Moore west of Interstate 35 and moved east northeast across the city; the tornado proceeded to cause damage across southeastern sections of Oklahoma City, including Tinker Air Force Base near Interstate 40, and also near Midwest City and Choctaw. Despite extensive damage along the path, no fatalities were caused by the tornado, although dozens of injuries were reported across Cleveland and Oklahoma Counties.
Within Moore city-limits, the peak damage caused near the center of the tornado was mostly rated as F2, although a few isolated locations received F3-rated damage; F3 damage in Moore was observed near 12th Street where several businesses, two hotels, an office building, a church, several restaurants, a child center and a Headstart Program building were either severely damaged or destroyed. The tornado also damaged numerous homes in the Highland Park subdivision which was mostly destroyed by the F5 tornado which passed just a few blocks north of the May 8, 2003 tornado. Other homes on the north side of the city also sustained significant damage before the tornado crossed the Cleveland-Oklahoma county line.

title: 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak

text: 36 people died in this tornado, and over 8,000 homes were badly damaged or destroyed. The tornado caused $1 billion in damage, making it the second-costliest tornado in U.S. history, and the most costly in history from 1999 to 2011, at which point it was surpassed by the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado and again by the 2011 Joplin tornado. It was also the deadliest tornado to hit the U.S. since the April 10, 1979 F4 tornado that hit Wichita Falls, Texas, which killed 42 people.

title: Tornadoes of 2014

text: Numerous tornadoes ripped across parts of Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Florida. A large, violent tornado struck Mayflower and Vilonia, Arkansas, on April 27 causing severe damage and killing 16 people. The tornado was rated a high-end EF4, the first violent tornado of the year. Another death was confirmed earlier that evening with an EF2 tornado that moved through Quapaw, Oklahoma, and Baxter Springs, Kansas. Ten people were killed on the 28th when an EF4 tornado struck Louisville, Mississippi. EF3s caused major damage and fatalities in Coxey, Alabama and Tupelo, Mississippi, as well. Overall, this outbreak produced 84 tornadoes and killed 35 people. The city of Joplin, Missouri was under a tornado watch on April 27.

title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Enhanced Fujita Scale classifies tornado strength from weakest, an EF0 tornado, to strongest, an EF5 tornado, by the damage the tornado caused to property and infrastructure. An EF0 tornado has winds from 65–85 MPH (105–137 KPH), may take off a roof or damage gutters, and can bring down tree limbs. If a tornado causes no damage because it did not occur in a populated area, it is always classed as EF0. An EF5 tornado has winds over 200 MPH (322 KPH) and can totally destroy reinforced concrete structures, even throwing rail cars a considerable distance.

title: Tornadoes of 2018

text: On February 24, the Storm Prediction Center issued an enhanced risk of severe weather across much of the Lower Mississippi River Valley. This included a 10% hatched risk area for tornadoes. A mixed convective mode was predicted, with both bowing line segments and discrete supercell thunderstorms expected to develop in the threat area. Throughout the event, the development of isolated supcercell thunderstorms that was expected did not occur. However, a large quasi-linear convective system developed, and numerous semi-discrete supercell structures and embedded mesovortices within the larger line of severe storms produced a moderate outbreak of tornadoes. While most of these tornadoes were relatively brief, several of them were strong, resulting in major damage and fatalities. A high-end EF2 tornado near Adairville, Kentucky destroyed several homes and barns and killed an elderly woman, ending a record 283-day streak without any tornado-related deaths. Another high-end EF2 struck the southeast side of Hopkinsville, severely damaging multiple two-story apartment buildings and injuring nine people. An EF1 tornado caused roof damage to many homes and businesses in Murray as well. In Arkansas, an EF1 tornado caused moderate damage to many structures in the town of Keiser and blew much of the roof off of a hotel near Osceola. An EF2 tornado near Knobel killed one person when a mobile home was thrown into a pond. The same tornado later crossed into Missouri and struck the town of Malden, where numerous homes were heavily damaged and several people were injured. Also in Missouri, several homes in the town of Matthews had their roofs ripped off as the result of an EF2 tornado. Another EF2 tornado touched down in the eastern part of Clarksville, Tennessee as well, where several homes and duplexes were damaged or destroyed, and many vehicles and a few buildings were damaged at an industrial complex. A total of 30 tornadoes were confirmed as a result of this outbreak, which resulted in two fatalities and at least 20 injuries.

title: 1953 Flint–Beecher tornado

text: The 1953 Flint-Beecher Tornado occurred on Monday, June 8, 1953, and ranks as the deadliest in Michigan history and the 10th deadliest in United States history. Rated as an F5 on the Fujita Scale, the tornado touched down in Genesee County, Michigan, at 8:30 p.m. (01:30 UTC) and continued on a 27-mile (43 km) path causing 116 fatalities, 844 injuries and an estimated $19 million (1953 USD) in damage. Most of the casualties and damage occurred in the unincorporated community of Beecher, a suburb on the northern edge of the city of Flint, Michigan. The tornado was one of eight tornadoes that touched down the same day in eastern lower Michigan and northwest Ohio. It was also part of the larger Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak of severe weather that began over Nebraska and Iowa, before moving east across the upper Great Lakes states and Ontario, and on to New York and New England causing more deadly tornadoes. This is often noted as the last single tornado to exact a triple-digit death toll in the United States until the 2011 Joplin Tornado.

title: Tornadoes of 2017

text: On the night of October 21, several tornadoes were reported in Oklahoma. One of these was a high-end EF1 that impacted the southwestern fringes of Norman in the vicinity of Interstate 35 and Oklahoma State Highway 9. The tornado caused damage to trees and power poles, and damaged or destroyed several metal sheds and outbuildings. The touchdown of the tornado was seen on live television as storm chasers Val and Amy Castor from KWTV-DT were in the immediate vicinity of the tornado when it formed, causing light damage to their vehicle as it passed directly overhead. The tornado also did damage to part of the Riverwind Casino, which at the time was hosting a Beach Boys concert attended by Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin. Despite the damage, no injuries were reported. Another EF1 tornado struck the town of Seminole, where there was considerable damage to homes, businesses, trees, and a church. Tornado activity on October 22 was limited to a single EF1 that injured one person and caused moderate damage to a large industrial building and some trailers in Pascagoula, Mississippi; the second EF1 tornado to cause damage in Pascagoula in the year 2017. The most significant tornado activity occurred on October 23, as an EF1 tornado downed many trees and damaged several homes in Spartanburg, South Carolina. After the initial Spartanburg tornado dissipated, a second, stronger EF2 tornado caused major damage to industrial buildings, a metal truss tower, trees and power poles, a gas station, and vehicles in the northwestern part of the city, and injured one person. Another EF2 tornado damaged or destroyed multiple homes, destroyed outbuildings, and snapped trees and power poles near Gaffney. In North Carolina, an EF2 tornado destroyed a hangar and several planes at the airport in Hickory. The Hickory tornado also downed hundreds of trees onto structures and vehicles. Overall, this outbreak produced 21 tornadoes and did not result in any fatalities.

