query: Who is mayor of Mahwah, NJ?

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: As of 2018, the Mayor of Mahwah is John Roth (2020). Mayor Roth was elected in November 2018 following a recall of the former mayor.[79] Members of the Township Council are Council President David May (2020; elected to serve an unexpired term), Council Vice President George W. Ervin (2022), Janet Ariemma (2022), Robert M. Ferguson III (2022), Michelle Crowe Paz (2020; elected to serve an unexpired term) and James Wysocki (2020).[4][80][81][82][83][84]

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: In August 1997, due to personal debt, then-Mayor David J. Dwork shot and killed himself in the town's mayoral offices. There were also unverified allegations of corruption.[90] Dwork was memorialized with a tree dedicated to him at the site of the Mahwah Public Library. Dwork was succeeded by Richard J. Martel, then a township council member, who served for 14 years until his own death, of natural causes, on March 7, 2011.[91] Martel himself was succeeded by Council President John DaPuzzo as acting mayor.[92]

title: Mahwah station

text: Mahwah station is serviced by trains of the Main Line and Bergen County Line of NJ Transit, who provides service to Hoboken Terminal in Hudson County, with connections via ferry and Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) to New York City. The first train inbound to Hoboken arrives at Mahwah at 4:52 AM and the final departs Mahwah at 10:53 PM. Heading towards Suffern or Port Jervis stations, the first train arrives at 6:50 AM (heading to Suffern) and the last one departs at 2:37 AM the next morning. On weekends, the first train toward Hoboken is at 6:11 AM and the final train is at 12:11 AM the next morning. Heading toward Suffern and Port Jervis, the first and final trains leave at 7:34 AM and 2:37 AM the next morning respectively. The station is in Fare Zone 14 along with Suffern, and ticket vending machines are present for those who need tickets. Only one bus connection is available, the Short Line Bus 17.

title: Selden Rodman

text: While writing a series of travel and history books in the 1960s and 1970s, Rodman visited Mexico, Central and South America and the Caribbean, adding works of popular art to his collection. In 1983 Ramapo College in Mahwah, NJ, accepted the gift of "The Selden Rodman Collection of Popular Art" whose range included 'self-taught' and 'outsider' artists from North America as well.

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: Mahwah is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan B), implemented by direct petition as of July 1, 1984.[77] The governing body consists of a mayor and a seven-member Township Council, with all members elected at-large to four-year terms of office in non-partisan elections held as part of the November general election in even years, with either three seats (and the mayoral seat) or four seats up for vote. The legislative power of the municipality is exercised by a seven-member Township Council.[3][4] In September 2010, the township council voted to shift the township's non-partisan elections from May to November, citing increased voter participation and prospective savings of $30,000 associated with supporting each election, with the first November election taking place in 2012.[78]

title: J. Don Read

text: Toglia, M. P., Read, J. D., Ross, D. F., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (Eds.), (2007) Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Volume I: Memory for events. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. 744 pp.

title: Nell K. Duke

text:
Duke, N. K., & Tower, C. (2004). Nonfiction texts for young readers. In J. Hoffman & D.
Schallert (Eds.), The texts in elementary classrooms (pp. 125–144). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Duke, N. K., & Purcell-Gates, V. (2003). Genres at home and at school: Bridging the known to the new. The Reading Teacher, 57, 30-37.

title: Steve Rothman

text: Richard Sheffield (1937-2012), a political and civil rights activist in the Teaneck, New Jersey area, was a United Auto Workers Union leader in The Ford Plant in Mahwah, New Jersey, as well as Special Adviser to U.S. Senator Bill Bradley and NJ State Senate President Matthew Feldman.

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit rail service is available from the Mahwah station[156] to Secaucus Junction, Hoboken Terminal, and Newark on the Main Line and Bergen County Line.[157][158][159] Passengers may also take advantage of express service on the same line from the Suffern station, just across the New York state line.[160]

title: List of Metro-North Railroad stations

text: This is a list of train stations served by Metro-North Railroad. This includes stations shared with NJTransit, but only those within New York State. Stations are listed in alphabetical order. Stations along the Pascack Valley Line from Hoboken, NJ to Montvale, NJ and along the Main Line and Bergen County Line from Hoboken, NJ to Mahwah, NJ are operated solely by New Jersey Transit.

title: Ramapo, New York

text: The present-day town was originally inhabited by the Munsee, a band of the Lenape nation. Their descendants now live on Stag Hill in Mahwah, New Jersey, where they form the state (NJ)-recognized Ramapo Lenape Nation.

title: County Route 507 (New Jersey)

text: Originally, the Franklin Turnpike went from Mahwah through Waldwick, but an extension (through Ho-Ho-Kus) was later built in 1936 to connect with NJ 2 (today's Route 17.)

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Mahwah include:

title: Nancy Cole

text: Willingham, W. W., & Cole, N. S. (1997). "Gender and fair assessment". Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Mahwah High School

text: Construction on the $3.25 million campus-style facility began in August 1958, with 13 buildings spread out over of the 62 acre property to accommodate 600 students from Mahwah and Allendale. Delays in starting the work meant that the initial set of classrooms would not be available until November 1958, with completion of the 1,200-student capacity facility due for February 1959. Before the buildings opened, the district rented space from Ramsey High School, with Allendale and Mahwah students who had already started in the Ramsey district remaining there until graduation. With the opening of the high school, the Mahwah district's elementary schools were changed from K-8 to K-6, with the new high school serving students in grades 7-12.

title: Rodney L. Lowman

text:
Lowman, R.L, Kantor, J., & Perloff, R. (2006). History of I-O psychology educational
programs in the United States In L. L. Koppes (Ed.) "Historical perspectives in industrial
and organizational psychology" (pp. 111–137). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.

title: Mahwah station

text: The beginning of railroad service in Mahwah dates to the 1840s with the Paterson and Ramapo Railroad, which had its charter approved on March 10, 1841 by the state of New Jersey. The railroad was constructed through Mahwah in 1848, and while a stop was added at Mahwah, it was nothing more than a flag stop for passengers. The passengers would have to notify the station agent, who would flag down a passing train to stop. Once the Erie Railroad leased the Paterson and Ramapo in 1852, the improvement of service at Mahwah was not improving, and it was not until citizens of Mahwah persuaded the railroad that there was enough passenger and freight traffic for a depot that one was constructed in 1871. The land for the new depot was donated by Albert Winter, a local citizen.

title: D. Shelton A. Gunaratne

text: 38. Gunaratne, S. A. (2001). Convergence: Informatization, world system and developing countries. In W. B. Gudykunst, ed., "Communication Yearbook" 25 (pp. 153–199). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (for International Communication Association).

title: Geoffrey D. Borman

text: Borman, G.D., Stringfield, S.C., & Slavin, R.E. (Eds.) (2001). "Title I: Compensatory education at the crossroads." Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

title: Geoffrey D. Borman

text: Borman, G.D., & Boulay, M. (Eds.) (2004). "Summer learning: Research, policies, and programs." Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

title: Academic discourse socialization

text: Zamel, V. (1998). Questioning academic discourse. In Zamel, V. & Spack, R. (Eds.), Negotiating academic literacies: Teaching and learning across languages and cultures (pp. 187–197). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Alan Geisler

text: Geisler resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, for 45 years. He was an ardent stamp collector and dealer, and an original member of the Apple Ridge Golf and Country Club of Mahwah, NJ. An avid golfer with a 4 handicap at one time, he won the Club Championship in all four flights, and throughout his career eagled all 18 holes. He played the bagpipes with the Fairleigh Dickinson University Pipe Band and the Kearny Caledonian Pipe Band for several years, even performing in the St. Patrick Day Parade in NYC.

title: CLARION (cognitive architecture)

text: Sun, R. (2002). Duality of the Mind: A Bottom-up Approach Toward Cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Michael G. Moore

text: 23. Moore M. G. and Anderson, W. G. (Eds.) (2003). Handbook of distance education, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Walter Kidde

text:
Mr. Kidde was a great friend to Boy Scouting in the Montclair, New Jersey area. His engineering efforts and personal financial donations were instrumental in creating a dam of the Panther Brook (now known as Fox Brook) and resultant Lake Vreeland in 1917. The Lake is the centerpiece of Camp Glen Gray, Mahwah, NJ founded in 1917, which was the first purpose-built Boy Scout camp in New Jersey, and among the oldest still in existence in the US. Mr. Kidde was later honored with the Silver Beaver award, the highest honor a scout council can bestow for volunteer efforts.Kidde is honored with the Walter Kidde Dinosaur Park.
Kidde received an honorary doctorate from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1935.
The Kidde building at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey is named after Dr. Kidde.
Silver Beaver, BSA council-level Award;
Hall of Fame member, Friends of Camp Glen Gray, Mahwah, NJ.
Great Grandchild: Simon Theodore Kidde

title: Helene Raskin White

text: Loeber, R., Farrington, D., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., White, H.R. & Stallings, R. Violence and Serious Theft: Developmental Course and Origins from Childhood to Adulthood. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (in press).

title: Mahwah station

text: Mahwah is a NJ Transit rail station Mahwah, New Jersey served by the Main Line, Bergen County Line, and Port Jervis Line. It is the last station in the state for westbound trains, and the first for eastbound trains.

title: Problematic integration theory

text: Babrow's theory shares some common ideas with Uncertainty Management Theory (UMT), which was developed by Dale Brashers (2007, A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In B. Whaley & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication theory (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum). For a comparison of the perspectives, see Bradac (2001).

