query: What have we done with photoacoustic tomography?

title: Photoacoustic imaging

text: The optical absorption in biological tissues can be due to endogenous molecules such as hemoglobin or melanin, or exogenously delivered contrast agents. As an example, Fig. 2 shows the optical absorption spectra of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in the visible and near infrared region.[3] Since blood usually has orders of magnitude higher absorption than surrounding tissues, there is sufficient endogenous contrast for photoacoustic imaging to visualize blood vessels. Recent studies have shown that photoacoustic imaging can be used in vivo for tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation mapping, functional brain imaging, skin melanoma detection, methemoglobin measuring, etc.[2]

title: Multispectral optoacoustic tomography

text: Optoacoustic. This term denotes the combination of "optical" (Greek, oπτικός) and "acoustic" (Greek, ακουστικός) energy (or components) in a single modality, which distinguishes optoacoustic imaging from optical imaging. Photoecho denotes the combination of light (Greek, Φως ) and sound ( Ήχος ) or reflection of sound Hχώ ). The term photoacoustic is also widely used, and it denotes the generation of acoustic energy by light. "Photoecho" and "photoacoustic" are to optoacoustics what photon is to optics: optical methods rely on photons, whereas optoacoustic methods rely on photoechoes or photoacoustic responses.

title: Multiscale tomography

text: Multiscale Tomography (or multi-length scale tomography) is a form of tomography spanning large orders of magnitude in resolution, often utilizing many different forms of tomography together to do so. The forms of tomography combined in the process depend on what is being studied and the details needed. Each form of tomography has an optimal range of Optical resolution that it can function across, but many modern materials and applications need information beyond the range of a single form of tomography. Combining this information using many forms of tomography can help provide a holistic view of the system being looked at, and important for Computer simulations.

title: Tadeusz Mazowiecki

text: In 1989, in his first parliamentary speech in Sejm, Mazowiecki talked about a "thick line" (""): "We draw a thick line on what has happened in the past. We will answer for only what we have done to help Poland to rescue her from this crisis from now on". Originally, as Mazowiecki explains, it meant non-liability of his government for damages done to the national economy by previous governments.

title: Xiaoyuan (Shawn) Chen

text: LOMIN specializes in synthesizing molecular imaging probes for Positron Emission Tomography, Single-photon emission computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, optical (bioluminescence, fluorescence and Raman), contrast enhanced ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging, as well as multimodality imaging. This research group aims to develop molecular imaging toolbox for better understanding of biology, early diagnosis of disease, monitoring therapy response, and guiding drug discovery/development. LOMIN puts special emphasis on high-sensitivity nanosensors for biomarker detection and theranostic nanomedicine for imaging, gene and drug delivery, and monitoring of treatment.

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3)

text: Discussing the season finale, Tancharoen stated, "This season, we've explored a lot of different themes: There's the notion of purpose. We also introduced an Inhuman who has a strong sense of faith. We talk a lot about destiny and all these things intertwine." Bennet likened the end of the season to "the end of the first book of S.H.I.E.L.D. This finale feels like the end of something bigger and the beginning of a whole new tone for the show." Whedon added, "We wanted to put a close to [Hive's] story. We knew going into this season what our plan was for both Ward and Hive. Our goal was to make it not just feel like victory—we like to get a victory and also a loss at the same time." On whether the Inhumans storyline would also be ending with the season, Whedon said, "We think of it as never closed. We like that we were able to open up that world and make Inhumans a permanent part of the universe. Now, we have a quick-fire way of introducing people with powers. It gives us a lot of leeway in our world, and it lets us explode the metaphors of what it is like to be different. We will never close that chapter." On making a six-month time jump at the end of "Ascension", Bell said that despite each character completing their arcs this season, "we still have a lot of plot. Emotionally, their arcs are done. What the jump lets you do is to do a reset ... It allows us to put down a lot of old plot and pick up a lot of new." Whedon added, "We’ve done it each season, so we just wanted to do it a little early ... we would’ve done [the time jump] in episode 1 next year but what we wanted to do was tease" things to come at the end of this season.

title: Twain–Ament indemnities controversy

text: In response to Twain's specific allegations, Ament said:The clan in China is responsible for the individuals and in collecting from the clans we did only what it is the settled policy of the Chinese themselves to do. It would have been impossible to have done otherwise...As to the 'extra' indemnities, we had to provide them for the widows and orphans left penniless and homeless, and who had lost no property to be paid for because they had none. We collected an extra one-third with the consent of the authorities, and distributed it among these people...It was considered perfectly just and fair by everyone there. Then, too, we had to provide for these people, and so we went to the abandoned grain shops and took what we could find. If we had not done so the Chinese would have. We promised to pay for everything we took. We also sold off all the furniture and goods in the place and used the money to support our Christians. I have been surprised to hear that this was criticised.

title: Lihong V. Wang

text: Wang's laboratory was the first to report functional photoacoustic tomography, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic endoscopy, photoacoustic reporter gene imaging, the photoacoustic Doppler effect, the universal photoacoustic reconstruction algorithm, microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography, ultrasound-modulated optical tomography, time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing, nonlinear photoacoustic wavefront shaping (PAWS), compressed ultrafast photography (10 trillion frames/s), Mueller-matrix optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence computed tomography. Wang was the recipient of several award, including NIH's FIRST, NSF's CAREER, NIH Director's Pioneer, and NIH Director's Transformative Research awards. WangWang was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the Lund University, Sweden. Wang also received the OSA C.E.K. Mees Medal "for seminal contributions to photoacoustic tomography and Monte Carlo modeling of photon transport in biological tissues and for leadership in the international biophotonics community". Prof. Wang has been conferred upon by an honorary doctorate degree by Lund University located in Sweden for his contributions towards the field of Biomedical Imaging.

title: Beckman Laser Institute

text: Photoacoustic tomography enables researchers to create three-dimensional images of deep tissue. A laser must be carefully tuned to excite specific bonds so that they "rattle", creating noise that can be detected and mapped by passive acoustic systems.

title: Photoacoustic imaging

text: Two types of photoacoustic imaging systems, photoacoustic/thermoacoustic computed tomography (also known as photoacoustic/thermoacoustic tomography, i.e., PAT/TAT) and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), have been developed. A typical PAT system uses an unfocused ultrasound detector to acquire the photoacoustic signals, and the image is reconstructed by inversely solving the photoacoustic equations. A PAM system, on the other hand, uses a spherically focused ultrasound detector with 2D point-by-point scanning, and requires no reconstruction algorithm.

title: Valhalla train crash

text: Since she was not named as a defendant in any of the lawsuits stemming from the accident, it seemed likely that the defendants would try to shift the blame to her. "My response if I was representing the railroad would be what more should we have done?" Stephen Wellinghorst, an attorney familiar with rail safety litigation who has also defended government officials, asked rhetorically in "The Journal News" on the first anniversary of the crash. "We have gates, we have lights, we have audible bells. We have met the minimum standards. What more should we do other than have a guard stand there and tell her not to go, which is economically not feasible?"

title: Beckman Laser Institute

text: More advanced research has included optical techniques such as Multiphoton microscopy, Second-harmonic imaging microscopy, Photoacoustic tomography, nonlinear Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse optical spectroscopy.

title: C. A. Campbell

text: This resistance of physically determined temptation comes as a result of what Campbell called an ‘effort of will,’ whereby we prioritise a moral impulse of the self over desires of the character, which are often far stronger and provide what he calls as a ‘path of least resistance’ for the resulting action. He believed that it was entirely up to us when we engaged in this effort, and that we can refer to our experience of having done so as introspective evidence that we were, at those times, legitimately torn between two options and made the choice to engage in an effort of will and carry out the morally righteous action when we could have very easily done otherwise.

title: Dwight Armstrong

text: In a 1992 interview with "The Capital Times" of Madison, he stated that "My life has not been something to write home about". He justified the bombing, stating that "We did what we had to do; we did what we felt a lot of other people should have done", continuing that "I don't care what public opinion is; we did what was right."

title: Operation of computed tomography

text:
“What we want to know (μ(x,y))” can be reconstructed from “What we measured ( p(s,θ))” by using inverse radon transformation .
In the above-mentioned descriptions, “What we measured” is p(s,θ) . On the other hand, “What we want to know ” is μ(x,y). So, the next will be "How to reconstruct μ(x,y) from p(s,θ)".

title: Terahertz tomography

text: Terahertz tomography is a class of tomography where sectional imaging is done by terahertz radiation. Because terahertz radiation can "see" what visible light and IR can not see, unique information can be obtained by terahertz tomography. This is in a sense similar to X-ray except without all the hazardous effects of X-ray.

title: United States House Select Committee on Benghazi

text: The chairman of the committee, Trey Gowdy, said in an interview that he has told his Republican colleagues to "shut up talking about things that you don't know anything about. And unless you're on the committee, you have no idea what we have done, why we have done it and what new facts we have found."

