query: Who was the one that computed the math to get the lander to the moon?

title: Katherine Johnson

text: Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson (born August 26, 1918) is an African-American mathematician whose calculations of orbital mechanics as a NASA employee were critical to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. manned spaceflights.[2] During her 35-year career at NASA and its predecessor, she earned a reputation for mastering complex manual calculations and helped the space agency pioneer the use of computers to perform the tasks.

title: Moon Express

text: In October and November 2013, Moon Express conducted several free flight tests of its flight software utilizing the NASA Mighty Eagle lander test vehicle, under a Reimbursable Space Act Agreement with the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. One month later, in December 2013, MoonEx unveiled the MX-1 lunar lander, a toroidal robotic lander that uses high-test hydrogen peroxide as its rocket propellant to support vertical landing on the lunar surface. On April 30, 2014 NASA announced that Moon Express was one of the three companies selected for the Lunar CATALYST initiative, an agreement which was extended on October 31, 2017 for 2 more years.

title: Laplace-P

text: The Europa Lander would have been launched in 2020s as part of the Europa Jupiter System Mission proposed in 2007 by the ESA, that would have studied the Jovian moon system as well as the planet Jupiter. The orbiter would have done several flybys of other Jovian moons before being placed in orbit around Europa. The lander would have researched the ocean underneath the ice sheet of Europa. However, to avoid the damaging effects of Jupiter's radiation belts, the destination of the lander was switched in 2011 from Europa to Ganymede. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System and has an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans together.

title: Lunar Mission One

text: The mission, which is in its early conceptual stages, aims to send a lunar lander to the Moon in 2024. The lander would drill below the surface of the Lunar South Pole to a depth of up to 100m, in the hope of accessing lunar rock up to 4.5 billion years old. The lunar lander would contain scientific instruments to explore the science and geology behind the origins of the Moon and the Solar System.

title: Lander (spacecraft)

text: Several terrestrial bodies have been subject of lander or impactor exploration: among them Earth's Moon, the planets Venus, Mars, and Mercury, the Saturn moon Titan, the asteroids and comets.

title: Lunar CATALYST

text: Moon Express Inc., of Moffett Field, Calif. is believed to have bid the MX-1 lander family. In early 2015 Moon Express test flew a tethered prototype lander at the Morpheus Lander test area at NASA's Kennedy Space Center as part of its entry in the Google XPRIZE. The operational spacecraft is designed to be launched as a secondary payload and to fly to the Moon from GEO. Moon Express has signed a 5-year agreement with Space Florida to perform lunar lander development and flight test operations at Space Launch Complex 36 (SLC-36), Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Brevard County, Florida.

title: Lunar Lander (video game genre)

text: Lunar Lander is the name of a genre of video games in which the player controls a spaceship as it falls towards the surface of the Moon or other astronomical bodies, and must maneuver the ship's thrusters so as to land safely before exhausting the available fuel. In many games in the genre, the player must adjust the ship's orientation, as well as its horizontal and vertical velocities. The first Lunar Lander game was a text-based game named "Lunar", or alternately the "Lunar Landing Game", written in the FOCAL programming language for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8 minicomputer by Jim Storer while a high school student in the fall of 1969. Two other versions were written soon after by other programmers in BASIC. "Lunar" was converted to BASIC by David H. Ahl, who included all three versions in his 1973 "101 BASIC Computer Games"; by the end of the decade, the type of game was collectively known as a "lunar lander" game.

title: Margaret Hamilton (scientist)

text: In one of the critical moments of the Apollo 11 mission, the Apollo Guidance Computer together with the on-board flight software averted an abort of the landing on the Moon. Three minutes before the Lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer alarms were triggered. The computer was overloaded with interrupts caused by incorrectly phased power supplied to the lander's rendezvous radar. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them. The asynchronous executive designed by J. Halcombe Laning was used by Hamilton's team to develop asynchronous flight software:

title: Lockheed Martin

text: On November 29, 2018, Lockheed Martin was awarded a Commercial Lunar Payload Services contract by NASA, which makes it eligible to bid on delivering science and technology payloads to the Moon for NASA, worth $2.6 billion. Lockheed Martin plans to formally propose a lander called "McCandless Lunar Lander", named after the late astronaut and former Lockheed Martin employee Bruce McCandless II, who in 1984 performed the first free-flying spacewalk without a lifeline to the orbiting shuttle, using a jetpack built by the company. This lander would be based on the successful design of the "Phoenix" and "InSight" Mars landers.

title: Moon Express

text: By December 2014, Moon Express successfully conducted flight tests of its "MTV-1X" lander test vehicle at the Kennedy Space Center Shuttle Landing Facility, becoming the first private company (and GLXP team) to demonstrate a commercial lunar lander test.

title: Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway

text: Mark Whittington, who is a contributor to the Hill Newspaper and an author of several space exploration studies stated in an article that "NASA’s unnecessary $504 million lunar orbit project doesn’t help us get back to the Moon". Whittington also pointed out "that a lunar orbiting space station was not necessary for men to go to the moon and back during the Apollo program" and that a "reusable lunar lander could be refueled from a depot on the lunar surface and left in a parking orbit between missions without the need for a big, complex space station."

title: Moon Express

text: Moon Express is partnered with NASA through a Reimbursable Space Act Agreement that allowed Moon Express to invest over $500K into the commercialization of technology developed by NASA. On June 30, 2011, the company held its first successful test flight of a prototype lunar lander system called the Lander Test Vehicle (LTV) that was developed in partnership with NASA. On September 11, 2011 Moon Express set up a robotics lab for a lunar probe named the "Moon Express Robotics Lab for INnovation" (MERLIN) and hired several engineering students who had successfully competed at the "FIRST" Robotics Competition.

title: Lunar Lander (spacecraft)

text: The Lunar Lander was a robotic mission intended to send a lander vehicle to the Moon, led by ESA's Human Spaceflight and Operations directorate. The primary objective of the Lunar Lander mission was to demonstrate Europe’s ability to deliver payload safely and accurately to the Moon’s surface. More specifically the mission would have demonstrated the technologies required to achieve a soft and precise landing while autonomously avoiding surface hazards that can endanger landing and surface mission safety. These technologies will be an asset for future human and robotic exploration missions. However the project was put on hold at the 2012 ESA Ministerial Council.

title: Lunar Lander (video game genre)

text: "Lunar Lander" was commercially distributed for some programmable calculators such as in 1975 for the Hewlett-Packard HP-25. With the advent of home computers in 1977, the game concept soon moved to those systems as well, with "Moon Lander" (1977) for the MK14 computer kit, which displayed the lander's speed, height, and fuel consumption on an eight-character calculator-style display, as an early example. While Ahl did not list a common name for the three similar titles in his book, the style of game was collectively seen as its own subgenre, with "InfoWorld" referring to "LEM" in February 1979 as "a lunar lander" and "Antic" terming the set of text-based games as "Lunar Landers" in 1986.

title: John P. Moon

text: During the 1960s major companies started recruiting African Americans to work with and for them due to the change of the race relations and they were responding to the demands that the Civil Rights movement put on government and businesses suggesting that there should be equal opportunities for all. Moon was hired at IBM (International Business Machines) in New York City through a program that was hiring African Americans who have experience in the math and science fields; particularly engineers. Though Moon knew very little about computers when he began his career at IBM he thrived throughout the remainder of his time there. He was hired when computer technology was changing rapidly. He joined other IBM scientists in physics, electrical and mechanical engineering and chemistry who were looking at ways to better computers and how they function. He left IBM in 1970.