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: Mahwah is near the Ramapo Mountains and the Ramapo River. Interstate 287 passes through Mahwah, but the only point of access is at the New Jersey–New York border, where 287 meets Route 17. U.S. Route 202 runs through Mahwah from Oakland to Suffern, across the state line.[40]

title: J. Don Read

text:
Lindsay, R. C. L., Ross, D. F., Read, J. D., & Toglia, M. P. (Eds.), (2007) Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Volume II: Memory for people. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. 648 pp.
Read, J. D. & Lindsay, D. S. (1997). Recollections of trauma: Scientific research and clinical practice. Plenum Publishing.


query: Is French spoken in Ontario?

title: French language in Canada

text: French is the mother tongue of about 7.2 million Canadians (20.6% of the Canadian population, second to English at 56%) according to Census Canada 2016.[1] Most native speakers of the French language in Canada live in Quebec, where French is the majority official language. 77% of Quebec's population are native francophones, and 95% of the population speak French as their first or second language.[2] Additionally, about one million native francophones live in other provinces, forming a sizable minority in New Brunswick, which is officially a bilingual province, where about one-third of the population are francophone. There are also French-speaking communities in Manitoba and Ontario, where francophones make up about 4 percent of the population,[3] as well as significantly smaller communities in Alberta, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan – around 1–2%.[3] Many, but not all of these communities are supported by French-language institutions.

title: Tây Bồi Pidgin French

text: Tây Bồi (Vietnamese: "tiếng Tây bồi"), or Vietnamese Pidgin French, was a pidgin spoken by non-French-educated Vietnamese, typically those who worked as servants in French households or milieux during the colonial era. Literally, it means "French (Tây) [of- or spoken by] male servants (Bồi)". During the French colonisation period, the majority of household servants for the French were male. The term is used by Vietnamese themselves to indicate that the spoken French language is poor, incorrect and ungrammatical.

title: Varieties of French

text: Dialects of the French language are spoken in France and around the world. The francophones of France generally use Metropolitan French (spoken in Paris and considered standard) although some also use regional dialects or varieties such as Meridional French. In Europe outside France there are Belgian French, Swiss French, and in Italy Aostan French. In Canada, French is an official language along with English; the two main dialects of French in Canada are Quebec French and Acadian French, but also another dialect commonly grouped as Canadian French, used by Anglophones speaking French as a second language or by Francophones in Canada using a different dialect. In Lebanon, French was an official language until 1941 and the main dialect spoken there is Lebanese French or Levantine French. Note that the discussion here refers to varieties of the French language, not to the Romance sister languages (sometimes considered dialects) of French spoken in France (e.g. Picard, Limousin, Gascon, etc.; for these languages see: Langues d'oïl, Francoprovençal, Occitan and languages of France). See also French-based creole languages, which are also considered separate languages.

title: Varieties of French

text: Louisiana French, the largest of the groupings, is spoken mostly in Louisiana and derives from the forms of the language spoken by the colonists of lower French Louisiana. Louisiana French is traditionally into three dialects: Colonial French, Modern Louisiana French or "Acadian" French, and Louisiana Creole French. Colonial French was originally the dialect spoken by the land-holding educated classes. Acadian, the dialect of the Acadians who came to French Louisiana in droves following their expulsion from Acadia during the French and Indian War, was spoken largely by the white lower classes. Louisiana Creole, a creole that developed long before Haitian immigrants arrived in Louisiana, largely developed as the tongue of the Louisiana Creole community and a significant portion of self-identified Cajuns. However, linguists now believe that the Colonial and Acadian dialects have largely merged into modern Louisiana French but remain distinct from Louisiana Creole.

title: Spoken Word Canada

text: Spoken Word Canada, also referred to as SpoCan, is an organization of spoken word performers and organizers. Formed from a committee of city representatives at the 2004 Canadian Spoken Wordlympics in Ottawa, Ontario, SpoCan's mission is to "nurture, develop and advance spoken word artists, the professional spoken word community and the art of spoken word in Canada." SpoCan is also responsible for producing the Canadian Festival of Spoken Word each fall.

title: Hallandale Beach, Florida

text: As of the year 2000, English was spoken as a first language by 59.66% of the population, while Spanish was spoken by 19.50% of the populace. The "southernmost Canadian city" also had French spoken by 5.23% of the population, with the majority being Canadian French/Quebec French from French Canadians. Other languages included were Romanian at 2.71%, Italian at 1.96%, French Creole at 1.80%, Yiddish 1.70%, Russian 1.32%, German 1.27%, Hungarian at 1.17%, Polish at 0.85%, Hebrew at 0.77%, and Portuguese, spoken by 0.72% of all residents.

title: French language in Canada

text: Quebec French is spoken in Quebec. Closely related varieties are spoken by francophone communities in Ontario, Western Canada, Labrador and in the New England region of the United States and differ from Quebec French primarily by their greater conservatism. The term Laurentian French has limited application as a collective label for all these varieties, and Quebec French has also been used for the entire dialect group. The overwhelming majority of francophone Canadians speak this dialect.

title: Canadian French

text: "Quebec French" is spoken in Quebec. Closely related varieties are spoken by francophone communities in Ontario, Western Canada and the New England region of the United States, differing only from Quebec French primarily by their greater conservatism. The term "Laurentian French" has limited applications as a collective label for all these varieties, and "Quebec French" has also been used for the entire dialect group. The overwhelming majority of francophone Canadians speak this dialect.

title: French Canadians

text: Canadian French is an umbrella term for the distinct varieties of French spoken by francophone Canadians: Québécois (Quebec French), Acadian French, Métis French, and Newfoundland French. Unlike Acadian French and Newfoundland French, the French of Ontario, the Canadian West, and New England all originate from what is now Quebec French and do not constitute distinct varieties from it, though there are some regional differences. French Canadians may also speak either Canadian English or American English, especially if they live in overwhelmingly English-speaking Canadian provinces or in the United States.

title: Chatham-Kent

text: Although most of the population of Chatham-Kent is English-speaking, a few of its communities and Catholic parishes were settled by francophone (French-speaking) farmers in the mid-nineteenth century. These include Pain Court, Tilbury and Grande Pointe, where French is still spoken by a significant percentage of the population. These communities are designated French language service areas under Ontario's French Language Services Act.

title: Canadian French

text: It is used as an umbrella term for the French used in Canada including Quebec French Formerly it was used to refer solely to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario (Franco-Ontarian) and Western Canada, in contrast with Acadian French, which is spoken in some areas of eastern Quebec (Gaspé Peninsula). New Brunswick has Chiac dialect, Nova Scotia has St. Marys Bay French, PEI and Newfoundland & Labrador have Newfoundland French.

title: Canada

text: Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official. There are 11 indigenous language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects. Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term. Several indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.

title: African French

text: According to some estimates, French is spoken by 75 to 99 percent of Abidjan's population, either alone or alongside indigenous African languages. There are three sorts of French spoken in Abidjan. A formal French is spoken by the educated classes. Most of the population, however, speaks a colloquial form of French known as "français de Treichville" (after a working-class district of Abidjan) or "français de Moussa" (after a character in chronicles published by the magazine "Ivoire Dimanche" which are written in this colloquial Abidjan French). Finally, an Abidjan French slang called "nouchi" is spoken by people in gangs and also by young people copying them. New words usually appear in "nouchi" and then make their way into colloquial Abidjan French after some time. As of 2012, a crowdsourced dictionary of Nouchi is being written using mobile phones.

title: Romance languages

text: Outside Europe, French is spoken natively most in the Canadian province of Quebec, and in parts of New Brunswick and Ontario. Canada is officially bilingual, with French and English being the official languages. In parts of the Caribbean, such as Haiti, French has official status, but most people speak creoles such as Haitian Creole as their native language. French also has official status in much of Africa, but relatively few native speakers. In France's overseas possessions, native use of French is increasing.

title: Varieties of French

text: Ontario French is often divided into two categories: North and South. The further north the more French is spoken and the closer the dialect and culture is to Quebec French. The further south, the French becomes a more pronounced French with a more English cultural influence as well as a Parisian grammar and dialect structure, as both Parisian and Canadian French are taught in the French immersion schools.

title: Franco-Ontarian

text: The dialects of French spoken in Ontario are similar to, but distinct from, Quebec French and constitute part of the greater Canadian French dialect. Due to the large English majority in the province, English loanwords are sometimes used in the informal or slang registers of Franco-Ontarian French. While English loanwords occur to a large extent in many varieties of French in Canada and Europe, there has been more of a conscious effort in Quebec to eliminate anglicisms.

