query: What currency do they spend in Indonesia?

title: Indonesian rupiah

text: The rupiah (Rp) is the official currency of Indonesia. Issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia, the ISO 4217 currency code for the Indonesian rupiah is IDR. The name "Rupiah" is derived from the Indian word rupiya (रुपीया), ultimately from Sanskrit rupyakam (रूप्यकम्; silver). Informally, Indonesians also use the word "perak" ("silver" in Indonesian) in referring to rupiah. The rupiah is subdivided into 100 sen, although inflation has rendered all coins and banknotes denominated in sen obsolete.

title: Economy of Indonesia

text: In 2012, Indonesia's real GDP growth reached 6%, then it steadily decreased below 5% until 2015. After SBY was succeeded by Joko Widodo, the government took measures to ease regulations for foreign direct investments to stimulate the economy. Indonesia managed to increased its GDP growth slightly above 5% in 2016–2017. However, the government is currently still facing problems such as weakening currency, decreasing exports and stagnating consumer spending. The current unemployment rate for 2017 is at 5.5%.

title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In sovereign financial systems, banks can create money but these "horizontal" transactions do not increase net financial assets as assets are offset by liabilities. "The balance sheet of the government does not include any domestic monetary instrument on its asset side; it owns no money. All monetary instruments issued by the government are on its liability side and are created and destroyed with spending and taxing/bond offerings, respectively." In addition to deficit spending, valuation effects (e.g. growth in stock price) can increase net financial assets. In MMT, "vertical" money (see below) enters circulation through government spending. Taxation and its legal tender enable power to discharge debt and establish the fiat money as currency, giving it value by creating demand for it in the form of a private tax obligation that must be met. In addition, fines, fees and licenses create demand for the currency. This can be a currency issued by the domestic government, or a foreign currency. An ongoing tax obligation, in concert with private confidence and acceptance of the currency, maintains its value. Because the government can issue its own currency at will, MMT maintains that the level of taxation relative to government spending (the government's deficit spending or budget surplus) is in reality a policy tool that regulates inflation and unemployment, and not a means of funding the government's activities by itself.

title: Currency war

text: Analyses has been published by currency strategists at RBS, scoring countries on their potential to undertake intervention, measuring their relative intention to weaken their currency and their capacity to do so. Ratings are based on the openness of a country's economy, export growth and real effective exchange rate (REER) valuation, as well as the scope a country has to weaken its currency without damaging its economy. , Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Chile and Sweden are the most willing and able to intervene, while the UK and New Zealand are among the least.

title: Currency bill tracking

text: Some bill tracking sites encourage marking before spending, whereas others do not. This usually depends on the laws of the country issuing the currency.

title: Cryptocurrency

text: Indonesia law No. 7 of 2011 about currency in Indonesia only allows Rupiah as a medium of exchange in Indonesia. The law effectively prohibits the use of commodities such as cryptocurrencies and gold as currencies. Bank Indonesia has emphasized the prohibition on using cryptocurrency assets as a medium of exchange in Indonesia..

title: Museum Bank Indonesia

text: The museum is designed to introduce the public Bank Indonesia's role on the Indonesian history, such as monetary policies and payment system that changes over time. The museum also provide visitors with audio and visual experience on the history of currencies and trade in Indonesia from pre-colonial era to the present state. It include eras such as the early spice-trading history, Dutch East India Company spice monopoly in the Indonesian archipelago, banking system of the Dutch East Indies, currencies under Japanese occupation and ended on the economic crisis of 1997.

title: Bank Negara Indonesia

text: Bank Negara Indonesia was established on 5 July 1946. It was prepared to be the Central Bank of Indonesia with the task of issuing and handling Indonesian currency. A few months after its establishment, Bank Negara Indonesia officially distributed the first official currency of Indonesia - ORI or Oeang Republik Indonesia.

title: Indonesian rupiah

text: The financial crisis of 2007–2008 with the collapse in the commodities market saw the US$ gain strongly against currencies backed by weakening commodities exports. With palm oil and rubber prices falling from their peak by more than half, the rupiah came under pressure, Bank Indonesia spent US$7 billion of its $57 billion reserves in October defending the currency.[18] Despite this, the rupiah slipped below Rp 10,000 on 23 October for the first time since 2005, and then below Rp 11,000 on 2 November, a mark last reached in 2001. On 13 November, Bank Indonesia introduced new regulations requiring foreign currency purchases over US$100,000 a month to be backed by documentation of an underlying transaction and a tax number. The rupiah closed below Rp 12,000 for the first time since 1998 on 20 October, with intraday lows below Rp 13,000. Subsequently, however, the cut in the Federal Reserve rate to 0–0.25% and Bank Indonesia support for the currency, saw the rupiah strengthen slightly to a range around Rp 11,000.

title: Economic anthropology

text: Bill Maurer has examined how Islamic bankers who are seeking to avoid religiously proscribed interest payments have remade money and finance in Indonesia. His book, "Mutual Life, Limited", compares these Islamic attempts to remake the basis of money to local currency systems in the United States, such as "Ithaca Hours." In doing so, he questions what it is that gives money its value. This same question of what gives money its value is also addressed in David Graeber's book "Towards an Anthropological Theory of Value: The false coin of our own dreams".

title: Dragon kill points

text: Since the intention of DKP is to allocate scarce resources amongst guild members, they can be understood in the context of virtual capital. Players "earn" and "spend" DKP, bidding in a system of auctions for an item which holds some value for them. DKP are referred to as "currency" a guild leader pays his "employees". Despite these analogies, DKP remain a kind of "private money system", allowing guilds to mete out these otherwise unachievable items in return for participation and discipline. The points cannot be traded or redeemed outside the guild and are not actually part of the game itself; they are tracked on external websites. In contrast, the virtual currencies created by game developers are part of the game software and may be traded between players without respect to any social affiliation. Just as DKP is valueless outside the guild, parlaying of economic capital for DKP (paying real world currency in exchange for DKP) is almost unheard of. Because guilds mete out DKP in return for participation in events the functional result is that DKP serve less as currency or material capital and more as what Torill Mortensen refers to as a "social stabilizer"; players who attend raids more frequently or play by the rules reap the rewards while more "casual" gamers do not. This provides an incentive for players to remain in the social system (the guild) longer than they might otherwise.

title: Spend Spend Spend

text: In 1961, Yorkshire housewife Viv Nicholson won £152,319 in the football pools. When a reporter asked her what she planned to do with her new fortune, she replied, "I'm going to spend, spend, spend!," which is exactly what she did. Her rags-to-riches-to-rags-again story takes her through five husbands, expensive sports cars, fur coats, and jewelry, a battle with alcohol, and bankruptcy as, unable to cope with her new-found wealth and fame, she rapidly spirals downward.

title: Deficit spending

text: Other economists believe that provided the debt is issued in the country's own currency, and provided that currency 'floats' freely against other currencies, and provided the overall level of the deficit is not so large as to cause excessive inflation, then structural deficits are harmless. Those economists who believe that structural deficits need to be reduced argue that structural deficit issues can only be addressed by explicit and direct government policies, primarily involving reducing government spending or increasing taxation.

title: Local currency

text: In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A regional currency is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area. A local currency acts as a complementary currency to a national currency, rather than replacing it, and aims to encourage spending within a local community, especially with locally owned businesses. The currency may not be backed by a national government or be legal tender in the UK. About 300 complementary currencies, including local currencies, are listed in the Complementary Currency Resource Center worldwide database.

title: Consumer spending

text: Consumer sentiment is the general attitude of toward the economy and the health of the fiscal markets, and they are a strong constituent of consumer spending. Sentiments have a powerful ability to cause fluctuations in the economy, because if the attitude of the consumer regarding the state of the economy is bad, then they will be reluctant to spend. Therefore, sentiments prove to be a powerful predictor of the economy, because when people have faith in the economy or in what they believe will soon occur, they will spend and invest in confidence. However sentiments do not always affect the spending habits of some people as much as they do for others. For example, some households set their spending strictly off of their income, so that their income closely equals, or nearly equals their consumption (including savings). Others rely on their sentiments to dictate how they spend their income and such.