title: Golden Spike Company

text: Company President/CEO Alan Stern announced in briefing papers that the company had commenced feasibility studies into commercial missions to the Moon from early 2010 and formed the company in the third quarter of that year. Since then, the company had been building its business models and soliciting investment. The company had budgeted between $7 and $8 billion to achieve their objective, followed by approximately $1.5 billion fee per each "two-human lunar surface mission". Golden Spike would follow a model like that of the Russian spaceflight industry in the 1980s and 1990s. The company said it can cut costs by partnering with other aerospace companies and using existing rockets or rockets already in development, needing to only build a lunar lander and a specialized spacesuit for astronauts for the Moon. Stern said they expected to sign up as many as 15 to 20 countries or foreign space agencies as well as companies and individuals who want to explore the Moon for science or adventure. They had identified a mission profile, including various launch options as well as trajectory and spacecraft for landing on the Moon. It involved two sets of two launches from Earth to Earth orbit: one set for the lander and the propulsion unit to send it to Moon orbit, and the other set for the crew vehicle and the propulsion unit to send it to Moon orbit. The two propulsion units are then disposed of. In Moon orbit, the lander and the crew vehicle have a rendez-vous, and the crew move to the lander. They land and return to the crew vehicle, and return to Earth in the crew vehicle.

title: Eric Lander

text: Lander was raised in a Jewish family, the son of Harold and Rhoda Lander who were both lawyers. He was captain of the math team at Stuyvesant High School and an International Mathematical Olympiad Silver Medalist for the United States, graduating from high school in 1974. He attended the Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics program. At the age of seventeen, he wrote a paper on quasiperfect numbers for which he won the Westinghouse Prize.

title: The Loreley's Grasp

text: One night while patrolling the school grounds, Sigurd encounters a mysterious cloaked woman who runs off after noticing him. Later that night, while bathing in a nearby lake, Sigurd once again encounters the mysterious woman but is unable to catch her. In his search for the woman, he encounters Professor Von Lander who has been studying the creature for some time. Taking him back to his lab, Lander reveals to Sigurd that the Lorelei can transform into a monster by the light of the full moon. Lander also reveals that he made an irradiated dagger that is capable of and reverting the Lorelei back to its human form. Meanwhile a small hunting party is slaughtered by the creature. It's revealed that the mysterious woman stalking Sigurd is the Lorelei, however Sigurd has fallen under Lorelei's spell and refuses to believe that she's responsible for the murders. While under Lorelei's influence, Sigurd accidentally reveals Von Lander's involvement.

title: Lunar lander

text: A Lunar lander or Moon lander is a kind of lander (spacecraft) designed to conduct a Moon landing. The design requirements for these landers depend on factors imposed by the payload characteristics and purpose, flight rate, propulsive requirements, and configuration constraints. Other important design factors include overall energy requirements, mission duration, the type of mission operations on the lunar surface, and life support system if crewed. The lack of lunar atmosphere negates the use of aerobraking, so a lander must use propulsion to decelerate and achieve a soft landing.

title: Douglas Vakoch

text: Vakoch has also examined unmanned space exploration. Commenting on plans to send miniature spacecraft to a nearby star, he told the "International Business Times" that "[b]y sending hundreds or thousands of space probes the size of postage stamps, Breakthrough Starshot gets around the hazards of spaceflight that could easily end a mission relying on a single spacecraft. Only one nanocraft needs to make its way to Alpha Centauri and send back a signal for the mission to be successful. When that happens, Starshot will make history." Focusing within the solar system, he commented on NASA's plans to send a lander to Jupiter's moon Europa, telling "Gizmodo" that "[t]he top priority of this lander mission will be to search for evidence of life on Europa," adding that "even if that main goal isn’t met, we will learn a great deal about the potential habitability of this icy moon, which will be essential for future, even more ambitious missions."

title: Countdown (1968 film)

text: After a press leak about Pilgrim, the Russians launch a week early. Deflated at not being first, everyone carries on. The shelter pod (a LEM lander) is launched and landed successfully. Lee is launched on schedule. He encounters a power drain malfunction en route which tests his character and hinders radio contact. The Russians have also lost contact with their team. As Lee orbits the moon, he does not see the beacon of the shelter. With only seconds left before he must abort and return to Earth, he lies about seeing it. Mission Control okays his retro burn and he lands. Now all radio contact is lost. Lee gets out of the Gemini lander and walks around with one hour of oxygen in his suit. He finds the crashed Russian lander on its side, the three dead cosmonauts sprawled around it.

title: Approximations of π

text:
The Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula (BBP) for calculating was discovered in 1995 by Simon Plouffe. Using  math, the formula can compute any particular digit of —returning the hexadecimal value of the digit—without having to compute the intervening digits (digit extraction).
In 1996, Simon Plouffe derived an algorithm to extract the th decimal digit of (using base10 math to extract a base10 digit), and which can do so with an improved speed of time. The algorithm requires virtually no memory for the storage of an array or matrix so the one-millionth digit of can be computed using a pocket calculator. However, it would be quite tedious and impractical to do so.
The calculation speed of Plouffe's formula was improved to by Fabrice Bellard, who derived an alternative formula (albeit only in base2 math) for computing .

title: HP-34C

text: The HP-34C shipped with an "applications" manual that included two games (Moon Rocket Lander and Nimb). This made the calculator probably one of the first pocket game computers ever invented. The winner was announced via calculator spelling by turning the display upside down and the words BLISS or I'LOSE (55178 or 3507,1) were displayed. A game of blackjack was easily programmable by converting some of the registers to lines of program.

title: Smart Lander for Investigating Moon

title: Odyssey Moon

text: Colin Pillinger, a scientist with a background in studying meteorites, led the European Space Agency's failed Beagle 2 Mars lander project in 2003. In 2009 he was in discussion with Odyssey Moon regarding the use of an identical version of Beagle's most powerful instrument on their lander.

title: Lunar Lander (1979 video game)

text: In 1977, Atari produced "Star Ship" for the Atari 2600, which contained several space-related games; one of these was titled "Lunar Lander", though despite the name its gameplay involved landing on a surface while avoiding enemy spaceships instead of the gameplay of the arcade game. While Atari did not produce any true sequels or contemporary ports of the game, in 1981 Adventure International produced a version of the concept under the title "Lunar Lander" as part of a series of arcade game clones for the TRS-80 and Atari 8-bit computers, which, though featuring differences from the Atari version, was advertised as "an arcade game simulation". At least one other arcade game based on the "Lunar Lander" concept was developed around the same time, the non-vector graphics game "Lunar Rescue" by Taito. The Atari "Lunar Lander" has been included in several Atari compilation releases for various platforms starting in 2003, such as "Atari: 80 Classic Games in One" (2003, personal computer), the Atari Flashback 2 console (2005), "Millipede / Super Breakout / Lunar Lander" (2005, Game Boy Advance), "Retro Atari Classics" (2005, Nintendo DS), "Atari Masterpieces" (2005, N-Gage), "Atari Classics Evolved" (2007, PlayStation Portable), "Atari Greatest Hits" (2010, Nintendo DS, Android, iOS), and "Atari Flashback Classics Volume 1" (2017, PlayStation 4, Xbox One).

title: Gold Series

text: Gold Series is a collection of educational games for the ZX Spectrum computer created by Scetlander (later known as Lander Software), designed to make learning English and maths fun and easy. The games were then ported other various computers including Atari ST, Amiga, and Commodore 64 and MS-DOS. Each game focuses on a particular topic. The games can have their difficulty settings set to suit a player's skill, and cater for various age groups.

