query: When was quantum field theory developed?

title: Quantum field theory

text: Quantum field theory naturally began with the study of electromagnetic interactions, as the electromagnetic field was the only known classical field as of the 1920s.[8]:1

title: Cumrun Vafa

text: Cumrun Vafa is a string theorist. His research is focused on the nature of quantum gravity and the relation between geometry and quantum field theories. He is known in the string theory community for his co-discovery, with Strominger, that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a black hole can be accounted for by solitonic states of superstring theory, and for expounding the relation between geometry and field theories that arise through string dualities (culminating in the Gopakumar–Vafa conjecture). This topic has been known as "geometric engineering of quantum field theories". In 1997, he developed F-theory.

title: John Moffat (physicist)

text: In 1990, Moffat proposed a finite, non-local quantum field theory. The theory was developed extensively by Evens, Moffat, Kleppe and Woodard in 1991. In subsequent work, Moffat proposed this theory as an alternative to the standard electroweak unification of electromagnetism and the weak nuclear interactions. Moffat's theory is a quantum field theory with a non-local term in the field Lagrangian. The theory is gauge invariant and it is finite to all orders of perturbation theory. For the standard model it can solve the Higgs boson mass hierarchy naturalness problem. It also leads to a finite quantum gravity theory.University of Toronto press releases re Moffat:

title: Quantum gravity

text: Much of the difficulty in meshing these theories at all energy scales comes from the different assumptions that these theories make on how the universe works. General relativity models gravity as curvature of spacetime: in the slogan of John Archibald Wheeler, "Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve." On the other hand, quantum field theory is typically formulated in the "flat" spacetime used in special relativity. No theory has yet proven successful in describing the general situation where the dynamics of matter, modeled with quantum mechanics, affect the curvature of spacetime. If one attempts to treat gravity as simply another quantum field, the resulting theory is not renormalizable. Even in the simpler case where the curvature of spacetime is fixed "a priori," developing quantum field theory becomes more mathematically challenging, and many ideas physicists use in quantum field theory on flat spacetime are no longer applicable.

title: Quantum field theory

text: Abraham–Lorentz force AdS/CFT correspondence Introduction to quantum mechanics Common integrals in quantum field theory Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac equations Form factor (quantum field theory) Green–Kubo relations Green's function (many-body theory) List of quantum field theories Quantization of a field Quantum electrodynamics Quantum field theory in curved spacetime Quantum flavordynamics Quantum hydrodynamics Quantum triviality Relation between Schrödinger's equation and the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics Relationship between string theory and quantum field theory Schwinger–Dyson equation Static forces and virtual-particle exchange Symmetry in quantum mechanics Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation Ward–Takahashi identity Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory Wigner's classification Wigner's theorem

title: History of quantum field theory

text:
It was evident from the beginning that a proper quantum treatment of the electromagnetic field had to somehow incorporate Einstein's relativity theory, which had grown out of the study of classical electromagnetism. This need to put together relativity and quantum mechanics was the second major motivation in the development of quantum field theory. Pascual Jordan and Wolfgang Pauli showed in 1928 that quantum fields could be made to behave in the way predicted by special relativity during coordinate transformations (specifically, they showed that the field commutators were Lorentz invariant). A further boost for quantum field theory came with the discovery of the Dirac equation, which was originally formulated and interpreted as a single-particle equation analogous to the Schrödinger equation, but unlike the Schrödinger equation, the Dirac equation satisfies both the Lorentz invariance, that is, the requirements of special relativity, and the rules of quantum mechanics.
The Dirac equation accommodated the spin-1/2 value of the electron and accounted for its magnetic moment as well as giving accurate predictions for the spectra of hydrogen.

title: Quantum field theory

text: As a successful theoretical framework today, quantum field theory emerged from the work of generations of theoretical physicists spanning much of the 20th century. Its development began in the 1920s with the description of interactions between light and electrons, culminating in the first quantum field theory — quantum electrodynamics. A major theoretical obstacle soon followed with the appearance and persistence of various infinities in perturbative calculations, a problem only resolved in the 1950s with the invention of the renormalization procedure. A second major barrier came with QFT's apparent inability to describe the weak and strong interactions, to the point where some theorists called for the abandonment of the field theoretic approach. The development of gauge theory and the completion of the Standard Model in the 1970s led to a renaissance of quantum field theory.

title: Edward Witten

text: In collaboration with Nathan Seiberg, Witten established several powerful results in quantum field theories. In their paper on string theory and noncommutative geometry, Seiberg and Witten studied certain noncommutative quantum field theories that arise as limits of string theory. In another well-known paper, they studied aspects of supersymmetric gauge theory. The latter paper, combined with Witten's earlier work on topological quantum field theory, led to developments in the topology of smooth 4-manifolds, in particular the notion of Seiberg–Witten invariants.

title: Quantum mechanics

text: Early attempts to merge quantum mechanics with special relativity involved the replacement of the Schrödinger equation with a covariant equation such as the Klein–Gordon equation or the Dirac equation. While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualities stemming from their neglect of the relativistic creation and annihilation of particles. A fully relativistic quantum theory required the development of quantum field theory, which applies quantization to a field (rather than a fixed set of particles). The first complete quantum field theory, quantum electrodynamics, provides a fully quantum description of the electromagnetic interaction. The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems. A simpler approach, one that has been employed since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat charged particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on by a classical electromagnetic field. For example, the elementary quantum model of the hydrogen atom describes the electric field of the hydrogen atom using a classical formula_2 Coulomb potential. This "semi-classical" approach fails if quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field play an important role, such as in the emission of photons by charged particles.

title: Gordon Walter Semenoff

text: Gordon Walter Semenoff (born July 11, 1953), , , is a theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is known for his research on quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and string theory and is particularly famous for his co-invention, together with Antti Niemi, of the parity anomaly in odd-dimensional gauge field theories and for his pioneering work on graphene. He is also well known for development of thermal field theory, the application of index theorems and their generalizations in quantum field theory and string theory, notably with respect to the duality between string theories and gauge field theories.

title: Introduction to quantum mechanics

text: The idea of quantum field theory began in the late 1920s with British physicist [[Paul Dirac]], when he attempted to [[quantization (physics)|quantise]] the [[electromagnetic field]] – a procedure for constructing a quantum theory starting from a classical theory.

title: Quantum field theory

text: Through the works of Born, Heisenberg, and Pascual Jordan in 1925-1926, a quantum theory of the free electromagnetic field (one with no interactions with matter) was developed via canonical quantization by treating the electromagnetic field as a set of quantum harmonic oscillators.[8]:1 With the exclusion of interactions, however, such a theory was yet incapable of making quantitative predictions about the real world.[3]:22

title: AdS/CFT correspondence

text: The problem of developing a non-perturbative formulation of string theory was one of the original motivations for studying the AdS/CFT correspondence. As explained above, the correspondence provides several examples of quantum field theories which are equivalent to string theory on anti-de Sitter space. One can alternatively view this correspondence as providing a "definition" of string theory in the special case where the gravitational field is asymptotically anti-de Sitter (that is, when the gravitational field resembles that of anti-de Sitter space at spatial infinity). Physically interesting quantities in string theory are defined in terms of quantities in the dual quantum field theory.

title: Quantum mechanics

text: Quantum field theories for the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force have also been developed. The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is called quantum chromodynamics, and describes the interactions of subnuclear particles such as quarks and gluons. The weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force were unified, in their quantized forms, into a single quantum field theory (known as electroweak theory), by the physicists Abdus Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg. These three men shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for this work.

title: Steven Weinberg

text: In 1979 he pioneered the modern view on the renormalization aspect of quantum field theory that considers all quantum field theories as effective field theories and changed the viewpoint of previous work (including his own in his 1967 paper) that a sensible quantum field theory must be renormalizable. This approach allowed the development of effective theory of quantum gravity, low energy QCD, heavy quark effective field theory and other developments, and it is a topic of considerable interest in current research.

