query: What is the largest crop produced by the US?

title: Agriculture in the United States

text: Corn for grain, average of 160.4 bushels harvested per acre (10.07 t/ha) Soybean for beans, average of 42.5 bushels harvested per acre (2.86 t/ha) Wheat, average of 43.2 bushels harvested per acre (2.91 t/ha, was 44.2 bu/ac or 2.97 t/ha in 2003)

title: Purba Bardhaman district

text: Purba Bardhaman is an agriculturally prosperous district of West Bengal. The soil and climate of the district favour the production of food grains. The undivided Bardhaman district was the largest producer of rice in West Bengal, and bulk of it was produced in what is now Purba Bardhaman district. Rice, the major crop has three varieties – Aus (in autumn), Aman (in winter) and Boro (in summer). The yield rate of Boro was found higher comparable to that of Aus and Aman. Other than cereals and pulses, cash crops such as mustard, til, jute and potatoes are also grown.

title: List of crop plants pollinated by bees

text: The most essential staple food crops on the planet, like corn, wheat, rice, soybeans and sorghum, need no insect help at all; they are wind pollinated or self pollinating. Other staple food crops, like bananas and plantains, are sterile and propagated from cuttings, requiring no pollination of any form, ever. Further, foods such as root vegetables and salad crops will produce a useful food crop without pollination, though they may not set seed; and hybrids do not even require insect pollination to produce seeds for the next generation, because hybrid production is always human pollinated. Many of the most desirable and common non-hybrid crops, like heirloom tomatoes, are self pollinated, which is what makes their cultivar stable.

title: Rajasthan

text:
Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts within seven divisions:
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

title: Scorzonera hispanica

text: Black salsify is hitherto mainly a European crop. Belgium, France and the Netherlands are the world's largest producers of black salsify; significant amounts are also produced in Germany. In the latter country, 'Hoffmanns Schwarzer Pfahl' is a cultivar widely used by commercial growers, while 'Duplex' is popular among small-scale gardeners. Some other cultivars are widely available, but because it was rather a localized crop before being produced for a wider market there are comparatively few landraces.

title: Agriculture in Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan's largest crop is wheat, which it exports. It ranks as the sixth largest wheat producer in the world. Minor crops include barley, cotton, sugar beets, sunflowers, flax, and rice. Agricultural lands in Kazakhstan were depleted of their nutrients during the Virgin Lands Campaign during the Soviet era. This continues to affect production today. Kazakh wine is produced in the mountains east of Almaty.

title: Cocoa production in Ivory Coast

text: Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) leads the world in production and export of the cocoa beans used in the manufacture of chocolate, , supplying 33% of cocoa produced in the world. West Africa collectively supplies two thirds of the world's cocoa crop, with Ivory Coast leading production at 1.8 million tonnes , and nearby Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Togo producing additional 1.55 million tonnes. Ivory Coast overtook Ghana as the world's leading producer of cocoa beans in 1978, and today is highly dependent on the crop, which accounts for 40% of national export income. The primary non-African competitor of Ivory Coast is Indonesia, which went from having almost nonexistent domestic cocoa industry in the 1970s to becoming one of the largest producers in the market by the early 2000s. According to the UN FAO, Indonesia overtook Ghana and became the second-largest producer worldwide in 2006. (World Cocoa Foundation provides significantly lower figures for Indonesia, but concurs that it is the largest producer of cocoa beans outside West Africa.) Large chocolate producers such as Cadbury, Hershey's, and Nestle buy Ivorian cocoa futures and options through Euronext whereby world prices are set.

title: Economy of Oaxaca

text: The total agricultural production of the state was estimated at 13.4 million tons with a value of 10,528 million pesos in 2007. As of 2000, 1,207,738 hectares are used for the raising of crops, most of which occurs during the annual rainy season, with only 487,963 having crops growing year round. Only 81,197 hectares have irrigation. The variation of climate allows for a wider range of agricultural crops than would otherwise. Oaxaca is the nation’s second highest producer of grains and agave. It is third in the production of peanuts, mango and sugar cane. It is the second largest producer of goat meat, providing about 10% of the national total. In the more temperate areas crops such as corn, beans, sorghum, peanuts, alfalfa and wheat are grown. In more tropical areas, crops also include coffee, sesame seed, rice, sugar cane and pineapple.

title: Economy of Rajasthan

text: Wheat and barley are cultivated in large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India. There are mainly two crop seasons Kharif and Rabi. The main source of irrigation is wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

title: Biotechnology

text: For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops.

title: Ernakulam district

text: The eastern part of the district is primarily agrarian in nature. Rice is the principal crop cultivated in the wet lands. The area under paddy cultivation in the district has been decreasing steadily over the past 3 decades. Ernakulam district is the largest producer of nutmeg and pineapple in the state. The area under nutmeg cultivation is showing an upward trend continuously. More than 70% of the total pineapple produced in the state is cultivated in the district. Pineapple is largely cultivated in Muvattupuzha and Vazhakulam. Rubber is the most cultivated plantation crop in the district and the district is the second largest producer of rubber in the state behind Kottayam. The other important crops cultivated in the district are Tapioca, Black pepper, Arecanut, Coconut, Turmeric, Banana and Plantain.

title: Voorhies Trahan

text: Shortly after the end of World War II, Trahan was the first farmer in the state of Louisiana to start producing crawfish in the same fields that he planted rice. This was done by rotating the crops. The rice was a summer crop, while the crawfish were a winter crop. According to biologist Percy Viosca, Jr., Trahan was given "full credit" for pioneering this method of producing a crawfish crop. This method of crawfish farming continues today and has grown into Louisiana's largest freshwater crustacean industry, with annual revenues that exceed US$300 million.

title: Mbeere District

text: Mbeere district also came to be known with miraa, as it was the second largest producer after Meru. The miraa crop is commonly grown in what was the northern part of the district.

title: Commercial sorghum

text: Grain sorghum is the third most important cereal crop grown in the United States and the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. In 2010, Nigeria was the world's largest producer of grain sorghum, followed by the United States and India. In developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries such as India, the predominant use of sorghum is as fodder for poultry and cattle. Leading exporters in 2010 were the United States, Australia and Argentina; Mexico was the largest importer of sorghum.

title: Guar

text:
Guar is grown principally in north-western India and Pakistan with smaller crops grown in the semiarid areas of the high plains of Texas in the US, Australia and Africa. The most important growing area centres on Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India where demand for guar for fractionation produced an agricultural boom as in 2012.
Currently, India and Pakistan are the main producers of cluster bean, accounting for 80% production of the world's total, while Thar, Punjab Dry Areas in Pakistan and Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kutch region occupies the largest area (82.1%) under guar cultivation in India. In addition to its cultivation in India and Pakistan, the crop is also grown as a cash crop in other parts of the world. Several commercial growers have converted their crops to guar production to support the increasing demand for guar and other organic crops in the United States.

title: Agriculture of Bihar

text: Bihar lies in the river plains of the basin of the river Ganga. It is endowed with fertile alluvial soil with abundant water resources, especially ground water resources. This makes the agriculture of Bihar rich and diverse. Rice, wheat, and maize are the major cereal crops. Arhar, urad, moong, gram, pea, lentils, and khesaria are some of the pulses cultivated in Bihar. Bihar is the largest producer of vegetables, which is dominated by potato, onion, eggplant, and cauliflower. In fruit cultivation, it is the largest producer of lychee and the third largest producer of pineapple, as well as a major producer of mango, banana, and guava. Sugar cane and jute are two other major cash crops of Bihar.

title: North Dakota

text:
North Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy. With industrial-scale farming, it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: , only approximately 2–3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture. North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about one million acres (4,000  km); North Dakota was the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production, the largest such shift in the United States. Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture, as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop. In addition, this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds, and the balance of the ecosystem.
The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including barley (36% of U.S. crop), durum wheat (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), oats (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of buckwheat (20%). , corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production. The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota, but is more on the edge of the region instead of in its center. Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state. Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed.
The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds, including 92% of the U.S. canola crop, 94% of flax seed, 53% of sunflower seeds, 18% of safflower seeds, and 62% of mustard seed. Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast. Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by-product. The by-product is a high-protein animal feed.

title: Lowndes County, Mississippi

text: This upland area was settled by European Americans who wanted to develop cotton plantations to produce what became the largest commodity crop in the state.

title: Veracruz

text: There is about 1 million hectares of cultivable land, half of which is in private hands and 43% is ejido or communal land. The rest is occupied by human settlements. There are 3,620 ejidos parceled out to 270,000 ejido members. 52.5% of agricultural land is used for the growing of crops or used as pasture and 43.1% is forest or rainforest. Chief agricultural products include coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, tobacco, bananas, coconuts, and vegetables, but local farmers depend mainly on corn and beans.[14] Two corn crops per year are generally produced, planted on 644,936 hectares with a production of 1,114,325 tons. The state is the leading national producer of coffee, sugarcane, corn, and rice.[15] Coffee is grown on 152,993 hectares producing 400,575 tons. Export earnings from this crop are about 232 million USD annually. Most coffee is grown in the mountain areas of Córdoba-Huatusco, Coatepec-Teocelo-Cosautlán and Misantla-Tlapacoyan-Atzalan. Sugarcane is cultivated on 254,000 hectares, producing 16,867,958 tons annually. Veracruz is the largest producer of rice with 24,000 hectares producing 120,000 tons. Much is this crop is protected by import bans from Asia.