title: Future of space exploration

text: Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) is a lunar lander being developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The lander will demonstrate precision landing technology. As of 2017, the lander is planned to be launched in 2021. Its is Japan's first major lunar surface mission, and will demonstrate precise, pinpoint lunar landing. During its descent to the Moon, the lander will recognize lunar craters by applying technology from facial recognition systems, and determine its current location from utilizing observation data collected by the SELENE (Kaguya) lunar orbiter mission. SLIM aims to soft land with an error range of 100 m.

title: Lunar Lander (video game genre)

text: In 1973, DEC commissioned the creation of a real-time, graphical version of "Lunar Lander", which was intended to showcase the capabilities of their new DEC GT40 graphics terminals, when connected to their PDP-10 or PDP-11 minicomputers. The game was written by Jack Burness, a DEC consultant, and named "Moonlander"; it was distributed with DEC computers and displayed at trade shows. Unlike the previous turn-based, textual games, "Moonlander" is a real-time graphical game. The goal remains to correctly land a lunar module on the surface of the moon using the game's telemetry data. If the player miscalculates the module's landing, the module will either fly off into space or crash into the moon's surface. The game is controlled with a light pen, and the output display was a vector graphics system; the light pen allowed adjusting the throttle value and the angle of the lunar lander. Burness has said that he does not recall playing the original "Lunar", but that by 1973 there were numerous versions of the game which he had played. He based the calculations of the fuel consumption for maneuvering the rocket on the actual lunar lander specifications, which he obtained from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which co-designed the lander. The entire game was written in ten days.

title: Lunar Lander (video game genre)

text: "Computer Gaming World" described "Lunar Lander" in 1982 as one of the first fun programs entry level programmers start with and continually improve upon as they improve their skills. By 1973, there were numerous versions of the text-based game, and so many versions of the graphical game existed by 1981 that "Electronic Games", in a review of a version by Scott Adams for Atari 8-bit computers and the TRS-80, claimed it was "yet another entry in a field as crowded as the category of "Space Invaders" imitators. Sometimes it seems as though every company capable of copying a cassette is trying to sell a game on this theme." "Moon Lander" for the MK14 was one of the first three commercial games in Britain for home computers. At least one metagame exists; "Antic" in March 1986 published "Lunar Lander Construction Set" for Atari 8-bit, in which the player constructs a custom graphical Lunar Lander. In "Science Fiction Video Games" (2014), while discussing the games' lack of science fiction concepts like aliens or unrealistic physics, Neal Roger Tringham described the series as "one of the few video games to be based on a real space program, as opposed to the many games inspired by fictional forms of space exploration".

title: Laplace-P

text: Laplace-P (formerly called Europa Lander) is a proposed orbiter and lander by the Russian Federal Space Agency designed to study the Jovian moon system and explore Ganymede with a lander.


query: When did the Bathurst Showground become a heritage-listed site?

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is a heritage-listed showground at Kendall Avenue (Great Western Highway), Bathurst, Bathurst Region, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by James Hines, J. J. Copemen and Edward Gell and built from 1879. The property is owned by Bathurst Showground Trust and the New South Wales Department of Trade & Investment, Regional Infrastructure & Services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 4 September 2015.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as a showground of high architectural merit. Even from the earliest years of its development, care was taken with the placement of buildings and the architectural styles in which they were built. Prominent local architects were consulted or employed to design the majority of the buildings, including the Cattle Pens. This care was extended to the landscape setting, which architect Edward Gell was paid the significant sum of 50 pounds for his advice. The aesthetic effect of the careful planting of a range of exotic trees on the grounds is heightened its situation on the confluence of Vale Creek and the Macquarie River. The attention to design and layout of the showground has resulted in Bathurst showground being one of a small group of showgrounds in NSW containing a comprehensive array of aesthethcially coohesive showbuildings which remain intact and in use for show purposes. Its aesthetic values make it a landmark in the town of Bathurst and the wider region.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 01960 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under , accessed on 2 June 2018.

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state significance for its association with the larger agricultural region which contributed significantly to the economy and development of the state. The Bathurst Show became recognised as one of the best agricultural shows in NSW in regards to the quality of the livestock and exhibits, demonstrating both the success of farming in the region and the pride locals took in their produce and show.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The showground is located on the edge of the city and is an impressive introduction to the city of Bathurst on the eastern approach. The site is bounded by Kendall Avenue, the Macquarie River and Vale Creek. The slope of the land towards the creek to the west has contained the buildings to the north, east and south of the site. The dominant landscape feature is the gravelled race track, surrounding a levelled grass arena.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as an outstanding example of an agricultural showground that has become an important focus for rural communities. The Bathurst Showground is a worthy representation of this rural establishment, having attracted people from a wide geographical area, including Sydney, Lithgow, Orange, Portland and further afield, thereby widening the significance of the showground. The show was a significant social event for many who took advantage of the cheap rail tickets to visit the show and it was recognised as "a great occasion for those who live on the outskirts of the district, as it offers them an excuse for a days rest and a chance to meet old friends".[13][1]

title: Howick Street houses, Bathurst

text: The Howick Street houses are five heritage-listed neighbouring semi-detached houses at 194, 196, 198, 200 and 202 Howick Street, Bathurst, Bathurst Region, New South Wales, Australia. 194, 196 and 198 are separately heritage-listed, while 200 and 202 are listed together. The houses are privately-owned. It is also known as Terrace Cottages (LEP 2014). The five houses were all added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The 1863 show was held at "Alloway Bank", the property of William Henry Suttor. By the following year land had been purchased at Raglan, 8 kilometres east of Bathurst, which was leased to a farmer to create some income. The show continued to be held in Raglan until 1868, when it was transferred to the Bathurst racecourse. The committee believed that the full potential of the show could not be realised at the Racecourse. (Sir) Francis Bathurst Suttor, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and son of William Henry Suttor, secured from the Government a land grant of 5.08 hectares (12.5 acres). The site had previously been cattle markets, established in around 1833.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is significant as the location of the first aeroplane flight in the central west region and the first display of a motor vehicle. The Bathurst Royal Show was the means by which many regional people gained access to a wide range of new technologies.[1]

title: Queanbeyan Showground

text: Queanbeyan Showground is a heritage-listed showground at 19-41 Farrer Place, Queanbeyan, Queanbeyan-Palerang Region, New South Wales, Australia. The property is owned by Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 15 March 2013.

title: West Bathurst, New South Wales

text: West Bathurst has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

title: List of World Heritage sites in Pakistan

text:
The Tentative List is an inventory of important heritage and natural sites that a country is considering for inscription on the World Heritage List, thereby becoming World Heritage Sites. The Tentative List can be updated at any time, but inclusion on the list is a prerequisite to being considered for inscription within a five- to ten-year period.
Pakistan's Tentative List was last updated in 2016, and consists of 26 sites. The properties on the Tentative List are as follows:

title: Melbourne Showgrounds

text: By the early 2000s the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds had become dilapidated, especially when compared to other Australian venues such as the Sydney Showgrounds at Homebush. As a result, the State Government announced a redevelopment of the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds site, to be carried out as a joint venture partnership with the Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria and private sector investors, with demolition commencing in June 2002, and all work to be completed by the 2006 Royal Melbourne Show.

