query: Is Karate a sport in the Olympics?

title: Karate at the Summer Olympics

text: Karate will make its debut appearance at the Summer Olympics in 2020 in Tokyo, Japan.

title: Polish Karate Federation

text: In 2016, the International Olympic Committee adopted a resolution on karate as the thirtieth Olympic discipline to perform at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The Polish Olympic Committee granted legal membership for the Polish Karate Association. According to the decision of the Ministry of Sport and Tourism in Poland, PZK is the only organization that can represent and use Polish national symbols when participating in foreign competitions.

title: Ghana Karate Do Association

text: Ghana Karate Do Association it is the largest association for karate in Ghana and a member as well as the official representative for this sport in the Ghana Olympic Committee. It was founded in 1997.

title: Karate at the Summer Olympics

text: In 2009, in the 121st International Olympic Committee voting, karate did not receive the necessary two-thirds majority vote to become an Olympic sport.[7] Karate was being considered for the 2020 Olympics,[8]however at a meeting of the IOC's executive board, held in Russia on May 29, 2013, it was decided that karate (along with wushu and several non-martial arts) would not be considered for inclusion in 2020 at the IOC's 125th session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in September 2013.[9]

title: Surfing at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: On September 28, 2015, surfing was featured on a shortlist along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, karate, and sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics. On August 3, 2016 the International Olympic Committee voted to include all five sports (counting baseball and softball as a single sport) for inclusion in the 2020 Games.

title: Karate

text: The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games. The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.

title: Asian Karate Championships

text: The Asian Karatedo Championships are the highest level of competition for sport karate in Asia. The competition is held in a different country every two years organized by the Asian Karatedo Federation (AKF) under the supervision of World Karate Federation (WKF), the largest international governing body of sport karate with over 180 member countries. It is the only karate organization recognised by the International Olympic Committee and has more than fifty million members. The AKF organizes the Junior and Senior Asian Karatedo Championships in every two years in between the Olympic and Asian Games and participates in WKF World Karate Championships which its member Japan play as a powerhouse country when it comes to sport karate vying for world titles with counterpart opponents from the powerful nations such as France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain and Italy in many world championships.

title: Karate at the Summer Olympics

text: In September 2015, karate was included in a shortlist along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics;[10] and in June 2016, the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that they would support the proposal to include all of the shortlisted sports in the 2020 Games.[11] Finally, on August 3, 2016, all five sports (counting baseball and softball together as one sport) were approved for inclusion in the 2020 Olympic program.[12]

title: USA National Karate-do Federation

text:
The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 enabled the governance of sports in the US by organizations other than the AAU. This act made each sport set up its own National governing body (NGB). Each of these governing bodies would be part of the United States Olympic Committee, but would not be run by the Committee. Thus, The USA Karate Federation was born.
USA National Karate-do Federation is the latest of previous organizations to claim to represent Karate in the United States.USA National Karate-do Federation replaces USA Karate Federation.

title: Olympic sports

text: On August 3, 2016, the IOC voted to add baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[20]

title: Karate

text: In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

title: Karate

text: On 28 September 2015, karate was featured on a shortlist along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics. On 1 June 2016, the International Olympic Committee's executive board announced they were supporting the inclusion of all five sports (counting baseball and softball as only one sport) for inclusion in the 2020 Games.

title: French Karate Federation

text: French Karate Federation it is the largest association for karate in France and a member as well as the official representative for this sport in the French National Olympic and Sports Committee.

title: Japan Karate Federation

text: The Japan Karate Federation (JKF), a.k.a. Japan Karatedo Federation, is a national governing body of sport karate in Japan. The JKF is officially affiliated with the Japan Olympic Association (JOC), World Karate Federation (WKF), (JSA) and (JBA). The styles recognized by the JKF are Wadō-ryū, Shotokan, Shito-ryu and Goju-ryu. The headquarters is located in Tokyo, Japan.

title: Karate Federation of Nigeria

text: Karate Federation of Nigeria it is the largest association for karate in Nigeria and a member as well as the official representative for this sport in the Nigeria Olympic Committee.

title: Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics

text: Rugby sevens was one of five sports — golf, karate, roller sports, rugby, and squash — that submitted a proposal to the IOC at the 117th IOC Session meeting in Singapore in 2005 for inclusion in the 2012 games. The IOC stated that no sport would be added unless others were dropped. However, the selection of two sports out of the five nominees as potential 2012 sports went to squash and karate, as determined by a voting procedure.

title: Olympic Games

text: In October and November 2004, the IOC established an Olympic Programme Commission, which was tasked with reviewing the sports on the Olympic programme and all non-Olympic recognised sports. The goal was to apply a systematic approach to establishing the Olympic programme for each celebration of the Games. The commission formulated seven criteria to judge whether a sport should be included on the Olympic programme. These criteria are history and tradition of the sport, universality, popularity of the sport, image, athletes' health, development of the International Federation that governs the sport, and costs of holding the sport. From this study five recognised sports emerged as candidates for inclusion at the 2012 Summer Olympics: golf, karate, rugby sevens, roller sports and squash. These sports were reviewed by the IOC Executive Board and then referred to the General Session in Singapore in July 2005. Of the five sports recommended for inclusion only two were selected as finalists: karate and squash. Neither sport attained the required two-thirds vote and consequently they were not promoted to the Olympic programme. In October 2009 the IOC voted to instate golf and rugby sevens as Olympic sports for the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympic Games.

title: Antonio Espinós

text: Antonio Espinós Ortueta (born 13 October 1947) in Bilbao, Spain, is the current President of the World Karate Federation and of the European Karate Federation. Former member of the Spanish Karate National team and former President of the Spanish Karate Federation, Antonio Espinós Ortueta has headed the WKF since 1998 and the European Karate Federation since 1997. He is regarded as the major force in the inclusion of Karate in the sports programme of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo.

title: Asian Karatedo Federation

text:
The Asian Karatedo Federation (AKF) is the governing body of sport karate of about 39 countries of karatedo federation in Asia. The AKF is a non-profit organization and performs its activities on an amateur basis in compliance with the principles set forth in the Olympic Charter, duly
recognized by the World Karate Federation, the largest international governing body of sport karate with over 180 member countries. It is the only karate organization recognised by the International Olympic Committee and has more than fifty million members. The AKF organizes the Asian Karatedo Championships, the Junior and Senior AKF Championships in every two years in between the Olympic and Asian Games and participates in WKF World Karate Championships. The President of the AKF is Kuang-Huei Chang of Chinese Taipei and Bill Mok of Hong Kong, China serves as the Secretary General.

title: Karate at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The karate competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will feature eight events. It will be the debut appearance of karate in the Olympics. Karate is part of the 2020 programme as one of five sports added specifically for 2020 rather than as a permanent sport. Two disciplines karate will be featured. Kumite ("grappling hands") is the sparring discipline and will have three weight classes each for men and women. Kata (martial arts) is the form discipline and will have one event each for men and women. Every event will consist of 10 competitors.

title: List of Olympic medalists in softball

text: In 2004, the IOC investigated the addition of sports to the Olympic schedule including golf, rugby sevens, squash, roller sports and karate. The IOC voted on July 8, 2005, to remove softball and baseball from the 2012 Summer Olympics roster, the first sports removed from the Olympics since polo in 1936. Appeals to reinstate both sports for 2012 were rejected. Softball was still played at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, however, and the Japanese team claimed their first gold and third overall medal in Olympic softball. The United States won silver, and the Australian team bronze, to become the only countries to win a medal in all four Olympic softball tournaments. The international governing bodies of softball, baseball, rugby sevens, golf, karate, roller sports, and squash petitioned the IOC in 2009 to fill two sport slots at the 2016 Olympics. IOC President Jacques Rogge said they were "looking for an added value – wide appeal, especially for young people." Ultimately the IOC voted to fill the two available slots for 2016 with rugby and golf.

title: Japan Karate Federation

text: On August 3, 2016, the IOC approves Karate as one of the five new sports for Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics.

