query: Where is Ateneo de Manila University located?

title: Ateneo de Manila University

text: The Ateneo de Manila University (Filipino: Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila; Spanish: Universidad Ateneo de Manila) is a private Roman Catholic research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Founded in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the Philippines. Ateneo offers elementary and secondary education exclusively to male students (and has recently opened the Senior High School to girls). The undergraduate and graduate programmes are coeducational and organised into four schools, collectively known as the Loyola Schools, which are located at its main campus at Loyola Heights. Four professional schools occupy campuses in different parts of Metro Manila.

title: Ateneo Art Gallery

text: The Ateneo Art Gallery is a museum of modern art of the Ateneo de Manila University. It is the first of its kind in the Philippines. It serves as an art resource for the university community and the general public as well. The Gallery is located at the Arts Wing, Areté, Ateneo de Manila University, Katipunan Avenue, Loyola Heights, Quezon City.

title: Higher education in the Philippines

text: Unlike the THE-QS world university rankings, the QS 2009 Asian University Rankings is limited in scope to Asian institutions, surveys only parties in Asia, and utilizes different criteria compared to those used in the THE-QS rankings. Given these criteria, four Philippine schools ranked among the top 200: the University of the Philippines (63rd), De La Salle University (76th), Ateneo de Manila University (84th) and the University of Santo Tomas (104th). In the subject areas, four Philippine universities figured in the region's top 100: For Arts and Humanities, the University of the Philippines (12th), the Ateneo de Manila University (19th), De La Salle University (44th), and the University of Santo Tomas (55th) were recognized. For Life Sciences and Biomedicine, the University of the Philippines (47th), the Ateneo de Manila University (52nd), De La Salle University (79th), and the University of Santo Tomas (85th) were recognized. For Natural Sciences, the Ateneo de Manila University (24th),the University of the Philippines (32nd), the University of Santo Tomas (94th), and De La Salle University (97th) were recognized. For Social Sciences, the University of the Philippines (22nd), the Ateneo de Manila University (28th), De La Salle University (51st), and the University of Santo Tomas (75th) were recognized. For IT and Engineering, the University of the Philippines (63rd), the Ateneo de Manila University (64th), and De La Salle University (79th) were recognized. For other indicators, Philippine schools made it to the top 100 in all but three of the ranking criteria (student-faculty ratio, papers per faculty, and citations per paper).

title: History of the Ateneo de Manila

text: Websites Aegis Roman A. Cruz, Jr. "The Ateneo Story." Aegis. 1959 Ateneo Alumni Business Directory Ateneo Alumni Guidon Jaime C. Bulatao, S.J. "Death of A University." Ateneo Alumni Guidon, Vol. VII No. I, Vol. VII No. 2, and Vol. VIII No. 1 Lamberto Javellana. On Wings of Blue KATIPUNAN magazine Loyola Schools Bulletin The Guidon The Hill Soledad S. Reyes. "From the walled city by the sea to the hill over the valley: The Ateneo through the years" The Hill. Maiden Issue. 2004. Letters to the Editor, Vol. I No. 2. 2004 Newspaper articles and supplements Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J. "The Ateneo de Manila Celebrates 145 Years". Published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Philippine Star. Dec. 10, 2004. Bienvenido F. Nebres, S.J. "The Ateneo de Manila beyond 145". Published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Philippine Star. Dec. 10, 2004. Philippine Daily Inquirer and Philippine Star. Dec. 10, 2005. Jose S. Arcilla, S.J. Rizal and the Emergence of the Philippine Nation. Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University. 2003. ISBN971-550-020-X Teodoro A. Agoncillo. History of the Filipino People, 8th Edition. Garotech Publishing. 1990. ISBN971-8711-06-6 Nick Joaquin. Manila, My Manila. Bookmark. 1999. ISBN971-569-313-X Jean Mallat, translated by Pura Santillan-Castrence and Lina S. Castrence. The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania. National Historical Institute. 1998. ISBN971-538-081-6. Cristina Jayme Montiel and Susan Evangelista, eds. Down from the Hill: Ateneo de Manila In the First Ten Years Under Martial Law, 1971-1982. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 2005. ISBN971-550-486-8.