title: Bathurst Showground

text: A show was held in 1918, and the 1919 show was in preparation, when the Government forbid large gatherings of people in an attempt to curb the influenza epidemic. Shows continued from 1920 until 1942, when the Defence Department applied to the Committee to use the Showgrounds as a training camp. Having learnt from their experience during World War One, the Committee set a strict agreement in place to allow the Army to occupy the site. The next show was not held until 1946.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The showground demonstrates a continuity of historical activity, the site being used continually as a showground since 1878. This is one of the earliest sites that has been used continuously and has some of the earliest extant showground buildings including the Howard Pavilion which was designed by Edward Gell and erected in 1879. Additionally, the showground is of high architectural merit with particular care being taken with the placement of buildings and the architectural styles in which they were built. This attention was extended to the landscape setting, thereby creating a landmark in the town of Bathurst and the region. The Bathurst showground along with Glen Innes, Singleton Showgrounds contains the most comprehensive array and aesthetically cohesive suite of showground buildings in NSW regional towns and is thus one of a small group of iconic or'ideal' country show grounds.[1]

title: Glen Innes Showground

text: Glen Innes Showground is of state heritage significance as one of the earliest regional shows and showgrounds to be established in NSW. The first Glen Innes Show was held in 1869 and the first show held at the current showground was in 1874. The showground has been in continual use for the annual show since that time. The first agricultural shows were established in metropolitan Sydney. The first regional show held was at Maitland in 1844 with its current showground being opened in the early 1880s. Singleton Showground was first held in 1865 and the first show at its current site was held in 1868. Bathurst show began in 1863, moving to its permanent site in 1878 and Armidale show commenced on its current site in 1877.

title: Bathurst Showground

text: Bathurst Showground was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 4 September 2015 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as it demonstrates a continuity of historical activity, the site being used continually as a showground since 1878. This is one of the earliest sites that has been used continuously and has some of the earliest extant showground buildings.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The showground is significant as an example of agricultural showground, which often form an important focus for rural communities and aid in the social and technical development of rural and regional areas and consequently historically assisted with the development of industry and economy of the state. The Bathurst Showground is a worthy representation of this rural establishment having attracted people from a wide geographical area and it is an outstanding example of its type with regard to its aesthetic appeal and longevity.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state significance for its association with the larger agricultural region which contributed significantly to the economy and development of the state. The Bathurst district was the first agricultural region to be developed inland of the Blue Mountains and provided significant pasture land. In the nineteenth century the region became a significant commercial orchard district for the provision of Sydney markets and the canning industry.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state heritage significance one of a small numberof a showgrounds with a full complement of showground buildings demonstrating the breadth of activities associated with a regional show and the development of the show as the agricultural economy of the region developed.[1]

title: Bathurst railway station, New South Wales

text: Bathurst railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at Havannah Street, Bathurst, Bathurst Region, New South Wales, Australia. It is situated on the Main Western line and serves the city of Bathurst. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The collection of buildings in their landscape setting is also rare as they are still intact and unaltered. Many other NSW showgrounds have retained their grandstands and in some cases a couple of other pavilions but many of the historic pavilions are either demolished or in a state of dilapidation. Along with Singleton, Maitland and Glen Innes, Bathurst Showground retains a diverse collection of buildings and has strived to ensure new buildings are largely sympathetic with the historic buildings. Glen Innes is a rare example of an aesthetically cohesive group of showground buildings in a carefully planned and maintained landscape setting.[1]

title: Queanbeyan Showground

text: The structures and buildings on the site relate to the use of the reserve as a showground and as a place with various uses associated with recreation. The grandstand and other historic elements such as the original gates have local heritage value. There are no structures or buildings on the site which relate to the State significant Aboriginal history of the site.

title: Bathurst Showground

text: The Bathurst Showground is of state significance as a representative example of a rural showground that demonstrates the contributions these establishments have made to the social and technical development of rural and regional areas throughout the state. The Bathurst Showground is an outstanding example of its type, regarding its aesthetic appeal and longevity and is one of a small group of showgrounds whose aesthetically pleasing suite of show buildings clustered around its central arena continues to illustrate the "ideal" regional showground in NSW.[1]

title: Bathurst Showground

text: This pavilion, though not the oldest structure at the Showground, is the largest single enclosed space. The building commenced its life in suburban Sydney in about 1886, when it was erected as a skating rink at the Ashfield Recreation Ground. However, by the end of that decade the management of the Ashfield Recreation Ground, a private company, was in financial trouble and the decision was taken to sell its buildings.[1] The Association purchased the Pavilion and the Grandstand and re-erected both at the Bathurst Showground in time for the show of 1892. The Pavilion was also known as the Art Gallery.[1] In 1895, following a disastrous storm in the previous year which damaged several showground buildings, the Pavilion was "strengthened", presumably by adding more wind bracing.[1]

title: Bathurst, New South Wales

title: Townsville Showground

text: Townsville Showground is a heritage-listed showground at 72-104 Ingham Road, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 October 2008.

title: Old Bathurst Hospital

text: The Old Bathurst Hospital is a heritage-listed hospital building at Howick Street, Bathurst, Bathurst Region, New South Wales, Australia. Formerly the main building of the Bathurst Hospital, it was conserved and restored when a new hospital was built on the same site in 2006-2008, and is now used as consulting suites and an education centre for the new hospital. The building was designed by William Boles and built from 1880 to 1886 by J Willet. It was also known as Bathurst District Hospital or Bathurst Base Hospital before the redevelopment. The property is owned by the NSW Department of Health. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

title: Glen Innes Showground

text: The first show to be held on the current showground site was in 1874. This date indicates that Glen Innes was one of the earliest shows to be established and continuously operating on its site outside metropolitan Sydney. Other early regional showgrounds in continuous use are Maitland which held its first show at its current site in 1873, Singleton, which held its first show on its current site in 1868, Bathurst, which held the first show on site in 1878, and Armidale show began on its current site in 1877. The joint Inverell-Glen Innes Pastoral and Agricultural Association remained operational until 1876 when, after a less successful show which went into debt to the tune of 144 pounds, Glen Innes members decided to establish an independent Association. The Government of New South Wales formally gazetted the present showground site in 1877. This site became an important part of the Town Plan.


query: Why does milk need to be pasteurized?

title: Pasteurization

text: Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which certain packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat, usually less than 100°C (212°F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. The process is intended to sterilize foods by destroying or inactivating organisms that contribute to spoilage, including vegetative bacteria but not bacterial spores.[1][2]

title: Pasteurization

text: A less aggressive method was developed by French chemist Louis Pasteur during an 1864[13] summer holiday in Arbois. To remedy the frequent acidity of the local aged wines, he found out experimentally that it is sufficient to heat a young wine to only about 50–60°C (122–140°F) for a short time to kill the microbes, and that the wine could subsequently be aged without sacrificing the final quality.[13] In honour of Pasteur, this process became known as "pasteurization".[2][14] Pasteurization was originally used as a way of preventing wine and beer from souring,[15] and it would be many years before milk was pasteurized. In the United States in the 1870s, it was common for milk to contain substances intended to mask spoilage before milk was regulated.[16]

title: Weston A. Price Foundation

text: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Food and Drug Administration disagree with this, noting that the pasteurization process "does not significantly change the nutritional value of milk" and that consumption of raw milk poses a "severe health risk". They point out that prior to the widespread use of pasteurization, many diseases were commonly transmitted by raw milk, while by 2005 they made up less than 1% of food and water contamination disease outbreaks.. The director of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Division of Plant- and Dairy-Food Safety, John Sheehan, called the organization's claims on the health benefits and safety of raw milk "false, devoid of scientific support, and misleading to consumers"

title: Milk protein concentrate

text: In 2002, the FDA issued a Warning Letter to Kraft Foods that Velveeta was being sold with packaging that described it as a "Pasteurized Process Cheese Spread", which the FDA claimed was misbranded because the product declared milk protein concentrate (MPC) in its ingredients listing. Velveeta is now sold in the US as a "Pasteurized Prepared Cheese Product", a term for which the FDA does not maintain a standard of identity, and which therefore may contain MPC.