title: Karate Canada

text: Karate Canada is the only national Canadian karate organization recognized by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) and the Pan American Games. Karate Canada conducts annual competitions, and the winners are the only karate athletes recognized as national champions by the COC and Sport Canada.

title: Trinidad and Tobago Karate Union

text: The Trinidad and Tobago Karate Union (TTKU) is the National Governing Body for the sport of Karate in Trinidad and Tobago. The TTKU is affiliated to the World Karate Federation (WKF) which is the only world karate organization recognised by the International Olympic Committee.

title: Panamerican Karate Federation

text: The Panamerican Karate Federation (PKF) is the governing body of sport karate of about 37 countries of national karate federation in the Americas. The PKF was founded in 1975 with original name PUKO (Panamerican Union of Karate Organization) with 13 countries founder the PUKO in Long Beach, California, USA, and in 1995 it officially change the name to Panamerican Karate Federation. PKF is duly recognized by the World Karate Federation, the largest international governing body of sport karate with over 130 member countries. It is the only karate organization recognised by the International Olympic Committee and has more than ten million members. The PKF organized juniors and seniors Championship in many countries in Panamerica and participates in WKF World Karate Championships. The President of the PKF is William Millerson.

title: Karate Union of Great Britain

text: The KUGB was amongst the karate organisations which joined Karate England, the national governing body set up by the British Sports Council to regulate competitive (WKF) karate (the style recognised by the International Olympic Committee as a candidate for Olympic status).

title: World Karate Federation

text:
The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest international governing body of sport karate with 191 member countries. It was formed in 1990, is the only karate organization recognised by the International Olympic Committee and has more than ten million members.
Gōjū-ryū, Shitō-ryū, Shotokan and Wadō-ryū.

title: Karate in Japan

text: The sport has declined in popularity and is more popular abroad. Karate at the 2020 Summer Olympics is going to be a debut event at the Summer Olympics.

title: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: London's bid featured the same 28 sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics, but the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the 2012 Games just two days after London had been selected as the host city. There was an appeal, but the IOC voted to uphold the decision, and the two sports were scheduled to be discontinued after their last appearance at the 2008 Olympics. The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them; karate, squash, golf, roller sports and rugby sevens were considered. Karate and squash were the two final nominees, but neither received enough votes to reach the required two-thirds majority.

title: Karate South Africa

text:
The Karate South Africa (KSA) is the governing body of sport karate in South Africa. The KSA was formed in June 2005 after the previous body (KASA) was disbanded by the then Minister of Sport. The new body came into being under the supervision of the South African Sports Council. It has membership to the World Karate Federation (WKF) which is the only body recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and was readmitted to the international arena in 1992. In May 2008, after three years of ups and down, the interim structure was formalised at a General Elections held under the supervision of SASCOC and the current Executive was voted in. The President of the KSA is Sonny Pillay.
Karate is a martial arts which was introduced in South Africa during 1950 by persons who developed an interest in this eastern culture through reading books and with information received from sailors who visited South African ports. During the early 1960s a few South Africans visited Japan and formally studied the art of karate. This international exposure was reciprocated with the visit by top Japanese karate instructors.

title: Australian Karate Federation

text: A member of the World Karate Federation (WKF), the Australian Karate Federation Inc. is affiliated with 170 countries all over the globe with access to both Junior/Cadet and Senior World Championships. Although relatively new, the federation also expects to be inducted into the Olympics. The federation also enjoys the Continental Union membership with ties with the Oceania Karate Federation, which currently has 10 countries as members. Regional development of the sports is the current goal of the Australian Karate Federation.


query: Where was the first sex change operation performed?

title: Sex reassignment surgery (male-to-female)

text: Lili Elbe was the first known recipient of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, in Germany in 1930. She was the subject of four surgeries: one for orchiectomy, one to transplant an ovary, one for penectomy, and one for vaginoplasty and a uterus transplant. However, she died three months after her last operation.

text: The Convention on the recognition of decisions recording a sex reassignment () is a multilateral convention, drafted by the International Commission on Civil Status which provides the acceptance in other countries of decisions by the authorities (courts or administrative divisions) on a sex change. Sex changes of nationals or residents are recognized in the other member states if the sex change has been performed physically (and is recorded as such). This is registered in a change of the birth certificate.

title: Community of Christ

text: In 2012, the Community of Christ held national conferences in Canada and Australia both of which recommended to church leadership to change standing policies regarding ordination to include those in same-sex marriage (Canada) and in marriage-like same-sex committed relationships (Australia), and in Canada to extend the sacrament of marriage to same-sex couples. Official policy changes for these nations have since been released that follow the recommendations of these conferences. The Community of Christ's 2013 USA National Conference like those in Canada and Australia recommended changes. Those changes were recommended for the extension of the sacrament of marriage to same-sex couples in states where same-sex marriages are legal, the extension of covenant commitment services for same-sex couples in states where same-sex marriages are not yet legal, and extending eligibility for the priesthood call sacrament to all church members regardless of sexual orientation or open same-sex relationship. As a result of these recommendations, church leadership released in March 2014 policy embracing the recommendations for the church in the United States. Ireland and Great Britain held a special multi-nation conference in 2013 which also recommended changes to policy similar to those of Canada, Australia, and the United States. The changes have yet to be approved by the First Presidency and Council of Twelve for Ireland and Great Britain, with the likely timeframe to "develop, approve, and implement interim policies" being up to one year after the 2013 Conferences.

title: Elmer Belt

text: Dr. Belt was associate professor of urology and clinical professor of surgery at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine. Dr. Belt began performing male to female sex change operations after being contacted by Dr. Harry Benjamin. Before the Christine Jorgensen story became headline news, Belt had been quietly performing sex changes for a few years. He performed primarily male-to-female operations but did perform a few female-to-male. Some of his most well known patients were Patricia Morgan, Mario Martino and Aleshia Brevard. After family pressure, Dr. Belt finally ceased performing sex change operations in 1962.

title: Mt. San Rafael Hospital

text: The hospital's sex-change surgery service led to Trinidad being named the "sex-change capital of the world." Resident surgeon Dr. Stanley Biber performed the hospital's first sex-change operation in 1969, and thousands of additional sex-change operations were performed there until Biber's successor left following a dispute in 2010.

title: Transgender rights in Australia

text: Following the widespread newspaper reports of the successful sex change operations of Christine Jorgensen in December 1952 and Roberta Cowell in March 1954, the first reported case of an Australian undertaking a sex change operation was an ex-RAAF Staff Sergeant Robert James Brooks in February 1956.

title: Astor Club

text: An account by the transsexual, April Ashley (the first British citizen to have had a sex-change operation performed, albeit in Casablanca) describes the Astor in the early 1960s as having been "black tie and full of tarts".

title: LGBT rights in Pakistan

text: People have started accepting acts of sex reassignment surgery to change their sex as a norm either compelled by gender dysphoria. There are situations where such cases have come into the limelight. A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.

title: Sex reassignment therapy

text: Sex reassignment therapy is a controversial ethical subject. Notably, the Roman Catholic church, according to an unpublished Vatican document, holds that changing sex is not possible and, while in some cases treatment might be necessary, it does not change the person's sex in the eyes of the church. Some Catholic ethicists go further, proclaiming that a "sex change operation" is "mutilation" and therefore immoral.

title: Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States

text: The first case to deal with legal recognition of transgender identity in the United States was "In re Anonymous v. Weiner" in 1966. A post-operative male-to-female trans woman applied for a change of sex on her birth certificate through the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the New York City Health Department. The Bureau turned to the Board of Health who then called on a committee on public health of the New York Academy of Medicine to make a recommendation. The application was ultimately denied and the Board of Health stated that "an individual born one sex cannot be changed for the reasons proposed by the request which was made to us. Sex can be changed where there is an error, of course, but not when there is a later attempt to change psychological orientation of the patient and including such surgery as goes with it."