title: Ateneo de Manila University

text: The Ateneo de Manila University is part of the following networks and academic consortia:[21]

title: Jose Ramon Villarin

text: In 2005, he became president of Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan, and became a member of the Board of Trustees of the Ateneo de Manila University in 2009.[6] He also sits as a member of the boards of trustees of the Ateneo de Davao University, the Ateneo de Naga University, and the Ateneo de Zamboanga University.[1]

title: Ateneo de Manila University Archives

text: The Ateneo de Manila University Archives, located on the ground floor of the Rizal Library in Quezon City, Philippines, has been the central repository of non-current records of the administrative offices, academic departments, and student organizations of the Ateneo de Manila University since 1958. It was established by priests Leo Cullum, S.J., Horacio de la Costa, S.J., and John Schumacher, S.J.

title: History of the Ateneo de Manila

text: Notable alumni of the Ateneo de Manila Culture and traditions of the Ateneo de Manila Ateneo Blue Eagles List of Ateneo de Manila University people

title: Higher education in the Philippines

text: In 2010, the universities above were included in the QS Asian Universities Survey. Overall, the Ateneo de Manila University (58th), the University of the Philippines (78th), the University of Santo Tomas (101st), and De La Salle University (106th) were ranked among the top 100 in Asia. In the various subject areas, the four universities were among the Asian top 100. For Arts and Humanities, the Ateneo de Manila University (14th), the University of the Philippines (16th), De La Salle University (54th), and the University of Santo Tomas (69th) were recognized. For Life Sciences and Biomedicine, the University of the Philippines (32nd), the Ateneo de Manila University (38th), the University of Santo Tomas (69th), and De La Salle University (84th) were recognized. For Natural Sciences, the Ateneo de Manila University (22nd), the University of the Philippines (31st), and De La Salle University (88th) were recognized. For Social Sciences, the University of the Philippines (18th), the Ateneo de Manila University (25th), De La Salle University (48th), and the University of Santo Tomas (83rd) were recognized. For IT and Engineering, the Ateneo de Manila University (57th), the University of the Philippines (62nd), and De La Salle University (80th) were recognized.

title: Ateneo de Davao University

text: Also integrated in the library system of the Ateneo de Davao are the distinct libraries of the pre-school, grade school, and high school departments. The said three libraries are all located in the Matina Campus. The Ateneo de Davao Library System is connected to the library system of its sister schools all over the Philippines namely Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo de Naga University, Ateneo de Zamboanga University, and the Ateneo de Cagayan University.

title: Ateneo de Manila University

text: The Ateneo library system comprises several libraries housed in the Loyola Heights campus and the Professional Schools campus. The university's main library is the Rizal Library located in Loyola Heights. The Ateneo Professional Schools Library is housed in the Professional Schools building. Also included in the library system are the libraries of the Ateneo grade school, high school, and those of the East Asian Pastoral Institute and the Loyola School of Theology.[32] Libraries of other Jesuit universities in Naga, Zamboanga, Davao, and Cagayan de Oro are linked to the Ateneo de Manila Libraries.

title: Ateneo de Manila University

text: The Loyola School of Theology is a Jesuit school of theology and pastoral studies, run separately from but federated with Ateneo de Manila University. It offers baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctoral ecclesiastical degrees in theology, as well as postgraduate degrees in theological studies, theology, and pastoral ministry from Ateneo de Manila University. It also supports the theology and religious education postgraduate programmes of Ateneo Loyola Schools' Department of Theology.[20]

title: Metro Manila

text: Some of the country's oldest schools are founded in Intramuros, these are the University of Santo Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620), and Ateneo de Manila University (1859). Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in 1952. Other prominent educational institutions include the Manila High School and the University of the City of Manila.