title: 2006 protests in Hungary

text: There is not much choice. There is not, because we screwed up. Not a little, a lot. No European country has done something as boneheaded as we have. Evidently, we lied throughout the last year-and-a-half, two years. It was totally clear that what we are saying is not true. You cannot quote any significant government measure we can be proud of, other than at the end we managed to bring the government back from the brink. Nothing. If we have to give account to the country about what we did for four years, then what do we say?

title: Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging

text: Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging is a set of techniques used to enhance spatial resolution in photoacoustic imaging. Specifically, these techniques primarily break the optical diffraction limit of the photoacoustic imaging system. It can be achieved in a variety of mechanisms, such as blind structured illumination, multi-speckle illumination, or photo-imprint photoacoustic microscopy in Figure 1.

title: Multispectral optoacoustic tomography

text: Multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT), also known as functional photoacoustic tomography (fPAT), is an imaging technology that generates high-resolution optical images in scattering media, including biological tissues. MSOT illuminates tissue with light of transient energy, typically light pulses lasting 1-100 nanoseconds. The tissue absorbs the light pulses, and as a result undergoes thermo-elastic expansion, a phenomenon known as the optoacoustic or photoacoustic effect. This expansion gives rise to ultrasound waves (photoechoes) that are detected and formed into an image. Image formation can be done by means of hardware (e.g. acoustic focusing or optical focusing) or computed tomography (mathematical image formation). Unlike other types of optoacoustic imaging, MSOT involves illuminating the sample with multiple wavelengths, allowing it to detect ultrasound waves emitted by different photoabsorbing molecules in the tissue, whether endogenous (oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, melanin) or exogenous (imaging probes, nanoparticles). Computational techniques such as spectral unmixing deconvolute the ultrasound waves emitted by these different absorbers, allowing each emitter to be visualized separately in the target tissue. In this way, MSOT can allow visualization of hemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygenation or hypoxia. Unlike other optical imaging methods, MSOT is unaffected by photon scattering and thus can provide high-resolution optical images deep inside biological tissues.

title: IEEE Biomedical Engineering Award

text: 2014, Lihong Wang, "For pioneering photoacoustic tomography." Wang is Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, USA.

title: International Association of Black Professional Firefighters

text: This is the Challenge; The strength of the IABPFF depends on how we will develop our potential and what our goals, and what and who are our resources. We can change the lives of young Black men and women by giving them a positive outlook and a desire to succeed. This is a national Challenge that exists from coast to coast and north to south. The effort to change and rescue our youth seems not to be recognized as a challenge that we can conquer. We are 8000 Heroes, We save lives for a living! Let us not linger on what we have done in the past but what we have the great potential to accomplish----- in the future

title: Breaking Ground

text: The important part is what we do with this information. We want to move from crisis management to lasting solutions. Other cities have done that successfully. We plan to do the same... At the real end of the day the only thing that's going to matter is the people who have been thus far completely unwilling to accept the offers of shelter, etc. by outreach workers. Can we reach them and make a positive difference in their lives? What can we do compassionately to help these people who have, for all practical purposes, fallen through the cracks of society? That's where our focus is; that's what matters. ... We don't know exactly what's going to work here in New York, but we know what's worked in other cities. Therefore, we're going to spend our efforts doing those things, and as we find smarter and better ways to do things we will adopt them.

title: Photoacoustic microscopy

text:
where formula_12 is the speed of sound in the medium and formula_13 is the photoacoustic signal bandwidth. The axial resolution of the system can be improved by using a wider bandwidth ultrasound transducer as long as the bandwidth matches that of the photoacoustic signal.
The lateral resolution of photoacoustic microscopy depends on the optical and acoustic foci of the system. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) uses a tighter optical focus than acoustic focus, while acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) uses a tighter acoustic focus than optical focus.

title: Photoacoustic microscopy

text: Photoacoustic microscropy is an imaging method based on the photoacoustic effect and is a subset of photoacoustic tomography. Photoacoustic microscopy takes advantage of the local temperature rise that occurs as a result of light absorption in tissue. Using a nanosecond pulsed laser beam, tissues undergo thermoelastic expansion, resulting in the release of a wide-band acoustic wave that can be detected using a high-frequency ultrasound transducer. Since ultrasonic scattering in tissue is weaker than optical scattering, photoacoustic microscopy is capable of achieving high-resolution images at greater depths than conventional microscopy methods. Furthermore, photoacoustic microscopy is especially useful in the field of biomedical imaging due to its scalability. By adjusting the optical and acoustic foci, lateral resolution may be optimized for the desired imaging depth.

title: Divine Service (Lutheran)

text: All: Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name. Amen.

title: 1902 Michigan Wolverines football team

text: Approximately 2,000 students accompanied the team to Chicago, and an account from Chicago was relayed to Ann Arbor's Athens theater which was "packed with students and citizens." When the final score was announced, the crowd of 1,500 voices sung, "Oh! What have we done? Oh! What have we done? We have put Wisconsin on the bum. That's what we have done." When the Michigan team returned to Ann Arbor late in the evening, they were met by a big delegation that marched behind the bus singing."

title: Graphene nanoribbon

text: Hybrid imaging modalities, such as photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) and thermoacoustic (TA) tomography (TAT) have been developed for bioimaging applications. PAT/TAT combines advantages of pure ultrasound and pure optical imaging/radio frequency (RF), providing good spatial resolution, great penetration depth and high soft-tissue contrast. GNR synthesized by unzipping single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been reported as contrast agents for photoacoustic and thermoacoustic imaging and tomography.

title: McAllister Hull

text: When it turned out that “the blast [over Nagasaki] was a good one,” Hull said in a 1995 interview with CNN, “it was a tremendous relief. All of us felt that way. All of us felt that way. We had done it. But at the same time, immediately both of us who knew the score began to think, OK, what have we done? What have we done?...How many of us knew everything about the bomb, enough to know what its potential was? Well, a relatively small number, maybe a thousand. Maybe a few of them. So let's say a thousand just to be generous. How many people were killed — 20,000. It means I'm responsible for 400? That's the kind of arithmetic that bothers you.”

title: Abbott Government

text: In his speech following his swearing-in ceremony, Abbott said his government would "strive to govern for all Australians": "We won't forget those who are often marginalised; people with disabilities, Indigenous people and women struggling to combine career and family. We will do our best not to leave anyone behind. We hope to be judged by what we have done rather than by what we have said we will do."

title: Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging

text: Recently, several techniques have broken the diffraction limit of light, enabling the observation of individual cellular structures, sub-cellular structures, and processes at the nanometer level, structures that were previously unresolvable by conventional microscopes due to resolutions finer than the optical diffraction limit (~250 nm in lateral direction at high optical NA). However, as super-resolution optical imaging generally relies on fluorophores, only fluorescence imaging by usage of multiple lasers or chemical manipulation of fluorophores is possible. This results in a set of complex configurations for the imaging system and limited use for fluorescent targets. Photoacoustic tomography, is able to complement these super resolution techniques and achieve much greater field of depth and remove the need for fluorescent molecules.


query: When did Victor Lvovich Kibalchich take the name Victor Serge?

title: Victor Serge

text: Serge's first published article was written in September 1908. Under the pen name "Le Rétif" ("The Maverick" or "The Stubborn One"), Serge wrote many articles for Le Révolté and, starting in 1909, L'Anarchie, a journal founded by Albert Libertad, whom Serge and his friends considered to be a hero. Serge at this stage was an outspoken supporter of individualist anarchism and illegalism, often clashing with the editor of L'Anarchie, André Roulot (aka "Lorulot"), who favoured less inflammatory rhetoric. In 1910, after a schism in L'Anarchie, Lorulot departed and Serge was named as the new editor of the paper. During this time, Serge was in a relationship with Rirette Maitrejean, another anarchist activist.

title: Victor Serge

text: Expelled from France on his release in 1917, he moved to Spain, which was neutral in World War I but was the scene of an attempted syndicalist revolution. Around this time, he first used the name Victor Serge, as a pen name for an article in the newspaper Tierra y Libertad.

title: Vlady Kibalchich Rusakov

text: Vladimir Victorovich Kibalchich Rusakov (; June 15, 1920 – July 21, 2005) was a Russian-Mexican painter, known simply as "Vlady" in Mexico. He came to Mexico as a refugee from Russia together with his father, writer Victor Serge. Attracted to painting from his exposure in Europe, Vlady quickly became part of Mexico’s artistic and intellectual scene, with his first individual exhibition in 1945, two years after his arrival to the country.

title: Hugh of Saint Victor

text: Within the Abbey of St Victor, many scholars who followed him are often known as the 'School of St Victor'. Both Achard and Andrew of St Victor appear to have been direct disciples of Hugh. Others, who probably entered the community too late to be directly educated by Hugh, include Richard of Saint Victor and Godfrey. One of Hugh's ideals that did not take root in St Victor, however, was his embrace of science and philosophy as tools for approaching God.

