query: Where do Sun Bears live?

title: Sun bear

text: The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a bear species occurring in tropical forest habitats of Southeast Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The global population is thought to have declined by more than 30% over the past three bear generations. Suitable habitat has been dramatically reduced due to the large-scale deforestation that has occurred throughout Southeast Asia over the past three decades.[1]

title: Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre

text: The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre is a wildlife conservation and research centre for improving animal welfare and rehabilitation of the Malayan sun bear ("Helarctos malayanus"). It also aims to raise public awareness about the plight of the sun bears and to raise conservation awareness about this species.

title: Ursid hybrid

text: A recent study found genetic evidence of multiple instances and species combinations where genetic material has passed the species boundary in bears (a process called introgression by geneticists). Specifically, species with evidence of past intermingling were (1) brown bear and American black bear, (2) brown bear and polar bear, (3) American black bear and Asian black bear, (4) bears currently distributed in Asia (sloth bear, sun bear and Asian black bear). Overall, this study shows that evolution in the bear family (Ursidae) has not been strictly bifurcating, but instead showed complex evolutionary relationships.

title: Sun bear

text: The sun bear's fur is usually jet-black, short, and sleek with some under-wool; some individual sun bears are reddish or gray.[3] Two whirls occur on the shoulders, from where the hair radiates in all directions. A crest is seen on the sides of the neck and a whorl occurs in the centre of the breast patch. Always, a more or less crescent-shaped pale patch is found on the breast that varies individually in colour ranging from buff, cream, or dirty white to ochreous. The skin is naked on the upper lip. The tongue is long and protrusible. The ears are small and round, broad at the base, and capable of very little movement. The front legs are somewhat bowed with the paws turned inwards, and the claws are cream.[4]

title: Sun bear

text: As sun bears occur in tropical regions with year-round available foods, they do not hibernate. Except for females with their offspring, they are usually solitary.[1] Male sun bears are primarily diurnal, but some are active at night for short periods. Bedding sites consist mainly of fallen hollow logs, but they also rest in standing trees with cavities, in cavities underneath fallen logs or tree roots, and in tree branches high above the ground.[13]

title: Brown bear

text: Brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. Due to their smaller size, American black bears are at a competitive disadvantage to brown bears in open, unforested areas. Although displacement of American black bears by brown bears has been documented, actual interspecific killing of American black bears by brown bears has only occasionally been reported. Confrontation is mostly avoided due to the American black bear's diurnal habits and preference for heavily forested areas, as opposed to the brown bear's largely nocturnal habits and preference for open spaces. Where they do not live in close proximity to grizzly bears, and especially where found near human habitations, American black bears may become, to a larger extent, nocturnal. Brown bears may also kill Asian black bears, though the latter species probably largely avoids conflicts with the brown bear due to similar habits and habitat preferences to the American black species. Brown bears will eat the fruit dropped from trees by the Asian black bear, as they themselves are too large and cumbersome to climb. Improbably, in the Himalayas, brown bears are reportedly intimidated by Asian black bears in confrontations. However, the Himalayan black bears are reportedly more aggressive towards humans than the Himalayan brown bear, and the latter is one of the smaller types of brown bear, though still somewhat larger than the Asian black bear. In Siberia, the opposite is true, and Asian black bears are not known to attack people, but brown bears are. Both species of black bear seem to be most vulnerable to predatory attacks by brown bears when the latter species leaves hibernation sooner in early spring and ambushes the smaller ursids in their dens.

title: Sun bear

text: The Malayan sun bear (H. m. malayanus (Raffles, 1821)) occurs on the Asian mainland and Sumatra.[11] The Bornean sun bear (H. m. euryspilus (Horsfield, 1825)) occurs only on the island of Borneo.[12]

title: Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre

text: In March 2010, the first phase of the structural development of the centre culminated in the opening of a new 20-bear house and outdoor enclosures in the Sepilok Forest Reserve. In April 2010, the existing captive bears were moved into their new living spaces, integrated into 'bear groups' and given access to outdoor enclosures during the day.

title: Sun bear

text: The main predator of sun bears throughout its range by far is man. Commercial poaching of bears for the wildlife trade is a considerable threat in most countries. During surveys in Kalimantan between 1994 and 1997, interviewees admitted to hunting sun bears and indicated that sun bear meat is eaten by indigenous people in several areas in Kalimantan. High consumption of bear parts was reported to occur where Japanese or Korean expatriate employees of timber companies created a temporary demand. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) shops in Sarawak and Sabah offered sun bear gallbladders. Several confiscated sun bears indicated that live bears are also in demand for the pet trade.[20]

title: Disney Junior – Live on Stage!

text: The scene then shifted back to Bear's house, where Bear suggested that if everyone danced, Tutter would too. Pip and Pop then sang a song, encouraging the audience (and Tutter) to dance. Tutter then thanks the audience for being such good friends. After the others left, Bear realized that they hadn’t seen Luna yet. Bear then told Luna the events of the day, before concluding that with friends, there is nothing you can't do. Bear and Luna, along with the rest of the gang, then sing the "Goodbye Song" as the show ends.

title: Asian black bear

text: Along with sun bears, Asiatic black bears are the most typically used species in areas where bears are either used in performances or as pets.[67] Asian black bears have an outstanding learning ability in captivity, and are among the most common species used in circus acts.[68] According to Gary Brown:

title: Asian black bear

text: Asiatic black bears are diurnal, though they become nocturnal near human habitations. They may live in family groups consisting of two adults and two successive litters of young. They will walk in a procession of largest to smallest. They are good climbers of rocks and trees, and will climb to feed, rest, sun, elude enemies and hibernate. Some older bears may become too heavy to climb.[27] Half of their life is spent in trees and they are one of the largest arboreal mammals.[15] In the Ussuri territory in the Russian Far East, black bears can spend up to 15% of their time in trees.[3] Asiatic black bears break branches and twigs to place under themselves when feeding on trees, thus causing many trees in their home ranges to have nest-like structures on their tops.[15] Asiatic black bears will rest for short periods in nests on trees standing fifteen feet or higher.[27] Asiatic black bears do not hibernate over most of their range. They may hibernate in their colder, northern ranges, though some bears will simply move to lower elevations. Nearly all pregnant sows hibernate. Black bears prepare their dens for hibernation in mid-October, and will sleep from November until March. Their dens can either be dug out hollow trees (sixty feet above ground), caves or holes in the ground, hollow logs, or steep, mountainous and sunny slopes.[27] They may also den in abandoned brown bear dens. Asiatic black bears tend to den at lower elevations and on less steep slopes than brown bears. Female black bears emerge from dens later than do males, and female black bears with cubs emerge later than barren females.[28] Asiatic black bears tend to be less mobile than brown bears. With sufficient food, Asian black bears can remain in an area of roughly 1–2sqkm, and sometimes even as little as 0.5–1sqkm.[27]

title: Ursid hybrid

text: In 2005, a possible black bear/sun bear hybrid cub was captured in the Mekong River watershed of eastern Cambodia. The hybrid's mane was relatively slight, forming a crest on each side of the neck, as is typical in sun bears and some black bears. The appearance of its face was intermediate between that of the sun bear and the black bear, though its ears and large stout canines closely resembled those of the sun bear. Overall, the hybrid resembled an Asiatic black bear with an unusually glossy pelage and an unusual head.

title: Lightwater Valley

text: The park also hosted a number of events including 'Meet the Angry Birds' (Sun 29 & Mon 30 May), 'Superheroes Live!' (Sat 4 & Sun 5 May), 'The Ultimate Bungee' - (Sat 25 June), 'Teddy Bears' Picnic' (Sat 6 & Sun 7 August) and 'Andy Day's Dinosaur Weekend' (Sat 20 & Sun 21 August).

title: Sun bear

text: Tigers and other large cats are potential predators.[22] American Museum of Natural History naturalist and co-founder Albert S. Bickmore described a case in which a tiger-sun bear interaction resulted in a prolonged altercation and in the death of both animals.[23] A wild female sun bear was swallowed by a large reticulated python in a lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan. The python possibly had come across the sleeping bear. Other predators on mainland Southeast Asia and Sumatra could be the leopard and the clouded leopard, although the latter could be too small to kill an adult sun bear.[24]

title: Sun bear

text: Comprehensive research about sun bear conservation and rehabilitation is the mission of the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre in Sandakan, Sabah, founded in 2008 by wildlife biologist Wong Siew Te.