title: Nigeria

text: Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages but is mostly spoken like the French spoken in Benin. French may also be mixed with English as it is in Cameroon. Most of the population speaks English as their native language.

title: Quebec French

text:
Canadian French is a frequently used umbrella term for the varieties of French used in Canada including Quebec French. Formerly it was used to refer solely to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario and Western Canada, in contrast with Acadian French, which is spoken in some areas of eastern Quebec (Gaspé Peninsula), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI and Newfoundland & Labrador.
The often derogatory term "joual" is commonly used to refer to Quebec French (when considered a basilect on the Post-creole continuum) associated with the working class, characterized by certain features perceived as incorrect or bad. The equivalent in Acadian French is called Chiac.

title: Canadian English

text: In Eastern Ontario, Canadian raising is not as strong as it is in the rest of the province. In Prescott and Russell, parts of Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry and Eastern Ottawa, French accents are often mixed with English ones due to the high Franco-Ontarian population there. In Lanark County, Western Ottawa and Leeds-Grenville and the rest of Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry, the accent spoken is nearly identical to that spoken in Central Ontario and the Quinte area. Phrases such as "got it" is often pronounced as . "Okay" is often pronounced as , while "hello" is often pronounced as .

title: French language

text:
French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) has largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the (Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French.
French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple different continents, most of which are members of the "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie" (OIF), the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France, Canadian provinces of Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions, Belgium (Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region), western Switzerland (cantons of Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Vaud, Valais), Monaco, parts of the United States (Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont), partly in Luxembourg and in northern Italy (region of Aosta Valley), and by various communities elsewhere. In 2015, approximately 40% of the francophone population (including L2 and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. French is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. French is also the 18th most natively spoken language in the world, 6th most spoken language by total number of speakers and the second most studied language worldwide (with about 120 million current learners).

title: Toronto

text: While English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians, many other languages have considerable numbers of local speakers. The varieties of Chinese and Italian are the second and third most widely spoken languages at work. Despite Canada's official bilingualism, while 9.7% of Ontario's Francophones live in Toronto, only 0.6% of the population reported French as a singular language spoken most often at home; meanwhile 64% reported speaking predominantly English only and 28.3% primarily used a non-official language; 7.1% reported commonly speaking multiple languages at home. The city's 9-1-1 emergency services are equipped to respond in over 150 languages.

title: Franco-Ontarian

text: Although Ontario as a whole is not officially bilingual, the Ontario government's French Language Services Act designates 25 areas of the province where provincial ministries and agencies are required to provide local French-language services to the public. An area is designated as a French service area if the francophone population is greater than 5,000 people or 10% of the community's total population. Due to the 5,000 population threshold, large cities that are actually overwhelmingly anglophone (and may also have several widely-spoken immigrant languages) with virtually no obvious francophone element due to very low percentages, such as Toronto (population 2,731,571) or Brampton (population 593,638) are nevertheless still subject to the Act.

title: Franco-Ontarian

text: There are more than 600,000 francophones residing in Ontario.[2] According to the 2016 Canadian census, there were 550,600 people living in Ontario who declared French their first official language spoken, 490,715 people who declared French their mother tongue, and 277,045 Ontarians who declared French as the language they speak most often at home.[1] Over 1.4 million Ontarians reported themselves as bilingual, and 1.3 million Ontarians reported partial or full French ethnic origins. French-speaking Ontarians constitute the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec, as well as the largest minority language group within Ontario, and French is the fourth most common ethnic background in the province after English, Scottish and Irish.

title: Franglais

text: Franglais is commonly spoken in French immersion schools in Ontario and Alberta as well as in DSFM (Division scolaire Franco-Manitobaine) schools in Manitoba, where most students speak either French or English as their first or preferred language, yet know school-related terms in French specifically (e.g. "Let's go to la bibliothèque", instead of "Let's go to the library"). As many French immersion classes and French schools have a strict "French-only" policy, such Franglais is used discreetly between students, or out of class.

title: Ontario

text: The principal language of Ontario is English, the province's de facto official language, which is spoken natively by about 70% of the province's population, according to the 2011 census. There is also a French-speaking population concentrated in the northeastern, eastern, and extreme Southern parts of the province, where under the "French Language Services Act", provincial government services are required to be available in French if at least 10% of a designated area's population report French as their native language. Roughly 4% of Ontarians speak French as their mother tongue, and 11% are bilingual, speaking both English and French, according to the 2011 census. Other languages spoken by residents include Arabic, Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Italian, Korean, Malayalam, Mandarin, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Sinhalese, Somali, Spanish, Tagalog, Tamil, Tibetan, Urdu and Vietnamese.

title: Northern Ontario

text: The mining boom of the early twentieth century attracted many francophones to Northeastern Ontario, and French is still widely spoken there. While the Canadian constitution never required the province of Ontario to recognize French as an official language, the government provides full services in the French language to any citizen, resident, or visitor wishing it including communications, schools, hospitals, social services, and in the courts, under the French Language Services Act of 1986. Bilingualism is higher than the Canadian average – in 2011, 180,020 people, or 24.6% of the population, spoke both English and French. There were also 8,910 people, or 1.2% of the population, who only spoke French. All of Northeastern Ontario, with the technical exception of Manitoulin Island, is designated as a French language service area, as are a few individual municipalities in the Northwest; Manitoulin Island, while not officially designated as a French language service area, effectively functions as one anyway since it receives most provincial government services from the designated Sudbury District seat in Espanola rather than functioning as its own jurisdictional area.

title: Peterborough, Ontario

text: Peterborough's population is predominantly white, with only 3.1% of the population identifying as Aboriginal and 2.7% identifying as a visible minority; made up of 0.6% South Asian, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Black, 0.1% Filipino, 0.2% Latin American and 0.2% Southeast Asian. Peterborough is also primarily an English-speaking city, with 92.5% of the population speaking it as their mother tongue. French is spoken by 1.1% of the population, and other languages are spoken by 5.9% of the population.

title: Languages of North America

text: French is the dominant language in Quebec and Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and is spoken in Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Louisiana. It is spoken alongside French-based creole languages in Saint Lucia, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, and the French side of Saint Martin. French is one of the two official and national languages of Canada.

title: French River, Ontario

text: Language most often spoken at home:

title: French-based creole languages

text: Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape[1] Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen, locally called Creole) is a language spoken primarily in Haiti: the largest French-derived language in the world, with an estimated total of 12million fluent speakers. It is also the most-spoken creole language in the world and is based largely on 18th century French with influences from Portuguese, Spanish, English, Taíno, and West African languages.[2] It is an official language in Haiti. Louisiana Creole (Kréyol la Lwizyàn, locally called Kourí-Viní and Creole), the Louisiana creole language. Varieties with progressive aspect marker ka[3] Antillean Creole is a language spoken primarily in the francophone (and some of the anglophone) Lesser Antilles, such as Martinique, Guadeloupe, Îles des Saintes, Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago and many other smaller islands. Although all of the creoles spoken on these islands are considered to be the same language, there are noticeable differences between the dialects of each island. Notably, the Creole spoken in the Eastern (windward) part of the island Saint-Barthélemy is spoken exclusively by a white population of European descent, imported into the island from Saint Kitts in 1648. Dominican Creole French, Grenadian Creole French, Saint Lucian Creole French Guianese Creole is a language spoken in French Guiana, and to a lesser degree in Suriname and Guyana. It is closely related to Antillean Creole, but there are some noteworthy differences between the two. Karipúna, spoken in Brazil, mostly in the state of Amapá. It was developed by Amerindians, with possible influences from immigrants from neighboring French Guiana and French territories of the Caribbean and with a recent lexical adstratum from Portuguese. Lanc-Patuá, spoken more widely in the state of Amapá, is a variety of the former, possibly the same language.

title: Varieties of French

text: Cambodian French is the French of Cambodia. It dates back to the French colonization of Indochina in 1863. Colonists taught French to the local inhabitants, especially the Khmer and Chinese. The locals also taught the colonists Khmer and some Chinese spoken variants, such as Teochew and Cantonese. Cambodian French was influenced by Khmer and Chinese spoken variants, and it was spoken by children of French men married to Khmer or ethnic Chinese women.


query: Where is Taekwondo from?

title: Taekwondo

text: Taekwondo was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate, Chinese martial arts, and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as Taekkyeon, Subak, and Gwonbeop.[4][5] The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for taekwondo today are the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), founded by Choi Hong Hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association. Gyeorugi ([kjʌɾuɡi]), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. The governing body for taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo.

title: Yeon Hwan Park

text: Park trained in his native Korea from early childhood. He attended Korea University and served in the Republic of Korea Marine Corps before being dispatched by the South Korean government as an emissary to Africa, where he began teaching taekwondo in Lesotho. In 1980 he settled in the United States, where he established himself as a prominent figure in taekwondo instruction. While worldwide study of the martial arts increased in popularity in the early 1970s, due in part to work of Bruce Lee, taekwondo was still largely unknown outside of Korea. In 1983 Park established the goal of increasing the popularity of the sport in a concerted movement towards having taekwondo become recognized as an official Olympic Sport. In response to the work of Park and other taekwondo leaders the International Olympic Committee granted the sport Demonstration Sport status in the 1988 and 1992 games and as a full medal sport, commencing with the 2000 games in Sydney, Australia.

