query: When did the first series of Spooks begin?

title: Spooks (series 1)

text: The first series of the British spy drama television series Spooks (known as MI-5 in the United States) began broadcasting on 13 May 2002 on BBC One, before ending on 17 June 2002. It consists of six episodes. Spooks follows the actions of Section D, a counter-terrorism division of the British Security Services (MI5). Among the storylines, main character Tom Quinn faces dilemmas living a double life with his girlfriend, who at first does not know he is really a spy, and Tessa Phillips is running phantom agents for monetary gain. Matthew Macfadyen, Keeley Hawes, David Oyelowo, Peter Firth, Jenny Agutter, Lisa Faulkner, Esther Hall, Heather Cave, Hugh Simon and Greame Mearns are listed as the main cast.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: The fifth (10-part) series of Spooks aired its first episode in two parts, the first appearing on 17 September 2006. In it, elements within the British Government, MI6 and the UK press conspire in an attempt to overthrow the Parliament and the Prime Minister. These elements agree that for Britain to survive the threats posed by modern-day terrorism, democracy had to be replaced with rule by committee. The second part followed the next day (18 September), marking Spooks' return to BBC One's Monday night schedule.[14] These episodes introduced Ros Myers (Hermione Norris).

title: Spooks (series 3)

text: The third series of "Spooks" was produced by Kudos Film and Television for the BBC. Much of the production crew from the first two series returned. New crew members were brought in with the requirement that they were fans of the series and have ambition, so that they can understand "Spooks". Andrew Woodhead was the series producer, with Jane Featherstone, Simon Crawford Collins and Gareth Neame as executive producers. Collins, who was the producer for the first two series, had to step back to executive producer, as he was overcommitted producing Kudos crime series "Hustle". Woodhead replaced him as he was accustomed to the show, but also added more vitality to the show. Christopher Aird was the assistant producer. The third series included five writers. Howard Brenton wrote the first, second and eighth episodes. Rupert Walters wrote the third and ninth episodes. Ben Richards wrote the fourth, sixth and tenth episodes. Richards previously wrote the ninth episode of series two, and accepted the offer to return. His script in the second series was his first script for television; he found writing easier as time went by. Raymond Khoury wrote the seventh episode. Series creator David Wolstencroft wrote the fifth episode. Wolstencroft was poised to write the next episode, but found himself committed to other projects.

title: Tom Quinn (Spooks)

text: Tom Quinn is a fictional character in the BBC espionage television series "Spooks" (called MI-5 in the United States), which follows the exploits of Section D, a counter-terrorism division of MI5. He is portrayed by British actor Matthew Macfadyen. In the first two series, Tom is the chief of Section D. The character was in the first and second episode of the third series but was decommissioned as a result of sabotaging an operation.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: A new website called "Spooks Interactive" was created to coincide with the launch of the series.[16] In April 2008, the Spooks production team won the BAFTA Award for Interactivity for their work on Spooks Interactive.[19]

title: Series 10, Episode 6 (Spooks)

text: They also felt that writing the final episodes of a popular programme was "an exciting responsibility, a daunting honour." They also did not want to end it on a cliffhanger, as doing so wouldn't be right or fair to the fans. The writers also concluded the Ruth/Harry arc in the series. They were concerned that there were fans of the show "who will be immensely cheesed off if they get anything less than Ruth riding in on a unicorn to marry Harry in a white suit," but noted there were "plenty of viewers who love the uncompromising toughness of Spooks. And both viewpoints were always well represented around the table." When it came to writing the final scenes, both writers went through "countless" ideas, some of which were pondered for weeks before making their final decision. In an interview, both writers admitted that the finale "can't please everyone," but that they tried to create an ending that was faithful to the spirit of "Spooks". When filming concluded, cast and crew members were "bagsying" items from the Grid set, including a large "Regnum Defende" insignia.

title: Tom Quinn (Spooks)

text: Series creator David Wolstencroft believed that writing Tom was the most fun, yet hardest to work on. During the second series, the producers were unsure whether Macfadyen would return for the third; because of this, Tom was originally killed in the second series finale. However, when Macfadyen decided to appear in the first two episodes of the third series, series writer Howard Brenton had to "unkill him." Reaction towards the character by fans were positive, though critics were mixed about Macfadyen's portrayal. Tom Quinn would later appear again as a cameo on the final episode of "Spooks"; his brief return was met with generally positive reactions.

title: Adam Carter

text: Before the sixth series finale aired in December 2007, it was announced that Rupert Penry-Jones would leave the series sometime in series seven. Penry-Jones wanted to leave the series as he felt the character had run its course, as well as wanting to explore other venues. He also stated that working in "Spooks" was "great," but felt he was "getting to the point where I needed to move on." Before the seventh series aired, Penry-Jones revealed his character would leave in what he believed was "one of the best" "Spooks" exits. He found that his last days on "Spooks" was generally upsetting and "welled up" on his final day. Penry-Jones did not envisage lasting as long as he did, because he believed the series would not last as long as it has.

title: Zara Spook

text: The Zara Spook was first developed by the Heddon company as a wooden lure named the Zaragossa 6500 series lures. In 1939 The plastic version was introduced and following the naming of other plastic lures Heddon added spook to the name to classify it as a plastic lure. The Zara Spook 9260 Series lures contained different types of hardware throughout their production. Heddon two piece hardware were the first hardware on the 1939 catalogued Zara Spook. Later lures through the 1940s and 1950s had surface hardware. Later models contained bell hardware and moulded hangers through the 1970s. In the mid-1990s, a 4-inch long model with three hooks was introduced, and a smaller 2-inch model has also been developed for light tackle fishing. The Zara spook and spin off models are one of a few lures still marketed under the Heddon brand name by EBSCO.

title: Spooks (series 10)

text: Two main characters from the ninth series did not return for the tenth. Richard Armitage did not return as Lucas North. Firth has stated that Lucas "was always going to die" at the end of the ninth series. At the time the series was produced, Armitage was filming for "The Hobbit" film project. Also, Sophia Myles did not return as Beth Bailey as the character was decommissioned between the ninth and tenth series. Myles left the series as she wanted to pursue other projects in America. Matthew Macfadyen, who starred in the first two series as protagonist Tom Quinn, returned for a cameo appearance in the series finale.

title: List of The Wardstone Chronicles characters

text: Tom is a flourishing apprentice to John Gregory, the County Spook. The Spook has had twenty-nine apprentices before Tom, although he is the best so far. He is the seventh son of a seventh son, but it is revealed in the sixth book of the series that his mother is actually the original Lamia witch, also known as Zenobia. At the beginning of the series, in the first to fifth books he seems a little afraid, the hunted, but after the sixth book he is the hunter, back in position, a real spooks apprentice.

title: Spooks: Code 9

text: A preliminary piece in "The Daily Telegraph" wondered if the series could avoid accusations of trying to cash in on "Spooks" despite being "a spin-off with almost nothing in common with its namesake", whilst other reviews in the same paper called the general scenario "daft and unconvincing" and too ludicrous to work as well as similar spin-offs. Though the "Telegraph" did find some praise for the "surprising twist" in the first episode, it lampooned the nuclear attack for having seemingly "killed everyone over the age of 40" and left MI5 "staffed purely by the young and good-looking", comparing the series' youthful cast with that of "Skins".

title: Spooks (series 1)

text: The first series of Spooks saw various storylines involving the main characters. Among these were Danny's obsession with money and spending, by hacking into a credit card database to fool it to give him a better credit rating, and the discovery that Tessa is running phantom agents to pocket their money. Those storylines were intended by Brenton and Wolstencroft to show the audience that the MI5 officers are tempted by money.[12][14] A principle story arc is Tom dealing with the complexities of his relationship with Ellie, who at first does not know he is a spy. This storyline was based on Mike Baker, whose wife did not know he was a spy for the first six months they were together.[4] As the series progressed, there were more difficulties with the relationship; Brenton wrote Tom's position as if the character did not see the problem. The same episode also introduced the sexual tension between Danny and Zoe.[15]

title: Spooks (series 10)

text: After the broadcast of the first episode, "Spooks" received overnight viewing figures of 4.62 million with a 17 per cent audience share. It lost out to "Downton Abbey" which received almost twice the viewers, with nine million and a 34.6 per cent share. Overnight ratings for the series ten premiere was down from the 5.58 million that tuned in for the series nine premiere episode. By the second week, overnight figures for "Spooks" went down nearly half a million to 4.15 million, as "Downton" ratings increased. However, despite being trounced by "Downton Abbey", "Spooks" saw a gradual increase in viewership over the subsequent weeks, leading up to a boost of up to 5.13 million viewers for the final episode on 23 October 2011. With consolidated ratings factored in, the last series of "Spooks" was given a per-episode average of 5.41 million viewers.