title: Economy of Punjab, India

text:
Punjab (the five rivers region) is one of the most fertile regions on earth. The region is ideal for growing wheat crop. Rice, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables are also grown. Indian Punjab is called the "Granary of India" or "India's bread-basket." Many records mistakenly mention that it produces 43% of India's wheat, but that is actually its contribution to the national pool. It produces 17% of India's wheat, and 11% of India's rice (2013 data). The total area of Punjab is just 1.4% of total area of India, but it produces roughly 12% of the cereals produced in the country. The largest grown crop is wheat. Other important crops are rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley and fruits.
The principal crops of Punjab are barley, wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane. Among the fodder crops are bajra and jowar. In the category of fruits, it produces abundant stock of kinnow.
The main sources of irrigation are canals and tube wells.
The "rabi" or the spring harvest consists of wheat, gram, barley, potatoes and winter vegetables. The "Kharif" or the autumn harvest consists of rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton and pulses.
Agriculture sector is the largest contributor to the gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Punjab. According to 2013-14 data, the contribution of agriculture and allied industries in GSDP at factor cost is 28.13%.

title: Agriculture in India

text: India is currently the world's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits, agriculture-based textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked in the world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is one of the world's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, .

title: Agriculture in India

text: , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector, accounting, on average, for about 16% of GDP and 10% of export earnings. India's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares (394.6 million acres) is the second largest in the world, after the United States. Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares (215.6 million acres) is the largest in the world. India is among the top three global producers of many crops, including wheat, rice, pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Worldwide, , India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle, is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries.

title: Manawatu-Wanganui

text: The region is one of the most important areas of pastoral farming in New Zealand. It had 7,216,177 sheep (at 30 June 1996), the largest number of sheep in the North Island and the fourth-highest figure in the country behind Canterbury, Southland and Otago. The region also produces a significant proportion of vegetables in the North Island and is particularly noted for its abundant potato crop. Barley, which is used for the manufacture of stock feed and for malting, is grown. The region produces the largest quantities of barley in the North Island, providing 10% of the national refined crop of 302,804 tonnes in 1995.

title: Economy of Pakistan

text: The most important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2017, Pakistan produced 26,674,000 tonnes of wheat, more than all of Africa and nearly as much as all of South America, according to the USDA. Pakistan has also cut the use of dangerous pesticides dramatically.

title: Economy of China

text: China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products – and some 300 million Chinese farm workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S farms. Virtually all arable land is used for food crops. China is the world's largest producer of rice and is among the principal sources of wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, soybeans, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, oilseed, pork, and fish. Major non-food crops, including cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds, furnish China with a small proportion of its foreign trade revenue. Agricultural exports, such as vegetables and fruits, fish and shellfish, grain and meat products, are exported to Hong Kong. Yields are high because of intensive cultivation, for example, China's cropland area is only 75% of the U.S. total, but China still produces about 30% more crops and livestock than the United States. China hopes to further increase agricultural production through improved plant stocks, fertilizers, and technology.

title: Economy of Iran

text: Wheat, the most important crop, is grown mainly in the west and northwest. Rice is the major crop in the Caspian region. Other crops include barley, corn, cotton, sugar beets, tea, hemp, tobacco, fruits, potatoes, legumes (beans and lentils), vegetables, fodder plants (alfalfa and clover), almonds, walnuts and spices including cumin and sumac. Iran is the world's largest producer of saffron, pistachios, honey, berberis and berries and the second largest date producer. Meat and dairy products include lamb, goat meat, beef, poultry, milk, eggs, butter, and cheese.

title: Cotton

text: GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world.[58] A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal PNAS in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of smallholder farmers.[59] The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011.[58] The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia– the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction).[60] The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009[61] making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world.[58] Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.[58]

title: Agriculture in the Southwestern United States

text: Other than hay, the southwestern states do produce a good amount of crops which grow well in warm climates. Arizona's crops, excluding hay, make about $1.9 billion per year. Cotton, lettuce, and wheat are the largest contributors in terms of money, but they also produce a significant amount of potatoes, lemons, tangerines, and cantaloupes. Over 49,000 dry tons of chili peppers were grown in New Mexico in 2007, 35 million pounds of peanuts were grown, and 63,000 acres were used for onion production. New Mexico is also a significant producer of pinto beans and grapes. Since Nevada uses 90 percent of its cropland to grow hay, it is not a major contributor to other crops. Nevada does grow potatoes, wheat, barley, and onions, as the rest of the southwest states do. They also grow mint and garlic.

title: Renewable energy in the Netherlands

text: Rapeseed and corn crops were hardly used in 2014 to produce biofuels in Holland with reasons cited being the high price of corn and resistance to using food crops for fuel production. Rapeseed is used for well over 1% of the imported biofuels (biodiesel) while corn is used for 11% (bioethanol). Germany was the largest supplier of rape seed in 2014 (53%), followed by Romania (13%). For corn the largest supplier in 2014 was Ukraine (39%), followed by France (24%). Some maize fodder is fermented for biofuel production in Holland.

title: Economy of Queensland

text: Cattle grazing for beef and sheep grazing for wool production are spread across inland areas. Wheat is grown in the Darling Downs region, an area that has seen mining activities expand. This has produced a boom in construction work for the region despite the global downturn but created conflict between farmers and mining companies. The Lockyer Valley is a significant horticultural region, although persistent drought is forcing the local economy to diversify. Farms around the coastal town of Bowen produce Australia's largest winter crop of vegetables. Other major crops produced in Queensland include bananas, cotton and citrus crops. Southern coastal regions include mixed forestry and farming land uses.

title: Agriculture in Iran

text: The wide range of temperature fluctuation in different parts of the country and the multiplicity of climatic zones make it possible to cultivate a diverse variety of crops, including cereals (wheat, barley, rice, and maize (corn)), fruits (dates, figs, pomegranates, melons, and grapes), vegetables, cotton, sugar beets, sugarcane and pistachios (World's largest producer with 40% of the world's output in 2005), nuts, olives, spices e.g. saffron (World's largest producer with 81% of the world's total output), raisin(world's third largest producer & second largest exporter), tea, tobacco, Berberis(world's largest producer) and medicinal herbs. More than 2,000 plant species are grown in Iran; only 100 of which are being used in pharmaceutical industries. The land covered by Iran's natural flora is four times that of Europe.


query: When was Buick founded?

title: Buick

text: David Buick incorporated his company as the Buick Motor Company on May 19, 1903, in Detroit, Michigan. Buick had been financed by friend and fellow automobile enthusiast, Benjamin Briscoe, who sold control of the business to James H. Whiting (1842–1919), in September, 1903.[5] of Flint Wagon Works, in Flint, Michigan. Whiting moved Buick to Flint that summer, to a location across the street from his factory, with the idea of adding Buick's engines to his wagons.[2] David Buick stayed on as a manager, and re-hired Walter Marr as chief engineer. The engine Buick and Marr developed for this automobile was a two-cylinder valve-in-head engine of 159 cubic inches, with each cylinder horizontal and opposed to the other by 180 degrees. Whiting built only a few automobiles in 1904, by bringing Buick engines across the street where his workers shoehorned them into his wagons, before running out of capital, causing him to bring in William C. Durant that year as controlling investor. Durant spent the next four years turning Buick into the biggest-selling automobile brand in the US. Durant was co-owner, also in Flint, with Josiah Dallas Dort, of the Durant-Dort Carriage Company, which was the largest carriage-making company in the country and one of the largest in the world.[2] Durant moved most production to the former Durant-Dort Imperial Wheel plant in Jackson, Michigan in 1905. Buick continued car production in Jackson through 1907, when Factory #1 was completed in Flint. The Jackson plant continued production with Buick trucks through 1912.[6] David Buick sold his stock upon departure in 1906, and died in modest circumstances 25 years later. In 1907, Durant agreed to supply motors to R. S. McLaughlin in Canada, an auto maker, and in 1908 he founded General Motors.[7]

title: Buick

text: The Buick Club of America, founded in 1966, is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and restoration of automobiles built by the Buick Motor Division of General Motors Corporation.

title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The Roadmaster was introduced in a year when Buick's valve-in-head straight-eight engines were heavily revised. Buick reduced the number of engines from four sizes to two: a 233-cubic-inch, 93-horsepower job for the Special, and a big, 320.2-cubic inch, 120-horsepower engine for the other series. (To put the size and power of Buick’s larger straight-eight engine in context, compare it to the new 322-cubic-inch mono-block 120 horsepower V-8 that Cadillac introduced that year.) In addition to this major engineering change 1936 was also the year Buick adopted an all steel turret top and hydraulic brakes. Coil springs were in the front.

title: Buick

text: The first two Buick automobiles were made in 1899 and 1900 at the "Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company" by chief-engineer Walter Marr,[2] but company owner David Dunbar Buick was reluctant to begin making automobiles, being satisfied with stationary and marine engine production, so Marr left Buick in 1901 to found his own automobile company under his own name. His replacement was Eugene Richard, who applied for a patent in 1902 for Marr's valve-in-head (overhead valve) engine, which patent, number 771,095, was awarded to Richard in the name of Buick in 1904.[2] In 1903, the third Buick automobile was made, this time by Richard, but in 1904 Buick, whose company was now called "Buick Motor Company," moved to Flint, Michigan, and Richard stayed behind. Marr was rehired in Flint as chief engineer, to begin making automobiles in production. That year, 37 Buick automobiles were made, production increasing to 750 in 1905, 1,400 in 1906, 4,641 in 1907, and 8,800 in 1908, taking the number one spot away from close competitors Oldsmobile, Ford, and Maxwell.[2]

title: Wairau (New Zealand electorate)

text: In the , Seymour was beaten by Henry Dodson, a former member of the Marlborough Provincial Council and a former Mayor of Blenheim. In , Dodson defeated Joseph Ward. The saw a three-way contest, with Dodson challenged by George Henderson and Sutherland John Macalister. Dodson won the election; this was Henderson's third attempt to become the Wairau electorate's representative. Dodson retired in 1890, and three candidates put their name forward: Lindsay Buick, Arthur Seymour, and Sutherland John Macalister. Buick, a journalist and historian, won the election. The Liberal Party was founded after the 1890 election and when it came to the , Buick as incumbent and the barrister William Sinclair both stood for the Liberal Party, whilst the sheep farmer John Duncan ran as an independent. Buick won the election with an increased majority.