title: History of quantum field theory

text: Two classic text-books from the 1960s, James D. Bjorken, Sidney David Drell, "Relativistic Quantum Mechanics" (1964) and J. J. Sakurai, "Advanced Quantum Mechanics" (1967), thoroughly developed the Feynman graph expansion techniques using physically intuitive and practical methods following from the correspondence principle, without worrying about the technicalities involved in deriving the Feynman rules from the superstructure of quantum field theory itself. Although both Feynman's heuristic and pictorial style of dealing with the infinities, as well as the formal methods of Tomonaga and Schwinger, worked extremely well, and gave spectacularly accurate answers, the true analytical nature of the question of "renormalizability", that is, whether ANY theory formulated as a "quantum field theory" would give finite answers, was not worked-out until much later, when the urgency of trying to formulate finite theories for the strong and electro-weak (and gravitational interactions) demanded its solution.

title: Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics

text: The application of the new quantum theory to electromagnetism resulted in quantum field theory, which was developed starting around 1930. Quantum field theory has driven the development of more sophisticated formulations of quantum mechanics, of which the ones presented here are simple special cases.

title: Classical field theory

text: Further development of quantum field theory changed the focus of searching for unified field theory from classical to quantum description. Because of that, many theoretical physicists gave up looking for a classical unified field theory. Quantum field theory would include unification of other two fundamental forces of nature, strong and weak nuclear force which act on subatomic level.

title: Introduction to quantum mechanics

text: On its face, quantum field theory allows infinite numbers of particles, and leaves it up to the theory itself to predict how many and with which probabilities or numbers they should exist. When developed further, the theory often contradicts observation, so that its creation and annihilation operators can be empirically tied down. Furthermore, empirical conservation laws like that of mass-energy suggest certain constraints on the mathematical form of the theory, which are mathematically speaking finicky. The latter fact makes quantum field theories difficult to handle, but has also led to further restrictions on admissible forms of the theory; the complications are mentioned below under the rubric of renormalization.

title: Constructive quantum field theory

text: In mathematical physics, constructive quantum field theory is the field devoted to showing that quantum theory is mathematically compatible with special relativity. This demonstration requires new mathematics, in a sense analogous to Newton developing calculus in order to understand planetary motion and classical gravity. Weak, strong, and electromagnetic forces of nature are believed to have their natural description in terms of quantum fields.

title: Local quantum field theory

text: More recently, the approach has been further implemented to include an algebraic version of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Indeed, the viewpoint of local quantum physics is in particular suitable to generalize the renormalization procedure to the theory of quantum fields developed on curved backgrounds. Several rigorous results concerning QFT in presence of a black hole have been obtained.

title: Quantum gravity

text: While a quantum theory of gravity may be needed to reconcile general relativity with the principles of quantum mechanics, difficulties arise when applying the usual prescriptions of quantum field theory to the force of gravity via graviton bosons. The problem is that the theory one gets in this way is not renormalizable and therefore cannot be used to make meaningful physical predictions. As a result, theorists have taken up more radical approaches to the problem of quantum gravity, the most popular approaches being string theory and loop quantum gravity. Although some quantum gravity theories, such as string theory, try to unify gravity with the other fundamental forces, others, such as loop quantum gravity, make no such attempt; instead, they make an effort to quantize the gravitational field while it is kept separate from the other forces.

text: Since the end of the eighties, the local quantum field theory approach due to Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler has been implemented in order to include an algebraic version of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Indeed, the viewpoint of local quantum physics is suitable to generalize the renormalization procedure to the theory of quantum fields developed on curved backgrounds. Several rigorous results concerning QFT in the presence of a black hole have been obtained. In particular the algebraic approach allows one to deal with the problems, above mentioned, arising from the absence of a preferred reference vacuum state, the absence of a natural notion of particle and the appearance of unitarily inequivalent representations of the algebra of observables. (See these lecture notes

title: Noncommutative quantum field theory

text: In mathematical physics, noncommutative quantum field theory (or quantum field theory on noncommutative spacetime) is an application of noncommutative mathematics to the spacetime of quantum field theory that is an outgrowth of noncommutative geometry and index theory in which the coordinate functions are noncommutative. One commonly studied version of such theories has the "canonical" commutation relation:

title: Gunnar Källén

text: Källén's research focused on quantum field theory and elementary particle physics. His developments included the so-called Källén–Lehmann representation of correlation functions in quantum field theory, and he made contributions to quantum electrodynamics, especially in renormalizing. He also worked with the axiomatic formulation of quantum field theory, which led to contributions to the theory of functions of several complex variables. He collaborated on the Pauli–Källén equation. The Källén function is named after him.

title: Canonical quantization

text: Later the electromagnetic field was also quantized, and even the particles themselves became represented through quantized fields, resulting in the development of quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum field theory in general. Thus, by convention, the original form of particle quantum mechanics is denoted first quantization, while quantum field theory is formulated in the language of second quantization.

title: Quantum gravity

text: Quantum field theory on curved (non-Minkowskian) backgrounds, while not a full quantum theory of gravity, has shown many promising early results. In an analogous way to the development of quantum electrodynamics in the early part of the 20th century (when physicists considered quantum mechanics in classical electromagnetic fields), the consideration of quantum field theory on a curved background has led to predictions such as black hole radiation.

title: Vincent Rivasseau

text:
Rivasseau's research deals with constructive quantum field theory and renormalization theory with applications to many-body theory, such as quantum interacting fermions in solid state physics. Since 2004 he has studied quantum field theories on noncommutative space-time,
then group field theory. Since 2011 he develops the tensor track approach to quantum gravity
based on random tensors
(higher-dimensional generalizations of random matrices).

title: Field (physics)

text: It is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena, so that a classical field theory should, at least in principle, permit a recasting in quantum mechanical terms; success yields the corresponding quantum field theory. For example, quantizing classical electrodynamics gives quantum electrodynamics. Quantum electrodynamics is arguably the most successful scientific theory; experimental data confirm its predictions to a higher precision (to more significant digits) than any other theory. The two other fundamental quantum field theories are quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory.

title: Topological quantum field theory

text: Looking at the development of topological quantum field theory we should consider that it has many applications to Seiberg–Witten gauge theory, topological string theory, the relationship between knot theory and quantum theory, and quantum knot invariants. Furthermore, it has provided objects of great interest to both mathematics and physics. Also of important recent interest are non-local operators in TQFT. (). If string theory is viewed as the fundamental, then non-local TQFTs can be viewed as non-physical models that provide a computationally efficient approximation to local string theory.

title: Mathematical physics

text: The effort to put physical theories on a mathematically rigorous footing has inspired many mathematical developments. For example, the development of quantum mechanics and some aspects of functional analysis parallel each other in many ways. The mathematical study of quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and quantum statistical mechanics has motivated results in operator algebras. The attempt to construct a rigorous quantum field theory has also brought about progress in fields such as representation theory. Use of geometry and topology plays an important role in string theory.


query: Does plastic decompose at all?

title: Biodegradable plastic

text: Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually bacteria.[1]

title: Plastic Beach

text: The first time Albarn went to Mali, he was taken to a landfill where he saw people "taking every little bit, a little bit of fabric to the fabric regenerators, or the metal and the cans to the ironsmiths and the aluminium recyclers, and it goes on and by the time you get to the road, they're selling stuff." When Albarn went to a landfill outside London to record the sound of seagulls for the album, he noticed a juxtaposition between the way the two countries dealt with rubbish. "They've got more snakes... like adders, grass snakes, slow worms, toads, frogs, newts, all kinds of rodents, all kinds of squirrels, a massive number of squirrels, foxes, and obviously, seagulls. [...] This is part of the new ecology. And for the first time I saw the world in a new way. I've always felt, I'm trying to get across on this new record, the idea that plastic, we see it as being against nature but it's come out of nature. We didn't create plastic, nature created plastic. And just seeing the snakes like living in the warmth of decomposing plastic bags. They like it. It was a strange kind of optimism that I felt... but trying to get that into pop music is a challenge, anyway. But important."

title: Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management

text: It can handle all types of bio-degradable waste like food waste, floral and vegetable waste, garden waste, cow dung and paper waste. The non vegetarian food items can also be used. However they take longer time to decompose which could produce poor smell. The dry waste like glass, thermocol, plastic, rubber or likewise which does not decompose cannot be used in the process.

title: Kitchen utensil

text: Plastics can be readily formed by molding into a variety of shapes useful for kitchen utensils. Transparent plastic measuring cups allow ingredient levels to be easily visible, and are lighter and less fragile than glass measuring cups. Plastic handles added to utensils improve comfort and grip. While many plastics deform or decompose if heated, a few silicone products can be used in boiling water or in an oven for food preparation. Non-stick plastic coatings can be applied to frying pans; newer coatings avoid the issues with decomposition of plastics under strong heating.