title: World Taekwondo

text: The main constituents of World Taekwondo are the following: The General Assembly (GA); the World Taekwondo Council; the President and the Secretariat. In addition to its main constituents World Taekwondo also encompasses other organizations that have been duly authorized or recognized by the Council and the GA and that operate under the auspices of World Taekwondo. World Taekwondo-recognized or authorized organizations include but are not limited to the Continental Unions. The General Assembly is the general meeting of the Council and representatives of MNAs of World Taekwondo. The GA is World Taekwondo’s supreme decision making organ. Its decisions are final, whereas the Council consists of the President, the Vice Presidents, the Secretary General, the Treasurer and the Council members. Responsibilities of the Council are for example planning and management of World Taekwondo organization and operations and the control over the financial budget and financial reports. The President is elected by the GA from among its members for a term of four years. The President must lead and represent World Taekwondo; concurrently lead the GA and the Council as its chairman, and preside over meetings and other activities as well as designate official duties to Vice Presidents on an ad-hoc basis for the betterment of the development of the sport of taekwondo and World Taekwondo operations. Furthermore, the President appoints the chairmen and members of World Taekwondo Committees. Lastly, the Secretariat of World Taekwondo is installed at the location of World Taekwondo headquarters for the execution of the secretarial affairs and duties of the President and the Secretary General.

title: Daniel Trenton

text: Trenton now contributes to the Global sport of Taekwondo as Director of Sports for Sports Taekwondo Australia and is Director of Be Taekwondo, a martial arts and fitness centre located in Brunswick East http://www.betaekwondo.com.au. Here Daniel contributes to his local community by conducting Taekwondo and fitness training for residents located in the areas from where he was raised. He holds the rank of 6th Dan.

title: Turkey Taekwondo Federation

text: Turkey Taekwondo Federation () is the governing body of Taekwondo sport in Turkey. Originally, it was formed in 1968 within the Turkey Judo Federation, where it maintained its activities thirteen years long. In 1981, it was disconnected from the Judo Federation and became a separate organization under the governmental Directorate General of Youth and Sports (Gençlik ve Spor Genel Müdürlüğü, GSGM). The headquarters is located in Ulus quarter of Ankara. It is a member of the European Taekwondo Union (ETU).

title: World Taekwondo

text: World Taekwondo was established on May 28, 1973 at the inaugural meeting held at the Kukkiwon with participation of 35 representatives from the world after it separated from the International Taekwon-Do Federation because of political reasons. At that time, Un Yong Kim was elected president for a four-year term. One of the main Constituents of World Taekwondo, the Secretariat was formed on June 3, 1973 and began operating. On October 8, 1974 World Taekwondo was affiliated to the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF), now SportAccord. Until the 1980s, the European (May, 1976), the Asian (October, 1976), the Pan American (September, 1978) and the African (April, 1979) Taekwondo Unions inaugural meetings were held, while Oceania’s Taekwondo Union was not recognized as the 5th Continental Union of World Taekwondo until July 16, 2005. The recognition of the IOC towards World Taekwondo at its 83rd session in Moscow on July 17, 1980 was the cornerstone for their Cooperation. Thereupon Taekwondo participated in the 24th Olympic Games at Changchung Gymnasium in Seoul, Korea as well as the 25th Olympic Games at the Palau Blaugrana in Barcelona, Spain as a demonstration sport. In recognition of his contribution to the Olympic Movement Un Yong Kim was awarded the Order of Commander by Prince Rainier of Monaco on September 21, 1993. Moreover, Taekwondo was adopted as an official sport of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games at the 103rd IOC session in Paris, France on September 4, 1994. Half a year later, on February 15, 1995 World Taekwondo was affiliated to the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF) as a provisional member. After the first appearance of Taekwondo as an Olympic Sport in the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the IOC executive board confirms Taekwondo as an Olympic Sport for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games on December 11–13, 2000. Furthermore, the inclusion of taekwondo in the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games was confirmed on November 29, 2002 at the 114th IOC session held in Mexico City. On February 15, 2004 the Vice President (Italy) Sun Jae Park was elected as Acting President of World Taekwondo due to the resignation of the founding President Un Yong Kim from the presidency of World Taekwondo. Four month later Chung Won Choue was elected as new President of World Taekwondo at the extraordinary General Assembly on June 11, 2004. Taekwondo was confirmed as program of the 2012 London Olympic Games on July 8, 2005.

title: Sport in Peru

text: It was Byon Oh Park, who introduced the regulated form of taekwondo and started to teach to some new taekwondo instructors. Of those, Percy Vergara and Juan Infantas were the YUHmain instructors and the ones who started the dissemination of taekwondo to bigger audiences. Both Percy Vergara and Juan Infantas started to run a Taekwondo Club in the San Marcos University. They also opened up a new club, Black Belt Taekwondo Club where most of their best students from San Marcos continued training.

title: Taekwondo

text: World Taekwondo Poomsae Championships World Taekwondo Championships World Para Taekwondo Championships (since 2009)[67] World Taekwondo Cadet Championships World Taekwondo Junior Championships World Taekwondo Team Championships World Taekwondo Para Championships World Taekwondo Grand Prix World Taekwondo Beach Championships Olympic Games Paralympic Games (debut in 2020 Tokyo Paralympics)[68]

title: Para Taekwondo

text: The WT founded the Para Taekwondo Committee in 2006 to help promote and develop taekwondo for athletes with an impairment. At first Para Taekwondo concentrated on developing ‘kyorugi’ (sparring) for arm amputee and limb deficiency athletes. The first Para Taekwondo Championships were held in Baku, Azerbaijan, in 2009. Following the unsuccessful inclusion on the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games program a working group was put together. The working group met to disucss Para Taekwondo in 2013 during the WT World Para Taekwondo Championship, the Para Taekwondo Committee invited guests from Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CPISRA) and International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability (INAS). Following the work group’s recommendations, it was decided to expand Para Taekwondo and to create worldwide competitions available to athletes of all impairments. Poomsae was chosen to be included in competitions for athletes with Neurological Impairments, Intellectual Impairments (II) or Visually Impaired (VI). Para Taekwondo Poomsae competitions were held for the first time for Intellectually Impaired (II) athletes at the 5 WT World Para Taekwondo Championships in Moscow. Para Taekwondo Poomsae was also added as a demonstration sport during the 2015 INAS Global Games and the 2015 CPISRA World Games.

title: Sang Chul Lee (taekwondo)

text: Shortly after moving to Colorado Springs, Lee founded the US Taekwondo Center. In typical Lee fashion, he spared no expense. He wanted to build a world class dojang where Olympic athletes could train and where he could showcase Taekwondo to international athletic directors, especially those from Eastern European Bloc countries, when they came to visit the US Olympic Training Center. Lee took out a loan of $250,000 backed by Dr. Pejo, the father of three of his students, to purchase the building and do the renovations.

title: Gabriel Esparza

text: Although many Spanish taekwondo athletes have won medals in international competitions, Esparza was the only Olympic medalist from Spain in taekwondo until the 2012 Summer Olympics, where Spain won three medals in taekwondo (one gold and two silver medals).

title: Taekwondo Federation of India

text: Taekwondo was introduced to India in 1975 by Jimmy R. Jagtiani. Jagtiani, who was born in Vietnam in 1955, had emigrated to Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh with his family to escape the Vietnam War. He founded the Taekwondo Federation of India on 2 August 1976, and is regarded as the father of taekwondo in India. The federation marked its first anniversary in 1977 with a demonstration of high power taekwondo techniques at the K.D. Singh Babu Indoor Stadium in Lucknow. The TFI received affiliation from the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) in 1979, the Asian Taekwondo Union (ATU) in 1982, the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) in 1985, and the South Asian Taekwondo Federation (SATF) in 1994.

text: Taekwondo at the 2020 Summer Paralympics will be held at the Makuhari Messe; the same location where goalball, volleyball and wheelchair fencing will take place. This is the first time that taekwondo will be scheduled in the Summer Paralympic Games.

title: List of taekwondo grandmasters

text: This list of taekwondo grandmasters includes notable persons who have been recognized as grandmasters of the Korean martial art of taekwondo. There is no single, universally-recognised set of criteria to define a taekwondo grandmaster; different organizations and different styles have their own rules. Those listed below are grouped by system: Kukkiwon (widely known as the World Taekwondo), International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), and other systems (which includes some persons receiving ranks from taekwondo organisations that predate the other two systems, e.g., the original Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA)) and United Taekwondo Association UWTA.

title: 2018 World Taekwondo Grand Prix

text: The 2018 World Taekwondo Grand Prix was the 6th edition of the World Taekwondo Grand Prix series. This was the first season where it was five Grand Prix events.