title: 2018 Ateneo de Manila Junior High School bullying incident

text: The 2018 Ateneo de Manila University bullying incident occurred on December 19, 2018 when a student bullied another student inside the restroom of the Junior High School campus in the Ateneo de Manila University. The incident was captured on video and made rounds on social media. A few days after the incident, several figures such as local celebrities, politicians and netizens began denouncing the incident. On December 23, the Ateneo announced that the bully had been dismissed from the school.

title: UAAP Season 77

text:
UAAP softball tournament opened on Jan. 24, 2015 at the Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium in Malate Manila.
The UAAP Season 77 badminton tournament began on August 9, 2014. The tournament venue was the Rizal Memorial Badminton Hall in Vito Cruz St., Malate, Manila. Badminton is a single round-robin elimination tournament. National University was the tournament host.The UAAP Season 77 table tennis tournament began on September 13, 2014. The tournament venue was the Blue Eagle Gym of the Ateneo de Manila University in Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, Quezon City. Ateneo de Manila University was the tournament host.
The UAAP Season 77 taekwondo tournament began on September 9, 2014. The tournament venue was the Filoil Flying V Arena in San Juan City, Metro Manila. Taekwondo is a single round-robin elimination tournament. Far Eastern University was the tournament host.The UAAP Season 77 chess tournament began on January 10, 2015 at the Henry Sy, Sr. Building in De La Salle University in Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila.
The UAAP Season 77 Judo Championships ran from September 27–28, 2014 at the Blue Eagle Gym of the Ateneo de Manila University in Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, Quezon City. The tournament host was Ateneo de Manila University.
The UAAP Season 77 Swimming Championships was held on October 2–5, 2014 at the Rizal Memorial Swimming Pool in Vito Cruz St., Malate, Manila. The tournament host was National University.

title: Karlo Nograles

text: Karlo attended grade school in Ateneo de Davao University from 1983 to 1989, where he graduated valedictorian of his class. In high school, he was admitted to the Philippine Science High School Main Campus until 1993 where he finished with a C.A.T. Leadership Award. With a Bachelor of Science Degree in Management Engineering from the Ateneo de Manila University in 1997 under his belt, Karlo then took a Juris Doctor degree in 2003 at the Ateneo de Manila Law School.

title: Ateneo School of Humanities

text: The Ateneo de Manila School of Humanities is one of the four Loyola Schools of the Ateneo de Manila University.

title: Ateneo de Manila University Press

text: The Ateneo de Manila University Press is a university press and the official publishing house of Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines. The mission statement of the Press is to preserve national heritage, both in the Philippines and abroad, and thus dedicates itself to publishing writings of various cultures. It specifically hopes to facilitate writers whose home institutions lack printing facilities.

title: Patricio Mariano

text: Mariano received his high school education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now known as the Ateneo de Manila University) and at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. Mariano studied bookkeeping at the Escuela de Artes y Oficios. Mariano received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the Liceo de Manila (now known as the Manila Central University).

title: Ateneo de Manila University

text: The Rockwell Centre campus of the Ateneo de Manila University houses the Law School, Graduate School of Business, School of Government, AGSB-BAP Institute of Banking, and the Ateneo Center for Continuing Education.[31] The campus was donated by the Lopez Group of Companies to the Ateneo de Manila University. It includes several research centres, a moot court facility, and the Ateneo Professional Schools Library.[31]

title: Ateneo School of Social Sciences

text: The Ateneo de Manila School of Social Sciences is one of the four Loyola Schools of Ateneo de Manila University.

title: Roberto Yap

text: In 2011, became President of Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Ateneo de Davao University, Ateneo de Manila University, and the Ateneo de Zamboanga University.

title: Ateneo School of Science and Engineering

text: The Ateneo de Manila School of Science and Engineering is one of the four Loyola Schools of the Ateneo de Manila University.

title: Ateneo de Manila College Glee Club

text: The Ateneo de Manila College Glee Club (Ateneo Glee Club, or ACGC) is a choir based in the Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines. It is distinguished as the oldest university chorale in the Philippines, celebrating its 95th season in 2015. It has held concerts internationally, and has released several albums with songs genres ranging from Classical, Negro spiritual, Sacred choral works, as well as Pop, and OPM. The Glee Club remains active internationally through the performances it stages and choral festivals it participates in.