title: United States raw milk debate

text: Pasteurization does lead to decreased levels of several vitamins, but only approximately 0–10%. Research shows only very slight differences in the nutritional values of pasteurized and unpasteurized milk. Raw milk contains very little vitamin D, which is added to processed milk.

title: Pasteurization

text: According to a systematic review and meta-analysis,[48] it was found that pasteurization appeared to reduce concentrations of vitamins B12 and E, but it also increased concentrations of vitamin A. Apart from meta-analysis, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the effect of pasteurization on vitamins A, B12, and E based merely on consultation of the vast literature available.[48] Milk is not an important source of vitamins B12 or E in the North American diet, so the effects of pasteurization on the adult daily intake of these vitamins is negligible.[49][50] However, milk is considered an important source of vitamin A,[51] and because pasteurization appears to increase vitamin A concentrations in milk, the effect of milk heat treatment on this vitamin is a not a major public health concern.[48] Results of meta-analyses reveal that pasteurization of milk leads to a significant decrease in vitamin C and folate, but milk is also not an important source of these vitamins.[51][50] A significant decrease in vitamin B2 concentrations was found after pasteurization. Vitamin B2 is typically found in bovine milk at concentrations of 1.83mg/liter. Because the recommended daily intake for adults is 1.1mg/day,[52] milk consumption greatly contributes to the recommended daily intake of this vitamin. With the exception of B2, pasteurization does not appear to be a concern in diminishing the nutritive value of milk because milk is often not a primary source of these studied vitamins in the North American diet.

title: Processed cheese

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not maintain a standard of identity for "pasteurized prepared cheese product," a designation which particularly appears on many Kraft products. Nor does the FDA maintain a standard of identity for "pasteurized process cheese product" (emphasis on the trailing "Product"), a designation which appears particularly on many American store- and generic-branded singles. Products labeled as such may use milk protein concentrate (MPC) in the formulation, an ingredient which does not appear in the above FDA definitions. The desire to use inexpensive imported milk protein concentrate is noted as motivation for the introduction of these and similar terms, and for the relabeling of some products. After an FDA Warning Letter protesting Kraft's use of MPC in late 2002, some varieties of Kraft Singles formerly labeled "pasteurized process cheese food" became "pasteurized prepared cheese product," Velveeta was relabeled from "pasteurized process cheese spread" to "pasteurized prepared cheese product," and Easy Cheese from "pasteurized process cheese spread" to "pasteurized cheese snack."

title: United States raw milk debate

text: Pasteurization is credited with dramatically reducing pathogens found in milk. This improves the shelf-life and safety of the processed milk. Advocates of drinking raw milk claim various health benefits they attribute to raw milk that are lost in the pasteurization process, and claim that raw milk can be produced as hygienically as pasteurized milk. Raw milk advocates may go as far as to claim that untreated milk is a "miracle cure" for illnesses such as asthma or gastrointestinal disorders. A 2006 systematic review of infections associated with raw milk contends that pasteurized milk is substantially safer than raw milk, and comparably nutritious to raw milk, therefore there is no scientific reason for choosing raw milk products. Similarly, a recent review authored by the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain and experts from Belgian universities and institutions concluded that "raw milk poses a realistic health threat due to a possible contamination with human pathogens. It is therefore strongly recommended that milk should be heated before consumption. With the exception of an altered organoleptic [flavor] profile, heating (in particularly ultra high temperature and similar treatments) will not substantially change the nutritional value of raw milk or other benefits associated with raw milk consumption."

title: Food technology

text: Louis Pasteur's research on the spoilage of wine and his description of how to avoid spoilage in 1864 was an early attempt to apply scientific knowledge to food handling. Besides research into wine spoilage, Pasteur researched the production of alcohol, vinegar, wines and beer, and the souring of milk. He developed pasteurization—the process of heating milk and milk products to destroy food spoilage and disease-producing organisms. In his research into food technology, Pasteur became the pioneer into bacteriology and of modern preventive medicine.

title: Alpura (company)

text:
The amount and variety of dairy products of Alpura have grown through the years. When Alpura introduced ultra-pasteurized milk, it changed the Mexican market. Before there was not a business plan to sell milk in Mexico and therefore there were no companies who sold milk. Also in the past the milk didn't have a specific production process. With the ultra-pasteurization, all the bacteria are killed and the milk is made with a careful process. Today, Alpura has five different dairy products with numerous brands under each type of product: milk, cream, yogurt, drinkable yogurt and dessert cups.
Milk can be Classic, Semi, and Light in Pasteurized and Ultra Pasteurized, Special (ex. Extra Light, W/out Lactose, No Cholesterol), Alpura Fruit (in ultra-pasteurized and to-go), Dry milk, flavors (such as chocolate, vanilla and strawberry), Alpura Kids, and formula milk. Cream 2000, and Reduced Fat.
Yogurt is: Probiotic in Strawberry or Peach, With Fruits (strawberry, peach, apple, mango, forest fruit, pineapple coconut, and blackberry), Natural, Creamy, Vivendi (beauty, purifying, digestion, defenses), With Cereal (strawberry, peach, apple-peach, forest fruit)
The Drinkable Yogurt is of most of the same flavors as regular yogurt in Regular, Probiotic, and Vivendi.
Dessert cups are Fruit w/ Cream (strawberry, peach, mango).

title: Pasteurization

text: The Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk notes that milk pasteurization is designed to achieve at least a 5 log10 reduction of Coxiella burnetii.[46] The Code also notes that: “The minimum pasteurization conditions are those having bactericidal effects equivalent to heating every particle of the milk to 72°C for 15 seconds (continuous flow pasteurization) or 63°C for 30 minutes (batch pasteurization)” and that “To ensure that each particle is sufficiently heated, the milk flow in heat exchangers should be turbulent, i.e. the Reynolds number should be sufficiently high.” The point about turbulent flow is important because simplistic laboratory studies of heat inactivation that use test tubes, without flow, will have less bacterial inactivation than larger-scale experiments that seek to replicate conditions of commercial pasteurization.[47]

title: Human milk banking in North America

text: Milk banks require freezers and pasteurizers for processing milk. Most milk banks have two freezers, for unprocessed and processed milk. The HMBANA guidelines state that "all milk should be heat treated for 30 minutes at 62.5 °C. Heat treatment of milk occurs at 62.5°C for 30 minutes (Holder pasteurizing)" (Arnold, 1997, p. 243). At the end of pasteurization, another sample of milk is tested to make sure the treatment was effective. Colony counts should be zero and no bacterial growth should be detected (Arnold, 1997). Containers for pasteurizing must be able to withstand heating and cooling without breakage or leaking. Most containers are recyclable, usually glass or plastic.

title: Steam infusion

text: Steam infusion can be used to pasteurize a variety of dairy products. For ultra pasteurization, also known as ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) pasteurization, the milk is heated to temperatures in the order of 140 °C. During steam infusion, milk is brought into contact with steam at 140 °C for one or two seconds. The heating is instantaneous, and the milk is cooled rapidly by evaporative cooling exposure to a slight vacuum, removing any water added to the milk by condensation of the steam.

