query: How many native English speakers are there in the world?

title: English-speaking world

text: Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.[1] With 258 million native speakers, the United States comprises the majority of the global total. As pictured in the pie graph below, most native speakers of English are Americans.

title: Translanguaging

text: Non-native speakers of English around the world outnumber native English speakers of English by a ratio of 3:1. At the current influx of technology and communication, English has become a heavily transnational language. As such, English varieties, and International Englishes are becoming standard usage in international economic exchanges, thereby increasing their legitimacy and decreasing the dominance of the standard American and British English varieties.

title: English language

text: English is the third most-spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers. English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa and South Asia. It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English has a vast vocabulary, though counting how many words any language has is impossible. English speakers are called "Anglophones".

title: English Wikipedia

text: As the largest Wikipedia edition, and because English is such a widely used language, the English Wikipedia draws many users and editors whose native language is not English. Such users may seek information from the English Wikipedia rather than the Wikipedia of their native language because the English Wikipedia tends to contain more information about general subjects. Successful collaborations have been developed between non-native English speakers who successfully add content to the English Wikipedia and native English speakers who act as copyeditors for them.

title: English language

text:
Estimates of the number of English speakers who are second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1,000 million depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such as the Philippines, Jamaica, India, Pakistan, Singapore, and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business,
and where English is routinely used for school instruction and official interactions with the government.

title: English language

text: In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language.

title: English language

text: , 400 million people spoke English as their first language, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin and Spanish. However, when combining native and non-native speakers it may, depending on the estimate used, be the most commonly spoken language in the world. English is spoken by communities on every continent and on oceanic islands in all the major oceans.

title: Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers

text: How a Catalan speaker's Spanish manifests depends heavily on individual sociolinguistic variables related to age, native language, and the differing environments of language use. It is therefore not a uniform variety with little variation. Many of the features listed below are present with very different frequencies in different speakers, and some of the features could be absent in many speakers (particularly those whose main native language is Spanish, who transfer fewer typical Catalan features).

title: Standard German phonology

text: Many English words are used in German, especially in technology and pop culture. Some speakers pronounce them similarly to their native pronunciation, but many speakers change non-native phonemes to similar German phonemes (even if they pronounce them in a rather English manner in an English-language setting):

title: Dual language

text: One of the most salient changes that has occurred in the two-way immersion program since its inception is its conversion from a program centered predominately on aiding ELLs to develop fluency in English to an enrichment program striving for biliteracy, bilingualism and biculturalism for all students participating. Although two-way immersion was initially focused on supporting ELLs in their development and acquisition of English literacy skills, the need to develop bilingualism in an increasingly globalized society has made the program appealing for many parents of children who are native speakers of English (Calderón, 2000). Whereas foreign-language education programs can provide native speakers of English with exposure to a second language, TWI has the potential to help students achieve near fluency in a second language. This suggests that such programs are not solely focused on helping ELLs to acquire English, but instead aim to develop second language proficiency for native speakers of English. In fact, because two-way immersion requires almost an equal amount of native English and native Spanish speakers, if the former is lacking, it is likely that such programs will not be implemented, which implies that the latter may not receive the opportunity to take part in the dual immersion program (Gomez, 2005).

title: Test of English as a Foreign Language

text: Test of English as a Foreign Language® (TOEFL ) is a standardized test to measure the English language ability of non-native speakers wishing to enroll in English-speaking universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.

title: NNEST

text:
Despite the fact that today, about 80% of English language teachers in the world are non-native English-speaking teachers, English is no longer considered to be an exclusive possession of native speakers, and it "belongs to all people who speak it, whether native and nonnative, whether ESL or EFL, whether standard or non-standard" (Norton 1997), NNESTs encounter discriminatory practices all around the world. There have been several research studies exploring the hiring preferences of administrators which empirically demonstrated the importance of 'nativeness' as a job requirement. In addition, online job repositories such as Dave's ESL Café, Chronicle of Higher Education, or TESOL's Online Career Center host job advertisements which include 'nativeness' as a job requirement.
Discriminatory practices against NNESTs in English language teaching generated a series of institutionalized anti-discriminatory practices such as "Statement on Nonnative Speakers of English and Hiring Practices" and "Position Statement against Discrimination of Nonnative Speakers of English in the Field of TESOL". In addition, it was decided in ASEAN 2005 Conference to establish "Centers for English Language Training" in South-East Asian countries to support local solutions to local needs by means of local tools.

title: English language

text: Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English in the process of growing up through day by day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by speakers who are not native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may have grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.

title: SPEAK (test)

text: The Speaking Proficiency English Assessment Kit (SPEAK) is an oral test developed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). The SPEAK test continues to be administered to non-native English speakers, though it is no longer supported by ETS. No new versions of this test exist. The test aims to evaluate the examinee's proficiency in spoken English; however, most academic institutions recognize that it is limited in that capacity, and have therefore abandoned using it. It is usually taken as a professional certification, especially for graduate teaching assistants in the American college and university system, who are often required to hold office hours and converse in English with students. It is also used in the medical profession, where communication with patients is required. The SPEAK test has been routinely criticized for not accurately testing how a speaker will perform in the real world, in part because it is administered by recording the individual speaking into a recording device rather than speaking to a person. The SPEAK test has also been criticized for using native speaker norms to judge non-native speakers. In fact, independent audits of the SPEAK test conducted in 2012 on some of the few institutions found to still administer this test revealed that the assessment standards provided by ETS were not even being used by the assessors. In fact, in some cases, the assessors of the test were not trained in any way to conduct the assessments, and were found to be assigning arbitrary grades to the candidates. Some of the raters audited were found to be non-native speakers of English with limited functional spoken grammar.

title: Esperanto culture

text: Many speakers travel the world using the Pasporta Servo which is a free couchsurfing and homestay service combined, meaning that their trips are possible because they don't have to pay for lodging while at the same time they stay with people who speak a language they know fluently. Many people have commented that this is also a useful tool for actual immigrants, as Esperanto speakers are normally much friendlier and more willing to see the immigrant as a "human" compared to the normal natives of the country. For example, it's suggested that an English speaker in Japan should make friends with Esperanto speakers instead, because the Esperanto speakers won't "simply use the friendship as a way to get free English lessons".

title: Speak Good English Movement

text: Since Singapore gained independence in 1965, English is taught as a first language and is also the most dominant language in Singapore. All public schools use English as the medium of instruction. But one cannot classify all Singaporeans as native speakers of English because the main languages spoken at home are not necessarily English. In 2006, then Education Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam mentioned during a dialogue session at a student education conference that his ministry was looking at hiring "native speakers" to teach English Language in schools in order to improve the standard of teaching the English language in school. Following this, many Singaporeans wrote in to newspapers forums with questions such as "Why aren't our English teachers suitably qualified?" and wondering if "native English speakers" meant foreign English-speakers hailing from the United States or from Britain.