title: W.F. Stewart Company

text: The demand for Buicks was big enough that car production was moved from Flint to Jackson, Michigan. When William C. Durant bought Buick in 1904 he returned the facility to Flint and W.F. Stewart Company constructed a new factory on the Buick Hamilton Farm complex. In 1908 the newly formed General Motors, which had taken over Buick, purchased Stewart’s plant for US$240,000 in GM stock and then leased the building to Buick, with W.F. Stewart Company retaining their head offices in the complex.

title: David Buick (politician)

text: In 1881, Buick junior bought land in the Manawatu's Kairanga Block. Living at a time when many New Zealanders were immigrants, Buick was proud of his birth in the colony and referred to it on occasions.

title: Buick Gran Sport

text: The 1965 Skylark Gran Sport was the intermediate Buick Skylark with the Gran Sport option added. Although a V8 was already offered in the Skylark, the Gran Sport had the largest engine permitted by GM - a Buick V8 (called a 400 by Buick because that was the maximum engine size allowed in intermediate body cars). This engine produced 325 hp (242 kW) and 445 lb·ft (603 Nm) and was known as the "nailhead" engine. Buick sold more than 15,000 Skylarks with the Gran Sport option that first year, and almost as many the next. It was renamed the GS 400 in 1967, and the Gran Sport became its own model in (about) that same year along with a new "400" engine quite different from the famously reliable but becoming-obsolete nailhead engine design that was first introduced in 1953. Sales fell somewhat in the face of increasingly higher-performance and more popular muscle cars from other marques when compared to those from the more stodgy and expensive Buick. Buick, however, stepped it up a notch when introducing the Stage 1 option in 1969. This limited production (less than 1,500 cars in 1969) version delivered 340 hp (253 kW) and 440 lb·ft (597 Nm).

title: Buick

text: In Israel, Buicks are imported by Universal Motors, Ltd. (UMI), which also imports other GM vehicles. For model years 2004 and 2005, the Buick LeSabre and Buick Rendezvous were sold. For model years 2006 and 2007, the Buick LaCrosse and Buick Lucerne were sold alongside the Rendezvous. For model year 2008, the Buick LaCrosse and Buick Lucerne were available. Buicks were sold throughout the Middle East until the second-generation Buick Roadmaster was discontinued.

title: Buick Open

text: Flint native, and PGA touring professional Larry Mancour had returned to Michigan to play in the Buick Open and stayed to build the Grand Blanc Golf Club. He then added nine holes at the Flint Elks Golf Club where he remained the professional for 20 years. He rescued the Buick Open when General Motors dropped sponsorship of the tournament. With local Buick dealers Mancour started the Little Buick Open in 1969. It drew players and fans and led to the rebirth of the Buick Open in 1977.

title: British Americans

text: Buick – David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish-born American, a Detroit-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company.

title: David Dunbar Buick

text: In 1906, Buick accepted a severance package and left the company that he had founded, with only one share of the company in his possession. Then president of Buick, William C. Durant, bought this share from him for $100,000, equal to $ today.

title: Buick Skylark

text: For the 1973 model year, the Buick Gran Sports, Skylarks, and Sport Wagons would all be replaced by the new mid-sized Buick Century. Since Centurys were available with Gran Sport trim, the Gran Sport name was once again reduced to being an option package.In the middle of the 1973 model year, Buick returned to the compact market with the Buick Apollo, using General Motors’ X-body platform, based on the Chevrolet Nova. When the car was extensively restyled for the 1975 model year, the two-door hatchback sedan (coupe) and two-door sedan (coupe) were rechristened “Skylark”, while the four-door sedan remained "Apollo". As this generation Skylark was "downsized", the next larger coupe and sedan to take the market position that the Skylark formerly occupied was the all-new Buick Regal.

title: Buick Gran Sport

text: Mid year 1968 saw the official introduction of the California GS, and it is frequently known as a '69 model. Buick asked "Why settle for less when the California GS, built especially for YOU, costs no more?" Exclusively designed for Golden State motorists, Buick advertised the car nationally as a high performance family sports car at an economy car price. Though the car was not included in Buick's yearly catalog it was shown in a two-page black and white fold out brochure. Custom California GS emblems again graced the rear fenders while GS ornamentation could be found in the grille and sail panels. The drivetrain included Buick's new for '68 350-4 V8 with 10.25:1 compression and Rochester (GM) 4GC Quadrajet four-barrel (four-choke) carburetor, producing 280 hp and 375 lb·ft of torque. The two-speed Super Turbine 300 transmission (driving a 3.23:1 rear axle gear, designed for highway cruising) and bench seat interior were again the only choices. Buick also added chrome plated wheels and air cleaner lid to the two-door thin pillar coupe. Tires were on rims.

title: Lindsay Buick

text: Buick represented the Wairau electorate in the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1890 to 1896, when he was defeated. The 1896 general election was contested by Buick and Charles H. Mills, who received 2014 and 2072 votes, respectively. Mills thus succeeded Buick. He was a temperance advocate and supporter of Irish Home Rule.

title: Buick

text: The first full-size Buick to join the smaller Model B was in 1907, when the Model D was introduced with a four-cylinder 255.0cuin (4,178cc) T-head engine, installed in the front with rear wheel drive. This was one of the only cars with side valves that Buick ever made.[21]

title: Buick LeSabre

text: The LeSabre nameplate made its first appearance on the 1951 Le Sabre show car, which introduced the world to aircraft-inspired design elements such as the wrap-around windshield and tail fins. There is a V12 for the Buick LeSabre (5.00L) which originated in 1953. In 1959 LeSabre became the new moniker for what had previously been known as the Buick Special. The Buick LeSabre was offered in a full line of body styles except between 1965-1969 when its station wagon variant was dropped from Buick's full-size offerings. In 1977, the LeSabre was downsized along with other GM full-size models, and was available only in pillared coupe, sedan and wagon body styles.

title: David Dunbar Buick

text: David Dunbar Buick (September 17, 1854 – March 5, 1929) was a Scottish-born American Detroit-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company. He headed this company and its predecessor from 1899 until 1906, thereby helping to create one of the most successful nameplates in United States motor vehicle history.

title: Buick Skylark

text: The standard engine for the Buick Skylarks was Buick’s own 231-cubic-inch (3.8 L) V6 engine with a 2-barrel carburetor creating at 4000 rpm. Buick purchased back the tooling for the engine from American Motors, which acquired them when the company purchased the Kaiser Jeep division from Kaiser Industries. The Apollo used Chevrolet's 250-cubic-inch (4.1 L) inline 6-cylinder engine.

title: From a Buick 8

text: The Buick 8, which resembles a vintage 1953 Buick Roadmaster, has been in storage in a shed near the barracks since 1979, when it was left at a gas station by a mysterious driver who then disappeared. The car, they discover, is not a car at all. It "appears" to be a Buick Roadmaster, but the steering wheel is immobile, the dashboard instruments are useless props, the engine has no moving parts, the ignition wires go nowhere, the car heals itself when damaged and all dirt or debris are repelled by it.

title: Durant-Dort Carriage Company

text: Durant began to lose interest in Flint activities and set up an office in New York. A.B.C. Hardy tried to interest him in automobiles. Eventually James Whiting of Flint Wagon Works persuaded Durant to take what became a consuming interest in Flint Wagon Works' Buick automobile venture. Durant used his own capital and that of Durant-Dort to buy control of Buick. David Buick, already a minority partner in his own business, was left with a single share of his enterprise. However, Durant agreed to keep Buick on as an employee, and Buick remained with the firm until 1906, when Durant bought out his single share for $100,000.

title: Buick Regal

text: This period held the fastest Buick since the days of the 1991-1996 Roadmaster, the Buick Regal GS. This car was now supercharged instead of turbocharged, and produced and of torque. When introduced in January 1997, Buick advertised the Regal as the "car for the supercharged family". Buick also released two other model types, the LSE and the GSE. The LSE stayed with the engine with upgrades and the GSE stayed with the supercharged engine with upgrades. Also, in 2000 Buick came out with a concept GSX that had an intercooled 3.8 L, but was supercharged rather than turbocharged. It had

title: Bewick (surname)

text: The surname Bewick, alternately found as Buick, Buik, Bewicke, Bewike and Buicke, is ultimately of English origin, but later made its way to Scotland and came to prominence in the person of David Dunbar Buick, the Angus-born, Scottish American founder of the Buick Motor Company.

title: Benjamin Briscoe

text: In 1901, the automobile industry was in its infancy when Briscoe helped finance David Buick's first car. In return for the finance, Briscoe gained a 97% interest in the Buick Motor Company. He sold Buick in 1904 to James H. Whiting (1842–1919), owner of Flint (Michigan) Wagon Works, and used the money to help found the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company, makers of the Maxwell automobile. This was probably his greatest success in the industry. By 1909 they were the third-biggest American make, with 9,400 sales. The company was backed by J. P. Morgan & Co. and Richard Irvin & Co., but in the panic of 1907, Briscoe had the first of many bad experience with bankers and was forced to do his own financing.