title: Hyperinflation

text: Whatever the cause, hyperinflation involves both the supply and velocity of money. Which comes first is a matter of debate, and there may be no universal story that applies to all cases. But once the hyperinflation is established, the pattern of increasing the money stock, by whichever agencies are allowed to do so, is universal. Because this practice increases the supply of currency without any matching increase in demand for it, the price of the currency, that is the exchange rate, naturally falls relative to other currencies. Inflation becomes hyperinflation when the increase in money supply turns specific areas of pricing power into a general frenzy of spending quickly before money becomes worthless. The purchasing power of the currency drops so rapidly that holding cash for even a day is an unacceptable loss of purchasing power. As a result, no one holds currency, which increases the velocity of money, and worsens the crisis.

title: Asset price channel

text:
When countries have debt denominated in foreign currencies, the burden of their financial debt will rise when an expansionary monetary policy is implemented. The same reason in as in the previous section applies. The domestic currency will depreciate against the foreign currency and this will increase the amount of foreign currency needed to pay the debt and the debt burden increases. However, assets that are debt-financed are generally denoted in the domestic currency, and thus their value does nog increase with expansionary policy, but rather decreases the net worth (compared to foreign currency). This again increases the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection and therefore will drive the amount of funds available through lending down. As a results, investment spending and accordingly aggregate spending will decrease.
↑ M → ↑ e → ↓ NW → ↓ I → ↓ Y
Note that both effects of the exchange rate are opposite.

title: BRICS

text: In March 2015, Morgan Stanley stated that India and Indonesia had escaped from the 'fragile five' (the five major emerging markets with the most fragile currencies) by instituting economic reforms. Previously, in August 2013, Morgan Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey and South Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and 65% of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved 15%, Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less.

title: National Center for Foreign Commerce

text: Fraud is widespread, with importers, regulators, and ordinary citizens stealing billions from the Venezuelan economy using one mechanism or another. Importers, for example, may simply sell the hard currency on the black market and not import anything, only part of what they declared, or at grossly exaggerated prices. A regulator may charge extra for exchange. Venezuelans who were granted hard currency for foreign travel or study can withdraw the hard currency from their credit cards and rather than spend it in a foreign country they can stay home and exchange the foreign currency back for bolivars at a profit in the Venezuelan black market. The conversion of foreign currency linked to a credit card into physical cash is colloquially referred to as "scraping". The volume of "scraping" engaged in was evident by the numerous empty seats, reserved by scrapers, on airplanes leaving Venezuela for foreign destinations.

title: Economy of Indonesia

text: Indonesia regained its investment grade rating from Fitch Rating in late 2011, and from Moody's Rating in early 2012, after losing it in the 1997 crisis, during which Indonesia spent more than Rp. 450 trillion ($50 billion) to bail out lenders from banks. Fitch raised Indonesia's long-term and local currency debt rating to BBB- from BB+ with both ratings is stable. Fitch also predicted that economy will grow at least 6.0% on average per year through 2013, despite a less conducive global economic climate. Moody's raised Indonesia's foreign and local currency bond ratings to Baa3 from Ba1 with a stable outlook. On May 2017 S&P Global raised Indonesia's investment grade from BB+ to BBB- with a stable outlook, due to the economy experiencing rebound in exports and strong consumer spending during the early 2017.

title: Maria Rahajeng

text: Maria participated in Miss Indonesia 2014 representing West Sulawesi. She was crowned Miss Indonesia 2014 or "Miss World Indonesia 2014" by the outgoing titleholder Vania Larissa on February 17, 2014. She managed to beat 33 other contestants from different provinces in Indonesia. During the contest, the head judge Liliana Tanoesoedibjo asked what Maria would do if she won, she said:

title: Complementary currency

text: Complementary currencies are often designed intentionally to address specific issues, for example to increase financial stability. Most complementary currencies have multiple purposes and/or are intended to address multiple issues. They can be useful for communities that do not have access to financial capital, and for adjusting peoples' spending behavior. The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that "all reasons" were selected, among cooperation, micro/small/medium enterprise development, activating the local market, reducing the need for national currency, and community development.

title: Double-spending

text: Double-spending is a potential flaw in a digital cash scheme in which the same single digital token can be spent more than once. Unlike physical cash, a digital token consists of a digital file that can be duplicated or falsified. As with counterfeit money, such double-spending leads to inflation by creating a new amount of copied currency that did not previously exist. This devalues the currency relative to other monetary units or goods and diminishes user trust as well as the circulation and retention of the currency. Fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending, while preserving anonymity in a transaction, are blind signatures and, particularly in offline systems, secret splitting.

title: Tobin tax

text: The cost of currency hedges—and thus "certainty what importers and exporters' money is worth"—has nothing to do with volatility whatsoever, as this cost is exclusively determined by the interest rate differental between two currencies. Nevertheless, as Tobin said, "If ... [currency] is suddenly withdrawn, countries have to drastically increase interest rates for their currency to still be attractive."[4][5]

title: Currency swap

text: South Korea and Indonesia signed a won-rupiah currency swap deal worth US$10 billion in October, 2013. The two nations can exchange up to 10.7 trillion won or 115 trillion rupiah for three years. The three-year currency swap could be renewed if both sides agree at the time of expiration. It is anticipated to promote bilateral trade and strengthen financial cooperation for the economic development of the two countries. The arrangement also ensures the settlement of trade in local currency between the two countries even in times of financial stress to support regional financial stability. As of 2013, South Korea imported goods worth $13.2 billion from Indonesia, while its exports reached $11.6 billion. In August 2018, Qatar and Turkey's central banks signed a currency swap agreement to provide liquidity and support for financial stability.

title: Reserve currency

text: A reserve currency (or anchor currency) is a currency that is held in significant quantities by governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves. The reserve currency is commonly used in international transactions, international investments and all aspects of the global economy. It is often considered a hard currency or safe-haven currency. People who live in a country that issues a reserve currency can purchase imports and borrow across borders more cheaply than people in other nations because they do not need to exchange their currency to do so.

title: Penny (United States coin)

text: It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or cash them in at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies, further diminishing their utility, and the production cost (figured in U.S. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused by increasing inflation. In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [COIN] Act).

title: Indonesian rupiah

text: During colonial times, the currency used in what is now Indonesia was the Netherlands Indies gulden.[7] The country was invaded in 1942 by Japan, which began printing its own version of the gulden, which remained in use until March 1946.[8][9] The Netherlands authorities and the Indonesian nationalists, who were fighting for independence, both introduced rival currencies in 1946 with the Dutch printing a new gulden, and the Indonesians issuing the first version of the rupiah on 3 October 1946.[10][9] Between 1946 and 1950 a large number of currencies circulated in Indonesia, with the Japanese gulden still remaining prevalent alongside the two new currencies and various local variants.[9] This situation ended when the federal government, now in complete control following the Dutch recognition of its independence, initiated currency reforms between 1950 and 1951.[9] The rupiah was declared the sole legal currency, with other currencies being exchanged for rupiah at rates which were often unfavourable to the holders.[9]

title: Augustine's laws

text: Law Number XLVIII: The more time you spend talking about what you have been doing, the less time you have to spend doing what you have been talking about. Eventually, you spend more and more time talking about less and less until finally you spend all your time talking about nothing.

title: West Irian rupiah

text: Hyperinflation in Indonesia (which due to the separate monetary policy and currency, did not afflict Irian, although inflation was certainly still present) had necessitated a 1000 to 1 devaluation of the national currency in December 1965. It was the intention of the Presidential decree of 13 December 1965 that the 'rupiah baru' (new rupiah) become the unified national currency of all of Indonesia, exchangeable for the Irian Barat rupiah at par. However, a subsequent decree of 15 September 1966 restored the validity of the Irian money, recalling the Indonesian rupiah from Indonesia.

