query: When is the second coming of Jesus?

title: Second Coming

text: The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a Christian and Islamic belief regarding the future (or past) return of Jesus Christ after his ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago. The idea is based on messianic prophecies and is part of most Christian eschatologies.

title: Bible prophecy

text:
Preterists respond that Jesus did not mean His second coming but a demonstration of His might when He says "coming in his kingdom". In this view, this was accomplished by the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in 70 AD when some of the Apostles were still living and thus fulfilling the word of Jesus that only some will not have died.
Others argue it refers to the Transfiguration. The Wycliffe Bible Commentary states:

title: Mark 9

text: What exactly the kingdom of God refers to has been long debated. It immediately follows Jesus' statement of "... when he comes in his Father's glory with the holy angels." (Mark 8:38) in the preceding chapter. This could simply refer to the following Transfiguration. Some have thought this refers to the Second Coming, an event most hold did not happen within the lifetimes of those present. This could be a prediction that came true if you take into account John's Revelation of the Second Coming while he was on the island of Patmos. Others have interpreted it as Jesus referring to his resurrection and/or the coming of Christianity. It is also recorded in Matthew 16:28 and Luke 9:27. Matthew adds the statement that "... then he will reward each person according to what he has done" between the two.

title: Christian mythology

text:
The Second Coming of Christ holds a central place in Christian mythology. The Second Coming is the return of Christ to earth during the period of transformation preceding the end of this world and the establishment of the Kingdom of Heaven on earth. According to Matthew's gospel, when Jesus is on trial before the Roman and Jewish authorities, he claims, "In the future you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven."
The legend of the "Wandering Jew" concerns a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion and was then cursed to walk the earth until the Second Coming.

title: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word "parousia"—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the "second coming" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.

title: End time

text: Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that there will be a Second Coming of Jesus to the earth sometime in the future. The LDS Church and its leaders do not make any predictions of the actual date of the Second Coming.

title: Second Coming (LDS Church)

text: Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that there will be a Second Coming of Jesus Christ to the earth sometime in the future. The Church and its leaders do not make predictions of the actual date of the Second Coming.

title: Second Coming

text: Regarding the Christian idea that these prophecies will be fulfilled during a "second coming," Ohr Samayach states "we find this to be a contrived answer, since there is no mention of a second coming in the Jewish Bible. Second, why couldn't God accomplish His goals the first time round?"[53] Rabbi David Wolpe believes that the Second Coming was "grown out of genuine disappointment. [...] When Jesus died, true believers had to theologically compensate for the disaster."[54]

title: Kingdom theology

text: George Eldon Ladd believed that the Bible taught of two ages: 'This Age' and 'The Age to Come'. In 'This Age', there will be hostility to Christianity but in the 'Age to Come' those who have followed Jesus will be free from oppression and given eternal life. He believed that 'The Age to Come' would be inaugurated by the second coming of Jesus and the resurrection of the dead. Ladd argued that there is an overlap between the two ages; he suggested that, although the 'Age to Come' is in the future, it can still be "tasted" now, and its power can penetrate 'This Age'. The Vineyard movement's statement of faith relating to the last book of the bible, Revelation, states that God's kingdom came through Jesus and continues to come through the Holy Spirit. It suggests that, when Jesus comes again, Satan will be defeated, the dead will be raised, the final judgement will happen, and God's kingdom will be fully established.

title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper describes himself as an "optimistic premillennialist" and holds a post-tribulation view of the second coming of Jesus and of the Rapture, which teaches that the Church will go through the Great Tribulation. Because of this belief, he maintains that Romans 11 teaches that a mass in-gathering of ethnic Israel will be saved when the hardening of their hearts is removed at Jesus' second coming. He therefore advocates the importance of hoping in the resurrection of the dead at Christ's return.

title: Second Coming

text: Daya Mata wrote in the preface of The Second Coming of Christ that the "two-volume scriptural treatise thus represents the inclusive culmination of Paramahansa Yogananda's divine commission to make manifest to the world the essence of original Christianity as taught by Jesus Christ." In sharing her memories of when she wrote down his words, she shares - "the great Guru, his face radiantly enraptured, as he records for the world the inspired exposition of the Gospel teachings imparted to him through direct, personal communion with Jesus of Nazareth."[58] Larry Dossey, M.D., wrote that "Paramahansa Yogananda’s The Second Coming of Christ is one of the most important analyses of Jesus’ teachings that exists....Many interpretations of Jesus’ words divide peoples, cultures, and nations; these foster unity and healing, and that is why they are vital for today’s world."[59]

title: Jesus in Islam

text: Based upon several Hadith narrations of Muhammad, Jesus can be physically described thus (with any differences in Jesus’ physical description being due to Muhammad describing him when seeing him at different occasions, such as during his ascension to Heaven, or when describing Jesus during Jesus' second coming):

title: Second Coming (LDS Church)

text: Events that are specified in Church teachings to occur at the Second Coming include:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints' doctrine is fairly specific about the events that will occur at the Second Coming. It is believed that Christ will do the following things, though no order or time frame is specified:According to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' doctrine, the Millennium is believed to be a period of peace and righteousness. During this time, Jesus will personally reign on the earth, and Satan will be bound and have no power over the people due to their righteousness.

title: Reefer Madness (musical)

text: Meanwhile, in an execution chamber, Jimmy walks the last mile and is strapped into the electric chair. Just as the Switch-Puller (played by Ralph) prepares to fry Jimmy, he is interrupted by a second visit from Jesus and his backup angels! They sing and dance ("Listen to Jesus, Jimmy" reprise). Jimmy's immense relief is short-lived. It turns out Jesus has only come to gloat and watch the execution. Jimmy prepares to meet his fate - when a second interruption occurs.

title: Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam

text:
Ahmadi scholars consider the contemporary Islamic views of the second coming of Jesus (see Ahmadi prophetology) as inaccurate. The view of Jesus' expected return in person is deemed as mistaken since the return of an Israelite prophet after Muhammad is seen as violating the finality of Muhammad's prophethood and of the Islamic dispensation. Jesus is believed to have died a natural death, like all other prophets. In the Quran and Hadith there is an absence of the use of terms such as "return" or "second coming" with reference to Jesus' advent in the end times.The movement interpret the prophecies concerning Jesus's end time advent as allegorical - expressing the coming of a person (from within Islam itself) being in the "likeness" of Jesus. The prophecies are merged with those concerning the coming of the Mahdi. Both the terms "Jesus Son of Mary" and "Mahdi" (as used in Islamic eschatological literature) are understood interchangeably as two titles for the same person.
Ahmadis believe these prophecies have been fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the movement. Ahmadiyya believe that the Turin Shroud is authentic.

title: Second Coming

text: Part of a series on Jesus in Christianity Christ Christology Names and titles Life of Jesus Gospels Gospel harmony Places Virgin birth Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Miracles Parables Humiliation Execution Burial Resurrection Ascension Obedience Heavenly Session Intercession Second Coming Relics Jesus in Islam Gospel Mary Disciples Death Mahdi End times Background Background to the New Testament Language spoken by Jesus Jesus' race/genealogy Jesus in history Chronology Historical Jesus Historicity(Gospels) Sources for the historicity of Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus Mythology Christ myth theory Criticism Unknown years Perspectives on Jesus Biblical Christian(Lutheran) Jewish Talmud Islamic(Ahmadi) Scientology Josephus Tacitus Bar-Serapion Jesus in culture Life in art Depiction Jesuism Christianityportal Islamportal Book:Jesusvt

title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven invisibly as king in October 1914. They assert that the Greek word "parousia" (translated in most English Bible translations as "coming" when referring to Christ) is more accurately rendered "presence", perceived only by a composite "sign". As such, the Second Coming is considered an invisible presence, lasting for an extended period of time, and ending with Jesus' "coming" to separate the Sheep and the Goats. They believe that when Jesus became king, Satan was ousted from heaven to the earth, bringing a period of "woe" to mankind.

title: World Mission Society Church of God

text: The Church believes that Jesus was to come a second time in the flesh. They believe that Ahn Sahng-hong is the Second Coming Jesus, who came with a new name, the name of the Holy Spirit.( and ), and it states that he fulfilled biblical prophecies that only Jesus could have fulfilled.

title: Criticism of Christianity

text: Hundreds of years before the time of Jesus, Jewish prophets promised that a messiah would come. Judaism claims that Jesus did not fulfill these prophecies. Other skeptics usually claim that the prophecies are either vague or unfulfilled, or that the Old Testament writings influenced the composition of New Testament narratives. Christian apologists claim that Jesus fulfilled these prophecies, which they argue are nearly impossible to fulfill by chance. Many Christians anticipate the Second Coming of Jesus, when he will fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy, such as the Last Judgment, the general resurrection, establishment of the Kingdom of God, and the Messianic Age (see the article on Preterism for contrasting Christian views).