title: Tornadoes of 2011

text: A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for much of the Midwest south to Oklahoma for May 22. The first tornadic supercell that day developed in the mid-afternoon hours over the western Twin Cities with a swath of damage, especially in and around Minneapolis, Minnesota. An intense tornado also tracked towards Harmony, Minnesota that afternoon and a tornado emergency was issued. Late that afternoon, at about 5:15 pm CDT (2215 UTC), a very large and intense multiple-vortex tornado resulted in catastrophic damage in Joplin, Missouri. Many houses and businesses were flattened and some even were blown away in Joplin, the main hospital was heavily damaged and many people were reported to have been trapped in destroyed houses. The Weather Channel video showed entire communities flattened. Early reports suggest there were at least 125 fatalities, but as of May 2012, the death toll was confirmed at exactly 158, and another 1,000+ injured. This tornado was given a rating of EF5.

title: Tornadoes of 2009

text: Three tornadoes touched down east-central Minnesota and western Wisconsin. The first tornado occurred in the western suburbs of the Minneapolis – Saint Paul metropolitan area. It touched down shortly after 8:30 pm CDT in Minnetrista, and continued through Orono and Long Lake before dissipating in Plymouth. The EF1 tornado had a path of and was wide. It caused damage to trees, several residences, commercial buildings and boats. Two more tornadoes touched down approximately 90 minutes later in rural areas of western Wisconsin. An EF1 tornado touched down near Burkhardt, damaging several garages in that town and downing several hundred trees. This tornado had a path of and did not cause any injuries. A third tornado—rated EF0—touched down northwest of Hammond and caused only minimal damage.

title: Joplin School District

text: The Joplin School District is located in Jasper and Newton Counties in the City of Joplin, Missouri. It serves more than 7,700 students in the school district.On May 22, 2011, an EF5 tornado ripped through Joplin, Missouri. In the path of the tornado, Joplin High School, Franklin Technical Center, East Middle School, Irving Elementary, and Emerson Elementary were destroyed; Cecil Floyd Elementary, Duquesne Elementary, Eastmorland Elementary, and Kelsey Norman were damaged as well. In the months after the tornado, plans have been made to rebuild all schools that were destroyed in the tornado. The school district re-opened its Middle and Elementary schools on January 9, 2014; and Joplin High School and Franklin Technical Center re-opened in August 2014.

title: 2011 Joplin tornado

text: In 2013, the American Society of Civil Engineers published a study disputing the tornado's initial EF5 rating, based on surveying damage on over 150 structures within a six mile segment of the storm's path. According to the report, over 83 percent of the damage was caused by wind speeds of 135 miles per hour or less, the maximum wind speed of an EF2 tornado. An additional 13 percent was caused by EF3 wind speeds, and 3 percent was consistent with EF4 winds. The study found no damage consistent with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour, the minimum threshold of an EF5 tornado.[44] Researchers concluded that the inability to find EF5 damage was due to the absence of construction standards that were able to determine the necessary wind speeds. Bill Colbourne, a member of the engineering team that surveyed the damage, declared that "a relatively large number of buildings could have survived in Joplin if they had been built to sustain hurricane winds."

title: Missouri Southern State University

text: The school is about 30 blocks northeast of the worst of the devastation of the 2011 Joplin tornado which destroyed much of southern Joplin on May 22, 2011—one day after the school's graduation. Joplin High School had just completed its school graduation on the campus shortly before the tornado. The Leggett and Platt Athletic Center was used as an emergency shelter for victims. Billingsly Student Center was the headquarters for volunteer efforts run by Americorps St. Louis and was the coordination area for identifying victims and survivors. On May 29, 2011, Barack Obama, who was inspecting the damage, spoke at the Taylor Performing Arts Center.

title: Tornadoes of 2001

text: A small local outbreak of 8 F0 tornadoes hit northwestern Minnesota, causing minimal damage and no injuries.A moderate outbreak of tornadoes stretched across much of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Mostly minor, there was one significant F2 tornado near Dustin, Oklahoma.Another moderate outbreak occurred, mainly on the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. A few also occurred in eastern Ohio, and one in West Virginia. An F2 touched down in Hartland, Michigan, and caused significant damage to the town, mostly to hundreds of damaged and totalled vehicles. This tornado also destroyed a towing company and damaged a manufacturing plant to the north. Three people were injured by this tornado. Three others were injured in three separate F1 tornadoes, in Elwell, Michigan, Shepherd, Michigan, and Canton, Ohio. The outbreak caused more than $7 million in damage.

title: 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak

text: After the tornado dissipated at approximately 10:45 p.m. CDT in southeastern Noble County, northeast of Perry, many of the same areas of Logan County struck by the Mulhall tornado were hit again by an F3 tornado produced by a separate supercell that touched down south of Crescent at 11:33 p.m. CDT. Damage caused by this tornado was indistinguishable from damage caused by the earlier F4 tornado. 25 homes were destroyed and 30 others were damaged near Crescent, with much of the damage believed to have been caused by both tornadoes.

title: 2011 Joplin tornado

text: Due to the severe damage caused by the tornado, the travelling Piccadilly Circus was unable to perform as scheduled. As a result, the circus employees brought their two adult elephants to help drag damaged automobiles and other heavy debris out of the roadway to make a path for first responders.[24]

title: 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado

text: This was the deadliest tornado recorded in Oklahoma since an F5 tornado killed 107 people in Woodward on April 9, 1947. It was also the deadliest tornado ever recorded in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area; the previous record was held by an F4 tornado that affected southwestern portions of the city on June 12, 1942, killing 31 people and causing $500,000 in damage ($ million in (2021 USD) when adjusted for inflation). It was the costliest tornado in US history until an EF4 tornado hit Tuscaloosa and northern portions of Birmingham, Alabama on April 27, 2011, causing an estimated $2.45 billion in damage (, the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado is the fourth-costliest tornado, having been surpassed by the EF5 tornadoes that hit Joplin on May 22, 2011, and areas of Moore near the 1999 storm track on May 20, 2013). National Weather Service researchers estimated that the death toll from the storm would likely have exceeded 600 had it not been for the advanced warning through local television and radio stations and exercising proper safety precautions.