title: Celebrity Cruises

text: Celebrity Cruises announced on October 11, 2017, that it will perform legal same-sex marriages on its ships while in international waters following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Malta, where most of the Celebrity fleet is registered. The company already hosted same-sex marriages while docked in jurisdictions where they are legal, but the change in Maltese law allowed the company's captains to perform legally recognized marriages while in international waters.

title: Transgender rights

text: In Romania it is legal for transgender people to change their first name to reflect their gender identity based on personal choice. Since 1996, it has been possible for someone who has gone through genital reassignment surgery to change their legal gender in order to reflect their post-operative sex. Transgender people then have the right to marry in accordance with their post-operative sex.

title: Mak nyah

text: In 1983, the Malaysian Conference of Rulers issued a "fatwa" which ruled that sex reassignment surgery should be forbidden to all except intersex people, on the basis that any other surgery was against Islam, as Islam only permits "khunsa" (intersex people) to undergo a sex change operation. Sunni Islam forbids males from cross-dressing, wearing make-up, injecting hormones to enlarge their breasts, and undergoing sex change operations. Research shows that 78% of "mak nyahs" would prefer to have a sex change operation if their religion permits them to do so.

title: LGBT rights in North Dakota

text: North Dakota permits transgender people to change their legal gender. Doing so requires undergoing sex reassignment surgery. The North Dakota Health Department will issue an amended birth certificate on receipt of a written request of "the person who has undergone the operation", an affidavit by a physician stating "that the physician has performed an operation on the person, and that by reason of the operation, the sex designation of such person's birth record should be changed", a court order for legal name change, and payment of the associated fees.

title: LGBT rights in Thailand

text: In 2007, the Thai National Assembly debated allowing transgender people to legally change their names after having a sex change operation, but as of 2014 this change had not been passed. Post-operation male-to-female transgender government employees are not granted the right to wear female uniforms at work, and are still expected to perform military service. Specific cases of inequality include a hospital which refused to allow a transgender woman to stay in a woman's ward, even though she had undergone sex reassignment surgery.

title: Stanley Biber

text: Biber performed his first sex reassignment surgery in 1969 after a trans woman asked him if he would be willing and able to do so. At first, he did not know how, but he learned by studying diagrams from Johns Hopkins Hospital. He kept his first few surgeries secret from the Catholic nuns who operated the hospital, due to concerns that they would react negatively. Trinidad became known as the "Sex Change Capital of the World" because of his renown.

title: Same-sex marriage in France

text: In Martinique, the first same-sex marriages, which was between a lesbian couple, was celebrated in June 2013. The first same-sex wedding in Guadeloupe occurred in July 2013 in the city of Saint-Anne. In Mayotte, the first same-sex wedding was performed in September 2013 in Mamoudzou, the largest city in the department. This marked the first time in history that a legally recognized same-sex marriage occurred in a jurisdiction where a majority of the population follows the religion of Islam.

title: Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy

text: In 1988, Tantawy issued a fatwa regarding the sex reassignment surgery of Egyptian woman Sally Mursi. The statement summary is translated: "It is permissible to perform the operation in order to reveal what was hidden of male or female organs. Indeed, it is obligatory to do so on the grounds that it must be considered a treatment, when a trustworthy doctor advises it. It is, however, not permissible to do it at the mere wish to change sex from woman to man, or vice versa." The fatwa has been interpreted both as in favor and also in rejection of sex reassignment operations.

title: Carlotta (performer)

text: Carlotta was born in Balmain, New South Wales, in 1943. As a child, she was taught song-and-dance routines by her mother. Neither her mother nor her stepfather approved of her subsequent transgender performing career. She had a sex change operation in the early 1970s which, though not the first such procedure in Australia, was the first to receive publicity.

title: Saba

text: In Saba (as in Bonaire and Sint Eustatius), marriage is open to same sex and opposite sex couples following the entering in force of a law enabling same-sex couples to marry on 10 October 2012. The first same-sex marriage was performed on Saba on 4 December 2012 between a Dutch and a Venezuelan man, both residing in Aruba, where same-sex marriage is not performed.

title: Trinidad, Colorado

text: Trinidad was dubbed the "Sex Change Capital of the World", because a local doctor had an international reputation for performing sex reassignment surgery. In the 1960s, Dr. Stanley Biber, a veteran surgeon returning from Korea, decided to move to Trinidad because he had heard that the town needed a surgeon. In 1969, a local social worker asked him if he would perform the surgery for her, which he learned by consulting diagrams and a New York surgeon. Biber attained a reputation as a good surgeon at a time when very few doctors were performing sex-change operations. At his peak, Biber was performing roughly four sex-change operations a day, and the term "taking a trip to Trinidad" became a euphemism for some seeking the procedures he offered. Biber was featured in an episode of "South Park", in which elementary school teacher Mr. Garrison undergoes a sex-change operation. Biber's surgical practice was taken over in 2003 by Marci Bowers. Dr. Bowers has since moved the practice to San Mateo, California. The 2008 documentary "Trinidad" focuses on Marci Bowers and two of her patients.

title: LGBT rights in Morocco

text: In the 1950s, the publicity surrounding Coccinelle helped to establish Casablanca as being a place where certain doctors were willing to perform sex change operations, albeit in clandestine circumstances.

title: Be Like Others

text: At first, Westerners may find the Iranian state's support of sex change operations contradictory in light of their views on homosexuality. However, "Be Like Others" reveals the reasoning behind this apparent disagreement: while homosexuality is considered a shameful choice, transsexuality is thought of as a curable mental illness. Dr. Bahram Mir-Jalali, performs more sex-change operations in a year than the entire country of France does in 10 years. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has notoriously proclaimed that there are no homosexuals in Iran, as it is clear that homosexuality has become interchangeable with transsexuality due to fear and repression. The film walks us through the lives of individuals undergoing this procedure and gives us a look into what life is like afterwards.

title: Miss International Queen

text: Trans culture is very prevalent in Thailand due to extensive medical research done and sex-change surgeries. The first documented sex change in Thailand was in 1975, and attitudes and surgical techniques have improved much since then. On 25 November 2009, the Thailand Medical Council released a policy that was titled "Criteria for the treatment of sex change, Census 2009". Since this policy change, ninety percent of those who received a sex change operation are foreigners to Thailand. With this much tourism based solely off of sex reassignment surgery, Thailand's transgender community has not only grown, but trans individuals in Thai society are accepted on a much larger scale and will continue to be so in the future if the trend continues.

title: LGBT rights in Jordan

text: In April 2018, the Jordanian Parliament passed the advanced medical responsibility law that defines "sex change" and "sex reassignment" making the first illegal and punishable with fine and jail time for any doctor who performs what the health committee in the parliament described as "sex change" which is changing the sex of someone who has the chromosomes, genitals and secondary characteristics of one sex.

title: Transgender people and religion

text: Orthodox Judaism asserts that sex/gender is an innate and eternal category based on verses in the Book of Genesis about Adam and Eve and the creation of maleness and femaleness. Sex-change operations involving the removal of genital organs are forbidden on the basis of the prohibition against “anything which is mauled, crushed, torn or cut” (Lev. 22:24). A further prohibition in Deut. 22:5, proscribes not only cross-dressing but any action uniquely identified with the opposite sex, and this would also apply to an operation to transform sexual characteristics. There are, nevertheless, Orthodox authorities who recognize the efficacy of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in changing halachic sex designation. In 2007 Joy Ladin became the first openly transgender professor at an Orthodox institution (Stern College for Women in Manhattan).

title: Transgender rights

text: People have started accepting acts of sex reassignment surgery to change their sex as a norm either compelled by gender dysphoria or just for the sake of it. There are situations where such cases have come into the limelight. A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.

title: Phone sex

text: Independent phone sex operators engage in self-promotion. This self-promotion can involve a personalized website where the phone sex performer lists their specialties and services, engaging prospects in social media, various methods of advertising (via the traditional methods listed below, or on organized third-party network sites that provide a basic level of privacy for performer and client alike) and/or surfing of sexually themed chat rooms for interested clients.