title: Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam

text:
Ahmadi scholars profess that when Prophet Muhammad died, the Sahaba were grieved. Umar, angered and upset, took out a sword, and said that he would kill anyone who said Muhammad is dead. At this instance Abu Bakar quoted:
The Ahmadiyya sect believes that because no companion said Jesus is alive in heaven and he would come physically in Second Coming, the implication invariably is that Jesus died a natural death (and not on the Cross).

title: Second Coming

text: List of messiah claimants List of people claimed to be Jesus Life of Jesus in the New Testament Realized eschatology "The Second Coming" (poem), by William Butler Yeats

title: Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus

text: "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus" was the first of a number of Wesley's hymns that became known as the "Festival hymns". These "Festival hymns" were published outside of Methodism by German, John Frederick Lampe in 1746. The hymn came into popular knowledge across Christian denominations in England via popular Baptist preacher, Charles Spurgeon. Spurgeon made a Christmas sermon in London in 1855 when he was 21 and included sections of "Come thou long expected Jesus" in it. He did this to illustrate his point that very few are "born king" and that Jesus was the only one who had been born king without being a prince. As a result of the hymn's growing popularity, including in the Church of England and American hymnals, the hymn was first published in the Methodist "Wesleyan Hymn Book" in 1875 after having previously been excluded. The reason why the hymn had originally been excluded from the hymn book was that there had been no officially suitable music intended for it before then. In recent times, "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus" has not been as well known as a Christmas Carol as others written around the same time. "Joy to the World" being one such example but "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus" is still used to focus on the hope of the Second Coming of Jesus.

title: Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus

text: Wesley adapted this prayer into a hymn in 1744 and published it in his ""Hymns for the Nativity of our Lord"" hymnal. Wesley wrote "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus" with the intent for people to remember Advent and Christmas as commemorating the Nativity of Jesus and preparing for the Second Coming.

title: Second Coming (LDS Church)

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that no person will be given the knowledge of when the Second Coming is to occur. There are no official teachings speculating about an exact time or date. Although the exact time and date is not known, Latter-day Saints believe that specific events must take place as signs before the Second Coming can occur.

title: Predictions and claims for the Second Coming of Christ

text: The Second Coming is a Christian concept regarding the return of Jesus to Earth after his "first coming" and his believed ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago. The belief is based on messianic prophecies found in the canonical gospels and is part of most Christian eschatologies. Views about the nature of Jesus' Second Coming vary among Christian denominations and among individual Christians.

title: Sabbath Rest Advent Church

text:
The conviction of the church members that Jesus will return a second time is based on the words of the angels to the disciples when Jesus ascended into heaven: “Men of Galilee, why do you stand gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus, who was taken up from you into heaven, will so come in like manner as you saw Him go into heaven.” "Acts 1:11".
The Sabbath Rest Advent Church teaches that the future does not lie in man’s ability to solve problems, but in salvation through faith in Jesus Christ. The consummation of this hope will be realized at the second advent of Christ.

title: Christianity in the 19th century

text: Adventism is a Christian eschatological belief that looks for the imminent Second Coming of Jesus to inaugurate the Kingdom of God. This view involves the belief that Jesus will return to receive those who have died in Christ and those who are awaiting his return, and that they must be ready when he returns. The Millerites, the most well-known family of the Adventist movements, were the followers of the teachings of William Miller, who, in 1833, first shared publicly his belief in the coming Second Advent of Jesus Christ in c.1843. They emphasized apocalyptic teachings anticipating the end of the world and did not look for the unity of Christendom but busied themselves in preparation for Christ's return. From the Millerites descended the Seventh-day Adventists and the Advent Christian Church. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is the largest of several Adventist groups which arose from the Millerite movement of the 1840s. Miller predicted on the basis of and the day-year principle that Jesus Christ would return to Earth on October 22, 1844. When this did not happen, most of his followers disbanded and returned to their original churches.

title: Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

text: A picture of the resurrected Lord, Jesus Christ, is in every temple. This picture symbolizes the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, it symbolizes that Jesus is in His temples, and it symbolizes His glory when He will come the second time to the earth.

text: A number of specific dates have been predicted for the Second Coming. This list shows the dates and details of predictions from notable groups or individuals of when Jesus was, or is, expected to return. This list also contains dates specifically predicting Jesus' Millennium, though there are several theories on when the Millennium is believed to occur in relation to the Second Coming.

title: Jesus de Greatest

text: Jesus de Greatest is a statue of Jesus Christ located in Abajah village in Imo State, Nigeria. It is considered "Africa’s largest statue of Jesus", and is the fifth tallest statue in the African continent. The 160 ft African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa, the 66 ft Great Sphinx of Giza is second, the 30 ft Statue of Ramesses II is third, and the 28 ft Nelson Mandela statue is fourth. When it comes to "the largest statue of Jesus in the world", tall Christ the King in Świebodzin, Poland, takes the credit.

title: Second Coming (LDS Church)

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that Jesus will come in "power and great glory." Latter-day Saints believe that the person who will arrive is the same Jesus as the one who ascended to heaven in the New Testament account and that he will still have the marks of the nails in his hands and feet that he gained from the Crucifixion when he returns.


query: When was NATO founded?

title: NATO

text: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/; French: Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.[3][4] NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO’s Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.

title: 5.56×45mm NATO

text:
The US SAAMI lists Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for the .223 Remington cartridge as piezo pressure with deviation of up to .
The chamber for military 5.56×45mm NATO has a longer throat prior to the bullet contacting the rifling which results in lower pressures when firing 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. If 5.56×45mm NATO is used in rifles chambered for .223 Remington the bullet will be engraving the rifling when chambered which can dramatically increase pressure past the proof test level.

title: Ukraine

text: Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. The country has had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation, other CIS countries and a partnership with NATO since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Recently deposed President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO. During the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets the criteria for the accession.

title: Enlargement of NATO

text: NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949 to include twenty-nine members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The early years of the Cold War saw a stark divide between Capitalist states, backed by United States, and Communist satellite states of the Soviet Union. This divide eased inclusion of Portugal under Salazar in NATO and encouraged the anti-Communist governments of Greece and Turkey to join NATO in 1952. Greece would suspend its membership in 1974, over the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, but rejoined in 1980 with Turkey's cooperation.

title: Enlargement of NATO

text: In 1949 Sweden chose not to join NATO and declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war. A modified version now qualifies non-alignment in peace for possible neutrality in war. This position was maintained without much discussion during the Cold War. Since the 1990s however there has been an active debate in Sweden on the question of NATO membership in the post–Cold War world. These ideological divides were visible in November 2006 when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden was invited to join the NATO Response Force. Sweden have been active participants in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF), and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).

title: Foreign relations of Norway

text: Norway's strategic importance for waging war in the North Atlantic became important in the failed neutrality policy of World War II. Norway became a founding member of NATO in order to ally itself with countries that shared its democratic values. Both through diplomatic and military cooperation, Norway has played a visible role in the formation and operations of NATO. It allowed a limited number of military bases and exercises to be based in its territories, which caused some controversy when NATO decided to put forward bases in Northern Norway in preparation for a conflict with the Soviet Union.

title: Standing NATO Maritime Group 2

text: The Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) assumed the current denomination on 1 January 2005, when new names and missions were allocated to NATO's maritime Immediate Reaction Forces, to make them part of the NRF. When not required for specific NRF tasks, the NATO Standing Naval Groups will be carrying out the same activities as they have been doing under their old names.

title: Jill Stein

text: On the subject of NATO, Stein has said that NATO has violated international law in Libya, and that it is part of "a foreign policy that has been based on economic and military domination". When asked whether she agreed with Ajamu Baraka's description of NATO as "gangster states", Stein answered that she would not use Baraka's language but that "he means the same thing I'm saying". Stein has said that NATO "pursued a policy of basically encircling Russia — including the threat of nukes and drones and so on." When asked by "The Washington Post" about NATO's role in protecting the Baltic states against Russia, Stein responded: "At this point, I'm not prepared to speak to that in detail" but said that NATO has not followed its stated policy after the fall of the Berlin Wall not to move "one inch to the East." She further argued that there has been provocation on both sides and that a diplomatic approach is necessary. Stein has said that NATO fights invented enemies in order to provide work for the weapons industry.

title: Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović

text: When Grabar-Kitarović saw an ad for a job at NATO in "The Economist" magazine, she thought that the job was well-suited for her, but in the end decided not to apply for it. It was only when NATO failed to choose a candidate for the job in two rounds that she finally applied, and in the third round she received the position. During her term at NATO she often visited Afghanistan and the Croatian soldiers that are deployed there as part of a peacekeeping mission. Her task was to take care of the "communication strategy" and to "bring NATO closer to the common people". Her colleagues at NATO often referred to her as SWAMBO (She Who Must Be Obeyed). Grabar-Kitarović was the first woman ever to be appointed to the position. She served as Assistant Secretary General in NATO until 2 October 2014.