title: 2011 Joplin tornado

text: The tornado initially touched down just east of the Missouri-Kansas state line near the end of 32nd Street at 5:34pm CDT (22:34 UTC) and tracked due east, downing a few trees at EF0 intensity. Eyewitnesses and storm chasers reported multiple vortices rotating around the parent circulation in that area.[6][7] Civil defense sirens sounded in Joplin 20 minutes before the tornado struck in response to a tornado warning issued by the National Weather Service, but many Joplin residents didn't heed them.[8] The tornado strengthened to EF1 intensity as it continued through rural areas towards Joplin, snapping trees and power poles and damaging outbuildings. Widening, the tornado then tracked into the more densely populated southwest corner of the city near the Twin Hills Country Club. It heavily damaged several homes at a subdivision in this area at EF1 to EF2 strength. The tornado continued to strengthen as it ripped through another subdivision just east of Iron Gates Rd. Numerous homes were destroyed at EF2 to EF3 strength at that location, and multiple vehicles were tossed around, some of which were thrown on or rolled into homes.[6]

title: Hazard mitigation in the Outer Banks

text: In this plan they discussed past disasters, mainly hurricanes, and how much damage was caused by the disaster to how much money was spent on recovery. They also talked about how many homes were destroyed and how it affected the Outer Banks in general, but mainly how it affected Dare County. When talking about the past disasters they experienced, they went into detail talking about how much flooding they caused and how much the sea level rose around their area. In the Dare County Mitigation Plan, they discuss each type of disaster there is and how it could affect that particular county. They also talk about the likelihood of that particular disaster to happen in the area. For instance, Dare County is not likely to have a tornado hit them unless it is a water tornado that spins from the ocean and causes very little damage.Dare County Mitigation Plan

title: Campbelltown, Pennsylvania

text: On June 22, 2010, an EF0-rated tornado touched down in Campbelltown. Storm chaser Mike Brulo documented the entire storm, including the tornado. This weak tornado did not cause as much damage as the one in 2004. Brulo's video can be found here.

title: Tornadoes of 2011

text: Yet another severe weather event developed across the Midwest and southern Great Plains on April 19 as another dynamic low pressure system tracked across the area. Thunderstorms began in the late afternoon and early evening with large hail and several tornadoes. Significant damage was reported near Bowling Green, Missouri and Girard, Illinois as a result of tornadoes, the latter of which was rated EF3. Another large tornado was reported near Octavia, Oklahoma before the supercells merged into a very large squall line. Overnight, the squall line tracked eastward with widespread wind damage and many embedded tornadoes across several states, a few as strong as EF2 but most were brief and weak. In the early hours of April 20, 2011, a tornado tore through a neighborhood in Oregon, Ohio leaving some significant damage and no injuries. Also, 3 tornadoes hit New Albany, Indiana, and Jeffersonville, Indiana. Both cities are just north of Louisville, Kentucky On April 22, the outbreak continued with several tornadoes causing damage in the Midwest, the most notable being a violent EF4 that struck St. Louis, Missouri, causing extensive damage. A few more tornadoes were reported on April 23–24, however most did not cause any severe damage, though one EF2 tornado caused structural damage in the town of Bardwell, Kentucky.

title: Tornado records

text: Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation, at an estimated $2.9billion (1997USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals near $2.8 billion (2011 USD). Until 2011, the "Bridge Creek-Moore tornado" of May 3, 1999 was the most damaging.[12]

title: 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado

text:
The National Weather Service determined the path length of this violent tornado to be with a maximum damage path width of , or . The final rating of this tornado was a source of controversy, as some survey teams concluded EF5 damage, while others did not. The structures that were swept away by this tornado were either improperly anchored, lacked interior walls, or were surrounded by contextual damage not consistent with winds exceeding , and as a result an EF5 rating could not be applied. Therefore, it was given a final rating of high-end EF4, with winds estimated at . Early reports indicated 65 people were killed, with over 1,000 injured. However, this was revised to 64 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries. President Barack and First Lady Michelle Obama visited Tuscaloosa on April 29, taking a ground tour of some of the affected areas. Obama was quoted as saying that he had "never seen devastation like this." He stated further that he had already declared a federal state of emergency in Alabama.
By the time the tornado lifted northeast of Birmingham, it had left behind a path of destruction of through Greene, Tuscaloosa and Jefferson counties. The tornado killed 64 people, including six University of Alabama students. It caused approximately $2.4 billion of property damage, surpassing the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado as the costliest single tornado in United States history at that time. Less than a month later, however, this number was surpassed by the Joplin, Missouri EF5 tornado, which caused $2.8 billion in damage.

title: 2011 Joplin tornado

text: The tornado then continued on an east to east-southeast trajectory towards Interstate 44 where it weakened; nonetheless, vehicles were blown off the highway and mangled near the U.S. Route 71 (Exit 11) interchange. The damage at and around the interchange was rated EF2 to EF3. The weakening tornado continued to track into the rural areas of southeastern Jasper County and northeastern Newton County where damage was generally minor to moderate, with trees, mobile homes, outbuildings, and frame homes damaged mainly at EF0 to EF1 strength. The tornado lifted east of Diamond at 6:12pm CDT (23:12 UTC) according to aerial surveys. The tornado's total track length was at least 22.1 miles (35.6km) long. Overall, 6,954 homes were destroyed, 359 homes had major damage and 516 had minor damage, 158 people were killed, and 1,150 others were injured along the path.[6][4] A separate EF2 tornado touched down near Wentworth from the same supercell about 25 miles (40km) east-southeast of Joplin.[6][7]

title: Tornado outbreak of June 13, 1998

text:
In the afternoon and evening of June 13, four supercells which had formed near the dryline over Western Oklahoma entered the central part of the state, two of which produced tornadoes, and two of which only produced strong winds and hail. The first of the two tornado-producing storms produced two tornadoes; the former, which touched down near Longdale, injured a child and caused tree damage, ultimately causing F0 damage. The latter tornado, which was ultimately rated F1, caused roof, window, siding, and porch damage to three houses. It also took off the roof of a barn, destroyed an outbuilding, caused fence damage, and took off the hood of a pickup truck.
The second tornadic supercell produced seven tornadoes. The first two tornadoes touched down near El Reno and caused no damage, earning ratings of F0. The third tornado touched down near Yukon but, as with the other two, caused no damage and was rated F0. A fourth tornado touched down over Lake Hefner in Oklahoma City, eventually causing damage to boats in a dry dock at the Oklahoma City Boat Club. Damage to club facilities and nearby boats was estimated at $250,000. The tornado went on to destroy a storage shed and cause minor roof damage to homes east of Lake Hefner Parkway before it dissipated, having caused only F1 damage. The fifth tornado (rated F1) materialized near NW 84th Street and Walker, going on to displace much of a house's roof decking and uproot street signs. The tornado also damaged vehicles and caused roof damage to houses on 84th, 85th, 86th, 87th, and 88th Streets. The tornado destroyed the western half of a church in this area after it knocked down its walls on three sides and threw part of its roof at a house which resultantly suffered major damage. The sixth tornado, which was anticyclonic, affected the Northwest Oklahoma City/Nichols Hills area. It caused "considerable" damage to a strip mall, unroofed numerous houses, shattered windows, and damaged signs and powerlines. One building saw an exterior wall collapse. An RV was thrown into a house, a car flipped, trees were knocked down, and pieces of shingles and roof decking were blown away. The tornado's ultimate rating of F2 was based on damage limited to a small area, and most damage was actually consistent with that of an F1 tornado.
The seventh tornado produced by the second tornadic storm (rated F2), which affected Northeast Oklahoma City in the Frontier City area, was also the most destructive. The tornado touched down near the Hefner Road/Bryant Avenue intersection before going on to cause major structural damage to numerous businesses. At Frontier City, the tornado damaged vehicles in the parking lot and caused the exterior of a concrete-block building to partly collapse while simultaneously taking its roof off. Inflow into the tornado caused additional damage to nearby areas, and seventeen injuries occurred at the park. East of Interstate 35, a Texaco suffered significant damage, and the tornado lifted and rolled empty semi-truck trailers in the parking lot. A nearby portable building was completely blown away. In the Nottingham and Quail Ridge Run subdivisions, extensive damage was caused to homes' windows, roofs, and garage doors. Some of these homes suffered a significant degree of roof failure despite having still-standing exterior walls. Anchoring between the roofs of these homes and their walls was missing, and it is possible that the intensity of the tornado was near the F3 range in these areas. The tornado caused $1 million worth of damage in North Oklahoma City throughout its track.