title: Victor Serge

text: Serge was born in Brussels, Belgium, to a couple of impoverished Russian anti-Czarist exiles. His father, Leo (Lev) Kibalchich, a former infantry trooper from Kiev, has been variously described as a distant relative[1] or a cousin[2] of Nikolai Kibalchich of the People's Will revolutionary organization, who was executed on a charge of being responsible for the bomb used in the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. Leo, himself a Peoples' Will sympathiser, had fled Russia around 1887 and gone to Switzerland, where he met Serge's mother, Vera Frolova, née Pederowska. She was the daughter of an impoverished petty nobleman of Polish extraction from the Nizhni-Novgorod province. Vera had married a Saint Petersburg official and, after giving birth to two daughters, had received permission to go to Switzerland to study and heal her consumptive lungs, but also to escape the reactionary environment of Saint Petersburg. She fell in love with the handsome, feckless Kibalchich, and the couple wandered Europe, according to their son, "in search of cheap lodgings and good libraries". Victor was born "by chance" in Brussels, where the couple were so poor that Victor's younger brother died of malnutrition before Leonid eventually found work as a teacher at the Institute of Anatomy. The "Kibalchich myth" of revolutionary idealism and sacrifice dominated Victor's impoverished childhood. He read a great deal, and became interested in socialism and anarchism along with his friends, including Raymond Callemin and Jean de Boë.

title: Victor Ginzburg (director)

text: Victor Lvovich Ginzburg is a Russian-American director, producer and screenwriter who has worked on films, commercials and music videos. He is best known for the film "Generation P" (2011).

title: The First Time (2009 film)

text: The next day, Victor receives an invitation to Anya's 18th birthday party, which unbeknownst to Victor was actually made by Brian (Adam J. Bernstein). As Victor's brother Zack (Daniel Polo) and Brian want Victor's attempts to woo Anya to fail so they can successfully publish their production film, they advise Victor to buy her a tarantula (which Brian names "Hugo") for her birthday present claiming that she has always wanted one. When Anya opens Victor's present the party guests panic, except Anya's dad Roger (Ray Wise) who finds it hilarious. In Anya's bedroom, Anya gets Victor to relax but her father informs the two they can't find 'Hugo', and then offers Victor a ride home. Sometime later, Victor apologizes to Anya and offers to take her out for lunch which she accepts, much to the annoyance and confusion of Peter who originally planned a different date. Anya breaks up with Peter, and Victor takes her to Pyramid Lake where they rent a row boat. While relaxing on the boat, Anya says that Victor hasn't failed and kisses him. She then asks if Victor is also a virgin, and when he replies that he is, she invites him to come over to her house on Wednesday to have sex with him, as her parents will be out playing cards. Victor goes to a drug store with the intention to buy condoms but is too embarrassed to do so. With the help of Zack, Victor pays him to buy them.

title: Richard Greeman

text: In 1991, during Russia's "perestroika" period, Greeman travelled to Petersburg and Moscow as part of the first group of "informali" : U.S. political, labor and environmental activists invited by their Russian counterparts. In 1993 Greeman organized the ‘Books For Struggle’ drive, collecting 88 cartons of non-Stalinist Left books and periodicals to be shipped to Russia. In 1997, he helped establish the Victor Serge Public Library in Moscow and in 1998 co-founded the Praxis Research and Education Center in Moscow, which promotes anti-totalitarian socialism in the ex-Soviet space. Praxis has published Serge's works for the first time in Russian translation as well as books by anarchists like Volin and libertarian Marxists like Maximilian Rubel and Raya Dunayevskaya. Praxis also publishes a newspaper, "Free Thought", and holds annual international conferences. These projects are funded in part by the Victor Serge Foundation Inc., a 501(c)(3) US non-profit, established in 1997 by Vlady Kibalchich, Serge's son, with Greeman as Secretary, to accept tax-free contributions and promote Serge's writings and philosophy internationally. The Foundation is currently underwriting Arabic translations of Serge and related authors.

title: Vlady Kibalchich Rusakov

text: In 1989, following the Gorbachev era, Kibalchich traveled to the Soviet Union to press for the rehabilitation of Trotsky and Serge.

title: Victor Serge

text: After France was invaded by Germany in 1940, Serge, together with his son, Vlady Kibalchich, and his partner, Laurette Séjourné, managed to escape to the Unoccupied Zone in the South. Serge's wife Liuba had long been confined to a mental institution-their daughter was being cared for by a couple in the country. (Liuba remained in France until her death in 1985. Jeannine was brought to Mexico by Laurette Séjourné in 1942 and lived there until her death in 2011). Serge, Vlady and Laurette spent the winter of 1940–41 at the Villa Air Bel in La Pomme (Marseille), which they shared with Varian Fry, of the American Rescue Committee, the Surrealist André Breton and his family, Daniel Bénédite, Mary Jayne Gold and others. With both the Gestapo and the GPU on his trail, Serge was desperate to leave France, but as an undocumented Russian with a Communist past, he faced the nightmare of what Trotsky famously called 'A world without a visa'. At the last possible moment, thanks to the efforts of Dwight and Nancy MacDonald in New York and Julián Gorkin and Wolfgang Paalen in Mexico, Serge and Vlady took the last ship out of Marseille (on which Breton and the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss were cabin passengers). After a six-month journey to the Caribbean, they were imprisoned in Martinique and the Dominican Republic, and arriving in Mexico several months after Trotsky's assassination in Mexico City. Vlady and his son Victor, along with Breton and Pierre Mabille stopped at the Dominican Republic in 1940-41. Vlady and his son lived in the capital with the Spanish surrealist painter Eugenio Granell and his wife Amparo. Although the Granell's did not have much money (they were also refugees form the Spanish Civil War where Granell had belonged to the POUM party), Amparo did all she could to get tea and sugar for Victor and his son. When the two parted towards Mexico, Vlady left an important manuscript which now can be found at the Biblioteca Granell in the Fundación Eugenio Granell, Santiago de Compostela. This manuscript, titled and hand written at the time, "L'empire contre le peuple Russe (titre proximaire" -difficult to read the hand written words in French. This book eventually became "Hitler contra Stalin" which was published later on in 1941 in Mexico City.

title: Victor Newman

text: In 1980, Victor and his wife Julia move to Genoa City to help Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper) run her company, Chancellor Industries. Julia felt neglected by Victor and sleeps with her photographer, a man named Michael. Victor created his own company, Newman Enterprises, and ended up cheating on Julia as well, with Eve Howard (Margaret Mason) and later Lorie Brooks (Jaime Lyn Bauer). Julia became pregnant and it is assumed that it was Michael's child; Victor attacks him and Julia loses the child, revealed to actually have been Victor's. Eve later has a child, Cole Howard (J. Eddie Peck), believed to be Victor's son. Julia and Victor divorce and she leaves town with Michael, just as Victor begins a romance with stripper Nikki Reed (Melody Thomas Scott). Having been from the lower walks of life, Victor teaches Nikki about society. He later takes over the Prentiss family company, Prentiss Industries, and they scheme to get it back by using Lorie to seduce Victor into a marriage. On their wedding day, Victor signs the company back over to them and Lorie stands him up. Victor then tries returns to Nikki, who recently married Kevin Bancroft. Nikki ended up pregnant with Victor's child, but she ended up being manipulated into a marriage Tony DiSalvo to save her relationship with Kevin. Nikki later gives birth to a daughter named Victoria Newman (Ashley Nicole Millan). Nikki also later got involved with a man named Rick Daros, who nearly killed her before being saved by Victor. Eve Howard returns with her boyfriend, demanding that money be allocated to Cole in Victor's will, and later takes a job as his assistant, which prompts Julia to return to protect Victor. He planned to marry Eve but faked his death on the day of their wedding, and ends up marrying Nikki in April 1984. The following year, while Victor and Nikki are vacationing, Eve reappears with Rick, and they end up stealing money from them and escaping. Nikki facilitates Victor's reunion with his mother, Cora Miller, before her death.

title: Victor Serge

text: Susan Weissman: Victor Serge. A Political Biography, London [etc.]: Verso, 2nd edition 2013, ISBN9781844678877

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2000s)

text: Sabrina appeared as a ghost on September 24, 2008, when an emotional Victor asked her to come and take him, but Sabrina refused to take Victor along. Sabrina reappeared as a ghost on June 1, 2009, when Ashley Abbott Newman dreamed that she was in front of a statue of Sabrina on the Newman Ranch, which Victor had paid someone to create before her death. Ashley asked Sabrina to give her and her baby peace. Sabrina told Ashley not to be afraid, that she was completely sane, and did not need to worry anymore because as long as Victor was happy that is all that matters to her. Sabrina also tells Ashley that she is giving Victor what she had hoped to give him (a baby) before she was "called away."

title: Victor Ginzburg (director)

text: Victor Lvovich Ginzburg was born in 1959 in Moscow, a grandson of a famous pianist Grigory Ginzburg. At the age of 15, he emigrated to the United States with his mother. He went on to study literature at the New School of Social Research and filmmaking at the School of Visual Arts in New York.