text: The culture and traditions of Ateneo de Manila University (Filipino: "Unibersidad Ateneo de Manila"; ) is a private research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Founded as the "Escuela Municipal" in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the country. Among the several articles on the Ateneo, this article deals solely with its culture and traditions.

title: Antonio La Viña

text: As an academic, La Viña served as a professor at the Ateneo de Manila University and Xavier University in Cagayan de Oro; and as of present, at the Ateneo Loyola Schools, the Philippine Judicial Academy of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the law schools of the University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila, Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan and De La Salle University, Lyceum University, San Beda College, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, and Loyola Schools and the School of Government of Ateneo de Manila. He is often tapped for individual lectures at other academic institutions, particularly on account of his expertise in environmental law. While at UP, he co-founded the Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center-Kasama sa Kalikasan, a human rights and environmental organization.

title: History of the Ateneo de Manila

text: The Ateneo de Manila University (Filipino: Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila) is a private research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Founded in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the Philippines.

title: Higher education in the Philippines

text: In the other academic criteria, Philippine universities were represented in all but two indicators (international student review and international faculty review). For Academic Peer Review, the University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Manila University posted the same scores (96.0), and were ranked 23rd and 24th, respectively. De La Salle University and the University of Santo Tomas were ranked 70th and 90th, respectively. For Asian recruiter review, the University of the Philippines (22nd), the Ateneo de Manila University (25th), De La Salle University (29th), and the University of Santo Tomas (59th) were recognized. For Student-Faculty ratio, the University of Southeastern Philippines was the only Philippine school recognized, at 43rd. For citations per paper, the University of Santo Tomas was ranked 8th, the only Philippine school recognized in that category. For International Student Exchange-Inbound, the Ateneo de Manila University (48th) and University of San Carlos (53rd) were recognized. For International Student Exchange-Outbound, the Ateneo de Manila University was the only Philippine school recognized, ranking 41st.

title: Ateneo Law School

text: The Ateneo de Manila University School of Law (often referred to as Ateneo Law School) is the law school of the Ateneo de Manila University, a private Jesuit university in the Philippines. It was founded in 1936, in the Padre Faura St., Ermita, Manila campus of the Ateneo, where it remained even after the college, graduate school, and basic education units moved to Loyola Heights, Quezon City in the 1950s. In 1977, it moved to Salcedo Village in Makati, and in 1998, transferred to its present location in Makati's Rockwell Center. Its current dean is alumnus Jose G. Hofileña who succeeded Sedfrey Candelaria who, in turn, succeeded Cesar L. Villanueva. Its patron saint is Thomas More.

title: Ateneo de Manila University Dormitory

text: The Ateneo de Manila University Dormitory is a twin-building, on-campus dormitory for college students of the Ateneo de Manila University. Built in 2008, the Dormitory buildings stand seven stories high, and can accommodate over 600 students. It is located behind the Church of the Gesù, and overlooks the scenic Marikina Valley.


query: When was the Merillon Avenue station built in Garden City?

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: From 1874-1876, the station was named "Garden City" in order to mislead travelers into thinking that the station served Alexander Turney Stewart's Garden City, which was already served by Garden City station along the Central Railroad of Long Island in 1872.[2]The court moved away in 1877 and the station fell by the wayside,[3] although some trains continued to stop there as late as June 1897.[4] Though re-established as a station in 1911, the station house itself was not built until 1912. It was rebuilt in 1958 with a smaller structure and an narrow 11'6" bridge under the tracks for Nassau Boulevard.

title: Prospect Lefferts Gardens

text:
The Prospect Lefferts Gardens neighborhood is serviced by the New York City Subway's at the Prospect Park station and the at the Parkside Avenue station (both on the BMT Brighton Line), as well as the Sterling Street and Winthrop Street stations on the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line (). Additionally, the New York City Bus routes serve the area.Notes
Further reading

title: Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden (New York City Subway)

text: Botanic Garden on the BMT Franklin Avenue Line has two tracks and two side platforms. The station is named for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden two blocks away from the station.