title: Tornado outbreak of May 1–2, 2008

text: It was later confirmed that much of the damage was caused by two strong tornadoes that were embedded inside the derecho; an EF2 in Gladstone and an EF3 in Brookridge. According to Kansas City Mayor Mark Funkhouser, over 300 structures were damaged. In Gladstone over 200 buildings were damaged and several were destroyed according to the mayor. Tornadoes also hit Douglas County, Kansas causing locally significant damage. There no reports of fatalities with these storms. It was later reported that despite tornado warnings, many tornado sirens were not sounded in Douglas County and in other parts of the Kansas City Metro.


query: Where was Jacques-Louis David born?

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: Jacques-Louis David was born into a prosperous French family in Paris on 30 August 1748. When he was about nine his father was killed in a duel and his mother left him with his well-off architect uncles. They saw to it that he received an excellent education at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris, but he was never a good student-- he had a facial tumor that impeded his speech, and he was always preoccupied with drawing. He covered his notebooks with drawings, and he once said, "I was always hiding behind the instructor's chair, drawing for the duration of the class". Soon, he desired to be a painter, but his uncles and mother wanted him to be an architect. He overcame the opposition, and went to learn from François Boucher (1703–1770), the leading painter of the time, who was also a distant relative. Boucher was a Rococo painter, but tastes were changing, and the fashion for Rococo was giving way to a more classical style. Boucher decided that instead of taking over David's tutelage, he would send David to his friend, Joseph-Marie Vien (1716–1809), a painter who embraced the classical reaction to Rococo. There, David attended the Royal Academy, based in what is now the Louvre.

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: The birth of Romanticism is traditionally credited to the paintings of eighteenth century French artists such as Jacques-Louis David.[44]

title: André Giroux (painter)

text: Born in Paris, he was son to François-Simon-Alphonse Giroux, maker of camera equipment for Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre. He attended École des Beaux-Arts beginning in 1821, and was a student of Jacques-Louis David.

title: Jean-Baptiste Debret

text: Debret studied at the French Academy of Fine Arts, a pupil of the great Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825) to whom he was related. He accompanied David to Rome in the 1780s. His debut was at the Salon des Beaux Arts of 1798, where he got the second prize.

title: Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin

text: Born at his family's château, La Roque-d'Anthéron, and a Chevallier of the Order of Malta from birth, he drew before he learned to write. In his earliest training he formed a friendship with François Marius Granet that lasted through life. In the counter-revolutionary insurrection at Lyon in 1793, where he was getting instruction from Jean-Jacques de Boissieu, he lost his father, the marquis de Pont-à-Mousson, and his uncle, and was saved only by his youth. The marquise withdrew with her children quietly to Vienne and then to Provence, weathering the extreme phases of the Revolution, while Forbin and Granet developed their art by drawing in the countryside. With the Directoire, it was secure for him to go to Paris, where his good looks and easy, elegant manner recommended him as well as his art. He called Granet to join him, and both entered the large studio of Jacques-Louis David, virtually a neoclassical academy, where they matured their taste. Forbin's first submissions to the Paris salon were in 1796, 1799 and 1800.

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: When David was leaving a theater, a carriage struck him, and he later died, on 29 December 1825. At his death, some portraits were auctioned in Paris, they sold for little; the famous Death of Marat was exhibited in a secluded room, to avoid outraging public sensibilities. Disallowed return to France for burial, for having been a regicide of King Louis XVI, the body of the painter Jacques-Louis David was buried in Brussels and moved in 1882 to Brussels Cemetery, while some say his heart was buried with his wife at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.

title: Désiré François Laugée

text:
Désiré-François Laugée was born in Maromme, a village near to Rouen, on 25 January 1823.
His parents were Georges François Toussaint Laugée, a clerk, and Eulalie Léger.
In 1825 the family moved to Saint-Quentin, Aisne.
He attended the "Collège des Bons-Enfants", where he showed a talent for drawing at an early age.
Laugée enrolled in the "Ecole des Beaux-Arts" of Saint-Quentin, founded by the pastel artist Maurice Quentin de La Tour.
He worked in the studio of Louis Nicolas Lemasle, a pupil of Jacques-Louis David.

title: Grave of Jacques-Louis David

text: It was moved there from its original location after the artist's death on 25 December 1825 where his body had been resting in the old churchyard of the St. Michael and St. Gudula collegiate church of the Leopold Quarter of Brussels while waiting for posthumous repatriation to France. However, as a notable participant of the Reign of Terror, his body was not accepted for repatriation, and the lead-lined oak casket was left where it was. Thanks to an initiative by Jobard, a monument was erected with the text "À Jacques-Louis David restaurateur de l'école moderne de peinture de France ici dessous" ("To Jacques-Louis David, restorer of the school of modern art of France, buried here"). In 1882 a grandson requested that the monument be moved to a more prominent location and the body was re-buried at the Mayor's circle in the city cemetery of Evere.