title: Buick Club of America

text: The Buick Club of America (BCA), founded in 1966, is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and restoration of automobiles built by the Buick Motor Division of General Motors Corporation. The Buick Club promotes activities, resources, and friendships. The Buick Club has 8,000+ worldwide members and 70+ local Chapters in nine regions. These chapters promote local networking among Buick enthusiasts. The Club also has seven divisions based on vehicle types instead on geographic locations. One must be a member of the national organization to be a member of a division or chapter.

title: Buick

text: VentiPorts appeared on the limited production 1987 Buick GNX, and once again they were functional. Then the feature was dropped again, until 2003 when VentiPorts were re-introduced on the Buick Park Avenue Ultra. After the Park Avenue was discontinued, Buick incorporated VentiPorts on the new-for-2006 Lucerne. For the first time it seemed Buick was tying VentiPort count to the number of cylinders; the V6 Lucernes had three on each side, while V8s had four on each side.

title: Buick Invicta

text: The Buick Invicta is a full-size automobile produced by Buick from 1959 to 1963. The Invicta was a continuation of the Buick Century concept that mated the standard size Buick LeSabre (pre-1959, Buick Special) body with Buick's larger 401 cubic inch Nailhead V8 engine, yielding what was referred to as "the banker's hot rod." The name was derived from Latin and signified 'unconquerable, invincible, unbeatable, unvanquished' according to Buick Motor Division sales training materials.

title: Buick Roadmaster

text: The origins of the Roadmaster name date to 1936 when Buick added names to its entire model lineup to celebrate the engineering improvements and design advancements over their 1935 models. Buick's Series 40 was named the Special, the Series 50 became the Super, the Series 60 was named the Century and the Series 90 — Buick's largest and most luxurious vehicle — was named the Limited. The Series 50 was retired, but new for the model year was the Series 80 Roadmaster. The implications of the name were clear, for as the 1936 Buick sales catalogue said, "It literally named itself the first time a test model leveled out on the open highway."

title: Buick V8 engine

text: The major differences of the 350 in comparison to other GM V8s are Buick's "deep-skirt" engine block construction, the use of cast iron with increased nickel content, an external oil pump, a forward-mounted distributor, under-square cylinder bore sizing, crankshaft main journals, and connecting rods. The Buick 350 also shares an integrated aluminum timing cover, which incorporates the oil pump mechanisms, leaving the oil filter exposed to oncoming air for added cooling. The engine garnered a reputation as rugged and durable , and some of its design characteristics are found in other Buick-designed GM engines, such as the V6 and its 3800 descendants. Of all the GM s, the Buick has the longest piston stroke. This design characteristic made the engine significantly wider than the others — essentially the same as the Buick big-blocks, which have the shortest stroke of the GM big-blocks.

title: Buick

text: GM Taiwan was founded in August 1989. In the early 1990s, Buick, along with other GM brands, was very popular and frequently seen on Taiwanese streets. Park Avenue, 3rd and 4th generation Regal, and 6th generation Skylark used to be sold in Taiwan. In December 2004, General Motors signed a memorandum of understanding with Yulon, a firm based in Taiwan, for the licensed manufacture of Buick vehicles there. In July 2005, , a joint venture with 51 percent equity stake held by Yulon Motor and 49 percent by GM, was founded.


query: What is the mascot of the Georgetown Hoyas?

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: After World War I, the term "Hoya" was increasingly used on campus, including for the newspaper and the school mascot. In 1920, students began publishing the campus's first sports newspaper under the name The Hoya, after successfully petitioning the Dean of the College to use it instead of the proposed name, The Hilltopper. "Hilltoppers" was also a name sometimes used for the sports teams.[3] By the fall of 1928, the newspaper had taken to referring to the sports teams as the Hoyas. This was influenced by a popular half time show at football games, where the mascot, a dog nicknamed "Hoya," would entertain fans.[7]

title: 1942–43 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: In the tournament quarterfinals at Madison Square Garden, Georgetown faced New York University, which had defeated the Hoyas 16 times in their last 21 meetings dating back to the 1921–1922 season and was the 2-to-1 favorite of New York City sportswriters, but Georgetown won in an upset, 55-36, with Mahnken scoring 18 points for the Hoyas. In the semifinals, the Hoyas were 3-to-1 underdogs to DePaul under first-year head coach Ray Meyer and led by their dominating center George Mikan. Following Ripleys strategy for the game, Kraus and Georgetown sophomore guard Billy Hassett kept Mikan busy in the middle while Hoya center Mahnken scored with outside shooting. The plan did succeed in allowing Georgetown to score, but also left Mikan fairly free to score for DePaul at the other end; despite this, Georgetown closed to 28-23 when Hoya guard Lloyd Potolicchio scored on a 50-foot (15-meter) shot at the buzzer at the end of the first half. The Hoyas pulled ahead in the second half, but Mahnken fouled out with 10 minutes left. Ripley put Henry Hyde, seven inches shorter than Mikan, in to play center. Hyde managed to keep Mikan in check, and Georgetown upset DePaul 53-49, prompting a Hoya fan to shout "Believe it or not...by Ripley!", a quote which received wide publicity. Hassett, a very reliable passer and outside shooter for the Hoyas, had 11 points in the game.

title: Georgetown University

text: The school's teams are called "Hoyas", a name whose origin is uncertain. Sometime before 1893, students well versed in classical languages invented the mixed Greek and Latin chant of "Hoya Saxa", translating roughly as "what (or such) rocks." The school's baseball team, then called the Stonewalls, began in 1870, and football in 1874, and the chant likely refers to one of these teams. By the 1920s, the term "Hoyas" was used to describe groups on campus, and by 1928, campus sports writers started using it instead of the older team name, the "Hilltoppers." The name was picked up in the local publications, and became official shortly after. Jack the Bulldog has been the mascot of Georgetown athletics programs since 1962, and the school fight song is "There Goes Old Georgetown".

title: Scott Pilarz

text: During his tenure as a Georgetown faculty member, Father Pilarz became involved in a movement to revive the university's Jack the Bulldog live mascot called "Bring Back Jack." In 1998, Pilarz collaborated with three students and co-founders of the Hoya Blue fan club – Michael Boyle, Austin Martin, and Kathleen Long – to bring back the bulldog mascot tradition at Georgetown. The Hoya Blue club and the senior class raised $1,500 to purchase Jack, Georgetown's first live mascot since the 1970s. Father Pilarz personally picked up the new Jack the Bulldog, who was named John P. Carroll then a nine-month-old puppy, upon his arrival at Washington Dulles International Airport on February 16, 1999. Father Pilarz became Jack's caretaker and roommate at Georgetown. He would walk Jack in the mornings and evenings while student volunteers walked the bulldog mascot during the day while Pilarz was in class or other university functions.

text: The 1979–80 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1979–80 NCAA Division I basketball season. John Thompson, Jr., coached them in his eighth season as head coach. It was the Hoyas first season as members of the original Big East Conference, which began play this season; prior to this year, Georgetown had been an independent during the 38 seasons it had fielded a team since the dissolution of the Eastern Intercollegiate Conference at the end of the 1938-39 season. Georgetown would remain a member of the original Big East for 34 seasons, through the end of the 2012-13 season. The teams penchant for playing tight games decided in the last seconds led to it being nicknamed the Heart Attack Hoyas.

title: Georgetown Hoyas men's soccer

text: The Georgetown Hoyas men's soccer team represents Georgetown University in all men's Division I NCAA soccer competitions. The Georgetown Hoyas joined the new Big East Conference on July 1, 2013 with other private schools from the former Big East Conference in which they previously competed. The team has made six appearances in the NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship, with the most recent coming in 2015.

title: 2017–18 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: Four days later, the Hoyas were at Capital One Arena to open a three-game homestand by playing another ranked opponent, No. 1 Villanova. It was the first time Ewing had faced Villanova in any capacity since the Wildcats upset the Hoyas in his final game as a college player to win the national championship in the 1985 NCAA Tournament. The game quickly became a blowout, as Villanova went on an 18–0 scoring run to take a 31–8 lead in the first half. By halftime, when Villanova led 42–20, Georgetown had more turnovers (nine) than baskets (eight), and had shot only 8-for-26 (30.8 percent) from the field, including 0-for-8 in three-pointers. During the second half, Villanova continued to extend its lead, which reached its peak at 88–44 with about minutes remaining. With about minutes left, Villanova head coach Jay Wright took his starters out of the game, and with the Wildcats′ bench players on the floor, the Hoyas concluded the game with a 12–0 scoring run, closing to 88–56 at the final buzzer. For the game, the Wildcats shot 17-for-33 (51.5 percent) from three-point range, while the Hoyas shot only 4-for-15 (26.7 percent) from the beyond the arc. Jesse Govan, the only Georgetown player to score in double figures, finished with 12 points, and Trey Dickerson left the game with back spasms during the first half. It was Villanova's seventh straight victory over Georgetown, the Wildcats′ longest winning streak against the Hoyas since the schools first met in 1922. The 32-point loss was Georgetown's worst since December 10, 1974, when Maryland beat the Hoyas by 33 points, 104–71, and it dropped the Hoyas to 12–6 on the season, 2–5 in the Big East. Georgetown's easy non-conference schedule had inflated the Hoyas′ overall record and, when the press asked him what the game said about the true contrast between the state of the Georgetown's men's basketball program and that of a national power like Villanova, Ewing replied, "I'm not even thinking about that. All I'm thinking about is that they're a good team and tonight was their night. That's it. . .I've had my butt kicked before – fortunately it was as a player – and all I can do is get ready for the next one. You can't dwell on it. Just got to look at the film and make adjustments and get ready for the next game."

title: Jack the Bulldog

text: Jack was not always the name of the Georgetown Hoyas' mascot, nor was the mascot always a bulldog, as other types of dogs, particularly bull terriers, were associated with the sports teams before 1962. In 2009, the American Kennel Club ranked Jack as the 8th most popular dog in American culture. Today, Georgetown is among thirty-nine American universities to use a bulldog as their mascot, with Georgia, Butler, Mississippi State, Yale and James Madison being the only others with a live bulldog. Jack is also portrayed by a costumed character Bulldog mascot, a tradition dating to 1977.