title: Sloth bear

text: Sloth bear fur is completely black (rusty for some specimens), save for a whitish Y- or V-shaped mark on the chest. This feature is sometimes absent, particularly in Sri Lankan specimens. This feature, which is also present in Asian black bears and sun bears, is thought to serve as a threat display, as all three species are sympatric with tigers (tigers usually do not carry out attacks on an adult bear if the bear is aware or facing the cat). The coat is long, shaggy, and unkempt, despite the relatively warm environment in which the species is found, and is particularly heavy behind the neck and between the shoulders, forming a mane which can be long. The belly and underlegs can be almost bare. Sloth bears are usually about the same size as an Asian black bear but are immediately distinctive for their shaggier coat, whitish claws, as well as their typically rangier build. Their head and mouth is highly distinct from that of a black bear with a longer, narrower skull shape (particularly the snout), loose-looking, flappier lips and paler muzzle colour. In few areas of overlap, sloth bear confusion with sun bears is unlikely, given the latter species considerably smaller size, much shorter fur, wrinkled folding skin (especially around the back), bolder chest marking and drastically different, more compact head structure and appearance.

title: Sun Bear Concerts

text: Sun Bear Concerts is a live album of solo improvisations by jazz pianist Keith Jarrett. The album was recorded in Japan in 1976. It was released as a ten-LP set and then as a six-CD box set.

text: The 2012–13 Mercer Bears men's basketball team represented Mercer University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bears, led by fifth year head coach Bob Hoffman, played their home games at Hawkins Arena on the university's Macon, Georgia campus and were members of the Atlantic Sun Conference. They finished the season 24–12, 14–4 in A-Sun play to win the regular season conference championship. They advanced to the championship game of the Atlantic Sun Tournament where they lost to Florida Gulf Coast. As a regular season conference champions who failed to win their conference tournament, they received an automatic bid to the 2013 NIT where they defeated Tennessee in the first round before losing in the second round to BYU.

title: Sun bear

text: Malayan sun bear at the Columbus Zoo A juvenile sun bear at the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, Malaysia Three sun bears at the Medan old zoo in Jalan Brigjen Katamso, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia.

title: Phallus (fungus)

text: The genus was first mentioned in the literature by the Dutch botanist Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), who, in 1564 wrote a short book published in Delft on the "Phallus in Hollandia", describing a mushroom in the form of a penis. He was not convinced that the organism was fungal in nature:... I am not sure that our Phallus falls within the class of the fungi. I will not definitely decide to place it there because I do not want to make a judgment before others who know more about the matter. The lightness, however, and looseness of the substance and (a necessary condition for the existence of sponges) the sour sap of the moist earth where it was born, all bear witness that it belongs to the family of the fungi. However, the folds and creases, which do not exist here, but do among fungi, bear witness against it. There is also no trace of the cap that is normally connected to the stalk. Here the hat takes the place of the cap, and it can be removed without damage. Moreover, the site where it lives also argues against it, because this plant can only be found in dunes, and only there where old marram grass grows. Fungi, on the other hand, as stated clearly by authors, live in swampy, dirty, and rotting moist places, such as close to the roots of oak trees.

title: Grizzly bear

text: The grizzly bear is, by nature, a long-living animal. The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26. Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; they do not engage in seasonal breeding fights as males do. The oldest wild inland grizzly was 34 years old in Alaska; the oldest coastal bear was 39, but most grizzlies die in their first few years of life from predation or hunting. Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.

title: Sun Yat Sen Memorial House

text: Sun Yat Sen Memorial House (; ) or Memorial House of Dr. Sun Yat Sen is a museum located in São Lázaro, Macau, China where former family members and relatives of Sun Yat-sen, the 'Father of Modern China' used to live. The House bears witness to his short but significant stay in Macau in the early 20th century where Macau serve as the starting point for Dr. Sun's travels around the world; it also act as an important venue in which he conducted revolutionary activities and finally as the ideal place he chose to settle his family in later years.

title: Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?

text: Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book written by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It was published in 2007 by Henry Holt and Co.. It is the fourth companion title to "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?". The book is about the special bond between mother and child, where a Baby Bear meets all sorts of different animals until he finally finds what he is looking for – his mother.

text: The 2011–12 Mercer Bears men's basketball team represented Mercer University during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bears, led by fourth year head coach Bob Hoffman, played their home games at the University Center and are members of the Atlantic Sun Conference. They finished the season 27–11, 13–5 in A-Sun play to finish in a tie for second place. They lost in the semifinals of the Atlantic Sun Basketball Tournament to Florida Gulf Coast. They were invited to the 2012 CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they defeated Tennessee State, Georgia State, Old Dominion, Fairfield, and Utah State to be the 2012 CIT Champions.

title: Touchdown (mascot)

text: After Dartmouth, University of Pennsylvania was Cornell's next opponent. In an attempt to replicate the Dartmouth game's result, three Cornell undergrads drove to Burnet Park Zoo in Syracuse and rented a bear as a temporary mascot. After the bear immediately destroyed the undergrads' trailer, Cornell students were forced to make do with Romeyn Berry dressed in a fur coat as the mascot for the pre-game Penn rally. However, the student movement to bring back a live bear mascot continued to gain steam. Students' desire for a new bear was echoed in the "Sun" the day after the Penn rally, further legitimizing growing pro-Touchdown sentiments.

title: Sloth bear

text: Sloth bears are sympatric with Asiatic black bears in northern India, and the two species, along with the sun bear, coexist in some of the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. They are also found together in Assam, Manipur, and Mizoram, in the hills south of the Brahmaputra River, the only places occupied by all three bear species. The three species do not act aggressively toward each other. This may be because the three species generally differ in habit and dietary preferences.

title: The Master Maid

text: In "The Brown Bear of Norway", a variant of "East of the Moon and West of the Sun", the heroine also must deal with the impudent servants when she reaches the castle where the prince lives and can not get in.

title: American black bear

text: An American black bear has better eyesight and a better sense of hearing compared to humans. Their keenest sense is their sense of smell, which is about seven times greater than a domestic dog's. American black bears are excellent and strong swimmers, doing so for pleasure and to feed (largely on fish). They regularly climb trees to feed, escape enemies and hibernate. Four of the eight modern bear species are habitually arboreal (the most arboreal species, the American and Asian black bears and the sun bear, being fairly closely related). Their arboreal abilities tend to decline with age. American black bears may be active at any time of the day or night, although they mainly forage by night. American black bears living near human habitations tend to be more extensively nocturnal and American black bears living near brown bears tend to be more extensively diurnal. Their social behavior is somewhat similar to that of canids.

title: Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre

text: Sun bears fall under Schedule 1 of the Totally Protected wildlife species list in the Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. That means, that killing, keeping a bear, or having in possession body parts like claws and gall bladders could result in punishment of up to five years’ prison or a maximum of RM50,000 fine. In the past, a lot of sun bears have been captured from the wild and kept as pets in cages. Actively confiscated by the Sabah Wildlife Department or voluntarily surrendered to BSBCC, the centre is rescuing these captive bears, and giving them proper care and facilities to live in.

title: American black bear

text: Despite living in North America, American black bears are not closely related to brown bears and polar bears; genetic studies reveal that they split from a common ancestor 5.05 million years ago (mya). American and Asian black bears are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than to the other modern species of bears. According to recent studies, the sun bear is also a relatively recent split from this lineage.


query: What was the first co-ed school?

title: Mixed-sex education

text: The world's oldest co-educational day and boarding school is Dollar Academy, a junior and senior school for males and females from ages 5 to 18 in Scotland, United Kingdom. From its opening in 1818 the school admitted both boys and girls of the parish of Dollar and the surrounding area. The school continues in existence to the present day with around 1,250 pupils.[1]

title: The Thacher School

text: The Thacher School is a selective, co-educational, independent boarding school located on 427 acres (1.5 km²) of hillside overlooking the Ojai Valley in Ojai, California, United States. Founded in 1889 as a boys' school, it is now the oldest co-ed boarding school in California. Girls were first admitted in 1977. The first co-ed graduating class was the class of 1978. The student body numbers 235.

title: Marist College North Shore

text: At the beginning of 2018, it was announced that as of 2021, Marist College North Shore would be merging with the nearby catholic co ed primary school St Mary's to create a K-12 co ed school with the introduction of female students in the secondary years in 2021. The school campus is undergoing renovations and redistribution to accommodate the increased student body with current buildings being renovated and extended to 6 storeys with some proposed new construction further down along the line. The first co ed year will be educated and accommodated on a separate section of the campus for the first 6 years.