title: Tom Quinn (Spooks)

text: Though Macfadyen enjoyed working in the series, he began to feel "very sluggish and fed up" with playing the same character for two years. When the producers knew Macfadyen planned to leave, they did not know whether or not he would appear in the beginning of the third series. Howard Brenton, who wrote the series two finale, originally killed Tom off by drowning him while trying to escape onto the North Sea, while labouring under the impression that he was not to return. The producers would have continued the third series without Tom, however when they heard the actor would be prepared to return for the first two episodes of the third series, they were rewritten to include his character Tom. Brenton had to "unkill him." After a seven-year absence, in October 2011, it was announced that Macfadyen was to make a "fleeting" cameo appearance in the final episode of the series. A "Spooks" insider stated that his scene "will bring back all the memories of Tom and what the character endured in those first few series."

title: Spooks (series 1)

text: Matthew Millheiser of DVD Talk agreed. Of the series, Millheiser called it a "great show," with "plotlines that are fast-paced and gripping throughout", adding, "It lacks the slick, candy-coated escapism and romanticism of Alias, or the white-knuckled, thrill-a-minute intensity of 24. [Spooks] is its own beast altogether: a smart, thrilling series that pulls no punches and maintains a consistent level of quality and intelligence throughout its running time."[31] Bryan Byun of DVD Verdict had an issue with the storylines, stating, "At times it takes the entire length of an episode to figure out precisely what's going on. While that frenetic pace makes for challenging viewing, it might prevent the show from reaching a broader audience." However, Byun thought the first series was a "solid, gripping entertainment that pulls few punches. While it's a little talkier and more reliant on suspense and mystery than trigger-happy American action shows, [Spooks] should please any fan of cloak-and-dagger antics."[45] Michael Mackenzie of The Digital Fix rated the series eight out of ten, stating that although Spooks "may not be perfect", "it is an imaginative and intriguing series."[46]

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Following the success of Torchwood (the BBC Three Doctor Who spin-off series) the controller of BBC Three, Julian Bellamy, announced in December 2006 a Spooks spin-off entitled Spooks: Code 9 (working titles: Rogue Spooks and Spooks: Liberty).[57][58] The show started filming in Bradford in 2008 and the first[59] and second episodes were broadcast on 10 August 2008. It was not well received by critics, who said "the script is poor and the acting little better" (The Sunday Times)[60] and the production "utterly uninspired and stale" (Digital Spy),[61] "daft and unconvincing" (The Telegraph),[62] "an utterly cynical venture" that "given its patronising awfulness ... actually damages the Spooks brand" (The Guardian).[63]

title: Spooks (series 6)

text: The sixth series of the BBC espionage television series "Spooks" began broadcasting on 16 October 2007 before ending on 18 December 2007. The series, consisting of ten episodes, is the first where there is a story line throughout the episodes. Appearing as recurring characters are CIA Agent, Bob Hogan, and Iranian Special Consul, Dariush Bakhshi, and his wife, Ana.

title: Spooks: Code 9

text: The decision to relate the new project to the original "Spooks" was controversial, with actor Georgia Moffett saying "it's slightly misleading in terms of the word Spooks." and producer Chris Fry saying "this is a completely new show. There are no crossover characters or storylines and, most importantly, it is set in a completely new world." After the first series ended relatively unsuccessfully (with an audience of 245,000 for the series finale) executive producer Karen Wilson claimed that many of the existing cast members were "contracted for another year" and outlined themes "we'd like to explore if we get a second series." However, due to low ratings and damning reviews, a second series was never commissioned.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Production on the six-episode[26] series reportedly began during March 2011,[27] with Lara Pulver joining the series as an "ambitious, hungry" new spook "determined to make her mark". Also joining the series were Geoffrey Streatfeild, Alice Krige and Jonathan Hyde, while Peter Firth, Nicola Walker, Max Brown, Shazad Latif and Simon Russell Beale reprised their roles, as well as Matthew Macfadyen in a cameo role in the final episode. Sophia Myles did not return as Beth Bailey.[28]

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Sangster, Jim: Spooks Confidential: The Official Handbook (2003), Contender Books (London) ISBN1-84357-069-6 Episode guide of the first two seasons, and background information on MI5 and the making of the series Spooks: The Personnel Files (2007), Headling Publishing Group (London) ISBN978-0-7553-3397-4 Detailed MI5 personnel files of eight of the show's main characters: Adam Carter, Danny Hunter, Zoe Reynolds, Tom Quinn, Ruth Evershed, Harry Pearce, Zafar Younis and Malcolm Wynn-Jones, presented through a compilation of transcripts, reports and forms. Spooks: Behind the Scenes (2006), Orion Books (London) ISBN0-7528-7610-4 Background information on British intelligence and episode guides for the first four series Spooks: Harry's Diary: Top Secret (2007), Headling Publishing Group (London) ISBN978-0-7553-3398-1 The untold stories of Spooks, and MI5, as seen from the perspective of Harry Pearce, the Spooks team leader Adam Carter: Revealed (2008), Headling Publishing Group (London) ISBN978-0-7553-3401-8 Revealing the truth about Adam Carter after his death, explaining the true details of his childhood, the extraordinary responsibilities he took on as a teenager, and how he nearly betrayed his country but never betrayed the people he loved.

title: Complicit (film)

text: Actor David Oyelowo had previously played an MI5 officer, Danny Hunter, in the BBC drama series "Spooks". He told the "Radio Times" when he signed on for "Complicit" that he did not want to do a "film version of "Spooks"", and that he considered "Complicit" to be a far more realistic depiction of an intelligence officer's work than his previous role, which he described as "James Bond for the telly".

title: Spooks (series 10)

text: The tenth series of "Spooks" was first released on DVD on 28 November 2011 in the United Kingdom (Region 2), and was later released in the United States (Region 1) on 6 March 2012. It will be released in Australia (Region 4) on 4 April 2012. The box set includes all six episodes of the final series on three discs, with two of the episodes containing optional audio commentaries from the show's writers and directors. Other special features include two featurettes; "Spooks' Top 10 Moments", which comprises cast and crew members picking their favourite "Spooks" scenes, and "Harry's Game", which features interviews concerning the story arc of the tenth series. It was released with a "15" British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) certificate (unsuitable for viewers under the age of 15 years).

title: Hustle (TV series)

text: Hustle was largely born from the same production team that created and popularised the early series of Spooks, a similarly-styled drama series first broadcast in 2002.[5] Bharat Nalluri, that series' Executive Director, conceived the idea in early 2002 while filming for the first Spooks series was ongoing.[6] Nalluri pitched the concept to Jane Featherstone, managing director of Kudos Film & Television which was the production company behind Spooks, in the back of a taxi while returning from a day's filming.[6][7] Intrigued by the idea, Featherstone recruited Tony Jordan, the lead scriptwriter of the soap opera EastEnders,[8] to develop it into a workable proposal.[9]

title: Spooks (series 3)

text: Tom's exit allowed the writers to pull the focus on the other characters, namely Danny and Zoe, to give the show more of an ensemble feel. Overall, the producers made the third series more character driven. Raymond Khoury felt that because the length of a "Spooks" episode is one and half times longer than the average American television episode, the writers could use the extra time to flesh out the characters. Khoury also noted another difference between "Spooks" and American television is that most American seasons usually consists of 22 episodes, much of those episodes are more plot driven, while "Spooks" series three only had 10 and hence all of them contain some character development. The main character developments include Zoe's relationship with Will, which Danny did not like because he was in love with her. The writers initially wanted to expand on the potential Danny and Sam Buxton relationship which began in the second series, but the idea was dropped in favour of his affection towards Zoe, as the producers believed that was delivering more. Harry was given more depth by introducing his estranged daughter in "Who Guards the Guards?". Through the daughter's introduction, Harry would appear more human as opposed to the boss who "barks orders" to his officers. When Hawes announced she wanted to leave, Richards decided to write a "big episode" to give Zoe a decent send off. Richards did not want to kill off the character, as he deemed it predictable. Oyelowo eventually decided to leave the series as well between filming episodes four and five; by then the finale was not yet written. The actor wanted Danny to be killed off, reasoning that since Tom and Zoe left as disgraced officers, having Danny leave a disgraced officer also would be "one time too many" for a series that is meant to second guess the audience. In addition, Oyelowo did not want the "lingering thought" of a possible return. The producers wanted to use Danny's death as a powerful end to the series.