title: Tea Party movement

text: On September 20, 2010, at a townhall discussion sponsored by CNBC, Obama said healthy skepticism about government and spending was good, but it was not enough to just say "Get control of spending", and he challenged the Tea Party movement to get specific about how they would cut government debt and spending: "And so the challenge, I think, for the Tea Party movement is to identify specifically what would you do. It's not enough just to say, get control of spending. I think it's important for you to say, I'm willing to cut veterans' benefits, or I'm willing to cut Medicare or Social Security benefits, or I'm willing to see these taxes go up. What you can't do—which is what I've been hearing a lot from the other side—is say we're going to control government spending, we're going to propose $4 trillion of additional tax cuts, and that magically somehow things are going to work."


query: What do dragons represent in Chinese mythology?

title: Chinese dragon

text: Historically, the Chinese dragon was associated with the Emperor of China and used a symbol to represent imperial power. The founder of Han dynasty Liu Bang claimed that he was conceived after his mother dreamt of a dragon.[2] During the Tang dynasty, Emperors wore robes with dragon motif as an imperial symbol, and high officials might also be presented with dragon robes.[3] In the Yuan dynasty, the two-horned five-clawed dragon was designated for use by the Son of Heaven or Emperor only, while the four-clawed dragon was used by the princes and nobles.[4] Similarly during the Ming and Qing dynasty, the five-clawed dragon was strictly reserved for use by the Emperor only. The dragon in the Qing dynasty appeared on the first Chinese national flag.[5]

title: Chinese numismatic charm

text: Another hypothesis on why star, moon, cloud and dragon symbols started appearing on Chinese cash coins is that they represent Yin and Yang and the Wu Xing, or more specifically the element of water (水), this hypothesis claims that the appearance of these symbols wasn't accidental but a manifestation of the fundamental belief of the ancient Chinese people of the time in Yin Yang energy and the elements of the Wu Xing. The Hanzi character for a "spring" (泉), which in this context refers to the underground source of water also meant "coin" in ancient China. In Chinese mythology the moon was an envoy or messenger from the heavens and water was cold air of Yin energy that was being accumulated and had their origins on the moon. As the moon was the spirit in charge of water in Chinese mythology and was in fact its essence the alleged meaning of crescent symbols representing "the moon" on cash coins could indicate that cash coins have to circulate just like water which flows, gushes, and rises. The symbolism of "clouds" or "auspicious clouds" in this context may then refer to the fact that clouds cause rain, in the Book of Changes the second trigram is mentioned to be representative of the element water which appear in the heavens as clouds, this would also imply that like flowing water cash coins should circulate freely. The appearance of wiggly-lines that represent Chinese dragons happened around this time as well and may have also been based on the Wu Xing element of water as dragons were thought to be water animals that were the bringers of both the winds and the rain, this would also confirm that dragons represented the nation that the circulation of cash coins should be free akin to how water flows. In later Chinese charms, amulets, and talismans the dragon became a symbol of the Chinese emperor as well as the central government of China and its power.

title: LGBT themes in Chinese mythology

text: One exception to the age preference for younger men is shown by the dragon, a powerful mythological beast, and a phallic symbol of male potency. According to Xiaomingxiong, Chinese dragons "consistently enjoy sexual relationships with older men", one example being in the tale of "Old Farmer and a Dragon", in which a sixty-year-old farmer is forcibly sodomised by a passing dragon, resulting in wounds from penetration and bites that require medical attention.

title: Tide jewels

text: In Japanese mythology, the and – were magical gems that the Sea God used to control the tides. Classical Japanese history texts record an ancient myth that the ocean "kami" Watatsumi 海神 "sea god" or Ryūjin 龍神 "dragon god" presented the "kanju" and "manju" to his demigod son-in-law Hoori, and a later legend that Empress Jingū used the tide jewels to conquer Korea. Tide jewels interrelate Japanese dragons and "wani" sea-monsters, Indonesian mythology, the "nyoi-ju" 如意珠 ""cintamani"; wish-fulfilling jewel" in Japanese Buddhism, magic jewels of Nāga kings in Hindu mythology, and the pearl associations of Chinese dragons in Chinese mythology.

title: Chu Ci

text: Information on mythological beings in early Chinese mythology often is based upon references from the "Chu Ci" as one of a few surviving primary sources from ancient times: among which are references to the ambiguously horned dragon ("qiulong"), crocodilian dragon ("jiaolong"), the immortal "xian" and "zhenren" of later Daoist fame, the giant bashe serpent, the "hong" rainbow dragon, the "feilong" flying dragon, and the "zhulong" Torch Dragon. Also, information of the meaning of and in regard to the Chinese characters used for the "teng", the "shi", "chi" also has been derived from the "Chu Ci" as a primary source.

title: Fish in Chinese mythology

text: Fish are an important motif in Chinese mythology. There are various myths involving fish. The word for "fish", "yu" is a homophone for "abundance" and "affluence". (Eberhard, 1983: 106). Chinese mythology refers to those myths found in the historical geographic area of China. The geographic area of "China" is of course a concept which has evolved of changed through history. Fish in Chinese mythology include myths in Chinese and other languages, as transmitted by Han Chinese as well as other ethnic groups (of which fifty-six are officially recognized by the current administration of China). (Yang 2005:4) The Chinese dragon is the head of the fish clan.

title: Chinese dragon

text: Druk, the Thunder Dragon of Bhutanese mythology Japanese dragon Korean dragon Nāga, a Hindu and Buddhist creature in South Asian and Southeast Asian mythology. Bakunawa, a moon-eating sea dragon depicted in Philippine mythology. Vietnamese dragon

title: Chinese dragon

text: An Instinct for Dragons, hypothesis about the origin of dragon myths. Chinese mythology Fish in Chinese mythology List of dragons in mythology and folklore Long Mu (Dragon's Mother) Radical 212 Snakes in Chinese mythology, mostly about less dragon-like types China Dragon – hockey team playing in the Asia League Ice Hockey

title: Chinese dragon

text: As a part of traditional folklore, dragons appear in a variety of mythological fiction. In the classical novel Journey to the West, the son of the Dragon King of the West was condemned to serve as a horse for the travelers because of his indiscretions at a party in the heavenly court. Sun Wukong's staff, the Ruyi Jingu Bang, was robbed from Ao Guang, the Dragon King of the East Sea. In Fengshen Yanyi and other stories, Nezha, the boy hero, defeats the Dragon Kings and tames the seas. Chinese dragons also appear in innumerable Japanese anime films and television shows, manga, and in Western political cartoons as a personification of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese respect for dragons is emphasized in Naomi Novik's Temeraire novels, where they were the first people to tame dragons and are treated as equals, intellectuals, or even royalty, rather than beasts solely bred for war in the West. Manda is a large Chinese dragon that appears in the Godzilla storyline. A golden three-headed dragon also appears in the comic book series God Is Dead. Red dragon is a symbol of China which appears in many Mahjong games. A Chinese Water-Dragon is used as the main antagonist in Season 3 of the Australian television series Mako Mermaids. The Dragon is heavily based on Chinese mythology to coincide with a new Chinese mermaid on the show.