title: Victor Newman

text: Eve later returned to town again with her now-grown son Cole, who romanced Victor's daughter Victoria, unaware he was believed to be Victor's son. Victor later left Genoa City and traveled to Kansas, letting Nikki and the rest of the Newman family believe he had died. He meets Hope Adams (Signy Coleman). They returned to Genoa City and married. While Victor was in Kansas, Cole and Victoria had eloped, and when Victor revealed their sibling relation, the marriage was annulled. However, when Eve died, it was revealed that Cole was never Victor's son; Victoria and Cole remarry. Victor and Hope later have a son, Victor Adam Newman Jr. Hope wanted to return to Kansas and Victor was not interested; he divorced her and Victor Jr. was raised without knowing Victor was his father. Nikki had been engaged to Brad, much to Victor's dismay. On their wedding night, Victor was shot and Nikki returned to him; the mentally unstable Mari Jo Mason (Diana Barton) was revealed as the gunwoman. Victor and Nikki briefly reunite before he returns to Kansas after Hope's new husband, Cliff Wilson, had died. In 1997, Victor marries Diane Jenkins (Alex Donnelley), Jack's ex-girlfriend. Nikki had Victor have a vasectomy, but had frozen sperm for a future possibility. Nikki later marries Joshua Landers (Heath Kizzier), and in 1998, she is shot by Joshua's ex-wife, Veronica Landers (Candice Daly); Victor divorces Diane to marry Nikki on her deathbed, promising to remarry Diane after Nikki's death. When Nikki survived, their second marriage was invalidated, as Victor and Diane's divorce was never processed. Victor and Diane begin a bitter divorce over many months, during which Nikki reunites with Brad, and he and Jack take control of Newman Enterprises.

title: Vlady Kibalchich Rusakov

text: Vlady was born on June 14, 1920 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (then called Petrograd), during the Russian Revolution. He was the son of writer and photographer Victor Napoleon Lvovich Kibalchich, better known as Victor Serge, and Liuba Rusakova.

title: Adam Newman

text: Hope gives birth to Victor Adam Newman, Jr. in 1995, and soon after she and Victor divorce, prompting Hope to move to Kansas with Victor Jr. He was raised believing Cliff Wilson was his father until June 2002, when Victor visited Kansas to see Victor Jr. Six years later in February 2008, Hope tells Victor that she is dying from pancreatic cancer, and tells their sonknown as "Vic"that Victor is his father. A Harvard Business School graduate, Vic is resentful of Victor for abandoning his own child. He later agrees to move to Genoa City with Victor and work at his company, Newman Enterprises, but still refuses to build a relationship with his father. Vic then begins using the name Adam Newman, and is resented by Victor’s other children Victoria and Nicholas Newman (Amelia Heinle and Joshua Morrow) for splitting up their parents during Victor and Hope’s marriage. Victor's girlfriend Sabrina Costelana (Raya Meddine) urges him to mend his relationships with his children. Adam then begins dating Heather Stevens (Vail Bloom), and Victor’s dislike of her causes their romance to become secretive. When Victor is presumed dead while in Mexico searching for the men responsible for Sabrina’s death, Adam takes over at Newman Enterprises, fires his siblings and instates Victor’s nemesis Brad Carlton (Don Diamont). Adam's family are powerless to stop him after they discover Victor left most of his possessions to Adam in his will. Adam plots to frame Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) for murder, but when Victor appears alive, Jack reverses the plot and Adam is framed for murder, resulting in his imprisonment. Heather begins to notice Adam’s failing eyesight; he may have inherited his mother’s blindness. After Adam is brutally beaten by an inmate, Victor has the charges against his son dropped.

title: Cher Victor

text: Victor and Anselme are two aged men who are cohabitants for practical reasons. The widower Victor permanently picks on Anselme who still always remains rather nonchalant. When they try to organise a music festival they are joined by a lady named Anne who considers herself an accomplished singer. Victor picks at her too and unlike Anselme she cannot take it. Seeing that Anselme has had it and starts to hit back.

title: Victor Serge

text: Susan Weissman Victor Serge: The Course is Set on Hope (Verso, 2001). Adam Hochschild Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels (Syracuse University Press, 1997), "Two Russians," pp.65–87.

title: Victor Newman

text: Victor and Nikki finally remarry in March 2013 just before she is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. At their wedding, an assassin attempts to shoot Victor, but Adam takes the bullet and nearly dies for his father. As a result, he offers Victor the position of co-CEO at Newman, and they begin working together. However, their partnership ends several months later when Victor discovers that Adam's silent partner used to take Newman private again was Jack. Victor fears that Adam and Jack have been scheming to take back the company for themselves without Victor. In retaliating, Victor, who now owns Chancellor Industries according to Katherine Chancellor's will, has all major Newman clients sign to Chancellor, as Victor leaves Newman worthless so he could build up Chancellor. Adam signs over his shares in Newman over to Victor, who plans to merge Chancellor Industries with Newman. Nikki then reveals she gave birth to another son decades earlier before she was with Victor, revealed to be Dylan McAvoy (Steve Burton). A subsidiary of the newly merged conglomerate, named Bonaventure Industries, later produced an illegal speed drug that Summer Newman (Hunter King) ended up overdosing on. Jack reported Victor to the FDA and he and his company were put under investigation. Dylan's supposed father and Nikki's former lover Ian Ward (Ray Wise) then arrives in town and causes pandemonium, to which Victor tries to get him out of town. It was later revealed that Victor had hired a lookalike to his granddaughter Cassie, named Mariah Copeland (Camryn Grimes), to haunt Sharon and learn a supposed secret she has. When his scheme is revealed, Nick and Sharon shun him and Nikki decides to move out for a while, but she and Victor later reunite. Victor and Nikki later learn that Ian is incapable of fathering children, leading to confusion. It is later revealed that Paul Williams (Doug Davidson), Nikki's ex-lover and longtime friend, is in fact Dylan's father, causing tension in Victor and Nikki's marriage, which continues when Victor goes to extensive lengths to awaken Phyllis (Gina Tognoni) from a coma in order to find out more information on Sharon's supposed secret. Nikki falls off the wagon and begins drinking again; she leaves Victor and refuses to take him back. Victor also sells Chancellor Industries back to Jill (Jess Walton), leaving the rest of the Newman family confused as to why he gave Chancellor up so easily.

title: Victor Talrose

text: Victor Lvovich Talrose (, April 15, 1922 – June 22, 2004) was a Russian scientist and mass spectrometrist. He was known as the “Father of Russian Mass Spectrometry” and was the author of 440 articles and 6 monographs.

title: List of General Hospital characters (1980s)

text: Victor is introduced in the spring of 1987 as the father of the late Evan Jerome, and rival to the late mob boss Angus McKay (Guy Doleman). When Angus's children, Duke Lavery (Ian Buchanan) and Camellia McKay (Elizabeth Keifer) is acquitted for Evan's murder, Evan's widow, Veronica (Robin Millan) puts a hit out on Camellia. However, Victor calls off the hit and banishes Veronica to Europe. When his wife Anna (Finola Hughes) is kidnapped by Grant Putnam (Brian Patrick Clarke), Duke is forced to turn to Victor for help. However, when Victor refuses, Julian (Jason Culp) decides to help despite his father's disapproval. When Julian takes a bullet meant for Duke, a distraught Victor decides to hold Duke to the deathbed promise he made to Julian, to legitimize the mob. Meanwhile, Victor's daughter, Olivia (Tonja Walker) arrives in Port Charles and immediately causes trouble when it is revealed she put the hit on Julian. In October 1988, it is revealed that Victor and Julian agreed to fake his death to throw Olivia off. When Olivia is shot and left in a coma, Anna is believed to be the prime suspect. When Duke threatens to kill Julian unless he helps clear Anna's name, Victor is worried. However, it is soon revealed that the actual shooter is Victor's oldest and illegitimate son, Dino Antoinelli (Chris DeRose) with his longtime mistress, Dimitra (Linda Cristal). In the meantime, Victor becomes infatuated with Lucy Coe (Lynn Herring). He becomes her secret admirer sending her flowers and love letters. Victor escapes prison and pledges his love for Lucy on the docks. When Lucy rejects Victor, he is so shocked that he swallows a heart shaped pendant, that he made especially for Lucy. With help from Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon), Lucy dumps Victor's body in the lake. However, Victor's corpse washes ashore and is discovered by Anna's daughter, Robin (Kimberly McCullough) and her friend Rowdy on Halloween in 1989. After Victor's death, it is revealed that Cheryl gave birth to Julian's son Lucas Jones and Victor arranged to have Cheryl think the boy is stillborn. In 1990, a man by the name of Eric "Edge" Jackson pretends to be Victor's grandson, Evan Jerome, Jr. to get his hands on Victor's diamonds. However, his scheme is eventually exposed and he leaves town.