title: Transgender rights in Australia

text: In 1987, Estelle Asmodelle became possibly Australia's first legally recognized post operative transgender person with the Births, Deaths and Marriages Department of New South Wales, and her transition helped gain recognition for transgender people in Australia. This was the first time in Australian legal history that a transgender Australian was permitted to change their birth certificate to a different sex. Soon afterwards the passport laws also changed to allow the sex on passports to be changed

title: Christine Jorgensen

text: As a transgender spokesperson and public figure, Jorgensen influenced other transgender people to change their sex on birth certificates and to change their names. Jorgensen's case was also significant because, for the first time, it led to complications over sex and science and the changing definition of sexuality. Gender was thought of as a set binary (where one could only be male or female) that was permanent, but Jorgensen's case questioned that stability. Gender was not the set binary as people once thought of it, and doctors were redefining gender with the term "psychological sex". This new "psychological sex" showed that psychologically, one might not relate to one's biological sex.

title: Charlotte Frances McLeod

text: When McLeod first went to Denmark to receive plastic surgery there was a law that stated they could only perform the operation on Scandonavians. However, McLeod still underwent a sex change surgery that was performed by professors and surgeons free of charge. McLeod's surgery was cited as being rather dangerous and unconventional. However, McLeod's intentions to return home a woman did not falter: “The thought of having come all this way in vain and of return as the Charlie I hated was unbearable. So I managed to have the first operation made unofficially. It happened on a kitchen table at midnight and that’s all I want to say about that, but the operation almost killed me.”


query: What does "IMSI" stand for in IMSI-catcher?

title: IMSI-catcher

text: An international mobile subscriber identity-catcher, or IMSI-catcher, is a telephone eavesdropping device used for intercepting mobile phone traffic and tracking location data of mobile phone users.[1] Essentially a "fake" mobile tower acting between the target mobile phone and the service provider's real towers, it is an example of a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. The 3G wireless standard offers some risk mitigation due to mutual authentication required from both the handset and the network.[2] However, sophisticated attacks may be able to downgrade 3G and LTE to non-LTE network services which do not require mutual authentication.[3]

title: IMSI-catcher

text: A virtual base transceiver station (VBTS)[5] is a device for identifying the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) of a nearby GSM mobile phone and intercepting its calls. It was patented[5] and first commercialized by Rohde & Schwarz in 2003. The device can be viewed as simply a modified cell tower with a malicious operator, and on 4 January 2012, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales held that the patent is invalid for obviousness.[6]

title: Crypto phone

text: For the system to work, both users must have crypto phones logged into crypto mode. As with other phones, the signal is encrypted by GSM but it is also encrypted by the cryptographic chip. When the IMSI-catcher performs a man-in-the-middle attack and disables the GSM encryption, the crypto phone encryption remains intact. Therefore, while the signal is still being intercepted, it can no longer be decoded and fake SMS messages can't be sent as the IMSI-catcher does not have the correct code.

title: Stingray phone tracker

text: In some cases, the IMSI or equivalent identifier of a target device is known to the StingRay operator beforehand. When this is the case, the operator will download the IMSI or equivalent identifier from each device as it connects to the StingRay. When the downloaded IMSI matches the known IMSI of the desired target, the dragnet will end and the operator will proceed to conduct specific surveillance operations on just the target device.

title: MSISDN

text: The MSISDN together with IMSI are two important numbers used for identifying a mobile subscriber. The latter is stored in the SIM, i.e. the card inserted into the mobile phone, and each IMSI uniquely identifies the mobile station, its home wireless network, and the home country of the home wireless network, while the former is the number used for routing calls to the subscriber. IMSI is often used as a key in the HLR ("subscriber database") and MSISDN is the number normally dialed to connect a call to the mobile phone. A SIM has a unique IMSI that does not change, while the MSISDN can change in time, i.e. different MSISDNs can be associated with the SIM.

title: IMSI-catcher

text: The GSM specification requires the handset to authenticate to the network, but does not require the network to authenticate to the handset. This well-known security hole is exploited by an IMSI catcher.[7] The IMSI catcher masquerades as a base station and logs the IMSI numbers of all the mobile stations in the area, as they attempt to attach to the IMSI-catcher.[8] It allows forcing the mobile phone connected to it to use no call encryption (A5/0 mode) or to use easily breakable encryption (A5/1 or A5/2 mode), making the call data easy to intercept and convert to audio.

title: Dirtbox (cell phone)

text: The device is described as in size. To mimic a cell phone tower, it utilizes IMSI-catcher (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) technology, which phone services use to identify individual subscribers. It emits a pilot signal made to appear stronger than that from the nearest cell tower, causing phones within its range to broadcast their IMSI numbers and electronic serial numbers (ESN). Encryption does not prevent this process; the devices can retrieve a phone's encryption session keys in less than one second, with success rates of 50–75% under "real world conditions".

title: IMSI-catcher

text: There is only an indirect connection from mobile station via IMSI-catcher to the GSM network. For this reason, incoming phone calls cannot generally be patched through to the mobile station by the GSM network, although more modern versions of these devices have their own mobile patch-through solutions in order to provide this functionality.

title: TurboCAD

text: In 2006, IMSI/Design, LLC was spun out of IMSI, which had just been renamed 'Broadcaster, Inc', as part of a management buy-out of the TurboCAD product line, several other IMSI products and the IMSI name. The spin-out was led by Royal Farros, Bob Mayer and Greyhawk Capital Management The same Russian development team however continued to work of the TurboCAD code.

title: IMSI-catcher

text: The IMSI-catcher subjects the phones in its vicinity to a man-in-the-middle attack, appearing to them as a preferred base station in terms of signal strength. With the help of a SIM, it simultaneously logs into the GSM network as a mobile station. Since the encryption mode is chosen by the base station, the IMSI-catcher can induce the mobile station to use no encryption at all. Hence it can encrypt the plain text traffic from the mobile station and pass it to the base station.

title: GSM procedures

text:
At power-down the MS requests a signaling channel.
Once assigned, the MS sends an IMSI detach message to the VLR.
When the VLR receives the IMSI detach-message, the corresponding IMSI is marked as detached by setting the IMSI detach flag. The HLR is not informed of this and the VLR does not acknowledge the MS about the IMSI detach.
If the radio link quality is poor when IMSI detach occurs, the VLR may not properly receive the IMSI-detach request. Since an acknowledgment message is not sent to the MS, it does not make further attempts to send IMSI detach messages. Therefore, the GSM network considers the MS to be still attached.

title: IMSI-catcher

text: Every mobile phone has the requirement to optimize the reception. If there is more than one base station of the subscribed network operator accessible, it will always choose the one with the strongest signal. An IMSI-catcher masquerades as a base station and causes every mobile phone of the simulated network operator within a defined radius to log in. With the help of a special identity request, it is able to force the transmission of the IMSI.[15]

title: Public land mobile network

text: The IMSI, which identifies a SIM or USIM for one subscriber, typically starts with the PLMN code. For example, an IMSI belonging to the PLMN 262-33 would look like 262330000000001. Mobile phones use this to detect Roaming, so that a mobile phone subscribed on a network with a PLMN code that mismatches the start of the USIM's IMSI will typically display an "R" on the icon that indicates connection strength.

title: IMSI-catcher

text: IMSI-catchers are often deployed by court order without a search warrant, the lower judicial standard of a pen register and trap-and-trace order being preferred by law enforcement.[10] They can also be used in search and rescue operation for missing persons.[11] Police departments have been reluctant to reveal use of these programs and contracts with vendors such as Harris Corporation, the maker of Stingray and Kingfish phone tracker devices.[12]

title: IMSI-catcher

text: Body-worn IMSI-catchers that target nearby mobile phones are being advertised to law enforcement agencies in the US.[9]

title: IMSI-catcher

text: In the UK, the first public body to admit using IMSI catchers was the Scottish Prison Service,[13] though it is likely that the Metropolitan Police Service has been using IMSI catchers since 2011 or before.[14]

title: IMSI

text: IMSI may refer to:

title: Triggerfish (surveillance)

text: The device is similar to but distinct from an IMSI catcher.