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: In the last 50 years David has enjoyed a revival in popular favor and in 1948 his two-hundredth birthday was celebrated with an exhibition at the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris and at Versailles showing his life's works.[42] Following World War II, Jacques-Louis David was increasingly regarded as a symbol of French national pride and identity, as well as a vital force in the development of European and French art in the modern era.[43]

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: Jacques-Louis David (French:[ʒaklwi david]; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity and severity and heightened feeling,[1] harmonizing with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.

title: Christ on the Cross (David)

text: Christ on the Cross is a 1782 painting by Jacques-Louis David. It was commissioned by marshal Louis de Noailles and his wife Catherine de Cossé-Brissac for their family chapel in the église des Capucins in Paris. One of David's few religious works, it is now in the église Saint-Vincent in Mâcon.

title: Jérôme David

text:
Jérôme David was born in Rome, Italy on 30 June 1823, nominal grandson of the painter Jacques-Louis David, and godson of Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia and Catharina of Württemberg, his wife.
He was the natural son of King Jérôme.
His family destined him for the navy, where he served from 1835 to 1837, but he took a dislike to this service and chose to join the army instead.
He graduated from the École de Saint-Cyr on 1 October 1844 as second lieutenant of the Zouaves.

title: Jean-Jacques Karpff

text: Pupil of François Joseph Hohr in Colmar, Karpff went to Paris in 1790. Legend has it that when he appeared in Jacques-Louis David's studio, one of his future classmates, judging Karpff unpronounceable David gave him the nickname of "Casimir". In 1795, he returned to Colmar where he taught drawing in the new school of fine arts and specialized in monochrome portraits. In 1806, he was summoned to Saint-Cloud to paint the portrait of the Empress Josephine, which earned him some success. He became the hosted guest of the poet Victoire Babois, where in Versailles lived the rest of his life. Karpff was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery (27th Division).

title: Grave of Jacques-Louis David

text: David's wife Marguerite Charlotte Pécoul is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, and a medaillon of David in relief has been mounted on her grave, where Joseph Marty claimed his heart is buried, oddly only mentioning that it was "near his wife's body" but without mentioning her name.

title: Marc-Louis Arlaud

text: He originally attended school in Orbe, then in Yverdon. His initial artistic training came from his cousins, the miniaturists and Jérémie Arlaud (1758-1827) in Geneva. In 1797, he went to Paris where he worked in the studios of another miniaturist, Antoine Louis Romanet (c.1742-1810), until he could begin studies with Jacques-Louis David in 1799.

title: Jacques Louis Marin DeFrance

text: Jacques Louis Marin DeFrance (born 22 October 1758, died 12 November 1850) was a French malacologist.

title: Pietro Benvenuti

text: Born in Arezzo in Tuscany, he was influenced by the style of Jacques-Louis David. He was a student of the Academy of Fine Arts of Florence, then studied in Rome, 1792–1803, where he formed an informal academy with his friend of long standing, Vincenzo Cammuccini, and Luigi Sabatelli. He returned to practice in Arezzo.

title: Johann Stephan Decker

text: At the age of twenty he went to Paris, where he studied under Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Jacques Karpff, but at the end of seven years he returned to his native city. In 1821 he settled at Vienna, and was much employed at the court in teaching drawing and in the execution of miniatures and water-colour paintings.

title: Gottlieb Schick

text: He was born in Stuttgart. He studied from 1795 to 1797 at the Hohe Karlsschule under Philipp Friedrich von Hetsch, a follower of Jacques-Louis David. In 1797–98 he studied under Johann Heinrich von Dannecker, then relocated to Paris where he spent 1799 to 1802 in the studio of David. Between 1802 and 1811 he stayed in Rome, and became an important figure in that city's artistic life. In Schick's last years, his style of Raphaelesque classicism gradually acquired a romantic orientation.

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: multimedia feature; Louvre museum official website (Louvre museum) 101 paintings by Jacques-Louis David

title: Jacques Gamelin

text: Jacques Gamelin (October 3, 1738 – October 12, 1803) was an artist born in Carcassonne, France, the son of a successful merchant. After receiving an education from the Jesuits, he went into the service of Nicolas Joseph de Marcassus, baron de Puymaurin (1718–1791), a wealthy industrialist of Toulouse, in order to learn the ways of business. Puymaurin quickly saw that his young assistant had little talent or interest in business but showed great promise as an artist. Gamelin's father rejected Puymaurin's suggestion that Jacques be sent to an art academy, so the baron paid his way at the Académie royale de Toulouse himself. After five years study, Jacques Gamelin won the Académie's first prize and he went to Paris to continue his studies. Gamelin later went to Rome with Puymaurin's financial assistance to study under Jacques-Louis David and Joseph-Marie Vien and eventually became a painter to Pope Clement XIV. On the death of his father, which left Jacques a wealthy man, he returned to Toulouse where he taught at the Académie. He is most known today for his paintings and engravings of battle scenes, which can be found in art museums throughout France. Jacques Gamelin died in Carcassonne on October 12, 1803.

title: Louis Ducis

text: Louis Ducis (14 July 1775, Versailles - 2 March 1847, Paris) was a French painter and student of Jacques-Louis David.

title: Jacques-François Ochard

text: Ochard had been a student of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825), and lived in Normandy, to where Monet's family had moved in 1845. Ochard's method of instruction was the traditional one of drawing from plaster casts of the human figure.

title: Jean-Jacques Flatters

text:
Jean Jacques Flatters was born on 6 November 1786 in Krefeld, Westphalia.
He came from Westphalia to Paris to study sculpture and painting.
He was a pupil of Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828) and Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825).
Flatters began exhibiting at the Salon in 1810.
On 25 September 1813 he won the second prize for sculpture in the Prix de Rome.
Jean-Jacques Flatters served in the French army from February to July 1814 at the close of the First French Empire.

title: Jan Adam Kruseman

text: He was born to a prominent family that would produce several well-known artists. In 1819, at the age of fifteen, he went to Amsterdam, and enrolled at the Tekenacademie, where he received his first lessons from his cousin, Cornelis Kruseman. From 1822 to 1824 he studied in Brussels with François-Joseph Navez and Jacques-Louis David.