title: Victor and Nikki Newman

text: Nikki continued her romance with Deacon, while Victor ended up remarrying Diane Jenkins. Nikki broke up with Deacon after his role in Meggie's scheme came to light., and Victor and Nikki eventually had an affair, but their reunion was short lived. Eventually, Victor sent Nikki back to rehab as her alcoholism issues had resurfaced. After a quick annulment from Victor, Diane posted pictures of him and Nikki in bed online. She was murdered months later. After Nikki returned—having escaped from rehab—memories of Diane's murder caught up with her. She then confessed to being the killer to Victor; who admitted to killing his ex-wife to protect Nikki. Victor was jailed, and later married Sharon to keep Nikki away from him, though the marriage ended days later. Deacon blackmailed Nikki into marrying him; using fake information about Diane's murder. Nikki agreed, however this marriage was short lived. When Victor was released from jail, the two reunited again. Victor brought Chelsea Lawson and her mother to town to ruin Victoria's marriage to Billy Abbott. When Nikki learned of this, she left him. Victor then pursued a genuine relationship with Sharon, much to everyone's dismay. Nikki moved on from Victor when she reunited with Jack after eighteen years apart, and ended up marrying him. Hours for this marriage, Victor eloped with Sharon, despite showing up at the wedding and unsuccessfully telling Nikki not to go through with it. Yet soon after Victor disappeared and ended up in Los Angeles in amnesia. Sharon set out to get revenge by taking over Newman, while Nikki left Jack to try to find Victor. As a result of an explosion, it was believed that Victor died and the family was shocked. Yet, Victor actually suffered and Nikki and Victor reunited, while they set out to destroy Sharon and Tucker McCall who wanted to keep Victor away so he too could take over Newman.

title: Victor and Nikki Newman

text: Victor returned from Belgium with Nikki on his arm. Victor declared himself as head of Newman Enterprises, and Victor and Nikki move back into their Ranch house, and helped discover and return their kidnapped infant granddaughter Faith Newman back to her parents Nick and Sharon. Adam ends up being found "dead", and Victoria and Nick were arrested. In order to protect his children, Victor takes the blame saying he did it for everything Adam did to his family. Victor is later released and Nick is the main suspect. However, there was a growing amount of proof to suggest that Adam killed Richard Hightower to fake his own death. In order to protect Nick, Victor went to Canada trying to find Adam. There he befriended Meggie McClaine and he ended up nearly being killed. Back at the Newman Ranch, Victor tries to rebuild his relationship with Nikki, but she felt that Meggie was in the way. Victor claimed that he was trying to protect her and she became Nikki's personal assistant. In reality, she put together a scheme to get Nikki drinking again, therefore opening up the way for her to marry Victor. Once she marries him, she would kill him and get his money. Meggie eventually recruits Deacon Sharpe to help spike Nikki's drinks. Eventually, Deacon and Meggie set up Victor and Nikki to look like Nikki and Deacon were having an affair. Once Victor caught them, he sent Nikki to rehab, where Deacon soon ends up to continue scheming with Meggie. In rehab, he tried to actually help Nikki, and their relationship did turn romantic, especially when Meggie was able to elope with Victor. Meggie posted their wedding photo online and Nikki saw it, giving into romance with Deacon. Meggie fully revealed herself as a manipulative gold-digger targeting the Newman fortune as a widow after she mortally eliminates him. After apparently many spiked drinks, Victor appeared to suffer a heart attack, but stunningly unveiled his sobriety and caught her in a sting operation set up by him, Patrick Murphy, and the cops though Nikki didn't know. Meggie was arrested and Victor went to fill in Nikki, but before he did found her in bed with Deacon, blemishing the chances of another marriage. Victor explained that Meggie caused her alcoholic craving by spiking all her drinks to rid her from the ranch and get to him and his money.

title: The Prince of Los Cocuyos

text: At "El Cocuyito", Riqui is getting stronger and gaining more responsibility. When a middle aged man named Victor starts working there, Riqui becomes intrigued with him. Victor was an artist and he tells Riqui about his past in Cuba. He tells him that he was jailed for loving another man so he fled Cuba. As the two grow closer to each other, Riqui starts becoming attracted to Victor. On Victors birthday, Riqui goes to his house, but things take a turn when Victor made a sexual move towards him and Riqui resisted. Riqui came to terms that he was a gay man and Victor told him he needed to accept himself in order to be ready.

title: Nikolai Kibalchich

text: Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich (, , "Mykola Ivanovych Kybalchych"; 19 October 1853 – April 3, 1881) was a Russian revolutionary of Ukrainian origin who took part in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II as the main explosive expert for Narodnaya Volya (the People's Will), and was also a rocket pioneer. He was the paternal uncle of revolutionary Victor Serge.

title: Terror from the Year 5000

text: Despite Victor's objections, Howard, Bob, and Claire take him to the hospital, where the doctor asks them to return in a few hours to give him time to examine Victor. While the Erlings take Bob to a movie, Victor flees from the hospital and drinks at a bar until he is thrown out. A drunk Victor returns to the island, breaks into the lab, and resumes working with the machine at high power levels. Meanwhile, Howard, Bob, and Claire stop at the bar and find that Victor was there most of the afternoon. When the bar's television reception goes out, Howard realizes Victor has turned on the time machine. As the Erlings and Bob race back to the island, Victor succeeds in bringing a human form from the future, but is knocked out by the mysterious arrival. Finding Victor dazed, Howard summons a doctor who orders a nurse to come out and tend to Victor. The time traveler explores the island surroundings, but when confronted by Angelo, it kills him. Unaware of the traveler's presence, Bob succeeds in retrieving one of the metal suitcases from the pond, which contains the cadaver of a four-eyed cat.

title: Victor Serge

text: Victor Serge (French:[viktɔʁ sɛʁʒ]), born Victor Lvovich Kibalchich (Russian: Ви́ктор Льво́вич Киба́льчич; December 30, 1890 – November 17, 1947), was a Russian revolutionary and writer. Originally an anarchist, he joined the Bolsheviks five months after arriving in Petrograd in January 1919 and later worked for the Comintern as a journalist, editor and translator. He was critical of the Stalinist regime and remained a revolutionary Marxist until his death. He is best remembered for his Memoirs of a Revolutionary and series of seven 'witness-novels' chronicling the lives of revolutionaries of the first half of the 20th Century.

title: Victor Serge

text: in the Marxists Internet Archive Victor Serge: in Marxists Internet Archive, 2005. Translation, editor's Introduction, and notes © 1972 by Peter Sedgwick. (Retrieved April 5, 2005) Victor Serge: Bulletin of the Russian Opposition: . Statement criticising Serge by the editors of the Bulletin of the Russian Opposition, writing in Quatrième Internationale, April 1939. Source: Victor Serge & Leon Trotsky, La Lutte Contre le Stalinisme. Maspero, Paris, 1977. Translated for Marxist Internet Archive by Mitch Abidor in 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2005. Richard Greeman, , International Socialism 58 (1993) Peter Sedgwick: , History Workshop Journal, No. 17, Spring 1984. Available online at Marxist journal. Retrieved May 11, 2005. Peter Sedgwick: to Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary Susan Weissman: to Critique 28/29: The Ideas of Victor Serge: a Life as a Work of Art (Edited by Susan Weissman) (Retrieved March 14, 2007.)

title: Victor Talking Machine Company

text: In 1926, Johnson sold his controlling (but not holding) interest in the Victor Company to the banking firm of Seligman & Spyer, who in 1929 sold Victor to the Radio Corporation of America. It then became known briefly as the Radio-Victor Division of the Radio Corporation of America, then the RCA Manufacturing Company, the RCA Victor Division and in 1968, RCA Records. Most record labels continued to bear only the "Victor" name until 1946, when the labels changed to "RCA Victor" and eventually, to simply "RCA" in late 1968. (See RCA and RCA Records for later history of the Victor brand name.)


query: Where is the Black Forest?

title: Black Forest

text: The Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald, pronounced[ˈʃvaʁt͡svalt]) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany. It is bounded by the Rhine valley to the west and south. Its highest peak is the Feldberg with an elevation of 1,493 metres (4,898ft). The region is roughly oblong in shape with a length of 160km (99mi) and breadth of up to 50km (31mi).[1]

title: Black-spined Atlantic tree-rat

text: The black-spined Atlantic tree-rat, ("Phyllomys nigrispinus"), is a South American spiny rat species in the family Echimyidae. It is found in southeastern Brazil, where it inhabits moist broadleaf forest and semideciduous forest in the Atlantic Forest region. It is arboreal and is believed to build nests of leaves in trees. Its karyotype has 2n=52.

title: Black dorcopsis

text: The black dorcopsis or black forest wallaby ("Dorcopsis atrata") is a species of marsupial in the family Macropodidae. It is endemic to an island at the eastern end of New Guinea where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting, its population is declining and the IUCN lists it as being "Critically endangered".

title: Velvety black tyrant

text: The velvety black tyrant ("Knipolegus nigerrimus") is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is endemic to Brazil, where its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.

title: Black Mesa National Forest

text: Black Mesa National Forest was established as the Black Mesa Forest Reserve by the General Land Office in Arizona on February 22, 1897 with . After the transfer of federal forests to the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, it became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908 the forest was divided among Sitgreaves, Tonto, Apache and Coconino National Forests and the name was discontinued.

title: Southern Black Forest Nature Park

text: Most clouds come from the west where they pass the broad lowlands of the Upper Rhine Plain and then have to rise when they reach the Black Forest mountains. Therefore, it rains frequently in the west and in the High Black Forest. Consequently, this is also the area where many bogs could be found in depressions. However, due to age-long drainage and peat extraction, their number has been reduced.