title: Læssøesgades School

text: In 1916 it was decided to build a new co-ed school in southern Aarhus in response to rapid population growth. The site chosen was what at the time was the edge of the city. The architect Ludvig Petersen had previously and recently worked on the Samsøgade School from 1914 and was chosen for the new project. The school was finished in 1921 and inaugurated on 16 April. The new school proved an expensive project at 1.5 million Danish Kroner compared to the 400.000 the Samsøgades school had cost. Lassøgade School was larger but the causes of the cost difference can mainly be found in the First World War and the ensuing inflation. The school initially had 31 class rooms and between the years 1930 and 1960 it had an average of 1000 to 1300 students. The student body has since grown steadily smaller and by 1999 it was down to 350 students across 31 class rooms. Co-ed classes were not introduced until 1946. In 1961 Læsseøgade School became the first school in Aarhus to offer the optional and voluntary 10th grade.

title: London Borough of Harrow

text: There are two special needs high schools; Kingsley High School (Co-ed) and Shaftesbury High School (Co-ed).

title: Baileyville, Maine

text: Sports are an important part of the school's culture. The school offers JV and varsity girls' volleyball, varsity co-ed cross country, boys' and girls' soccer, boys' and girls' basketball, co-ed wrestling, co-ed cheerleading, baseball, softball, and tennis. The boys soccer team participated in the very first Class C State Championship in 1974, losing 3-0 to Richmond High School at the University of Maine. The school has won the Class D Girls' Basketball Championship 4 times, most recently in 2008. Also, in the 2008-2009 season, the boys' basketball team won the Class D Boys' Basketball Championship for the first time in the history of the school, making Woodland High School the first school since 1994 to win both Boys' and Girls' State Championships. In 2009, the girls' softball team also won the school's first State Softball Championship. The varsity Cheerleading team won the school's first ever State Championship by capturing the Class D State Championship in 1993. The cheerleading team won the Class C State Cheerleading Championship in 1997 by completing a "perfect season" in which they never lost in any round of competition.

title: Dublin School

text: Dublin School supports athletics teams in alpine skiing (co-ed), basketball (boys and girls teams), crew (boys and girls teams), cross country running (co-ed), Nordic skiing (co-ed), equestrian (co-ed), lacrosse (boys and girls teams), mountain biking (boys and girls divisions), sailing (co-ed), varsity soccer (boys and girls teams), snowboarding (co-ed), tennis (boys and girls teams), and ultimate frisbee (co-ed). The school has also entered teams into the Reach the Beach Race in NH since 2011.

title: Speed (South Korean band)

text: In 2011, Core Contents Media announced that they would be dividing Co-Ed School into two sub-units. The first unit consisted of the original five Co-Ed School female members and one new member; together they would form 5Dolls (commonly stylized as F-ve Dolls). They debuted in 2011.

title: Scottburgh

text: Scottburgh has a number of educational institutions, including pre-primary schools, a co-ed primary school, and an English medium co-ed high school.

title: Little Red School House

text: LREI's sports teams include soccer (boys, girls and MS co-ed), volleyball (HS girls, MS co-ed), cross-country track (co-ed), basketball (Varsity, boys and girls and JV boys), spring track (co-ed), tennis (co-ed), softball (girls), baseball (boys), golf (co-ed), swimming (co-ed). The school and team colors are red and white.Directors

title: Saint Francis School (Hawaii)

text: In the fall of 2006, the school announced that it will be a co-ed school. The school became fully co-ed in school year 2012-2013.

title: Memphis, Tennessee

text: The Memphis area is also home to many private, college-prep schools: Briarcrest Christian School (co-ed), Christian Brothers High School (boys), Evangelical Christian School (co-ed), First Assembly Christian School (co-ed), St. Mary's Episcopal School (girls), Hutchison School (girls), Lausanne Collegiate School (co-ed), Memphis University School (boys), Saint Benedict at Auburndale (co-ed), St. Agnes Academy (girls), Immaculate Conception Cathedral School (girls), and Elliston Baptist Academy (co-ed). Also included in this list is Memphis Harding Academy, a co-ed school affiliated with the Churches of Christ.

title: Sidney High School (Ohio)

text: Sidney City Schools offers more than 70 extra curricular activities for students from 6th grade on. Sports include: football; boys & girls soccer; boys & girls basketball; boys baseball; girls fast pitch; boys & girls tennis; co-ed track; co-ed bowling; co-ed swimming; co-ed cross country; girls volleyball; co-ed wrestling; weight lifting; cheer leading; marching band; and golf. Clubs include: Academia, Mock Trial, Breakfast Club, Key Club, Art Club, FCCLA; Debate Club; Environthon; German Club; Muse Machine; SADD; Student Government; National Honor Society; DECA; and Intramural Athletics.Sidney City Schools has a Hall of Honor which recognizes other notable alumni. More than 100 members make up the Sidney High School Hall of Honor, which was established in 1994, honoring their outstanding achievements and contributions to our community and world.

title: Pritzker College Prep

text: As of the 2018-2019 school year, the school has competitive teams for 15 sports: Football, boys’ soccer (varsity and JV), girls’ soccer (varsity and JC), boys’ rugby, girls’ rugby, girls’ volleyball, cross country (co-ed), boys’ basketball (varsity and JV), girls’ basketball (varsity and JV), cheerleading (co-ed), wrestling (co-ed), baseball, softball, track and field, and ultimate frisbee (co-ed).

title: London Borough of Harrow

text: Other state secondary schools in the London Borough of Harrow are: Whitefriars High School (Co-ed); Bentley Wood High School (Girls); Canons High School (Co-ed); Harrow High School (Co-ed); Hatch End High School (Co-ed); Nower Hill High School (Co-ed); Park High School (Co-ed); Rooks Heath College(Co-ed); Whitmore High School (Co-ed). Mountview High School in Wealdstone - a comprehensive school formed out of Whitefriars Secondary Modern in the early 1970s - closed in 1986 with the site being partially redeveloped into industrial units. The catchment area was dispersed between Nower Hill and Hatch End Schools.

title: Similkameen Elementary Secondary School

text: Sports available at Similkameen include cross country for boys and girls, soccer (co-ed), basketball (co-ed), and golf (co-ed), plus volleyball for girls. The school is ranked single A by size.

title: The Quarry Lane School

text: As of the 2012-2013 school year, the following athletics teams are available for the middle school: co-ed cross country, boys' flag football, co-ed soccer, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, co-ed track and girls' volleyball.

title: British Co-Ed High School

text: The British Co-Ed High School is a progressive, child centered day school with a strong emphasis on the holistic development of the student.

title: Plainfield Juvenile Correctional Facility

text: In 1970, the farm and dairy programs were closed and replaced by a vocational horticulture program. The following year, co-ed activities were added to the school agenda. Monthly activities with the Indiana Girls' School located about to the east were incorporated and included a co-ed newspaper called "The Herald and Super-Star Spectrum." Other co-ed activities were group counseling, school and staff development.

title: New Canaan Country School

text: The athletic program is mandatory for the middle and upper schools. In the fall trimester, students can choose from soccer (boys' and girls' teams), boys' football, girls' field hockey, or co-ed cross country. In the winter trimester the options are basketball (boys' and girls'), co-ed squash, co-ed yoga, co-ed fitness and co-ed paddle tennis. A drama program is also available to students in place of playing a sport for a season and has always been an option for upper schoolers. In the spring, the options are lacrosse (boys' and girls' teams), boys' baseball, girls' softball, and co-ed cross country.

title: Kensal Green

text: There is a small choice of local private schools. The primary schools are Seacole (co-ed, ages four to 11) in Bosworth Road; The Lloyd Williamson School (co-ed, six weeks to 11) in Telford Road. The private secondary school is Bales College (co-ed, ages 11 to 18) in Kilburn Lane. Many parents use the private schools in nearby Belsize Park and Hampstead.

title: St Joseph's Co-Ed School, Bhopal

text: St Joseph's Co-Ed School is a school in Arera Colony of Bhopal, India.

title: Seton-La Salle Catholic High School

text: Baseball, Basketball (Boys & Girls), Bowling (co-ed), Cheerleading, Crew (co-ed), Cross Country (Boys & Girls), Fencing (co-ed), Football, Golf (Boys & Girls), Lacrosse (Boys & Girls), Soccer (Boys & Girls), Softball, Swimming (co-ed), Tennis (co-ed), and Volleyball (Boys & Girls).

title: Monterey, California

text: The Monterey Peninsula Unified School District operates a high school, a middle school and three elementary schools. Private schools include Santa Catalina School (girls, co-ed elementary and middle school) and Trinity Christian High School (co-ed).

title: The Quarry Lane School

text: As of the 2012-2013 school year, the following athletics teams are available for the high school: boys' varsity soccer, girls' tennis, co-ed cross country, girls' volleyball, boys' junior varsity basketball, girls' junior varsity basketball, varsity basketball, varsity co-ed badminton, boys' tennis, co-ed swimming, co-ed track and girls' junior varsity soccer.