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: The Georgetown Hoyas are the athletics teams that officially represent Georgetown University in college sports. Part of the NCAA's Division I, the Hoyas field 23 varsity level sports teams, most of which participate in the Big East Conference, with the exception of the Division I FCS Patriot League in football. In late 2012, Georgetown and six other Catholic, non-FBS schools announced that they were departing the Big East for a new conference.[2] The rowing and sailing teams also participate in east coast conferences. The men's basketball team is the school's most famous and most successful program, but Hoyas have achieved success in a wide range of sports.

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: Georgetown's nickname is The Hoyas, but its mascot is "Jack the Bulldog." Various breeds of dogs have been used by the sports teams as mascots since the early 1900s. Several notable bull terriers like Sergeant Stubby and "Hoya" were used at football games in the 1920s, as was a Great Dane in the 1940s. However, in 1951, the school suspended its football program because of the increasing cost of the game financially and academically, which left the school without an official live mascot.[9]

title: 1980–81 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: The most unusual event of this season took place on February 28, 1981, during the final regular-season game. Big East rival Connecticut was visiting McDonough Gymnasium when, during a timeout, Connecticuts Jonathan the Husky mascot started a fistfight with Georgetowns Jack the Bulldog mascot, leading to Jonathans ejection from McDonough. Thanks to senior center Mike Fraziers heroics, which included a block and rebound at the end of the game to preserve a 60-58 Georgetown victory, over a hundred Georgetown students gathered outside Fraziers on-campus apartment for an informal post-game pep rally.

title: 2016–17 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: Next up for the Hoyas was the Maui Invitational Tournament. Georgetown began the tournament by hosting a non-bracketed opening-round game against Arkansas State at McDonough Gymnasium, the Hoyas′ first game on campus since the 2014 National Invitation Tournament. The Hoyas shot only 3-for-18 (16.7 percent) from three-point range and, despite Jesse Govan's 20 points, L. J. Peak's 18, and Isaac Copeland's 11, the Red Wolves led by double figures for much of the game and held off a 22-7 late-game Georgetown rally to upset the Hoyas 78–72. Thanks to the surprising loss, Georgetown opened its season with a 1–2 record for the second straight year.

title: 2012–13 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: Playing its first game since December 22, Georgetown opened its Big East season on January 5, 2013, with an upset loss at Marquette that snapped the Hoyas′ winning streak at seven games. They dropped to No. 19 in the AP Poll, then suffered another upset loss at the hands of Pittsburgh three days later. The Hoyas′ early-season shooting woes continued. Marquette held Georgetown – which missed 10 of its first 12 shots – to 48 points, 16 points below the Hoyas' season average, and won by one point; Markel Starks led the Hoyas with 18 points against the Golden Eagles, while Otto Porter and Greg Whittington each finished with 13 points and Whittington pulled down eight rebounds. The 73-45 loss to Pittsburgh was Georgetown's largest margin of defeat since a 104-71 loss to Maryland at the Capital Centre – not yet the Hoyas′ home court at the time – on December 10, 1974, and the largest home loss since a 107-67 defeat by St. John's at McDonough Gymnasium on December 7, 1971. Georgetown shot 35 percent in field-goal attempts and no Hoyas scored in double figures, while the Panthers shot 55 percent from the field and completed a three-game streak in which they beat the Hoyas at the Verizon Center by 16, 15, and 28 points. It was the most lopsided Big East road win in Pittsburgh's history, and the Hoyas emerged from the game shooting only 38.7 percent from the field for the season while allowing opponents to average 55.7 points per game. Georgetown opened 0-2 in the conference play for the first time since the 2001-02 season, but the two defeats also were their only back-to-back losses of the regular season.

title: 1946–47 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: Ripley previously had coached Georgetown from 1927 to 1929, leaving to coach Yale for six seasons, and again from 1938 to 1943, leading the Hoyas to what at the time was their only postseason tournament apperanace in the 1943 NCAA Tournament. He then left to coach at Columbia and Notre Dame when Georgetown suspended its basketball program for two seasons during World War II. This time he would coach the Hoyas for three seasons, and the 1946-47 team was by far the most successful of his third stint as Georgetowns coach.

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: In 1999, Scott R. Pilarz, S.J., with the help of the Hoya Blue fan club, revived the tradition of an official live bulldog named Jack, to work along with the costumed mascot.[11] When Pilarz left for the University of Scranton in 2003, taking Jack with him, Georgetown secured a new bulldog puppy and found another Jesuit, Christopher Steck, S.J., to care for him. The current bulldog is named "John S. Carroll," a play on the name of Georgetown's founder, which name allows for continuation of the "Jack the Bulldog" nickname.[12] After Jack injured his leg in 2012, two Georgetown parents donated a younger bulldog puppy, who the school refers to as "Jack Jr."[13]

title: 1928 Georgetown Hoyas football team

text: The 1928 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University during the 1928 college football season.

title: 1983–84 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: The 1983-84 Hoyas were ranked No. 2 in the seasons final Associated Press Poll and Coaches' Poll and won what was then a school-record 34 games. They remain the only Georgetown men's basketball team to win a national championship.

title: Jack the Bulldog

text: Jack the Bulldog is the official mascot of the Georgetown University Hoyas athletic teams. Jack has been the name of at least five live Bulldogs since 1962, when the name first came into use, though Georgetown counts seven official bulldog mascots including the two living ones. The current incarnation of Jack is an English Bulldog born in 2013 whose full name is John B. Carroll.

title: Georgetown Hoyas football

text: The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football. Like other sports teams from Georgetown, the team is named the Hoyas, which derives from the chant, "Hoya Saxa". They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C.

text: The 2004–05 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 2004–2005 NCAA Division I basketball season. The Hoyas were coached by John Thompson III – his first year at Georgetown – and played their home games at the MCI Center in Washington, DC. The Hoyas are members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 19-13, 8-8 in Big East play. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the 2005 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament before losing to Connecticut They played in the 2005 National Invitation Tournament and advanced to the quarterfinals before losing to South Carolina.

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: Georgetown's unique team name has caused opponents to mock Georgetown with chants including "What's a Hoya?"[8] Harrison High School, located in Kennesaw, Georgia, is the only other institution in the country licensed to share this name. However, Georgetown Preparatory School, which separated from the University in 1927, uses the name "Little Hoyas" for its sports teams and shares the University's blue and gray color scheme.

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: In 1964, Georgetown allowed its students to start a football program as an exhibition-only club sport.[58] Varsity football resumed in 1970 at what later became known as the Division III level.[59] Today, Georgetown plays at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision, competing in the Patriot League and perennially plays against Ivy League schools. The Hoyas have also begun a cross-town rivalry with Howard University for a championship known as the D.C. Cup.[60]

title: Georgetown Hoyas

text: The team name is derived from the mixed Greek and Latin chant "Hoya Saxa" (meaning "What Rocks"), which gained popularity at the school in the late nineteenth century. The name "Hoyas" came into use in the 1920s. Most teams have their athletic facilities on the main campus of Georgetown University. The men's basketball team plays most of their home games at the Capital One Arena in downtown Washington, D.C. and the baseball team plays at Shirley Povich Field in Cabin John, Maryland. Lee Reed took over as the school's athletic director in April 2010.

title: 2009 Georgetown Hoyas football team

text: The 2009 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was led by Kevin Kelly, in his 4th season as head coach. The Hoyas played their home games at Multi-Sport Field in Washington, DC. Georgetown failed to win a game, a first since 1885. However, they still filled their stadium past capacity for half their home games.

text: The 2018–19 Georgetown Hoyas women's basketball team represents Georgetown University in the 2018–19 college basketball season. The Hoyas, led by second year head coach James Howard and are members of the Big East Conference. The Hoyas play their home games at the McDonough Gymnasium.

title: Hoya Saxa

text: Hoya Saxa is the official cheer and "college yell" of Georgetown University and its athletics teams. The term "Hoya" is an Ancient Greek word usually transliterated from as "hoia" from the word "hoios" () meaning "such" or "what" as in "what manner of", and is used in certain Biblical quotations. "" is Latin for "rocks" or "small stones". It was used in the name of some Roman settlements, such as Saxa Rubra. Before 1900, students at Georgetown were required to study classical linguistics, and both words are in the neuter plural of their respective languages. The phrase together is generally translated into English as "what rocks!", though other translations have suggested "such rocks!" or "great rocks!" or even "what rocks?" as a question. It was also historically rendered as "Hoya, Hoya, Saxa!", a form that is used in "The Hoya Song" from 1930 which mocked the cheers of other universities, and was then included in the school fight song, "There Goes Old Georgetown".