title: World Taekwondo

text: The mission of World Taekwondo is to provide effective international governance of Taekwondo as an Olympic sport and Paralympic sport. The envisioned objectives of World Taekwondo are to promote, expand, and improve worldwide the practice of taekwondo in light of its educational, cultural, and sports values (the "Taekwondo movement") and to promote fair play, youth development, and education as well as to encourage peace and cooperation though participation in sports. Moreover, World Taekwondo wants to promote or sanction international taekwondo competitions and relating to those World Taekwondo resolves to constantly improve technical rules regulating taekwondo competitions and poomsae competitions sanctioned or promoted by World Taekwondo, including the taekwondo event of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Furthermore, World Taekwondo wants to take action in order to strengthen the unity and protect the interests of World Taekwondo and the Taekwondo Movement as well as to engage in other activities in support of the above objectives. World Taekwondo undertakes its missions and objectives in cooperation with independent affiliated organizations including World Taekwondo Academy, World Taekwondo Peace Corps, World Taekwondo Demonstration Team, Pro Taekwondo Federation, Global Taekwondo Support Federation and Taekwondo International Federation.

title: Para Taekwondo

text:
Sport classes in Para Kyorugi and Para Poomsae respectively have a “K” and “P” prefix. Sport Classes for Para Taekwondo are as follow:
As of August 2017, the WT has 208 Member National Associations from five continents.  There are five Continental Federations- European Taekwondo Union (ETU), African Taekwondo Union (AFTU), Asian Taekwondo Union (ATU), Oceania Taekwondo Union (OTU), Pan-American Taekwondo Union (PATU). Each Continental Federations is responsible for the administration, promotion and development of Para Taekwondo within its continent.

title: Taekwondo

text: Extreme Taekwondo - a complex version of World Taekwondo Ferderation, which combines elements from all Taekwondo styles, Tricking (martial arts), similarities from other martial arts Kun Gek Do[21] (also Gwon Gyokdo) - combines taekwondo and muay thai. Han Moo Do - Scandinavian martial art that combines taekwondo, hapkido, and hoi jeon moo sool. Han Mu Do - Korean martial art that combines taekwondo and hapkido. Teukgong Moosool - Korean martial art that combines elements of taekwondo, hapkido, judo, kyuk too ki, and Chinese martial arts. Yongmudo - developed at Korea's Yong-In University, combines taekwondo, hapkido, judo, and ssireum.

title: Choi Hong Hi

text: ITF taekwondo organizations credit Choi with starting the spread of taekwondo internationally by stationing Korean taekwondo instructors around the world, and have consistently claimed that ITF-style taekwondo is the only authentic style of taekwondo, most notably in early sections of its textbooks. He was also the author of the first English taekwondo syllabus book, "Taekwon-Do", published by Daeha Publication Company in 1965. In 1972, Choi went into exile in Canada after the South Korean government objected to his introduction of the sport into North Korea, and the South Korea government formed the WTF in 1973. He moved again in 1979 to North Korea where he was welcomed by the government and supported in his project of spreading Taekwondo to the world. He was remembered as the founder and champion of taekwondo.

title: Sang Chul Lee (taekwondo)

text: Lee has been passionately involved in the promotion of Taekwondo throughout the United States and served as USA Taekwondo (formerly US Taekwondo Union) president from 1997 to 2004. In 1992, Lee established the US Open Taekwondo Championships and founded the US Open Hanmadang in 2009.

title: César Rodríguez (taekwondo)

text: César Rodríguez Luna (born in Mexico City) is a Mexican taekwondo practitioner and international medalist. He competed at the 1982 and 1983 World Taekwondo Championships, where he received a silver in each tournament. Rodríguez is a member of the Taekwondo Hall of Fame. He is the founder and president of Absolut Taekwondo Company in Mexico, served as President of Taekwondo in Tlalpan region of Mexico City, and is author of the book "Arte Taekwondo".

title: Mark Lesly

text: A student of the legendary Grand Master Dong Keun Park (undefeated Korean Champion and Head Coach of the USA Olympic Taekwondo Team at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992), he founded the NYU Sport Taekwondo Club, which he has coached and managed for three decades. Mark was the USA Taekwondo Forms Champion for 4th Degree Black Belts and higher in 1996 after winning the Silver Medal in 1995. At different times he has served as the Northeast Regional Director for the National Collegiate Taekwondo Association, as Vice President of the National Association of State Taekwondo Organizations and as Vice President of the NJ State Taekwondo Association. He was a Member of the Board of the East Coast Taekwondo Conference (formerly known as the Ivy/Northeast Collegiate Taekwondo League) from its founding in 1991 until he retired from the position in 2004. He is currently an 8th Degree Black Belt, certified by the World Taekwondo Headquarters (Kukkiwon) in South Korea, and recently received his 9th Dan from the Jidokwan, one of the original Kwans of Taekwondo. He has trained over one hundred students to the rank of Black Belt and beyond, including Master Albert Lee (6th Degree), who coached the NYU Team for 8 years and continues to run Mark's old Taekwondo school in New York City, the NY Jidokwan Center, and Master Andre Chi (5th Degree).

title: Dae Sung Lee

text: Lee served as an assistant taekwondo coach for the USA at the 1988 Summer Olympics and as taekwondo coach for the USA at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He was also head coach of the Colorado Springs Olympic Training Center's Resident Athlete Program for taekwondo from 1988–1993. Lee has operated the US Taekwondo Center in Aina Haina from 1993 to early 2000 and has trained over 10,000 students. In 2004, he was removed from the position of taekwondo coach for the USA team due to compete at the Summer Olympics in Athens.

title: Taekwondo

text: In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to Kukkiwon. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of taekwondo. [9] In 1973 the KTA established the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, now called World Taekwondo, WT) to promote taekwondo as a sport. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WT and taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style taekwondo, Olympic-style taekwondo, or WT-style taekwondo, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style.[20] Therefore, the correct term for the South Korean government sponsored style of Taekwondo associated with the Kukkiwon, is Kukki Taekwondo, meaning "national taekwondo" in Korean.

title: Taekwondo

text: In 1962 Jhoon Rhee relocated to the United States and established a chain of martial arts schools primarily in the Washington, D.C. area that practised traditional taekwondo. In the 1970s, at the urging of Choi Hong Hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style taekwondo as well as original elements.[19] (Note that Jhoon Rhee-style taekwondo is distinct from the similarly named Rhee Taekwon-Do, based in Australia and New Zealand).

title: Zhu Linfang

text: After retiring from her athletic career, Zhu Linfang started her current job as a college teacher in China since 2008 and as an international referee since 2009. As one of a few active international referees from China, Zhu has refereed in a series of international tournaments, including the World Taekwondo Championships (2015 Chelyabinsk), World Taekwondo Grand Prix (2014 Manchester, 2015 Samsun and 2016 Suzhou), the World Cadet Taekwondo Championships (2015 Muju), the World Junior Taekwondo Championships (2016 Burnaby), the Military World Games (2015 Mungyeong), the Military Taekwondo Championships (2014 Tehran), 2011 Summer Universiade (Shenzhen), the World University Taekwondo Championship (2010 Vigo, 2014 Hohhot), East Asian Games (2013 Tianjin), the Korea Open International Taekwondo Championships (2015 Chuncheon and 2016 Gyeongju) and the U.S. Open Taekwondo Championships (2016 Reno), etc.

title: Taekwondo

text: Taekwondo is a mix of Gwonbeop gym & Karate gyms. The following 5 Gwan gyms were the most famous & the earliest in Taekwondo history. Later, these became 9 Gwan/Kwan/Gyms (particularly with the Gwonbeop gym's expansion into 4 more Gwan/Kwan/Gym), which united in 1960's to become Taekwondo. Taekwondo is a mix of 4 Karate gyms & 5 Gwonbeop gyms. YMCA Gwonbeop Club's Gwonbeop was different from Karate; there is an old publication called "Pasa-Gwonbeop" by Cheolheui Park which contained what was taught at the YMCA Gwonbeop Club. It includes postures similar to Taekwondo/Karate such as Taekwondo/Karate punch (which already existed in 300 years old Muyedobotongji Gwonbeop pictures), but it also includes postures very different from Taekwondo/Karate (proving Gwonbeop lineage to Gwonbeop, not some other art).[37]

title: Mohamed Riad Ibrahim

text: Ibrahim started in taekwondo in 1975 at The American University in Cairo (AUC) with a Korean coach. He became a referee in taekwondo in 1980 and international referee in 1989, and international poomsae referee in 2008. He is now an 8 dan black belt in taekwondo, and the Chairman of the belt exam committee for the Egyptian Taekwondo Federation. He has a doctorate degree in food science and technology from Al-Azhar University in the year 2000 in Egypt, and High Diploma in Taekwondo Training from Helwan University in 2008, and he was manager of Saudi Judo & Taekwondo Federation in 2009. He officiated as International Referee at the 1999 World Taekwondo Championships in Edmonton, Canada, and at the 2011 World Taekwondo Championships in Gyeongju, South Korea. He officiated as International Referee at World Qualification Tournament for the 2012 London Olympic Games that was held in Baku, Azerbaijan 2011, and Asian Qualification Tournament that was held in Bangkok, Thailand 2011, and European Qualification Tournament that was held in Kazan, Russia 2012.