title: Girls' Greater Catholic League

text: The Girls' Greater Catholic League (abbreviated GGCL, formerly the Girls Greater Cincinnati League) is a high school sports league composed of 5 member schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. Beginning with the 2013-14 school year, the league experienced a restructuring, the co-ed schools formerly in the GGCL, will now compete in the co-ed division (separate from the GGCL), the co-ed division schools will continue to play games against GGCL schools. Previously GGCL schools were split into two divisions The GGCL grey consisted of the co-ed schools, while the scarlet consisted of the all female schools. The mission of the league is to provide and promote a Christian atmosphere for the development of young ladies through interscholastic competition. Good sportsmanship and respect is of the utmost importance and school spirit will always be encouraged. The GGCL athletic activities are organized and supervised in harmony with policies of the member schools and the Ohio High School Athletic Association. The boys from the co-ed member schools compete in the GCL.In 1966 the first league competition began among a group of girls' Catholic high schools in the area. Extramural games in basketball and volleyball were played among the schools in the next couple of years. Few records were kept and the league was loosely organized by some coaches and students.

title: Saint Mary's Co-Ed Primary School

text: Saint Mary's Co-Ed Primary School (formerly known as Scoil Mhuire CBS) is a primary school located in the town of Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland. As of February 2013, the school is now co-educational, accepting boys and girls for the first time from Junior Infants up to 6th class starting in September 2013.

title: Happy School, Darya Ganj

text: Happy School, situated in Darya Ganj, New Delhi, India, is a public co-ed school, the first co-ed school in Delhi, established by the late Shri Padam Chand Ji.

title: Cathedral Grammar School

text: The school is divided into four departments. The Pre-School is co-ed, taking boys and girls from ages three to four. The Junior School is also co-ed for pupils from Years 1-3 (ages five to seven). In the Preparatory School, a separate Girls' School and Boys' School provide largely single sex classes. Extension classes in Mathematics are the only co-ed classes at this level. The Boys' and Girls' School combine for chapel services, orchestra, assemblies, some sports events, operettas, social functions and share common playgrounds.

title: Central Catholic High School (Portland, Oregon)

text: Central Catholic became a co-ed high school in the 1980s. It accepted the first co-ed students as freshmen and sophomores for the 1980–81 school year. The first co-ed class graduated in 1983.

title: Ed the Sock

text: Ed was joined on "Ed's Night Party!" by Liana K (Liana Kerzner, wife of Steven), a busty redhead who became Ed's first female co-host and his most popular one, and who also is featured in a pin-up calendar, which was offered on Ed's official website. For several years, Liana has been the senior producer and writer of all Ed's projects. With the addition of Liana as co-host, the show was renamed "Ed & Red's Night Party". Ed the Sock maintained co-hosting duties. This was the last Fromage as Ed's relationship with "Citytv" ended when new owners re-branded the channel, but the Ultra-Fromage style was a template for what would become "I Hate Hollywood" on "CHCH-TV"


query: When was the first volume of the Oxford Dictionary published?

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: The first dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s 6d.[19]:251 (or about $668.24 in 2013) The total sales were only 4,000 copies.[22]:169

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: In 1991, for the 20-volume OED2 (1989), the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up ("9-up") format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a magnifying glass as before and A User's Guide to the "Oxford English Dictionary", by Donna Lee Berg.[65] After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition.[25]

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press. It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world.[2][3] The second edition, comprising 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, was published in 1989.

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English was originally conceived by F. G. Fowler and H. W. Fowler to be compressed, compact, and concise. Its primary source is the Oxford English Dictionary, and it is nominally an abridgment of the Concise Oxford Dictionary. It was first published in 1924.[80]

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series Volume 3 (ISBN978-0-19-860027-5): Contains 3,000 new words and meanings from around the English-speaking world. Published by Clarendon Press.

title: Oxford Dictionary of English

text: It is currently the largest single-volume English-language dictionary published by Oxford University Press.

title: Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee

text: In addition to his regular professional duties, he remained associated with the Urdu Dictionary Board for 17 years from 1958 to 1975, compiling a 22-volume dictionary. He compiled two other dictionaries. "Farhang-e-Talaffuz" is a pronouncing dictionary of Urdu published by the National Language Authority. The "Oxford English-Urdu Dictionary" is a translation of the eighth and ninth editions of the Concise Oxford English Dictionary.

title: Hart's Rules

text: "The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors", also compiled by Ritter, had been available since 2000 as a separate companion volume to "Hart's", in line with the eleven editions of the dictionary's famous predecessor, the "Authors' and Printers' Dictionary" by Frederick Howard Collins (first published in 1905 and renamed in 1983). A freshly compiled successor, published in 2005, returned to the "traditional small handbook form", matching "New Hart's Rules", and is titled The New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors. It is intended for "people who work with words—authors, copy-editors, proofreaders, students writing essays and dissertations, journalists, people writing reports or other documents, and website editors." This edition was reprinted with a new cover in 2014, to match a make-over of various Oxford reference publications. It is distinct from the similarly titled "[New] Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors" (originally 1991; currently 2nd ed., 2009), a companion volume of technical terminology not included in any of the compilation editions.

title: Oxford American Dictionary

text: The Oxford American Dictionary (OAD) is a single-volume dictionary of American English. It was the first dictionary published by the Oxford University Press to be prepared by American lexicographers and editors.

title: Grove Art Online

text: Grove Art Online is the online edition of The Dictionary of Art, often referred to as the Grove Dictionary of Art, and part of Oxford Art Online, an internet gateway to online art reference publications of Oxford University Press, which also includes the online version of the "Benezit Dictionary of Artists". It is a large encyclopedia of art, previously a 34-volume printed encyclopedia first published by Grove in 1996 and reprinted with minor corrections in 1998. A new edition was published in 2003 by Oxford University Press.

text: The Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English is a one-volume dictionary published by Oxford University Press. It is intended for a family or upper secondary school readerships. The third edition (revised), published in 2008, has 1,264 pages, somewhat smaller than the "Concise Oxford English Dictionary", and is distinct from the "Compact" (single- and two-volume photo-reduced) editions of the multi-volume "Oxford English Dictionary".

title: Khazar English-Azerbaijani Comprehensive Dictionary

text: The first edition of the dictionary is in the process of being published in six volumes. The first three bound volumes of the "KEACD" were published in 2004–2008, including “A” through “N.” As of November 2010, the remaining volumes are in the process of editing and proofreading. A total of about 250,000 words, phrases and example sentences are included in the dictionary. The main purpose served by the dictionary is to give the correct spelling, pronunciation, and precise translation into Azerbaijani of each entry. Comments are given when needed, and many words are shown in context, demonstrating their stylistic features.

title: Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

text: The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (often abbreviated to ODB) is a three-volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,000 entries, it contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to the Byzantine Empire. It was edited by Alexander Kazhdan, and was first published in 1991. Kazhdan was a professor at Princeton University who became a Senior Research Associate at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC before his death. He contributed to many of the articles in the Dictionary and always signed his initials "A.K." at the end of the article to indicate his contribution.

title: Shorter Oxford English Dictionary

text: The Fifth Edition was published in 2002, and contains more than half a million definitions, with 83,500 illustrative quotations from 7,000 authors. The name Shorter Oxford English Dictionary was used to emphasise the link between this two-volume dictionary and the original twenty-volume OED.

title: Dictionary of American English

text: A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles (DAE) is a dictionary of terms appearing in English in the United States that was published in four volumes from 1938 to 1944 by the University of Chicago Press. Intended to pick up where the "Oxford English Dictionary" left off, it covers American English words and phrases in use from the first English settlements up to the start of the 20th century.

title: Oxford Dictionary of Biology

text: Oxford Dictionary of Biology (often abbreviated to ODB) is a multiple editions dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,500 entries, it contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to biology, biophysics, and biochemistry. The first edition was published in 1985 as "A Concise Dictionary of Biology". The seventh edition, "A Dictionary of Biology", was published in 2015 and it was edited by Robert Hine and Elizabeth Martin.

title: Australian English vocabulary

text: One of the first dictionaries of Australian slang was Karl Lentzner's "Dictionary of the Slang-English of Australia and of Some Mixed Languages" in 1892. The first dictionary based on historical principles that covered Australian English was E. E. Morris's "Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages" (1898). In 1981, the more comprehensive "Macquarie Dictionary of Australian English" was published. Oxford University Press published their own "Australian Oxford Dictionary" in 1999, as a joint effort with the Australian National University. Oxford University Press also published "The Australian National Dictionary".