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: Merillon Avenue (/ˈmɛrɪlɒn/) is a station on the Main Line (Port Jefferson Branch service) of the Long Island Rail Road. It is located at Nassau Boulevard and Merillon Avenue in Garden City Park, New York. The station is wheelchair accessible with two side platforms and a crossunder at Nassau Boulevard.

title: Spring Garden station (Market–Frankford Line)

text: Though SEPTA gives the address as being at 600 North Front Street, the actual location is the median of Interstate 95 over Spring Garden Street. It was built in 1977 when the Market-Frankford Line's tracks were moved to the median of newly extended Interstate 95 for a distance of about 1 mile and replaced the abandoned nearby Fairmount Avenue Station, which was built in 1922 and had been a Skip-Stop "B" station during rush hours. The new station is currently an "All-Stop" station and is nestled in between the northbound and southbound lanes of Interstate 95 between the highway's Girard Avenue and I-676 interchanges.

title: Garden City station (LIRR)

text: Garden City is one of five stations of the Long Island Rail Road that serves the village of Garden City, New York. It is on the Hempstead Branch and is at Seventh Street between Hilton and Cathedral Avenues, directly across the street from the Garden City Hotel. It is one of the few Long Island Rail Road stations with two station houses.

title: Atlantic Avenue (New York City)

text: Just north of the Merillon Avenue train station in Garden City is another short roadway called Atlantic Avenue. Other short segments of roadway called Atlantic Avenue exist adjacent to the Main Line at Carle Place in Nassau County, and even as far east as the approach to the Nassau-Suffolk County line, just beyond the Farmingdale LIRR station.

title: Garden City, New York

text: There are four Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) train stations in the village. The stops are Stewart Manor, Nassau Boulevard, Garden City and Country Life Press on the LIRR Hempstead Branch. There are additional stops on the LIRR Main Line just over the Garden City border at New Hyde Park, Merillon Avenue, and Mineola. Travel time to Manhattan is about 54 minutes. Additionally, several bus lines traverse the village provided by NICE bus (formerly MTA Long Island bus).

title: Kew Gardens station (LIRR)

text: The Maple Grove station was moved from its location south of Kew Gardens Road (old Newtown Avenue) to a spot south along the north side of tracks on the west side of Lefferts Avenue, closer to the built-up portion of Richmond Hill. Man built streets through the property of the old golf club, and built elegant homes close to the new railroad station, creating what is known as Kew Gardens today. Limited construction began on the Cut-Off in November 1908, with real work beginning in March 1909. The plans were modified in 1909 to add bridges at Penelope Avenue and Ascan Avenue. The grading of the right-of-way and the laying of track was completed by September 1909. The old railroad right-of-way was built up with residences, but in 1936, portions of the right-of-way within Forest Hills, around Austin Street and 75th Avenue, were still unused.

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: Media related to Merillon Avenue (LIRR station) at Wikimedia Commons

title: North Hempstead, New York

text: The Long Island Rail Road's Oyster Bay Branch serves the town's vicinity from Mineola to Greenvale. The Main Line runs through the southern parts of the town from with stations at Merillon Avenue in Garden City Park through Westbury. The Port Washington Branch runs along the northern part of the town and uses stations from Great Neck across the Manhasset Viaduct into Port Washington.

title: Garden City Park, New York

text:
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land. It is a nonlegal entity governed by the Town of North Hempstead, bordered by Hillside Avenue to the north (vis-a-vis with Herricks), Herricks Road to the east (bordering the village of Mineola, and Denton Avenue to the west (vis-a-vis with unincorporated New Hyde Park.
The southern border is the boundary of the Town of North Hempstead with the Town of Hempstead, roughly coinciding with Atlantic Avenue and the Main Line of the Long Island Railroad (LIRR). The local LIRR stop is Merillon Avenue.
Some local and town maps reflect that Garden City Park spills over north into Herricks. Mail delivery is provided by the New Hyde Park Post Office utilizing the 11040 Zip Code.