title: Modern history of East Asian martial arts

text:
Taekwondo was developed from karate for use in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces from 1954. For this purpose, karate terminology needed to be "nationalized". The name "taekwondo" is due to shotokan practitioner and army general Choi Hong Hi. After the Korean War, Taekwondo was further developed into a purely sportive discipline, since 1973 overseen by the World Taekwondo Federation.
During 1964-1966, Choi Hong Hi continued to promote taekwondo, working to put together a world-class exhibition team. Taekwondo's emphasis on jumping and flying kicks dates to this period. While taekwondo was based off karate, the structural changes made in the 1950s and 1960s were significant, and it cannot now be considered a branch of karate, but is a standalone modern martial art. Taekwondo was presented at the Summer Olympics as a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992, and became an official Olympic discipline in 2000.

title: Dong Ja Yang

text: Dong Ja Yang was the Chairman of the AAU National Taekwondo Union from 1979-1984. From 1984-1988, Dong was a member of the Executive Board of the United States Olympic Committee. A PhD graduate in Counselling Psychology, Yang introduced Taekwondo to 77 colleges in the United States from 1977 to 1983. During these years he was essential in helping raise Taekwondo to an Olympic Status. He taught Taekwondo for 35 years at Howard University. In 1986, Dong Ja Yang asked Kim un-Yong to lower the black belt fee for Taekwondo, which resulted with his removal from the WTF Pan American Taekwondo Union. In 1988 three of his students earned medals in the Olympics in Taekwondo. They were Lynnette Love, Debra Holloway, and Sharon Jewell. He was presented with an award from Congressman Ralph Metcalfe for his work in bringing women to Taekwondo. At Howard University he hosted the Howard University Taekwondo Championships. In 2001, he filed a complaint against the United States Taekwondo Union. Dong was elected to the Taekwondo Hall of Fame and holds a 9th degree black belt.


query: What is the southernmost county in Georgia?

title: Charlton County, Georgia

text: Charlton County is the southernmost county of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,171.[2] The county seat is Folkston.[3]

title: Hamilton, Georgia

text: Hamilton is located slightly northeast of the center of Harris County at (32.764669, -84.873103). U.S. Route 27 runs through the city from north to south, leading southwest to Columbus and north to Pine Mountain. Georgia State Route 116 intersects U.S. Route 27 in the city for a very short concurrency. Atlanta is by road to the northeast. The city is located at the southern base of the Pine Mountain Range, the southernmost mountain range of the Appalachian Mountains.

title: Lowndes County, Georgia

text: Prior to 1872, the southern border of Lowndes County and of Georgia was slightly farther south. The border when Lowndes County was created was along what was called McNeil's Line. A dispute over the border between the states of Florida and Georgia later developed (see "Florida v. Georgia"). In 1857, the governors of the two states appointed surveyors for a joint survey of the border. This led to the creation of the Orr and Whitney Line, which was agreed to by the United States Congress on April 9, 1872.

title: Brooks County, Georgia

text:
Historic Native peoples occupying the area at the time of European encounter were the Apalachee and the Lower Creek. The first Europeans in what is now Brooks County were Spanish missionaries from their colony in Florida, who arrived around 1570.
The area that was to become Brooks County was first opened up to European-American settlement in 1818 when Irwin County was established. Coffee Road was built through the region in the 1820s. Lowndes County's first court session was held at the tavern owned ran by Sion Hall on the Coffee Road, near what is now Morven, Georgia in Brooks County.

title: Lovejoy High School (Georgia)

text: Lovejoy High School (LHS) is located at 1587 McDonough Road in Hampton, Georgia, United States. The school's teams are known as the Wildcats. Lovejoy High School is the southernmost secondary school in Clayton County.

title: Mount Oglethorpe

text: Mount Oglethorpe is a mountain located in Pickens County, Georgia, USA. The southernmost peak in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the mountain has an elevation of , making it the highest point in Pickens County.

title: Darien, Georgia

text: The British built Fort King George in 1721, near what would become Darien. At the time it was the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1727 following attacks from the Spanish. Its remains constitute the oldest fort on the Georgia coast.

title: Early County, Georgia

text: This area was developed by European-American settlers and their African-American enslaved workers for cotton plantations. Agriculture was critical to the economy into the 20th century. The Cohelee Creek Bridge in the county is the southernmost covered bridge still standing. One of the last wooden flagpoles from the American Civil War era is located at the historic courthouse in downtown Blakely.

title: Jakin, Georgia

text: Early County was created by an act of the General Assembly on December 15, 1818. Land lots of surveyed in 1819 and 1820 were distributed by the state in lotteries. Jakin is in the 26th land district in the southernmost end of the county.

title: Grassy Ridge

text: Grassy Ridge is a ridge in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Georgia that runs south to north along the Eastern Continental Divide in Rabun County, Georgia. At the southern end of the ridge, there is an unnamed peak with an elevation of just over . From there, the ridge runs north, crossing the boundary between Georgia and North Carolina at just over and then ultimately joining Ridgepole Mountain in North Carolina. In between its southernmost point and North Carolina, there is another unnamed peak with an elevation of just over 4,420 feet (8th highest point in Georgia; 3rd highest point in Rabun County) and a gap called Nichols Gap with an elevation of . Grassy Ridge is in the Southern Nantahala Wilderness of the Chattahoochee National Forest

title: Murray County, Georgia

text: In December, 1832 the Georgia General Assembly designated the extreme northwestern corner of the state as Murray County. Formerly part of Cherokee County, the area was named for a distinguished Georgia statesman from Lincoln County, Mr. Thomas W. Murray, a former speaker of the Georgia House. Within a short time the legislature found the county was too large to administer properly as the population grew, for the county then included what is now Dade, Walker, Catoosa, Whitfield, Murray, Gordon and parts of Bartow and Chatooga Counties, so further division became necessary. Within two decades, Murray County came to be of land with Spring Place as its county seat until the railroad was built through Chatsworth. With Chatsworth more accessible, the county seat was moved there.

title: Dade County, Georgia

text: The vast majority of Dade County is located in the Middle Tennessee-Chickamauga sub-basin of the Middle Tennessee-Hiwassee basin. A very small part of the southernmost tip of the county is located in the Upper Coosa River sub-basin in the ACT River Basin (Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin), while a small part of the westernmost portion of Dade County is located in the Guntersville Lake sub-basin in the Middle Tennessee-Elk basin.

title: Old Marion County Courthouse (Georgia)

text: The Old Marion County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse building in Tazewell, Georgia, which served as the county seat of Marion County, Georgia for a short time. It was built in 1848. The county seat was moved in 1850 to what is now Buena Vista, Georgia. The site is commemorated with a historical marker. The building has also served as Marion Lodge No. 14 F. & A.M. (Free and Accepted Masons).

title: Culture of Evans County, Georgia

text: Several books have been written about the history of Evans County and her cities, as well as memoirs of individuals who have grown up in the county. Evans County's historical works include "A History of Our Locale: Mainly Evans County Georgia" by Lucille Hodges in 1965; "A History of Evans County, Georgia" by Dottie Simmons in 1999 and "Evans County and the Creation of Fort Stewart, Georgia" by Pharris DeLoach Johnson in 2001. The antebellum architecture of the county is detailed in Pharris DeLoach Johnson's "Houses of Heart Pine: A Survey of the Antebellum Architecture of Evans County, Georgia". Memoirs written by those who have grown up in Evans County include "The Good Lord Knew What He Was Doing When He Made "A Country Boy"" by Aubrey Strickland and "Flatwoods and Lighterknots: A Cultural Visit to the Coastal Plains of Georgia" by James Elders, published in 2006.

title: John Dillard

text: The state of Georgia acquired from the Cherokee Indians by treaty about 1819 what is now Rabun County, Georgia, and sold it by state lottery. John Dillard's youngest son, James Dillard, purchased from Georgia state lottery holders and settled about 1823 in the northeast corner of Georgia in what would later become Rabun County, Georgia and the Town of Dillard. John Dillard accompanied his son in settling in the area, becoming one of the earliest settlers in that part of Georgia. John Dillard died and is buried in Dillard, Georgia.

title: Geography of Evans County, Georgia

text: Much of Evans County is located in the Southern Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area, with the southernmost portion of the county located in the Atlantic Coastal Flatwoods Major Land Resource Area.

title: Savannah, Georgia in popular culture

text: The city of Savannah, Georgia, the largest city and the county seat of Chatham County, Georgia, is frequently mentioned in popular culture. What follows is a list of Savannah, Georgia in popular culture and includes works of literature, music, film, and television.

title: Temple, Georgia

text: Temple is located in northeastern Carroll County at (33.735723, -85.027298). A very small portion of the city extends west into Haralson County. U.S. Route 78 passes just south of the center of town, leading east to Villa Rica and west to Bremen. Interstate 20 passes through the southernmost part of the town, with access from Exit 19, and leads east to Atlanta and west to Oxford, Alabama. Carrollton, the county seat, is south via Highway 113.