title: Chinese Pidgin English

text:
Robert Hall (1944) gives the following phonemic inventory:
Native speakers of English use this inventory. Because most lexical items in CPE are derived from English, native English speakers simply use the pronunciation familiar to them. For non-native English speakers, who were largely Cantonese speakers, [v, θ, ð, r, š, ž] are not present, because these sounds are not present in Cantonese.

title: English-speaking world

text: India has the largest number of second-language speakers of English (see Indian English); Crystal (2004) claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world. However, most scholars and research that has been conducted dispute his assertions.[14]

title: World Englishes

text: The other potential shift in the linguistic center of gravity is that English could lose its international role altogether, or come to share it with a number of equals. Although this would not happen mainly as a result of native-speaker resistance to the spread of non-native speaker Englishes and the consequent abandoning of English by large numbers of non-native speakers, the latter could play a part.

title: English language

text: As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is very uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India.

title: English language

text: The countries in which English is spoken can be grouped into different categories by how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms of English around the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world.

title: English language

text: Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use English. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication, and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries.

title: Speak Good English Movement

text: Subsequently, mrbrown created two podcasts on the mrbrown show to express his views. The first gave insight to what will happen if the implementation of hiring foreign native English speakers to teach English became too successful. The second tells of how he imagines the interviews with the native speaker applicants for the teaching jobs.

title: English usage controversies

text: It is often said that the difference between "prescriptivist" and "descriptivist" approaches is that the former prescribes how English "should" be spoken and written and the latter describes how English "is" spoken and written, but this is an oversimplification. Prescriptivist works may contain claims about the incorrectness of various common English constructions, but they also deal with topics other than grammar, such as style. Prescriptivists and descriptivists differ in that, when presented with evidence that purported rules disagree with most native speakers' actual usage, the prescriptivist may declare that those speakers are wrong, whereas the descriptivist will assume that the usage of the overwhelming majority of native speakers defines the language, and that the prescriptivist has an idiosyncratic view of correct usage. Particularly in older prescriptivist works, recommendations may be based on personal taste, confusion between informality and ungrammaticality, or arguments related to other languages, such as Latin.

title: English as a lingua franca

text: ELF is used most often between non-native speakers of English but this fact does not mean that native speakers are excluded from ELF communication. However, very often they form a minority of the interlocutors. In ELF interactions, the importance lies on communication strategies other than nativeness, which can lead to communicative situations where those English native speakers who are not familiar with ELF and/or intercultural communication are at a disadvantage because they do not know how to use English appropriately in these situations.

title: English-speaking world

text: Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. David Crystal calculates that, as of 2003, non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[3] When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide.

title: Second-language phonology

text: L2 speech rate is typically slower than native speech. For example, Mandarin Chinese speakers’ speech rate in an English utterance is slower than native English speakers’ speech rate (Derwing and Munro, 1995), and speech rates in a sentence by highly experienced Italian and Korean nonnative speakers of English are slower than that of native English speakers' (Guion et al., 2000). In this study, the main factor of the slower speech rate for the Italian and Korean accented English was the durations of the vowels and sonorant consonants (Guion et al., 2000). Another source of the slower speech rate in L2 speech is that L2 speakers tend to not reduce function words, such as "the" or "and," as much as native speakers (Aoyama and Guion, 2007). The generally slower speech rate in L2 speech is correlated with the degree of perceived foreign accent by native listeners (Derwing and Munro, 1997).

title: Business English

text: Business English is a part of English for specific purposes and can be considered a specialism within English language learning and teaching, or a variant of international English. Many non-native English speakers study the subject with the goal of doing business with English-speaking countries, or with companies located outside the English-speaking world but which nonetheless use English as a shared language or lingua franca. Much of the English communication that takes place within business circles all over the world occurs between non-native speakers. In cases such as these, the object of the exercise is efficient and effective communication. The strict rules of grammar are in such cases sometimes ignored, when, for example, a stressed negotiator's only goal is to reach an agreement as quickly as possible. (See linguist Braj Kachru's theory of the "expanding circle".)

title: English language

text:
Braj Kachru distinguishes countries where English is spoken with a three circles model. In his model, the "inner circle" countries are countries with large communities of native speakers of English, "outer circle" countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes, and "expanding circle" countries are countries where many learners learn English as a foreign language. Kachru bases his model on the history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time.
Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), the United Kingdom (60 million), Canada (19 million), Australia (at least 17 million), South Africa (4.8 million), Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages or new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world.

title: International English

text: Edward Trimnell, author of "Why You Need a Foreign Language & How to Learn One" (2005) argues that the international version of English is only adequate for communicating basic ideas. For complex discussions and business/technical situations, English is not an adequate communication tool for non-native speakers of the language. Trimnell also asserts that native English-speakers have become "dependent on the language skills of others" by placing their faith in international English.


query: When did The Young and the Restless first air?

title: The Young and the Restless

text: The Young and the Restless (often abbreviated as Y&R) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City, Wisconsin.[2] First broadcast on March 26, 1973, The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week.[3][4] The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4, 1980.[5] In 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet[6] until 2013, when it moved to TVGN (now Pop). As of July 1, 2013, Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights.[7][8] The series is also syndicated internationally.[9]

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Australia, The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena. It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1, 1974 to February 23, 2007, before joining the W line-up on April 2, 2007, to August 17, 2012, On July 20, 2012, it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20, 2012, after W rebranded as SoHo. Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present.

title: William J. Bell

text: Doug Williams (Days of Our Lives) - 1970-1984, 1986–1987, 1993–1996, 1999–present (played by Bill Hayes) Jill Foster Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1973–present (currently played by Jess Walton) Maggie Horton (Days of Our Lives) - 1973-1984, 1985–present (played by Suzanne Rogers) Hope Brady (Days of Our Lives) - 1974–present (currently played by Kristian Alfonso) Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (played by Doug Davidson) Nikki Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (currently played by Melody Thomas Scott) Victor Newman (The Young and the Restless - 1980-2009, 2010–present (played by Eric Braeden) Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1980–present (currently played by Peter Bergman) Esther Valentine (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (played by Kate Linder) Ashley Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1995, 1996-2007, 2008-2012, 2013–present (played by Eileen Davidson) Traci Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1996, 1999, 2001–02, 2006, 2007–present (played by Beth Maitland) Victoria Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (currently played by Amelia Heinle) Lauren Fenmore (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1995, 2000, 2001–present (played by Tracey E. Bregman) Dina Mergeron (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1986, 1991, 1996, 2008, 2017–present (played by Marla Adams) Christine Blair (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-2001, 2002-2006, 2009–present (played by Lauralee Bell) Eric Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by John McCook) Ridge Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-2012, 2013–present (currently played by Thorsten Kaye) Thorne Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1994, 1996-2016, 2017–present (currently played by Ingo Rademacher) Brooke Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by Katherine Kelly Lang) Donna Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-94, 1996–98, 2000–01, 2004, 2006–present (currently played by Jennifer Gareis) Katie Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1989, 1991–2004, 2007–present (currently played by Heather Tom) Nicholas Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1989–present (currently played by Joshua Morrow) Rick Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1990-2006, 2007–present (currently played by Jacob Young) Neil Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1991–present (played by Kristoff St. John) Michael Baldwin (The Young and the Restless) - 1991-1993, 1997–present (played by Christian LeBlanc) Billy Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1993-2003, 2006, 2008–present (currently played by Jason Thompson) Sharon Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1994–present (currently played by Sharon Case) Phyllis Newman - 1994-1998, 2000-2013, 2014-present (currently played by Gina Tognoni) Lily Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1995-1998, 2002–present (currently played by Christel Khalil)

title: Prism (band)

text: The group's next record, "Young and Restless", was released in August 1980. This was the first Prism album written without any credited contributions from Vallance/Higgs: all songs were written by Mitchell, Harlow or Norton. (Vallance claims he did participate in the making of the album as an arranger, and as an uncredited co-writer of one track, but admits that his participation in "Young and Restless" was "minimal".) The album spun off Prism's highest charting single, also called "Young and Restless", which peaked at #14 on the Canadian charts.