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: The Merillon Avenue station was the final stop on the 5:33 p.m. train from Penn Station to Hicksville on December 7, 1993, before Colin Ferguson opened gunfire at passengers who were white or Asian in a racially motivated attack. Six people were murdered and 19 others were wounded. Carolyn McCarthy, whose husband was killed and whose son was seriously injured in the tragedy, pressed for tougher gun control laws and was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1996. There are often memorial wreaths on the platform at the head of the eastbound tracks of the station on the anniversaries of the incident.[5]

title: Carolyn McCarthy

text: On December 7, 1993, her husband, Dennis, was killed, and her son, Kevin, was severely injured on a Long Island Rail Road commuter train at the Merillon Avenue station in the village of Garden City, when 35-year-old Colin Ferguson opened fire on passengers. Ferguson killed six and wounded 19 others. McCarthy responded to the crime by launching a campaign for more stringent gun control that eventually propelled her to Congress in 1996 on the Democratic ticket. She defeated freshman Republican Dan Frisa by a large margin. In the biographical 1998 television movie "The Long Island Incident", which portrayed these events, she was played by actress Laurie Metcalf.

title: Hempstead, New York

text: The Long Island Rail Road's Main Line runs through the northwestern part of the town with stations from Bellerose through Merillon Avenue in Garden City. The Hempstead Branch breaks away from the Main Line in Floral Park, and uses stations from Bellerose into Hempstead. The West Hempstead Branch runs from Valley Stream northeast to West Hempstead. Further south in the town, the Babylon Branch runs from the New York City Line into southern portions of the Town of Oyster Bay with stations between Valley Stream and Seaford. Also the Far Rockaway Branch branches off from Valley Stream and curves to the southwest from that station through Inwood before finally re-entering the city in the Rockaways. Just east of there, the Long Beach Branch breaks away at Lynbrook and runs southeast into Long Beach.

title: 106th Street (Second Avenue Subway)

text: 106th Street is a planned station along the IND Second Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It would be located at the intersection of Second Avenue and 106th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan. Proposed since 1968, the station is expected to be built by 2027–2029 as part of Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. When opened, it will initially be served by the Q train, with the T providing service when Phase 3 of the line is built.

text: Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden is a New York City Subway station complex shared by the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and the BMT Franklin Avenue Line. Located at the intersection of Franklin Avenue and Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, it is served by the:The station complex is named for its proximity to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The free transfer between the Eastern Parkway and Franklin Avenue shuttle platforms was added in 1999 using a passageway that had existed since October 1928, when the BMT Botanic Garden station opened.

title: 125th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

text: Harlem–125th Street is the planned northern terminal for the Second Avenue Subway. It would be built underneath 125th Street, below and perpendicular to the existing Lexington Avenue Line station. The Harlem–125th Street station would be part of Phase 2, from 96th Street to 125th Street, with the next station south being 116th Street. Phase 2 would also include a station at 106th Street. A station at Lexington Avenue and 125th Street was not on the original Second Avenue Subway proposed as part of the New York City Transit Authority's 1968 Program for Action; instead, a Second Avenue Subway station would be built at 126th Street and Second Avenue. The line was to be built in two phases—the first phase from 126th to 34th Streets, the second phase from 34th to Whitehall Streets. When opened, it will initially be served by the Q train, with the T providing service when phase 3 of the line is built.

title: Marven Gardens

text: The name "Marven Gardens" is a portmanteau derived from Margate City and Ventnor City, because it lies on the border of Margate City and Ventnor City. Marven Gardens is surrounded by Ventnor Avenue, Winchester Avenue, Fredericksburg Avenue and Brunswick Avenue. The streets within it are Circle Drive, East Drive and West Drive. Most of the homes were built in the 1920s and 1930s.

title: Garden City station (LIRR)

text: The station provides access to the Cathedral of the Incarnation. Built in 1876, it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and stands just south of the station on Cathedral Avenue.

title: 116th Street (Second Avenue Subway)

text: 116th Street is a planned station along the IND Second Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It would be located at the intersection of Second Avenue and 116th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan. Proposed since 1968, the station is expected to be built by 2027–2029 as part of Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. When opened, it will initially be served by the Q train, with the T providing service when Phase 3 of the line is built.