title: Jack the Bulldog

text:
Dogs have been associated with the school's sports teams on an unofficial basis since the late nineteenth century. Early dog mascots may have included a mutt called Hoya around 1900, a Borzoi named Richmond Jack in 1906, a bulldog named Hoya in 1907, and a Boston Bull Terrier in 1911. At that time, most mascots were primarily associated with the school's football team, and were cared for by students or individual sports teams, rather than the administration.
Sergeant Stubby, a part bull terrier and a decorated World War I war dog, came to campus in 1921 with J. Robert Conroy who was attending Georgetown Law at the time. The school football team used Stubby as a popular halftime show where he would push a football across the field, which established him as a campus celebrity. After Stubby died in 1926, the team then chose a female bull terrier named Jazz Bo, who had been brought to campus by Georgetown College student Paul Van Laanen. Jazz Bo was retitled "Hoya" by the students, after the traditional "Hoya Saxa" school cheer. The athletic teams are possibly named, in turn, for this dog. When "Hoya" gave birth to a daughter, students named the puppy "Saxa".

text: North Carolina A&T's loss to Georgetown dropped the Aggies to 5–4, but they were the only team with a winning record the Hoyas had faced all season. Defeating North Carolina A&T gave Georgetown an 8–0 record and made the Hoyas one of only six NCAA Division I teams without a loss during the season. However, Georgetown also had the weakest strength of schedule – 351st out of 351 – among Division I schools. By the time the Hoyas beat North Carolina A&T on December 9, Georgetown's previous seven opponents were a combined 13-54 (.194) on the season, and the Hoyas′ previous three opponents (Maine, Coppin State, and Howard) had a combined record of 2–26 (.071). By December 15 – the eve of the Hoyas′ meeting with Syracuse – Georgetown's first eight opponents were a combined 24-64 (.273) on the season. The lackluster games resulted in lackluster attendance: The crowd of 9,212 for the season opener against Jacksonville left the 20,356-seat Capital One Arena less than half-full, and since then the Hoyas had averaged 5,247 fans per game and never had reached 6,500 for any game. When reporters again asked Ewing immediately after the North Carolina A&T game about the unambitious schedule he had put together, he dismissed their concerns by saying, "It's a great schedule, a great schedule. All the people worried about the schedule are all you guys."

title: 2009–10 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: The Hoyas returned to the Verizon Center to begin a three-game homestand by meeting No. 8 Duke in a nonconference game five days later with President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden in the audience. Shooting 77 percent from the floor in the first half, the Hoyas used an 18–3 run in which they held the Blue Devils without a field goal for nearly four minutes to jump out to what turned out to be a decisive 34–20 lead. With Georgetown leading 46–33 at the beginning of the second half, Duke made two three-pointers to cut the lead to seven, but the Hoyas responded with a 6–0 run to stretch the lead back to 13. Duke closed again to 52–45, but Georgetown again extended the lead and went on to win 89–77. Chris Wright shot 8-for-9 from the floor and scored 21 points; Greg Monroe also scored 21, and Austin Freeman added 20 points. The Hoyas shot 71.7 percent from the floor for the game, the third-best team shooting performance in Georgetown history and the best since Georgetown shot 71.9 percent against St. John's in 1980; it was also the second-highest shooting percentage ever against Duke, exceeded only by a 73.3 percent shooting performance against the Blue Devils by UCLA in 1965. The victory was John Thompson III's 200th career win as a college head coach.

title: Georgetown Hoyas baseball

text: The Georgetown Hoyas baseball team represents Georgetown University in the Big East Conference, part of the NCAA's Division I level of college baseball. Baseball is Georgetown's oldest sport, with the first recorded game taking place in 1866, and the team formally organized and sanctioned in 1870. The team was once known as the Stonewalls, and is one possible source of the Hoya Saxa cheer famous among all Georgetown sports teams.


query: Are mud dobbers a kind of paper wasps?

title: Mud dauber

text: Mud dauber (or "mud wasp") is a name commonly applied to a number of wasps from either the family Sphecidae or Crabronidae that build their nests from mud. Mud daubers belong to different families and are variable in appearance. Most resemble long, slender wasps about 1 inch (25mm) in length.[1] The name refers to the nests that are made by the female wasps, which consist of mud molded into place by the wasp's mandibles. Mud daubers are not normally aggressive, but can become belligerent when threatened. Stings are uncommon.

title: Organ pipe mud dauber

text: The organ pipe mud dauber ("Trypoxylon politum") is a predatory wasp in the family Crabronidae. They are fairly large wasps, ranging from 3.9–5.1 mm, and have been recorded to fly from May to September. Female and male are similar in colour, a shiny black with pale yellow to white hind hindtarsomere. The organ pipe mud dauber feeds mainly on three genera of spider: Neoscona, Araneus, and Eustala. Melittobia, a parasitoid wasp, is a common ectoparasite of "T. politum" prepupae. Other sources of parasitism include the Bombyliid fly Anthrax, Chrysidid wasps, and various species of scavenger flies (Miltogramminae). The tufted titmouse ("Parus bicolor") is a known predator of "T. politum", and may feed on them more commonly than previously thought as the holes made by the titmouse are similar in shape and size to those made by T. politum leaving the nest after pupation.

title: Andrzej Dobber

text: Andrzej Dobber (born May 28, 1961 in Więcbork, Poland) is an operatic baritone.

title: Mud dauber

text: There are many species of mud dauber wasp. Here are some characteristics of mud daubers of the genus Sceliphron.

title: Paper wasp

text: Most social wasps of the family Vespidae make nests from paper, but some stenogastrine species, such as "Liostenogaster flavolineata", use mud. A small group of eusocial crabronid wasps, of the genus "Microstigmus" (the only eusocial wasps outside the family Vespidae), also constructs nests out of chewed plant fibers, though the nest consistency is quite different from those of true paper wasps, due to the absence of wood fibers, and the use of silk extruded by female wasps to bind the fibers.

title: Blue mud dauber

text: The blue mud dauber ("Chalybion californicum") is a metallic blue species of mud dauber wasp that is the primary predator of black widow spiders. Females build their own nests, but occasionally refurbish nests abandoned by other mud dauber wasps, particularly "Sceliphron". It is not normally aggressive. It is similar in shape and colour to the steel-blue cricket hunter ("Chlorion aerarium"). Like other types of wasps, males do not have an ovipositor, therefore cannot sting.

title: Sceliphron laetum

text: Sceliphron laetum is a wasp in the family Sphecidae, the mud-dauber wasps. Like other members of this genus, it is a solitary species and builds cells out of mud in which to rear its young, provisioning them with paralysed spiders, and laying an egg in each. This wasp is native to Australia and southeastern Asia.

title: Chrysis ignita

text: The ruby-tailed wasp possesses an ovipositor, which evolved from the usual stinging apparatus of most Hymenopterans. Ruby-tailed wasps have been reported to parasitize a variety of hosts, and thus their ovipositor has evolved to be a multi-tool for infiltrating the nests of different wasps. For example, in parasitizing the mud nest of a digger wasp, the female ruby-tailed wasp will first wet a point of the dry mud before attempting to saw through it with her ovipositor. After several repetitions, she will succeed, and can then deposit her egg near or in the host wasp larval cell or cocoon. In the case of parasitizing paper wasp or mason bee, the ruby-tailed wasp’s strong, indented ovipositor is used in a similar fashion to cut through the nest substrate to get to the host young. After the egg is deposited, the ruby-tailed wasp will cover the hole with the original nest material to leave minimal traces of its infiltration. It is essential that both she and her egg remain undetected to ensure the success of her offspring.

title: Dobber

text: Dobber may refer to:

title: Ropalidia romandi

text: Ropalidia romandi, also known as the yellow brown paper wasp or the yellow paper wasp. is a species of paper wasp found in Northern and Eastern Australia. "R. romandi "is a swarm-founding wasp, and manages perennial nests. Its nests are known as 'paper bag nests' and have different architectural structures, depending on the substrates from which they are built. The specific name honors Gustave, baron de Romand, a prominent French political figure and amateur entomologist.

title: Mud dauber

text: One disadvantage to making nests is that most, if not all, of the nest-maker’s offspring are concentrated in one place, making them highly vulnerable to predation. Once a predator finds a nest, it can plunder it cell by cell. A variety of parasitic wasps, ranging from extremely tiny chalcidoid wasps to larger, bright green chrysidid wasps attack mud dauber nests. They pirate provisions and offspring as food for their own offspring.

title: Hunting wasp

text: Bearing this in mind, and that each of the superfamilies under discussion includes families other than those listed here, families that are in no way hunting wasps, consider the following, consulting the links and references for detailed discussion of the biology:Although it had long been realised that bees were in essence a natural grouping of wasps that fed primarily on nectar and pollen, it took the development of molecular biology to demonstrate the actual grouping of true bees with the following families of definitive hunting wasps.These cockroach wasps are a popular example of a primitive mode of hunting wasp behaviour; they do not build a secure nest for their prey plus its egg, but conceal it in the most convenient crack or burrow, in which respect their behaviour resembles that of some of the Bethylidae.A very large family with varied habits and a wide range of prey species. Crabronid species in some taxa concentrate on flies, others on bees, others on cicadas, but the overwhelming majority build tunnels, whether single or branched, with one or more larvae inside.These are a widely varied family, including the digger wasps and mud daubersThese are generally large wasps that hunt subterranean insects, usually beetle larvae. Commonly they do little to conceal the paralysed prey, but lay the egg on it underground.Another large and varied family. They include the social wasps such as paper wasps and hornets. These are hunting wasps in the sense that they hunt animal food, generally insects, but they do not subtly paralyse them; instead they more or less butcher them and carry the most nutritious portions back to the colony to feed the young progressively. Other Vespidae include the solitary potter wasps, that are classical examples of hunting wasps of the kind that build their nests out of mud. The Masarinae or pollen wasps are the major exception in the family in that they do not hunt at all, but instead feed their larvae pollen and nectar, as many members of the superfamily Apoidea do.