title: Black-streaked scimitar babbler

text: The black-streaked scimitar babbler ("Pomatorhinus gravivox") is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in China, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

title: Black Forest

text: In general the mountains of the Southern or High Black Forest are higher than those in the Northern Black Forest. The highest Black Forest peak north of the Freiburg–Höllental–Neustadt line is the Kandel (1,241.4m). Like the highest point of the Northern Black Forest, the Hornisgrinde (1,163m), or the Southern Black Forest lookout mountains, the Schauinsland (1,284.4m) and Blauen (1,164.7m[16]) it lies near the western rim of the range.

title: Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests

text: The Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion, in the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Biome, is located along the southern shore of the Black Sea. The ecoregion extends along the thin coastal strip from the southeastern corner of Bulgaria in the west, to Georgia in the east, across the northern coast of Turkey, where it wraps around the eastern end of the Black Sea.

title: Blue-eyed black lemur

text: The blue-eyed black lemur inhabits primary and secondary sub-tropical moist and dry forests in the northwestern tip of Madagascar. Its range extends from the Andranomalaza River in the north, to the Maevarano River in the south. Some areas where it can readily be seen are in the forests south of Maromandia near Antananarivo and Antsiranana. It may also be seen in the remaining forest patches of the Sahamalaza Peninsula, such as the Ankarafa forest.

title: Southern Black Forest

text: The Southern Black Forest () refers to the highest part of the Black Forest which was heavily transformed by ice age glaciation south of a line roughly from Freiburg im Breisgau to Donaueschingen. The term High Black Forest is not quite identical; that usually includes the highest part of the Central Black Forest, southeast of the Elz valley, as well. The Southern Black Forest Nature Park ("Naturpark Südschwarzwald") also takes in this area, extending across the whole of the High Black Forest as well as several peripheral areas.

title: Black Forest

text: There are two nature parks named after the Black Forest that cover the region: the Central/North Black Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord) and the Southern Black Forest Nature Park (Naturpark Südschwarzwald). Their aim is to preserve the countryside as a cultural landscape, to market local produce more effectively and to make the area more suitable for tourism. The 370,000ha Southern Black Forest Nature Park, which is the second largest in Germany, encloses the southern part of the Central Black Forest, the Southern Black Forest and adjacent areas. The Central/North Black Forest Nature Park covers 375,000ha and is thus the largest in Germany. It begins in the southern part of the Central Black Forest, bordering on the Southern Black Forest Nature Park and covers the rest of the Black Forest to the north.

title: Black Forest, Colorado

text: The history of the Black Forest area is closely paralleled by that of a larger area traditionally known as the "Pineries". The area originally extended from Divide, Colorado (now known as the town of Monument, Colorado), through the present planning area and east along the Platte-Arkansas Divide to a point where the Ponderosa Pines thinned out. Altogether the Pineries encompassed a 1,000 square mile area. Although the origin of the name is not clear, that portion of the Pineries north of Colorado Springs became known as the "Black Forest" by around the turn of the century.

title: Black Forest gateau

text: Black Forest gâteau (British English) or Black Forest cake (American English) is a chocolate sponge cake with a rich cherry filling based on the German dessert "Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte" (), literally "Black Forest Cherry-torte".

title: Black Forest

text: The wettest areas are the highlands around the Hornisgrinde in the north and around the Belchen and Feldberg in the south, where annual rainfall reaches 1,800-2,100mm.[19] Moisture-laden Atlantic westerlies dump about as much rain in the Northern Black Forest, despite its lower elevation, than in the higher area of the Southern Black Forest.[20] There, the Vosges act as a rain shield in the face of the prevailing winds. On the exposed east side of the Central Black Forest, it is much drier again. Thus, the annual rainfall here is only about 750l/m² in places.

title: Southern Black Forest Nature Park

text: The Southern Black Forest is a rural area where the countryside has been shaped by agriculture and animal husbandry.

title: Black Forest

text: The Black Forest cattle belong to the rare breed of Hinterwald cattle. The giant earthworm Lumbricus badensis is found only in the Black Forest region.[33] Black Forest Horses are a breed of horse, previously indispensable for heavy field work. In some regions of the Black Forest, the Western Capercaillie can be found.

title: Black Forest clockmakers

text:
The German Clock Museum () also has in its collection some early Black Forest clocks with wooden cogwheels as well as a number of industrially produced Black Forest clocks. The German Clock Route (in German: Deutsche Uhrenstraße) is a themed route that connects places with relevant museums and (former) clock manufacturers in the Black Forest.
Bracket clocks and grandfather clocks by Black forest clockmakers are viewed on the German and American antique market as mechanical clocks of high craftsmenship.

title: Southern Black Forest Nature Park

text: Originally the Black Forest was populated above all by firs and beeches. Under the influence of man, these shade-tolerant species were more and more replaced with pines and spruces. An objective of the nature park is to increase again the number of firs and beeches and to cultivate structurally rich and diversified forests where also different broadleaf trees grow.

title: Central Black Forest

text: The Central Black Forest (), also called the Middle Black Forest, is a natural or cultural division (see: Black Forest) that generally refers to a region of deeply incised valleys from the Rench valley and southern foothills of the Kniebis in the north to the area of Freiburg im Breisgau and Donaueschingen in the south. Its highest area, which is southeast of the Elz valley, is also part of the High Black Forest.

title: Black Forest ham

text: In 1959, Hans Adler from Bonndorf pioneered manufacturing and selling Original Black Forest ham by retail and mail order. Since 1997, the term "Black Forest ham" is a Protected Designation of Origin in the European Union, which means that any product sold in the EU as Black Forest ham must come from the Black Forest region in Germany. However, this appellation is not recognized in non-EU countries, particularly in the United States and Canada, where commercially produced hams of various types and quality are marketed and sold as Black Forest ham.

title: Northern Black Forest

text: The Northern Black Forest is bounded in the north by a line from Karlsruhe to Pforzheim and, in the south, by a line running from the Rench valley to Freudenstadt. Its northern boundary largely coincides with the emergence of the extensively forested bunter sandstone strata from the arable region of the Kraichgau; its southern boundary with the Central Black Forest (or, in the case of a bipartite division, the Southern Black Forest) varies depending on the definition or natural regional division used (see also Black Forest). Earlier the Northern Black Forest was the entire northern half of the mountain range as far as the line of the Kinzig valley, which divides the Black Forest east of Lahr. To the west it is bounded by the Upper Rhine Plain, to the east by the Gäu landscapes.

title: Black Forest

text: The most common way of dividing the regions of the Black Forest is, however, from north to south. Until the 1930s, the Black Forest was divided into the Northern and Southern Black Forest, the boundary being the line of the Kinzig valley. Later the Black Forest was divided into the heavily forested Northern Black Forest, the lower, central section, predominantly used for agriculture in the valleys, was the Central Black Forest and the much higher Southern Black Forest with its distinctive highland economy and ice age glacial relief. The term High Black Forest referred to the highest areas of the South and southern Central Black Forest.

title: Cuckoo clock

text: The legend that the cuckoo clock was invented by a clever Black Forest mechanic in 1730 (Franz Anton Ketterer) keeps being told over and over again. But all of this is not true. This type of clock is much older than clockmaking in the Black Forest. As early as 1650 the bird with the distinctive call was part of the reference book knowledge recorded in handbooks. It took nearly a century for the cuckoo clock to find its way to the Black Forest, where for many decades it remained a tiny niche product.

title: Black Forest

text: The forest is best known for its typical farmhouses with their sweeping half-hipped roofs, its Black Forest gâteaus, Black Forest ham, Black Forest gnomes,[34][35] Kirschwasser and the cuckoo clock.

title: Black Forest

text: Rivers in the Black Forest include the Danube (which originates in the Black Forest as the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers), the Enz, the Kinzig, the Murg, the Nagold, the Neckar, the Rench, and the Wiese. The Black Forest occupies part of the continental divide between the Atlantic Ocean drainage basin (drained by the Rhine) and the Black Sea drainage basin (drained by the Danube).

title: Black tamarin

text: The black-handed tamarin is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN as a result of a 30% decrease in population size over the last 18 years, and is likely to become endangered if conservation measures are not taken. Because the major threat to the species appears to be a loss of suitable habitat, habitat conservation is thought to be key in their survival. The range of the black-handed tamarin is within one of the most densely inhabited areas of Brazil, where logging has removed a significant amount of the original forest, causing a decrease in food availability and refuges from predators. However, black-handed tamarins are adaptable foragers that can make use of primary, secondary and logged forests, which increases the potential available range of habitat. Populations are present in several reserves where logging is prohibited, including Gurupí Biological Reserve, Tapirapé Biological Reserve, and Caxiuanã National Forest. In central-western Brazil, in the southern part of their range, most black-handed tamarins are only able to survive in the remains of forested areas on private properties.