title: International mobile subscriber identity

text: IMSI analysis is the process of examining a subscriber's IMSI to identify the network the IMSI belongs to, and whether subscribers from that network may use a given network (if they are not local subscribers, this requires a roaming agreement).

title: Telephone tapping

text: To the mobile phones in its vicinity, a device called an "IMSI-catcher" pretends to be a legitimate base station of the mobile phone network, thus subjecting the communication between the phone and the network to a man-in-the-middle attack. This is possible because, while the mobile phone has to authenticate itself to the mobile telephone network, the network does not authenticate itself to the phone. There is no defense against IMSI-catcher based eavesdropping, except using end-to-end call encryption; products offering this feature, secure telephones, are already beginning to appear on the market, though they tend to be expensive and incompatible with each other, which limits their proliferation.

title: List of CDMA terminology

text: IMSI S – Short IMSI, Mobile Identification Number

title: IMSI-catcher

text: IMSI-catchers are used in the United States and other countries by law enforcement and intelligence agencies, but their use has raised significant civil liberty and privacy concerns and is strictly regulated in some countries such as under the German Strafprozessordnung (StPO / Code of Criminal Procedure).[1][4] Some countries do not have encrypted phone data traffic (or very weak encryption), thus rendering an IMSI-catcher unnecessary.

title: TurboCAD

text: In 1993, IMSI began to outsource the development of TurboCAD. After a trip to Russia by Martin Sacks, IMSI hired 3 Russian programmers who began work on TurboCAD Windows v2. Included in these 3 original hires were Victor Bazarov, who later came to work in San Rafael for IMSI and Alex Presniak who went on to start SoftDev on behalf of IMSI.

title: IMSI-catcher

text: It must be ensured that the mobile phone of the observed person is in standby mode and the correct network operator is found out. Otherwise, for the mobile station, there is no need to log into the simulated base station. Depending on the signal strength of the IMSI-catcher, numerous IMSIs can be located. The problem is to find out the right one. All mobile phones in the area covered by the catcher have no access to the network. Incoming and outgoing calls cannot be patched through for these subscribers. Only the observed person has an indirect connection. There are some disclosing factors. In most cases, the operation cannot be recognized immediately by the subscriber. But there are a few mobile phones that show a small symbol on the display, e.g. an exclamation point, if encryption is not used. This "Ciphering Indication Feature" can be suppressed by the network provider, however, by setting the OFM bit in EFAD on the SIM card. Since the network access is handled with the SIM/USIM of the IMSI-catcher, the receiver cannot see the number of the calling party. Of course, this also implies that the tapped calls are not listed in the itemized bill. The assignment near the base station can be difficult, due to the high signal level of the original base station. As most mobile phones prefer the faster modes of communication such as 4G or 3G, downgrading to 2G can require blocking frequency ranges for 4G and 3G.[18]

title: IMSI-catcher

text: The assignment of an IMSI catcher has a number of difficulties:

title: IMSI-catcher

text: The application Android IMSI-Catcher Detector (AIMSICD) is being developed to detect and circumvent IMSI-catchers, StingRay and silent SMS.[19] Technology for a stationary network of IMSI-catcher detectors has also been developed.[7] Several apps listed on the Google Play Store as IMSI catcher detector apps include SnoopSnitch, Cell Spy Catcher, and GSM Spy Finder and have between 100,000 and 500,000 app downloads each. However, these apps have limitations in that they do not have access to phone's underlying hardware and may offer only minimal protection.[20]

title: IMSI-catcher

text: Telephone tapping Stingray phone tracker Mobile phone jammer

title: IMSI-catcher

text: Some preliminary research has been done in trying to detect and frustrate IMSI-catchers. One such project is through the Osmocom open source mobile station software. This is a special type of mobile phone firmware that can be used to detect and fingerprint certain network characteristics of IMSI-catchers, and warn the user that there is such a device operating in their area. But this firmware/software-based detection is strongly limited to a select few, outdated GSM mobile phones (i.e. Motorola) that are no longer available on the open market. The main problem is the closed-source nature of the major mobile phone producers.

title: Surveillance

text: A comparatively new off-the-shelf surveillance device is an IMSI-catcher, a telephone eavesdropping device used to intercept mobile phone traffic and track the movement of mobile phone users. Essentially a "fake" mobile tower acting between the target mobile phone and the service provider's real towers, it is considered a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. IMSI-catchers are used in some countries by law enforcement and intelligence agencies, but their use has raised significant civil liberty and privacy concerns and is strictly regulated in some countries.

title: Interface:2010

text: Interface:2010 is The Interface Marketing Supplier Integration Institute, widely known as INTERFACE and IMSI, is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national marketing and supply chain management organizations. Founded on 11 March 2009, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary marketing supplier integration standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. While IMSI defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to improve the marketing supply chain, reduce costs and eliminate risk makes the IMSI highly influential within the government sector.


query: Who is Jormungand's mother?

title: Jörmungandr

text: In Norse mythology, Jörmungandr (Old Norse: Jǫrmungandr, pronounced [ˈjɔrmunˌɡandr̥], meaning "huge monster"[1]), also known as the Midgard (World) Serpent (Old Norse: Miðgarðsormr), is a sea serpent, the middle child of the giantess Angrboða and Loki. According to the Prose Edda, Odin took Loki's three children by Angrboða—the wolf Fenrir, Hel, and Jörmungandr—and tossed Jörmungandr into the great ocean that encircles Midgard.[2] The serpent grew so large that he was able to surround the earth and grasp his own tail.[2] As a result, he received the name of the Midgard Serpent or World Serpent. When he releases his tail, Ragnarök will begin. Jörmungandr's arch-enemy is the thunder-god, Thor. It is an example of an ouroboros.

title: List of Jormungand episodes

text: For the second season, the opening is "UNDER/SHAFT" by Maon Kurosaki, while the ending is "Laterality" by Nagi Yanagi. On the seven episode of the second season, "UNDER/SHAFT" was used at the ending song.

title: Marvel: Future Fight

text:
Once there they face off against Ymir the frost giant, when he is defeated they learn that Loki has gone deeper into Jötunheim to retrieve the norn stone. The team catch up with Loki where seemingly Amora has betrayed him and taken the norn stone to Muspelheim. The team deduce that Amora seeks to activate the Norn stone with Surtur's help. Arriving in Muspelheim they are confronted by Malekith who is assisting Amora use the norn stones to control the Asgardian Gods. They eventually meet Surtur where they learn that Amora struck a deal with him and has now gone to Asgard. In Asgard Amora charms Fandral, Volstagg, Hogun one by one, and pits them against the heroes. Securing the Odinsword she escapes, beginning Ragnarok with the sword's removal. The Warriors Three are brought back to their senses and join the team against the Ragnarok invasion, Hela and her undead army as well as the Fenris wolf who has come to devour Odin. The All-Father is vulnerable as he is in Odinsleep, the team manage to hold back the invasion just long enough for Odin to awake and be briefed on the situation. Meanwhile, Ymir is back and is attacking Asgard and the team face of against him. On defeating him yet again they learn of his alliance with Jormungand. The team help defeat Jormungand and avert the prophesied death of Thor by his poison. Jormungand reveals to Thor Amora's deal with Surtur to provide him the Odinsword. They track down Amora and try to stop her but she escapes and succeeds in teleporting the sword to Surtur. The team along with Odin track down Surtur and seemingly defeat him only for him to hand over the sword into Odin's hands. Odin then disappears to Midgard (Earth) and the team learn that it was Loki's plan all along and that Surtur has sent Odin to destroy Midgard.
The team head back to Earth to stop Odin where they fight to bring Odin back to himself. When the All-Father is back to normal the team inquires of Jemma Simmons.
Volstagg assures them she has been taken to a safe place and that Doctor Strange had arrived from one of the dimension rifts.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: The manga is published in North America by Viz Media. In Japan, Jormungand is officially published by Shogakukan. In Taiwan, it is licensed and published by Taiwan Tohan.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: The Jormungand Original Soundtrack was released on June 27, 2012 following the conclusion of the first season. It was composed by Taku Iwasaki and released by the record label Geneon Universal Entertainment.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: The series follows Koko Hekmatyar, a young arms dealer who sells weapons under HCLI, an international shipping corporation and illegal smuggling operation. As one of the company's unofficial weapon dealers, she sells weapons in a variety of countries while avoiding both local and international authorities. Traveling with her is a team of bodyguards, mostly composed of former soldiers. The newest addition to her crew is Jonah, an inexpressive and deadly child soldier who hates arms dealers.