title: Brood parasite

text: Kleptoparasitism in insects is not restricted to bees; several lineages of wasp including most of the Chrysididae, the cuckoo wasps, are kleptoparasites. The cuckoo wasps lay their eggs in the nests of other wasps, such as those of the potters and mud daubers.

title: Schmidt sting pain index

text: Most insects that are characterized as having a pain level of 3 are wasps, including the red paper wasp, the metricus paper wasp, and the velvet ant (which is actually a wasp, not an ant). The duration of the sting pain can range anywhere from one minute (such as the sting of the red paper wasp) to half an hour (such as the sting of the velvet ant). Wasp venom uniquely contains wasp kinin that exhibit kinin-like activity. One of the kinins found in wasp kinin, polistes kinin 3, is found to lead to similar effects on smooth musculature and circulation as bradykinin.

title: Mud dauber

text: All three species may occupy the same sites year after year, creating large numbers of nests. Mud dauber nests can last many years in protected locations and are often used as nest sites by other kinds of wasps and bees, as well as other types of insects.

title: Paper wasp

text: Most wasps are beneficial in their natural habitat, and are critically important in natural biocontrol. Paper wasps feed on nectar and other insects, including caterpillars, flies, and beetle larvae. Because they are a known pollinator and feed on known garden pests, paper wasps are often considered to be beneficial by gardeners.

title: Structures built by animals

text: Some materials in nature act as ready made "building blocks" to the animals in question, such as feathers and leaf petioles for some birds and animal hair for the chaffinch. Other materials need to be "processed". Caddisfly larvae use stone pieces and also cut sections from green leaves for use in construction. The stone pieces are selected as per their size and shape from a large variety. In the case of leaf sections, these are cut and shaped to required size. Similarly bagworms cut and shape thorns or twigs to form their case. Some sphecid wasps collect mud and blend them with water to construct free standing nests of mud. Paper wasp queens build with paper pulp which they prepare by rasping wood with their jaws and mixing with saliva, a case of collecting, processing and blending raw materials.

title: List of Coronation Street characters (1998)

text: Philip "Dobber" Dobson, played by John Donnelly, made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 4 October 1998. Dobber and Toyah Battersby (Georgia Taylor) were involved in a notable storyline surrounding the subject of under-age sex. After a holiday romance, Dobber persuaded Toyah into losing her virginity to him in the back of his car. Tony Purnell from the "Daily Mirror" called Dobber "Mr Wrong", while the "Daily Record's" John Millar stated he was "one of the sleaziest characters to ooze across the cobbles of Weatherfield." He added "From the first instant we laid eyes on shifty Philip Dobson, we've known he's no good. But love is blind and so Toyah is prepared to do anything for what she believes is the man of her dreams."

title: Vespidae

text: The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps (such as "Polistes fuscatus", "Vespa orientalis", and "Vespula germanica") and many solitary wasps. Each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually only last one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the pollination of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators, while others are notable predators of pest insect species.

title: Polistinae

text:
The Polistinae are eusocial wasps closely related to the more familiar yellow jackets, but placed in their own subfamily, containing four tribes; with some 1100 species total, it is the second-most diverse subfamily within the Vespidae, and while most species are tropical or subtropical, they include some of the most frequently encountered large wasps in temperate regions. They are also known as paper wasps, which is a misleading term since other wasps (including yellow jackets) also build nests out of paper, and because some epiponine wasps (e.g., "Polybia emaciata") build theirs out of mud, nonetheless, the name "paper wasp" seems to apply mostly, but not exclusively, to the Polistinae, especially the Polistini. Many wasps, such as "Polistes fuscatus," "Polistes annularis", and "Polistes exclamans", make their nests out of paper. "Polistes annularis" suspends its paper nests from cliff overhangs via a pedicel, whose free fatty acids induce the necrophoric response in ants and causes them to avoid the pedicel rather than cross and prey on the nest’s inhabitants. "Polistes metricus" foragers take off from their nests as if they already know how long their trip is. For short flights, they exit the nest flying horizontally, while for long flights they exit the nest flying straight up into a high altitude before pursuing their direction. Polistine brood cells are arranged in a hexagonal array, similar to the comb structure in a honey bee nest. At least one epiponine species ("Brachygastra mellifica") stores honey in the comb, one of the only insects other than bees to store honey.
Characteristics of the Polistinae are:Polistine wasps found colonies in one of two ways. In some species, nests are founded by a small number of reproductive females, possibly a single one. One of the foundresses eventually acquires dominance over the other and is the sole reproducer. The nest is open (not enclosed by an envelope) and contains a single comb.

title: Black and yellow mud dauber

text: The black and yellow mud daubers are solitary parasitoid wasps that build nests out of mud. These sphecid wasps collect mud balls at puddle and pool edges for constructing nests. Frequently, nests are built inside weather, or environmental element, sheltered locations; frequently shaded areas on and within both naturally-occurring, as well as man-made structures. Examples offered but only representing a small list, include locales such as under and inside types of bridges, barns, opening and enclosing-garages, open-air porches, or under housing eaves. These nests comprise up to 25 vertically arranged, individual cylindrical cells. After initial creation and coverage of the clutch, this sphecid wasp uses more mud as a means covering and protecting the whole cluster of cells, thereby forming a smooth-like appearance, and uniform nest. The entire nest may attain an area equal to, or larger than, the size of an average human fist.

title: Chalybion zimmermanni

text: Chalybion zimmermanni, known generally as the Zimmermann's mud wasp or blue mud dauber wasp, is a species of thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae.

title: Hermetia illucens

text: "H. illucens" is a mimic fly, very close in size, color, and appearance to the organ pipe mud dauber wasp and its relatives. The mimicry of this particular kind of wasp is especially enhanced in that the fly's antennae are elongated and wasp-like, the fly's hind tarsi are pale, as are the wasp's, and the fly has two small transparent "windows" in the basal abdominal segments that make the fly appear to have a narrow "wasp waist". Black soldier fly larvae can be differentiated from blowfly or housefly larvae by a thin gray-black stripe on their posterior ends.

title: Polistes metricus

text: "P. metricus" belongs to the kingdom Animalia (animals), the phylum Arthropoda (arthropods), the subphylum Hexapoda (having six legs), the class Insecta (insects), the order Hymenoptera (which includes ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies), the taxon Aculeata (which includes stinging wasps, bees, and ants), the superfamily Vespoidea (which includes hornets, yellowjackets, paper wasps, potter wasps, mason wasps, and pollen wasps), the family Vespidae, the subfamily Polistinae (paper wasps), the genus "Polistes", and the species "metricus".

title: Sphecidae

text: The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread-waisted wasps.

title: Mud dauber

text: Potter wasp Genus Sceliphron Tropical Hover Wasp Includes information on all the mud daubers and their look alikes Texas Cooperative Extension.

title: Paper wasp

text: Paper wasps are vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems, which they mix with saliva, and use to construct water-resistant nests made of gray or brown papery material. Some types of paper wasps are also sometimes called umbrella wasps, due to the distinctive design of their nests.

title: Paper wasp

text: The name "paper wasps" typically refers to members of the vespid subfamily Polistinae, though it often colloquially includes members of the subfamilies Vespinae (hornets and yellowjackets) and Stenogastrinae, which also make nests out of paper. Twenty-two species of "Polistes" paper wasps have been identified in North America and approximately 300 species have been identified worldwide. The most common paper wasp in Europe is "Polistes dominula". The Old World tribe Ropalidiini contains another 300 species, and the neotropical tribes Epiponini and Mischocyttarini each contain over 250 more, so the total number of true paper wasps worldwide is about 1100 species, almost half of which can be found in the neotropics.

title: Wasp

text: Adult solitary wasps spend most of their time in preparing their nests and foraging for food for their young, mostly insects or spiders. Their nesting habits are more diverse than those of social wasps. Many species dig burrows in the ground. Mud daubers and pollen wasps construct mud cells in sheltered places. Potter wasps similarly build vase-like nests from mud, often with multiple cells, attached to the twigs of trees or against walls.

title: Vespula germanica

text: Vespula germanica (European wasp, German wasp, or German yellowjacket) is a species of wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, native to Europe, Northern Africa, and temperate Asia. It has been introduced and is well-established in many other places, including North America, South America (Argentina and Chile), Australia, and New Zealand. German wasps are part of the family Vespidae and are sometimes mistakenly referred to as paper wasps because they build grey paper nests, although strictly speaking, paper wasps are part of the subfamily Polistinae. In North America, they are also known as yellowjackets.


query: What family does the purple heart plant belong to?

title: Tradescantia pallida

text: Tradescantia pallida is a species of spiderwort (a genus of New World plants) more commonly known as wandering jew or walking jew, a name it shares with the closely related species T. fluminensis and T. zebrina. Other common names include purple secretia, purple-heart,[2] and purple queen.[3] It is native to the Gulf Coast region of eastern Mexico. Edward Palmer collected the type specimen near Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas in 1907.[4]

title: Digitalis purpurea

text: Digitalis purpurea (foxglove, common foxglove, purple foxglove or lady's glove) is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It is also naturalised in parts of North America and some other temperate regions. The plants are well known as the original source of the heart medicine digoxin (also called digitalis or digitalin).