title: Spooks: Code 9

text: Spooks: Code 9 (working titles – Rogue Spooks and Spooks: Liberty) is a counter-intelligence drama series broadcast on BBC Three in 2008.

title: Series 8, Episode 4 (Spooks)

text: Vicky Frost of "The Guardian" thought the introduction was "a relatively tame start to proceedings", and that the episode was "tightly plotted, deft and exciting", and the final twist was "marvellous", but believed that there were "one too many plots for an hour of "Spooks"", and that the backstory of Lucas "all seemed rather a missed opportunity." Robert McLaughlin of "Den of Geek" noted that Lucas "spends a lot of this episode in a state of undress", and that while it was "a more personal episode, there are some huge implications set up and executed for the rest of the series, and while it might seem a waste of momentum to re-tread the imprisonment of Lucas from the beginning of last season, all the flashbacks, dabs of information and the entire setup are all relevant", concluding by stating that "Spooks continues to be one of the best shows the Beeb currently offers."

title: Spooks (series 10)

text: The series will introduce a number of new characters. Lara Pulver was cast as the new Chief of Section D, Erin Watts. Pulver described Erin as "young", "feisty", and has got "something to prove... but she has a maturity and a delicacy with the matters she's handling that makes her really good at her job." The character is also a single mother. The actress returned to London from Los Angeles to participate in other projects there. When the "Spooks" casting directors heard of her arrival, they approached her. She was back in Los Angeles when she was told she won the part. Geoffrey Streatfeild was cast as Calum Reed, an information technology (IT) expert. Streatfeild researched his role before starting. The actor was a fan of "Spooks" and found it "weird to join a group of people when you know their characters." Jonathan Hyde and Alice Krige will also have roles in the series; Krige plays Elena. Jenni Herzberg will play the younger version of Elena.

title: The Spook's Sacrifice

text: Tom enters the Ord with the other members of the emissary and they are met by a number of demons. Music begins and the mercenaries sit down and begin eating a feast, their captain previously having been at odds with the Spook regarding how effective fasting is when it comes to fighting the dark. The demons attack the mercenaries, gorging themselves on blood.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: The fourth series of Spooks began transmission on Monday 12 September 2005 on BBC One at 9pm with the first of a two-part story. The next day (13 September) the second episode was shown. The following week Spooks assumed a 9pm Thursday slot, a break from the Monday 9pm slot the previous series had traditionally occupied. Once again, the series ran for ten episodes and averaged 6.05million viewers, a notable increase on the previous series.[12]


query: How large is the Hainaut province in France?

title: Hainaut Province

text: Hainaut province is divided into 7 administrative districts (arrondissements), subdivided into a total of 69 municipalities. It has an area of 3,800 square kilometres (1,500sqmi).

title: Western Hainaut

text: Western Hainaut is the name of the North-West part of the Province of Hainaut ("Hainaut occidental" in French) . Since the creation of an autonomous Wallonia, it is also called "Wallonie Picarde", in light of the regional use of the Picard language.

title: Belgium–France border

text: The Belgian side of the border is shared by, from north to south, the provinces of West Flanders (Flemish Region) and Hainaut, Namur and Luxembourg (Walloon Region).

title: Pipasso

text: The pipasso is a type of bagpipe found in northern France and Belgium. It is commonly called the "Picardy bagpipe". In the Belgian province of Hainaut, it is also known as the muchosa.

title: County of Hainaut

text: In 1432, Hainaut was acquired by the House of Valois-Burgundy and in 1477 passed to the Habsburgs with the rest of the Burgundian Netherlands and became part of the Burgundian Circle in 1512. It was ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1555 to 1714. In 1659 and 1678 southern Hainaut was acquired by France. In 1797 the rest of the county was ceded to France by the Emperor Francis II, who was also count of Hainaut.

title: Nervii

text: Hainaut was sometimes referred to as the county of the Nervians ("comitatus nerviensis") in medieval Latin, and when this came to be politically united with mainly Dutch speaking Brabant again, the counties were still distinguished in the official Latin titles ("comitatus Nerviensis atque Bracbatensis"). Today, Hainaut is divided between France and Belgium. To its north the modern Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant and French-speaking Walloon Brabant approximate the rest of the old Nervian territory.

title: Aubry-du-Hainaut

text: Aubry-du-Hainaut is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

title: West Flanders

text: West Flanders ( ; West Flemish: "West Vloandern"; French: "(Province de) Flandre-Occidentale"; German: "Westflandern") is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, in Belgium. It is the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the north. It has land borders with the Netherlands to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and France to the west. Its capital is Bruges ("Brugge"). Other important cities are Kortrijk in the south and Ostend on the coast, Roeselare and Ypres ("Ieper"). The province has an area of 3,125 km² which is divided into eight administrative districts ("arrondissementen") containing 64 municipalities.

title: Namur Province

text: Namur (Dutch: , ) is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and on France. Its capital is the city of Namur.

title: List of windmills in Hainaut (province)

text: A list of windmills in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

title: Lists of protected heritage sites in Hainaut (province)

text: This page is an overview of the list of protected heritage sites in Hainaut (province), alphabetically ordered by town name. This list is part of the protected heritage sites of Belgium.

title: Hainaut (Chamber of Representatives constituency)

text: Hainaut is a parliamentary constituency in Belgium used to elect members of the Chamber of Representatives since 2003. It corresponds to the province of Hainaut.

title: French Hainaut

text: Until the 17th century it was an integral part of the County of Hainaut, ruled by the Burgundians and later the Habsburgs. In a series of wars between France and Spain, this southern part of Hainaut was conquered by France, together with the adjacent smaller Cambresis or the Bishopric of Cambrai to the south-west, loosely associated with it, and the similar area to these two combined in the west, southern Flanders, which borders on the English Channel (French: la Manche). Together these formed the French province of Flandre immediately before the French Revolution, which became the current Nord département.

title: Hainaut Province

text: Its capital is Mons (Dutch Bergen) and the most populous city is Charleroi, the province's urban, economic and cultural hub, the financial capital of Hainaut and the fifth largest city in the country by population.

title: Hainaut Province

text: Hainaut (French: Hainaut, French pronunciation:[ɛno]; Dutch: Henegouwen, IPA:[ˈɦeːnəɣʌuə(n)](listen); Walloon: Hinnot; Picard: Hénau) and historically also known as Heynowes in English, is a province of Wallonia and Belgium.

title: Hainaut Province

text: The patron saint of the province Hainaut is Saint Waltrude.[3]

title: Count of Hainaut

text: The Count of Hainaut (, , ) was the ruler of the county of Hainaut, a historical region in the Low Countries (including the modern countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and parts of northern France and western Germany). In English-language historical sources, the title is often given the archaic spelling Hainault.The County of Hainaut was then divided between the counties of Mons and Valenciennes.

title: Beaumont, Belgium

text: Beaumont () is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut, on the border with France. On January 1, 2012, Beaumont had a total population of 7,060. The total area is 92.97 km².

title: La Berlière Castle

text:
La Berlière Castle () is a castle in Houtaing in Ath, province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Hainaut is a province of Belgium in the Walloon region a historical county.

title: Haine

text: The Haine (, , ) is a river in southern Belgium (Hainaut) and northern France (Nord), right tributary of the river Scheldt. The Haine gave its name to the County of Hainaut, and the present province of Hainaut. Its source is in Anderlues, Belgium. As the western end of the sillon industriel, Wallonia's industrial backbone, it flows through the heavily industrialized Borinage region, notably the towns La Louvière, Mons and Saint-Ghislain. A few kilometres after crossing the border to France, the Haine flows into the Scheldt in Condé-sur-l'Escaut.