title: Chinese dragon

text: Tianlong (Chinese:天龍; pinyin:tiānlóng; Wade–Giles:t'ien-lung; literally: 'heavenly dragon'), celestial dragon that guards heavenly palaces and pulls divine chariots; also a name for the constellation Draco Shenlong (Chinese:神龍; pinyin:shénlóng; Wade–Giles:shen-lung; literally: 'god dragon'), thunder god that controls the weather, appearance of a human head, dragon's body, and drum-like stomach Fuzanglong (Chinese:伏藏龍; pinyin:fúcánglóng; Wade–Giles:fu-ts'ang-lung; literally: 'hidden treasure dragon'), underworld guardian of precious metals and jewels, associated with volcanoes Dilong (Chinese:地龍; pinyin:dìlóng; Wade–Giles:ti-lung; literally: 'earth dragon'), controller of rivers and seas; also a name for earthworm Yinglong (Chinese:應龍; pinyin:yìnglóng; Wade–Giles:ying-lung; literally: 'responding dragon'), winged dragon associated with rains and floods, used by Yellow Emperor to kill Chi You Jiaolong (Chinese:蛟龍; pinyin:jiāolóng; Wade–Giles:chiao-lung; literally: 'crocodile dragon'), hornless or scaled dragon, leader of all aquatic animals Panlong (Chinese:蟠龍; pinyin:pánlóng; Wade–Giles:p'an-lung; literally: 'coiled dragon'), lake dragon that has not ascended to heaven Huanglong (Chinese:黃龍; pinyin:huánglóng; Wade–Giles:huang-lung; literally: 'yellow dragon'), hornless dragon symbolizing the emperor Feilong (Chinese:飛龍; pinyin:fēilóng; Wade–Giles:fei-lung; literally: 'flying dragon'), winged dragon that rides on clouds and mist; also a name for a genus of pterosaur (compare Feilong kick and Fei Long character) Qinglong (Chinese:青龍; pinyin:qīnglóng; Wade–Giles:ch'ing-lung; literally: 'Azure Dragon'), the animal associated with the East in the Chinese Four Symbols, mythological creatures in the Chinese constellations Qiulong (Chinese:虯龍; pinyin:qíulóng; Wade–Giles:ch'iu-lung; literally: 'curling dragon'), contradictorily defined as both "horned dragon" and "hornless dragon" Zhulong (Chinese:燭龍; pinyin:zhúlóng; Wade–Giles:chu-lung; literally: 'torch dragon') or Zhuyin (Chinese:燭陰; pinyin:zhúyīn; Wade–Giles:chu-yin; literally: 'illuminating darkness') was a giant red draconic solar deity in Chinese mythology. It supposedly had a human's face and snake's body, created day and night by opening and closing its eyes, and created seasonal winds by breathing. (Note that this zhulong is different from the similarly named Vermilion Dragon or the Pig dragon). Chilong (Chinese:螭龍 or 魑龍; pinyin:chīlóng; Wade–Giles:ch'ih-lung; literally: 'demon dragon'), a hornless dragon or mountain demon

title: Chinese mythology

text: The Chinese dragon is one of the most important mythical creatures in Chinese mythology, considered to be the most powerful and divine creature and the controller of all waters who could create clouds with their breath. The dragon symbolized great power and was very supportive of heroes and gods. The conventional dragon has a certain description, however there are other dragons or dragon-like beings that vary from this description. For example, the Chi of mythology lacks horns. Dragons often chase or play with a mystical or flaming pearl. A dragon-fenghuang pairing is a common motif in art, the fenghuang often being called a "phoenix".

title: Chinese alligator

text: Some writers have associated the Chinese alligator with the Chinese dragon, the creature in Chinese mythology. The alligator is thought to have been the inspiration for it. The theory that the Chinese dragon was a mythological version of the Chinese alligator was widespread in the early 1900s, with the idea having later been revisited by John Thorbjarnarson and Xiaoming Wang. According to "The New York Times", the association with the "beneficent" mythological creature is an advantage for the species.

title: Chinese mythology

text:
The Four Symbols of Chinese cosmology were the Azure Dragon of the East, the Black Tortoise of the North, the White Tiger of the West, and the
Vermillion Bird of the South. These totem animals represented the four cardinal directions, with a lot of associated symbolism and beliefs. A fifth cardinal direction was also postulated: the center, represented by the emperor of China, located in the middle of his Middle Kingdom (Zhong Guo, or China). The real or mythological inhabitants making their dwellings at these cardinal points were numerous, as is associated mythology.

title: Chinese culture

text: Chinese dragons are legendary creatures in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and East Asian culture at large. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms such as turtles and fish, but are most commonly depicted as snake-like with four legs. They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, typhoons, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck for people who are worthy of it in East Asian culture. During the days of Imperial China, the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength. They are also the symbol and representative for the Son of Heaven, the Mandate of Heaven, the Celestial Empire and the Chinese Tributary System during the history of China.

title: Chi (mythology)

text: In Chinese folklore and art, most dragons, including the "long" 龍, are represented with two horns. Besides the "chi" 螭, only a few dragons supposedly lacked horns, for instance, "jiaolong" 蛟龍 "aquatic dragon; hornless dragon; crocodile" or "qiulong" 虯龍 "horned dragon; hornless dragon".

title: Han Chinese

text: Chinese folk religion is a set of worship traditions of the ethnic deities of the Han people. It involves the worship of various figures in Chinese mythology, folk heroes such as Guan Yu and Qu Yuan, mythological creatures such as the Chinese dragon, or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region, and do not characterize an organized religion, though many traditional Chinese holidays such as the Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival, Qingming, and the Mid-Autumn Festival come from the most popular of these traditions.

title: Japanese dragon

text: Chinese dragon mythology is central to Japanese dragons. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with "kanji" ("Chinese characters"), either simplified "shinjitai" 竜 or traditional "kyūjitai" 龍 from Chinese "long" 龍. These "kanji" can be read "tatsu" in native Japanese "kun'yomi" and "ryū" or "ryō" in Sino-Japanese "on'yomi".

title: Longma

text: The Chinese "longma" "dragon horse" is not culture specific. Mythological hybrid animals or chimeras are known worldwide, including combinations of dragons and horses. In Greek mythology, the Hippocamp or Hippocampus (lit. "horse sea-monster"), which supposedly has the head and front legs of a horse and the hindquarters of a dragon or fish, parallels the "longma" (Carr 1990:154). In Babylonian mythology, "dragon-horse" is a title of the goddess Tiamat (Massey 1907:274). Among the prehistoric hill figures in Oxfordshire, Dragon Hill is below the Uffington White Horse.

title: Chinese mythology

text: One of the most famous dragons in Chinese mythology is Yinglong, the god of rain. Many people in different places pray to Yinglong to receive rain. Chinese people use the term 龍的傳人 ("Descendants of the Dragon") as a sign of their ethnic identity. Shenlong is a master of storms and bringer of rain. Zhulong the Torch Dragon is a giant red solar deity. Sometimes he appears in composite snake-like, human-dragon form. There were various dragon kings. They mostly lived undersea and were of the Ao family, such as Ao Guang.

title: Chinese mythology

text: Various mythology accounting human-dragon relationships exist, such as the story of Longmu, a woman who raise dragons.

title: Tree of life

text: In Chinese mythology, a carving of a tree of life depicts a phoenix and a dragon; the dragon often represents immortality. A Taoist story tells of a tree that produces a peach of immortality every three thousand years, and anyone who eats the fruit receives immortality.

title: Panlong (mythology)

text: Panlong (; lit. "coiled dragon") is an aquatic dragon resembling a "jiaolong" 蛟龍 "river dragon; crocodile" in Chinese mythology, an ancient motif in Chinese art, and a proper name.

title: Chi (mythology)

text: Chi () means either "a hornless dragon" or "a mountain demon" (namely, "chimei" 螭魅) in Chinese mythology. Hornless dragons were a common motif in ancient Chinese art, and the "chiwen" 螭吻 (lit. "hornless-dragon mouth") was an Imperial roof decoration in traditional Chinese architecture.

title: Starting from San Francisco

text:
Perhaps the best known of the poems is "The Great Chinese Dragon", although one critic says that the Remedial-English style of this poem makes one doubt that Ferlinghetti would ever be able to write poetry again.
Gregory Stephenson, incorporating quotes from "The Great Chinese Dragon", says the dragon "… represents 'the force and mystery of life,' the true sight that 'sees the spiritual everywhere translucent in the material world.'" Perhaps what Ferlinghetti wants his reader to do is to see the jazz music and the everyday images and the repetitive references to common culture found in his poems; and then see beyond them to "the spiritual everywhere translucent."

title: Oriental dragon (disambiguation)

text: An Oriental dragon or Chinese dragon is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology and folklore.