title: Oxford Dictionary of English

text: The Oxford Dictionary of English (ODE) is a single-volume English dictionary published by Oxford University Press, first published in 1998 as The New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE). The word "new" was dropped from the title with the Second Edition in 2003. This dictionary is not based on the "Oxford English Dictionary" and should not be mistaken for a new or updated version of the OED. It is a completely new dictionary which strives to represent as faithfully as possible the current usage of English words.

title: Shorter Oxford English Dictionary

text: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (SOED) is an English language dictionary published by the Oxford University Press. The SOED is a two-volume abridgement of the twenty-volume "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED").

title: Historical Dictionary of American Slang

text: When Random House discontinued publication, Oxford University Press announced in 2003 that it would publish the two remaining volumes, "Volume 3, P – S [Part 1]", , and "Volume 4, S [Part 2] – Z". As of 2018, however, those volumes have not yet been published.

title: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

text:
Oxford Intermediate Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary (牛津進階英漢雙解詞典/牛津中階英漢雙解詞典) is targeted for secondary school readers. It was first published in 2001.
The "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary", previously entitled the "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English", started life as the "Idiomatic and Syntactic Dictionary", edited by Albert Sydney Hornby. It was first published in Japan in 1942. It then made a perilous wartime journey to Britain where it came under the wing of OUP, which decided it would be the perfect counterpart for the prestigious OED.

title: Century Dictionary

text: The first edition was published from 1889 to 1891 by The Century Company of New York, and was describe as being "six volumes in twenty four". In 1895 a 10 volume edition was published, with the first eight volumes containing the dictionary proper, and the last two containing a biographical dictionary and a world atlas. Editions in either the 10 or 8 volume format were published in 1899, 1901, 1902, 1903 and 1904. In 1901 the title and subtitle changed slightly from "The Century Dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language" to "The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia; a work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge, with a new atlas of the world." Further editions were published in 1906, 1909 and 1911, this time in 12 volumes each.

title: Swedish Academy

text: The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III. Modelled after the Académie française, it has 18 members. The academy's motto is "Talent and Taste" (""Snille och Smak"" in Swedish). The academy's primary purpose is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity of the Swedish language" (""Svenska Språkets renhet, styrka och höghet"") (Walshe, 1965). To that end the academy publishes two dictionaries. The first is a one-volume glossary called "Svenska Akademiens ordlista" ("SAOL"). The second is a multi-volume dictionary, edited on principles similar to those of the "Oxford English Dictionary", entitled "Svenska Akademiens Ordbok" ("SAOB"). The "SAOL" has reached its 14th edition while the first volume of the "SAOB" was published in 1898 and, as of 2017, work has progressed to words beginning with the letter "V".

title: Henry Watson Fowler

text: The Oxford University Press commissioned from the Fowler brothers a single-volume abridgement of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which was published as the "Concise Oxford Dictionary" in 1911. The Concise Oxford has remained in print ever since, being regularly revised.

title: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

text: The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) was the first advanced learner's dictionary of English. It was first published in 1948. It is the largest English-language dictionary from Oxford University Press aimed at a non-native audience. Users with a more linguistic interest, requiring etymologies or copious references, usually prefer the "Concise Oxford English Dictionary", or indeed the comprehensive "Oxford English Dictionary", or other dictionaries aimed at speakers of English with native-level competence.

title: A Dictionary of the Chinese Language

text: Morrison's dictionary is composed of three parts or six quarto () volumes published in different years. Part I has 3 volumes with Volume I published in 1815 containing 18 pages in the preface, 930 pages in the dictionary proper, and 2 additional pages consisting of advertisements . Volume II, published in 1822, is composed of 884 pages , and Volume III, published in 1823, is composed of 908 pages . Part II has two volumes: Volume I published in 1819 contains 20 pages in the preface and 1,090 pages in the dictionary proper , and Volume II published in 1820 contains 6 pages in the preface, 178 pages in the first section, and 305 pages in the second section of the dictionary proper . Part III was published in 1822 with only one volume containing 5 pages in the preface and 480 pages in the dictionary proper .

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: Work began on the dictionary in 1857, but it was only in 1884 that it began to be published in unbound fascicles as work continued on the project, under the name of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society. In 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the former name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the second edition was published.[1] Since 2000, compilation of a third edition of the dictionary has been underway, approximately half of which is complete.[1]

title: Dictionary of National Biography

text: After issuing a volume of errata in 1904, the dictionary was reissued with minor revisions in 22 volumes in 1908 and 1909; a subtitle said that it covered British history "from the earliest times to the year 1900". In the words of the "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition", the dictionary had "proved of inestimable service in elucidating the private annals of the British", providing not only concise lives of the notable deceased, but additionally lists of sources which were invaluable to researchers in a period when few libraries or collections of manuscripts had published catalogues or indices, and the production of indices to periodical literatures was just beginning. Throughout the twentieth century, further volumes were published for those who had died, generally on a decade-by-decade basis, beginning in 1912 with a supplement edited by Lee covering those who died between 1901 and 1911. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., to Oxford University Press in 1917. Until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century.

text: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is an etymological dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press. The first editor of the dictionary was Charles Talbut Onions who spent his last twenty years largely devoted to completing "The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology" (1966), which treated over 38,000 words and went to press just before his death. Also published by OUP:

title: Oxford English Dictionary

text: During the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope.[1] They had pages printed by publishers, but no publication agreement was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. The OUP finally agreed in 1879 (after two years of negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray) to publish the dictionary and to pay Murray, who was both the editor and the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four volumes, totalling 6,400 pages. They hoped to finish the project in ten years.[19]:1

title: Encyclopedic Dictionary

text: The Encyclopedic Dictionary was a large dictionary published from 1879 to 1888 edited by Robert Hunter. It was a 14 volume project, comparable to the "Oxford English Dictionary" or "Webster's International Dictionary" and contained "a considerable amount of encyclopedic information", though was not technically an encyclopedia.


query: What kind of telescope was used to get pictures of the black hole?

title: Event Horizon Telescope

text: The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a project to create a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes and combining data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around the Earth. The aim is to observe the immediate environment of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way, as well as the even larger black hole in the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, with angular resolution comparable to the black hole's event horizon.[1][2][3][4][5]

title: Timeline of astronomy

text: (May 2) First visual proof of existence of black holes is published. Suvi Gezari's team in Johns Hopkins University, using the Hawaiian telescope Pan-STARRS 1, record images of a supermassive black hole 2.7 million light-years away that is swallowing a red giant.

title: Messier 22

text: Two black holes of between 10 and 20 solar masses each have been discovered, initially with the Very Large Array radio telescope in New Mexico, and corroborated by the Chandra X-ray telescope, in 2012. Their detection implies that gravitational ejection of black holes from clusters is not as efficient as was previously thought, and leads to estimates of a total 5 to 100 black holes within M22. Interactions between stars and black holes could explain the unusually large core of the cluster.

title: Alex Filippenko

text: Filippenko developed and runs the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT), a fully robotic telescope which conducts the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS), the most successful nearby supernova search. He is also a member of the Nuker Team which uses the Hubble space telescope to examine supermassive black holes and determined the relationship between a galaxy's central black hole's mass and velocity dispersion. The Thompson-Reuters "incites" index ranked Filippenko as the most cited researcher in space science for the ten-year period between 1996 and 2006.

title: Supermassive black hole

text: What already has been observed directly in many systems are the lower non-relativistic velocities of matter orbiting further out from what are presumed to be black holes. Direct Doppler measures of water masers surrounding the nuclei of nearby galaxies have revealed a very fast Keplerian motion, only possible with a high concentration of matter in the center. Currently, the only known objects that can pack enough matter in such a small space are black holes, or things that will evolve into black holes within astrophysically short timescales. For active galaxies farther away, the width of broad spectral lines can be used to probe the gas orbiting near the event horizon. The technique of reverberation mapping uses variability of these lines to measure the mass and perhaps the spin of the black hole that powers active galaxies.

title: Hubble Space Telescope

text: The high-resolution spectra and images provided by the HST have been especially well-suited to establishing the prevalence of black holes in the nuclei of nearby galaxies. While it had been hypothesized in the early 1960s that black holes would be found at the centers of some galaxies, and astronomers in the 1980s identified a number of good black hole candidates, work conducted with Hubble shows that black holes are probably common to the centers of all galaxies. The Hubble programs further established that the masses of the nuclear black holes and properties of the galaxies are closely related. The legacy of the Hubble programs on black holes in galaxies is thus to demonstrate a deep connection between galaxies and their central black holes.

title: Greenland Telescope

text: The Greenland Telescope will become part of the global network of telescopes that makes up the Event Horizon Telescope that will study supermassive black holes and explore the origin of the relativistic jet in the active galaxy Messier 87.