title: 5.56×45mm NATO

text: When 5.56×45mm NATO was adopted as standard in 1980, NATO chose a 178 mm (1-in-7") rifling twist rate for the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering to adequately stabilize the relatively long NATO L110/M856 5.56×45mm NATO tracer projectile. The US at that time converted all rifles in inventory by replacing the barrels and all new US military rifles since have been manufactured with this ratio.

title: Member states of NATO

text: NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949, and since 2017 NATO has had 29 members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany (in 1955) and Spain (in 1982). In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany. Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, including the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1997, three former Warsaw Pact countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO. After this fourth enlargement in 1999, the Vilnius group of the Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership. Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004. The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009, Montenegro in 2017.

title: NATO debate in the Scottish National Party

text: The first signs of a policy change appeared in April 2012, when it emerged the party's policy-making national council would be considering their position at its June meeting. A University of Strathclyde poll carried out in May found that 52% of SNP members surveyed wanted to remain in NATO, and it was reported in June that the SNP leadership had decided to change their position following talks with Denmark and Norway, which are full NATO members.

title: NATO Association of Canada

text: The NATO Association of Canada (NAOC, formerly the Atlantic Council of Canada) is a non-governmental organization founded in 1966 to promote knowledge and understanding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Canada.

title: 2015 NATO emergency meeting

text: The 2015 NATO emergency meeting was an emergency convention of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation called by Turkey, in accordance to Article 4 of NATO's founding treaty. It is the fifth such meeting called in the organisation's 66-year history. The meeting was held in Brussels, Belgium on 28 July 2015 and was attended by ambassadors of all NATO's member states.

title: .223 Remington

text: It has been observed that 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition is not as accurate as .223 Remington in many of the AR type rifles extant even with the same bullet weight. A solution to the problem has been developed by Bill Wylde and it bears his name. .223 Wylde is not a cartridge, it is a barrel chamber specification - with the external dimensions and lead angle as found in the military 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge and the 0.224 inch freebore diameter as found in the civilian SAAMI .223 Remington cartridge - that was designed to increase the accuracy of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition to that of .223 Remington. The Noveske company also has a chamber design which increases 5.56mm NATO accuracy.

title: Yugoslav Wars

text: Later, Kosovar Albanians started an insurgency against Belgrade when the Kosovo Liberation Army was founded in 1996. Armed clashes between the two sides broke out in early 1998. A NATO-facilitated ceasefire was signed on 15 October, but both sides broke it two months later and fighting resumed. When the killing of 45 Kosovar Albanians in the Račak massacre was reported in January 1999, NATO decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a military peacekeeping force to forcibly restrain the two sides. After the Rambouillet Accords broke down on 23 March with Yugoslav rejection of an external peacekeeping force, NATO prepared to install the peacekeepers by force. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia followed, an intervention against Serbian forces with a mainly bombing campaign, under the command of General Wesley Clark. Hostilities ended 2½ months later with the Kumanovo Agreement. Kosovo was placed under the governmental control of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo and the military protection of Kosovo Force (KFOR). The 15-month war had left thousands of civilians killed on both sides and over a million displaced.

title: Foreign relations of NATO

text: In 1949 Sweden chose not to join NATO and declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war. A modified version now qualifies non-alignment in peace for possible neutrality in war. As such, the Swedish government decided not to participate in the membership of NATO because they wanted to remain neutral in a potential war. This position was maintained without much discussion during the Cold War. Since the 1990s however there has been an active debate in Sweden on the question of NATO membership in the post–Cold War world. Sweden joined Partnership for Peace in 1994. These ideological divides were visible again in November 2006 when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden was invited to join the NATO Response Force. While the governing parties in Sweden have opposed membership, they have participated in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF) and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).

title: NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

text: Amnesty International released a report which stated that NATO forces had deliberately targeted a civilian object (NATO bombing of the Radio Television of Serbia headquarters), and had bombed targets at which civilians were certain to be killed. The report was rejected by NATO as "baseless and ill-founded". A week before the report was released, Carla Del Ponte, the chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had told the United Nations Security Council that her investigation into NATO actions found no basis for charging NATO or its leaders with war crimes.

title: NATO Medal

text: The NATO Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) was first awarded in 2003 to commend NATO staff whose personal initiative and dedication went beyond their duty to make a difference both to their colleagues, and to NATO as an organisation. The Medal is the personal award of the Secretary General of NATO, who signs each citation. Fewer than 50 medals are awarded each year and it remains the only significant award for individual personal effort for NATO staff; this Medal can be awarded to military and civilian staff alike. When assessing nominations for the award, there are several criteria taken into consideration: the performance of acts of courage in difficult or dangerous circumstances; showing exceptional leadership or personal example; making an outstanding individual contribution to a NATO sponsored programme or activity; or enduring particular hardship or deprivation in the interest of NATO. The NATO Meritorious Service Medal is now authorized for wear on U.S. and British military uniforms.

title: Azerbaijan–NATO relations

text: The relationship between Azerbaijan and NATO started in 1992 when Azerbaijan joined newly created North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Considerable partnership between NATO and Azerbaijan dates back to 1994, when the latter joined Partnership for Peace program. Azerbaijan established a diplomatic Mission to NATO in 1997 by the Presidential Decree on 21 November.

title: Ukraine–NATO relations

text: Relations officially began when Ukraine became the first CIS country to enter NATO's Partnership for Peace program in February 1994. In the summer of 1995 NATO stepped up to help to mitigate consequences of the Kharkiv Drinking Water Disaster. This was the first cooperation between NATO and Ukraine. On May 7, 1997 the first-ever official NATO Information and Documentation Center opened in Kyiv, aimed to foster transparency about the alliance. A Ukrainian public opinion poll of May 6 showed 37% in favor of joining NATO with 28% opposed and 34% undecided. On July 9, 1997, a NATO-Ukraine Commission was established. In 2002 relations with the government of the United States and other NATO countries deteriorated after one of the recordings made during the Cassette Scandal revealed an alleged transfer of a sophisticated Ukrainian defense system to Saddam Hussein's Iraq. At the NATO enlargement summit in November 2002, the NATO–Ukraine commission adopted a Ukraine–NATO Action Plan. President Kuchma's declaration that Ukraine wanted to join NATO (also in 2002) and the sending of Ukrainian troops to Iraq in 2003 could not mend relations between Kuchma and NATO. Currently, the Ukrainian Armed Forces are working with NATO in Iraq.

title: Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

text: Article 5 of NATO's charter calls on NATO members to respond in mutual defense when any NATO member is attacked. It is unclear whether under the NATO charter force may be used in the absence of such an attack. Article 5 has been interpreted as restricting NATO's use of force to situations where a NATO member has been attacked. It has been argued, therefore, that NATO's actions were in violation of the charter of NATO. Critics of this theory argue, however, that the purpose of Article 5 is to require all NATO members to respond when any NATO member is attacked, not to restrict the circumstances under which NATO may choose to use force.

title: NATO Day

text: NATO Day is a day commemorating the founding of NATO by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. It is celebrated in Macedonia and marked on the first Sunday of April in Romania. However, in Lithuania it is celebrated on 29 March, in honor of its accession to NATO in 2004.

title: NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

text: Five months after the conclusion of NATO bombing, when around one third of reported gravesites had been visited thus far, 2,108 bodies had been found, with an estimated total of between 5,000 and 12,000 at that time; Yugoslav forces had systematically concealed grave sites and moved bodies.

title: NATO Parliamentary Assembly

text: The foundation for cooperation between NATO and the NATO-PA was strengthened in December 1967 when the North Atlantic Council (NAC) authorized the NATO Secretary General to study how to achieve closer cooperation between the two bodies. As a result of these deliberations over the following year, the NATO Secretary General, after consultation with the NAC, implemented several measures to enhance the working relationship between NATO and the Assembly. These measures included the Secretary General providing a response to all Assembly recommendations and resolutions adopted in its Plenary Sessions.

title: Pakistan–NATO relations

text: In 2011, NATO's relations with Pakistan worsen after an unfriendly attack took place in near border; Pakistan responded with suspending all NATO operations, boycotting the Bonn Conference and evicting the US air force from Shamsi air force base. The squabble was resolved peacefully when United States formally apologized to Pakistan. In 2013, the military-to-military relations between NATO and Pakistan were strengthened following NATO's recognition of Pakistan's important role in the region and as enabler to NATO’s Mission in Afghanistan.

title: Spiegel affair

text: The quarrel escalated when the 8 October 1962 issue of "Der Spiegel" presented an article by Conrad Ahlers, ""Bedingt abwehrbereit"" ("Partially Ready to Defend"), about a NATO exercise called "Fallex 62". The piece "included details about the performance of West Germany’s defense forces" and "a NATO commander’s assessment that found the West German forces to be only partially ready to defend the country."