title: Barium ferrate

text: Prior to drying, barium ferrate can be easily decomposed by all soluble acids, including carbonic acid. After the salt has been dried once, it does not completely decompose easily.

title: Rock mass plasticity

text: The governing equations, constitutive models, and yield surfaces discussed above are not sufficient if we are to compute the stresses and displacements in a rock body that is undergoing plastic deformation. An additional kinematic assumption is needed, i.e., that the strain in the body can be decomposed additively (or multiplicatively in some cases) into an elastic part and a plastic part. The elastic part of the strain can be computed from a linear elastic constitutive model. However, determination of the plastic part of the strain requires a flow rule and a hardening model.

title: Plastic shopping bag

text: Biodegradable plastics are plastics that are decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually bacteria. Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics exist: Bioplastics, whose components are derived from renewable raw materials, and plastics made from petrochemicals containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation.

title: Bottled water ban

text: Plastics are made from fossil fuels. The use of these leaves a large ecological footprint on the environment, not to mention that this plastics do not break down easily, if at all. According to the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, a discarded plastic bottle takes 450 years to decompose.

title: Rebar spacer

text:
What about concrete spacers with a plastic clip or fixing mechanism? Does the plastic clip or fixing mechanism in the concrete spacer have a negative effect on material integrity? Does it weaken the corrosion protective cover over the reinforcement? The answer is no!
The plastic clip or fixing mechanism is hinged from the top of the spacer and does not come into contact with the soffit of the concrete. The plastic clip or fixing mechanism is embedded only 5 mm into the spacer, which maintains the material integrity at the product’s surface. The plastic in the clip or fixing mechanism is used only for easily attaching to and holding the reinforcement, leaving the concrete part to do the work of the spacer.

title: Paper cup

text: James Cropper's Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process. Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.

title: Plastic shopping bag

text: Because plastic bags are so durable, this makes them a concern for the environment. They will not break down easily and as a result are very harmful to wildlife. Each year millions of discarded plastic shopping bags end up as plastic waste litter in the environment when improperly disposed of. The same properties that have made plastic bags so commercially successful and ubiquitous—namely their low weight and resistance to degradation—have also contributed to their proliferation in the environment. Due to their durability, plastic bags can take centuries to decompose. According to The Outline, it can take between 500 - 1,000 years for a plastic shopping bag to break down. The use lifespan of a bag is approximately 12 minutes of use.

title: Flow plasticity theory

text: In flow plasticity theories it is assumed that the total strain in a body can be decomposed additively (or multiplicatively) into an elastic part and a plastic part. The elastic part of the strain can be computed from a linear elastic or hyperelastic constitutive model. However, determination of the plastic part of the strain requires a flow rule and a hardening model.

title: Artificial leather

text: The production of the PVC used in the production of many artificial leathers requires a plasticizer called a phthalate to make it flexible and soft. PVC requires petroleum and large amounts of energy thus making it reliant on fossil fuels. During the production process carcinogenic byproducts, dioxins, are produced which are toxic to humans and animals. Dioxins remain in the environment long after PVC is manufactured. When PVC ends up in a landfill it does not decompose like genuine leather and can release dangerous chemicals into the water and soil.

title: Plastic bag

text: Plastic shopping bags escape the garbage collection process, and are also disposed of improperly and can end up in streams, which then lead them to end up in the open ocean. To mitigate marine plastic pollution from single-use shopping bags, many jurisdictions around the world have implemented bans or fees on the use of plastic bags. They can also affect urban environments. Waterways and drains can be clogged by plastic bags and have been linked to severe flooding. An estimated 300 million plastic bags end up in the Atlantic Ocean alone, due to escaping the garbage. The way in which the bags float in open water can resemble a jellyfish, posing significant dangers to marine mammals and Leatherback sea turtles, when they are eaten by mistake and enter the animals' digestive tracts. After ingestion, the plastic material can lead to premature death. Once death occurs and the animal body decomposes, the plastic reenters the environment, posing more potential problems.

title: Röchling Group

text: The foundation has sponsored collection centers for plastic waste in Mumbai, India, and financed the construction of the "Manatee" waste collection vessel owned by “One Earth - One Ocean” for cleansing the oceans. In 2018 the foundation will support the development of the "Manatee" into a recycling system at sea, exploration of a possibly plastic-decomposing insect larva along with collection and recycling of plastic waste in the Ganges delta.

title: Economics of plastics processing

text: Oxo-degradable plastics: these are petroleum-based plastics with additives such as transition metals and metals salts that promote the process of fragmentation of the plastic when exposed to a particular environment, such as high temperature or oxygen rich one, for a prolonged period of time. Fragmentation exposes a larger surface area of the plastic to colonies of bacteria that eventually decompose the polymer into its lower energy state components: carbon dioxide and water.

title: Flow plasticity theory

text:
The concept of multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic parts was first proposed independently by B. A. Bilby, E. Kröner, in the context of crystal plasticity and extended to continuum plasticity by Erasmus Lee. The decomposition assumes that the total deformation gradient (F) can be decomposed as:
where F is the elastic (recoverable) part and F is the plastic (unrecoverable) part of the deformation. The spatial velocity gradient is given by
where a superposed dot indicates a time derivative. We can write the above as
The quantity
is called a plastic velocity gradient and is defined in an intermediate (incompatible) stress-free configuration. The symmetric part (D) of L is called the plastic rate of deformation while the skew-symmetric part (W) is called the plastic spin:
Typically, the plastic spin is ignored in most descriptions of finite plasticity.

title: Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags

text: Two of the most popular methods of phasing out lightweight plastic bags are charges and bans. The charge strategy is said to have all of the same results in plastic bag reduction as a plastic bag ban, with the additional benefit of creating a new revenue source. The plastic bag charge method also protects consumer choice, which the ban does not.

title: Plastic

text: Plastics contribute to approximately 10% of discarded waste. Depending on their chemical composition, plastics and resins have varying properties related to contaminant absorption and adsorption. Polymer degradation takes much longer as a result of saline environments and the cooling effect of the sea. These factors contribute to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments. Recent studies have shown that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than was once thought, due to exposure to sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A. However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down. The Marine Conservancy has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products. It is estimated that a foam plastic cup will take 50 years, a plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a disposable nappy will take 450 years, and fishing line will take 600 years to degrade.

title: Plastic pollution

text: Plastics themselves contribute to approximately 10% of discarded waste. Many kinds of plastics exist depending on their precursors and the method for their polymerization. Depending on their chemical composition, plastics and resins have varying properties related to contaminant absorption and adsorption. Polymer degradation takes much longer as a result of saline environments and the cooling effect of the sea. These factors contribute to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments. Recent studies have shown that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than was once thought, due to exposure to sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A. However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down. The Marine Conservancy has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products. It is estimated that a foam plastic cup will take 50 years, a plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a disposable nappy will take 450 years, and fishing line will take 600 years to degrade.

title: LyondellBasell

text: During July 2018, LyondellBasell announced a partnership with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany to advance chemical recycling of plastic materials and assist the global efforts towards the circular economy and plastic waste recycling needs. The focus of the venture is to develop a new catalyst and process technology to decompose post-consumer plastic waste, such as packaging into monomers for reuse in polymerization processes.

title: Plastic

text: Some polymers may also decompose into the monomers or other toxic substances when heated. In 2011, it was reported that "almost all plastic products" sampled released chemicals with estrogenic activity, although the researchers identified plastics which did not leach chemicals with estrogenic activity.

title: Plastic shopping bag

text: Some modern bags are made of vegetable-based bioplastics, which can decay organically and prevent a build-up of toxic plastic bags in landfills and the natural environment. Bags can also be made from degradable polyethylene film or from polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer derived from lactic acid. However, most degradable bags do not readily decompose in a sealed landfill, and represent a possible contaminant to plastic recycling operations. In general, biodegradable plastic bags need to be kept separate from conventional plastic recycling systems.

title: Waste autoclave

text: With the removal of water, fibre, metals, and much of the plastics, the residual waste stream for disposal may be less than 10% by weight of the original stream, and is essentially devoid of materials that decompose to produce methane. Systems in Europe meet and exceed all of the European waste treatment and recycling requirements.