title: The Price Is Right models

text: Occasionally, there is a crossover with other shows airing on, owned or distributed by CBS featuring actors of those shows modeling prizes. These crossovers have included "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The Amazing Race", "Let's Make a Deal", "The Bold and the Beautiful", and "The Young and the Restless". Tiffany Coyne (from "Let's Make a Deal") filled in as the fifth model on some episodes which aired in March 2011. Daniel Goddard (Cane Ashby from "The Young and the Restless") frequently crosses over as a guest model, especially when a Showcase skit necessitates, and when needed, for "masculine" prizes (motorcycles, trucks, "et al."). Goddard's use as a crossover model resulted in the show standardizing the use of a male model.

title: Screening of soap operas in Australia

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American soap opera that first aired in Australia on the Nine Network from 1 April 1974 to 23 February 2007. Nine paired "The Young and the Restless" with "Days of Our Lives", with the two shows airing one after the other. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States (varying slightly between states), due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. As was the case with "Days of Our Lives", Nine aired a one-hour special on 14 September 2004 titled, "The Young and the Restless: The Next Chapter", which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: Unlike other soaps in the 1980s or 1990s, "The Young and the Restless" avoided preachy social issues. When they did touch on such issues as abortion or the homeless crisis or AIDS, it was only as a plot device with a few facts and statistics thrown in for effect. For example, when Ashley aborted Victor's child in the 1980s, any viewers or scholars who may have looked for a serious story on the pros and cons of abortion would have been disappointed. Ashley only aborted her baby because Victor's wife Nikki was then presumed to be terminally ill, and Ashley did not want to cause her pain. After learning of her abortion, Victor ripped her to shreds, causing a devastated Ashley to lose her mind and wind up in an insane asylum.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Canada, the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast. Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late-afternoon lead-in for their local newscasts, but times vary by market. It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same-day-as-CBS basis.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Trinidad, the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s. In 1988, 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless, a series that emphasized family problems, sexual intrigue, and gossip.[109]

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2013)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2013, by order of first appearance. All characters through October are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writer Josh Griffith; characters after October are introduced by Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2015)

text:
"The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2015, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and co-executive producer/head writer Charles Pratt, Jr.
Marco Annicelli was a primary antagonist in Victor Newman's plan to bring down his rival, Jack Abbott. He was portrayed by Peter Bergman, who portrayed Jack at the same time.

title: Edward J. Scott

text:
for: "Days of our Lives"
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senor executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
William J. Bell (executive producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

title: Screening of soap operas in Australia

text: In December 2017, Regional Network Ten Affiliate WIN Television bought the rights to the program as well as fellow soap "The Young and the Restless". This was seen as a return to free to air for the two US soaps, as they have not been broadcast on free to air since 26 April 2013 (DOOL) and 23 February 2007 (Y&R) when Nine did not renew the rights. Although the soaps returned, the episodes are still a few years behind. However, viewers can access new episodes of the soaps on Foxtel.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: One highly publicised story was the culmination of a months-long storyline involving the construction of a casino and resort at the fictional city of Clear Springs; this story ended in the so-called "Clear Springs Explosion." This event was marketed as "The Young and the Restless: Out of the Ashes", which aired from October 19 to October 26, 2007, in which a building collapsed due to the aforementioned explosion and many central characters were injured somehow. The "Out of the Ashes" storyline is notable for being the first time "The Young and the Restless" has used a special title sequence for a particular storyline. However, the extra budget dollars expended on "Out of the Ashes" - approximately US$2,000,000 - produced little or no bump upward in the ratings.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2011)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2011, by order of appearance. All characters were introduced to the series by its head writer that year, Maria Arena Bell. Lucy Romalotti, Primrose DeVille and Caleb Atkinson all debuted in January, while Angelo Veneziano first appeared in February. Davis Holloway debuted in July while Moses Winters debuted in October.

title: No More Drama (song)

text: The song famously samples "Nadia's Theme", currently used as the theme music for the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless". In the song, Blige calls herself "young and restless" in a further nod to the music sample. The video for the song won Blige her first MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video. The song was also used as a background theme for both Tyler Perry's "Why Did I Get Married?" and "Why Did I Get Married Too?".

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2016)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2016, by order of first appearance. In the first half of the year, characters were introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps until her replacement in the summer of 2016 by supervising producer Mal Young Young was first credited as executive producer on July 13, 2016. Co-executive producer and head writer Charles Pratt Jr. oversaw the creation and introduction of the characters until his replacement by Sally Sussman Morina. Sussman's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20, 2016, and is aired on December 7, 2016.

title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: To date, "Sunset Beach" is the last regularly-scheduled NBC network program to air at 12:00 p.m. Some NBC affiliates did not air "Sunset Beach" at its scheduled time due to the affiliates' longstanding practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the noon hour; this resulted in some affiliates airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all. In some media markets (especially in Detroit and Houston), "Sunset Beach" aired on affiliates of other networks or independent stations. In most markets that did air the show at its regular time, its second half-hour went up against the first half-hour of "The Young and the Restless" on CBS and "Port Charles" on ABC. After the series ended, NBC returned the 12:00 p.m. time slot to its affiliates.

title: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series

text: The award was first presented to "The Doctors", which first aired in 1963. "General Hospital" holds the record for the most awards, winning on thirteen occasions. In 2007, "Guiding Light" and "The Young and the Restless" tied, which was the first tie in this category. "The Young and the Restless" has also received the most nominations, with a total of thirty-three. ABC has been the most successful network, with a total of twenty-one wins. As of the 2017 ceremony, "General Hospital" became the most recent recipient of the award.

title: Mal Young

text: On 31 December 2015, Young cryptically said on his Twitter about what is next for him in 2016, "This year I'm going to be Young and I'm going to be Restless." A few days later, Young sent several other tweets to the Twitter account of the American soap opera, "The Young and the Restless", announcing his hiring on the show. It was confirmed by CBS Daytime that Young had been hired as a producer. Young's first episode as a supervising producer aired on 1 February 2016 and his last episode aired on 12 July 2016.