title: Chinese dragon

text: Chinese dragons, also known as East Asian dragons, are legendary creatures in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and East Asian culture at large. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms such as turtles and fish, but are most commonly depicted as snake-like with four legs. They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, typhoons, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck for people who are worthy of it in East Asian culture. During the days of Imperial China, the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength.[1]

title: Hong (rainbow-dragon)

text: Hong or jiang () is a two-headed dragon in Chinese mythology, comparable with rainbow serpent legends in diverse cultures and mythologies.

title: LGBT themes in mythology

text: Homosexual encounters are common in Chinese folk stories. The animal spirits or fairies often choose same-sex partners, usually young men or boys. According to Xiaomingxiong, one exception to this age preference is the dragon, a powerful mythological beast. Chinese dragons "consistently enjoy[s] sexual relationships with older men", one example being in the tale of "Old Farmer and a Dragon", in which a sixty-year-old farmer is forcibly sodomised by a passing dragon, resulting in wounds from penetration and bites that require medical attention.

title: Hong (rainbow-dragon)

text: ""Hong" < *"g'ung" 虹 'rainbow' has always represented a dragon to the Chinese," says Carr (1990:103), "from Shang oracle pictographs of dicephalous sky-serpents to the modern 虹 graph with the 'wug' radical." The mythic Chinese "hong" "rainbow" dragon has a few parallels in the natural world (two-headed snake, Rainbow Snake Farancia erytrogramma, and Rainbow Boa Epicrates cenchria) and many in comparative mythology (see rainbows in mythology and snakes in mythology).

title: Jason Morgan and Sam McCall

text: The Chinese mythological symbols of the Dragon and the Phoenix have been used to represent Jason and Sam individually as well as their union as a married couple. Throughout their relationship Jason and Sam have had an affinity for Chinese food. When they went to escape the stress of their wedding, they ended up in the Asian Quarter of town at a little Chinese restaurant. The couple’s wedding was infused with a lot of Chinese tradition. During their wedding ceremony in the garden, Jason stood under the symbol of the Dragon and Sam stood under the symbol of the Phoenix. In Chinese mythology, the Phoenix symbolizes luck, success, beauty and prosperity. The Phoenix was considered the goddess of all winged creatures and was often the symbol of the Empress. The Dragon symbolizes protection, strength, wealth, good fortune and vigilance. It is regarded as the ultimate being amongst all creatures and was often the symbol of the Emperor. Together, the dragon and the phoenix represent the ultimate union of yin and yang. They represent wedded bliss, harmony, happiness in marriage, people who are "meant to be," success and prosperity, as well as many offspring, and the beginning of a dynastic family. For Christmas on December 23, 2011, Jason and Sam exchanged dragon and phoenix figurines. The couple's son, Daniel, was born in the year of the dragon and their daughter, Emily, was born in the year of the phoenix (fire rooster). During their wedding ceremony the minister, Robert Yi recited these words on the dragon and the phoenix:

title: Teng (mythology)

text: Some bilingual Chinese dictionaries translate "teng" as "wingless dragon", but this apparent ghost meaning is not found in monolingual Chinese sources. For instance, the Wiktionary and the Unihan Database translation equivalent for "teng" 螣 is "mythological wingless dragon of" . This dangling "of" appears to be copied from Robert Henry Mathews (1931:894) "Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary" "A wingless dragon of the clouds", which adapted Herbert Giles's (1892:1352) dictionary "A wingless dragon which inhabits the clouds and is regarded as a creature of evil omen." While dragons are depicted as both winged and wingless (e.g., the lindworm "a bipedal wingless dragon"), Chinese dictionaries note "teng" "flying serpents" are "wuzu" 無足 "footless; legless" (see the "Xunzi" below) not "wingless".


query: When was The Last House on the Left released?

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: The Last House on the Left is a 1972 American exploitation horror film written, edited, and directed by Wes Craven and produced by Sean S. Cunningham. The film stars Sandra Peabody, Lucy Grantham, David A. Hess, Fred Lincoln, Jeramie Rain, and Marc Sheffler. The plot revolves around two teenage girls who are taken into the woods and tortured by a gang of murderous thugs. The story is inspired by the 1960 Swedish film The Virgin Spring, directed by Ingmar Bergman, which in turn is based on a Swedish ballad, "Töres döttrar i Wänge".

title: Pional

text: Pional started his career in 2006, when he released numerous singles and remixes on different labels such as Proton, Hivern Discs and Traum under the alias "Alt Fenster". In November 2011, "El País" noted that Pional and his most recent release—"Last House on the Left"—had been well received throughout Europe, even though he had yet to play in his native Madrid.

title: Admiralty House, Sydney

text: In 1913, this part of the history of Admiralty House came to a close when the last British admiral left the house and the Royal Australian Navy took over responsibility for the naval defence of Australia.

title: John J. Esch

text: When Esch, defeated for re-election, left the House for the last time on March 3, 1921, it paid him an unusual honor: both sides of the House stood and cheered him as he left.

title: The Last House on the Beach

text: The American title refers to Wes Craven's "The Last House on the Left", and Alexandra Heller-Nicholas stated how "combining the nunsploitation subgenre with rape-revenge, the film deviates plot-wise from "The Last House on the Left" substantially, but arrives at a similar ethical conclusion".

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: In August 2006, Rogue Pictures finalized a deal to remake The Last House on the Left with original writer and director Wes Craven as a producer. The company intended to preserve the storyline of the original film.[3] In September 2006, it was announced that Craven had formed a production company, Midnight Pictures, under the umbrella of Rogue Pictures, and the remake for The Last House on the Left was selected as the company's first project.[4] One of the reasons Craven agreed to remake The Last House on the Left was because of the money involved. In 1972, he did not have the budget to film every piece of the story he wanted to tell. With the 2009 remake, a larger budget allowed the filmmakers to pace themselves more during filming, taking more care while shooting, and expand the scope of the story more. One of the ways to accomplish this was for the producers to find a "rising young director to bring a new perspective for the story". According to the producers, who were impressed with Hardcore—which explored the world of teenage prostitution—director Dennis Iliadis was the person they were looking for. Co-producer Cody Zwieg stated, "Hardcore wasn't a genre or a horror film but showed completely believable characters in horrific, realistic situations. Many directors could handle the surface elements, the blood and shock moments of Last House, but Dennis proved that he could do it all without exploiting his characters and their situations." According to Iliadis, the director was quick to accept the responsibility of remaking The Last House on the Left, having already been a fan of Craven's and seen all of his films.[5]

title: House of Yes: Live from House of Blues

text: Guitarist Billy Sherwood had already left Yes by the time "House of Yes: Live from House of Blues" was released in September 2000, and keyboardist Igor Khoroshev was fired later that year after a controversy involving backstage sexual harassment at Nissan Pavilion near Washington, D.C., making "House of Yes" the last Yes release with him and the last release with Sherwood until "Topographic Drama – Live Across America" in 2017. Following these departures, Yes had reverted to the four core members of Jon Anderson, Chris Squire, Steve Howe and Alan White.

title: Fantastic Negrito

text: Dphrepaulezz signed an early record deal with Prince's former manager. In 1993, he signed with Interscope Records. On January 9, 1996, he released his first album, "The X Factor", under the mononym Xavier. The album was released on Lexington House Records and distributed by Interscope. He was in a near-fatal car crash in 1999, which left him in a coma for three weeks; he has since said that he felt that this crash "released" him because Interscope terminated their contract with him, after which he resumed hustling. In 2007, he stopped making music, but he returned in 2014, describing his new musical style as "black roots music for everyone". In 2015, he won "NPR"s Tiny Desk Contest. In 2016, his album "The Last Days of Oakland" was released on the Blackball Universe label. Dphrepaulezz won his first Grammy in 2017, when "The Last Days of Oakland" received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album.