title: Hainaut Province

text: The province derives from the French Revolutionary Jemmape department, formed in 1795 from part of the medieval County of Hainaut, the small territory of Tournai and the Tournaisis, a part of the county of Namur (Charleroi), and also a small part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège (Thuin). (A large part of the historical county of Hainaut is now within France and sometimes referred to as French Hainaut.)

title: Leuze-en-Hainaut

text: Leuze-en-Hainaut is a municipality in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. Comprising the former municipalities of Blicquy, Chapelle-à-Oie, Chapelle-à-Wattines, Gallaix, Grandmetz, Leuze-en-Hainaut, Pipaix, Thieulain, Tourpes, and Willaupuis, it had a population on 1 January 2016 of 13,699.

title: Cockerill-Sambre

text: The Cockerill-Sambre group was formed in 1981 by the merger of two Belgian steel groups; Cockerill based in Seraing (Liege province), and Hainaut-Sambre based in Charleroi in the province of Hainaut; both being the result of post second world war consolidations of the Belgian steel industry.

title: Cambrai

text: In 1630, Richelieu, wishing to counter the power of the Emperor and Spain, renewed the alliance of France with the United Provinces. The main effort of France had to focus on the Spanish Netherlands, and a sharing plan was established with the Dutch, with France to receive the Hainaut, Cambrésis, Artois, a large part of Flanders and Luxembourg and the County of Namur. War was declared against Spain in 1635: It was followed by a long series of wars which, compounded by subsistence and epidemics, caused crises which would bruise the Cambrésis.

title: Oise (river)

text: The Oise () is a river of Belgium and France, flowing for from its source in the Belgian province of Hainaut, south of Chimay. It crosses the border with France after about . It flows into the Seine at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, a north-western suburb of Paris. Its main tributary is the Aisne. It gave its name to the French departments of Oise and Val-d'Oise.

title: Ploegsteert

text: Ploegsteert is a village in Belgium in the municipality of Comines-Warneton in the Hainaut province and is the most westerly settlement of the Walloon region. It is approximately 2 kilometres north of the French border. Created in 1850 on part of the territory of Warneton, it includes the hamlet of Le Bizet, which is the border with France (there is also a hamlet named "Le Bizet" in France). It is largely francophone, with facilities for Dutch speakers.

title: Seventeen Provinces

text: Artois and parts of Flanders and Hainaut (French Flanders and French Hainaut) were ceded to France in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries.

title: County of Hainaut

text: The County of Hainaut (, ; ; ), sometimes given the spelling Hainault, was a historical lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire with its capital eventually established at Mons (), and named after the river Haine, both now in Belgium. Besides Mons, it included the city of Valenciennes, now in France. It consisted of what is now the Belgian province of Hainaut and the eastern part of the French "département" of Nord.

title: Eau d'Heure lakes

text: The dams were built during the 1970s. The lakes are not far from the village of Cerfontaine, south of the city of Charleroi, and the border with France. They are within the municipalities of Cerfontaine (province of Namur) and Froidchapelle (province of Hainaut).

title: INTERREG IV France-Wallonie-Vlaanderen

text: The INTERREG IV France-Wallonie-Vlaanderen Programme 2007-2013, which is co-financed by the European Union, aims at intensifying the cooperation in a cross-border area of 62,000 km² with around 10.5 million inhabitants: the provinces Hainaut, Namur, Luxembourg, Western Flanders and Eastern Flanders in Belgium and the departments Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Aisne and Ardennes in France.


query: Where was the first university Cognitive Science department in the US?

title: Cognitive science

text: The term cognitive science was coined by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his 1973 commentary on the Lighthill report, which concerned the then-current state of Artificial Intelligence research.[15] In the same decade, the journal Cognitive Science and the Cognitive Science Society were founded.[16] The founding meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was held at the University of California, San Diego in 1979, which resulted in cognitive science becoming an internationally visible enterprise.[17] In 1972, Hampshire College started the first undergraduate education program in Cognitive Science, led by Neil Stillings. In 1982, with assistance from Professor Stillings, Vassar College became the first institution in the world to grant an undergraduate degree in Cognitive Science.[18] In 1986, the first Cognitive Science Department in the world was founded at the University of California, San Diego.[17]

title: Natural scientific research in Canada

text: The Institute for Cognitive Science, the first of its type in Canada, established in 2006 at Carleton University in Ottawa, draws on the fields of psychology, philosophy, linguistics and computer science to conduct research into cognition. Other universities, including U of T, McGill, University of Calgary, UBC (the Institute for Computing, Information, and Cognitive Systems), Queen's and York use a similar interdisciplinary approach to study cognition.

title: George Armitage Miller

text: Miller moved back to Harvard as a tenured associate professor in 1955 and became a full professor in 1958, expanding his research into how language affects human cognition. At the university he met a young Noam Chomsky, another of the founders of cognitive science. They spent a summer together at Stanford training the faculty, and their two families shared a house. In 1958–59, Miller took leave to join the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto, California, (now at Stanford University). There he collaborated with Eugene Galanter and Karl Pribram on the book "Plans and the Structure of Behavior". In 1960, along with Jerome S. Bruner, he co-founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard. The cognitive term was a break from the then-dominant school of behaviorism, which insisted cognition was not fit for scientific study. The center attracted such notable visitors as Jean Piaget, Alexander Luria and Chomsky. Miller then became the chair of the psychology department. Miller was instrumental at the time for recruiting Timothy Leary to teach at Harvard. Miller knew Leary from the University of Alabama, where Miller was teaching psychology and Leary graduated with an undergraduate degree from the department.

title: Robert M. French

text: From 1995 to 1998, French was a Research Scientist in the Department of Psychology at the University of Liège. From 1998 to 2000, he was an Associate Professor in Quantitative Psychology and Cognitive Science in the same department. From 2001 to 2004, he was a Professor of Quantitative Psychology and Cognitive Science in that department.

title: Jim Davies (cognitive scientist)

text: Jim Davies is an American/Canadian cognitive scientist, playwright, artist, and author. He received his bachelor's degree in philosophy from the State University of New York at Oswego, his masters in psychology and his Ph.D. in computer science from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is a full professor of Cognitive Science at the Institute of Cognitive Science and the School of Computer Science at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario where he is the director of the Science of Imagination Laboratory. His research focuses on visual reasoning, analogy, and imagination.

title: Jerome Busemeyer

text: Jerome R. Busemeyer is a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University - Bloomington in the Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences and Cognitive Science Program . His research investigates the cognitive processes and dynamics of human judgment and decision making using mathematical modeling. He is one of the developers of a theory of decision making called decision field theory.. He is also helped develop the field of quantum cognition. He has authored several books and hundreds of articles over the course of his career.

title: Zoubin Ghahramani

text: Ghahramani was educated at the American School of Madrid in Spain and the University of Pennsylvania where he was awarded a double major degree in Cognitive Science and Computer Science in 1990. He obtained his PhD from the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, supervised by Michael I. Jordan and Tomaso Poggio.

title: Donald D. Hoffman

text: Donald David "Don" Hoffman (born December 29, 1955) is an American cognitive psychologist and popular science author. He is a Professor in the Department of Cognitive Sciences at the University of California, Irvine, with joint appointments in the Department of Philosophy, the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, and the School of Computer Science.

title: Vita-Salute San Raffaele University

text: The Vita-Salute San Raffaele University was first established in 1996 with the Department of Psychology stemming from the Department of Cognitive Science founded by Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini in 1993. The program follows the general-cognitive and the experimental-clinical lines of thought.

title: Wayne D. Gray

text: Gray earned his Ph.D. from U. C. Berkeley in 1979. His first position was with the U.S. Army Research Institute, where he worked on tactical team training (at the Monterey Field Unit) and later on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology to training for air-defense systems (HAWK) (at ARI-HQ Alexandria, VA). He spent a postdoctoral year with John R. Anderson's lab at Carnegie Mellon University before joining the AI Laboratory of NYNEX' Science & Technology Division. At NYNEX he applied cognitive task analysis and cognitive modeling to the design and evaluation of interfaces for large, commercial telecommunications systems. His academic career began at Fordham University and then moved to George Mason University. He joined the Cognitive Science Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2002.