title: Eileen Davidson

text: After a year-long vacation from acting, she returned to her role on "The Young and the Restless" in March 1999. After a successful return as Ashley Abbott, which included Davidson's second Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress, Davidson was fired from the show. In December 2006, Davidson told "TV Guide" that she was fired from "The Young and the Restless" due to lack of storyline. Her last airdate as Ashley was January 11, 2007. According to co-star Melody Thomas Scott, the firing was protested behind the scenes of "The Young and the Restless" and was seen as unfair. Scott said: "That was so heartbreaking. We're still upset about that. That was a blow. Terrible. Eileen Davidson was such a part of the core of the show and such a brilliant actress; beautiful and always prepared. It was crazy. I'm not the only one who feels that way." In a surprise move a few months later, Davidson signed a three-year contract with "The Young and the Restless"'s sister soap "The Bold and the Beautiful" to once again play her "The Young and the Restless" character Ashley Abbott at the request of "The Bold and the Beautiful" executive producer Bradley Bell. She first aired on March 9, 2007. Ken Corday called Davidson about a week before she was fired from "The Young and the Restless" to get permission to use a picture of her on "Days of Our Lives". The picture, which featured Davidson as Susan, was shown in December 2006.

title: Sam Gibson (The Young and the Restless)

text: Sam Gibson is a fictional character from the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless", portrayed by Sean Patrick Flanery. He made his first on-screen appearance on April 18, 2011. Introduced by head writer Maria Arena Bell, Sam was created as a love interest for long-running Sharon Newman while she was a fugitive. A rural veterinarian, Sam takes Sharon, posing under the alias Sheri Coleman, into his barn. They eventually fall in love; but she is located and arrested. Although they remained friends, the relationship ended when she returned to Genoa City. Flanery was let go after a few months, last airing on November 4, 2011.

title: Teen drama

text: The first teen-oriented shows did not call themselves teen dramas. One of the earliest was the single-season soap opera "Never Too Young", which aired from 1965 to 1966. As the late 1960s and early 1970s progressed, younger viewers began to find relatable characters on more daytime soaps. In 1967, "Love is a Many Splendored Thing" premiered and quickly became a hit with teenage audiences. It was soon followed by "All My Children" in 1970 and "The Young and the Restless" in 1973.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2000s)

text: By November 2010, it was speculated that Skye was to leave "The Young and the Restless" permanently. Skye fell into a volcano and died; the character's last air date was December 29, 2010.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2017)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Mal Young and co-executive producer/head writer Sally Sussman. In October 2017, Sussman departed as co-executive producer and head writer; Young remained as executive producer and was promoted as head writer.

title: Young and Restless (Young and Restless album)

text: Young and Restless is the debut album by band of the same name Young and Restless. It was released on July 14, 2007.

title: Caesars Challenge

text: "Caesars Challenge" replaced "Scattergories" on NBC's daytime schedule when it premiered on June 14, 1993 and inherited its timeslot of 12:30 pm Eastern. Some affiliates did not air "Caesars Challenge" at its scheduled time due to the affiliates' longstanding practice of preempting programs that the networks aired in the noon hour in favor of news or syndicated programming; this resulted in some stations airing "Caesars Challenge" in another spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all. In the markets that did air the show at its normal time, "Caesars Challenge" faced off against CBS' "The Young and the Restless", and did not perform well enough against either that series or ABC's "Loving", its other competition. NBC cancelled "Caesars Challenge" after 31 weeks of episodes, and returned the 12:00 pm hour to its affiliates on January 17, 1994. However, NBC would take back the noon hour from its affiliates when "Sunset Beach" premiered in January 1997. "Caesars Challenge" was NBC's last daytime game show.

title: Larry Weir

text: With Michael Damian Weir as a regular on The Young and the Restless, Weir was writing songs for Damian to perform as an artist and also as the Danny Romalotti character on the television show. In a Los Angeles Times interview, Damian explains the dynamics, "My character was a starving singer who was working as a waiter--which was what I was doing at the time," he recalled. "As my recording career developed, so did my role on 'The Young and the Restless.' When Michael Damian had a No. 1 single, so did Danny Romalotti."

title: The Young and the Restless

text: Taped at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26, 1973,[52] the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television, which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television.[4][53] The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half-hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production, creating "a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre."[3][4] Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them, soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue, characters, and story, with details like sets as secondary concerns.[3] The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles, similar to Hollywood-style productions.[53][54] The style of videotaping included using out-of-the-ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close-ups with bright lighting on the actors' faces.[3][53][54][55] Conboy said he used lighting to create "artistic effects".[54] Those effects made the series look dark, shadowy, and moody.[3][54] The Young and the Restless' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas.[3] When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer, he balanced the lighting of the scenes.[55]


query: When was the British Admiralty founded?

title: Admiralty

text: It evolved from *Admiralty Navy War Council, (1909–1912) which in turn became the Admiralty War Staff, (1912–1917) before finally becoming the Admiralty Naval Staff in 1917. It was the former senior command, operational planning, policy and strategy department within the British Admiralty. It was established in 1917 and existed until 1964 when the department of the Admiralty was abolished, and the staff departments function continued within the Navy Department of the Ministry of Defence until 1971 when its functions became part of the new Naval Staff, Navy Department of the Ministry of Defence.[9]

title: Steven Vajda

text: Meanwhile, mathematicians were in demand to staff the newly formed military operational research groups. H. Seal who was with the Admiralty O.R. group, had read Steven’s research publications in the "Bulletin des actuaires suisses", and when he found that Steven was in England he sought him out and proposed that he join the war effort. After much bureaucratic manoeuvring, Steven joined the Royal Naval Scientific Service of the British Admiralty. When the war ended, Seal saw to it that Steven was one of the first “aliens” to be given British citizenship. Steven stayed with the Admiralty until 1964, holding such appointments as Assistant Director of Operational Research and Head of the Mathematical Group. In 1964, he “retired” for the first time.

title: Former Admiralty House

text: The Former Admiralty House was built by the British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, who is known for designing the Cenotaph in London and the planning of the Indian capital New Delhi when it was chosen to replace Calcutta as the seat of the then-British Indian government in 1912.

title: Admiralty Naval Staff

text: The Admiralty Naval Staff was the former senior command, operational planning, policy and strategy department within the British Admiralty. It was established in 1917 and existed until 1964 when the department of the Admiralty was abolished, and the staff departments function continued within the Navy Department of the Ministry of Defence until 1971 when its functions became part of the new Naval Staff, Navy Department of the Ministry of Defence.

title: Vice Admiralty Court (New South Wales)

text: In 1841, the Admiralty in England decreed that the chief justice should be the judge in admiralty. This changed the previous practice of directing appointing a person to be judge. However, under Chief Justice Alfred Stephen, the vice-admiralty commission was given to Justice Samuel Milford instead. Milford regularly sat in the court at least one day a week. However, when Milford was appointed the Resident Judge at Moreton Bay (being the precursor of the Supreme Court of Queensland, Stephen offered to resign his commission as judge in vice-admiralty. The British authorities declined that request and advised that if Stephen was to resign his admiralty commission, by necessity, he would have to resign his commission as chief justice of the Supreme Court.