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: The Last House on the Left was released on March 13, 2009, to 2,402 theaters,[2] but it was not without its dilemmas with the MPAA ratings board. The biggest setback by the board involved the rape scene. In the original cut of the film, the scene was at least one minute longer, but the board forced the scene to be trimmed if the filmmakers wanted an R-rating. There were other minor aspects trimmed as well, like an extended stabbing sequence with Paige. What shocked Craven was when the MPAA told them that this was a "special" film that did not "need" the extension on those scenes. Craven believed that the MPAA viewed the film more as an artistic horror film, which he sees as both a blessing and a curse. In Craven's experience, once the MPAA becomes focused on certain elements they dislike in horror films that they otherwise like, they become determined to see it removed before release.[12] Regardless of the MPAA's appreciation of the edited version of the film, the DVD and Blu-ray copies of the film, which were released on August 18, 2009, contain both a rated and unrated cut.[13] The DVD sales have brought in approximately $20 million in revenue.[14]

title: Last House on Dead End Street

text: The original three-hour-long version of the film, titled "The Cuckoo Clocks of Hell", was screened in 1973, and purportedly caused theater riots in New York City and Chicago. It was claimed that the theater in Chicago was burned down. The following year, the film had a brief release under the title "The Fun House". In 1977, it was released yet again, through Cinematic Releasing Corporation, under its most widely known title, "Last House on Dead End Street", a play on the title of the Wes Craven film "The Last House on the Left" (1972). Both of these later releases of the film were significantly shorter, running 78 minutes, as opposed to the original 175 minutes.

title: Last Stop on the Night Train

text: Last Stop on the Night Train (, released in the English-speaking countries as "Night Train Murders", "The New House on The Left", "Second House on The Left", "Don't Ride on Late Night Trains","Late Night Trains", "Last House Part II" and "Xmas Massacre") is a 1975 Italian revenge horror film directed Aldo Lado and starring Flavio Bucci, Macha Meril and Irene Miracle.

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: Critical response to The Last House on the Left upon its original release was largely centered on its depictions of violence.[lower-alpha 2] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune derided the film, writing: "My objection to The Last House on the Left is not an objection to the graphic representations of violence per se, but to the fact that the movie celebrates violent acts, particularly adult male abuse of young women... I felt a professional obligation to stick around to see if there was any socially redeeming value in the remainder of the movie and found none."[53] Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote that he walked out of the theater during a screening: "When I walked out, after 50 minutes (with 35 to go), one girl had just been dismembered with a machete. They had started in on the other with a slow switch blade. The party who wrote this sickening tripe and also directed the inept actors is Wes Craven. It's at the Penthouse Theater, for anyone interested in paying to see repulsive people and human agony."[54]

title: Littlecote House

text: The last of the Darrell owners is connected with several scandals and the house's resident ghost story. William Darrell's father had left the house to his mistress Mary Danyell, but Darrell was able to recover it when he came of age in 1560. He spent lavishly, left his debts unpaid, and went to law with most of his neighbours, acquiring enemies in the process. Sir John Popham was his relative and lawyer.

title: 13.0.0.0.0

text:
13.0.0.0.0 is the second studio album by British math rock band This Town Needs Guns, released 22 January 2013, on Sargent House. This is the band's first album with new vocalist Henry Tremain, and last release with bassist Jamie Cooper. Before its official release, the tracks "Cat Fantastic", "Left Aligned" and "I'll Take The Minute Snake" were available on Sargent House's Soundcloud account.
The album's title refers to the Maya Calendar.

title: SA80

text: The weapons are fed from a STANAG magazine, usually with a 30-round capacity. The magazine release button is placed above the magazine housing, on the left side of the receiver. When the last cartridge is fired from the magazine, the bolt and bolt carrier assembly lock to the rear.

title: The Last of Us: Left Behind

text: "The Last of Us: Left Behind" was released worldwide for the PlayStation 3 on February 14, 2014 as a downloadable expansion pack to "The Last of Us". It was later bundled with "The Last of Us Remastered", an updated version of the game released for the PlayStation 4 on July 29, 2014. It was released as a standalone expansion pack for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 on May 12, 2015.

title: Carson Allen

text: Before joining on the Last Day, Allen had recorded some songs with Devilyn Alaska. When Geoff Walker was removed the band, On the Last Day, in May 2007, Allen had been announced as their new vocalist. On February 13, 2008, On the Last Day left their record label of Victory Records.On the Last Day then released their second EP called "Make It Mean Something", which was released through Torque Records. The album charted at number 3 on the west coast "Billboard" Heatseekers chart.

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: The film was released on March 13, 2009. The Last House on the Left was met with mixed reviews from critics. Audience opinion ranked the film at a "B" level, from a scale of "A to F"; the film would ultimately gross $45,286,228 worldwide.

title: Nancy Tuckerman

text: When John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Tuckerman was responsible for responding to the thousands of letters that poured into the White House as condolences for Jackie Kennedy. These letters are now collectors items and are signed by Tuckerman. After leaving the White House, she remained the personal secretary to Jackie Kennedy until the latter's death in 1994. Tuckerman's personal papers reflecting her time in the White House were released in 2015 and are known as the "Nancy Tuckerman Files" within the "Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Personal Papers" . In 1994, Tuckerman was left 250,000 U.S. dollars in Jackie Kennedy's last will and testament.

title: A Bay of Blood

text: In the United States, it was originally to be released as "Carnage", but then retitled "Twitch of the Death Nerve". It is also known as simply "Bay of Blood", "Last House on the Left – Part II" (or "Last House – Part II") and "New House on the Left".

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: In the 1980s, Vestron Pictures hired Danny Steinmann to write and direct a sequel, though the film fell apart in pre-production due to rights issues.[76][77] Mario Bava's film Twitch of the Death Nerve was also released under the titles Last House on the Left – Part II, Last House – Part II and New House on the Left.[78]

title: Asia (band)

text: The original line-up initially lasted from 1981 until 1983 when John Wetton left. It was reunited on two occasions: first, one year later when Wetton rejoined, but Steve Howe left before the band could work together again, and a second time in 2006, when Downes, then the last original member left, replaced the rest of the band with his original bandmates. This last original reunion lasted until 2013, when Howe left once again. Wetton died from cancer in 2017, making another reunion of the original lineup impossible.

title: Last Rights (album)

text: "Last Rights"' production encountered more problems when its tenth track was faced with legal action. The song in question, "Left Handshake", featured vocal samples of Timothy Leary from his 1967 release "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out". Because so much of the album's lyrics were about drugs and drug abuse, Key wanted the final statement of "Last Rights" to be his and Goettel's take on the issue. Key considered "Left Handshake" as a "last argument" that "really rounded off the album". What resulted was a sort of back-and-forth between the cut samples and the vocals of Ogre, who construed the sound bites as an attack on his addiction. The band obtained Leary's permission to use his voice, but Henry G. Saperstein, owner of the copyright, threatened to sue Skinny Puppy if they released the song. As a result, "Left Handshake" was taken off "Last Rights", and many releases of the album preserve the tenth track slot as blank. Despite this, the song was a staple of 1992's live sets. "Left Handshake" would not see release until eight years later when it was distributed in a limited capacity under the title "Track 10".