title: Northern Black Forest

text: In 2001 the Central and Northern Black Forest Nature Park ("Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord") was established and its coverage includes the whole of the Northern Black Forest. In addition an area of about 10,000 hectares has been designated since 1 January 2014 as the Black Forest National Park. It has numerous highly popular tourist attractions as well as winter sport areas in addition to the towns named below and the Black Forest High Road and Kaltenbronn.

title: Sender Feldberg/Black Forest

text: The Sender Feldberg/Black Forest (transmitter Black Forest) is a transmission facility for FM and TV in Feldberg, Black Forest, Germany.

title: Black Forest

text: The Southeastern Black Forest (Südöstliche Schwarzwald, 154) consists mainly of the catchment areas of the upper reaches of the Danube headstreams, the Brigach and Breg as well as the left side valleys of the Wutach north of Neustadt – and thus draining from the northeast of the Southern Black Forest. To the south and west it is adjoined by the High Black Forest (Hochschwarzwald, 155) with the highest summits in the whole range around the Feldberg and the Belchen. Its eastern part, the Southern Black Forest Plateau, is oriented towards the Danube, but drained over the Wutach and the Alb into the Rhine. The southern crest of the Black Forest in the west is deeply incised by the Rhine into numerous ridges. Immediately right of the Wiese above Lörrach rises the relatively small Bunter Sandstone-Rotliegendes table of the Weintenau Uplands (Weitenauer Bergland) in the extreme southwest of the Black Forest; morphologically, geologically and climatically it is separate from the other parts of the Southern Black Forest and, in this classification, is also counted as part of the High Black Forest.

title: Black lemur

text: Both species live in northwest Madagascar. The black lemur occurs in moist forests in the Sambirano region of Madagascar and on nearby islands. The blue-eyed black lemur is restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and adjacent forests. There are reports of the two species hybridizing where their ranges overlap in Manongarivo Special Reserve.


query: When was The Wizard of Oz first published?

title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (/ɒz/) is an American children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow, originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17, 1900.[1] It has since seen several reprints, most often under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the popular 1902 Broadway musical adaptation as well as the iconic 1939 musical film adaptation.

title: Copyright status of The Wizard of Oz and related works in the United States

text:
Alexander Volkov's six Oz books were published in the Soviet Union, so they are subject to Russian copyright law. The first book – "The Wizard of the Emerald City" – was published in 1939, when "The Wizard of Oz" was still copyrighted. "The Wizard of the Emerald City" is an adaptation of "The Wizard of Oz", borrowing liberally from the original book without even crediting Baum.
The subsequent four books were published between 1963 and 1970, and the last one – "The Secret of the Deserted Castle" – was published in 1980. At the time of publication, "The Wizard of Oz" and "The Land of Oz" were in the public domain, but the other Oz books were still copyrighted. However, Volkov's books are mostly original sequels to "The Wizard of the Emerald City", so whether they are infringing or not is difficult to say. Barely any of the elements from later Oz books are featured in Volkov's works, so most likely they were not infringing.

title: List of Oz characters (created by Baum)

text: The Scarecrow first appears in "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", when he joins Dorothy to go to the Wizard in search of brains. When the Wizard leaves Oz, he makes the Scarecrow ruler, a position he holds until the middle of the second book. Later, he moves to a corn-shaped house in the Winkie Country. The Scarecrow appears in many of the later books, including "The Scarecrow of Oz" (where he is the title character) and "The Royal Book of Oz" (where he researches his ancestry). He was played by Ray Bolger in the 1939 movie. That actor also played the Scarecrow's Kansan counterpart, Hunk, who was one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's three farmworkers.

text:
The first two books written by Ruth Plumly Thompson, "The Royal Book of Oz" (published in 1921) and "Kabumpo in Oz" (published 1922), entered the public domain 75 years later (1997 and 1998, respectively) pursuant to the Copyright Act of 1976.
The next twelve books ("The Cowardly Lion of Oz" through "Speedy in Oz", published between 1923 and 1934) were still copyrighted when the 1998 Sonny Bono Act extended the copyright term a further twenty years, meaning works would now be copyrighted for 95 years. These twelve books of Thompson's are therefore still copyrighted, and will not begin entering the public domain until 2019. By 2030, all of them will be in the public domain.

title: Michael Patrick Hearn

text: As an Oz and L. Frank Baum scholar, he also edited "The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz" for Schocken Books (1986), wrote the introduction to the first published version of the screenplay of "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)". He appears in the documentaries "Oz: the American Fairyland" and "Matilda Joslyn Gage" (1983), credited as an "Authority on L. Frank Baum". He gave the keynote address at the Centennial convention of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" mounted by The International Wizard of Oz Club, and often makes public appearances in which he lectures on Baum.

title: Marvel Illustrated

text: In 2009 Marvel Illustrated published "Kidnapped" and Thomas' telling of the Trojan War, as well as the first of Nancy Butler's adaptations of Jane Austen, "Pride and Prejudice". That was the year they also released Shanower & Young's adaptation of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", which has been followed by "The Marvelous Land of Oz" (2010), "Ozma of Oz" (2011), "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz" (2011–2012), and "The Road to Oz" (2012–2013).

title: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

text:
"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" is a 1900 children's novel written by American author L. Frank Baum. Since its first publication in 1900, it has been adapted many times: for film, television, theatre, books, comics, games, and other media.Many of the television programs cited in this list are not strict adaptions of "The Wizard of Oz"; rather, they have reinterpreted aspects of the book, such as characters and plot, to create sequels, prequels or side-plots, which are inspired by Baum's original text.
There are over 40 canonical Oz books, including 14 by Baum, all of which are considered "official" sequels or prequels to "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". In addition, the following books use the Oz milieu as settings for their tales:Kevin Scott Collier. "The Wonderful Animated World of the Wizard of Oz: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly!" CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

title: Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

text: Political interpretations of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" include treatments of the modern fairy tale (written by L. Frank Baum and first published in 1900) as an allegory or metaphor for the political, economic, and social events of America in the 1890s. Scholars have examined four quite different versions of Oz: the novel of 1900, the Broadway play of 1901, the Hollywood film of 1939, and the numerous follow-up Oz novels written after 1900 by Baum and others.

title: Allen Wolf

text: Wolf is developing two novels based on The Wizard of Oz. The first is "The Journey to Oz", a retelling of The Wizard of Oz from Dorothy's perspective, and the second is a modern-day sequel to The Wizard of Oz and is titled "The Quest for Oz".

title: The Wizard of Oz (pinball)

text: "The Wizard of Oz" is the first widebody pinball machine since 1994 and the first new US pinball machine not made by Stern Pinball since 2001. The pinball machine is based on the classic film version of "The Wizard of Oz".

text: The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road, known in Japan as RIZ-ZOAWD, is a role-playing video game developed by Japanese developer Media.Vision for the Nintendo DS. The game is an adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", using its characters, locations and plot. The game was originally published in Japan by D3 Publisher on December 25, 2008. Xseed Games published the game in North America on September 29, 2009.

title: The Wicked Witch of Oz

text: Cosgrove Payes had published her first Oz book, "The Hidden Valley of Oz", in 1951 with Reilly & Lee, the publisher of the Oz series since the time of Baum. "The Wicked Witch of Oz" would have been the next book in the series, and was intended for publication in 1954 but Reilly & Lee cancelled the project, since the Oz books were no longer selling well. The book remained unpublished until the International Wizard of Oz Club brought out the first edition in 1993, with illustrations by Eric Shanower. The club declared it book 45 in the series. In the documentary, "", Payes states that she refused all requests to read her manuscript with "not 'til it's a book."

title: Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz

text: The phrase "The Wizard of Oz" was included in the title to coincide with the MGM film "The Wizard of Oz", which was released the same year the book was published. As such, the focus of the story is on characters who appeared in the first book. Thompson focuses the book most strongly on Jellia Jamb, though that character was unnamed in the first book and was absent from the film.

title: Wizard of Oz (character)

text: The Wizard returns in the novel "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz". With Dorothy and the boy Zeb, he falls through a crack in the earth; in their underground journey, he acts as their guide and protector. Oz explains that his real name is Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmannuel Ambroise Diggs. To shorten this name, he used only his initials (O.Z.P.I.N.H.E.A.D.), but since they spell out the word "pinhead," he shortened his name further and called himself "Oz". When Ozma rescues them from the underground kingdoms, he recounts his story of becoming the ruler of Oz, and Ozma explains that before the witches usurped her grandfather's throne (an occurrence happening long before the wizard arrived), the ruler of Oz had always been known as Oz or (if female) Ozma. Ozma then permits him to live in Oz permanently. He becomes an apprentice to Glinda (the most powerful magic-worker in Oz). Ozma decrees that, besides herself, only The Wizard and Glinda are allowed to use magic unless the other magic users have permits.