title: Admiralty court

text: In 1875, the High Court of Admiralty governing England and Wales was absorbed into the new Probate, Divorce and Admiralty (or PDA) Division of the High Court. When the PDA Division was in turn abolished and replaced by the Family Division, the "probate" and "admiralty" jurisdictions were transferred to, respectively, the Chancery Division and to the new "Admiralty Court" (a subset of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court). Strictly speaking, there was no longer an "Admiralty Court" as such, but the admiralty jurisdiction allocated by the Senior Courts Act 1981 was (and is) exercised by the Admiralty Judge and other Commercial Court judges authorized to sit in Admiralty cases. When these judges sat, it became convenient to call the sitting the "Admiralty Court".

title: USS Enterprise (CV-6)

text: Finally, she was presented with a British Admiralty pennant that was hoisted when a majority of the Admiralty Board members were present. The pennant was given to the ""Big E"" as an unofficial token of respect from an ally.

title: Bermuda Admiralty Case

text: The Bermuda Admiralty Case occurred in 1861 during the Union blockade of the Confederacy. Confederate agents in Liverpool, England were loading a British steamer, the Bermuda, with munitions for the Confederate Army when United States Minister Charles Francis Adams learned of it, and notified Foreign Secretary Lord Russell. Russell replied that the Crown Admiralty law officers found the evidence insufficient to warrant interference; their law applied only to the equipment of vessels to be used as transports or cruisers, and not to the nature of the cargo. The "Bermuda" sailed, and safely ran the blockade into Savannah.

title: Admiralty House, Sydney

text: In 1913, this part of the history of Admiralty House came to a close when the last British admiral left the house and the Royal Australian Navy took over responsibility for the naval defence of Australia.

title: Admiralty, Singapore

text: This name "Admiralty" reflects the area's association with the large British Naval Base (in the Sembawang area) that was established between 1923 and 1941. Given that the residence of the Rear Admiral of the British Navy was located in this area, the road name probably reflects the Naval High Command. When the British began the construction of the Naval Base they laid out and developed Admiralty Road in 1923 which ran through the Naval Base area. The base was the key British installation in the region and was projected as the Asian bastion of the British Empire between the world wars.

title: Eric Geddes

text: The German U-boat campaign unleashed unrestricted attacks in February 1917. As the British merchant fleet was suffering, Lloyd George transferred Geddes to the Admiralty as Civilian Lord with the rank of vice-admiral. He was given control of British shipbuilding, charged with making up for as many of the losses as possible. He found the Admiralty in disarray and wrote to his friend Field Marshal Haig about the lack of drive. On 19 June 1917 First Sea Lord Jellicoe confessed to the War Cabinet that they were losing. Haig and Geddes breakfasted with Lloyd George to demand a new administration in the Admiralty.

title: Broadcast to Allied Merchant Ships

text: On the outbreak of World War II, the British Admiralty took over control from the GPO, and the embryo merchant ship broadcast system, called "GBMS" came into force. Ships listed at routine times to the Rugby Radio Station and to area stations, otherwise keeping watch on the international distress frequency at 500 kHz. After the fall of France, the Admiralty assumed control of all Allied merchant shipping which complied with British procedures. When America entered the war, the world was divided into two strategic zones, the Admiralty being responsible for merchant shipping on one, and the US Navy Department in another.

title: Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment

text: The Admiralty Signal and Radar Establishment (ASRE) originally known as the Experimental Department and later known as the Admiralty Signal Establishment (ASE) and Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment (ASWE) was a research organisation of the British Royal Navy established in 1917 it existed until 1959 when it was merged with the Admiralty Gunnery Establishment to form the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment its headquarters were located in Haslemere, Surrey, England.

title: Naval Works Department (Royal Navy)

text: The Naval Works Department was the former British Admiralty department responsible for managing and maintaining all civil engineering works in the Royal Navy dockyards it was established on the 25th March 1796 until 1813 when it was replaced by the new Department of the Surveyor of Buildings when the Admiralty decided to direct its function more towards Naval Architectural Works.

title: Vice Admiralty Court (New South Wales)

text: The court was abolished when the court's jurisdiction was finally given to the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 4 May 1911 through an order made by the British Privy Council. This order was made under the previous Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890 (UK). From that time on, the Supreme Court was the Colonial Court of Admiralty and exercised the jurisdiction of that court.

title: Admiralty

text: The First Lord of the Admiralty or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty was the British government's senior civilian adviser on all naval affairs and the minister responsible for the direction and control of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office later the Department of Admiralty.(+) His office was supported by the Naval Secretariat.[8]

title: Sidney Reilly

text: In 1904 the Board of the Admiralty projected that petroleum would supplant coal as the primary source of fuel for the Royal Navy. During their investigation, the British Admiralty learned that an Australian mining-engineer William Knox D'Arcy—who founded the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC)—had obtained the valuable concession from the Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar regarding the oil rights in southern Persia. D'Arcy was negotiating a similar concession from the Ottoman Empire for oil rights in Mesopotamia. The Admiralty initiated efforts to entice D'Arcy to sell his newly acquired oil rights to the British Government rather than to the French de Rothschilds.

title: HMAS Supply (AO 195)

text: The tanker was operated by the British Admiralty with a civilian crew as a Royal Fleet Auxiliary under the name "Tide Austral" from 1955 to 1962. Her service under Admiralty control included various charter periods, including two years (1956–58) when she was employed at the Admiralty's discretion, operating in direct payment of a debt incurred for the taking over of Shell Tankers Ltd building berths.

title: HMS Redbridge (1798)

text: At the time of "Redbridge"s capture, Lemprière had aboard an unauthorised copy of the British naval signal book. At the time, officers below the rank of commander were forbidden by regulations to have such copies, but many did so. Unfortunately, Lemprière did not have the presence of mind to destroy the book before the French captured him. The French used the signals to try to lure into Toulon a British boat outside the harbour, but the captain,sensing something amiss, did not take the bait. When Nelson found out that the flags had been compromised he changed them and informed the Admiralty. On 4 November the Admiralty ordered all commanders-in-chief to change the numeral flags in accordance with a new pattern. The Admiralty also ordered that the commanders impound all other unauthorised copies.

title: Vice admiralty court

text: The Sierra Leone Court of Vice Admiralty was founded by George Canning the British Foreign Secretary on 2 May 1807. Its role was to enforce the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the later Slave Trade Felony Act 1811. It provided the legal basis according to which the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron could operate. The letters patent indicated that the courts role was the confiscation of ships involved in the slave trade, the liberation of the enslaved Africans and the confiscation of any other goods found on board. The Court functioned until 1817 when it was replaced by a Mixed Commission Court.