title: United States raw milk debate

text: Pasteurization is widely accepted to improve the safety of milk products by reducing the exposure to pathogens. Opponents of pasteurization argue that unpasteurized milk has benefits associated with superior taste, nutritional qualities and certain health benefits over pasteurized milk. While pasteurization of milk kills off bacterial pathogens, other bacteria species with possible health benefits are also destroyed. Pasteurization of cow's milk destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed. A 2009 systematic review of the food safety of unpasteurized milk concluded that science-based data to substantiate claims of health benefits "are lacking or do not exist" and the risks associated with disease outbreaks as a result of raw milk consumption are "considerably higher".

title: Pasteurization

text: Developed countries adopted milk pasteurization to prevent such disease and loss of life, and as a result milk is now considered a safer food.[27] A traditional form of pasteurization by scalding and straining of cream to increase the keeping qualities of butter was practiced in Great Britain in the 18th century and was introduced to Boston in the British Colonies by 1773,[28] although it was not widely practiced in the United States for the next 20 years. Pasteurization of milk was suggested by Franz von Soxhlet in 1886.[29] In the early 20th century, Milton Joseph Rosenau established the standards – i.e. low-temperature, slow heating at 60°C (140°F) for 20 minutes – for the pasteurization of milk[30][31] while at the United States Marine Hospital Service, notably in his publication of The Milk Question (1912).[32] States in the U.S. soon began enacting mandatory dairy pasteurization laws, with the first in 1947, and in 1973 the U.S. federal government required pasteurization of milk used in any interstate commerce.[33]

title: Chal

text: Chal may be cultured with lactobacillus casei, streptococcus thermophilus and lactose-fermenting yeasts incubating in inoculated milk for 8 hours at 25 °C (77 °F), and then subsequently for 16 hours at 20 °C (68 °F). Holder pasteurization does not affect the quality of the milk, but pasteurization at higher temperatures ( 85 °C/185 °F) for 5 minutes negatively impacts flavour. Chal made from pure cultures of lactobacillus casei, streptococcus thermophilus and species of torula has markedly less not-fat solids and lactose than the milk from which it is made.

title: Raw milk

text: Many governmental officials and the majority of public health organizations hold to the need for pasteurization. Before pasteurization, many dairies, especially in cities, fed their cattle on low-quality food, and their milk was rife with dangerous bacteria. Pasteurizing it was the only way to make it safely drinkable. As pasteurization has been standard for many years, it is now widely assumed that raw milk is dangerous. The Cornell University Food Science Department has compiled data indicating that pathogenic microorganisms are present in between 0.87% and 12.6% of raw milk samples.

title: Raw milk

text: Proponents of raw milk (in the U.S.) advance two basic arguments for unpasteurized milk. They state that pasteurization destroys or damages some of the milk's nutrients, and that while pasteurization may kill dangerous bacteria, it also kills off good bacteria that raw milk supporters have stated to have health benefits. The United States Food and Drug administration has stated that this is false, and that pasteurizing milk does not destroy any of its nutritive value.

title: United States raw milk debate

text: Advocates of drinking raw milk claim raw milk contains desirable substances, such as enzymes, that cannot survive the heating process and may be destroyed during pasteurization; specifically, immunoglobulins and the enzymes lipase and phosphatase, which are inactivated by heat, are believed to be beneficial. In contrast, food scientists and FDA officials assert that most "beneficial" enzymes survive pasteurization; that those few enzymes that are present in raw milk and denatured in pasteurized milk are ultimately degraded in the low pH environment of the stomach anyway; and that the enzymes present in milk are not used by humans to metabolize nutrients.

title: Milk

text: Microfiltration is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk. In this process, cream is separated from the skimmed milk and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the skimmed milk is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap 99.9% of microorganisms in the milk[86] (as compared to 99.999% killing of microorganisms in standard HTST pasteurization).[87] The skimmed milk then is recombined with the pasteurized cream to reconstitute the original milk composition.

title: Louis Pasteur

text: Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. With this established, he invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 °C. This killed most bacteria and moulds already present within them. Pasteur and Claude Bernard completed tests on blood and urine on April 20, 1862. Pasteur patented the process, to fight the "diseases" of wine, in 1865. The method became known as pasteurization, and was soon applied to beer and milk.

title: Nathan Straus

text: In 1892 he and his wife privately funded the Nathan Straus Pasteurized Milk Laboratory to provide pasteurized milk to children to combat infant mortality and tuberculosis. In his battles with the disease he opened the Tuberculosis Preventorium for Children at Lakewood Township, New Jersey (later it was moved to Farmingdale, New Jersey) in 1909. Their book, "Disease in Milk: The Remedy Pasteurization: The Life Work of Nathan Straus" records that unclean, unpasteurized milk fed to infants was the chief cause of tuberculosis, typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria and other diseases that were the main cause of a 25% infant mortality rate in the U.S. in 1890, 15% in 1903 (but 7% in New York in 1900, where pasteurized milk had already become the norm) (it is now below 1% in the U.S.). Straus is credited as the leading proponent of the pasteurization movement, which eliminated the hundreds of thousands of deaths per year then due to disease-bearing milk.

title: Velveeta

text: In 2002, the FDA issued a warning letter to Kraft that Velveeta was being sold with packaging that described it as a "Pasteurized Process Cheese Spread", which the FDA claimed was false because the product listed milk protein concentrate (MPC) in its ingredients. Velveeta is now sold in the US as a "Pasteurized Prepared Cheese Product", a term for which the FDA does not maintain a standard of identity, and which therefore may contain milk protein concentrate.

title: Pasteurization

text: High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, such as that used for milk (71.5°C (160.7°F) for 15 seconds) ensures safety of milk and provides a refrigerated shelf life of approximately two weeks. In ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization, milk is pasteurized at 135°C (275°F) for 1–2 seconds, which provides the same level of safety, but along with the packaging, extends shelf life to three months under refrigeration.[38]

title: Pasteurization

text: In milk, the color difference between pasteurized and raw milk is related to the homogenization step that takes place prior to pasteurization. Before pasteurization, milk is homogenized to separate the solids (fat) from the liquid, which results in the pasteurized milk having a whiter appearance compared to raw milk.[1] For vegetable products, color degradation is dependent on the temperature conditions and the duration of heating.[53]

title: Raw milk

text: Proponents also invoke the benefits of direct-marketing when promoting the sale of raw milk. The ability of the farmer to eliminate the middle-man and sell directly to the consumer allows for greater profitability. Many manufacturers sell small-scale pasteurization equipment, thereby allowing farmers to both bypass the milk processors and sell pasteurized milk directly to the consumer. Additionally, some small U.S. dairies are now beginning to adopt low-temperature vat pasteurization. Advocates of low-temperature vat pasteurization note that it produces a product similar to raw milk in composition.

title: At-Tahur Limited

text: At-Tahur markets its range of dairy products under the brand name of Premá. These include pasteurized milk, yogurt, chocolate milk, raita and milk smoothies. The flagship product of the company is pasteurized milk, which accounts for 72% of its sales, and is the segment in which the company retains market dominance. Pasteurized milk is followed by yogurt variants, which combine to give 20% of the company's sales.

title: Newens Sanitary Dairy Historic District

text: Deliveries of dairy products started at midnight. The dairy bought milk from local farmers and in order to deliver it the milk had to be tested, clarified, pasteurized and bottled. The two main reasons the milk was processed was to destroy human pathogens through pasteurization and to maintain product quality. Pasteurization was not required so not all dairies did it because of the added expense. The dairy needed to maintain strict cleanliness of the facility. Newens advertised, “Pasteurized Milk and Cream, Buttermilk and Cottage Cheese" and "You are invited to inspect our plant at any time. We pride ourselves on our cleanliness.”