title: Margaret Boden

text: Margaret Ann Boden, OBE, ScD, FBA (born 26 November 1936) is research professor of cognitive science at the department of informatics at the University of Sussex, where her work embraces the fields of artificial intelligence, psychology, philosophy, and cognitive and computer science.

title: Zenon Pylyshyn

text: Pylyshyn was professor of psychology and computer science at the University of Western Ontario in London from 1964 until 1994, where he also held honorary positions in philosophy and electrical engineering and was director of the UWO Center for Cognitive Science. In 1994 he accepted positions as the Board of Governors Professor of Cognitive Science and as the director of the new Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

title: Douglas Hofstadter

text: Since 1988, Hofstadter has been the College of Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Science and Comparative Literature at Indiana University in Bloomington, where he directs the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition which consists of himself and his graduate students, forming the "Fluid Analogies Research Group" (FARG). He was initially appointed to the Indiana University's Computer Science Department faculty in 1977, and at that time he launched his research program in computer modeling of mental processes (which at that time he called "artificial intelligence research", a label that he has since dropped in favor of "cognitive science research"). In 1984, he moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he was hired as a professor of psychology and was also appointed to the Walgreen Chair for the Study of Human Understanding. In 1988 he returned to Bloomington as "College of Arts and Sciences Professor" in both cognitive science and computer science. He was also appointed adjunct professor of history and philosophy of science, philosophy, comparative literature, and psychology, but has said that his involvement with most of those departments is nominal. In 1988 Hofstadter received the "In Praise of Reason" award, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's highest honor. In April 2009 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2010 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden.

title: Cognitive science

text: The first instance of cognitive science experiments being done at an academic institution took place at MIT Sloan School of Management, established by J.C.R. Licklider working within the psychology department and conducting experiments using computer memory as models for human cognition.[14]

title: Rebecca Saxe

text: Rebecca Saxe is a professor of cognitive neuroscience and associate department head at the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. She is an associate member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research and a board member of the Center for Open Science. She is known for her research on the neural basis of social cognition. She received her BA from Oxford University where she studied Psychology and Philosophy, and her PhD from MIT in Cognitive Science. She is the granddaughter of Canadian coroner and politician Morton Shulman.

title: Institute of Psychology (Szeged)

text: The founding father of the independent Psychology major, available from the turn of the millennium, is Professor Csaba Pléh, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, who organized the Cognitive Science Group at the Department of Psychology, and in 1999, started the Cognitive Science and Neuropsychology Program of Szeged, or in short, the Cognitive Program. He laid the foundation for a professional psychology training course at the University of Szeged. The university's Medical Faculty and the Cognitive Science Group, led by Csaba Pléh, organized the VIII. Conference of the Hungarian Cognitive Science Association (MAKOG), titled The Development and Disorders of Cognitive Functions for 4–6 February 2000 in Szeged.

title: David Swinney

text: Swinney's faculty positions included: Tufts University (Department of Psychology), Rutgers University (Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Departments), the City University of New York (Programs in Linguistics, Psychology, Speech and Hearing Science) and University of California, San Diego (Chair, Department of Psychology).

title: Anne Castles

text: She then commenced teaching and research at the University of Melbourne in the Department of Psychology. Returning to Macquarie University in 2007, she took up a CORE research appointment at MACCS and in 2010, she was appointed Scientific Director of the Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science and then became Head of the Department of Cognitive Science.

title: Margaret Boden

text: She was the founding Dean of the University of Sussex's School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences (COGS), precursor of the university's current Department of Informatics. Since 1997 she has been research professor of cognitive science at the Department of informatics, where her work encompasses the fields of artificial intelligence, psychology, philosophy, and cognitive and computer science.

title: Terry Sejnowski

text: Sejnowski is also Professor of Biological Sciences and Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Neurosciences, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Computer Science and Engineering at the University of California, San Diego, where he is Co-Director of the Institute for Neural Computation.

title: Elissa L. Newport

text: She was a member of the faculty in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, San Diego and the University of Illinois before joining the faculty at the University of Rochester, where she was chair of the department and the George Eastman Professor of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. In July 2012, she joined the faculty at Georgetown University where she became the founding director of the newly established Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery. Dr. Newport is married to Ted Supalla, who is also a professor in the Department of Neurology at Georgetown University.

title: Elizabeth Spelke

text: Her first academic post was at the University of Pennsylvania, where she worked for nine years. Thereafter she moved first to Cornell, and then to MIT's Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. She has been a professor at Harvard since 2001.

title: Henkjan Honing

text: Honing obtained his PhD at City University (London) in 1991 with research into the representation of time and temporal structure in music. During the period between 1992 and 1997, he worked as a KNAW Research Fellow ("Academieonderzoeker") at the University of Amsterdam’s Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC), where he conducted a study on the formalization of musical knowledge. Up until 2003, he worked as a research coordinator at the Nijmegen Institute for Cognition and Information (NICI; now F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging) where he specialized in the computational modeling of music cognition. In 2007, he was appointed Associate Professor in Music Cognition at the University of Amsterdam’s Musicology capacity group. In 2010 he was awarded the KNAW-Hendrik Muller chair, designated on behalf of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). In 2012 he was appointed strategic Professor of Cognitive and Computational Musicology, and in 2014 he became full professor in Music Cognition at both the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Science of the University of Amsterdam. In 2013 he received a Distinguished Lorentz Fellowship, a prize granted by the Lorentz Center for the Sciences and the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences.

title: Saul Sternberg

text: Saul Sternberg is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology and former Paul C. Williams Term Professor (1993–1998) at the University of Pennsylvania. He is a pioneer in the field of cognitive psychology in the development of experimental techniques to study human information processing. Sternberg received a B.A. in mathematics in 1954 from Swarthmore College and a Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University in 1959. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship in mathematical statistics at the University of Cambridge in 1960, and he subsequently worked as a research scientist in the linguistics and artificial intelligence research department at Bell Laboratories, where he continued to work as a member of the technical staff for over twenty years. Sternberg's first academic position was at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was employed from 1961–1964, and where he has remained since 1985. He has also served as a visiting professor at University College, London, the University of California, Berkeley, and Rutgers University. The impact of Sternberg's theoretical and empirical contributions to the field of cognitive psychology have been recognized by many organizations, and he has been elected to fellowship in the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the National Academy of Sciences.

title: Jamshed Bharucha

text: Prior to becoming President of Cooper Union, Bharucha was Provost and Senior Vice President of Tufts University and Professor in the Departments of Psychology, Music and in the Medical School's Department of Neuroscience. Prior to Tufts he was the John Wentworth Professor of Psychological & Brain Sciences and Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Dartmouth College, where he received the Huntington Teaching Award. His research is in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, focusing on the cognitive and neural basis of the perception of music. He was Editor of the interdisciplinary journal "Music Perception" and was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.

title: Jung-Mo Lee

text: After working (two and half years) as a research assistant at the Student Guidance Center of Seoul National University, he attended the Graduate School of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, majoring experimental psychology (MA in 1976; PhD in 1979). His Adviser was Professor David J. Murray, whose main research areas were human memory and history of psychology. His M.A. thesis was on Endel Tulving's Encoding Specificity theory and his PhD dissertation was on the 'Depths of Processing', titled "Deeper Processing: Spreading Elaboration and Integrative Elaboration." After returning to South Korea, he briefly took an assistant professorship at the Department of Psychology at Songsim Catholic College (which is now called as the Songsim campus of Catholic University in Seoul), and then worked as an Associate Professor and then Professor of the Department of Psychology, Korea University, in Seoul (1980–94), After that, he worked as a Research Associate at the Institute for Cognitive Science (ICS), University of Colorado at Boulder (1984–85), then as a Visiting Scholar at the Committee on the Conceptual Foundations of Science (the precursor of the 'History of Science and Medicine'), University of Chicago (1985). Then he worked as a Professor at the Department of Psychology, and at the Graduate Program for Cognitive Science of Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul (1986-2009). In 1995, he founded the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Cognitive Science at Sungkyunkwan University. He was a Visiting Scholar at the Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD. He is now a Professor Emeritus of Sungkyunkwan University.