title: Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)

text: German ships had to report their position every night by wireless and British listening posts along the east coast took cross-bearings to find the positions of the ships when they transmitted. This signals intelligence meant that the British did not need wasteful defensive standing patrols and sweeps of the North Sea but could economise on fuel and use the time for training and maintenance. The Admiralty also uncovered the German order of battle and tracked the deployment of ships, which gave them an offensive advantage. The lack of a proper war staff at the Admiralty and poor liaison between Room 40, Oliver and the operations staff, meant that the advantage was poorly exploited in 1915. (It was not until 1917 that this was remedied.) When German ships sailed, information from Room 40 needed to be passed on quickly but Oliver found it hard to delegate and would not routinely supply all decrypts; commanders at sea were supplied only with what the Admiralty thought they needed. Information could reach the Grand Fleet late, incomplete or mistakenly interpreted. When Jellicoe asked for a decryption section to take to sea, he was refused on security grounds.

title: B-Dienst

text: In September 1941, these incidents prompted a full investigation of the Kriegsmarine Enigma's security, which was instigated by Dönitz. The investigation team analyzed a series of Admiralty intercepts and found one conspicuous (German:Auffällige) case. A decrypted British report correctly described a group of U-boats in the southern sector The investigators found this striking (German:Besonders Auffällig), as according to Dönitz reports, the U-boats in the southern sector had not signaled their position after departure, and Kriegsmarine Command had not received any information regarding their attacks since heading south. The Admiralty intercepts had added "no cross bearing" and "no direction finding", so Huff-Duff direction finding did not appear to be the source of the information leading to the location of the submarine pack. However, the investigation team had discovered that another U-Boat, the U-83 had signaled, and the Admiralty needed to see it, it must have been noticed and have been included in the Admiralty Situation Report. The report concluded "it is unambiguously clear that that U-boat would have been announced with the one which signaled at 1209 on 2nd September (U-83)". This explanation allowed the investigation team to decide it was British Huff-Duff that explained this case. The team also found two additional scenarios which could reinforce British direction-finding as the cause and tie it to the information in the Situation Report, and that involved the U-boats themselves:

title: Vice admiralty court

text: A Vice Admiralty Court was formed in Nova Scotia to try smugglers and to enforce the Sugar Act of 1764 throughout British North America. From 1763–1765, when American smugglers were caught, they were tried by corrupt judges who received a percentage of the confiscated goods, if the defendants were found guilty; therefore, defendants were less than likely to be found innocent. References required for the assertion of corrupt judges.

title: Admiralty of Rotterdam

text: The Admiralty of Rotterdam was founded in 1574 during the Dutch Revolt, when (after the Capture of Brielle) William I of Orange's supporters decided to pool their naval resources at Rotterdam. After a number of reorganisations seeking to foster cooperation between the admiralties, the structure of the five admiralties was determined and defined in a 1597 decision of the States-General of the Netherlands. The admiralty had branches for equipping warships, protecting overseas trade and traffic on the sea and rivers, collecting taxes, and jurisdiction over loot and prize-setting. This situation remained in place until the admiralties were dissolved in 1795.

title: Staff (military)

text: The Admiralty Naval Staff was the senior command, operational planning, policy and strategy department within the British Admiralty. It was established in 1917 and existed until 1964 when the department of the Admiralty was abolished, and the staff departments function were taken over by the Naval Staff.

title: Vice admiralty court

text: When the American Revolutionary War began, and the British court system effectively collapsed in America, the Continental Congress debated whether or not Admiralty jurisdiction should be returned to the regular court system or if each state should form its own admiralty court. State admiralty courts were established from 1776 onward in all the states, the first of which being in Connecticut, Boston, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, South Carolina and Virginia. However, only a handful of these courts actually allowed for jury trials and appeals to Congress. Eventually, the American Constitution formed in 1789 vested Admiralty jurisdiction in federal district courts.

title: Admiralty House, London

text: Admiralty House was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell, a protégé of Sir Robert Taylor, and opened in 1788. Built at the request of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Howe, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1782–83 for "a few small rooms of my own", it was the official residence of First Lords of the Admiralty until 1964, and has also been home to several British Prime Ministers when 10 Downing Street was being renovated. U.S. President John F. Kennedy attended a meeting there with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1962 to discuss the allies' reaction to the communist threat and more wide-ranging matters.

title: Admiralty Record Office

text: The Admiralty Record Office was a former office of the British Admiralty responsible for the collection, filing and management of all official Admiralty documents from 1809 until 1964.

title: Admiralty court

text: A vice admiralty court was also formed in Nova Scotia to try smugglers and to enforce the Sugar Act of 1764 throughout British North America. From 1763 to 1765, when American smugglers were caught, they were tried by corrupt judges who received a percentage of the confiscated goods if the defendants were found guilty; therefore, defendants were more than likely to be found guilty.

title: Lieutenant of the Admiralty

text: The Lieutenant of the Admiralty (or Lieutenant-Admiral) is first found in about the middle of the 15th century, as the Deputy or Assistant to the Lord High Admiral of England. In 1545 the Lieutenant of the Admiralty presided over the Council of the Marine. In 1546, when the Navy Board was formed, the Lieutenant of the Admiralty was appointed as its Head , but this ceased in 1564 when the Treasurer of the Navy became the Head of the Board. The post was revived in 1604 when it appears to have been given as a mark of honourable distinction - with a salary of -£100p.a., including two clerks and certain travelling expenses. In 1672 the post of Lieutenant of the Admiralty was merged into that of Vice-Admiral of England until 1707. The title became part of the office of the Vice-Admiral of Great Britain until 1800. From 1801 the office was joined with that of Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom, and was the second most powerful position in the Royal Navy.


query: What historic site means?

title: Historic site

text: Historic site or Heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with the official national historic site status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, or national significance.

title: Wormsloe Historic Site

text: The Wormsloe Historic Site, informally known as Wormsloe Plantation, is a state historic site near Savannah, Georgia, in the southeastern United States. The site consists of protecting part of what was once the Wormsloe Plantation, a large estate established by one of Georgia's colonial founders, Noble Jones (c. 1700-1775). The site includes a picturesque oak avenue, the ruins of Jones' fortified house built of tabby, a museum, and a demonstration area interpreting colonial daily life.

title: Texas Historical Commission

text: The Texas Historical Commission preserves and operates 22 state historic sites across Texas. These unique places honor the past and inspire an understanding of what it means to be a Texan. From American Indian sites to frontier forts to common and elegant homes and the leaders and statesmen who lived in them, these sites enrich people’s lives through history.

title: Ntolonapemk, Eastern Surplus Superfund Site

text: "Ntolonapemk" is a historic name given to the site by the local Passamaquoddy tribe, meaning "Our Relative's Place". It is located on the south shore of Meddybemps Lake, at its outlet into the Dennys River. The site was locally well known as a place where small stone artifacts could be found, and was used as a storage site for military surplus goods by the Eastern Surplus Company beginning in 1946. In the 1980s it was identified as a Superfund site, and cleanup began in 1998. The area was first identified by state archaeologists in 1967, and underwent an in-depth excavations in 2000 and 2001. The site is located along what was a well-traveled Native route between Passamaquoddy Bay and the interior of Maine, and has yielded evidence of periodic occupation of the site from the Early Archaic (c. 8000 BCE) to the time of European contact and beyond.