title: Javier Solana

text: On 5 December 1995, Solana became the new Secretary-General of NATO, replacing Willy Claes who had been forced to resign in a corruption scandal. His appointment created controversy as, in the past, he had been an opponent of NATO. He had written a pamphlet called "50 Reasons to say no to NATO", and had been on a US subversives list. On 30 May 1982 Spain joined NATO. When PSOE came to power later that year, Solana and the party changed their previous anti-NATO positions into an atlanticist, pro-NATO stance. On 12 March 1986 Spain held a referendum on whether to remain in NATO, with the government and Solana successfully campaigning in favour. When criticised about his anti-NATO past, Solana argued that he was happy to be its representative as it had become disassociated from its Cold War origins.

title: NATO summit

text: From the founding of NATO in 1949, there have been a total of thirty NATO summits; the last of which was the 2018 Brussels summit held in July 2018. Only the traditional summits have received an official number, thereby excluding the exceptional summit of 2001 in NATO headquarters.

title: Armed Forces of Ukraine

text: Ukraine's stated national policy is Euro-Atlantic integration, with the European Union. Ukraine has a "Distinctive Partnership" with NATO (see Enlargement of NATO) and has been an active participant in Partnership for Peace exercises and in peacekeeping in the Balkans. This close relationship with NATO has been most apparent in Ukrainian cooperation and combined peacekeeping operations with its neighbor Poland in Kosovo. Ukrainian servicemen also serve under NATO command in Iraq, Afghanistan and in Operation Active Endeavour. Former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych considered the level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient. His predecessor Viktor Yushchenko had asked for Ukrainian membership by early 2008. During the 2008 Bucharest summit NATO declared that Ukraine will become a member of NATO whenever it wants and when it meets the criteria for accession. Former Ukrainian President Yanukovych opted to keep Ukraine a non-aligned state. This materialized on June 3, 2010 when the Ukrainian parliament excluded, with 226 votes, the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy. Amid the Euromaidan unrest, Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February 2014.

title: Operation Gladio

text: Operating in all of NATO and even in some neutral countries such as Spain before its 1982 admission to NATO, Gladio was first coordinated by the Clandestine Committee of the Western Union (CCWU), founded in 1948. After the creation of NATO in 1949, the CCWU was integrated into the "Clandestine Planning Committee" (CPC), founded in 1951 and overseen by the SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), transferred to Belgium after France's official withdrawal from the NATO military organization – but not from NATO – which was not followed by the dissolution of the French stay-behind paramilitary movements.


query: When was the Bull Party founded?

title: Progressive Party (United States, 1912)

text: The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive reforms and attracting some leading reformers. After the party's defeat in the 1912 presidential election, it went into rapid decline, disappearing by 1918. The Progressive Party was popularly nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party" since Roosevelt often said that he felt "strong as a bull moose" both before and after an assassination attempt on the campaign trail.[1]

title: Bernt Bull

text:
He is a son of Brynjulf Bull, another Labour Party politician. Bernt Bull holds the cand.jur. degree. He was a member of Oslo city council from 1980 to 1995, and led the city council group of the Labour Party from 1992 to 1994.
He also represented his party as secretary for the Labour Party parliamentary group from 1982 to 1986, and State Secretary in the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment from 1994 to 1997.

title: Sitting Bull

text: Sitting Bull's band of Hunkpapa continued to attack migrating parties and forts in the late 1860s. When in 1871 the Northern Pacific Railway conducted a survey for a route across the northern plains directly through Hunkpapa lands, it encountered stiff Lakota resistance. The same railway people returned the following year accompanied by federal troops. Sitting Bull and the Hunkpapa attacked the survey party, which was forced to turn back. In 1873, the military accompaniment for the surveyors was increased again, but Sitting Bull's forces resisted the survey "most vigorously." The Panic of 1873 forced the Northern Pacific Railway's backers (such as Jay Cooke) into bankruptcy. This halted construction of the railroad through Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota territory.

title: Professional Bull Riders: Heroes and Legends

text: Professional Bull Riders (PBR) is an international professional bull riding organization based in Pueblo, Colorado. It began in 1992, when 21 bull riders pooled $1,000 each to found the organization, which was dedicated to bull riding separate from its traditional inclusion as one of several rodeo events. Today, the PBR is one of the top ten fastest growing sports organizations in the world. It sponsors the Built Ford Tough Series, where the top 35 best bull riders in the world compete, along with the best bucking bulls.

title: 1912 United States presidential election

text:
Progressive candidate:
Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson from California as his vice presidential running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a "bull moose". Henceforth known as the "Bull Moose Party," the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people.

title: New York Red Bulls II

text: The New York Red Bulls II were founded on January 21, 2015, when the New York Red Bulls acquired the rights to start a USL club. Red Bulls II competes in the second tier of American soccer and serves as a reserve side for the first team as well as a developmental stage for young prospects and academy players. The club follows in the footsteps of many MLS clubs who created USL sides to help promote youth development throughout the nation.

title: Grandfather Falls

text:
are also sometimes seen in older accounts and maps. The Ojibwe name for the cascade was "Konajewun" which means "long falls."
Many of the falls and rapids on the Wisconsin River had the word "Bull" inserted in the name, such as Big Bull Falls at what is now Wausau and Jenny Bull Falls at what is now Merrill. These derive from "voyageurs" working for John Baptiste DuBay, who ran a trading post for the John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company near Fort Winnebago, and built a pioneering trading post and homestead near Knowlton. While traveling up stream, a party of these "voyageurs" encountered the rapids at Mosinee and named it "Taureau", French for "bull." When they encountered the rapids at Wausau, which were bigger, they named them "Gros Taureau" — "Big Bull." When they encountered the much larger rapids 40 miles further up stream, they named them "Taureau Grand-père." This began a tradition for naming all the falls on the upper Wisconsin.

title: Francisco Romero (bullfighter)

text: It seems that the death of a bull by sword was practiced previously, specially by the employees of meat processing factories in Sevilla, but not in a bullring. In any case, if Francisco Romero is not the inventor of the modern bullfight, he is the first matador that became professional and made a living from bull fighting. His success implied a fundamental and radical change in the bullfight art: up to him, the main part of the "corrida" (bullfight or "bullrun") was the piking of the bull from a horse, followed by bullfighting on horse and then some use of cape by helpers on foot, but the horse rider was the protagonist of the bull party. The death of the bull was only the end of the bullfight and it wasn't particularly celebrated. After Francisco Romero, and after some years when both bullfighting styles (on foot and riding a horse) fought for public support, on-horse bullfight started to lose the protagonist role it had and the death of the bull by a lonely man on foot, armed only with a sword, became the most important part of a bullfight.

title: Fran Bull

text:
When she is not working in Barcelona, Bull lives and works in Vermont, where in 2005 she founded "Gallery in-the-Field", a fine art gallery and performance space, whose mission is to present the work of provocative, innovative living artists.
Along with the production of her own art, Bull teaches in universities and art schools throughout the United States and abroad.

title: Deonar abattoir

text:
The Deonar slaughterhouse is a slaughterhouse located in Deonar, in the eastern suburb of Mumbai, India. The abattoir used to be the largest in Asia in 1971. Goats, Bulls and Ox are made available differing in size and breed cost with ranges anywhere between and , the highest a shop has demanded at the abattoir.
People used to buy bull and others cattle from here but when Bharatiya Janata Party-Shivsena government came to power in Maharashtra they banned the slaughtering of bull.

title: Bull shark

text: In 2008, researchers tagged and recorded the movements of young bull sharks in the Caloosahatchee River estuary. Specifically, they were testing to find out what determined the movement of the young bull sharks. It was found that the young bull sharks synchronously moved downriver when the environmental conditions changed. This large movement of young bull sharks were found to be moving as a response rather than other external factors such as predators. An interesting find was that the movement was directly related to the bull shark conserving energy for itself. One way the bull shark is able to conserve energy is that when the tidal flow changes, the bull shark uses the tidal flow in order to conserve energy as it moves downriver. Another way for the bull shark to conserve energy is to decrease the amount of energy needed to osmoregulate the surrounding environment.

title: Edvard Bull Sr.

text: In 1919, the Labour Party joined the Third Communist International. Although the revolutionary wing had taken control of the party at the 1918 national convention, dissent soon surfaced. Moderates broke out to form the Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway in 1921. The main contention surrounded the possible adaption of the Twenty-one Conditions, which was demanded by Comintern members. Bull was a staunch opponent of the Twenty-one Conditions, and following a resolution at the February 1923 national convention, the Labour Party left the Comintern. In the same year Bull was selected as deputy party leader, a position he held until his death. The Soviet-friendly Communist Party was then formed by splinters, while the road was open for a reconciliation with the Social Democratic Labour Party. Bull helped engineer the reunion between the two parties in 1927. In the same year, Labour became the largest party in the general election. Bull was never elected to Parliament, but when Christopher Hornsrud formed the first ever socialist cabinet in Norway, Bull was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. However, the cabinet only lasted from 28 January to 15 February, being defeated by the other parliamentary parties on a vote of no confidence. He was both preceded and succeeded by people who were also Prime Ministers; Ivar Lykke and Johan Ludwig Mowinckel.