title: Alva Noë

text: Noë joined the UC Berkeley Department of Philosophy as an associate professor in 2003, where he was a member of the UC Berkeley Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, serving as a core faculty member for the Program in Cognitive Science and the Center for New Media. During 2011-12, he was Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York Graduate Center. Before coming to Berkeley, Noë was an assistant professor of philosophy at UC Santa Cruz. He has been a Post-doctoral Research Associate of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University, a Visiting Scholar at the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science at UC Irvine and at the Institut Jean-Nicod (CNRS/EN/EHESS) in Paris, a McDonnell-Pew Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, and a visiting scholar at the Center for Subjectivity Research at the University of Copenhagen. Noë has been a recipient of a UC President's Fellowship in the Humanities and an ACLS/Ryskamp Fellowship, and in 2007/2008 was a research fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin.

title: Stephen Crain

text: Stephen Crain is the director of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), and a distinguished professor at Macquarie University in the Department of Linguistics. He is a well-known researcher specializing in language acquisition, focusing specifically on syntax and semantics. Crain views language acquisition as based on language-specific faculties, and he conducts his research in the tradition of Chomskyan generative grammar. Recently, Crain has proposed that language is based on a universal logical system, and he has begun to explore the neural correlates of language acquisition from a cross-linguistic perspective using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Crain received a BA in philosophy from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1971 and a PhD in cognitive science with an emphasis in linguistics from the University of California, Irvine in 1980. Crain was employed as a professor of linguistics at the University of Connecticut from 1986 to 1995. During that time he was also a senior scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut. After leaving UConn, he took a position as professor of linguistics at the University of Maryland, College Park, from 1995 to 2003, before accepting a position as a professor of cognitive science at Macquarie in 2004, where he has remained since. He was deputy director of the Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science from 2004 until 2010, and director of the Centre for Language Sciences from 2007 until 2010. He led the successful bid for an ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, which is funded from 2011 until 2017.

title: Robert M. French

text: He spent several months in 1992 as a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition at Indiana University. From 1992 to 1994, he was Visiting Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. From 1994 to 1995, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and a Lecturer in Cognitive Science in the Department of Educational Psychology at the same institution.

title: Markus F. Peschl

text: Peschl started his academic career at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy department), at the University of Sussex and in France for post-doctoral research. Peschl is professor for Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Science at the University of Vienna, Austria.


query: When was Claude E. Welch Jr born?

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Claude E. Welch Jr., State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo (UB) Professor of Political Science and SUNY Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science, was born on 12 June 1939 in Boston, Massachusetts, to Dr. Claude E. Welch, Sr., and Phyllis Paton Welch. The younger Welch “had the values of hard work and respect for others instilled him from an early age.”[1] His father worked his way through Harvard Medical School and served as a front-line surgeon in World War II. In his medical career, he became “a fixture at Massachusetts General Hospital for more than 40 years, was an innovative surgeon, a tireless worker, prolific researcher and an advocate of building strong ties with his patients, themes that would come to be synonymous with his…son.”[2]

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch's 14 books and many published articles address three interdisciplinary areas: Africa, the political roles of armed forces (civil–military relations), and human rights. Among his most important volumes, already mentioned, are Human Rights and Development in Africa, Protecting Human Rights in Africa, and Economic Rights in Canada and the United States. Although the three areas interrelate, Welch's titles can be listed among his three focus areas. In the interest of avoiding duplication, several volumes that overlap are mentioned only in the area most prevalent.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch's participation in the Buffalo religious community has given him recognition in more than just the academic circles in the city. At Westminster Presbyterian Church, Welch has served as a Ruling Elder, chairman of the Management Group, chair of the Adult Program Committee, and chair of the Investment Policy Committee.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Asian Perspectives on Human Rights[38] (1990), co-edited with Virginia Leary, combined original case studies of individual Asian countries with a synthesizing introduction. The volume contains original papers presented at conferences that were organized by Welch and Leary. Economic Rights in Canada and the United States examined similarities and contrasts between the two countries in areas such as the right to health care, social welfare and racism, disability rights, and others. This volume was based on original papers commissioned by Professors Hassmann and Welch with funding from various sources.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch has served on the editorial board of advisors for several publications, including Buffalo Human Rights Law Review since 1997; advisory board, World History Since 1500 (Dushkin Publishers), 1997–2005; editorial advisory board, Encyclopedia Americana, 1992–03; and the board of editors, African Studies Review, 1974–81.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Through his career, Welch has supported community life in Western New York, becoming a well-known civic figure and supporter of human rights causes. He served as president of the Buffalo Council on World Affairs from 1997 to 1999 and helped to establish Buffalo-Niagara World Connect. He served on the board of directors for the Harvard Club of Western New York (1998–2001) and the African American Cultural Center of Buffalo. Welch also belonged to the Pundit Club of Buffalo, a men's literary and social group.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: He also participated in the Amherst Community Church, serving on the Board of Directors, Board of Trustees, and the Music Committee. In 1972, he served as a reporter on religion and ethics for WBEN-TV (now WIVB-TV) as part of his volunteer work for the Buffalo Council of Churches. In 2000, he received the first Claude E. Welch, Jr. award for outstanding voluntarism on behalf of the Buffalo Council on World Affairs (now Buffalo-Niagara WorldConnect), 2000.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch became a mentor and renowned professor and took an active role in graduate as well as undergraduate education. His warm and enthusiastic personality and his intellect created an environment in which students explored the issues of the day, and his involvement in university activities demonstrated his devotion and attention to his students and their regard for him. In 2016 Welch received the President’s Medal at the University at Buffalo, given “in recognition of signal and extraordinary service to UB.” The citation praised his “major contributions to the development of, or quality of life within, the University.”[4]

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch was admitted to Harvard College, the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude. Responding to the political upheaval in Africa where countries were fighting for independence, Welch focused his studies on Africa and human rights. His undergraduate honors thesis examined the impact of international law on South Africa’s administration of South-West Africa (now Namibia) from the end of World War I to 1961.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch's interests took him far beyond the campus and classroom. He believes in living a life of integrity. He told UB Honors Today, “I try to be a role model for how to live. Have a relationship that is stable and loving. Be part of a community and help to make it a better community. Be generous with time and treasure. These are clichés, but you have to live them.”[15]

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: At the national level, Welch received three lifetime achievement awards. The first came jointly from TIAA and the SUNY Research Foundation in 2006, the first time this recognition was given. The award was established to recognize individuals "who serve those who serve others for the greater good." In 2014, the American Political Science Association presented a Distinguished Scholar award[41] to Welch for his work in human rights. The International Studies Association gave him its Human Rights Distinguished Scholar Award for 2014–15.[42]

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch served in numerous administrative positions while maintaining his teaching and research. His first major appointment came in 1967 when, at the age of 28, he became dean of the Division of Undergraduate Education at UB. He served in this position from 1967–70. As associate vice president for Academic Affairs in 1976–80, Welch worked as the number two person for non-health sciences-related matters. He also served a three-year term as chair of the Political Science Department, 1980–83. He was Acting Dean of the Colleges from 1978–79; co director of the annual Faculty Development Workshop, l984–91; and co director of the Program for Tenured Faculty, 1987–89.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: For more than 50 years, Welch taught political science at UB. He lives in Amherst, New York, a suburb of Buffalo, New York. Welch's scope of interest extends globally. Along with his wife Jeannette Ludwig (September 29, 1949-July 29, 2018), who was a professor of French at the University at Buffalo, Welch traveled to more than 25 countries on five continents. They became avid photographers, and their collection of more than 2000 images, complete with detailed descriptions, is preserved in the digital collection of the University at Buffalo Libraries. Based on these images, the library maintains an exhibition titled Wayfarers: Selected Images from the Welch-Ludwig Collection.

title: Claude E. Welch

text: Claude E. Welch was the eldest child of John and Lettie Phelan Welch. He was born on March 14, 1906, in the town of Stanton, Nebraska. From a very young age, Welch showed great intellectual promise, advancing through the first three grades in the city school in a mere three months. He attributed his rapid advancement to the excellent preschool education he received at home.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch co-wrote Military Role and Rule[23] (1974) with Arthur K. Smith. The book developed a general framework of explanation for coups d’état and their consequences. The authors prepared detailed studies of Thailand, Nigeria, Peru, Egypt, and France. In a review published in the Journal of Politics, Mary B. Welfing wrote, “Welch and Smith synthesize the extensive literature on the military in politics.”[24]

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch attended private schools from fifth grade on. He went to Belmont Hill School, Belmont, Massachusetts, where he received academic awards for Biology, French, Latin, and general scholarly excellence. In his senior year, Welch received the Headmaster's Award for Outstanding Student and graduated summa cum laude.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: In 1967, Welch's Modernization: Readings in Comparative Political Change[34] emphasized comparative aspects of political modernization. In Developmental Change: An Annotated Bibliography,[35] Allan A. Spitz draws three conclusions from Welch's thesis: “(1) modernization is complex and results in a fundamental transformation of society, economy, and polity; (2) modernization is not guaranteed—it is subject to disruption; and (3) it cannot be assumed that the wide-ranging changes will occur peacefully” (p.141).