title: Fort King George

text: Fort King George State Historic Site is a fort located in the U.S. state of Georgia in McIntosh County, adjacent to Darien. The fort was built in 1721 along what is now known as the Darien River and served as the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in the Americas until 1727. The fort was constructed in what was then considered part of the colony of South Carolina, but was territory later settled as Georgia. It was part of a defensive line intended to encourage settlement along the colony's southern frontier, from the Savannah River to the Altamaha River. Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing to control the American Southeast, especially the Savannah-Altamaha River region.

title: Georgia (U.S. state)

text: Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States. It began as a British colony in 1733, the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established. Named after King George II of Great Britain, the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. In 1802–1804, western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory, which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819. Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the "Peach State" and the "Empire State of the South". Atlanta, the state's capital and most populous city, has been named a global city.

title: Saint George, Georgia

text: Saint George, an unincorporated community located in the "Georgia Bend" of the St. Mary's River, is the southernmost town in Georgia. It is in Charlton County, south of Folkston. In 2010, the population of the St. George census county division (CCD) was 2,841. Most of this population is in the town of St. George, but the figure also includes rural areas not recognized by the Census Bureau, including communities like Moniac.

title: Apalachee Province

text: Apalachee Province was the area in the Panhandle of the present-day U.S. state of Florida inhabited by the Native American peoples known as the Apalachee at the time of European contact. The southernmost extent of the Mississippian culture, the Apalachee lived in what is now Leon County, Wakulla County and Jefferson County. The name was in use during the early period of European exploration. During Spanish colonization, the Apalachee Province became as one of the four major provinces in the Spanish mission system, the others being the Timucua Province, (between the St. Johns and Suwanee Rivers), the Mocama Province (along the Atlantic coast of what is now northern Florida and southern Georgia) and the Guale Province (along the Georgia coast north of the Altamaha River).

title: F. D. Roosevelt State Park

text: F.D. Roosevelt State Park is Georgia's largest state park. The park is located on the Pine Mountain Ridge, which is Georgia's southernmost mountainous area (and the southernmost mountainous area in the United States east of the Mississippi River). The Pine Mountain Ridge, which extends into Alabama, is composed of quartzite rock formations. It is geologically a feature of the Piedmont Plateau, not the Appalachian Mountains farther north.

title: San Diego County, California

text: At the time of its establishment in 1850, San Diego County was relatively large, and included all of southernmost California south and east of Los Angeles County. It included areas of what are now Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, as well as all of what are now Riverside and Imperial Counties.

title: Charlton County, Georgia

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 782 square miles (2,030km2), of which 774 square miles (2,000km2) is land and 8.8 square miles (23km2) (1.1%) is water.[7] It is the fifth-largest county by area in Georgia. It is the southernmost county in Georgia. A large portion of the county lies within the Okefenokee Swamp and its federally protected areas.

title: Georgia State Route 96

text: The route runs east from Geneva to Junction City, both in Talbot County, to Butler and Reynolds in Taylor County. Still heading east, the route briefly traverses the southernmost corner of Crawford County before heading to Fort Valley in Peach County. Still in Peach County, the route then crosses I-75 and heads east into Houston County and through Warner Robins, and continues into Twiggs County, where it turns northeast. Before reaching Jeffersonville, the route crosses I-16, then turns in an easterly direction once more towards its eastern terminus.

title: Pickens County, Georgia

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.3%) is water. The highest point in Pickens County is the 3,288 foot summit of Mount Oglethorpe, the southernmost peak in the Blue Ridge Mountains and, for a number of years, the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail.

title: Irwin County, Georgia

text: At the time of the 1820 census, when it included much of central south Georgia, Irwin County had a white population of 372 whites and 39 slaves. In 1825, Lowndes County was formed out of the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 15th, and 16th land districts in what was then the southern half of the county. In 1830, the county had 1,066 whites, 109 slaves, and 5 free people of color. In 1840, Irwin County had 1,772 whites and 266 slaves. In 1850. Irwin County had 2,874 whites, 459 slaves, and 1 free person of color. In 1853, Worth County was formed out of part of Irwin County. In 1854, Coffee County was also formed from Irwin. In 1860, Irwin County had 1,453 whites and 246 slaves. It was one of a few counties in Georgia outside of mountainous northern Georgia with slaves accounting for a small percentage of its population.

title: Mammy Kate

text: Mammy Kate was an enslaved woman owned by Stephen Heard (1740–1815), the future Governor of Georgia. She lived in what was then Wilkes County, Georgia, now Elbert County, Georgia.

title: Ulster County, New York

text: In 1798, the southernmost towns in Ulster County were moved into Orange County, to compensate Orange for breaking away the southernmost portion of that county in order to form Rockland County.


query: When was Lee de Forest born?

title: Lee de Forest

text: Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor, self-described "Father of Radio", and a pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures. He had over 180 patents, but also a tumultuous career—he boasted that he made, then lost, four fortunes. He was also involved in several major patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of his income on legal bills, and was even tried (and acquitted) for mail fraud. His most famous invention, in 1906, was the three-element "Audion" (triode) vacuum tube, the first practical amplification device. Although De Forest had only a limited understanding of how it worked, it was the foundation of the field of electronics, making possible radio broadcasting, long distance telephone lines, and talking motion pictures, among countless other applications.

title: Lee de Forest

text: Lee de Forest was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret (née Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest.[1][2] He was a direct descendant of Jessé de Forest, the leader of a group of Walloon Huguenots who fled Europe in the 17th Century due to religious persecution.

title: Lee de Forest

text: In April 1923, the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company, which manufactured de Forest's Audions for commercial use, was sold to a group headed by Edward Jewett of Jewett-Paige Motors, which expanded the company's factory to cope with rising demand for radios. The sale also bought the services of de Forest, who was focusing his attention on newer innovations.[46] De Forest's finances were badly hurt by the stock market crash of 1929, and research in mechanical television proved unprofitable. In 1934, he established a small shop to produce diathermy machines, and, in a 1942 interview, still hoped "to make at least one more great invention".[47]

title: Lee de Forest

text: The subsequent legal proceedings become divided between two groups of court cases. The first court action began in 1919 when Armstrong, with Westinghouse, which purchased his patent, sued the De Forest company in district court for infringement of patent 1,113,149. On May 17, 1921 the court ruled that the lack of awareness and understanding on de Forest's part, in addition to the fact that he had made no immediate advances beyond his initial observation, made implausible his attempt to prevail as inventor.

title: Charles Herrold

text: Lee de Forest was even more ambitious, although Herrold would later incorrectly assert that "Certainly de Forest had no thought of a broadcast". As early as June 1907, a review of de Forest's test of his version of a Valdemar Poulsen arc-transmitter noted that "the inventor believes that by using four different forms of wave as many classes of music can be sent out as desired by the different subscribers". De Forest made a series of musical demonstrations from 1907 to 1910, although he would not actually begin regular broadcasts until 1916, when vacuum-tube transmitters became available.

title: Lee de Forest

text: Later that year a de Forest associate, Clarence "C.S." Thompson, established Radio News & Music, Inc., in order to lease de Forest radio transmitters to newspapers interested in setting up their own broadcasting stations.[41] In August 1920, The Detroit News began operation of "The Detroit News Radiophone", initially with the callsign 8MK, which later became broadcasting station WWJ.

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest also used the arc-transmitter to conduct some of the earliest experimental entertainment radio broadcasts. Eugenia Farrar sang "I Love You Truly" in an unpublicized test from his laboratory in 1907, and in 1908, on de Forest's Paris honeymoon, musical selections were broadcast from the Eiffel Tower as a part of demonstrations of the arc-transmitter. In early 1909, in what may have been the first public speech by radio, de Forest's mother-in-law, Harriot Stanton Blatch, made a broadcast supporting women's suffrage.[13]

title: Theodore Case Sound Test: Gus Visser and His Singing Duck

text: From 1921 to 1924, Case provided Lee De Forest with inventions of the Case Research Lab for use as improvements in De Forest's Phonofilm system, but had a falling-out with De Forest after failing to be credited for those inventions, such as the AEO Light, that made De Forest's system workable. From 1916 to 1927, Earl I. Sponable worked for Case. After Case sold his system in July 1926 to William Fox—who renamed the Case system Fox Movietone—Sponable went to work for Fox Movietone.

title: George Beach de Forest Jr.

text: De Forest was born in New York City on October 15, 1848. He was the son of prominent merchant George Beach de Forest Sr. (1806–1865) and Margaret Eliza de Forest (1809–1860). His older brother was Benjamin Lockwood de Forest, who married Kate Louise Knapp, and his cousins included railroad executive Henry deForest and artist Lockwood de Forest.

title: Thai Forest Tradition

text: With the passing of Ajaan Mun in 1949, Ajahn Thate Desaransi was designated the de facto head of the Forest Tradition until his death in 1994. The relationship between the Thammayut ecclesia and the Kammaṭṭhāna monks changed in the 1950s, when Tisso Uan had become ill, and Ajahn Lee went to teach meditation to him to help cope with his illness.

title: Baroness de Calabrella

text: On 9 July 1804, she married Rev. Francis Lee (c. 1768 – 1826), a chaplain to the Prince of Wales. Her mother had previously rejected the marriage, but the couple published banns in a local church and were married, with a servant of Rev. Lee pretending to be her father. Rev. Lee lived nearby in Duke Street, Portland Place, and the couple lived happily at first; a son, Edward Hughes Lee (d. 1834), was born in April 1806. However, Catherine and her husband became estranged, and he spent time in Spain without her. A second child, a son, was born in 1810, which Lee disclaimed. Catherine moved in with her lover, Captain George de Blaquiere (a son of soldier and politician John Blaquiere, 1st Baron de Blaquiere). Blaquiere was successfully sued for criminal conversation by Lee. The son, George William Dixon de Blaquiere was the child of Captain de Blaquiere; Catherine was pregnant by her lover when the trial commenced. Rev. Lee was not the father of that child.