title: Jacques-Louis David

text: Brookner, Anita, Jacques-Louis David, Chatto & Windus (1980) Chodorow, Stanley, et al. The Mainstream of Civilization. New York: The Harcourt Press (1994) pg. 594 Delécluze, E., Louis David, son école et son temps, Paris, (1855) re-edition Macula (1983) Dowd, David, Pageant-Master of the Republic, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, (1948) Humbert, Agnès, Louis David, peintre et conventionnel: essai de critique marxiste, Paris, Editions sociales internationales (1936) Humbert, Agnès, Louis David, collection des Maîtres, 60 illustrations, Paris, Braun (1940) Johnson, Dorothy, Jacques-Louis David. New Perspectives, Newark (2006) Lajer-Burcharth, Ewa, Necklines. The art of Jacques-Louis David after the Terror, ed. Yale University Press, New Haven London (1999) Lee, Simon, David, Phaidon, London (1999). ISBN0714838047 Lévêque, Jean-Jacques, Jacques-Louis David édition Acr Paris (1989) Leymarie, Jean, French Painting, the 19th century, Cleveland (1962) Lindsay, Jack, Death of the Hero, London, Studio Books (1960) Malvone, Laura, L'Évènement politique en peinture. A propos du Marat de David in Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Italie et Méditerranée 106, 1 (1994) Michel, R. (ed), David contre David, actes du colloque au Louvre du 6-10 décembre 1989, Paris (1993) Monneret, Sophie Monneret, David et le néoclassicisme, ed. Terrail, Paris (1998) Noël, Bernard, David, éd. Flammarion, Paris (1989) Rosenberg, Pierre, Prat, Louis-Antoine, Jacques-Louis David 1748-1825. Catalogue raisonné des dessins, 2 volumes, éd. Leonardo Arte, Milan (2002) Rosenberg, Pierre, Peronnet, Benjamin, Un album inédit de David in Revue de l'art, n°142 (2003-4), pp.45–83 (complete the previous reference) Sahut, Marie-Catherine & Michel, Régis, David, l'art et le politique, coll. "Découvertes Gallimard" (nº 46), série Peinture. Éditions Gallimard et RMN Paris (1988) Sainte-Fare Garnot, N., Jacques-Louis David 1748-1825, Paris, Ed. Chaudun (2005) Schnapper, Antoine, David témoin de son temps, Office du Livre, Fribourg, (1980) Thévoz, Michel, Le théâtre du crime. Essai sur la peinture de David, éd. de Minuit, Paris (1989) Vanden Berghe, Marc, Plesca, Ioana, Nouvelles perspectives sur la Mort de Marat: entre modèle jésuite et références mythologiques, Bruxelles (2004) / New Perspectives on David's Death of Marat, Brussels (2004) - online on www.art-chitecture.net/publications.php Vanden Berghe, Marc, Plesca, Ioana, Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau sur son lit de mort par Jacques-Louis David: saint Sébastien révolutionnaire, miroir multiréférencé de Rome, Brussels (2005) - online on www.art-chitecture.net/publications.php Vaughan, William and Weston, Helen (eds),Jacques-Louis David's Marat, Cambridge (2000) . Retrieved 29 June 2005. New York Med. , on An Abridged History of Europe. Retrieved 29 June 2005 on CGFA. Retrieved 29 June 2005

title: French Restoration style

text: Another notable French sculptor of the period was Pierre Jean David 1788–1856), who called himself David d'Angers, to distinguish himself from his teacher, Jacques Louis David. He worked in the studio of Jacques Louis David beginning in 1809. Then, between 1811 and 1816 he studied at the French Academy in Rome, where he became familiar with the works of Canova, the great Italian master of romanticism. However, he turned his own work toward classicism, illustrating the patriotic and moral virtues. He made busts or statues of many notable statesmen, including the Marquis de Lafayette, Thomas Jefferson and Goethe. In 1830, he began working on his best-known work, the frieze over the entrance of the Pantheon, titled "The Country recognizes its great men", which he completed in 1837.

title: Jacques David (bishop)

text:
Jacques Louis Antoine Marie David (22 December 1930 – 19 December 2018) was a French Roman Catholic bishop.
David was born in France and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He served as titular bishop of "Girba" and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux, France, from 1981 to 1986. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes, France, from 1986 to 1996. David served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux, France, from 1996 to 2006.

title: Quatremère de Quincy

text: Born in Paris, he trained for the law, then followed courses in art and history at the Collège Louis-le-Grand and apprenticed for a time in the atelier of Guillaume Coustou the Younger and Pierre Julien, getting some practical experience in the art of sculpture. A trip to Naples in the company of Jacques-Louis David sparked his interest in Greek and Roman architecture.

title: Grave of Jacques-Louis David

text: The Grave of Jacques-Louis David is an obelisque by an unknown artist in honor of the exiled French painter Jacques-Louis David in the Brussels Cemetery.

title: Jules David

text:
Jean-Baptiste David was born in 1808. He was a pupil of Pierre Duval Le Camus, who painted moralistic subjects.
Duval was in turn a pupil of the famous painter Jacques-Louis David.
Jean-Baptiste David began work in 1824, using his power of observation and facility of drawing to produce a variety of landscapes and interiors in Gothic style for publishers.


query: When was Persepolis founded?

title: Persepolis

text: Darius I built the greatest palace at Persepolis on the western side of platform. This palace was called the Apadana.[30] The King of Kings used it for official audiences. The work began in 518 BC, and his son, Xerxes I, completed it 30 years later. The palace had a grand hall in the shape of a square, each side 60 metres (200ft) long with seventy-two columns, thirteen of which still stand on the enormous platform. Each column is 19 metres (62ft) high with a square Taurus (bull) and plinth. The columns carried the weight of the vast and heavy ceiling. The tops of the columns were made from animal sculptures such as two-headed lions, eagles, human beings and cows (cows were symbols of fertility and abundance in ancient Iran). The columns were joined to each other with the help of oak and cedar beams, which were brought from Lebanon. The walls were covered with a layer of mud and stucco to a depth of 5cm, which was used for bonding, and then covered with the greenish stucco which is found throughout the palaces.

title: Yahya Golmohammadi

text: His first game in charge of Persepolis came in a Hazfi Cup match against Malavan which his team won 6–0 with a hat-trick from Karim Ansarifard, two goals from Hadi Norouzi and a final goal from Gholamreza Rezaei. His side won their other three matches in Hazfi Cup to qualified to the final, when they lose in penalties to Sepahan. His first game for Persepolis in Iran Pro League was ended 2–2 against Sanat Naft with two early goals from Ali Karimi and Mohammad Nouri. With a 2–0 victory against Fajr Sepasi, Golmohammadi presiding over his first league win as manager of Persepolis. He then led Persepolis to an eleventh undefeated streak until 1–0 lose to Rah Ahan on 10 March 2013. When he became head coach, Persepolis was in 12th place and he moved to sixth place in Iran Pro League table. Persepolis finished the season in the seventh place. He was offered by club officials a two years extension which was close to sign but after Hazfi Cup final, he refused to sign and his managerial rule at Persepolis was finished on 11 May 2013.

title: Persepolis F.C. in Asia

text: Persepolis second appearance in the Asian cup was followed by Winning Hazfi Cup, when Persepolis was eliminated by Mohammed Bangladesh, whose coach was Nasser Hejazi.

title: Persepolis

text: Ruins of the Tachara, Persepolis. Zoomorphic griffin capital at Persepolis. Bull capital at Persepolis. Ruins of the Hall of the Hundred Columns, Persepolis.