title: Edvard Bull Sr.

text: This defeat pushed the Labour Party in a revolutionary direction once again. Bull was among the writers of the party manifesto for the 1930 general election, which was more radical. However, this tactic caused a significant loss in the election. Historians generally agree that from this point, the Labour Party decisively drifted away from the revolutionary rhetoric and policies. Ole Colbjørnsen emerged as the new party ideologist, writing "En norsk treårsplan" in 1933 together with Axel Sømme, a program for turning Labour into a social democratic reform party. Labour politicians formed a cabinet again in 1935, and more or less held power until 1965, except for the war years 1940 to 1945 when Germany occupied Norway as well as a month in 1963, when a right-winged cabinet held office.

title: Bucking bull

text:
A bucking bull is a bull used in American rodeo bull riding competition. They are usually a Brahma crossed with another breed, weighing 1,500 pounds or more, selected for their tendency to "leap, plunge and spin" when a human is on its back. Circa mid-20th century breeders began selecting bulls for bad temperament, that would buck when ridden.
Many of the best bucking bulls trace their lineage to bulls owned by Charlie Plummer of Oklahoma. These are known as Plummer bulls.

title: The Bull of Navan

text: The whole project of "The Bull of Navan" caused controversy since when it was first proposed in 2002 until the bull's installation in 2011. The bull had been commissioned in 2003 but objections to the statue delayed its completion by 8 years. It was held in storage during this period. The main sources of disagreement were the price of the project, the prosed location for the bull, and the originality of the bull in general. A petition was signed by over 4500 people as part of the "Navan against the Bull" campaign. This campaign was waged by the Anti-Bull Alliance Party chaired by Paddy Pylre and a consortium of local industrialists. Even after the bull was erected, controversy persisted over issues that arose due to its position.

title: 1912 Progressive National Convention

text: Angered at the renomination of President William Howard Taft over their candidate at the 1912 Republican National Convention, supporters of former president Theodore Roosevelt convened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party acclaimed Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson of California as his running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a "bull moose". Henceforth known as the " Bull Moose Party", the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people.

title: Michael Puntervold

text: Puntervold placed himself on the right wing of the party, which held control of the party by and large until 1918. In 1920 he was more or less denounced by Edvard Bull, Sr. who wrote in "Det 20de Aarhundre" of "right-wing socialism and puntervoldery". When the Labour Party split in 1921, Puntervold joined the more right-wing Social Democratic Labour Party, and became a leading figure in this party. Writing in "Arbeider-Politikken", he was a part of the early supporters of such a new party. He was also chairman of "Arbeider-Politikken", which became the official party newspaper, from 1920 to 1927. He took part at the founding congress of the Labour and Socialist International in 1923; the other Norwegian delegates were Magnus Nilssen, Arne Magnussen and Olav Kringen.

title: Republican Party (United States)

text: Founded in 1854, the GOP originally subscribed to classical liberalism and took ideological stands that were anti-slavery and pro-economic reform. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president in the history of the United States. The party was usually dominant over the Democrats during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran as a third-party presidential candidate. Roosevelt called for many social reforms, some of which were later championed by New Deal Democrats in the 1930s. He lost the 1912 election, and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they were at odds with the party's new conservative economic stance; many left for the Democratic Party, and an ideological shift to the right occurred in the Republican Party. Later in the 20th century, the liberal Republican element was overwhelmed by a conservative surge begun by Barry Goldwater in 1964 and continued during the Reagan Era.

title: George Carr Frison

text: When he was 11 years old he had his first, and most unforgettable, incident with a bison bull in a state park near Thermopolis, about from his home ranch, when ten loose bison wandered from the park, and Frison was able to secure permission to assist local cowhands to escort the bison back to the park. A young bison bull that created too much confusion among the other bison was left behind. Frison found the bison bull grazing a few days later and decided to outrun the bull on horseback. After both Frison and the bison cleared two fences, the bull stopped at the third fence, turned 180 degrees and decided to charge. Frison soon learned how an awkward and docile bison could soon be a danger, as both Frison and his horse toppled to the ground when the bull passed between the horse’s legs. However, all three managed to sustain no injury (Frison 2004).

title: Bull shark

text: In a research experiment, the bull sharks were found to be at the mouth of an estuary for the majority of the time. They stayed at the mouth of the river independent of the salinity of the water. The driving factor for a bull shark to be in fresh or salt water, however, is its age; as the bull shark ages, its tolerance for very low or high salinity increases. The majority of the newborn or very young bull sharks were found in the freshwater area, whereas the much older bull sharks were found to be in the saltwater areas, as they had developed a much better tolerance for the salinity. Reproduction is one of the reasons why adult bull sharks travel into the river—it is thought to be a physiological strategy to improve juvenile survival and a way to increase overall fitness of bull sharks. The young are not born with a high tolerance for high salinity, so they are born in fresh water and stay there until they are able to travel out.

title: Mechanical bull

text: Mechanical bulls have existed for decades as a training device for rodeo competitors, as they enable a rider of rough stock (bucking horses and bull riding) to enhance rodeo performance and refine skills without the risk and unpredictability of a live animal. Although mechanical bulls are still routinely used for rodeo training, they are also utilized as an amusement ride, both as a mobile rental (i.e., party entertainment) and stationary entertainment found in bars, restaurants, and clubs; these may be surrounded by an blown-air inflated structure similar to a "bounce house" or foam pits for safety. There is a modified, less dangerous style used for children's parties, usually with a one-minute timer. Children remove their shoes to get on. They hold a rope or peg on the shoulder or neck of the machine, and the person who stays on for the whole minute without falling off wins a small prize.

title: Bull Chief

text: After Bull Chief had concluded his tasks, Big Shadow came and found him, bringing with him three other men. Big Shadow started off the process then by painted Bull Chief from head to toe with white clay. Once Bull Chief was painted, Big Shadow then pierced Bull Chief's back muscle in two separate places and thrust skewers through the slits in his muscle to attach the thongs fastened to the nostrils of the buffalo head. Next Big Shadow pierced Bull Chief's shoulders and from those slits, hung the shield and tomahawks. Bull Chief was then given a staff and instructed to get up off the ground. After getting up Big Shadow told Bull Chief he needed to walk around the village four times while the three men with them would smoke. This was a difficult task for Bull Chief to accomplish, because the dogs in the community would jump on the skin and when dogs were not jumping on it, it was getting caught in the sage brush under it.

title: Grant Short Bull

text: Short Bull was with the Soreback band on the Tongue River in January 1876 when the government's ultimatum was delivered to the northern bands. Short Bull later recalled that they agreed they would go in to the Red Cloud Agency, located in northwestern Nebraska. The Sorebacks soon joined a village of Northern Cheyenne on the Powder River. While Short Bull was absent from the village on a raiding party, the village was attacked by General George Crook's troops, under the direct command of Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds. Short Bull returned in time to help recapture part of the village's horse herd. "This attack was the turning point of the situation," Short Bull explained. "If it had not been for that attack by Crook on Powder River, we would have come in to the agency that spring, and there would have been no Sioux war."

title: Bartle Bull (politician)

text: Bull lost his Commons seat at the 1945 general election, when it was one of many won by the Labour Party in a political landslide. On leaving parliament, Bull returned to his legal practice.

title: Lamborghini Reventón

text: The Reventón is the name of a fighting bull, in line with Lamborghini tradition. The bull, raised by Don Heriberto Rodríguez, was best known for killing famed Mexican bullfighter Felix Guzmán in 1943. "Reventón" means "small explosion" or "burst" in Spanish, when used as a noun. In the vernacular, it is also used to define a very large party or a night in town. In automotive terms, it means "blowout or flat tire" when used as a noun. When it was used as the name of a bull, however, it was intended to be interpreted as an adjective, a quality or property of that bull in particular. In this last sense, "reventón" means "he who seems to be about to burst". Or, in the case of a flower (a carnation, "un clavel reventón") in its maximum point, of luxuriance or a mouth ("una boca reventona"), for its beauty and fullness.

title: Michael Cohen (lawyer)

text: While an executive at the organization, Cohen was known as Trump's "pit bull." In late 2011, when Trump was publicly speculating about running for the 2012 Republican Party presidential nomination, Cohen co-founded the website "Should Trump Run?" to draft Trump into entering the race.