title: List of Jormungand episodes

text: Funimation has licensed the series for the North American market with the French market under the license of Dybex. A sneak preview of the anime was held on March 31 to April 1, 2012 at the Anime Contents Expo at the Makuhari Messe in Chiba.

title: The Stones Are Hatching

text: A figure resembling Jormungand of Norse mythology. The Stoor Worm is a continent-sized serpent whose offspring are all the monsters of localized English folklore, who has been asleep for millennia after a hero named Assipattle fought her. When she wakes, her eggs hatch, and her "Hatchlings" begin to wreak havoc on the world. Only by certain magic (much forgotten by Phelim's time) is effective in repelling them. If the Stoor Worm gains her freedom, she would destroy everything she encountered. She is a mouth breeder, as shown when Phelim enters her mouth to break the remaining eggs and slay her. He is therefore the last Jack O'Green, whose predecessors had merely restored the Stoor Worm to her sleep.

title: List of Jormungand episodes

title: Kenji Nomura

text: He has starring roles in anime shows, including Mitsunori Kugayama in "Genshiken", Chairman Harabote in "Kinnikuman: Ultimate Muscle", Lorenzo in "Ristorante Paradiso", Gilles de Rais in "Drifters". He also voices in a bunch of supporting roles in anime series including "Battle Spirits", "First Love Limited", "Jormungand", "Kanokon", "Valkyria Chronicles", "Yes! PreCure5", and "Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's". He voices several villain characters in "One Piece".

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: Showgate handles licensing aspect of Jormungand outside Japan. A sneak preview of the anime was held on March 31 to April 1, 2012 at the Anime Contents Expo at the Makuhari Messe in Chiba.

title: List of Jormungand episodes

text: The first release of "Jormungand" on DVD and Blu-ray was officially released by Geneon Universal in Japan on June 27, 2012 with the first two episodes, "Gun Metal, Calico Road" and "Pulsar" included. Subsequent releases followed with two episodes each on both Blu-rays and DVDs on July 25, August 29 and September 26 of 2012. The Perfect Order DVD/Blu-rays was first released in Japan on December 21, 2012.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: Additionally, the song "Time To Attack" by American rapper/hip-hop artist SANTA is featured in episodes throughout both seasons of the show, as well as during the next-episode previews at the end of each episode.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: Anime News Network's review of "Jormungand" points out the "challenging ideas about war, peace, and world affairs—and throws in some whiz-bang military action for good measure."

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: Scott Green, writing for Ain't It Cool News, summed up the series as being enjoyable, but underachieving. Matthew Warner feels that the story in the fourth volume is more focused on the business of trading weapons, describing it as a nice change of pace for the story, but Warner was disappointed that the violence and "dark, twisted plot points" of earlier volumes in the series were not present. Erica Friedman, organiser of Yuricon, noted the yuri potential of Valmet, but declared the manga to be "just a dumb manga that I really like". Karen Maeda enjoyed the action shown in the sixth volume, regarding the panels as being easy to follow, and hoped that "Jormungand" would be produced as an anime.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: For the first season, both the opening and ending themes were produced by I've Sound. The opening song is "Borderland" by Mami Kawada, and the ending theme is "Ambivalentidea" by Nagi Yanagi. "Borderland" was released as a single on May 30, 2012, while "Ambivalentidea" was released as a single on June 6, 2012. Both songs were released as singles by Geneon Universal Entertainment.

title: Anastasia Muñoz

text: Anastasia Muñoz is an American voice actress affiliated with Funimation. She has provided voices for a number of English-language versions of Japanese anime films and television series. Her major characters include Tobias in ".hack//Quantum", Koko Hekmatyar in "Jormungand", Shiena Kenmochi in "Riddle Story of Devil", Aria in "The Sacred Blacksmith", and Minna-Dietlinde Wilcke in "Strike Witches".

title: Nagi Yanagi

text: Yanagi made her solo debut signed to Geneon with the single released on February 29, 2012. "Vidro Moyō" is used as the ending theme to the 2012 anime series "Waiting in the Summer". Yanagi's second single "Ambivalentidea" was released on June 6, 2012; the title track is used as the ending theme to the 2012 anime series "Jormungand". Her third single was released on November 7, 2012; the title track is used as the ending theme to "Jormungand"s second season "Jormungand: Perfect Order".

title: Mami Kawada

text: On February 16, 2011, she released her 10th single "See Visions", the second opening theme to the second season of "Index". Four months later, she wrote the lyrics for the song "Lead to the Smile", the solo debut of I've singer Rin Asami, who started her career that year. In 2012, she performed three songs for the third "Shana" series "Shakugan no Shana Final": "Serment" was the second opening theme song; "U/N" was used as the ending theme for episode 15; and was used as the ending theme for episode 24. Later, she released the single "Borderland" on May 29, 2012; the title track is used as the opening theme to the anime television series "Jormungand", . She released a new album titled "Square the Circle" on August 8, 2012.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: The first release of Jormungand on DVD and Blu-ray was on June 27, 2012 with the first two episodes, "Gun Metal, Calico Road" and "Pulsar" included. Subsequent releases followed with two episodes each on both Blu-rays and DVDs on July 25, August 29 and September 26 of 2012. The Perfect Order DVD/Blu-rays was first released in Japan on December 21, 2012.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: An anime animated by White Fox and produced by Geneon was announced on the 10th volume of the manga. The anime began airing on April 10, 2012 on Tokyo MX, Television Kanagawa, TV Aichi and KBS and on later dates on Sun TV, BS11 and AT-X. The show will also be seen online in Showtime, NicoNico, Bandai Channel and GyaO. A second season of the series, Jormungand: Perfect Order, was also announced and slated to be released in October 2012, which began broadcasting on Japanese TV on October 9, 2012. The two seasons aired on Japanese TV at 12:30 AM.

title: Nagi Yanagi

text: Yanagi's music has been featured in anime series such as "My Youth Romantic Comedy Is Wrong, As I Expected", "Jormungand", "Seraph of the End", and "". She has also performed at overseas events in Southeast Asia, China, and Europe. In 2012, she collaborated with composer Jun Maeda of Key to produce the original concept album "Owari no Hoshi no Love Song". In 2017, she served as the music producer of the anime series "Just Because!".