title: Yeo Bee Yin

text: According to a scientific study published in the journal Science in 2015, Malaysia is ranked 8th in mismanaged plastic wastes. Mismanagement of plastic waste will impact the environment, health and economy of the country. There are also plastic that will decompose into micro-plastic that can enter the food chain and affect aquatic life and human health . Therefore, Malaysia Roadmap to Zero Single-Use Plastic launched in October 2018 is a guideline for the nation to implement actions in phases for the next 12 years leading to 2030. The roadmap is a living document which allows the state governments to rollout the initiatives and implementation of policies according to each state level of awareness and readiness within the time frame set by MESTECC.

title: Polyhexahydrotriazine

text: The PHT 1.6 has a yellowish color. It is resistant to solvents at pH > 3, but decomposes into monomers within a day in acidic solutions at pH < 2. This property is unusual for thermosetting plastics and allows easy recycling. This PHT has a Young's modulus exceeding 10 GPa, which is among the highest for a thermosetting plastic; it can be further increased by ~50% by dispersing carbon nanotubes in the polymer. The PHT is brittle, and cracks when strained to 1%. Upon heating, it softens at a glass transition temperature of ~190 °C and decomposes at ~300 °C.

title: Green nanotechnology

text: One innovation of green nanotechnology that is currently under development are nanomachines modeled after a bacteria bioengineered to consume plastics, "Ideonella sakaiensis". These nano-machines are able to decompose plastics dozens of times faster than the bioengineered bacteria not only because of their increased surface area but also because of the fact that the energy released from decomposing the plastic is used to fuel the nano-machines.

title: Plastic bag

text: Non-compostable plastic bags can take up to 1000 years to decompose. Plastic bags are not capable of biodegradation but rather they photodegrade, a process by which the plastic bags are broken down into smaller toxic parts. In the 2000s, many stores and companies began to use different types of biodegradable bags to comply with perceived environmental benefits.

title: Nitrocellulose

text: Polyester is much more resistant to polymer degradation than either nitrate or triacetate. Although triacetate does not decompose in as dangerous a way as nitrate does, it is still subject to a process known as deacetylation, often nicknamed "vinegar syndrome" (due to the acetic acid smell of decomposing film) by archivists, which causes the film to shrink, deform, become brittle and eventually unusable. PET, like cellulose mononitrate, is less prone to stretching than other available plastics. By the late 1990s, polyester had almost entirely superseded triacetate for the production of intermediate elements and release prints.

title: Manuel Rendon

text: The technology uses solvation and oxidation as a chemical process to mimic an enzymatic bacteria-based approach to decompose the polymer chain, which leads to the degradation of any fossil-based plastic with a melting point below 500 °C. The obsolescence time is programmable On plastic-waste regard, pollution is a Global concern given the fact that Oil-based plastic is a substance the earth can't digest, this technology is another effort on solving the issue of the Plastic Pollution introducing an undercover additive derived from the plastic targeted for degradation, hidden in a chemical cloak synthesized via the same plastic targeted for degradation's polymer structure itself, which is partially dissolved to create a cover for a Nano-programmed chemical addition on the inside. When activated this additive first decomposes the current polymer links between monomers and subsequently supplant them for weaker links susceptible to degradation.


query: Who was the first Nobel prize winner for Literature?

title: List of Nobel laureates in Literature

text: The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University

text: The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.

title: Doris Lessing

text: In 2007, Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. She received the prize at the age of 88 years 52 days, making her the oldest winner of the literature prize at the time of the award and the third-oldest Nobel laureate in any category (after Leonid Hurwicz and Raymond Davis Jr.). She also was only the 11th woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature by the Swedish Academy in its 106-year history. in 2017, just 10 years later, her Nobel medal was put up for auction. Previously only one Nobel medal for literature was sold at auction, for André Gide in 2016.

title: Germans

text: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing of the Enlightenment. Gerhart Hauptmann, a German dramatist and novelist who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912. Thomas Mann, a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. Günter Grass was a recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. Herta Müller, of Banat Swabian origin, was born into a German minority in Romania. She is the recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature for her novel Atemschaukel.

title: Mark Linz

text: In 1984 Linz became director of the American University in Cairo Press, first for two years, and then from 1995 until 2011. On returning to Cairo in 1995 he collaborated with Naguib Mahfouz to establish the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature, an annual literary prize for a work of fiction in Arabic, with the guarantee of translation and publication in English for the winner. Among his authors at the AUC Press were Naguib Mahfouz, the first Arabic writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, Ahmed Zewail, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, archaeologist Zahi Hawass and Pope Shenouda III, head of the Coptic Church.

title: List of Danish Nobel laureates

text: This is a list of Danish Nobel laureates. Since the Nobel Prize was established per the will of Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel in 1895, 12 of the prize winners have been from Denmark. The first Danish Nobel laureate was Niels Ryberg Finsen, who won a Nobel Prize for medicine in 1903 for his work in using light therapy to treat diseases. The most recent Danish Nobel Prize winner was Jens Skou who won the prize in chemistry for his discovery over the enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase in 1997. To date, of the 13 Nobel Prizes won by Danish people, 5 have been for medicine, 3 have been for physics, 3 have been for literature, 1 has been for chemistry and one has been for peace.

title: Castries

text: Castries is the birthplace of Arthur Lewis, winner of the 1979 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, as well as of Derek Walcott, winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature.

title: List of Japanese Nobel laureates

text: Since 1949, there have been twenty-seven Japanese winners of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel. It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was instituted by Sweden's central bank in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.

title: Boston University

text:
Two US Poet Laureates have taught at Boston University: Robert Lowell and Robert Pinsky. During John Silber's tenure as president, he recruited two Nobel Prize-winning literary figures to the university's faculty: Elie Wiesel, winner of the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize, and Saul Bellow, winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature. Another Nobel Prize winner in the English Department in the twentieth century was Derek Walcott, winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Alumni of the university have earned over thirty Pulitzer Prizes. Other writers associated with the university include Bob Zelnick, executive editor of the Frost-Nixon interviews, Lambda Literary Award winner Ellen Bass, historian Andrew Bacevich, Ha Jin, Pulitzer Prize winner Jhumpa Lahiri, and Isaac Asimov. In 1986, literary critic Christopher Ricks, who W.H. Auden called "exactly the kind of critic every poet dreams of finding," joined the university's faculty and founded the Editorial Institute with Geoffrey Hill. Controversial historian Howard Zinn taught in the political science department for many years. Journalist Thomas B. Edsall and playwright Eliza Wyatt graduated from Boston University. Paul Beatty, earned a bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology at BU, won the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Man Booker Prize for his novel "The Sellout". He is the first writer from the United States honored with the Man Booker.

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Cornell University

title: Italian literature

text: Poetry was represented by the Crepuscolari and the Futurists; the foremost member of the latter group was Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Leading Modernist poets from later in the century include Salvatore Quasimodo (winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Literature), Giuseppe Ungaretti, Umberto Saba, who won fame for his collection of poems "Il canzoniere", and Eugenio Montale (winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature). They were described by critics as "hermeticists".

title: World Literature Today

text: Over the years, "Books Abroad" often featured the topic of the Nobel Prize, as with the series of symposia published periodically in the journal: "Prodding the Nobel Prize Committee" (1932), "Nominations for the Nobel Prize for Literature" (1935), "Books Abroad's Super-Nobel Election" (1940), "What's Wrong with the Nobel Prize?" (1951), and "Nobel Prize Symposium" (1967). In these symposia, critics, scholars, and authors discussed the policies and procedures of the Swedish Academy as well as the very secretive selection process and the sometimes-curious choices of winners for a literary prize (such as Winston Churchill, the 1953 laureate, and Bertrand Russell, the 1951 laureate).

title: World Literature Today

text: Another element in the identity of "WLT" is the relationship with the cultural institution of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Since the inception of "Books Abroad", the series of editors associated with the journal has encouraged lively debate about the annual announcement of the Nobel Prize, as with the 1939 "Super-Nobel" election sponsored in "Books Abroad", in which contributors and other specialists were invited to choose the writer who they felt had offered the most significant contribution to world literature in the first third of the twentieth century, whether or not that writer had won the Nobel Prize. At the top of the "Super-Nobel" list were several non-Nobel winners, such as Marcel Proust, Franz Kafka, and Theodore Dreiser, but the award went to Thomas Mann, who had, in fact, won the Nobel in 1929 and who became a frequent contributor to "Books Abroad".