title: MAXI J1659-152

text: MAXI J1659-152 is a rapidly rotating black-hole/star system, discovered by NASA's Swift space telescope on September 25, 2010. On March 19, 2013, ESA's XMM-Newton space telescope has helped to identify a star and a black hole that orbit each other at the rate of once every 2.4 hours.

title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking realized that the event horizon of a black hole could only get bigger, not smaller. The area of the event horizon of a black hole gets bigger whenever something falls into the black hole. He also realized that when two black holes combine, the size of the new event horizon is greater than or equal to the sum of the event horizons of the two original black holes. This means that a black hole's event horizon can never get smaller.

title: Hobby–Eberly Telescope

text: As reported in "Nature" of 28 November 2012, astronomers have used the Hobby–Eberly Telescope to measure the mass of an extraordinarily large black hole (with mass approximates 17 billion Suns), possibly the largest black hole found so far. It has been found in the compact, lenticular galaxy NGC 1277, which lies 220 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. The black hole has approximately 59 percent of the mass of the bulge of this spiral galaxy (14 percent of the total stellar mass of the galaxy).

title: 47 Tucanae

text: It is not yet clear whether 47 Tucanae hosts a central black hole. Hubble Space Telescope data constrain the mass of any possible black hole at the cluster's center to be less than approximately 1,500 solar masses. However, in February, 2017, astronomers announced that a black hole of some 2,200 solar masses may be located in the cluster; the researchers detected the black hole's signature from the motions and distributions of pulsars in the cluster. However, a recent analysis of an updated and more extensive timing data set on these pulsars provides no solid evidence in favor of the existence of a black hole.

title: Sagittarius A*

text: In a paper published October 31, 2018, the discovery of conclusive evidence that Sagittarius A* is a black hole was announced. Using the GRAVITY interferometer and the four telescopes of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to create a virtual telescope 130 metres in diameter, astronomers detected clumps of gas moving at about 30% of the speed of light. Emission from highly energetic electrons very close to the black hole was visible as three prominent bright flares. These exactly match theoretical predictions for hot spots orbiting close to a black hole of four million solar masses. The flares are thought to originate from magnetic interactions in the very hot gas orbiting very close to Sagittarius A*.

title: Black Hole Sun

text: Regarding "Black Hole Sun", Cornell stated, "It's just sort of a surreal dreamscape, a weird, play-with-the-title kind of song." He also said that "lyrically it's probably the closest to me just playing with words for words' sake, of anything I've written. I guess it worked for a lot of people who heard it, but I have no idea how you'd begin to take that one literally." In another interview he elaborated further, stating, "It's funny because hits are usually sort of congruent, sort of an identifiable lyric idea, and that song pretty much had none. The chorus lyric is kind of beautiful and easy to remember. Other than that, I sure didn't have an understanding of it after I wrote it. I was just sucked in by the music and I was painting a picture with the lyrics. There was no real idea to get across." Commenting upon how the song was misinterpreted as being positive, Cornell said, "No one seems to get this, but 'Black Hole Sun' is sad. But because the melody is really pretty, everyone thinks it's almost chipper, which is ridiculous." When asked about the line, "Times are gone for honest men", Cornell said:

title: Matt O'Dowd (astrophysicist)

text: O'Dowd studies black holes and quasars by using gravitational lensing. He uses the Hubble Space Telescope to look at distant quasars that line up with nearby galaxies. Those galaxies act like additional lenses on the telescope, allowing scientists to see much closer to the black hole than is otherwise possible.

title: NGC 1277

text:
Subsequent investigations employed adaptive optics to acquire a better estimate of the mass of the black hole.
One group made observations using the Gemini Near Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer to better determine the mass of the black hole at the center of NGC 1277. The group used similar models to that of van den Bosch, but with higher spatial resolution. After using stellar dynamics and luminosity models to estimate the mass of the black hole, they came to a mass of , similar to the estimate from the follow-up study done by Emsellem, which estimated a mass between 2–5 billion solar masses.
More recently, a new group made observations using the larger Keck Telescope with superior spatial resolution, and calculated that a black hole with mass fits best. Moreover, this value is an order of magnitude smaller than first reported by van den Bosch, and was noted to probably be an upper limit due to the edge-on rotating disk in NGC 1277.

title: Stellar black hole

text: Stellar black holes in close binary systems are observable when matter is transferred from a companion star to the black hole. The energy release in the fall toward the compact star is so large that the matter heats up to temperatures of several hundred million degrees and radiates in X-rays (X-ray astronomy). The black hole therefore is observable in X-rays, whereas the companion star can be observed with optical telescopes. The energy release for black holes and neutron stars are of the same order of magnitude. Black holes and neutron stars are often difficult to distinguish.

title: William Herschel Telescope

text: The WHT is equipped with a wide range of instruments operating over the optical and near-infrared regimes. These are used by professional astronomers to conduct a wide range of astronomical research. Astronomers using the telescope discovered the first evidence for a supermassive black hole (Sgr A*) at the centre of the Milky Way, and made the first optical observation of a gamma-ray burst. The telescope has 75% clear nights, with a median seeing of 0.7".

title: Nuker Team

text: The Nuker Team was formed to use the Hubble Space Telescope, with its high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, to investigate the central structure and dynamics of galaxies. The team used the HST to examine supermassive black holes and determined the relationship between a galaxy's central black hole's mass and velocity dispersion. The team continues to conduct research and publish papers on the supermassive black holes of galaxies and clusters. The group was initially formed by Tod R. Lauer, then a first year postdoc. At the first meeting of the group held at Princeton University in June 1985, Sandra Faber was elected the group leader.

text: Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite (ORBIS) is a small space telescope still in development by Japan that will study binary black holes in the X-ray region.

title: S5 0014+81

text:
In 2009, a team of astronomers using the Swift spacecraft used the luminosity output of S5 0014+81 to measure the mass of the central black hole. To their surprise, they found out that the central black hole of S5 0014+81 is actually 10,000 times more massive than the black hole at the center of our galaxy, or equivalent to 40 billion solar masses. This makes it one of the most massive black holes ever discovered, more than six times the value of the black hole of Messier 87, which was thought to be the largest black hole for almost 60 years, and was coined to be an "ultramassive" black hole.
The Schwarzschild radius of this black hole is 118.35 billion kilometers, giving a diameter of 236.7 billion kilometers, 1,600 astronomical units, or about 40 times the radius of Pluto's orbit, and has a mass equivalent to four Large Magellanic Clouds. What is even more remarkable is that such a large black hole existed so early in the universe, at only 1.6 billion years after the Big Bang. This suggests that supermassive black holes formed very quickly.

title: Marek Kukula

text: His research interests include active galactic nuclei (particularly Seyfert galaxy, Radio galaxy and quasars) and the ways in which large galaxies and their central supermassive black holes have changed and evolved throughout cosmological time. This research has involved the use of a variety of telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the Very Large Array, MERLIN, the William Herschel Telescope, and the Very Large Telescope.

title: NGC 1275

text: The presence of an active nucleus demonstrates that a supermassive black hole is present in NGC 1275's center. The black hole is surrounded by a rotating disk of molecular gas. High-resolution observations of the rotation of this disk obtained using adaptive optics at the Gemini North telescope indicate a central mass of approximately 800 million Solar masses, including both the mass of the black hole and of the inner core of the gas disk.

title: Primordial black hole

text: General relativity predicts the smallest primordial black holes would have evaporated by now, but if there were a fourth spatial dimension – as predicted by string theory – it would affect how gravity acts on small scales and "slow down the evaporation quite substantially". This could mean there are several thousand black holes in our galaxy. To test this theory, scientists will use the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope which was put in orbit by NASA on June 11, 2008. If they observe specific small interference patterns within gamma-ray bursts, it could be the first indirect evidence for primordial black holes and string theory.

title: Greenland Telescope

text: The telescope will be used to study the event horizons of black holes and to test how general relativity behaves in environments with extreme gravity.

title: Micro black hole

text: It is possible, in some theories of quantum gravity, to calculate the quantum corrections to ordinary, classical black holes. Contrarily to conventional black holes, which are solutions of gravitational field equations of the general theory of relativity, quantum gravity black holes incorporate quantum gravity effects in the vicinity of the origin, where classically a curvature singularity occurs. According to the theory employed to model quantum gravity effects, there are different kinds of quantum gravity black holes, namely loop quantum black holes, non-commutative black holes, asymptotically safe black holes. In these approaches, black holes are singularity-free.