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest's father was a Congregational Church minister who hoped his son would also become a pastor. In 1879 the elder de Forest became president of the American Missionary Association's Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama, a school "open to all of either sex, without regard to sect, race, or color", and which educated primarily African-Americans. Many of the local white citizens resented the school and its mission, and Lee spent most of his youth in Talladega isolated from the white community, with several close friends among the black children of the town.

title: Lee de Forest

text: This judicial ruling meant that Lee de Forest was now legally recognized in the United States as the inventor of regeneration. However, much of the engineering community continued to consider Armstrong to be the actual developer, with de Forest viewed as someone who skillfully used the patent system to get credit for an invention to which he had barely contributed. Following the 1934 Supreme Court decision, Armstrong attempted to return his Institute of Radio Engineers (present-day Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Medal of Honor, which had been awarded to him in 1917 "in recognition of his work and publications dealing with the action of the oscillating and non-oscillating audion", but the organization's board refused to let him, stating that it "strongly affirms the original award".[31] The practical effect of de Forest's victory was that his company was free to sell products that used regeneration, for during the controversy, which became more a personal feud than a business dispute, Armstrong tried to block the company from even being licensed to sell equipment under his patent.

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest moved quickly to re-establish himself as an independent inventor, working in his own laboratory in the Parker Building in New York City. The Radio Telephone Company was incorporated in order to promote his inventions, with James Dunlop Smith, a former American DeForest salesman, as president, and de Forest the vice president. (De Forest preferred the term "radio", which up to now had been primarily used in Europe, over "wireless".)

title: Birth of public radio broadcasting

text: Lee De Forest produced a program broadcasting opera phonograph records from the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1908. This was just an experimental stunt for other nearby hobbyists and not considered a public broadcast as the public had no access to receivers at the time. At one point, when testing the radiotelephone for the Navy, Lee de Forest played patriotic phonograph music as the ships entered the harbor.

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest was given to expansive predictions, many of which were not borne out, but he also made many correct predictions, including microwave communication and cooking.

title: Optical sound

text: After the war, Theodore Case and Earl I. Sponable collaborated with fellow wireless communications pioneer Lee de Forest, inventor of the Audion tube, to apply their optical sound system to motion pictures. De Forest had been granted general patents for a sound-on-film process in 1919, though it was the Case Research Lab's inventions which made de Forest's systems workable. Case Lab first converted an old silent-film projector into a recording device in 1922, using the projector's light for exposing a soundtrack onto film. The process (which de Forest called Phonofilm) recorded sound as parallel lines of variable shades of gray, photographically transcribing the electrical waveforms from a microphone, which were translated back into sound waves when the movie was projected.

title: Deforrest Most

text: Most was born in Echo Park, Los Angeles, California. His parents named him after the inventor Lee De Forest.

title: Lee de Forest

text: More ambitious demonstrations followed. A series of tests in conjunction with the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City were conducted to determine whether it was practical to broadcast opera performances live from the stage. Tosca was performed on January 12, 1910, and the next day's test included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso.[14] On February 24, the Manhattan Opera Company's Mme. Mariette Mazarin sang "La Habanera" from Carmen over a transmitter located in De Forest's lab.[15] But these tests showed that the idea was not yet technically feasible, and de Forest would not make any additional entertainment broadcasts until late 1916, when more capable vacuum-tube equipment became available.

title: Lee de Forest

text: In November 1922, de Forest established the De Forest Phonofilm Company, located at 314 East 48th Street in New York City. But none of the Hollywood movie studios expressed interest in his invention, and because at this time these studios controlled all the major theater chains, this meant de Forest was limited to showing his experimental films in independent theaters (The Phonofilm Company would file for bankruptcy in September 1926.).

title: Invention of radio

text: Lee De Forest[162][163][164] had an interest in wireless telegraphy and he invented the Audion in 1906. He was president and secretary of the De Forest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company (1913).[165][166] The De Forest System was adopted by the United States Government, and had been demonstrated to other Governments including those of Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, Russia, and British Indies, all of which purchased De Forest apparatus previous to the Great War. De Forest is one of the fathers of the "electronic age", as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics.[167]

title: Autumn de Forest

text: Autumn de Forest (born October 27, 2001) is an American painter from Las Vegas, Nevada. The Discovery Channel referred to her as “an artistic genius” when she was eight years old. Members of the art community and other media outlets, such as the "Huffington Post" and "Forbes", have referred to de Forest as a prodigy. Her paintings have sold for a total of $7 million.

title: Lee de Forest

text: The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932 by Hugh G. J. Aitken, 1985. "'Magnificant Failure'" by Samuel Lubell, Saturday Evening Post, three parts: January 17, 1942 (pages 9–11,75–76, 78, 80), January 24, 1942 (pages 20–21, 27–28, 38, and 43), and January 31, 1942 (pages 27, 38, 40-42, 46, 48–49). "De Forest and the Triode Detector" by Robert A. Chipman, Scientific American, March 1965, pages 93–101. Saga of the Vacuum Tube by Gerald E. J. Tyne (Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams and Company, 1977). Tyne was a research associate with the Smithsonian Institution. Details de Forest's activities from the invention of the Audion to 1930. Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio by Ken Burns a PBS Documentary Video 1992. Focuses on three of the individuals who made significant contributions to the early radio industry in the United States: De Forest, David Sarnoff and Edwin Armstrong. "Lee de Forest and the Invention of Sound Movies, 1918–1926" by Mike Adams, The AWA Review (vol. 26, 2013).

title: Lee de Forest

text: Despite this setback, de Forest remained in the New York City area, in order to raise interest in his ideas and capital to replace the small working companies that had been formed to promote his work thus far. In January 1902 he met a promoter, Abraham White, who would become de Forest's main sponsor for the next five years. White envisioned bold and expansive plans that enticed the inventor — however, he was also dishonest and much of the new enterprise would be built on wild exaggeration and stock fraud. To back de Forest's efforts, White incorporated the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company, with himself as the company's president, and de Forest the Scientific Director. The company claimed as its goal the development of "world-wide wireless".

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest was married four times, with the first three marriages ending in divorce:

title: Arthur Batcheller

text: Batcheller is well known for his conflict with Lee De Forest, inventor and self-proclaimed "Father of Radio." In early 1920, De Forest moved his experimental radio station 2XG from the Bronx to Manhattan without obtaining government approval. As U.S. Radio Inspector of the Second District in New York, Batcheller shut De Forest down.

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest regularly responded to articles which he thought exaggerated Armstrong's contributions with animosity that continued even after Armstrong's 1954 suicide. Following the publication of Carl Dreher's "E. H. Armstrong, the Hero as Inventor" in the August 1956 Harper's magazine, de Forest wrote the author, describing Armstrong as "exceedingly arrogant, brow beating, even brutal...", and defending the Supreme Court decision in his favor.[32]

title: Lee de Forest

text: The original "responder" receiver (also known as the "goo anti-coherer") proved to be too crude to be commercialized, and de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing device for receiving radio signals. In 1903, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated an electrolytic detector, and de Forest developed a variation, which he called the "spade detector", claiming it did not infringe on Fessenden's patents. Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not agree, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest from using the device.

title: Lee de Forest

text: After completing his undergraduate studies, in September 1896 de Forest began three years of postgraduate work. However, his electrical experiments had a tendency to blow fuses, causing building-wide blackouts. Even after being warned to be more careful, he managed to douse the lights during an important lecture by Professor Charles Hastings, who responded by having de Forest expelled from Sheffield.

title: Lee de Forest

text: De Forest also worked with Freeman Harrison Owens and Theodore Case, using their work to perfect the Phonofilm system. However, de Forest had a falling out with both men. Due to de Forest's continuing misuse of Theodore Case's inventions and failure to publicly acknowledge Case's contributions, the Case Research Laboratory proceeded to build its own camera. That camera was used by Case and his colleague Earl Sponable to record President Coolidge on August 11, 1924, which was one of the films shown by de Forest and claimed by him to be the product of "his" inventions.

title: Talladega College

text: De Forest Chapel was built in 1903 in commemoration of the life and service of the Rev. Henry Swift De Forest, D.D., President of the College from 1879 to 1896. DeForest Chapel was renovated in 1996 and rededicated November 1996. De Forest was the father of inventor Lee De Forest.