title: Georg Büchner Prize

text: Four winners of the Georg Büchner Prize, Günter Grass (1965), Heinrich Böll (1967), Elias Canetti (1972), and Elfriede Jelinek (1998) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in subsequent years. The Georg Büchner Prize is frequently seen as an indicator for potential future Nobel Prize winners writing in the German language. Most recently, however, the Swedish Academy in Stockholm preceded the German Academy for Language and Literature in awarding a prolific writer from the German "sprachraum". Herta Müller received the Nobel Prize in Literature but has not yet been awarded the Georg Büchner Prize. Other writers who were omitted but received the Nobel Prize in Literature were Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, and Nelly Sachs.

title: List of Asian Nobel laureates

text:
As of 2018, there are 20 Asian won Nobel Prize in Physics, with the Japanese taking the most of the 11 winners.
As of 2018, there are 16 Asian won Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with the Japanese taking the most of the 7 winners.
As of 2018, there are 7 Asian won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with the Japanese taking the most of the 5 winners.
As of 2018, there are 8 Asian won Nobel Prize in Literature, with the Japanese taking the most of the 3 winners.
As of 2018, there are 20 Asian won Nobel Prize in Literature, with the Israeli and Indian taking the most of the 3 winners.
As of 2018, there are 3 Asian won Nobel Prize in Literature, with the Israeli taking the most of the 2 winners.

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with King's College London

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis

title: Nobel Prize effect

text:
The Nobel Prize effect is also described as a consequence of public perception of the Nobel laureate, magnified by the worldwide exposure the winner experiences. One example is for the Nobel laureate to be treated with reverence due to perception that the laureate has authoritative knowledge about any subject outside the field in which he or she won the prize. Nobel Laureate Klaus von Klitzing describes the effect as a personal burden, because other people have a tendency to believe that a Nobel Prize winner's knowledge extends to all areas. At the same time, he acknowledges that this is also a benefit, because people in positions of authority will pay attention to the views of Nobel laureates. As physicist Hubert Curien described the phenomenon in a Natural Environment Research Council lecture:
Another example of the effect of new public perception is when the works of the Nobel Laureate suddenly become popular and in demand due to the fame that the Nobel Prize confers on the winner. Canadian author Alice Munro, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, suddenly found herself with a Chinese audience with such strong demands for her works that they quickly sold out, and two publishers in China became embroiled in a dispute over publication rights.

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago

text: This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago comprehensively shows the faculty members, researchers, graduates and other students of the University of Chicago, who were awarded the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel Prizes, established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. An associated prize, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics), was instituted by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.

title: Miguel de Cervantes Prize

text: Two winners of the Cervantes Prize, Octavio Paz (Cervantes 1981, Nobel 1990) and Mario Vargas Llosa (Cervantes 1994, Nobel 2010), were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in subsequent years. Camilo José Cela first received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1989 and was awarded the Cervantes Prize in 1995.

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University

text: This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University comprehensively shows the Princeton-affiliated individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901. The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the "Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" (commonly known as the Nobel Economics Prize), was established in 1968 (first awarded in 1969) by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.

title: List of Chinese Nobel laureates

text: Since 1957, there have been eight Chinese (including Chinese-born) winners of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel. It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was instituted by Sweden's central bank in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley

text: This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley comprehensively shows the faculty members and researchers as well as graduates and other students of the University of California, Berkeley, who were awarded the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel Prizes, established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. An associated prize, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics), was instituted by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.

title: Cuban Five

text: Eight international Nobel Prize winners wrote and sent a document to the U.S. Attorney General calling for freedom for the Cuban Five, signed by Zhores Alferov (Nobel Prize for Physics, 2000), Desmond Tutu (Nobel Peace Prize, 1984), Nadine Gordimer (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1991), Rigoberta Menchú (Nobel Peace Prize, 1992), Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Nobel Peace Prize, 1980), Wole Soyinka (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1986), José Saramago (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1996), Günter Grass (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1999).

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study

text: Of the 201 individuals who have received the Nobel Prize in Physics , thirty-three have been affiliated with the IAS at some point in their career. Other Nobel laureates at the IAS comprise one winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, two winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, two winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature, and four winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

title: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Franz Kafka Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, and in the 1960s the Formentor Prix International. In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize "is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel". The Man Booker International Prize "highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage" and "has literary excellence as its sole focus". Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

title: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: The Nobel Prize in Literature () is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. It was not awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019.

title: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Santa Barbara

text:
The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
This is a table of Nobel laureates associated with the University of California, Santa Barbara, including current and former faculty members and researchers as well as graduates. , ten Nobel laureates are associated with the university. Santa Barbara currently has six Nobel laureates on its faculty, out of the eight full-time faculty members who have won the Prize.


query: How long does a philosophy degree take?

title: Doctor of Philosophy

text: The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student; a student who has completed all of their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate (see: all but dissertation). A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions, or may be granted a master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "Ph.D. ABD", meaning "All But Dissertation."[5]

title: Henry Odera Oruka

text: Philosophic Sagacity is not philosophy is the main argument of D. A. Masolo. Based on Socratic method, his analysis shows how frequently tradition and opinion are based on insufficient reasoning. For him, true philosophy relies on analysis, definition, and explanation. Pre-Socratic knowledge has no place in strict philosophy. Philosophic sagacity, he believes, falls into the category of pre-Socratic philosophy. Both fail in a consistent attitude towards, and practice of, rational explanation, despite the presence of the "sage" and the discourse with him/her. A mere discussion of a topic does not have the high degree of abstraction, conceptual analysis, and relation which, according to him, are the essence of strict philosophy.

title: Open University of Israel

text: The Open University is open to anyone who wishes to study towards a bachelor's degree, without any prerequisites or screening process. However, the Open University still has high standards and demands academic achievements from its graduates. Another way in which the Open University is "open" is in the study path it offers to its students. When enrolling in the university, the student does not need to decide the primary focus of his or her degree, nor to determine in advance the pace of the degree (how many years the studies will take). In fact, it is possible to take only a single course or several courses without receiving a degree, or to take several courses per semester, until finally enough courses relevant to a certain academic area have been taken to be eligible for a degree.

title: Louis Nero

text: Nero took a degree in D.a.m.s University of Turin in 1999. Nowadays is attending the second degree in theoretical philosophy. He is the President since 1998 of L'Altrofilm. Since 2004 he is a permanent member of David of Donatello jury (Italian Academy Awards). His first film "Golem" participated at David of Donatello and it was candidated for the Golden Ciak as Best First Work. Since today he has realized, produced four long take, regularly screened in theatres, home-video and television. In 2005 realized and shot "Pianosequenza", a film completely shot in long-take in which people meets other people just for an instant with a strong impact on their destiny and "Hans" with Daniele Savoca, Franco Nero and Silvano Agosti.

title: Theodore E. Long

text: Long is a 1965 graduate of Capital University where he majored in sociology and philosophy. He earned a master's degree in sociology from Duke University in 1968 and doctoral degree in sociology from the University of Virginia in 1979. He specializes in sociology and philosophy.

title: Philosophy for Children

text: At the University of Washington, the Center for Philosophy for Children educates University of Washington graduate and undergraduate students about how to facilitate philosophy sessions, and then sends them into Seattle classrooms with supervision and mentoring from experienced instructors. This program has introduced philosophy to thousands of public school students, and runs many year-long weekly philosophy sessions in Seattle public school classrooms. The Center has four graduate fellowships in pre-college philosophy and also runs regular workshops and programs for teachers, parents and other adults about how to introduce philosophy to young people.

title: John Llewelyn

text: Llewelyn was born in Rogerstone, near Newport, South Wales and educated at Rogerstone Elementary School and Bassaleg Grammar School. After taking a degree in French at Aberystwyth University he went on to take an Honours degree in philosophy at Edinburgh University and pursue postgraduate studies in philosophy at Oxford. He has held teaching posts at the University of New England, as Reader in Philosophy at Edinburgh University and as Visiting Professor of Philosophy at the University of Memphis and Loyola University Chicago.

title: Tad Williams

text: And how long does it take Williams to research one of his books?

title: Samuel Alexander

text: After taking his degree, Alexander was made a fellow of Lincoln College, where he remained as philosophy tutor from 1882 to 1893. It was during this period that he developed his interest in psychology, then a neglected subject. In 1887, he won the Green moral philosophy prize with an essay on the subject "In what direction does Moral Philosophy seem to you to admit or require advance?" This was the basis of his volume "Moral Order and Progress", which was published in 1889 and went into its third edition in 1899.