title: Marika Taylor

text: Taylor's research is focussed on string theory, quantum field theory and gravitational physics. She uses the holographic principle to investigate the physical properties of black holes and condensed matter systems. The holographic principle allows Taylor to relate gravitational theories to theories without gravity, in one less dimension. The holographic principle suggests that Einstein's picture of black holes isn't entirely correct - instead of matter getting sucked into the event horizon of a black hole, it remains as a hologram.

title: Stephen Hawking

text: In 1970, Hawking postulated what became known as the second law of black hole dynamics, that the event horizon of a black hole can never get smaller. With James M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a graduate student of John Wheeler, went further—and ultimately correctly—to apply thermodynamic concepts literally. In the early 1970s, Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theorem, one that states that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created, it can be completely described by the properties of mass, electrical charge and rotation. His essay titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971. Hawking's first book, "The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time," written with George Ellis, was published in 1973.

title: Luciano Rezzolla

text:
Alongside Heino Falcke and Michael Kramer, he received a
14 million euro research grant of the European Research Council for further
studies into black holes with the goal to construct a black hole camera using the Event Horizon Telescope. This would allow testing of general theory of relativity by creating an image of the black hole shadow.

title: James Gregory Telescope

text: The James Gregory Telescope is the largest working optical telescope in the UK and is still used by the School of Physics and Astronomy for research in collaborative projects such as SuperWASP and the study of super massive black holes and their impact on galaxy structure.

title: A Brief History of Time

text: Black holes are difficult to find because they do not let out any light. They can be found when black holes suck in other stars. When black holes suck in other stars, the black hole lets out X-rays, which can be seen by telescopes.


query: What is the deepest point in the Caspian Sea?

title: Caspian Sea

text: Differences between the three regions are dramatic. The Northern Caspian only includes the Caspian shelf,[15] and is very shallow; it accounts for less than 1% of the total water volume with an average depth of only 5–6 metres (16–20ft). The sea noticeably drops off towards the Middle Caspian, where the average depth is 190 metres (620ft).[14] The Southern Caspian is the deepest, with oceanic depths of over 1,000 metres (3,300ft), greatly exceeding the depth of other regional seas, such as the Persian Gulf. The Middle and Southern Caspian account for 33% and 66% of the total water volume, respectively.[12] The northern portion of the Caspian Sea typically freezes in the winter, and in the coldest winters ice forms in the south as well.[16]

title: Philippines

text: Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical rainforest and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao. The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea.

title: Maya Lin

text: Also in 2006, Lin completed her "Bodies of Water" series, which included representations of three bodies of water, "The Black Sea," "The Caspian Sea," and "The Red Sea." Each sculpture is made of layers of birch plywood, and are to-scale representations of three endangered bodies of water. The sculptures are balanced on the deepest point of the sea. Lin wishes to call attention to the "unseen ecosystems" that people continue to pollute.

title: Perm

text: The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for along the Kama and across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, traveling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

title: Caspian Sea

text: The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi, an ancient people who lived to the southwest of the sea in Transcaucasia.[3] Strabo wrote that "to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared".[4] Moreover, the Caspian Gates, which is the name of a region in Iran's Tehran province, possibly indicates that they migrated to the south of the sea. The Iranian city of Qazvin shares the root of its name with that of the sea. In fact, the traditional Arabic name for the sea itself is Baḥr al-Qazwin (Sea of Qazvin).[5]

title: Caspian Sea

text: Baku, which is the starting point of all sea routes of Azerbaijan, is the largest port of the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan has access to the oceans along the Caspian Sea-Volga-Volga-Don Canal, and the Don-Sea of Azov. Along with the Volga-Don Canal, the Azerbaijani vessels have the opportunity to enter the world ocean through the Volga-Baltic and White Sea-Baltic canals. Moreover, oil tankers are being transported through the Caspian Sea. Baku Sea Trade Port and Caspian Shipping Company CJSC, have a big role in the sea transportation of Azerbaijan. The Caspian Sea Shipping Company CJSC, along with the transport fleet, also includes a specialized fleet and shipyards. The transport fleet consists of 51 vessels, including 20 tankers, 13 ferries, 15 universal dry cargo vessels, 2 Ro-Ro vessels, as well as 1 technical vessel and 1 floating workshop. The specialized fleet includes 210 vessels, including 20 cranes, 25 towing and supplying vehicles, 26 passenger, two pipe-laying, six fire-fighting, seven engineering-geological, two diving and 88 auxiliary vessels.[44]

title: Great Wall of Gorgan

text: A similar Sasanian defence wall and fortification lies on the opposite, western, side of the Caspian Sea at the port of Derbent, in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. There the remains of a line of fortifications run inland for some from the shore of the Caspian Sea () to what is today an extraordinarily well preserved Sassanian fort () on the first foothills of the Caucasus mountains.

title: List of lakes by depth

text: Geologically, the Caspian Sea, like the Black and Mediterranean seas, is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean. The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust. However, it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake.

title: Palearctic realm

text: The realm contains several important freshwater ecoregions as well, including the heavily developed rivers of Europe, the rivers of Russia, which flow into the Arctic, Baltic, Black, and Caspian seas, Siberia's Lake Baikal, the oldest and deepest lake on the planet, and Japan's ancient Lake Biwa.

title: Mazandaran Province

text:
Mazandaran is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. It is bordered clockwise by Golestan, Semnan and Tehran provinces. This province also borders Qazvin and Gilan to the west.
Mazandaran province is geographically divided into two parts: the coastal plains, and the mountainous areas. The Alborz Mountain Range surrounds the coastal strip and plains of the Caspian Sea.
From the geographical point of view, Mazandaran province is divided into two parts i.e. coastal plain and the mountainous area. The Alborz Mountain Range like a huge wall has surrounded the coastal strip and plains of the Caspian Sea. Due to permanent sea breeze and local winds of the southern and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea, sandy hills are formed, causing the appearance of a low natural barrier between the sea and plain.
There is often snowfall in the Alborz regions, which run parallel to the Caspian Sea's southern coast, dividing the province into many isolated valleys. The province enjoys a moderate, subtropical climate with an average temperature of 25 °C in summer and about 8 °C in winter. Although snow may fall heavily in the mountains in winter, it rarely falls at sea level.
Ecoregions:
The total wood production from these forests is estimated at . Golestan National Park and Shastkolateh forest watershed are located in Golestan Province), Mazandaran Province (the total area of the Hyrcanian forest is estimated at . From these forests, are used commercially, are protected and the rest are regarded as forest lands or over-used forests. The total of the forest woods used in this province is estimated at . The Kojoor, Dohezar and Sehezar forest watersheds are located in Mazandaran province.
The Elburz Range forest steppe ecoregion is an arid, mountainous 1,000-kilometer arc south of the Caspian Sea, stretching across northern Iran from the Azerbaijan border to near the Turkmenistan border. It covers and encompasses the southern and eastern slopes of the Alborz Mountains as well as their summits. The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion, with its lush green mountainsides and plains that receive moisture from the Caspian Sea, forms this ecoregion's northern border. The vast Central Persian desert basin ecoregion forms its southern border. The Alborz range is composed of a granite core overlain with sedimentary rock including limestones, shales, sandstones, and tuffs. Metamorphic rocks such as schists, marbles, and amphibolite are also widely found. The climate is arid with annual precipitation varying from 150 mm to 500 mm, falling mostly as winter snow.

title: Rostov Nature Reserve

text: The Rostov Nature Reserve is located in the south of the East European plain, in the Manych River valley. The dominant geological feature of the reserve is Lake Manych-Gudilo, a saltwater reservoir which is surrounded be dry steppe and semi-desert landscape. The lake is long and narrow, occupying a portion of the Manych trough between the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea; this long depression is the remains of what was once a sea connection between the Black and Caspian Seas.

title: Fauna of Asia

text: Asia also contains several important freshwater ecoregions as well, including Rivers of Russia, which flow into the Arctic, Black, and Caspian seas, Siberia's Lake Baikal, the oldest and deepest lake on the planet(home to numerous endemic sponges, oligochaetes, and crustaceans and the Baikal seal), Khanka Lake, and Japan's Lake Biwa, Lake Dongting, Lake Tai and Lake Poyang in China. The rivers of China are home to the critically endangered finless porpoise and baiji. There are also several Asian lakes with saline or brackish water, and with peculiar fauna (Caspian Sea, Lake Balkhash, Aral Sea, Issyk Kul, Qinghai Lake).