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: For the second season, the opening is "Under / Shaft" by Maon Kurosaki, while the ending is by Nagi Yanagi.

title: List of Digimon Fusion characters

text:
Olegmon
Surtr
Jormungand

title: List of Jormungand episodes

text: Both the opening and ending theme songs for the first season were produced by I've Sound. The opening song is "Borderland" by Mami Kawada, and the ending theme is "Ambivalentidea" by Nagi Yanagi. Both songs will be released as singles by the record label Geneon Universal Entertainment.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: A radio show dedicated to Jormungand has been made public with Shizuka Ito and Mutsumi Tamura as the hosts.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: In Japan, the manga's 9th Volume sold 41,712 copies in a week for a total of 42,337 in the 27th place out of 30. Jormungand's 11th Volume was in 10th place and had sold 70,593 copies. It later placed itself in the 20th place out of 30, selling 34,697 copies weekly for a total of 105,290.

title: Midgard Serpent (Marvel Comics)

text: Jormungand, also known as The Midgard Serpent or World Serpent, is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, based on the serpent Jörmungandr from Norse mythology, first appears in "Marvel Tales" #105 (Feb. 1952), in the period between the Golden Age of Comic Books and the Silver Age of Comic Books.

title: Jormungand (manga)

text: A 6-part Drama CD had been released prior to the anime, based on the Orchestra story arc. Of all the voice actors involved in the CD, only Unsho Ishizuka reprised his role as Lehm while the voice actors for everyone else involved in the drama were replaced.

title: List of Jormungand characters

text: Also known as H&C Logistics Incorporated, HCLI is an American-based shipping company that secretly deals in weapons trade.

title: Tyranids

text: There have been three major Tyranid hive fleets to date; Hive Fleet Behemoth and Hive Fleet Kraken of whom both were defeated, and Hive Fleet Leviathan, which is one of the current threats to the known galaxy. There are many other Tyranid hive fleets that have been destroyed or are still emerging, such as Hive Fleets Jormungand, Colossus, Tiamet, Scarabus, Ouroboros, Nemesis, Reatherus, Gorgon and Hydra among many others.


query: What is the population of Rio, Brazil?

title: Demographics of Rio de Janeiro

text: Rio de Janeiro City is home to more than 6million people, accounting for about 35% of the population of Rio de Janeiro State. Portuguese remains the most widely spoken language and Rio de Janeiro is the second city in the Portuguese speaking world.

title: European immigration to Brazil

text: Immigration properly started with the opening of the Brazilian ports, in 1808. The government began to stimulate the arrival of Europeans to occupy plots of land and become small farmers. After independence from Portugal, the Brazilian Empire focused on the occupation of the provinces of Southern Brazil. From 1824, immigrants from Central Europe started to populate what is nowadays the region of São Leopoldo, in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. Immigration stalled in 1830, due to legislation forbidding government spending with the settlement of immigrants. Besides, Rio Grande do Sul, the main target of immigration, was convulsed with civil war from 1835 to 1845.

title: Rio de Janeiro (state)

text: Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil. It is, however, the third most populous Brazilian state, with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 (making it the most densely populated state in Brazil) and has the third longest coastline in the country (after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão).

title: Niterói

text: Niterói (, ) is a municipality of the state of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast region of Brazil. It lies across Guanabara Bay facing the city of Rio de Janeiro and forms part of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area. It was the state capital, as marked by its golden mural crown, from 1834 to 1894 and again from 1903 to 1975. It has an estimated population of 487,327 inhabitants (2010) and an area of , making it the fifth most populous city in the state. It has the highest Human Development Index of the state and the seventh largest among Brazil's municipalities in 2010. Individually, it is the second municipality with the highest average monthly household income per capita in Brazil and appears in 13th place among the municipalities of the country according to social indicators related to education. The city has the nicknames of Nikity, Nicki City and the Smile City "(Cidade Sorriso)".

title: Rio de Janeiro

text: In 2010, the city of Rio de Janeiro was the 2nd most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo.

title: Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul

text: Triunfo is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 27,867 (2015 est.) in an area of 818.80 km². It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Taquari and Jacuí. It is the richest municipality in Brazil, with a per capita income of R$122,750 (US$65,275).

title: National Museum (Rio de Janeiro)

text: The National Museum was officially established by His Majesty King João VI of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1769–1826) in 1818 with the name of "Royal Museum", in an initiative to stimulate scientific research in the Kingdom of Brazil, then a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Initially the Museum sheltered botanical and animal specimens, especially birds, what caused the old building where it was located in center of Rio de Janeiro, to be known by the population as the "House of the Birds".

title: Nilópolis

text: Nilópolis (, , ) is a municipality in Brazil, located in the Rio de Janeiro state's southwestern region, bordering São João de Meriti, Mesquita and Rio de Janeiro. It is the smallest municipality in Rio de Janeiro state, with a total area of 19.39 km². The population of 157,483 inhabitants living in an area of 9 km² and the remaining area corresponds to the Gericinó's Natural Park. Officially, the population density exceeds 8,120 inhabitants/km², but if calculated just 9 km² occupied, it becomes the most densely populated city in Brazil with more than 17.400 inhabitants/km². Currently, São João de Meriti has the highest population density, with 12,897 inhabitants/km².

title: Largest cities in Rio Grande do Sul by population

text: Largest cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil by population, in descending order:

title: Rio Branco, Acre

text: The population of the municipality in 2009 was estimated at 305,954 inhabitants by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). It is the largest city in the state and one of Brazil's most populous. The population density of 33.17 inhabitants per square kilometer. According to the 2000 census, 51% of the population are male and 48.2% female; 92.73% of the population lives in urban areas and 7.22% live in rural areas. According to the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, the population of Rio Branco is 0.16% of the national population. According to the Superior Electoral Court, Rio Branco had 201,966 voters in 2008 .

title: Tariana

text:
As of 2010 DAI/AMTB reported a population of 1,914 in Brazil and 205 in Colombia.
As of 2014 Siasi/Sesai reported that there were 2,684 Tariana in Amazonas.
Indigenous territories in Brazil with Tariana populations include the Alto Rio Negro, Médio Rio Negro I, Médio Rio Negro II, Balaio and Cué-Cué/Marabitanas.
In Colombia there are Tariana people on the Vaupés River and the lower Papurí River.
The largest numbers of Tariana live along the middle and upper reaches of the Uaupés River.
The largest concentration is that of the communities in and around the village of Iauaretê, with an estimated population of about 1,300 Tariana in 2004.
These include the old neighborhoods of São Miguel, Don Bosco, Santa Maria and São Pedro in the village, Campo Alto below Iauaretê on the Uaupés, Itaiaçu and Miriti above Iauaretê on the Uaupés, and Japurá, Aracapá and Sabiá on the right bank of the Papurí River near its mouth.

title: Rio de Janeiro (state)

text:
The state of Rio de Janeiro has the 4th best education in Brazil, second only to the Federal District, São Paulo and Goiás.
The state has the fourth lowest illiteracy rate in Brazil, about 4% of its population. The illiteracy rate in the state is compared to countries like Singapore, Portugal, and China.

title: Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil

text: The Portuguese court’s tenure in Rio de Janeiro created the conditions which led to Brazil’s independence. With the court’s arrival, Rio de Janeiro saw an immediate increase in its population. This, coupled with increases in trade and subsequent immigration, transformed the city into a major economic center in the New World. In 1815, this resulted in Brazil being declared a co-kingdom with Portugal, raising it from its former colonial status. This was an embodiment of Brazil’s growing independence from Portugal, a growth that led to the creation of a written constitution for Brazil in 1820, and intensified after the royal family’s return to Europe a year later.

title: Religion in Brazil

text: Protestantism in Brazil largely originated with American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century, following up on efforts that began in the 1830s. Evangelical Protestantism and Pentecostalism has grown very rapidly in Brazil since the late 20th century. The 2010 Census reported that 22.2% of the Brazilian population is Protestant, about 44 million people. Brazil has many versions of Protestantism. These include neo-Pentecostals, old Pentecostals and Traditional Protestants (most of them Baptists, Presbyterians and Methodists) predominantly from Minas Gerais to the South. In the same region, mainly Minas Gerais and São Paulo, large sections of the middle class, about 1-2% of the total population, is Kardecist, sometimes pure, sometimes in syncretism with Roman Catholicism. The Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil, part of the Anglican Communion, has some 120,000 members. Centers of neo-Pentecostalism are Londrina in Paraná state, as well the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte (capital of Minas Gerais), especially the suburban and nearby areas of these cities. Lutherans are concentrated mostly in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and in countryside regions of the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo.

title: Rio de Contas

text: Rio de Contas is a municipality in the Bahia state, in the eastern part of Brazil. Its estimated population was 13,710.

title: Rio de Janeiro

text: Rio has more people living in slums than any other city in Brazil, according to the 2010 Census. More than 1,500,000 people live in its 763 favelas, 22% of Rio's total population. São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil, has more favelas (1,020) in sheer numbers, but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio.