title: Holy Trinity Seminary

text: Before being ordained as a priest, seminarians who reside at Holy Trinity Seminary must graduate from the University of Dallas with a degree in Philosophy and Letters that is specifically designed for seminarians and their later priestly duties in managing a parish and attending to the spiritual needs of parishioners. Holy Trinity Seminary does not itself grant degrees, but rather serves as a residence for seminarians as they take classes at the neighboring academic campus of the University of Dallas.

text: Philosophy: An Introduction to the Art of Wondering is an undergraduate philosophy textbook, originally published in 1973, authored by James L. Christian. It takes a unique synoptic approach: the author believes that philosophy is critical thinking about the "Big Picture". The goal of the book is not merely to introduce the history of formal thinking in western culture, but also to provide students with practical approaches and tools for dealing with some of the enduring questions as they manifest in everyday life. Thus the book focuses on this "big picture" and the interdisciplinary origins of philosophical thinking. He thus addresses the concerns that most people "wonder" about: Does life have meaning? Does God exist? How do you know right from wrong? and so on. The presentation is interwoven with cartoons, quotations, and related findings from the social and physical sciences that ensure central philosophical concepts are accessible. New learning objectives in this edition further strengthen the book's reader-friendly approach. An eclectic range of topics reinforces the author's presentation of philosophy as the individual's attempt to unify disparate world views, with interspersed biographies that provide glimpses into the lives of great thinkers who have molded the Western philosophical tradition and largely influenced how society thinks today.

title: Philosophy of language

text: It has long been known that there are different parts of speech. One part of the common sentence is the lexical word, which is composed of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. A major question in the field – perhaps the single most important question for formalist and structuralist thinkers – is, "How does the meaning of a sentence emerge out of its parts?"

title: Philosophy of motion

text: Philosophy of motion is a branch of philosophy concerned with exploring questions on the existence and nature of motion. The central questions of this study concern the epistemology and ontology of motion, whether motion exists as we perceive it, what is it, and, if it exists, how does it occur. The philosophy of motion is important in the study of theories of change in natural systems and is closely connected to studies of space and time in philosophy.

title: How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?

text: "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?" reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1999. Although not released on vinyl, it was given a dual-CD release in the UK. B-sides included a remix of "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?" as well as acoustic versions of three other songs: "Perfect 10", "Big Coin", and "Rotterdam". On 18 March 1999 the band performed "How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?" live on the BBC's music programme, "Top of the Pops".

title: Bachelor of Philosophy

text: The B.Phil.'s earliest form is as a University of Oxford graduate degree, first awarded in 1682. Originally, Oxford named its pre-doctoral graduate degrees the Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) (a two-year degree, partly taught and partly by research) and the Bachelor of Letters (B.Litt.) (a two-year research degree). After complaints, especially from overseas students, that this naming convention often meant that graduate degrees were not being recognised as such, the University renamed them Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) and Master of Letters (M.Litt.). However, the Philosophy Faculty (then a Sub-Faculty) argued that its B.Phil. degree had become so well known and respected in the philosophical world that it would be confusing to change the name. In philosophy, therefore, the degree continues to be called the B.Phil. Those who pass the degree are given the choice of taking a B.Phil. or an M.Phil.; few if any choose the latter. (Note that Oxford also offers a number of other graduate degrees labeled as baccalaureate degrees: the law faculty's BCL; and the music faculty's B.Mus)

title: That Thing Called Tadhana

text: On the bus to Baguio, Mace associates a film being shown to a memory she has with her ex-boyfriend. Then at a stopover, after she does the same to everything that Anthony comes up with, she strikes up a deal with him as a means of conditioning herself against the habit. Still, Mace cannot help but ask ""- how does one forget?"" and ""- how long does one take to do it?"". Anthony points out that ""- what's important is to forget"" - how and how long was ""- up to her"".

title: Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford

text:
Most of his papers can be found here What is it for poetry to be serious and to be taken seriously? What is it to be open to poetry, exposed to its force, attuned to what it says and alive to what it does? These are important questions that call equally on poetry and philosophy. But poetry and philosophy, notoriously, have an ancient quarrel. Maximilian de Gaynesford sets out to understand and convert their mutual antipathy into something mutually enhancing, so that we can begin to answer these and
other questions. The key to attuning poetry and philosophy lies in the fact that poetic utterances are best appreciated as doing things. For it is as doing things that the speech act approach in analytic philosophy of language tries to understand all utterances. Taking such an approach, this book offers
ways to enhance our appreciation of poetry and to develop our understanding of philosophy. It explores work by a range of poets from Chaucer to Geoffrey Hill and J. H. Prynne, and culminates in an extended study of Shakespeare's Sonnets. What work does poetry set itself, and how does this determine the way it is to be judged? What do poets commit themselves to, and what they may be held responsible for? What role does a poet have, or their audience, or their context, in determining the meaning
of a poem, what work it is able to achieve? These are the questions that an attuned approach is able to ask and answer.

title: American philosophy

text: Dewey is well known for his work in the applied philosophy of the philosophy of education. Dewey's philosophy of education is one where children learn by doing. Dewey believed that schooling was unnecessarily long and formal, and that children would be better suited to learn by engaging in real-life activities. For example, in math, students could learn by figuring out proportions in cooking or seeing how long it would take to travel distances with certain modes of transportation.

title: Master of Philosophy

text: In Finland, the regular (first) Master's degree "filosofian maisteri" translates to "Master of Philosophy". However, the term "philosophy" is to be understood to the maximum extent, because this is the name of the basic master's degree in all natural sciences and humanities. It does not imply a specialization in theoretical philosophy or even other than introductory studies. In fact, most of the students majoring in philosophy get a degree with a different name (Master of Sociology or Politics). These degrees are regular master's degrees, not special "higher" degrees (cf. Licentiate and Doctor of Philosophy). In the past, "filosofian maisteri" signified that the degree was earned through actual studying, in contrast to honorary master's degrees that could be granted by application to Bachelors.

title: Bachelor of Arts

text: A student who first achieves a general Bachelor of Arts degree with a sufficiently high overall average may be admitted to a "postgraduate" Baccalaureatus cum Honore degree in the same field; it requires a minimum of one year but may also take longer; it typically does not exceed two years. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis (Honours Seminar Thesis) combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research master's degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program without the requirement to first complete a master's degree. Over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master's degrees.

title: Master of Philosophy

text: The Master of Philosophy is offered by many universities in Australia, and it is often the only option to undertake a master's degree in select schools. In Australia, the Master of Philosophy is a research degree which mirrors a Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in breadth of research and structure. The candidates are assessed solely on the basis of a thesis. A standard full-time degree often takes two years to complete. The Australian National University, University of Sydney, Curtin University, Griffith University and Melbourne University are also examples of Australian universities offering Masters of Philosophy.

title: Martin Heidegger

text: There is disagreement over the degree of influence that Husserl had on Heidegger's philosophical development, just as there is disagreement about the degree to which Heidegger's philosophy is grounded in phenomenology. These disagreements centre upon how much of Husserlian phenomenology is contested by Heidegger, and how much this phenomenology in fact informs Heidegger's own understanding.

title: Overhead (computing)

text: Algorithmic complexity is generally specified using Big O Notation. This makes no comment on how long something takes to run or how much memory it uses, but how its increase depends on the size of the input. Overhead is "deliberately" not part of this calculation, since it varies from one machine to another, whereas the fundamental running time of an algorithm does not.

title: James C. Spencer

text: From a previous marriage to the former Oneita Hildebrand, Spencer had a son, Charles H. Spencer (born 1954), who is married to Anita Spencer, of Houston, Texas. James and Oneita Spencer lived in Texarkana, but the obituary does not indicate whether their residence was in Texas or Arkansas or how long they lived there. In 1936, Spencer received a degree in textile engineering from Texas Tech, presumably motivated by cotton which was then prevalent in east Texas. Nine years later upon his discharge from the military in 1945, Spencer served on the police force of the U.S. House of Representatives while he attended law school at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. His obituary does not indicate if he received a law degree. With his second marriage, he moved to Lubbock to take a position with the U.S. Postal Service, which he held until his retirement in the middle 1980s. He was a member of the Masonic lodge.