title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

text: Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz without any thought of a sequel. After reading the novel, thousands of children wrote letters to him, requesting that he craft another story about Oz. In 1904, he wrote and published the first sequel, The Marvelous Land of Oz, explaining that he grudgingly wrote the sequel to address the popular demand.[52] Baum also wrote sequels in 1907, 1908, and 1909. In his 1911 The Emerald City of Oz, he wrote that he could not continue writing sequels because Ozland had lost contact with the rest of the world. The children refused to accept this story, so Baum, in 1913 and every year thereafter until his death in May 1919, wrote an Oz book, ultimately writing 13 sequels. The Chicago Tribune's Russell MacFall wrote that Baum explained the purpose of his novels in a note he penned to his sister, Mary Louise Brewster, in a copy of Mother Goose in Prose (1897), his first book. He wrote, "To please a child is a sweet and a lovely thing that warms one's heart and brings its own reward."[4] After Baum's death in 1919, Baum's publishers delegated the creation of more sequels to Ruth Plumly Thompson who wrote 21.[18] An original Oz book was published every Christmas between 1913 and 1942.[53] By 1956, five million copies of the Oz books had been published in the English language, while hundreds of thousands had been published in eight foreign languages.[4]

title: Munchkin Country

text: The publishing company Reilly & Britton (later Reilly & Lee) published, in the form of end-papers to the first edition of "Tik-Tok of Oz" (1914), one of the Oz books, the only authenticated map (reproduced here) that shows the Land of Oz in its entirety. For some undiscovered reason this map flip-flops the directions of east and west. The West and East subsection of the Wikipedia article on the Land of Oz discusses this error and the resulting contradictions. The revised version of the map published by the International Wizard of Oz Club corrects the directions and reverses the map.

text:
Thompson did not renew the copyright on her last five canonical books: "The Wishing Horse of Oz", "Captain Salt in Oz", "Handy Mandy in Oz", "The Silver Princess in Oz", and "Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz". Thus, these books entered the public domain 28 years after publication, between 1963 and 1967.
Congress amended the copyright law in 1992 so there would subsequently be automatic renewals of copyright. Therefore, the copyright on Thompson's deutero-canonical books "Yankee in Oz" (published in 1972) and "The Enchanted Island of Oz" (published in 1976) will not expire until 2068 and 2072 respectively.

title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

text: In a letter to his brother Harry, Baum wrote that the book's publisher, George M. Hill, predicted a sale of about 250,000 copies. In spite of this favorable conjecture, Hill did not initially predict that the book would be phenomenally successful. He agreed to publish the book only when the manager of the Chicago Grand Opera House, Fred R. Hamlin, committed to making The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a musical stage play to publicize the novel. The play The Wizard of Oz debuted on June 16, 1902. It was revised to suit adult preferences and was crafted as a "musical extravaganza," with the costumes modeled after Denslow's drawings. Hill's publishing company became bankrupt in 1901, so Baum and Denslow agreed to have the Indianapolis-based Bobbs-Merrill Company resume publishing the novel.[4]

title: The Tik-Tok Man of Oz

text:
The Shubert Organization expressed interest in an extravaganza based on "Ozma of Oz" in 1909.
The play began as a collaboration between Baum and composer Manuel Klein, an employee of the Shuberts, which they worked on during February–April 1909, first under the title, "The Rainbow's Daughter, or the Magnet of Love", but eventually retitled "Ozma of Oz, or The Magnet of Love". It incorporated elements of "The Road to Oz", which was published that July, mainly in the inclusion of two of its new characters, the Shaggy Man and Polychrome, the Rainbow's daughter (which created some continuity inconsistencies when it was adapted to the novel), both of which were influenced by "Prince Silverwings". Betsy Bobbin was intended to be Dorothy Gale, but the characters in "The Wizard of Oz" and "The Woggle-Bug" were contractually unavailable to him—although "Ozma" remained from "The Woggle-Bug", she was a wholly different character renamed Ozga for the books. It also adapted the Rose Kingdom from the Kingdom of Mangaboos in "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz", and Queen Ann was derived from General Jinjur in spite of the failure of "The Woggle-Bug". The show languished before 1912, when Oliver Morosco agreed to produce it.

title: Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz

text: Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz is the fourth book set in the Land of Oz written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by John R. Neill. It was published on June 18, 1908 and reunites Dorothy with the humbug Wizard from "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1900). This is one of only two of the original fourteen Oz books (the other being "The Emerald City of Oz" (1910), to be illustrated with watercolor paintings.

title: The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)

text: The Wizard of Oz was a 1902 musical extravaganza based on "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum, which was originally published in 1900. Much of the original music was by Paul Tietjens and has been mostly forgotten, although it was still well-remembered and in discussion at MGM in 1939 when the classic film version of the story was made. Although Baum is the credited bookwriter, Glen MacDonough was hired on as jokewriter after Baum had finished the script.

title: Land of Oz

text: The history of Oz prior to "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (often called the prehistory of Oz as it takes place before Baum's "histories") is often the subject of dispute, as Baum himself gave conflicting accounts. In "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", the title character recounts that he was a ventriloquist and a circus balloonist from Omaha, and during one flight the rope for his parachute vent became tangled, preventing him from descending until the next morning, and he awoke to find that he was floating over a strange land. When he landed, the people thought he was a great wizard because of his ability to fly. He did not disabuse them of this notion, and with his new power over them, he had them build a city with a palace in the center of Oz. He also ordered them to wear green glasses so it would appear to be made entirely of emeralds. However, in the later Oz books the city is depicted as actually being made of emerald or other green materials. The Wizard was a young man when he first arrived in Oz, and grew old while he was there. Afraid of the Wicked Witches of the West and the East, who, unlike him, could do real magic, the Wizard hid away in a room of his palace and refused to see visitors. He lived in this way until the arrival of Dorothy in the first book.

title: Yankee in Oz

text: Yankee in Oz is a 1972 Oz novel by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was the first published by The International Wizard of Oz Club. A letter from the Henry Regnery Company, which bought Reilly & Lee, is reproduced in the front indicating the publisher's blessing for the new Oz book to appear. It was originally written in 1959, but because the Oz books were not selling, it was not published. The first two editions of the book were published in 8½ x 11 inch format and running only 94 pages. This was done at the request of illustrator Dick Martin to reduce the number of required illustrations and to show them closer to the actual size they were drawn. The second printing (1986) featured a new cover, with the first edition artwork reprinted preceding the title page. The third printing (2007) is standard Oz book size. Its cover is a gaudier redesign of the second edition cover. The book also features maps by James E. Haff, and as such, Thompson correctly places the Winkie Country in the west of Oz.

title: Little Wizard Stories of Oz

text: Four of the "Little Wizard Stories" were re-issued in 1932 in a new form, as "The Little Oz Books with Jig Saw Oz Puzzles". A year or two later the four tales were released again, as part of a promotion for a "Wizard of Oz" radio program (sponsored by Jell-O). Rand McNally published the six stories in three booklets in 1939.

text: "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" was published in 1900, and was the first to enter the public domain in "1956". This allowed Reilly & Lee, the publisher of all the other Oz books (as well as Baum's other books) to issue their own edition of "The Wizard of Oz", which had previously been published by George M. Hill Company and later by the Bobbs Merill Company after Hill went bankrupt..

title: Rachel Cosgrove Payes

text: Her first book, "The Hidden Valley of Oz", was published by Reilly & Lee in 1951. Her second, "The Wicked Witch of Oz" (1954) was denied publication on the grounds that the Oz books were not selling. The book was published by The International Wizard of Oz Club in 1993. She had a tendency to dismiss adult Oz fans and insist that Oz books are "for kids!", a view she expressed in the documentary, "".

title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

text: Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged "The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence" in his 2002 musings about the film.[81] He has written: "When I first saw The Wizard of Oz, it made a writer of me."[82] His first short story, written at the age of 10, was titled "Over the Rainbow".[82]

title: The Wizard of Oz (1985 video game)

text: The Wizard of Oz is an illustrated text adventure game developed by and published by Windham Classics for the Apple II, Commodore 64, MS-DOS and MSX in 1985. It is an adaptation of the books "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" and "The Marvelous Land of Oz".

title: The Making of The Wizard of Oz

text: The Making of the Wizard Of Oz, written by film historian Aljean Harmetz, is a book about the production of the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz". It was the second book ever published documenting the making of this film, released a year after Doug McClelland's 1976 work "Down the Yellow Brick Road".

title: The Wizard of Oz (1993 video game)

text: The Wizard of Oz is a Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game which is loosely based on the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz". It was developed by Manley & Associates and published by SETA Corporation in 1993. The object in the game is to defeat the Wicked Witch of the West that is trying to take Dorothy's ruby slippers so that Dorothy can return to Kansas.

title: Frank Joslyn Baum

text: Finally, as "Frank Baum", he produced a two-part manuscript called "Rosine and the Laughing Dragon" that was broken into "The Laughing Dragon of Oz" and "The Enchanted Princess of Oz". He barely mentioned Oz in the text, and no Oz characters were used except for his own and a brief mention of the Wizard. His publisher, Whitman, was sued by Reilly & Lee after publishing the first part in its Big Little Books series in 1936. The book quickly went out of print and Whitman agreed not to publish the sequel. Baum sold the rights to "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" to Samuel Goldwyn on January 26, 1934, for $60,000. Goldwyn sat on the rights, and ultimately sold them to MGM for the production of "The Wizard of Oz" (1939), for which Goldwyn saw a large profit that none of the Baums did.