title: Institute for Historical Review

text: The question [of whether the IHR denies the Holocaust] appears to turn on IHR's Humpty-Dumpty word game with the word Holocaust. According to Mark Weber, associate editor of the IHR's Journal of Historical Review [now Director of the IHR], "If by the 'Holocaust' you mean the political persecution of Jews, some scattered killings, if you mean a cruel thing that happened, no one denies that. But if one says that the 'Holocaust' means the systematic extermination of six to eight million Jews in concentration camps, that's what we think there's not evidence for." That is, IHR doesn't deny that the Holocaust happened; they just deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people customarily use it for.

title: Towosahgy State Historic Site

text: Towosahgy State Historic Site (23MI2), also known as "Beckwith's Fort," is a large Mississippian earthwork mound site with a Woodland period Baytown culture component located in Mississippi County, Missouri. It is believed to have been inhabited from c. 400-1350. The site is maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources as a state historic site. The name "Towosahgy" is an Osage word which means "old town." It is not known if members of the historic Osage, who dominated a large area of present-day Missouri at the beginning of encounter with European colonizers, occupied the site. The site includes the Beckwith's Fort Archeological Site, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

title: Bethabara Historic District

text: Bethabara (from the Hebrew, meaning "House of Passage" and pronounced beth-ab-bra, the name of the traditional site of the Baptism of Jesus Christ) was a village located in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina. It was the site where twelve men from the Moravian Church first settled in 1753 in an abandoned cabin in the tract of land the church had purchased from Lord Granville and dubbed Wachovia.

title: Bauschänzli

text: The name "Bauschänzli" derives from the former building site "Bauplatz Schanz", meaning "construction site at the Lair" or, literally, bastion. Later, it was popularly called "Schänzlein im Wasser", situated in the historical Kratz quarter. It was built as a bulwark. A picket fence was built in the south on what was the shore of Lake Zurich, between 1657 and 1662 AD.

title: Sibley Historic Site

text: The Sibley Historic Site is the site of Henry Hastings Sibley's home, who was the regional manager of the American Fur Company and Minnesota's first governor. It is one of the 26 historical sites that are operated by the Minnesota Historical Society. Located in what is now the city of Mendota, the site consists of four limestone buildings and a large lawn area. Three of the buildings are open for touring, including a fur company cold store from 1843 and the 1840 home of fur trader and hotelier Jean-Baptiste Faribault.

title: Living history

text: Many factors contribute to creating a setting in which visitors to living history sites can become active participants in their historical education. Two of the most important are the material culture and the interpreters. Material culture both grounds the audience in the time and place being portrayed, and provides a jumping-off point for conversation. “Interpreters” are the individuals who embody historical figures at living history sites. It is their responsibility to take the historical research that has been done on the sites and decide what meaning it has. These meanings are often a melding of fact and folklore.

title: Second Battle of Newtonia

text: The Second Battle of Newtonia Site is a historic battlefield site listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The site consist of the battlefield site as a whole plus what has been designated as the cornfield site, the artillery ridge site and the Granby Road site. The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved of the Newtonia battlefield.

title: James W. Loewen

text: At present, Loewen is researching a new book, "Surprises on the Landscape: Unexpected Places That Get History Right". The book is planned as follow-up to "Lies Across America", which noted historically inaccurate or misleading historical markers and sites across the United States. "Surprises" will call attention to historical sites that are accurate and provide honest representations of events. His official website invites the public to comment on what towns and historical sites should be included in terms of presenting history right.

title: Kota Buruk

text: Kota Buruk, literally meaning "Fort of Ruins" in Malay, is a historic site believed to be located at today's Kampung Tanjung Selabu, Jorak, Sungai Terap, Bukit Pasir, Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia. This site purportedly said to be identified as the original Kota Buruk location and is being preserved as a historic place for the public to visit. Nearby, another historic site, the fort of Biawak Busuk, is believed to be located.

title: Snake River Fur Post

text: The site was rediscovered in 1931 by a local Pine City resident, who found artifacts such as musket flints in the soil. He returned to the site over the next three decades to explore it. In 1958, he found a book, "Five Fur Traders in the North West", that contained the journal of John Sayer. The Pine City resident contacted the Minnesota Historical Society and explained what he had found. The Minnesota Historical Society performed some field testing in 1963 to determine the character of the site. In 1965 through 1967, a group of Hamline University students excavated the site and recovered hundreds of artifacts. The Minnesota Historical Society reconstructed the post in 1968 and 1969 and opened the site as a historic site in 1970. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

title: List of archaeological sites in Tennessee

text: The following list of archaeological sites in Tennessee encompasses sites that have either contributed substantially or have the potential to contribute substantially to research regarding people who have lived in what is now Tennessee. Note that a "historical" site is not necessarily an "archaeological" site. According to the Tennessee Division of Archaeology Site Survey Record, official site numbers are generally assigned to historic sites only if artifacts and/or historic documentation for that site support a pre–1933 date. Historical sites are included in the following list only if actual field work has been conducted at the site.

title: Historicity (philosophy)

text: Michel-Rolph Trouillot offers a different insight into the meaning and uses of historicity. Trouillot explains, "The ways in which what happened, and what is said to have happened are and are not the same may itself be historical".

title: List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Hamilton, Ontario

text: This is a list of National Historic Sites () in Hamilton, Ontario. There are 15 National Historic Sites designated in Hamilton, of which one () is administered by Parks Canada (identified below by the beaver icon ). Burlington Heights was designated in 1929 and was the first site designated within what are now the boundaries of Hamilton.

title: Grand Mound (Minnesota)

text: The site once had a visitor center operated by the Minnesota Historical Society, opened in 1975. The visitor center was closed in 2003 and the site was closed to the public in 2007, amid concerns that having tourists viewing burial sites was inappropriate. Bill Keyes, the head of the Historical Society's historic sites and museums division, said, "What we heard from tribal elders was that this was like a cemetery, it was a burial ground, and that operating it as a tourist attraction was really not an appropriate way to go."

title: Blackfoot Crossing

text: Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park is a complex of historic sites on the Siksika 146 Indian reserve in Alberta, Canada. This crossing of the Bow River was traditionally a bison-hunting and gathering place for the Siksika people and their allies in the Blackfoot Confederacy. Nearby are the remains of an ancient earthlodge village, believed to have been built by people from the Upper Mississippi valley in what is now the United States. It is unique in being an example of a permanent village on the plains: an area associated with nomadic hunting. The crossing became an important place in Canadian history when Treaty 7 was signed here between the native nations of what is now southern Alberta and the Canadian government on behalf of the Crown in 1877. It was also here that Crowfoot, chief of the Siksika, is believed to have died and been buried. As well, Poundmaker, a chief of the Cree who had been ceremonially adopted by Crowfoot in order to create peace between the Blackfoot and the Cree, was also buried here until being moved in 1967. In 1925 the traditional gathering site and the treaty signing site were declared National Historic Sites of Canada by the federal government's Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. In 1972, the earthlodge village was also declared a national historic site.