title: Doctor of Philosophy

text: In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophy/sciences)[9] other than theology, law, and medicine (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the "faculty of philosophy".

title: Doctorate

text: The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century (likely c. 1652). The term "philosophy" does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophy/natural sciences) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the "faculty of philosophy". The doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. Chris Park explains that it was not until formal education and degree programs were standardized in the early 19th century that the doctorate of philosophy was reintroduced in Germany as a research degree, abbreviated as Dr. phil. (similar to Ph.D. in Anglo-American countries). Germany, however, differentiated then in more detail between doctorates in philosophy and doctorates in the natural sciences, abbreviated as Dr. rer. nat., and also doctorates in the social/political sciences, abbreviated as Dr. rer. pol., similar to the other traditional doctorates in medicine (Dr. med.) and law (Dr. jur.).

title: Danielle Macbeth

text:
Realizing Reason, her most recent book, takes a Hegelian approach to the philosophy of mathematics and traces developments in philosophy, logic, mathematics, and physics beginning with Aristotle in order to illuminate how (pure) reason has come to be realized as a power of knowing. She focuses on three periods: Ancient Greece, early modern mathematics, physics, and philosophy (Descartes to Kant), and late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century mathematics and physics. Macbeth argues that with her new reading of Frege, we can finally break out of the Kantian framework that remains in place even in twentieth-century analytic philosophy and thereby finally understand how contemporary mathematics enables real extensions of our knowledge on the basis of strictly deductive reasoning. Thus, she demonstrates how pure reason has finally been realized as a power of knowing.
Macbeth has also published many articles on a wide range of topics in the history and philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and pragmatism.

title: Software performance testing

text: Performance testing can be combined with stress testing, in order to see what happens when an acceptable load is exceeded. Does the system crash? How long does it take to recover if a large load is reduced? Does its failure cause collateral damage?

title: Desert Storm (roller coaster)

text: After boarding the train, it moves forward and begins going up the hill. At the top, it takes a narrow turn and takes a steep dive, does its first loop, makes a wide turn, does its second loop, does a 360 degree turn that interlocks with the second loop, makes a wide turn and does another 360 degree turn, takes another large drop as it makes a last wide turn, and returns to the station.

title: Buckingham π theorem

text: Suppose a car is driving at 100 km/h; how long does it take to go 200 km?

title: The Ceremony (1971 film)

text: "The Ceremony" makes use of many long takes. Some of the more private conversations during the ceremonies are played out throughout static long takes, with none of the characters moving around the screen. Wide-angle tracking shots are often used to help establish locations, as the film does not make usage of the 180 degree rule in its editing.


query: Was there a year 0?

title: Year zero

text: Year zero does not exist in the anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars.

title: Framingham Risk Score

text: Total cholesterol, mg/dL: Age 20–39 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 4 points. 200-239: 7 points. 240-279: 9 points. 280 or higher: 11 points. • Age 40–49 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 3 points. 200-239: 5 points. 240-279: 6 points. 280 or higher: 8 points. • Age 50–59 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 2 points. 200-239: 3 points. 240-279: 4 points. 280 or higher: 5 points. • Age 60–69 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1 point. 200-239: 1 point. 240-279: 2 points. 280 or higher: 3 points. • Age 70–79 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 0 points. 200-239: 0 points. 240-279: 1 point. 280 or higher: 1 point.

title: ASC Diaraf

text: Their first cup final appearance then under Foyer France was in 1967 and challenged US Gorée and defeated that club twice in two years, first 2–1 then 4–0. Their third was in 1970 and the first under the name Diaraf and defeated Almadies 3–1, Diaraf was runner up in the 1971 cup after losing 3–0 to ASC Linguère. Diaraf came for their fifth appearance in the cup final and defeated ASC Jeanne d'Arc 2–0 in 1973. Two years later, Diaraf defeated AS Police 2–0, a year later the club lost 3–1 The 1979 cup final was Diaraf's eighth appearance and lost to Casa Sports of Ziguinchor in the southwest of the nation. Two years later, Diaraf list the final to AS Police 3–1. In the next two cup finals, Diaraf defeated Police 2–1 in the 1982 and 1-0 in 1983. The 1985 cup final was Djaraf's eleventh appearance and defeated ASEC Ndiambour 1–0. Diaraf returned to the cup final six years later and defeated Jeanne d'Arc 2–1. Two years later in the 1993 cup final, the second featuring Linguère and this time defeated it 3–0, in the following year, the club defeated CSS Richard-Toll 1–0 and a year later AS Douanes 2–0 in the 1995 cup final. Diaraf made their sixteenth cup final appearance in 2004 and lost to Douanes 2–1. Djaraf made two consecutive cup final appearances in 2008 and 2009 and the two ended it in victory, their first was against Stade Mbour and defeated that club and then defeated AS Camberène a year later. Diaraf's nineteenth and the most recent cup appearance was in 2013 where they won their recent cup title, this was their second against Casa Sports and this time defeated that club in penalty kicks 2–1 after the final was tied with a goal apiece.

title: Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Ltd

text: THR was building around 15 new 0-6-0 "Vanguard" locos per year. This arrangement had been agreed by Rolls-Royce in respect of the 0-4-0s but THR were selling 0-4-0s in tandem and even "tridem" which RR considered was to the detriment of Sentinel 0-6-0 and 0-8-0 sales. In addition a number of 0-6-0 specials had also been built by THR.

title: Proper time

text: So the total proper time for observer "B" to go from (0,0,0,0) to (5 years, 4.33 light-years, 0, 0) and then to (10 years, 0, 0, 0) is 5 years. Thus it is shown that the proper time equation incorporates the time dilation effect. In fact, for an object in a SR spacetime traveling with a velocity of v for a time formula_12, the proper time interval experienced is

title: Bedretto

text: In Bedretto there were a total of 3 students (). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Bedretto there were 0 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, students attended the standard primary schools and 0 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 0 students in the two-year middle school and 0 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 1 students were in the four-year advanced program.

title: Proper time

text: Let there now be another observer "B" who travels in the "x" direction from (0,0,0,0) for 5 years of "A"-coordinate time at 0.866"c" to (5 years, 4.33 light-years, 0, 0). Once there, "B" accelerates, and travels in the other spatial direction for another 5 years of "A"-coordinate time to (10 years, 0, 0, 0). For each leg of the trip, the proper time interval can be calculated using "A"-coordinates, and is given by

title: Poso Park, California

text: There were 4 households, out of which 0 (0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 2 (50.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 0 (0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (50.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 0 (0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 0 households (0%) were made up of individuals and 0 (0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25. There were 4 families (100% of all households); the average family size was 2.00.

title: Dexter Reid

text:
 Games Def Interceptions Fumbles Sacks & Tackles
Year Age Tm Pos No. G GS Int Yds TD Lng PD FF Fmb FR Yds TD Sk Tkl Ast Sfty AV
2004 23 NWE ss 42 13 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 15 8 2
2005 24 IND 36 16 0 1 0 1 0 0 8 2 1
2006 25 IND ss 36 10 1 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 1
Career 39 3 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 2 0 0 34 10 4
2 yrs IND 26 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 19 2 2
1 yr NWE 13 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 15 8 2
After pleading guilty in January 2008 to drug charges in Virginia Beach, VA stemming from a March 2007 incident, Reid was initially sentenced to two years in prison for possessing marijuana with the intent to distribute but had the sentence suspended with the agreement he would stay out of trouble for two years. His license was also suspended for six months and ordered to attend drug treatment and counseling.

title: Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Ltd

text: The dust having settled, in 1972 THR formally acquired the Rolls-Royce locomotive business and Rolls-Royce Motors increased its holding in the Company. Whilst only now was the transfer of the locomotive business formally concluded, in practice the last Sentinel locomotive was delivered in March 1971, with only three the previous year, and in the same two years the Company built and delivered both 0-4-0 and 0-6-0 Vanguard locos, including three 0-4-0 locos to Indonesia. These were the first Vanguard locos to be exported and were to the order of Shell Petroleum at the Hague.

title: Dropout Prevention Act

text:
Fiscal Year 2010 $50,000,000
Fiscal Year 2009 $0
Fiscal Year 2008 $0
Fiscal Year 2007 $0
Fiscal Year 2006 $4,851,000
Fiscal Year 2005 $4,930,240
Fiscal Year 2004 $4,970,500

title: 0

text: In the BC calendar era, the year 1 BC is the first year before AD 1; there is not a year zero. By contrast, in astronomical year numbering, the year 1 BC is numbered 0, the year 2 BC is numbered −1, and so on.