title: Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul

text: Bento Gonçalves () is a municipality located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Created in 1875, it is one of the centers of the Italian immigration in Brazil. It is also known as the 'wine capital of Brazil' due to its vineyards and wine production. In 2016, its estimated population was 114,203 inhabitants.

title: Social issues in Brazil

text: Rapid urbanisation and population growth have caused many problems in developing cities. As cities grow too rapidly, resources are not able to keep up with the swelling population. Housing is one of the major problems many developing cities are facing today. Migrants who cannot afford proper housing are forced to build temporary housing without proper utilities. These settlements are known as favelas. With a population of 12.7 million people, Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. With a combination of push and pull factors, urban migration to Rio account for over 65% of population growth. This has led to a serious shortage of proper housing.

title: Microregion of Pires do Rio

text: The Pires do Rio Microregion is a statistical region of south-central Goiás state, Brazil. The most important city is Pires do Rio. The area includes 10 municipalities with a population of 90,327 (2007) in an area of 9,449.80 km². The most populous municipality in the region is Pires do Rio with 26,857 inhabitants and the least populous is Palmelo with 2,260 inhabitants. The largest municipality in land area is Silvânia with 2,860.1 km² and the smallest is Palmelo with 59 km². Palmelo is the smallest municipality in the state of Goiás.

title: Brasília

text: From 1763 until 1960, Rio de Janeiro was Brazil's capital. At this time, resources tended to be centered in Brazil's southeast region near Rio de Janeiro and most of its population was concentrated near to the Atlantic Coast. Brasília's geographically central location fostered a more regionally neutral federal capital. An article of the country's first republican constitution dating back to 1891 stated the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the country's center.

title: Rio de Janeiro

text: Rio de Janeiro (; ; "River of January"), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named ""Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea"", by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.

title: Demographics of Rio de Janeiro

text: People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39,74% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46,30% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20,36% of the population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30,84%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51,20% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267664 people in 1890.[1]

title: Rio Pardo

text: Rio Pardo is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The population is 38,934 (2015 est.) in an area of 2051 km². The elevation is 41 m.

title: Brazil with Michael Palin

text: From Minas Palin goes down to Rio de Janeiro, population six and half million and capital for 125 years, host to the next 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Rio has always had a reputation as a party town but also has suffered from terrible violence, with heavily armed drug gangs controlling the notorious shanty towns or favelas that make up a large part of the city. The authorities have decided to spend some of Brazil's new money on healing the rift between the favelas and the rest of the city. The policy of "pacification" aims to drive the drug gangs out and fund new infrastructure, such as cable cars, and social programmes to make the favelas truly part of the city. Palin visits the BOPE (Special Operations Battalion) used to combat what was (according to what is said in the show) some of the most violent places on Earth and to see how lives have been transformed by pacification.

title: Saquarema

text:
Saquarema () is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population is 83,750 (2016) and its area is 353,566 km². It is located almost 73 km east of Rio de Janeiro. It was known as Brazil's surfing capital.
It is one of the most beautiful cities in Brazil.

title: Demographics of Brazil

text: Brazil Race and ethnicity in Brazil Demographics of Rio de Janeiro List of largest cities in Brazil Racial democracy Brazilian Journal of Population Studies

title: Rio Branco, Acre

text: Rio Branco (, "White River") is a Brazilian municipality, capital of the state of Acre. Located in the valley of the Acre River in northern Brazil, it is the most populous municipality in the state, with 319,825 inhabitants – almost half the state population, according to the 2011 census.

title: Outline of Rio de Janeiro

text:
Rio de Janeiro – capital and most populous city of Rio de Janeiro state, and the second most populous city in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro was founded in 1565 by the Portuguese as part of the Portuguese Empire. It was the capital and political center of Brazil, where events like the Proclamation of the Republic took place. Brasília overtook Rio de Janeiro as the new capital of Brazil in 1960. Rio de Janeiro is known for its cultural riches, such as Carnival, samba and bossa nova, beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema, and also for the Christ the Redeemer statue overlooking the city. Major education institutions include the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the Rio de Janeiro State University, and Colégio Pedro II. Geography of Rio de Janeiro

Museums in Rio de JaneiroDemographics of Rio de Janeiro

title: Rio de Janeiro

text: People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.7% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46.3% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20.4% of the population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.8%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.2% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267,664 people in 1890.

title: List of mayors of Rio de Janeiro

text: The city of Rio de Janeiro was founded in 1565. It was the seat of the Crown captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, a district of colonial Brazil under Portuguese rule. In 1763 Rio de Janeiro city became the capital of the colony, then named "State of Brazil". In 1815 Brazil became a kingdom within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves; the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro became the province of Rio de Janeiro, within the Kingdom of Brazil, and the city of Rio de Janeiro continued to be the capital of both the Kingdom and the Province. Also, the Portuguese Court had moved to Rio in 1808, so that, even before the creation of the United Kingdom, the city was the de facto capital of the whole Portuguese Empire. In 1821 the Royal Court returned to Portugal, and in 1822 Brazil proclaimed its independence, with the establishment of the Empire of Brazil. The city of Rio de Janeiro was the Empire's capital, and, until 1834, it also remained the capital of the Province of Rio de Janeiro.

title: Paulo Nimer Pjota

text:
"A Luz Que Vela O Corpo É A Mesma Que Revela a Tela, Caixa". Cultural Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
"New Shamans / Novos Xamãs: Brazilian Artists", Rubell Family Collection, Miami, USA
"Soft Power. Arte Brasil.", Kunsthal in Amersfoort, The Netherlands
"The World is Made of Stories", Astrup Fearnley Museet, Oslo, Norway
"City Uneasy", SESC Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
"Imagine Brazil", DHC / Foundation for Contemporary Art, Montreal, Canada
"Ce Monde Fabuleux Moderne MAC-Lyon", Lyon, France
"Imagine Brazil", Tomie Ohtake Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
"19 Contemporary Art Festival SESC_Videobrasil" - Southern Panoramas, SESC Pompeia, São Paulo, Brazil
"Nourishing", OCA, São Paulo, Brazil
"Nourishing Expo Milan", Milan, Italy
"Boiling Point, gallery PSM", Berlin, Germany
"Here There (Huna Hunak)", QM Al Riwaq Gallery, Doha, Qatar
"Peace among animals", Rumors Fine Arts, São Paulo, Brazil
"The part que does not belong to you", Kunsthaus, Wiesbaden, Germany
"The First And Last Freedom", MOTinternational gallery, London, UK
"Made by ... done by Brazilians", matarazzo city, São Paulo, Brazil
"Imagine Brazil", Mac-Lyon, Lyon, France.
"Nourishing", MAM-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
"10 years of the prize acquisition", Centro Cultural São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
"Chambers à Part, Edition VIII", La Rérseve Paris, Paris, France
"Imagine Brazil", Astrup Feranley Museet, Oslo, Norway
"Entre-temps ... Brusquement", et ensuite 12e Biennale de Lyon, Lyon, France
"Itinerancy SESC_Videobrasil", SESC, São José do Rio Preto, Campinas and Santos, Brazil
Landscape of Invention, Yes Gallery, Curitiba, Brazil
"Southern Panoramas", the 17th International Contemporary Art Festival
"SESC_Videobrasil", SESC Belenzinho, São Paulo, Brazil
"Without Limits", Yes Gallery, Curitiba, Brazil
"Untitled # 1-After-Death Experiences", Oscar Cruz Galeria, São Paulo, Brazil
"Transfer of Cultures Museum Pavilion Brazilian", São Paulo, Brazil
"Paperview", John Jones Limited_Project Space, London, England
"Fresh Produce" Anno Domini Gallery, San Jose, USA
"Pliable", Contemporary Art Museum of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
"Illegitimate Paco das Artes", São Paulo, Brazil
"1 Hall Arts São José do Rio Preto", São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
"39th Salon of Arts Piracicaba", Piracicaba, Brazil