title: List of Persepolis F.C. seasons

text:
Persepolis won Sepahan in front of over 100’000 fans and became 2007–08 IPL champion.
Mohsen Khalili lead Persepolis, After a while Ehsan Hajsafi tied game and it meant Sepahan is the champion. In 90+6th min when everyone was chill, in a chancy position, Captain Karim Bagheri Sent a Pass and Sepehr Heidari's Header lead Persepolis and gave them championship.
After losing four times in a row, Persepolis and its fans were desperate for a win over their blue rivals. Head coach Mustafa Denizli had returned to the reds for the second half of the season and had previously experienced victory over Esteghlal back in 2006. Persepolis found themselves 2-0 down yet again and had Mehrdad Oladi very harshly sent off for what was seen as just a foul. Mazloumi and blues fans were beginning celebrations of yet another victory over their rivals as Persepolis fans began to leave the stadium when suddenly newly signed forward Eamon Zayed bagged a goal back for the reds in the 82nd minute. Persepolis were lifted by this goal and Zayed immediately connected with Mehdi Mahdavikia's excellent cross a minute later and levelled the score to 2-2 with a fine header. The last five minutes of the game was very open with Persepolis looking more lively and in the 92nd minute of the match, Hossein Badamaki's cross found Zayed yet again and the Libyan striker turned his defender and finished brilliantly to round off a historic hat-trick and great win for Persepolis and its fans.
This derby was highly anticipated and vital for both teams as they were competing for the top spot in the Iran Pro League table. Persepolis came into this match with an excellent form and were regarded as favourites to win; however, Esteghlal was in 2nd place above their archrival on goal difference. In a highly entertaining and end-to-end game, the red-clad Persepolis netted twice in each half to beat the blue-shirted Esteghlal 4-2 in their 82nd derby in Tehran on a rainy Friday and be the new Iran Pro League table-topper in the 26th week. The league's top scorer Mehdi Taremi (2), Ramin Rezaeian, Mohsen Mosalman scored for the reds; Jaber Ansari, Omid Ebrahimi (penalty) scored for the blues. After Red's captain Hadi Norouzi had died earlier in the season due to a heart attack in his sleep, Persepolis players and fans labelled the scoreline in reference to Norouzi's shirt number of 24.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text: The Persepolis Fortification Archive and Persepolis Treasury Archive are two groups of clay administrative archives — sets of records physically stored together – found in Persepolis dating to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The discovery was made during legal excavations conducted by the archaeologists from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in the 1930s. Hence they are named for their in situ findspot: Persepolis. The archaeological excavations at Persepolis for the Oriental Institute were initially directed by Ernst Herzfeld from 1931 to 1934 and carried on from 1934 until 1939 by Erich Schmidt.

title: 2013–14 Persepolis F.C. season

text:
The 2013–14 season was the Persepolis's 13th season in the Pro League, and their 31st consecutive season in the top division of Iranian Football. They were also be competing in the Hazfi Cup but were eliminated by Foolad in Quarter-finals. Persepolis is captained by Mohammad Nouri.
"For recent transfers, see List of Iranian football transfers summer 2013 & List of Iranian football transfers winter 2013–14.
"For more on the reserve and academy squads, see Persepolis Novin, Persepolis Academy, Persepolis Shomal & Persepolis Qaem Shahr."

title: Persepolis F.C.

text: In the last week, Persepolis defeated Sepahan when Sepehr Heidari scored a 90+6th-minute goal in front of over 110,000 fans in Azadi Stadium to give Persepolis its second championship in the IPL and a berth in the Asian Champions League. In the 2007–2008 Golden Ball award ceremony Persepolis, Afshin Ghotbi, and Mohsen Khalili won the Team, Manager, and Player of the year titles.

title: 2012–13 Persepolis F.C. season

text: The 2012–13 season was Persepolis's 12th season in the Pro League, and their 30th consecutive season in the top division of Iranian Football. They competed in the Hazfi Cup. Persepolis saw a change in managerial role in the beginning of the season when Mustafa Denizli announced via an open letter to the fans that he couldn't cooperate with Perspolis anymore due to his personal problems and was replaced with former Al Ahly boss Manuel José. Persepolis is captained by Mehdi Mahdavikia.In:

title: Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club

text: Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club (Persian:باشگاه فرهنگی ورزشی پرسپولیس تهران) is an Iranian multisport club based in Tehran, Iran. It was established by Ali Abdo. The club is most known for its football team, Persepolis F.C. which competes in the Iran Pro League. It also fields teams in Futsal, Taekwondo, Volleyball, and Wrestling. Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club also owns and operates Persepolis University, Persepolis TV and Radio, Persepolis Energy Drink and Persepolis Restaurants.

title: Persepolis F.C.

text: Persepolis F.C. was founded in 1963 by Ali Abdo and has been in the first division of Iranian football since 1968. Persepolis also had three teams in bowling, basketball and volleyball in its first years of establishment. Persepolis F.C. is the football club of the multisport Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club. The club is owned by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. There have been many attempts to privatize the club with no success due to the large debt the club has accumulated.

title: Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club

text: Persepolis' taekwondo team was founded recently, they have won one Iranian domestic championship.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text: Persepolis Treasury Archive was found on the southeastern part of Persepolis terrace in the block of buildings identified as the "Royal Treasury" where small pieces of gold leaves were found, hence the name Persepolis Treasury Archive.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text: Persepolis administration treats all the gods equally. Among various gods named in Persepolis administrative archives receiving food offerings are: Elamite Humban, Inshushinak and Šimat, Mazdean Ahuramazda, Semitic Adad and other gods otherwise unknown. No reference to Mithra has been found in the Persepolis administrative archives.

title: Hamid Derakhshan

text: Derakhshan started his club career with Persepolis. After playing ten years for Persepolis, he left the club for Qatar where he joined Qatar SC for which he played for four years followed by one season in Al-Sadd. Although he played for Persepolis on loan during 1990 Asian Cup Winners' Cup when Persepolis won the title. He returned to Persepolis and played his last two years at Persepolis before retiring in 1994.

title: Persepolis F.C.

text:
Another Persepolis rival is Sepahan, the club based in Esfahan. Both clubs were dependent upon Shahin; one hired most of the Shahin players in its early years and the other was the branch of Shahin F.C. in Esfahan. The rivalry renewed in the early 2000s (decade), when Esfahan rose in Iran football. Sepahan and Zob Ahan became strong, replacing Tehran popular teams in the 2002–2003 season. Both of Iran's important football competitions, IPL and the Hazfi Cup, were won by Esfahan teams that season.
Persepolis also had a derby against the now dissolved club, Pas Tehran.For recent transfers, see List of Iranian football transfers winter 2018–19.For more on the reserve and academy squads, see Persepolis B, Persepolis Academy, Persepolis Shomal & Persepolis Qaem Shahr.