title: United States raw milk debate

text: Pasteurization is a sanitation process in which milk is heated briefly to a temperature high enough to kill pathogens, followed by rapid cooling. While different times and temperatures may be used by different processors, pasteurization is most commonly achieved with heating to 161 degrees Fahrenheit (71.7 degrees Celsius) for 15 seconds. Milk is tested following pasteurization to confirm that bacteria have been killed to an acceptable level. Pasteurization kills pathogenic bacteria which occasionally may be present in milk, including those causing tuberculosis ("Mycobacterium bovis"), listeriosis ("Listeria monocytogenes"), Q fever ("Coxiella burnetii"), brucellosis ("Brucella"), campylobacteriosis ("Campylobacter"), salmonellosis ("Salmonella"), and several other foodborne illnesses (e.g., ). Pasteurization may not kill some resistant bacteria, which can eventually cause souring and spoilage of fresh milk. UHT pasteurization (Ultra High Temperature) is a more extreme form of pasteurization heating milk to a temperature high enough to kill spoilage organisms also.

title: Pasteurization

text: The shelf life of refrigerated pasteurized milk is greater than that of raw milk. For example, high-temperature, short-time (HTST) pasteurized milk typically has a refrigerated shelf life of two to three weeks, whereas ultra-pasteurized milk can last much longer, sometimes two to three months. When ultra-heat treatment (UHT) is combined with sterile handling and container technology (such as aseptic packaging), it can even be stored non-refrigerated for up to 9 months.[34]

title: Dairy cattle

text: Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to a high enough temperature for a short period of time to kill the microbes in the milk and increase keep time and decrease spoilage time. By killing the microbes, decrease the transmission of infection, and elimination of enzymes the quality of the milk and the shelf life increases. Pasteurization is either completed at 63 °C for thirty minutes or a flash pasteurization is completed for 15 seconds at 72 °C. By-products of milk include butterfat, cream, curds, and whey. Butterfat is the main lipid in milk. The cream contains 18–40% butterfat. The industry can be divided into 2 market territories; fluid milk and industrialized milk such as yogurt, cheeses, and ice cream.


query: When did the CMA awards originate?

title: Country Music Association Awards

text: The CMA Awards were first presented in 1967, and televised for the first time the following year. The 52nd annual ceremony was held on November 14, 2018 at the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee and broadcast by ABC.

title: Country Music Association Awards

text: Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the Year Country Music Association Award for Male Vocalist of the Year Country Music Association Award for Female Vocalist of the Year Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year CMA Music Festival, a CMA-produced summer event which is part of the CMA broadcast contract with ABC

title: Freediving

text:
, the CMAS recognized world records are:
"Note: Only those disciplines that are modifications of existing AIDA or CMAS disciplines and Guinness-exclusive (as it recognizes and inherits some AIDA/CMAS records) or Guinness-conceived (CMAS and AIDA do/did sanction at some time) disciplines."

title: Austin Mardon

text: In 1992, Dr. Mardon was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Following his diagnosis, Dr. Mardon began work as an activist for people with mental illnesses. Dr. Mardon has written multiple books on the subject of mental illness, and has been bestowed several honors and awards for his work as a mental health advocate. In 2011 the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) awarded Dr. Mardon the CMA Medal of Honour in recognition of, "[...] personal contributions to the advance of medical research and education." In regards to the awarding of the medal to Dr. Mardon, CMA president Jeff Turnbull said, "Dr. Mardon has worked tirelessly to help Canadians better understand the issues around mental illness. In courageously talking openly about his own experiences, he is truly making a difference in coaxing mental illness out of the shadows in this country." Dr. Mardon received his most prestigious honor in 2006, when he was awarded the Order of Canada.

title: Alan Jackson

text: When the Country Music Association (CMA) asked George Jones to trim his act to 90 seconds for the 1999 CMA awards, Jones decided to boycott the event. In solidarity, Jackson interrupted his own song and launched into Jones's song "Choices" and then walked offstage.

title: Maggie Rose

text: Maggie Rose performed at Bonnaroo and the Chevy Breakout Stage at 2018 CMA Fest and was deemed a “Best of CMA Fest” and “Best Hippie Soul” performance. She performed at Spotify's CMA Headquarters for the opening of Blake Shelton's Ole Red during CMA Week. 2018 CMT Awards landed Maggie Rose on several Best Dressed lists including E!

title: List of Canadian census agglomerations by province or territory

text:
Statistics Canada's review of CMAs and CAs for the 2011 Census resulted in the addition of five new CAs and the retirement of two CAs. It did not result in the promotion of any CAs to a census metropolitan area (CMA).
Statistics Canada's review of CMAs and CAs for the 2006 Census resulted in the addition of seven new CAs, the retirement of three CAs, and the promotion of six CAs to CMAs.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Kelly Clarkson

text: Organized by the Country Music Association (CMA), the Country Music Association Awards is the longest-running annual music awards program in American TV history, honoring achievements in country music. Clarkson has received a CMA award out of six nominations.

title: Glen Campbell

text: In 1967, Campbell won four Grammys in the country and pop categories. For "Gentle on My Mind", he received two awards in country and western; "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" did the same in pop. Three of his early hits later won Grammy Hall of Fame Awards (2000, 2004, 2008), while Campbell himself won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2012. He owned trophies for Male Vocalist of the Year from both the Country Music Association (CMA) and the Academy of Country Music (ACM), and took the CMA's top award as 1968 Entertainer of the Year. Campbell played a supporting role in the film "True Grit" (1969), which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Most Promising Newcomer. He also sang the title song, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Lady Antebellum

text: This is a list of awards and nominations received by American country music trio Lady Antebellum. Since Lady Antebellum won the Country Music Association Awards New Artist of the Year award in 2008, they have accumulated seven more awards, including their first Grammy in 2010 for Best Country Performance by Duo or Group with Vocals. At the 2009 CMA's, the group ended Rascal Flatts' six-year reign as Vocal Group of the Year. At the 2010 CMA's, the group became the first artist in CMA Award history to receive the Single of the Year honor for two consecutive years.

title: 8th of November (song)

text: The song was nominated for the 2006 CMA Awards song of the year category; its music video was also nominated for video of the year categories for the CMAs, ACM Awards, and the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.

title: KAJA (FM)

text: On October 18, 2010, KAJA won the 2010 Country Music Association (CMA) Large Market Radio Station of the Year award. This was the station's first CMA award win. They accepted the award at the show in November. In October 2012, Randy Carroll and Jamie Martin won the 2012 CMA Large Market Personality of the Year award. It was their first CMA win. They accepted their awards at the show on November 1.

title: 2011 Country Music Association Awards

text: Taylor Swift, Jason Aldean & Brad Paisley led the nominations with 5 each. Aldean had never won a CMA award prior to 2011 CMA Awards, when he won his first two awards for album of the year and musical event of the year. Miranda Lambert was named female vocalist of the year, and her husband Blake Shelton took home male vocalist. The night's top prize, entertainer of the year, went to Taylor Swift, which was her only victory of the evening. New Artist of the Year went to The Band Perry, who was also nominated for Vocal Group of the Year.

title: Walter C. Miller

text: On Friday, November 6, 2009, The Country Music Association presented the Irving Waugh Award of Excellence to longtime and treasured former CMA Awards Executive Producer, Walter C. Miller. He was recognized for his 40-years of working with the CMA Awards, as producer, executive producer, and now consulting producer. He reported later that he was completely surprised by the honor, which was attended by Brad Paisley, Martina McBride and 12-time CMA Awards host Vince Gill along with industry and CMA Board leaders.