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch sat on several editorial committees and advised university presses. Since 1993 he has been on the editorial review board of Human Rights Quarterly. From 1980–88, he was associate editor for Armed Forces & Society, serving as editor from 1988–92 and on their board of editors from 1992 to the present. Welch was subject editor for “Armed Forces and Society” in the International Military and Defense Encyclopedia.[11]

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Continuing with postgraduate studies at Oxford University, Welch earned his PhD in 1964. In an interview with , UB’s honors alumnae magazine, he explained that he did his dissertation research in West Africa, wrote the final draft on location, and mailed it to his committee.[3] His interest in African politics and human rights formed the basis for his career.

title: Claude E. Welch

text: On May 15, 1942, Welch went to war. He left behind one son (Claude E. Welch Jr. born June 12, 1939) and a pregnant wife, as well as his job at the MGH. He felt that this was a necessary sacrifice in order to serve his country in its time of need. He departed Boston with 123 other surgeons, physicians, and nurses from the MGH to Camp Blanding, Florida for training. Together they helped to constitute the 6th General Hospital.

title: Claude E. Welch

text: His legacy includes the Claude E. Welch Research and Education Fund, the endowed Claude E. Welch fellowship for residents to spend time in research, the Claude E. Welch Chair of surgery at Harvard Medical School, and thousands of grateful patients.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch had four children with his late wife Nancy, who died in 1979. His son is Chris Welch, and his three daughters are Sarah Welch, Martha Dyer, and the late Elisabeth Ann (Lisa) Welch, who died in an alpine accident in September 2017. Welch and his wife Jeannette Ludwig divide their time in New York State between their homes in Amherst and the Chautauqua Institute. The family also has a camp on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch's first book, Dream of Unity: Pan-Africanism and Political Unification in West Africa,[18] (1966) drew from his doctoral dissertation. It documented, through four case studies, the obstacles to greater unity among African countries with divergent colonial backgrounds. Henry L. Bretton from the University of Michigan reviewed the book in 1967, praising Welch for his focus on West Africa instead of the broader emphasis of Africa as a whole that many books of the time were concerned with. “Professor Welch’s meticulous scholarship, applied to West Africa only, has produced the kind of book required for better understanding of the substance of international relations.”[19]

title: Claude E. Welch

text: Claude E. Welch (March 14, 1906 – March 9, 1996) was an internationally recognized surgeon whose career spanned forty years. For most of those forty years, Welch worked at Massachusetts General Hospital. He was involved with a variety of activities that included “patient care, teaching, clinical research, establishment of funds to maintain such activities, promotion of all aspects of medical education, and strengthening of ties between the government, the courts, the legal profession and physicians.”

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch has received many awards and distinctions over the years. In 1992, he received the Distinguished Faculty Award from the University Libraries. According to an article in the newsletter Library News,[40] Welch received the award, as well as a Bison wristwatch, as the "Faculty Member Most Helpful to the Libraries over the Past Year." Also at the university level, Welch received three awards from the University at Buffalo Office of the Provost: Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Teaching (1974), Distinguished Service Award (1989), and the UB President's Medal (2016). He was named one of University at Buffalo's “Top Ten” professors by the campus newspaper, The Spectrum, in 2012.

title: Claude E. Welch

text: Claude E. Welch died on March 9, 1996. He was survived by his wife Phyllis; their two sons, Claude E Welch Jr., professor emeritus of political science at University at Buffalo and John Paton Welch, a retired surgeon, of Hartford, Connecticut; and seven grandchildren.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch's major academic impact came through his analyses of the effectiveness of human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), explored in his 2001 publication, NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance.[17] He argued, particularly in his 2001 book Protecting Human Rights in Africa, that NGOs have become central to the promotion and protection of human rights.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: Welch's Soldier and State in Africa[20] (1970) was one of the first comparative analyses of causes of coup d’état in Africa. It included Welch's framework, followed by original chapters from other specialists. Welch also drew upon his African expertise in Peasants in Africa,[21] co-edited with Alan K. Smith. This book inquired whether the concept of “peasant” would be useful in the sub-Saharan context).

title: Lawrence E. Welch Jr.

text: Lawrence E. Welch Jr. is a Judge of the Nebraska Court of Appeals.

title: Claude E. Welch Jr.

text: On the national front, Welch was a participant in “One America: Conversations that Bring Us Together,” sponsored by the White House Initiative on Race, 1999, and was featured on national television programs. He was highlighted on CBS Sunday Morning during a February 16, 2014, episode dedicated to celebrating the presidency of Millard Fillmore.[39] Welch participated in and was a one-day champion in the television program “Jeopardy” along with competitors Mike Stafford and Nancy Neff, which aired as the 23rd episode of the 1987 season.


query: Where is Campeche?

title: Campeche

text: Campeche (Spanish pronunciation:[kamˈpe.tʃe](listen)), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Campeche), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the southwest, Yucatán to the northeast, and Quintana Roo to the east; to the southeast by the Orange Walk district of Belize, and by the Petén department of Guatemala to the south. It has a coastline to the west with the Gulf of Mexico. The state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula. During the colonial period, the city was a rich and important port, but declined after Mexico's independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid-19th century, mostly due to political friction with the city of Mérida. Much of the state's recent economic revival is due to the finding of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites; however, these are not as well-known or visited as others in the Yucatán.

title: Mexicana Universal Campeche

text: Mexicana Universal Campeche is a pageant in Campeche, Mexico, that selects that state's representative for the national Mexicana Universal pageant.

title: Campeche Municipality

text: Campeche is one of the 11 municipalities in the Mexican state of Campeche. The municipal seat, and largest settlement, is the city of San Francisco de Campeche (often shortened to Campeche).

text: The First Federal Electoral District of Campeche "(I Distrito Electoral Federal de Campeche)" is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of two such districts in the state of Campeche.

text: The Second Federal Electoral District of Campeche "(II Distrito Electoral Federal de Campeche)" is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of two such districts in the state of Campeche.

title: Mexicana Universal Campeche

text:
Mexicana Universal Campeche is located at number 12 with a crown of Nuestra Belleza México.
Below are the names of the annual titleholders of Mexicana Universal Campeche, listed in ascending order, and their final placements in the Mexicana Universal after their participation, until 2017 the names are as Nuestra Belleza Campeche.

text: The district's head town "(cabecera distrital)", where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the state capital, Campeche, Camp.

title: Campeche Knolls

text: The Campeche Knolls are diapirs rising from a salt deposit in the southern Gulf of Mexico, separated from the Mississippi-Texas-Louisiana salt province by the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. Located southeast of the Sigsbee Knolls, the Campeche Knolls are bounded by Campeche Bank to the East, the Bay of Campeche to the South, and the salt-free abyssal plain called the Veracruz Tongue to the West. Salt deposition is inferred to have occurred in the Late Jurassic, during the rifting stage of the gulf, equivalent to the Louann Salt of the Texas-Louisiana slope. Multibeam echosounder images collected during R/V Sonne cruise SO174 show the northern Campeche Knolls as distinct, elongated hills that average in size, with reliefs of and slopes of 10 to 20 percent.