title: Pirate Party (Sweden)

text: There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden: the political Pirate Party, the now-defunct NGO "Piratbyrån" (Pirate Bureau), and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay. Of these three, Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate, whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track, founded by Falkvinge, and was initially unrelated to the other two. This was until 18 May 2010, when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bay's ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down access to The Pirate Bay, with the Pirate Party stating that "It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity."

title: Bull shark

text: Behavioral studies have confirmed that sharks can take visual cues in order to discriminate between different objects. The bull shark is able to discriminate between colors of mesh netting that is present underwater. It was found that bull sharks tended to avoid mesh netting of bright colors rather than colors that blended in with the water. Bright yellow mesh netting was found to be easily avoided when it was placed in the path of the bull shark. This was found to be the reason that sharks are attracted to bright yellow survival gear rather than ones that were painted black. This is very important because it gives an insight into how bull sharks are able to pick up certain visual keys underwater that might give them an advantage when seeking out certain prey.

title: Frank Munsey

text: Munsey became directly involved in presidential politics when former President Theodore Roosevelt announced his candidacy to challenge his hand-picked successor President William Taft for the landmark 1912 Republican Party nomination for the presidency. Munsey and George W. Perkins provided the financial backing for Roosevelt's campaign leading up to the Republican National Convention in Chicago. When Roosevelt supporters bolted from the convention, Munsey was one of the most outspoken critics of what were labeled as "corrupt proceedings" and announced that Roosevelt would run at the head of a new party. His encouragement and offer of financial backing led to the formation of the Progressive Party, which acquired the nickname of the "Bull Moose Party" (from TR's quotation that "I'm as strong as a bull moose", when questioned about his age after previously becoming the youngest president upon McKinley's assassination, serving almost two terms as president) then nominated Roosevelt for president. Munsey was one of its most ardent supporters and one of the largest contributors to its "third party" campaign expenses and pulled one of the largest votes ever for a candidate not from one of the two main dominant parties in American history.

title: Sitting Bull

text: In September, Sitting Bull and about one hundred Hunkpapa Lakota encountered a small party near what is now Marmarth, North Dakota. They had been left behind by a wagon train commanded by Captain James L. Fisk to effect some repairs to an overturned wagon. When he led an attack, Sitting Bull was shot in the left hip by a soldier. The bullet exited out through the small of his back, and the wound was not serious.

title: Bulls, New Zealand

text: Bulls, like the rest of the Rangitikei District, is located in the general electorate of Rangitīkei and in the Māori electorate of Te Tai Hauāuru. Rangitīkei is a safe National Party seat since the 1938 election with the exception of 1978–1984 when it was held by Bruce Beetham of the Social Credit Party. Since 2011 it is held by Ian McKelvie.


query: Was Nightmare Before Christmas clay animation?

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy Halloween-Christmas film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of "Halloween Town" who stumbles through a portal to "Christmas Town" and decides to celebrate the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory.

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King

text: The game so far has a score of 69.43% from GameRankings and 71 out of 100 from Metacritic. IGN gave it a score of 6.5 out of 10, saying, ""Nightmare Before Christmas" might not be all that amazing visually, and audio-wise it's the absolute pits. But it does give kids a solid "Nightmare Before Christmas"-based adventure, even if it lacks that special 'zing' that the unique license could have afforded."

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman. It was released on October 12, 1993, by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film "The Nightmare Before Christmas". Composed by Danny Elfman, the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score. The album peaked at #64 on the US "Billboard" 200. For the film's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3-D, a special edition of the soundtrack was released, a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film's songs by Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, Marilyn Manson, Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge. Four original demo tracks (six on the Best Buy exclusive) by Elfman were also included.

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Nightmare won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, while Elfman won Best Music. Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work. Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. Most recently, the film ranked #1 on Rotten Tomatoes' "Top 25 Best Christmas Movies" list.[56]

title: Nightmare Revisited

text: Nightmare Revisited is a cover album of songs and score from the 1993 Disney animated film "The Nightmare Before Christmas". It was released on September 30, 2008 by Walt Disney Records to commemorate the film's 15th anniversary of its theatrical release. In addition to the album's eighteen covers are two re-recordings by original composer Danny Elfman, of the "Opening" and "Closing" tracks. One song featured on the album, Marilyn Manson's "This Is Halloween", was previously released nearly two years earlier, on the 2006 reissue of the film's original soundtrack which, featuring five covers of songs from the film, acted as a precursor to "Nightmare Revisited". The album also features Korn — in their last collaboration before their hiatus — covering "Kidnap the Sandy Claws" which is also their first recording to feature Ray Luzier on drums. Enhanced content on the disc features the trailer of "The Nightmare Before Christmas", as well.

title: History of animation

text: This process is used for many productions, for example, the most common types of puppets are clay puppets, as used in "The California Raisins", "Wallace and Gromit" and "Shaun the Sheep" by Aardman, and figures made of various rubbers, cloths and plastic resins, such as "The Nightmare Before Christmas" and "James and the Giant Peach". Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan Švankmajer.

title: 22nd Annie Awards

text: The 22nd Annie Awards were given by the International Animated Film Association to honor outstanding achievements in animation in 1993-1994. "The Lion King" won the most number of awards with three, including Best Animated Feature. "The Nightmare Before Christmas" followed with two. "The Simpsons" won its third consecutive award for Best Animated Television Program.

title: List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters

text: Oddly enough, Jim Edwards actually contends that "Tim Burton's animated movie "The Nightmare Before Christmas" is really a movie about the marketing business. The movie's lead character, Jack Skellington, the chief marketing officer (CMO) for a successful company decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan. Some have wondered which real-life company failure the movie is based on: Sergio Zyman's New Coke or Merck's launch and subsequent withdrawal of Vioxx."

title: Kelly Asbury

text: He worked at Walt Disney Animation from 1983 to 1995, and contributed storyboards for several animated films including "The Little Mermaid", "Beauty and the Beast" and "Toy Story". In 1993, he was the assistant art director on Tim Burton's "The Nightmare Before Christmas".

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: In 2001, Disney began to consider producing a sequel, but rather than using stop motion, Disney wanted to use computer animation.[57] Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea. "I was always very protective of Nightmare not to do sequels or things of that kind," Burton explained. "You know, 'Jack visits Thanksgiving world' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it… Because it's a mass-market kind of thing, it was important to kind of keep that purity of it."[31] The 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge did serve as a sequel of the film, with Capcom's crew of developers going after Burton for advice,[58] and having the collaboration of the film's art director, Deane Taylor.[59] In 2009, Selick said he would do a film sequel if he and Burton could create a good story for it.[60]

text: The owners of the franchise have undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media. In addition to the "Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland" featuring "Tim Burton's "The Nightmare Before Christmas" characters," Jack Skellington, Sally, Pajama Jack, and the mayor have been made into Bendies figures, while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art. Moreover, Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume. The Mayor has been made into a Bendies figure. Jack is also the titular character in the short story ""Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas": Jack's story."

text: The events of the game take place before those of the movie, "The Nightmare Before Christmas". The story tells of Jack's first encounter with his , Oogie Boogie, and how he claimed the title of "The Pumpkin King".

title: Paul Berry (animator)

text: Other projects Paul Berry worked on included "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (animator), "James and the Giant Peach" (animation supervisor) and "Monkeybone" (supervising animator).

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas (disambiguation)

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas may also refer to:

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 film produced by Tim Burton.

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: Quixotic Games also developed The Nightmare Before Christmas Party Game that was released in 2007 by NECA.[62]

title: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature

text: "Waltz with Bashir" (2008) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film (though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature). "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993) and "Kubo and the Two Strings" (2016) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects.

title: Amy Lee

text: For Walt Disney Records' September 2008 release of "Nightmare Revisited", Lee sang a remake of "Sally's Song". The album contains new material and covers of songs from the original "Nightmare Before Christmas" soundtrack. Lee performed live renditions of "Sally's Song" during the October 17 "Nightmare Before Christmas" re-release premiere in Hollywood, and for an October 13 appearance on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".

title: Disney Digital 3-D

text: The computer-animated film "Chicken Little" was followed by a re-release of "The Nightmare Before Christmas" on October 20, 2006. "Nightmare", a 1993 stop-motion film, was originally shot in 2D on 35mm-film with the 3D version generated by Industrial Light and Magic from this source using computer technology.

title: List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards

text: With the nomination of "Kubo and the Two Strings" in 2016, two animated films are nominated for Best Visual Effects (The first being "The Nightmare Before Christmas" in 1993).

text:
This article lists characters seen in the film "The Nightmare Before Christmas" and two video games: "" and "".
The filmmakers constructed 230 puppets to represent the characters in the movie, with Jack Skellington having "around eight hundred heads", allowing the expression of every possible emotion. Sally's mouth movements "were animated through the replacement method. During the animation process...only Sally's face 'mask' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long red hair. Sally had ten types of faces, each made with a series of eleven expressions (e.g. eyes open and closed, and various facial poses) and synchronised mouth movements."