title: 50th Annual Country Music Association Awards

text: The winners are in Bold.A. Leading into the opening number, footage was played from past CMA ceremonies. Those featured were: Minnie Pearl, Dolly Parton, Willie Nelson, Reba McEntire, Deana Carter, Carrie Underwood, Vince Gill, Rascal Flatts, Darius Rucker, Ricky Skaggs, George Strait, Miranda Lambert, Loretta Lynn, Little Big Town, Garth Brooks, Taylor Swift, Lee Ann Womack and Merle Haggard.  B. During Jackson and Strait's performance, pictures of many deceased country artists were shown on the screen behind and archive footage was played of past CMA Awards speeches in-between the two songs. Those featured were: Tammy Wynette, Johnny Cash, Sonny James and George Jones.The 50th CMA Awards attracted a large amount of media attention for both the return of the Dixie Chicks to the CMA stage following their as well as the appearance of Beyoncé. Their performance of "Daddy Lessons" from Beyoncé's Lemonade album polarised viewers, artists and critics alike, with some praising the collaboration and others denouncing the performance, stating that Beyoncé (a pop/R&B artist) had no place at a country music awards show. Many saw the criticisms as retaliation to an outspoken woman of color standing alongside three equally strong independent women on the stage of an award show notorious for its conservative attitudes and lack of diversity, with several reviewers noting that many of the negative comments surrounding Beyoncé's inclusion at the ceremony as hateful and racist, pointing to the fact that there was not backlash on such a scale when Meghan Trainor performed with Miranda Lambert, Ariana Grande performed with Little Big Town or when Justin Timberlake performed with Chris Stapleton at previous CMA ceremonies, with several in fact referring to the latter as one of the best CMA performances of all time. Many also took issue with Beyoncé being allegedly "anti-police" and branded the Dixie Chicks as "anti-American".

title: List of awards and nominations received by Miranda Lambert

text: The Country Music Association Awards, also known as the CMA Awards or CMAs, are presented to country music artists and broadcasters to recognize outstanding achievement in the county music industry.

title: Larry Bastedo

text:
Milestones
1957 500 cc Expert National Ice Racing Champion
1970 300 cc Expert National Enduro Champion
1987 Super Veteran National Enduro Champion
1988 Super Veteran National Enduro Champion
1980 CMA Ambassadors Award
1981 CMA Award of Merit
1985 CMA Fulvio Callimaci Supporters Award
2004 Inducted into the Canadian Motorsports Hall of Fame
2011 Inducted into the Canadian Motorcycle Hall of Fame
2014 Elected to the Hamilton Sports Hall of Fame

title: CMA CGM Jules Verne

text: CMA CGM Jules Verne (IMO 9454450) is an Explorer-class container ship built for CMA CGM. It was originally named after Chinese admiral and explorer Zheng He, but CMA CGM renamed it after the French writer Jules Verne. Scheduled for delivery in April 2013, it is among the world's largest containerships, at 16,020 TEU.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Alabama

text: The Country Music Association Awards, also known as the CMA Awards or CMAs, are presented to country music artists and broadcasters according to voting by CMA members. Alabama has received seven awards out of 40 nominations.

title: WUSY

text: US-101's award-winning personalities include David Earl Hughes CMA Air Personality of the Year 1994, Bill (Dex) Poindexter CMA Personality of the Year 4 times, ACM Personality of the Year 2010, Melissa (Mo) Turner CMA Personality of the Year 2 times and ACM Personality of the Year 2010 Gator Styckman and Kile CMA Personality of the Year 2014. ACM Air Personality of the Year 2 times, Lynn Sharp CMA Personality of the Year 2000, Kim Carson CMA Personality of the Year 2005.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Chris Stapleton

text:
The CMT Music Awards is a fan-voted awards show for country music videos and television performances.
The Country Music Association Awards, also known as the CMA Awards or CMAs, are presented to country music artists and broadcasters to recognize outstanding achievement in the country music industry.

title: WBBS

text:
Current morning team hosts Tom and Becky were nominated for a CMA and ACM awards in 2009 and 2010.
Tom Owens and Becky Palmer broadcast live from the CMA Awards in Nashville.
In 2004, B104.7's Ron and Becky received a CMA Award for "Personality of the Year" for a US Medium Market.

title: Bobby Cash

text: India is listed on the country music world map as one of the foreign territories outside the United States with a country music culture and Bobby Cash was invited as one of CMA's nominees for Global Artist of the Year Award given in recognition for furthering of country music in a territory other than the United States. While he did not win the Award, Bobby Cash's performance at The Stage On Broadway did lead to a standing ovation led by the then chief of CMA, Ed Benson.

title: Charles Kelley

title: Miranda Lambert

text: On September 1, 2010, it was announced that Lambert had received a record-setting 9 CMA award nominations. She performed at the 44th Annual Country Music Association Awards on November 10, 2010. She won the CMA Award for Female Vocalist of the Year, and her "Revolution" won Album of the Year. Lambert and Sheryl Crow performed "Coal Miner's Daughter" as a tribute to country legend Loretta Lynn who also entered the stage to join them and finished the song with Crow and Lambert as backup. Later that night, Lynn presented the Female Vocalist of the Year CMA award to Lambert. On February 13, 2011, Lambert won a Grammy Award in the "Best Female Country Vocal Performance" category for "The House That Built Me".

title: List of recipients of the CMA Founding President's Award

text: The following list shows all recipients of the Country Music Association's (CMA) Founding President's Award, instituted as the Connie B. Gay Award. The award was established in 1963, as an honor of high prestige in recognition of the most outstanding service to the CMA by a member not currently serving as an officer or director. Connie B. Gay, co-founder and first president of the CMA funded the award with his personal assets and established a trust, in his will, to ensure the perpetual viability of this award beyond his lifetime.

title: CMA CGM Zheng He

text: Named for famed Chinese Admiral Zheng He, the ship is expected to ply the water off Europe and Asia for CMA CGM. It is the second CMA CGM ship to be named for Zheng He, CMA CGM Marco Polo was originally named for the Chinese explorer.

title: Lady Antebellum

title: CMAS* SCUBA Diver

text:
CMAS * SCUBA Diver, CMAS one-star Scuba diver, or just CMAS * is an entry level diving certification for recreational SCUBA issued by Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS), enabling divers to undertake accompanied no-decompression dives to a maximum depth of twenty meters. CMAS describes that a One Star Diver shall be deemed "to have sufficient knowledge, skill and experience to procure air, equipment, and other diving services and to plan, conduct, and log open-water dives that do not require mandatory in-water decompression stops, without the supervision of a CMAS Instructor or CMAS Dive Leader, when properly equipped and accompanied by another certified diver of at least the same level, provided the diving activities undertaken, the diving conditions and the diving area are similar, equal or better to those in which training was received".
CMAS * training is available from two sources. Firstly, from national diving federations affiliated to the CMAS Technical Committee (known as CMAS Federations) using their member diving clubs, their member instructors where the federation is exclusively an instructor organisation or by agreement with independent underwater diving training organizations. Secondly, from specially accredited dive centers known as CMAS Dive Centers (CDC) who use dedicated CMAS training materials and who directly issue CMAS diving certificates.

title: Country Music Association

text: The cornerstone of the CMA is "Country Music’s Biggest Week", which includes the aforementioned CMA Awards in early November, followed two days later by a "CMA Country Christmas" concert.

title: 2014 Country Music Association Awards

text: Miranda Lambert was the lead nominee with nine, including a nomination for the biggest award of the night, Entertainer of the Year. Miranda Lambert also made CMA history when she won her eleventh award of the evening, making her the most awarded female artist in CMA history.