title: Lerma, Campeche

text: Lerma is a town of Campeche Municipality, in the state of Campeche, south-eastern Mexico.

title: Corsarios de Campeche

text: Corsarios de Campeche is a Mexican football club that plays in the Tercera División de México. The club is based in Campeche City, Campeche and was founded on September 6, 1981.

title: Campeche

text: The state's executive power rests in the governor of Campeche and the legislative power rests in the Congress of Campeche which is a unicameral legislature composed of 35 deputies.

title: Campeche Bank

text: Campeche Bank is part of the Gulf of Mexico and extends from the Yucatan Straits in the east to the Tabasco-Campeche Basin in the west.

title: Juan Camilo Mouriño

text: Mouriño served as local deputy in the State [[Congress of Campeche]] and as a [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|federal deputy]] during the [[LVIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress|LVIII Legislature]] (2000–2003) of the [[Congress of the Union]]. In 2003 he unsuccessfully ran for [[municipal president]] (mayor) of [[Campeche, Campeche|Campeche]].

title: Campeche

text: During the Mexican Revolution, Manuel Castilla Brito took up arms in Campeche in support of Francisco I. Madero. However, the insurgents were defeated by General Manuel Rivera, a Victoriano Huerta supporter in 1913. Forces loyal to Venustiano Carranza entered Campeche in 1914. Slavery and serfdom was abolished on the haciendas. In 1917, Campeche wrote its current constitution.[18]

title: Champotón, Campeche

text: Champotón is a small city in Champotón Municipality in the Mexican state of Campeche, located at , about 60 km south of the city of Campeche where the small Champotón river meets the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. At the 2010 census it had a population of 30,881.

title: Estadio Universitario de Campeche

text: The Universitario de Campeche is a multi-use stadium in Campeche City. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Corsarios de Campeche The stadium has a capacity of 4,000 people.

title: USCGC Sebago (WHEC-42)

text: "Sebago" was recommissioned on 17 December 1952 and stationed at Boston until 1 July 1954. The vessel was subsequently moved to Mobile, Alabama, where she was used for law enforcement, search and rescue, and Campeche Patrol until July 1964. This patrol was off the Campeche Bank near Mexico's Yucatan peninsula, where Mexican and U.S. fishing vessels fished for shrimp. A Coast Guard press release noted that "On patrol, the SEBAGO is ever ready to render medical aid, assist disabled boats through effecting repairs or provide a tow into port. An active boarding program is executed while on Campeche Patrol, evidenced by the 236 vessels [boarded] during fiscal year 1958." On 7 July 1959 the Sebago collided with the USNS "Croatan" at the U.S. Naval Station at Algiers, Louisiana.

title: Campeche City

text: San Francisco de Campeche (; , ), 19th c. English also Campeachy, is a city in Campeche Municipality in the state of Campeche, Mexico—located at , on the shore of the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico—and its municipal seat also serves as the state's capital city. The city's population at the 2010 census was 220,389, and the municipality for which it serves as municipal seat had a population of 259,005.

title: Nelson Barrera

text: In 2002, Barrera returned to his hometown of Campeche, where he was player-manager for the Piratas de Campeche, still in the Mexican League. Previously, he had played with the Piratas from 1992 to 1994.

title: Bay of Campeche

text: The Bay of Campeche (), or Campeche Sound, is a bight in the southern area of the Gulf of Mexico. It is surrounded on three sides by the Mexican states of Campeche, Tabasco and Veracruz. The area of the bay is and maximum depth of the bay is approximately . It was named by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba and Antón de Alaminos during their expedition in 1517.

title: Campeche

text: The secondary sector of the economy (mining, construction, and industry) is almost entirely concentrated in the coastal area of the state in the municipalities of Campeche, Ciudad del Carmen and Champotón.[10] Mining, mostly oil production, accounts for 52.8% of the state's GDP.[32] This oil lies off the coast of the state, in a shallow water section of the Gulf of Mexico called the Sonda de Campeche. Campeche oil and gas production accounts for 37% of Mexico's total with crude oil alone accounting for 76% in absolute numbers.[10] Campeche does not have metal deposits but it does have deposits of building stone, such as sandstone, marble and limestone, sand, gravel, lime, clay and other minerals. Most deposits are located in the municipalities of Hopelchén, Champotón and Calakmul.[9] In the far north of the coast region, there are important deposits of salt.[11] Construction and manufacturing account for 6.7% of the state's GDP.[32] The most common type of industry relates to food and food processing including seafood, soft drinks, cookies, flour, sugar and honey. Another common industry is that of building materials such as cinderblock, wood products and the processing of building stone. Most industries are small with little financing for technology and growth. Since the 1990s, factories of the “maquiladora” type have opened in the state, such as the Calkiní Shirt Company in Tepacan, Calkiní, Textiles Blazer in Lerma, Campeche, Quality Textil de Campeche in Becal, Calkiní and Karims Textile and Apparel México in the city of Campeche.[10]

title: Televisión y Radio de Campeche

text: Televisión y Radio de Campeche (TRC) is the state broadcaster of the Mexican state of Campeche.

title: Televisión y Radio de Campeche

text: TRC operates an AM radio station, XESTRC-AM 920 "Voces Campeche" in Tenabo, as well as TV station XHCCA-TDT channel 4.1 in San Francisco de Campeche. It also holds the concession for XHRTC-FM, a currently unbuilt FM radio station also in San Francisco de Campeche.

title: Municipalities of Campeche

text: The largest municipality by population in Campeche is the state capital Campeche, with 283,025 residents, while the smallest municipality by population is Palizada with 8,971 residents. The largest municipality by area is Calakmul, which spans , while Tenabo is the smallest at . The first municipalities to incorporate were Campeche, Carmen, and Hecelchakán on , and the newest municipality is Candelaria, which incorporated .

title: Piratas de Campeche

text: The Piratas de Campeche (English: Campeche Pirates) are a Triple-A Minor League Baseball team which plays in the Mexican League (LMB) based in Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.

title: Autonomous University of Campeche

text: The Autonomous University of Campeche (in ) is a Mexican public university based in the city of Campeche, Campeche, that has several campuses across the state. It was founded in 1965 as the "Universidad del Sudeste" (University of the Southeast).

title: Campeche City

text: San Francisco de Campeche was originally an indigenous village, Ah Kim Pech, where the Spanish first landed in Mexico in 1517. The city of Campeche was founded in 1540 and fortified against pirates during the 17th century. It still has the appearance of a fortress. Historical monuments and buildings, such as the Franciscan cathedral, old Maya ruins, and the old city walls and forts, attract many tourists.

title: Campeche International Airport

text: Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport , also known as Campeche International Airport, is an international airport located in Campeche, Campeche, Mexico. It handles national and international air traffic of the city of Campeche. It's operated by Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, a federal government-owned corporation.

title: José Campeche

text: Campeche was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His parents were Tomás Campeche (1701–1780) and María Jordán y Marqués. His father was a freed slave born in Puerto Rico and his mother was a native of the Canary Islands. His father, a restorer and painter of religious statues, was an early influence on the young Campeche's interest in the arts. Campeche was trained by Luis Paret y Alcázar, a Spanish court painter banished from Spain.

title: Campeche

text: In September 1821, the city of Campeche proclaimed its adherence to the Plan of Iguala and the new Independent government of Mexico, forcing out its last Spanish governor a month later. At Independence, Campeche was one of the two most important cities on the Yucatán Peninsula, along with Mérida. There was political friction between the two. Campeche was the more liberal of the two, and supported the 1824 Mexican Constitution which established a Federal Republic. In 1824, Campeche's representative proposed that the peninsula be divided into two states: Mérida and Campeche but this was not accepted. Political divisions intensified along with the nationwide struggle between Liberals and Conservatives .[18]

title: Campeche

text: The name of Campeche is derived from the Maya name of a settlement called “Ah-Kin-Pech” where the city of Campeche is now. When the Spanish first arrived to the area in 1517, they called it Lazaro, since "the day of our landing was St. Lazarus' Sunday".[15]:20 The native name means “place of snakes and ticks.”[16][17]