title: New Milford Plant of the Hackensack Water Company

text: In 1990, United Water (formerly Hackensack Water Company) ceased using the site and offered it to Oradell, then Bergen County. The island is currently in a state of transition and the focus of a battle between the county and conservation groups regarding its future status and use as a park and/or recreational area. Preservation New Jersey voted the plant "One of 10 Most Endangered Historic Sites" in 1996. In 2002, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Hackensack Water Company site on its list of "11 Most Endangered National Historic Places". In May 2001, the site was listed on "New Jersey Register of Historic Places - Period of Historic Importance 1882-1914". The site is currently in a state of disrepair, and although proposals have been made by Bergen County for what to do with the site, its future is uncertain. Bergen County Division of Historic and Cultural Affairs is attempting to build public support for redeveloping the site. In August 2011, the state awarded $704,000 to be administered by the New Jersey Historic Trust for the stabilization of buildings at the complex so that the site could be opened to the general public.

title: Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England

text: Since 1995, the Garden History Society has been a statutory consultee in relation to planning proposals which affect historic designed landscapes identified by Historic England as being of national significance and which are included on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. This means that when a planning authority receives a planning application which affects a site on the Register, or the setting of such a site, the planning authority must consult the Garden History Society. This applies to registered sites of all grades. In addition, Historic England must be consulted where a planning proposal affects a site which is included on the Register at Grade I or Grade II*.

title: Sandhurst, Gloucestershire

text: Originally Ablodes Court, meaning the Abbots Lode Court. "The Abbots crossing for the River Seven", a property and site with a history dating back to the 13th century. During the 15th to 17th centuries, this area and what forms a large part of Sandhurst was known as the hamlet of Ablodes. There are many early historical references to the site held by the National Archives. Ablodes Court is even mentioned in, "The Landscape of Beowulf". It is now a private home and grounds owned by a publisher and children’s writer.

title: History painting

text: Initially, "history painting" and "historical painting" were used interchangeably in English, as when Sir Joshua Reynolds in his fourth "Discourse" uses both indiscriminately to cover "history painting", while saying "...it ought to be called poetical, as in reality it is", reflecting the French term "peinture historique", one equivalent of "history painting". The terms began to separate in the 19th century, with "historical painting" becoming a sub-group of "history painting" restricted to subjects taken from history in its normal sense. In 1853 John Ruskin asked his audience: "What do you at present "mean" by historical painting? Now-a-days it means the endeavour, by the power of imagination, to portray some historical event of past days." So for example Harold Wethey's three-volume catalogue of the paintings of Titian (Phaidon, 1969–75) is divided between "Religious Paintings", "Portraits", and "Mythological and Historical Paintings", though both volumes I and III cover what is included in the term "History Paintings". This distinction is useful but is by no means generally observed, and the terms are still often used in a confusing manner. Because of the potential for confusion modern academic writing tends to avoid the phrase "historical painting", talking instead of "historical subject matter" in history painting, but where the phrase is still used in contemporary scholarship it will normally mean the painting of subjects from history, very often in the 19th century. "Historical painting" may also be used, especially in discussion of painting techniques in conservation studies, to mean "old", as opposed to modern or recent painting.

title: SS Clan Ranald (1900)

text: "Clan Ranald" is protected under the Commonwealth "Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976". This means that the site and all of the artefacts associated with the site have been declared historic and protected. No artefacts should be removed from the site and damage to the site is illegal.

title: Oakland Mills, Columbia, Maryland

text: In 1987, the State of Maryland and Howard County approved a road widening which affected the historic buildings at Oakland Mills site. In 2011, the Blacksmith House was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The same year, the Maryland State Highway Administration commissioned a Maryland Historical Trust survey to include adjoining mill buildings declaring the site not eligible for state historical status because they "no longer effectively reflect their historic design or association with the historic mill site". County executive Ken Ulman broke ground at the project May 28, 2014, in front of the Mill Buildings announcing, "It means we can be more productive in our careers. It means we can get to our kids' practices and games on time. It means more quality time for families."

title: Biblical criticism

text: Post-critical biblical interpretation shares the postmodernist suspicion of non-neutrality of traditional approaches, but is not hostile toward theology. It begins with the understanding that historical biblical criticism's focus on historicity produced a distinction between the meaning of what the text says and what it is about (what it references). This produced doubts about the text's veracity. The theologian Hans Frei writes that what he refers to as the "realistic narratives" of literature, including the Bible, don't allow for such separation. Subject matter is identical to verbal meaning and is found in plot and nowhere else. "As Frei puts it, scripture 'simultaneously depicts and renders the reality (if any) of what it talks about'; its subject matter is 'constituted by, or identical with, its narrative'."

title: Casa Navarro State Historic Site

text: The site is situated in the heart of old San Antonio, in what used to be a thriving Tejano neighborhood known as Laredito. The structures were acquired and restored by the San Antonio Conservation Society between 1960 and 1964, and the site was opened to the public in October 1964. The site was designated a Texas State Historic Landmark in 1962, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. On January 1, 2008, the house was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2016.

title: Fort Douglas (Canada)

text: Today the site of Fort Douglas is located on Waterfront Drive in downtown Winnipeg, in Fort Douglas Park. As the heart of the Selkirk Settlement and the first significant structure in what is today Winnipeg's historic Exchange District, the site of the fort is the most important historical site in the district. The eminent Canadian historian Professor Chester Martin of the University of Manitoba, in 1924 described the site of Fort Douglas as "perhaps the most historic site in the prairie provinces."

title: Sexual meanings

text: Sexual meanings are the meanings that are attributed, by a particular cultural-social-historical context, to sexual acts and broadly to all the aspects of the erotic dimension of human sexual experience. This also include the beliefs on what is considered sexual and what is not. Sexual meanings are social and cultural constructs, and they are metabolized and subjectivized by the individual only after cultural and social mediation.

title: Post-excavation analysis

text: After excavations are complete, sometimes archaeologists need to use additional sources of evidence to form new conclusions or complement findings derived from the most common artifact types. Additional sources include small artifacts and historical documents. Small artifacts, such as clay tobacco pipes, can be used to date sites. In the case of tobacco pipes, bore diameters are measured and then averaged and compared with a table of diameters to indicate a probable site date. Historical sources can be examined to provide more context for site activities. One must be careful not to base interpretations of a site on historical sources, but to use them to complement or contradict trends examined in the archaeological material alone. Just as one must take care when interpreting the results of archaeological analyses, one must also be careful when determining the weight of historical documents in forming conclusions about a site. The analyst must ask questions such as: Who was this document written by? What was his or her sociocultural position? What factors may skew his or her interpretations?

title: Varna Necropolis

text: The site was accidentally discovered in October 1972 by excavator operator Raycho Marinov. The first to value the significant historical meaning was Dimitar Zlatarski, the creator of the Dalgopol Historical Museum. He was called by the locals to examine what they had found earlier that day. He realized how important the finding was, so he contacted the Varna Historical Museum and, after signing government papers, he handed over the research to the direction of Mihail Lazarov (1972–1976) and Ivan Ivanov (1972–1991). About 30% of the estimated necropolis area is still not excavated.