title: Dactylorhiza sambucina

text: The Elder-flowered Orchid (Dactylorhiza sambucina) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family Orchidaceae. It is quite common and widespread throughout much of Europe from Portugal east to Finland and Ukraine. The flowers appear in spring and summer, in various colors from yellow to purple.

title: Purple Hearts Reunited

text:
Established in 2012 as 501 (c)(3) nonprofit foundation, Purple Hearts Reunited (PHR) works to return lost or stolen medals to recipients or their family at no cost to them. When possible, PHR conducts a ceremony to formally place the medal back in the hands of the recipient or family. In situations where a recipient or family member cannot be located, PHR works to identify a suitable alternative, such as a military museum.
In circumstances where the recipient of a returned Purple Heart has not been included in the Purple Heart Hall of Honor, PHR ensures that the individual's name is added; As of March 2018, PHR has enrolled over 1500 recipients. Through early 2018, PHR staff and volunteers have returned more than 400 medals to the original recipients or to their families. Purple Hearts Reunited's programs also include memorial educational scholarships and a memorial monument campaign.

title: National Purple Heart Hall of Honor

text: New York State committed $4.1 million toward the planning, design and development of the Hall of Honor. Other funds that supported the project included $402,000 in federal HUD/VA funds and additional donations from veterans and their families. The Military Order of the Purple Heart (MOPH), the national organization whose members are Purple Heart recipients, contributed $500,000 toward the project.

title: Eremophila cordatisepala

text: Eremophila cordatisepala is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to areas of Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia. It is a small grey shrub with purple to lilac-coloured flowers which have heart-shaped sepals at their base.

title: Purple Heart

text: The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the president to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members – the only earlier award being the obsolete Fidelity Medallion. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.

title: Famatina (plant)

text: The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families does not accept Famatina as a separate genus, but rather considers the species as synonyms for either "Rhodophiala" or "Phycella", which belong to different subtribes of Hippeastreae.

title: Purple Hearts Reunited

text: In February 2015, the Purple Hearts Reunited mission was the subject of a story in "Reader's Digest", "This Is Why Zach Fike Reunites Purple Hearts With Soldiers Who Lost Them". In December 2016, Purple Hearts reunited was the subject of a BBC feature story, "The Medal Detective". In January 2017, Purple Hearts Reunited was featured in an episode of "American Pickers", "Catch-32".

title: Caladenia hillmanii

text: Caladenia hillmanii, commonly known as purple-heart fingers, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a ground orchid with a single leaf and one or two bright pink flowers with a reddish-purple labellum with darker bars.

title: Sweet potato

text: The sweet potato ("Ipomoea batatas") is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens. The sweet potato is only distantly related to the potato ("Solanum tuberosum") and does not belong to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, but both families belong to the same taxonomic order, the Solanales.

title: Melaleuca cordata

text: Melaleuca cordata is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small shrub with erect branches, heart-shaped leaves and clusters of pinkish-red to purple flowers over an extended period.

title: Purple Hearts Reunited

text: In 2009, Zachariah Fike, an officer in the Vermont Army National Guard with service in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, received as a gift a Purple Heart his mother had purchased at an antique shop in Watertown, New York. His parents both served in the United States Army, and Fike is a Purple Heart recipient, so he was inspired to attempt returning the medal to the family of its original owner. He set the task aside while deployed to Afghanistan in 2009 and 2010, during which he was wounded and received the Purple Heart himself.

title: Drosophyllum

text: Recent molecular and biochemical evidence (see the AP-Website) suggests the carnivorous taxa in the order Caryophyllales (the families Droseraceae, Drosophyllaceae, Nepenthaceae, and the species "Triphyophyllum peltatum") all belong to the same clade, which does not consist only of carnivorous plants, but also includes some noncarnivorous plants, such as those in the family Ancistrocladaceae.

title: National Purple Heart Hall of Honor

text: On May 12, 1995, an article appeared in a Newburgh, N.Y. newspaper, about the intent to build a Purple Heart museum in Enfield, CT. A local man, Patric Morrison wrote a letter to the editor explaining why the museum belonged in the Newburgh area.

title: Subodh Gupta

text: Originally created for the first edition of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale, Gupta’s poetically titled 21.35m long, 3.15m wide, 110 cm deep boat was stuffed with an assemblage of miscellaneous found objects; abandoned chairs, beds, fishing nets, window frames et al. Echoing sentiments of migration, displacement, belonging, movement, and stability, the work derives its title from a line in Rumi’s “The Sufi Path of Love”: “What does the vat contain that is not in the river? / What does the room encompass that is not in the city? / This world is the vat, and the heart the running stream, / this world the room, and the heart the city of wonders.

title: Arisaema sikokianum

text: Arisaema sikokianum, the Japanese Jack-in-the-pulpit, is a herbaceous perennial plant. An unusual woodland plant noted for its unmistakable smoky-purple base, snow-white cup and large hood with purple, green and white stripes. Found only in moist, shaded areas on the Island of Shikoku in Japan. It is distantly related to Arisaema triphyllum which is common to eastern United States. In home gardens, it is a springtime planting and is often placed with shade-loving hostas and Bleeding hearts.

title: Pistacia terebinthus

text: It is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Anacardiaceae (the cashew family). It is a small deciduous tree or large shrub growing to tall. The leaves are compound, long, odd pinnate with five to eleven opposite glossy oval leaflets, the leaflets long and broad. The flowers are reddish-purple, appearing with the new leaves in early spring. The fruit consists of small, globular drupes long, red to black when ripe. All parts of the plant have a strong resinous smell.

title: Galactites tomentosa

text: Galactites tomentosa (purple milk thistle) is a biennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus "Galactites" of the Asteraceae family.

title: Gynostemma pentaphyllum

text: Jiaogulan belongs to the genus "Gynostemma", in the family Cucurbitaceae, which includes cucumbers, gourds, and melons. Its fruit is a small purple inedible gourd. It is a climbing vine, attaching itself to supports using tendrils. The serrated leaflets commonly grow in groups of five (as in "G. pentaphyllum") although some species can have groups of three or seven leaflets. The plant is dioecious, meaning each plant exists either as male or female. Therefore, if seeds are desired, both a male and female plant must be grown.

title: Gynura

text: Gynura is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae endemic to Asia. The best known species is "Gynura aurantiaca", often grown as a house plant. This plant is commonly known as "purple passion" because of the velvety purple leaves.

title: Sri Lankan elephant

text: Elephants are classified as megaherbivores and consume up to of plant matter per day. As generalists they feed on a wide variety of food plants. In Sri Lanka's northwestern region, feeding behaviour of elephants was observed during the period of January 1998 to December 1999. The elephants fed on a total of 116 plant species belonging to 35 families including 27 species of cultivated plants. More than half of the plants were non tree species, i.e. shrub, herb, grass, or climbers. More than 25% of the plant species belonged to the family "Leguminosae", and 19% of the plant species belonged to the family of true grasses. The presence of cultivated plants in dung does not result solely due to raiding of crops as it was observed that elephants feed on leftover crop plants in fallow chenas. Juvenile elephants tend to feed predominantly on grass species.

title: Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum

text: Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, the purple gromwell, is a herbaceous perennial rhizomatous plant of the genus "Lithospermum", belonging to the family Boraginaceae.

title: Guaco

text: Any twining plant with a heart-shaped leaf, white and green above and purple beneath, is called a guaco by Native Americans, which does not necessarily coincide with which plants are “true” guacos, as far as naturalists are concerned.

title: Lythrum salicaria

text: Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of the family Primulaceae. Other names include spiked loosestrife, or purple lythrum.

title: Nymphaea zenkeri

text: Nymphaea zenkeri, the red tiger lotus, is a flowering plant of the family Nymphaeaceae that grows in various parts of East Africa. This species is known for its brilliant reddish-purple tinted heart-shaped leaves.

title: Lythrum alatum

text: Lythrum alatum, commonly known as winged loosestrife, winged lythrum or (in Britain and Ireland) angled purple-loosestrife, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It is endemic to wetland areas in central and eastern United States and Ontario.

title: Agave ghiesbreghtii

text: Agave ghiesbreghtii is an evergreen plant belonging to the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. The plant grows in clustering rosettes, up to 75 cm in diameter and 50 cm tall with wide leaves which are guttered on top. In spring the plant produces dense greenish brown to purple flowers on the top half of the unbranched spike which measures between 2.5m - 5m tall. The species is endemic in Guatemala and the State of Mexico in Mexico.

title: Ay Lav Yu

text: However, Ibrahim’s heart is left in far away lands. Even though the facts that he received his college degree, that he finished his military service and that he is in love with a girl are greeted with happiness, this whole picture turns into a complete shock with Yusuf Agha hearing the girl’s name: Jessica. So, where is this Jessica from? What family does she belong to? Ibrahim answers: Colorado! The family is completely bewildered. Kolarado???

title: Trilliaceae

text: Trilliaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct since 1846 when it was recognized; this table  for a summarizes the placement of these taxa. The family has been recognized by taxonomists such as Takhtajan, Dahlgren, Thorne, and Watson & Dallwitz; other taxonomists have considered these plants to belong to the family Liliaceae. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does not recognize such a family either and assigns the plants involved to family Melanthiaceae. One problem with this recognition is the lack of morphological synapomorphies for the family Melanthiaceae; this chart  provides a summary of the characters in each of the major groups.

title: Avicularia purpurea

text: Avicularia purpurea, also called purple tree tarantula, Ecuadorian purple tarantula or Ecuador purple pinktoe, is a species of spider belonging to the family Theraphosidae (tarantulas).