title: Storrie, California

text: The population was spread out with 0 people (0%) under the age of 18, 0 people (0%) aged 18 to 24, 0 people (0%) aged 25 to 44, 2 people (50.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 2 people (50.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 62.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

title: Bhota

text:
Number of Households - 337
Average Household Size(per Household) - 4.0
Population-Total - 1,472
Population-Urban - 1,472
Proportion of Urban Population (%) - 100
Population-Rural - 0
Sex Ratio - 959
Population(0-6 Years) - 165
Sex Ratio(0-6 Years) - 774
SC Population - 452
Sex Ratio (SC) - 991
Proportion of SC (%) - 31.0
ST Population - 0
Sex Ratio (ST) - 0
Proportion of ST (%) - 0
Literates - 1,165
Illiterates - 307
Literacy Rate (%) - 79.0

title: 2018–19 National League

text: On 24 April 2018, after 97 years as an EFL club, Chesterfield were relegated to the National League following Morecambe's 0–0 draw against Cambridge United. On 5 May 2018, despite a 3–0 victory against Chesterfield, Barnet became the second club to be relegated from League Two following Morecambe's 0–0 draw against Coventry City, ending their three-year stay in the EFL.

title: Storrie, California

text: There were 2 households, out of which 1 (0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 2 (100%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 0 (0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 0 (0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 0 (0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 0 households (0%) were made up of individuals and 0 (0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00. There were 2 families (100% of all households); the average family size was 2.00.

title: Little Grass Valley, California

text: There were 1 households, out of which 0 (0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1 (100%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 0 (0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 0 (0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 0 (0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 0 households (0%) were made up of individuals and 0 (0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00. There were 1 families (100% of all households); the average family size was 2.00.

title: Student Council (horse)

text: Student Council was a horse that many owners or trainers may have given up on, he did not win any races as at age two, three or even most of his four-year-old season. In fact in his two-year-old season he raced three times. Not only did he not win but he did not even finish in-the-money in any of those three races. His record as a two-year-old was (3): 0-0-0 with annual earnings of $2,758 in 2004. That earnings figure would not even cover his feed bill for the year. The next year was even worse, he injured himself and only raced once as a three-year-old and the results were no different. Student Council did not even hit the board. His record as a three-year-old was (1): 0-0-0 with annual earnings of only $2,500 in 2005.

title: Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Ltd

text: On the other hand, THR was building around 15 new 0-6-0 "Vanguard" locos per year. This arrangement had been agreed by Rolls-Royce in respect of the 0-4-0s but THR were selling 0-4-0s in tandem and even "tridem" which Rolls Royce considered was to the detriment of Sentinel 0-6-0 and 0-8-0 sales. In addition a number of 0-6-0 "specials" had also been built by THR.

title: Ordinal date

text:
provided the month(m) day(d) and year(y)
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-1))*31)+ //if Jan is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-2))*28)+ //if Feb is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-3))*31)+ //if Mar is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-4))*30)+ //if Apr is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-5))*31)+ //if May is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-6))*30)+ //if June is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-7))*31)+ //if July is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-8))*31)+ //if Aug is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-9))*30)+ //if Sept is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-10))*31)+ //if Oct is a full month
(MAX(0,MIN(1,m-11))*30)+ //if Nov is a full month
d+ //days of current month
(((INT((y)/4)-INT((y)/100)+INT((y)/400)) //leap year logic
-(INT((y-1)/4)-INT((y-1)/100)+INT((y-1)/400)))*MAX(0,MIN(1,m-2))) //only count a leap year if date is >=3rd month //leap year logic

title: Madoera Stoomtram Maatschappij

text: From Hartmann there were 20 three-axle 0-6-0 steam locomotives with the serial numbers 2435–2446 from the year of construction 1898 and with the serial numbers 2476–2483 from the year of construction 1899, in the Madoera Stoomtram Maatschappij the numbers C3101-C3120 carried. Two biaxial 0-4-0 Hohenzollern steam locomotives with the serial numbers 1056 and 1057 from the year 1897 ran under the numbers 26 and 27.

title: Proleptic Gregorian calendar

text: For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not use the Latin zero, "nulla", as a year (see 0 (year)), so the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative, for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention used in astronomical year numbering and in the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year.

title: Year zero

text: All eras used with Hindu and Buddhist calendars, such as the Saka era or the Kali Yuga, begin with the year 0. All these calendars use elapsed, expired, or complete years, in contrast with most other calendars which use current years. A complete year had not yet elapsed for any date in the initial year of the epoch, thus the number 1 cannot be used. Instead, during the first year the indication of 0 years (elapsed) is given in order to show that the epoch is less than 1 year old. This is similar to the Western method of stating a person's age – people do not reach age one until one year has elapsed since birth (but their age during the year beginning at birth is specified in months or fractional years, not as age zero). However, if ages were specified in years and months, such a person would be said to be, for example, 0 years and 6 months or 0.5 years old. This is analogous to the way time is shown on a 24-hour clock: during the first hour of a day, the time elapsed is 0 hours, n minutes.

title: 2002–03 Carolina Hurricanes season

text:
Record for the month 0-3-0-0 (Home 0-1-0-0 Away 0-2-0-0)
The Hurricanes missed the playoffs, despite making it to the Stanley Cup Finals the previous year against the eventual champions, the Detroit Red Wings.Carolina's picks at the 2002 NHL Entry Draft in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.The Hurricanes have the 25th overall pick.

title: Little Grass Valley, California

text: The population was spread out with 0 people (0%) under the age of 18, 0 people (0%) aged 18 to 24, 0 people (0%) aged 25 to 44, 2 people (100%) aged 45 to 64, and 0 people (0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

title: Palatine GAA

text: Palatine lined out that day as follows: Tom Nolan, Paud Dwyer, Tommy O'Shea, Jeff Deering, Aidan Murphy, Joe Byrne, Gavin Farrell (0-1), Niall Reid, Brian Farrell (0-2, 0-2 45s), Patrick Cushen, Paul Reid (1-1), Eddie McGarry (0-2), John Kenny, John Reid (0-1), Brian Kelly (0-2, 0-2 frees). Subs: Eoin McMahon, James Reid. Paul Reid was later named club player of the year for Palatine, and Joe Byrne was named player of the year by the Carlow county board.

title: Johnsville, California

text: There were 11 households, out of which 0 (0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8 (72.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 0 (0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 0 (0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 0 (0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3 households (27.3%) were made up of individuals and 0 (0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.82. There were 8 families (72.7% of all households); the average family size was 2.13.

title: 2003–04 Carolina Hurricanes season

text:
Record for the month 0-1-1-0 (Home 0-1-0-0 Away 0-0-1-0)
The Hurricanes missed the playoffs for the second consecutive year.

title: Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh

text:
Number of Households - 898
Average Household Size(per Household) - 5.0
Population-Total - 4,405
Population-Urban - 4,405
Proportion of Urban Population (%) - 100
Population-Rural - 0
Sex Ratio - 959
Population(0-6 Years) - 5,23
Sex Ratio(0-6 Years) - 785
SC Population - 526
Sex Ratio (SC) - 1008
Proportion of SC (%) - 12.0
ST Population - 0
Sex Ratio (ST) - 0
Proportion of ST (%) - 0
Literates - 3,473
Illiterates - 932
Literacy Rate (%) - 89.0

title: 1999–2000 Carolina Hurricanes season

text:
Record for the month 3-1-0-0 (Home 2-0-0-0 Away 1-1-0-0)
The Hurricanes failed to qualify for the playoffs, despite qualifying the previous year.

Carolina's picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft in Boston, Massachusetts.The Hurricanes have the 16th overall pick.

title: Zoran Đorđević (football manager)

text:
(5 matches played, 5 wins, 0 draws, 0 losses, 13 goals scored, 0 goals conceded, no red card)
Group Matches: Bangladesh 3–0 Nepal, Bangladesh 4–0 Bhutan, Bangladesh 1:0 Maldives, Semifinal: Bangladesh 1–0 India, Final: Bangladesh 4–0 Afghanistan
New record 4–0 victory in final of the competition – first gold medal for Bangladesh after 11 years
First time team becoming champion without a single goal conceded in tournament 26-year history