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas originated in a poem written by Burton in 1982 while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation. With the success of Vincent in the same year, Burton began to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30-minute television special to no avail. Over the years, Burton's thoughts regularly returned to the project, and in 1990, he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios. Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco; Disney released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be "too dark and scary for kids".[4]

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: A collector's edition The Nightmare Before Christmas-themed Jenga game was issued with orange, purple and black blocks with Jack Skellington heads on them. The set comes in a coffin-shaped box instead of the normal rectangular box.[63]

title: Foam latex

text: Foam latex has also seen heavy use in the field of stop motion animation, being used to form the skin and muscles of many puppets. The characters in "The Nightmare Before Christmas" and "Coraline" were made partially of foam latex. It is also used in place of clay in productions such as "Celebrity Deathmatch" in which the various celebrities who appear to be made of clay are in fact foam latex over wire armature.

text: In "The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge", the Mayor is seen in the opening cut scene congratulating Jack on another "horrible" Halloween. He is later seen in the level "Mayor's Madhouse" where Jack rescues him from a cage hanging from the roof of his house. While Jack goes to Christmas Town, the Mayor frees the other holiday leaders.

title: Vincent (1982 film)

text: An early form of the character of Jack Skellington from "The Nightmare Before Christmas" can be seen in the upper-left corner of the screen from 1:18-1:25 as well as in front of the embodiment of his deceased wife from 4:45-4:47. Jack also appeared in Tim Burton's "Beetlejuice" and the stop-motion animation film "James and the Giant Peach". The first two cameos were years before production of "Nightmare", though Burton had toyed with the original story idea while still an animator at Disney.

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: As writer Tim Burton's upbringing in Burbank, California was associated with the feeling of solitude, the filmmaker was largely fascinated by holidays during his childhood. "Anytime there was Christmas or Halloween, […] it was great. It gave you some sort of texture all of a sudden that wasn't there before", Burton would later recall.[7] After completing his short film Vincent in 1982,[7] Burton, who was then employed at Walt Disney Feature Animation, wrote a three-page poem titled The Nightmare Before Christmas, drawing inspiration from television specials of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas.[8] Burton intended to adapt the poem into a television special with the narration spoken by his favorite actor, Vincent Price,[9] but also considered other options such as a children's book.[10] He created concept art and storyboards for the project in collaboration with Rick Heinrichs, who also sculpted character models;[11][12] Burton later showed his and Heinrichs' works-in-progress to Henry Selick, also a Disney animator at the time.[13] After the success of Vincent in 1982, Disney started to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30-minute holiday television special.[11] However, the project's development eventually stalled, as its tone seemed "too weird" to the company.[14] As Disney was unable to "offer his nocturnal loners enough scope", Burton was fired from the studio in 1984,[9] and went on to direct the commercially successful films, Beetlejuice and Batman.[14]

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it a restoration of "originality and daring to the Halloween genre. This dazzling mix of fun and fright also explodes the notion that animation is kid stuff. … It's 74 minutes of timeless movie magic."[47] James Berardinelli stated "The Nightmare Before Christmas has something to offer just about everyone. For the kids, it's a fantasy celebrating two holidays. For the adults, it's an opportunity to experience some light entertainment while marveling at how adept Hollywood has become at these techniques. There are songs, laughs, and a little romance. In short, The Nightmare Before Christmas does what it intends to: entertain."[48] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post enjoyed stylistic features in common with Oscar Wilde, German Expressionism, the Brothers Grimm and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.[49]

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas was reissued as a Walt Disney Pictures release in 2006.[4]

title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: The film initially received positive reviews from critics; it has since gone on to receive widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 95%, based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "The Nightmare Before Christmas is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop-motion animation."[44] On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[45]


query: When was the CD invented?

title: Compact disc

text: Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings (CD-DA) but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. The first commercially available audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan.

title: Invention of Knowledge

text: Credits are adapted from the CD's liner notes.

title: Todd Walton

text: "When Light Is Your Garden", a CD of nine songs created by Walton and cellist Marcia Sloane was released in 2009 and "So Not Jazz", also with Marcia Sloane was released in 2010. Walton has released three albums of piano music: "43 short Piano Improvisations" (2011), "Ceremonies" (2011), and "Mystery Inventions" (2012).

title: Peer-to-Patent

text: Patents go to the heart of invention, a key driver of technological progress and economic vitality. When the patent system functions correctly, it rewards only meritorious inventions—those that are useful, novel, and not obvious. This in turn encourages more people to exercise their ingenuity and effort to create new inventions. However, for a proper balance to be struck, the system must avoid awarding patents to discourage inventions that lack merit. When the system becomes inconsistent in recognizing true invention, inappropriately issued patents become obstacles for innovation in that technology area. This raises, directly or indirectly, the costs of doing business in that particular area.

title: The Dwarves Invented Rock & Roll

text: The Dwarves Invented Rock & Roll is the 2014 release by the American punk rock band Dwarves. It is the band's ninth full-length original album. The album was released on cassette and CD by Burger Records and vinyl by Recess Records.

title: First to file and first to invent

text: Invention in the U.S. is generally defined to comprise two steps: (1) conception of the invention and (2) reduction to practice of the invention. When an inventor conceives of an invention and "diligently" reduces the invention to practice (by filing a patent application, by practicing the invention, etc.), the inventor's date of invention will be the date of conception. Thus, provided an inventor is diligent in actually reducing an application to practice, he or she will be the first inventor and the inventor entitled to a patent, even if another files a patent application, constructively reducing the invention to practice, before the inventor.

title: Inventions from the Blue Line

text: Inventions from the Blue Line is a 1994 music CD containing some of the best known TV cop-show themes written by Mike Post up to then.

title: Anasol

text: With regard to the subject matter of this CD, Anasol says that she wishes to transmit to people the will to live. "Sometimes when we are young we think we are immortal, that everything will last forever. We forget that we can get invent life in the dawn of every day".

title: Hyper CD-ROM

text: The Hyper CD-ROM is an optical data storage device similar to the CD-ROM with a multilayer 3D structure, invented by Romanian scientist Dr. Eugen Pavel.

title: PolyGram

text: The CD, invented by Philips and Sony, helped greatly in boosting the company's sales and market share. PolyGram's strength in classical music helped greatly, as many of the CD's early adopters were classical music lovers. Total US sales of CDs were $1 million in 1983, $334 million in 1990 and $943 million in 2000. Total UK sales were $300,000 in 1983, $51 million in 1990 and $202 million in 2000. The CD increased PolyGram's profit margin from 4-6% in the mid-1980s to 7-9% by the early 1990s. As well, videos were distributed by PolyGram Video.

title: The 16 Deadly Improvs

text: In October 2010, the band appeared on the compilation covermount CD in the UK Future Publishing magazine "Classic Rock" presents PROG, alongside such acts as Opeth and Dream Theater's James LaBrie. The song "Spirit Or Matter" was included on the CD. In the December 2010 issue, Sid Smith described "The Triumph" as "an inventive approach, yielding impressive results that are rarely less than spectacular"

title: Black Snake Diamond Röle

text: The album has subsequently re-emerged on CD three times, with a mixture of bonus titles, pulled from B sides and outtakes. The 2nd and 3rd CD issues include a different mix of "The Man Who Invented Himself" sans horns, the original master having been lost in the intervening fourteen years.

title: Tony Bellus

text: Bellus is re-inventing his career through Bellusci Music Publishing Company and M.M.P. (Marathon Musical Productions), offering two new CD singles: 1) "I Want Florida for Christmas"; and 2) "Mackinac Island", which is a remix and remastering of his 1986 classic 45 rpm version. Also, a CD album titled "Then and Now" is near completion.

title: MP3+G

text: MP3+G stands for MP3 plus Graphics. MP3+G is derived from the CD+G format and the CD+G disc format invented by Philips. MP3+G is created by extracting the CD-Audio packets from the CD+G disc with a CD-ROM that is capable of also extracting the RW channels from the disc. The digital audio portion is compressed to MP3 and the RW Channels (CD+G graphics) are stored to a CDG file. The player products read each file and synchronize the information to display the interpreted graphics along with the music.

title: Trackball

text: The trackball was invented as part of a post-World War II-era radar plotting system named Comprehensive Display System (CDS) by Ralph Benjamin when working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented a "ball tracker" system called the "roller ball" for this purpose in 1946. The device was patented in 1947, but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built and the device was kept as a military secret. Production versions of the CDS used joysticks.

title: Video game packaging

text: As PC games migrated to CDs in jewel cases, the large format box remained, though to reduce printing costs, manuals came on the CD as well as with the CD (inside the front cover), as did many of the copy-protection techniques in the form of SafeDisc and SecuROM. Despite the CD jewel case format having been around since the invention of the music CD, very few full-price PC games were released in a jewel case only. A thicker variation with space for a thick manual was, however, used for most PlayStation and Dreamcast games.