title: Geography of Kazakhstan

text: There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan. The highest point is the top of the mountain Khan Tengri, on the Kyrgyz border in the Tian Shan range, with an elevation of 7,010m (23,000ft) above sea level; the lowest point is the bottom of the Karagiye depression at 132m (433ft) below sea level, in the Mangystau province east of the Caspian Sea. Most of the country lies at between 200–300m (660–980ft) above sea level, but Kazakhstan's Caspian shore includes some of the lowest elevations on Earth. The peak Khan Tengri in the Tian Shan Mountains (and on the border with Kyrgyzstan and China) is Kazakhstan highest elevation at 6,995m (22,949ft) (7,010m (23,000ft) with ice cap).

title: Black Sea–Caspian Steppe

text: The Black Sea-Caspian Steppe is an informal name for that part of the Eurasian Steppe that extends south between the Black and Caspian Seas. It is usually treated as part of the Pontic-Caspian steppe which includes the area north of the Black and Caspian Seas, but there is some reason to treat it as a distinct place. Its natural boundaries are the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west, the Caucasus Mountains on the south and the Caspian Sea on the east. Its northern boundary may be taken as the triangle formed by the lower Don River and Volga River which are about 60 km apart to the west of Volgograd. This article excludes the north slope of the Caucasus which is not steppe and has a distinct geography and history.

title: Kura (Caspian Sea)

text: The lower part of the river flows through the Kura-Aras Lowland, which covers most of central Azerbaijan and abuts the Caspian Sea. The Kura is the third largest, after the Volga and Ural, of the rivers that flow into the Caspian. Its delta is the fourth largest among the rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea, and is divided into three main sections, or "sleeves", composed of sediment the river deposited during different periods of time. Before 1998, the river flowed all the way to the tip of the delta, where it discharged into the Caspian. In that year, the river escaped its channel and started to flow off to the west, leaving the last few kilometers abandoned. The course change is believed to be the result of a rise in the level of the Caspian Sea coupled with a major flood of the Kura.

title: North Rhine-Westphalia

text: The planimetrically-determined centre of North Rhine-Westphalia is located in the south of Dortmund-Aplerbeck in the Aplerbecker Mark (51° 28' N, 7° 33' Ö). Its westernmost point is situated near Selfkant close to the Dutch border, the easternmost near Höxter on the Weser. The southernmost point lies near Hellenthal in the Eifel region. The northernmost point is the NRW-Nordpunkt near Rahden in the northeast of the state. The Nordpunkt is located only 100 km to the south of the North Sea coast. The deepest natural dip is arranged in the district Zyfflich in the city of Kranenburg with 9.2 m above sea level in the northwest of the state. Though, the deepest point overground results from mining. The open-pit Hambach reaches at Niederzier a deep of 293 m below sea level. At the same time, this is the deepest man-made dip in Germany.

title: Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov

text: Soimonov made the first thorough hydrographic survey of the Caspian Sea between 1719 and 1727, building up on the survey previously done by Karl Van Verden during tsar Peter the Great's drive for reform and modernization at the beginning of the 18th century. He led the Caspian Expedition that explored the coasts of the sea. As a result of the survey Soimonov drew a set of maps of the Caspian for the 'Atlas of the Caspian Sea' "(Atlas Kapiiskago Moria)" and wrote the 'Pilot of the Caspian Sea'. Published in 1731 by the Russian Academy of Sciences, these became the first comprehensive report and the first modern maps of the Caspian in history. Between 1730 and 1738 he was employed as a cartographer for the Russian Admiralty Board, which had been established in 1718 by Peter I the Great.

title: Bathysphere

text: As of the late 1920s, the deepest humans could safely descend in diving helmets was several hundred feet. Submarines of the time had descended to a maximum of , but had no windows, making them useless for Beebe's goal of observing deep-sea animals. The deepest in the ocean that any human had descended at this point was wearing an armored suit, but these suits also made movement and observation extremely difficult. What Beebe hoped to create was a deep-sea vessel which both could descend to a much greater depth than any human had descended thus far, and also would enable him to clearly observe and document the deep ocean's wildlife.

title: Caspian Sea

text: Iranrud Baku oil fields Caspians Ekranoplan, a ground effect plane which was developed on the Caspian Sea. Epoch of Extreme Inundations Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea Shah Deniz gas field South Caucasus Pipeline Southern Gas Corridor Tengiz Field Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System Wildlife of Azerbaijan Wildlife of Iran Wildlife of Kazakhstan Wildlife of Russia

title: Hvalfjörður Tunnel

text: While the sub-sea tunnel deepest point is below sea level, the deepest sea depth is , and the minimum rock coverage is .

title: Lake Manych-Gudilo

text: A global sea level rise of roughly would cause the ocean surface to be higher than the highest point of an area between the ocean and the Caspian, forming a narrow channel straddling the lake in the area between the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea, potentially placing the Caspian Depression area under water.

title: Salsvatnet

text: Salsvatnet is a lake in the municipalities of Fosnes and Nærøy in Trøndelag county, Norway. With its deepest depth of , it is Norway's and Europe's second-deepest lake, after Hornindalsvatnet. Alternate sources give the depth as either or at the deepest point. The lake sits very close to the ocean, about above sea level at the surface and reaches to a depth of below sea level. It is a very large lake with an area of , a volume of , and a shoreline that is around.

title: Lake Balkhash

text: Balkhash lies in the deepest part of the vast Balkhash-Alakol depression, which was formed by a sloping trough between mountains of the Alpine orogeny and the older Kazakhstan Block during the Neogene and Quaternary. Rapid erosion of the Tian Shan has meant the depression subsequently filled with sand river sediments in what is geologically a very short time span. The basin is a part of Dzungarian Alatau, which also contains lakes Sasykkol, Alakol and Aibi. These lakes are remnants of an ancient sea which once covered the entire Balkhash-Alakol depression, but was not connected with the Aral–Caspian Depression.

title: Caspian Depression

text: The Caspian Depression (, Caspian Lowland) or Pricaspian/Peri-Caspian Depression/Lowland is a low-lying flatland region encompassing the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed body of water on Earth. It is the larger northern part of the wider Aral-Caspian Depression around the Aral and Caspian seas.

title: Caspian red deer

text: The Caspian red deer ("Cervus elaphus maral"), is one of the easternmost subspecies of red deer that is native to areas between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea such as Crimea, Asia Minor, the Caucasus Mountains region bordering Europe and Asia, and along the Caspian Sea region in Iran. The Caspian red deer is sometimes referred to as maral, noble deer, or eastern red deer.

title: Caspian Sea

text: The Caspian turtle (Mauremys caspica), although found in neighboring areas, is a wholly freshwater species. The zebra mussel is native to the Caspian and Black Sea basins, but has become an invasive species elsewhere, when introduced. The area has given its name to several species, including the Caspian gull and the Caspian tern. The Caspian seal (Pusa caspica) is the only aquatic mammal and is endemic to the Caspian Sea, being one of very few seal species that live in inland waters, but it is different from the those inhabiting freshwaters due to the hydrological environment of the sea.

title: Aral–Caspian Depression

text: The Aral–Caspian Depression is a lowland depression straddling Europe and Asia around the Aral Sea and Northern Caspian Sea. The most northern part is called the Caspian Depression. The desert part to the east of the Caspian Depression and Caspian is called the Turan Depression. In Azerbaijan, the Kura-Aras Lowland is part of the Aral–Caspian Depression.

title: British Caspian Flotilla

text: The British Caspian Flotilla was a naval force of the Royal Navy established in the Caspian Sea in 1918. It was part of the allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The flotilla initially reported to the Rear-Admiral Commanding, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Sea of Marmora until 1919.

title: North Caucasus Line

text: Around 1500 Russia was just beginning to push south from its heartland in Muscovy. Everything south to the Black Sea and Caucasus was controlled by the Nogai nomads. In 1556 Russia moved down the Volga and captured Astrakhan at the north end of the Caspian sea. South of the Terek along the Caspian Sea the land was controlled by various khanates nominally subject to Persia. The northernmost was what later became the Shamkhalate of Tarki.

title: Azerbaijan in World War II

text: The Caspian Flotilla was instrumental for cargo-turnover until World War II. Approximately one third of all cargo transported throughout the seas of the USSR was delivered along the Caspian Sea through the Flotilla. Among various reasons for this was the close proximity of oil deposits, petroleum refineries, and cotton storehouses. Transportation of wood and bread to the Caucasus and Middle Asia, which were delivered through the Caspian Sea via the Volga and the Urals, also influenced the high level of cargo-turnover. Oil and oil products, which were mainly transported from Baku to Astrakhan for further transportation to other regions of the USSR through the Volga River were the main goods determining significance of the Caspian Sea. The territory of Azerbaijan, mainly Baku-Baladjary point, located on the junction of railway and marine roads, was the important link on the railway road of the South Caucasus.