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: The Last House on the Left has been released multiple times on home media in the United States; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) released a DVD version on August 27, 2002, which featured outtakes, a making-of documentary, and "Forbidden Footage," a featurette exploring the film's most violent shocking sequences.[73] On February 1, 2011, a Blu-ray was released by MGM and 20th Century Fox Home Video, which featured multiple featurettes and making-of documentaries, two audio commentary tracks, never-before-seen footage, and cast and crew interviews.[74]

title: The Last Gingerbread House on the Left

text: "The Last Gingerbread House on the Left" is the seventh episode of the seventh season of the animated comedy series "Bob's Burgers" and the overall 114th episode. It was written by Nora Smith and directed by Chris Song. It aired on Fox in the United States on November 27, 2016. In the episode, Bob gets involved in a gingerbread house competition when Mr. Fischoeder asks him to bring food to his house. Meanwhile, Linda and Teddy take the kids caroling to spread holiday cheer.

title: Aion (Japanese band)

text: In 2000 Dean and Shu rejoined the band and they released the album "Magnitude" in three versions: Japanese, English and All English. Although Shu soon left, he was replaced with the return of S.A.B, thus the "classic" Aion line-up was reunited. In 2003 they released the album "Sister". They continued to play shows in small live houses, until 2009 when S.A.B left. Support drummer Youth-K was recruited in his place, and in 2010 Aion released their first single in 16 years "Black Heart". Aion took part in Luna Sea's Lunatic Fest at Makuhari Messe on June 28, 2015. Bassist Dean and vocalist Nov, who were in the band for the last 17 and 28 years respectively, both left Aion on April 18, 2017, leaving guitarist Izumi as the only official member.

title: Mari Collingwood

text: Pallbearer Press released "LAST HOUSE ON THE LEFT SHIRT", a Horror T-shirt with Mari being the main part of the design.

title: The People Under the Stairs

text: Craven at one point said he would like to remake the film along with "The Last House on the Left" and "Shocker". However, after the release of the 2009 remake of "The Last House on the Left", news of a remake fell dormant until 2015, when it was announced (shortly before Craven's death) that the director was developing a "People Under the Stairs" TV series for the SyFy Channel.

title: Lucy Grantham

text: Grantham revealed in the interview that the scene in "The Last House on the Left" in which her character was forced to urinate, it was not a bag containing liquid, in fact, it was Grantham who urinated herself for the sake of making the film, despite the fact that in David A. Szulkin's book on the making of the film it notes that a wet makeup sponge was concealed in her jeans. In 2002, Grantham appeared in the documentary "It's Only a Movie: The Making of Last House on the Left", included in the film's 30th anniversary DVD release.

title: Last House on Dead End Street

text: Filmed in 1972 with a cast and crew of theater students working under pseudonyms, the movie was released in 1974 under the title "The Fun House" before being re-released under its more widely recognized title in 1977. The film's title is derived from the controversial Wes Craven film "The Last House on the Left".

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: Last House on the Left was refused a certificate for cinema release by the British Board of Film Censors in 1974,[62] due to scenes of sadism and violence. During the early 1980s home video boom, the film was released uncut (save for an incidental, gore-free scene with the comedy cops, and the end credit roll) as a video that did not fall under the BBFC's remit at the time. This changed when the "video nasty" scare which started in 1982 led to the Video Recordings Act 1984. The movie landed on the Department of Public Prosecutions list of "video nasties", and was banned.[63]


query: What is neuroplasticity?

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, neuroelasticity, or neural plasticity, is the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual's life, e.g., brain activity associated with a given function can be transferred to a different location, the proportion of grey matter can change, and synapses may strengthen or weaken over time. Research in the latter half of the 20th century showed that many aspects of the brain can be altered (or are "plastic") even through adulthood.[1][2][3][4] However, the developing brain exhibits a higher degree of plasticity than the adult brain.[5][6]:30

title: Małgorzata Kossut

text:
Małgorzata Kossut (born 10 March 1950) is a Polish neuroscientist specializing in neuroplasticity and neural mechanisms of learning and memory, professor of natural sciences, Head of Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and Laboratory of Neuroplasticity of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
She graduated in biology from the University of Warsaw in 1973. Then she studied at the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, where she examined the changes occurring in the cerebral cortex of animals that were subject to sensory deprivation. She obtained her Ph.D. at the Nencki Institute in 1976. In 1994 she was awarded with the title of professor of natural sciences. Since 1976 she works at the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, where she is Head of Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and Laboratory of Neuroplasticity.

title: Neuroplasticity (Cold Specks album)

text: Neuroplasticity is the second album by Cold Specks. "Absisto" is the album's first single. "Bodies at Bay" is the album's second single.

title: Neuroplasticity

text: This implied neuroplasticity during the critical period. However, Merzenich argued that neuroplasticity could occur beyond the critical period. His first encounter with adult plasticity came when he was engaged in a postdoctoral study with Clinton Woosley. The experiment was based on observation of what occurred in the brain when one peripheral nerve was cut and subsequently regenerated. The two scientists micromapped the hand maps of monkey brains before and after cutting a peripheral nerve and sewing the ends together. Afterwards, the hand map in the brain that they expected to be jumbled was nearly normal. This was a substantial breakthrough. Merzenich asserted that, "If the brain map could normalize its structure in response to abnormal input, the prevailing view that we are born with a hardwired system had to be wrong. The brain had to be plastic."[13] Merzenich received the 2016 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience "for the discovery of mechanisms that allow experience and neural activity to remodel brain function."[99]

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Neuroplasticity is gaining popularity as a theory that, at least in part, explains improvements in functional outcomes with physical therapy post-stroke. Rehabilitation techniques that are supported by evidence which suggest cortical reorganization as the mechanism of change include constraint-induced movement therapy, functional electrical stimulation, treadmill training with body-weight support, and virtual reality therapy. Robot assisted therapy is an emerging technique, which is also hypothesized to work by way of neuroplasticity, though there is currently insufficient evidence to determine the exact mechanisms of change when using this method.[18]

title: Receptive aphasia

text: Neuroplasticity is defined as the brain's ability to reorganize itself, lay new pathways, and rearrange existing ones, as a result of experience. Neuronal changes after damage to the brain such as collateral sprouting, increased activation of the homologous areas, and map extension demonstrate the brain's neuroplastic abilities. According to Thomson, "Portions of the right hemisphere, extended left brain sites, or both have been shown to be recruited to perform language functions after brain damage. All of the neuronal changes recruit areas not originally or directly responsible for large portions of linguistic processing. Principles of neuroplasticity have been proven effective in neurorehabilitation after damage to the brain. These principles include: incorporating multiple modalities into treatment to create stronger neural connections, using stimuli that evoke positive emotion, linking concepts with simultaneous and related presentations, and finding the appropriate intensity and duration of treatment for each individual patient.

title: Neuroplastic surgery

text: Neuroplastic surgery has adapted reconstructive principles from the fields of craniofacial surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery and refined them in order to address challenging deformities which result from Neurosurgical Procedures. The first center for Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery was started at Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland by a formal collaboration between the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, under the guidance of plastic surgeon Chad Gordon, and the Department of Neurosurgery under the guidance of neurosurgeon Judy Huang. Upon arrival to Johns Hopkins Hospital, Dr. Chad Gordon formed a multi-disciplinary team of physicians, scientists and engineers. The team’s unified goal was to develop techniques and devices to treat neurosurgical patients. These advances led to several publications and patents, and allowed for the establishment of the first formal fellowship training program in Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery. In March 2018, Dr. Gordon was appointed the Director of Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Johns Hopkins.

title: Gail Forrest Kentucky

text: Gail Forrest received state and federal funded grants to research on neuroplasticity, improvement in secondary consequences and restoration of function for individuals after SCI. She has published extensively in the area of neuroplasticity and the use of exoskeleton on posture and walking after SCI.

title: Neuroplasticity

text: A surprising consequence of neuroplasticity is that the brain activity associated with a given function can be transferred to a different location; this can result from normal experience and also occurs in the process of recovery from brain injury. Neuroplasticity is the fundamental issue that supports the scientific basis for treatment of acquired brain injury with goal-directed experiential therapeutic programs in the context of rehabilitation approaches to the functional consequences of the injury.

title: Neuroplasticity

text: In 1923, Karl Lashley conducted experiments on rhesus monkeys that demonstrated changes in neuronal pathways, which he concluded were evidence of plasticity. Despite this, and other research that suggested plasticity took place, neuroscientists did not widely accept the idea of neuroplasticity.