title: Portable CD player

text: Like a full-size CD player, a portable CD player reads the bumps and grooves using a laser. With its photocell (a device that detects any sort of light reflection given off of certain area), it determines whether there is a reflection of light given off from the CD when the laser hits. Depending on the light reflection, the photocell will return a 1 (if there is no reflection) or a 0 (if there is any light reflection). When its laser hits a groove on a CD, it will not reflect any light, making it a 1. When its laser hits a bump or any other surface on the CD, a light reflection will appear making it a 0. The series of data from 0–1 on the CD is then transformed by a digital to analog converter, to recreate the shape of a sound wave. The headphones then amplify the sounds and then the audio is now able to be heard.

title: CD-Cops

text: CD-Cops is the first CD-ROM protection that uses the geometry of the CD-ROM media rather than a hidden "mark". It was invented in 1996 by Danish Link Data Security, known for its Cops Copylock key-diskette security used in the 1990s by Lotus 1-2-3.

title: Invention of Knowledge

text: After its official announcement on 17 March 2016, "Invention of Knowledge" was first released for CD and digital download on 24 June. Its release for CD in North America followed on 8 July 2016.

title: Sega CD

text: Retrospective reception of the Sega CD is mixed, praising certain games but criticizing its low value for money and limitations on the benefits it provides to the Genesis. "GamePro" listed the Sega CD as the 7th-worst selling video game console of all time, with reviewer Blake Snow noting that "The problem was threefold: the device was expensive at $299, it arrived late in the 16-bit life cycle, and it didn't do much (if anything) to enhance the gameplay experience." Snow went on to note, however, that the Sega CD did have in its library "the greatest "Sonic" game of all time" in "Sonic CD". IGN's Levi Buchanan criticized Sega's implementation of CD technology for the Genesis, noting, "What good is the extra storage space if there is nothing inventive to be done with it? No new gameplay concepts emerged from the SEGA CD—it just offered more of the same. In fact, with few exceptions like "Sonic CD", it often offered some of the 16-bit generation's worst games, like "Demolition Man"." Jeremy Parish of USgamer pointed out that "Sega was hardly the only company to muddy its waters with a CD add-on in the early '90s" and highlighted some "gems" for the system, but cautioned "the benefits offered by the Sega CD had to be balanced against the fact that the add-on more than doubled the price (and complexity) of the [Genesis]." Writing for "Retro Gamer", Damien McFerran cited various reasons for the Sega CD's limited sales, including the add-on's high price, lack of significant enhancement to the Genesis console, and lack of ability to function without a console attached. "Retro Gamer" writer Aaron Birch, however, defended the Sega CD and wrote that "the single biggest cause of the Mega-CD's failure was the console itself. When the system came out, CD-ROM technology was still in its infancy and companies had yet to get to grips with the possibilities it offered... quite simply, the Mega-CD was a console ahead of its time."

title: List of Dutch inventions and innovations

text: EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation) was invented by Dutch electrical engineer Kees A. Schouhamer Immink in 1985. EFM is a data encoding technique – formally, a channel code – used by CDs, laserdiscs and pre-Hi-MD MiniDiscs.

title: Derivative (finance)

text:
A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer (the creditor of the reference loan) in the event of a loan default (by the debtor) or other credit event. The buyer of the CDS makes a series of payments (the CDS "fee" or "spread") to the seller and, in exchange, receives a payoff if the loan defaults. It was invented by Blythe Masters from JP Morgan in 1994.
In the event of default the buyer of the CDS receives compensation (usually the face value of the loan), and the seller of the CDS takes possession of the defaulted loan. However, anyone with sufficient collateral to trade with a bank or hedge fund can purchase a CDS, even buyers who do not hold the loan instrument and who have no direct insurable interest in the loan (these are called "naked" CDSs). If there are more CDS contracts outstanding than bonds in existence, a protocol exists to hold a credit event auction; the payment received is usually substantially less than the face value of the loan.
Credit default swaps have existed since the early 1990s, and increased in use after 2003. By the end of 2007, the outstanding CDS amount was $62.2 trillion, falling to $26.3 trillion by mid-year 2010 but reportedly $25.5 trillion in early 2012. CDSs are not traded on an exchange and there is no required reporting of transactions to a government agency. During the 2007-2010 financial crisis the lack of transparency in this large market became a concern to regulators as it could pose a systemic risk.

title: Paul Sanchez

text:
He has released 11 CDS as a solo artist.
Also releasing 11 CDs as a founding member of the New Orleans rock band Cowboy Mouth.
He left the "Mouth" after 15 years in 2006 just after the flood had upended his home and the city of New Orleans.
When Hurricane Katrina ravaged the gulf, Sanchez was on tour with The Mouth.
Attempting to process the extent of the losses, he stayed on tour and wrote a post-Katrina tribute, "Home", which was featured in the Starz documentary "New Orleans Music in Exile".
When being interviewed by Ellen DeGeneres on her talk show that year, Sanchez was asked by Ellen what he loved about New Orleans and he replied, "well, I'm pretty sure we invented a good time so if you ever had one..."

title: Joe Born

text: In 1995, after receiving a patent for a CD repair device, later named the SkipDoctor, Joe Born founded Digital Innovations, LLC. With an original investment of $15,000, the company was created to commercialize the skipdoctor invention. Joined in 1996 by Collin Anderson, they brought the invention to market in 1999, and, as of December 2013, had sold 10 million units of the SkipDoctor globally.

title: Invented (album)

text: On August 10, 2010, "My Best Theory" was released as a single, and released to radio on August 17. "Invented " was released on September 28 through Interscope Records. Upon release, "Invented" included four individual pictures, designed to look like instant camera photographs, outwith the album's standard CD artwork. "Coffee and Cigarettes" was released to radio on November 23. In May and June 2011, the group went on a headlining tour of the US. Following this, the group appeared at Glastonbury Festival in the UK.

title: Mass communication

text: Recordings, developed in the 1870s, became the first non-print form of mass communication.  The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 19th century, the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter, and the gramophone by The Victor Talking Machine Company were the first competing mass media forms that brought recorded music to the masses. Recording changed again in the 1950’s with the invention of the LP (long play) vinyl record, then eight track-tapes, followed by vinyl, and cassettes in 1965. Compact discs (CDs) followed and were seen as the biggest invention in recorded arts since Edison.

title: DVP Media

text: DVP Media holds the patent for self-loading and self-configuring CD-ROMs. Prior to DVP’s invention, CD-ROM programs usually required some installation process and then some configuration of the PC system to suit the program. DVP invented an installation-free process wherein the program interrogates the system it is being asked to play in, and then reconfigures such things as its playback window size or video frame rate to optimize itself for the system. This is a patent that DVP is yet to defend.

title: The Shape of Time

text: This chapter is concerned with the use of things and examines the point when they become less viable and gradually discarded. There are several topics that Kubler addresses in this chapter: invention and variation, replication, discard and retention. Society is hurt by both too much replication and too much invention. Stagnation occurs when ideas and objects are perpetually replicated, and chaos ensues when society is bombarded with numerous inventions. In discussing artistic invention, Kubler makes an important distinction between artistic invention and useful invention. Kubler states, "In rough terms, artistic invention is one among many ways of altering the set of the mind, while useful invention marks out the scope of the knowledge the instrument was previously designed to encompass"(66). Kubler shows that there is a certain complicated logic to the propagation of things, and it is important to follow the different patterns of change in ideas and things.

title: Ambient music design

text: The term was invented by Mel Wesson and Hans Zimmer in early 2000 when working on Hannibal and has since become a niche for Mel Wesson's sound. Mel has also made numerous production music CD's for Extreme Music which feature loosely some of the atmospheric textures in his world of ambient music design.

title: Clap note

text: The drop in interest rates caused CD investors to pull their money back out of CDs and start looking for new high-yield instruments. It is not really clear how these former CD investors and the institutional property buyers found each other, but it seems that some petroleum-industry corporations based in Houston, Texas, ailing from the oil crisis, yet wanting to take advantage of low real estate prices for the expansion of gas station networks, could no longer qualify as easily for bank financing as they could in the early part of the decade. Wealthy CD investors in the same area, no longer able to achieve high yields from banks, may have found a solution to both their needs and those of their oil-industry counterparts by inventing the clap note.

title: Circulating fluidized bed

text: Nowadays, several designs had been invented for CFBS for example the CFBS develop by Clyde Bergemann Power Group namely circulating dry scrubbers (CDS). This type of CFBS consists of three distinct feedback control loops which are for temperature, pressure drop and sulphur dioxide emission. In order to minimized erosion, it injection was designed to be above the ventures. Not only that, the CDS contains less moving parts compared to other type of CFBS. This design will lead to a lower maintenance cost. Major components of the CDS are shown in Figure 3.