title: Persepolis (comics)

text: The original French series was published by L'Association in four volumes, one volume per year, from 2000 to 2003. Marie Ostby, professor at Connecticut College, noted that, David Beauchard, a co-founder of L'Association, strove to “create a forum for more culturally informed, self-reflective work," especially consisting of female writers. L’Association published "Persepolis" as one of their three “breakthrough political graphic memoirs.”"Persepolis, tome 1" ends at the outbreak of war; "Persepolis, tome 2" ends with Marji boarding a plane for Austria; "Persepolis, tome 3" ends with Marji putting on a veil to return to Iran; "Persepolis, tome 4" concludes the work. When the series gained critical acclaim, it was translated into many different languages. In 2003, Pantheon Books published parts 1 and 2 in a single volume English translation (with new cover art) under the title "Persepolis" which was translated by Blake Ferris and Mattias Ripa, Satrapi's husband; parts 3 and 4 (also with new cover art) followed in 2004 as "Persepolis 2", translated by Anjali Singh. In October 2007, Pantheon repackaged the two English language volumes in a single volume (with film tie-in cover art) under the title "The Complete Persepolis". The cover images in the publications from both countries feature Satrapi’s own artwork; however, the French publication is much less ornamented than the United States equivalent.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text:
Excavations directed by Akbar Tajvidi at Persepolis between 1968 and 1973, recovered more clay tablets. Excavating the upper towers of the fortification wall on top of Kuh-e Rahmat (Mountain of Mercy), excavators found sealed uninscribed Achaemenid Bullae.
From a group of 52 uninscribed sealings, some impressions were similar to the sealings found in the Persepolis Treasury Archive.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text: Persepolis Fortification Archive was found at the northeastern corner of the terrace of Persepolis, in two rooms in the fortification wall. The tablets had been stored in a small space near the staircase in the tower in the fortification wall. The upper floor of the fortification wall may have collapsed at the time of the Macedonian invasion, both partially destroying the order of the tablets while protecting them until 1933. The entrance to the rooms were bricked up in antiquity.

title: Mohammad Reza Khalatbari (born 1983)

text: On 1 September 2013, Persepolis and Ajman reached an agreement with a fee around $800,000 and he joined Persepolis with a two-year contract. He made his debut in the Tehran derby match against Esteghlal. His first goal came when he scored a penalty kick in a match against Gostaresh Foolad. His six league goals helped Persepolis to a second placed league finish and a berth in the Asian Champions League. At the end of season, while he had financial problems with Persepolis, he paid one third of Ajman's debt (fee around $250,000) and skip his debts (fee around 3,400 million Rials). on 15 July 2014, Persepolis released him.

title: Persepolis

text: Aerial view of the ruined monuments at Persepolis. Aerial view of the ruined monuments at Persepolis. Aerial view of the ruined monuments at Persepolis. Aerial view of the ruined monuments at Persepolis.

title: Persepolis F.C.

text: When Persepolis F.C. was created, the sport club already had a number of buildings such as gymnasiums, swimming pools, and bowling alleys in the Bowling Abdo Complex. The facility is in the north of Tehran and was renamed Shahid Chamran Bowling after the revolution. There was initially no stadium for the football team. Ali Abdo bought some land in the Ekbatan area of Tehran and constructed a stadium there. At the time it was known as Apadana stadium. Persepolis played only one game at the stadium due to poor organization of the seating and a lack of co-operation with other Iranian clubs. Persepolis only used the stadium as a training ground.

title: Persepolis

text: Herzfeld believed that the reasons behind the construction of Persepolis were the need for a majestic atmosphere, a symbol for the empire, and to celebrate special events, especially the Nowruz.[4] For historical reasons, Persepolis was built where the Achaemenid dynasty was founded, although it was not the center of the empire at that time.

title: 2014–15 Persepolis F.C. season

text:
The 2014–15 season are the Persepolis's 14th season in the Pro League, and their 32nd consecutive season in the top division of Iranian Football. They were also be competing in the Hazfi Cup & AFC Champions League. Persepolis is captained by Mohammad Nouri."For recent transfers, see List of Iranian football transfers summer 2014 & List of Iranian football transfers winter 2014–15.
"For more on the reserve and academy squads, see Persepolis Novin, Persepolis Academy, Persepolis Shomal & Persepolis Qaem Shahr."
Players in bold are still out from their injuries.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text: Fragmentary finds with Elamite texts from other sites in the Achaemenid Empire point to similar common practices and administrative activities. Archival records found in Bactria, one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire, use administrative vocabulary, practice and book-keeping found in the Persepolis administrative archives.

title: Ehsan Khorsandi

text: Khorsandi made his debut for Persepolis on May 19, 2002, 24th week of 01/02 in the match against Esteghlal Rasht, after serving many years as a Persepolis youth clubs player. He came back to Persepolis youth squads until 05/06 season, when he played for both youth and first squads teams. at the end of 07/08 season, when Persepolis gained its 2nd title in Iran Pro League, he was hesitant of staying or leaving the club, after he was not given no chance to play. at the end he decided to move to Aboumoslem despite he claimed that he had offer from Esteghlal. Khorsandi and Farshid Karimi, are the only players that could win IPL with Persepolis twice.

title: Persepolis Administrative Archives

text: Persepolis Treasury Archive furthermore contributes to the study of economic history by providing a record of the introduction of coined silver money to the regional economy of the Persepolis and its eventual adoption. Persepolis Fortification Archive, a generation before the Persepolis Treasury Archive, only attests to the payment in-kind at Persepolis (wine, beer, grain, flour, sheep, and the like).

title: Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club

text: The Persepolis Swimming Team was founded after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The team has won the national competition once in its history.

title: Persepolis

text: A number of bas-reliefs from Persepolis are kept at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England.[42] There is also a collection from Persepolis at the British Museum. The Persepolis bull at the Oriental Institute is one of the university's most prized treasures, but it is only one of several objects from Persepolis on display at the University of Chicago. New York City's Metropolitan Museum houses objects from Persepolis,[43] as does the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology of the University of Pennsylvania.[44] The Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon[45] and the Louvre of Paris hold objects from Persepolis as well.

title: Persepolis Qaem Shahr F.C.

text:
Persepolis Qaem Shahr Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Qaem Shahr, Iran. It currently competes in the Mazandaran Provincial League. On September 25, 2012; Persepolis Qaem Shahr's chairman signed a contract with Rouyanian, the chairman of Persepolis, establishing Persepolis Qaem Shahr as one of Persepolis's sections.
The table below shows the achievements of the club in various competitions.

title: Jafar Kashani

text: Jafar Kashani (, born March 21, 1944 in Tehran, Iran as "Jafar Ashraf Kashani") is a retired Iranian football player. He was scouted by Abbas Ekrami, Shahin F.C.'s founder when he was 16. After Shahin's dissolution, he joined Persepolis F.C. and played until 1974 when he was captain. Then he was employed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and worked in embassies in Germany and UAE. He was also a member of board of directors at IRIFF and Persepolis. He is currently board secretary of Persepolis.