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Given the central importance of neuroplasticity, an outsider would be forgiven for assuming that it was well defined and that a basic and universal framework served to direct current and future hypotheses and experimentation. Sadly, however, this is not the case. While many neuroscientists use the word neuroplasticity as an umbrella term it means different things to different researchers in different subfields ... In brief, a mutually agreed upon framework does not appear to exist.[87]

title: CORE Health Care

text: Under the brand Resilient Mind, CORE Health Foundation is creating a curriculum on neuroplasticity and treatment interventions, as well as educating the public on neuroplasticity and how to advocate for family members with a brain injury.

title: Hemispherectomy

text: Along with neuroplasticity, people who undergo hemispherectomies remarkably recover due to resilience. Resilience is the ability, in this case, of the brain being able to recover from a tough situation and take back its shape. Neuroplasticity resilience explains why the hemisphere that is still intact is able to recover many of the functions that were once the removed hemisphere's job. Resilience here is an action in patients with hemispherectomies in which they recover and navigate back to health.

title: Activity-dependent plasticity

text: Activity-dependent plasticity is a form of functional and structural neuroplasticity that arises from the use of cognitive functions and personal experience; hence, it is the biological basis for learning and the formation of new memories. Activity-dependent plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that arises from intrinsic or endogenous activity, as opposed to forms of neuroplasticity that arise from extrinsic or exogenous factors, such as electrical brain stimulation- or drug-induced neuroplasticity. The brain's ability to remodel itself forms the basis of the brain's capacity to retain memories, improve motor function, and enhance comprehension and speech amongst other things. It is this trait to retain and form memories that is associated with neural plasticity and therefore many of the functions individuals perform on a daily basis. This plasticity occurs as a result of changes in gene expression which are triggered by signaling cascades that are activated by various signaling molecules (e.g., calcium, dopamine, and glutamate, among many others) during increased neuronal activity.

title: Neuroplastic surgery

text: The first peer reviewed journal to recognize neuroplastic and reconstructive surgery as its own field was the "Journal of Craniofacial Surgery" which dedicated its January 2018 issue to introducing the new field of neuroplastic surgery to its readership. In that issue, the editor-in-chief, Mutaz Habal, published an editorial on neuroplastic surgery where he stated: "Based on the desire to present the fact that neuroplastic surgery is there, we have a dedicated this issue of the "Journal of Craniofacial Surgery". This presentation mostly involves surgical procedures that will be termed ‘‘neuroplastic’’ in the years to come."

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Studies in people recovering from stroke also provided support for neuroplasticity, as regions of the brain remained healthy could sometimes take over, at least in part, functions that had been destroyed; Shepherd Ivory Franz did work in this area.[94][95]

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Neuroplasticity is most active in childhood as a part of normal human development, and can also be seen as an especially important mechanism for children in terms of risk and resiliency.[63] Trauma is considered a great risk as it negatively affects many areas of the brain and puts strain on the sympathetic nervous system from constant activation. Trauma thus alters the brain's connections such that children who have experienced trauma may be hyper vigilant or overly aroused.[64] However a child's brain can cope with these adverse effects through the actions of neuroplasticity.[65]

title: Sharon Begley

text: In 2002 the book "The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force", Sharon Begley and Jeffrey M. Schwartz explained the results of Schwartz's research into the origin and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Here, Schwartz explores the subject of the neuroplasticity of the brain and expands upon the idea of "brain lock", a term he introduced in his 1997 book "Brain Lock: Free Yourself from Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior".

title: Brain healing

text: Brain injury will commonly be accompanied by acute swelling, which impairs function in brain tissue that remains alive. Resolution of swelling is an important factor for the individual's function to improve. The greatest factor in functional recovery after brain injury comes from the brain's ability to learn, called neuroplasticity. After injury, neuroplasticity allows intact areas of the brain to adapt and attempt to compensate for damaged parts of the brain. Although axons and the peripheral nervous system in the developing brain can regenerate, they cannot in the adult brain. This is partly because of factors produced by cells in the brain that inhibit this regeneration. Dendrites, however, will develop from intact axons, as part of the neuroplasticity process. After severe brain injury, improvement in function related to neuroplasticity is unlikely to occur without help from health professionals skilled in rehabilitation. Recent studies have found collagen is extensively distributed throughout the brain and may be essential in protecting the brain against degeneration such as that in Alzheimers[1][2]

title: Abraham Zangen

text: Zangen studies neuroplasticity in the brain reward system and the effects of brain stimulation on neuroplasticity in psychiatric disorders including depression, addiction and attention deficits.

title: Paul Bach-y-Rita

text: Paul Bach-y-Rita (April 4, 1934 – November 20, 2006) was an American neuroscientist whose most notable work was in the field of neuroplasticity. Bach-y-Rita was one of the first to seriously study the idea of neuroplasticity (although it was first proposed in the late 19th century), and to introduce sensory substitution as a tool to treat patients suffering from neurological disorders.

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Activity-dependent plasticity Environmental enrichment (neural) Neural backpropagation Neuroplastic effects of pollution Kinesiology Lumosity

title: Biology of depression

text: Recent studies have called attention to the role of altered neuroplasticity in depression. A review found convergence of three phenomena:The conclusion is that disrupted neuroplasticity is an underlying feature of depression, and is reversed by antidepressants.

title: Neuroplastic surgery

text: Training in neuroplastic surgery requires completion of a neuroplastic and reconstructive surgery fellowship which lasts 1–2 years. Such fellowships are available to individuals who have completed a residency in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Surgery, Neurosurgery or Oral and Maxillofacial surgery. As of today, the only formal fellowship training program in neuroplastic and reconstructive surgery is located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Hospital. The fellowship is co-sponsored by both Departments of Plastic Surgery and Neurosurgery. The first surgeon formally trained in "Neuroplastic and Reconstructive Surgery" was Dr. Gabriel Santiago [2016-18], who completed ENT surgery residency in the US Navy prior to starting the fellowship. The first Neuroplastic Surgery Research Fellow was Dr. Amir Wolff [2017-18], an attending oral-maxillofacial surgeon from Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel.

title: Enchroma

text: In some subjects, improvements due to the technology do not happen immediately because the brain requires time to rewire and create new links, neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity depends on the age of the individual. Younger people reported that they perceived little changes from the first time they wore glasses and a second wearing in which they have had time to adapt to the technology. Middle age people reported that the colors continued to change from the first time they wore the lens, and that color brightness and enhancement got better with time. Most participants related that the biggest effects of the glasses are not perceived initially but after a few days, confirming that the neuroplasticity takes time.

title: Neuroplasticity

text: A 2005 study found that the effects of neuroplasticity occur even more rapidly than previously expected. Researchers imaged the brains of medical students during a period of their studying for exams. In a matter of months, the students' gray matter increased significantly in the posterior and lateral parietal cortex.[15]

title: Neuroplasticity

text: For decades, researchers assumed that humans had to acquire binocular vision, in particular stereopsis, in early childhood or they would never gain it. In recent years, however, successful improvements in persons with amblyopia, convergence insufficiency or other stereo vision anomalies have become prime examples of neuroplasticity; binocular vision improvements and stereopsis recovery are now active areas of scientific and clinical research.[23][24][25]

title: Neuroplasticity

text: Neuroplasticity can be observed at multiple scales, from microscopic changes in individual neurons to larger-scale changes such as cortical remapping in response to injury.[7] Behavior, environmental stimuli, thought, and emotions may also cause neuroplastic change through activity-dependent plasticity, which has significant implications for healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage.[7][8][9] At the single cell level, synaptic plasticity refers to changes in the connections between neurons, whereas non-synaptic plasticity refers to changes in their intrinsic excitability.

title: Brain damage

text: Due to more recent Medical, Rehabilitation and ongoing results 'neuroplasticity' within the mechanics of our brains lead to re-arrangement of the brain's workings. These often result in the synapses arranging alternate routes, to achieve previous habits. Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganise itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment.

title: Neuroplastic surgery

text: Neuroplastic or neuroplastic and reconstructive surgery is the surgical specialty involved in reconstruction or restoration of patients who undergo surgery of the central or peripheral nervous system. The field includes a wide variety of surgical procedures that seek to restore or replace a patient’s skull, scalp, dura (the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord), the spine and/or its overlying tissues.

title: Memory consolidation

text: Zif268 is an Immediate Early Gene (IEG) thought to be involved in neuroplasticity by an up-regulation of the transcription factor during REM sleep after pre-exposure to an enriched environment. Results from studies testing the effects of zif268 on mice brains postmortem, suggest that a waking experience prior to sleep can have an enduring effect in the brain, due to an increase of neuroplasticity.