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: Merillon Avenue station was established in 1911 near the former Clowesville station, which was established in June 1837 by the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad. It was the closest LIRR station to the old Queens County courthouse (Nassau County became a separate county in 1899, splitting off from Queens County) off Jericho Turnpike. By 1845, it was used only when courts were in session.

title: History of the Long Island Rail Road

text: On December 7, 1993, six people were killed and 19 others injured in a mass shooting on a train near Merillon Avenue station.[153]

title: Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)

text: Small segments of the third track have been built already or will be built, however. One segment is between Merillon Avenue and Mineola; this section was built in the vicinity of Herricks Road during the grade crossing elimination project that took place in 1998. Another segment will be built as part of the upcoming station renovation at Hicksville. This construction will connect Track 1 at Hicksville station to the North Siding track located about west of the station. This short segment, when completed, will essentially serve as the eastern end of the future third track; it will also allow for a slight increase in peak-hour service. The MTA has also left provisions for a third track in construction of other infrastructure along the line, such as the Mineola Intermodal Center located adjacent to Mineola station, Mineola Blvd Bridge, Roslyn Road Underpass in Mineola, and the replacement Ellison Avenue Bridge over the Main Line in Westbury.

title: 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting

text: On December 7, 1993, a Long Island Rail Road train pulled into the Merillon Avenue station in Garden City, New York, when passenger Colin Ferguson pulled out a 9mm pistol and started firing at other passengers. He murdered 6 people and wounded 19 others before being stopped by other passengers. Ferguson's trial was notable for a number of unusual developments, including his firing his defense counsel and insisting on representing himself and questioning his own victims on the stand.

title: Garden City, New York

text: On December 7, 1993, the city's Merillon Avenue station was the location of the Long Island Rail Road massacre in which six people were murdered and 19 injured in a racially motivated mass shooting perpetrated by Colin Ferguson, a black Jamaican immigrant.

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: As part of the Main Line third track project, the Merillon Avenue station will be upgraded to accommodate full-length 12-car trains, and platform B will be relocated. Canopies, benches, signage, and security cameras will be installed. The station will be made compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 via the installation of elevators and ramps. The existing station building will be demolished and replaced with extra parking spaces. Amenities such as Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, artwork, and digital information displays would be included in the renovation.[6] The electrical substation at Merillon Avenue station will be replaced to make way for the third track.[7]

title: Q74 (New York City bus)

text: In November 1949, the Queens Valley Home Owners' Association of Kew Gardens Hills proposed an extension of the Q44 Vleigh Place shuttle bus west from its northern terminus at Jewel Avenue and Main Street to the 71st–Continental Avenues subway station of the IND Queens Boulevard Line in Forest Hills, to give Kew Gardens Hills additional bus service. It would have created a loop service between the 71st Avenue station and the Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike station of the same line, running via Main Street. The proposed route was numbered as the Q75. The proposal was submitted to the Board of Transportation on March 20, 1951. On June 19, transit officials informed the Board of Estimate it wouldn't be advisable to extend that route. In response, Queens–Nassau Transit (the predecessor to the Queens Surface Corporation) proposed a bus route to run along the entire length of Jewel Avenue between 164th Street to the 71st Avenue station at Queens Boulevard. In an alternate proposal, Queens–Nassau Transit proposed having the route terminate at the 75th Avenue subway station, in between the 71st Avenue and Union Turnpike stops. The Queens Valley Association opposed the Queens Transit proposal, due to it only serving the northern portion of Kew Gardens Hills. It also opposed the 75th Avenue terminus, as 75th Avenue is a local station. On November 14, 1951, this route (the Q65A; today's ) began service. A separate city-operated between Jamaica and Oakland Gardens began service in May 1952.

title: Garden City station (LIRR)

text: Besides standing in the shadow of the Garden City Hotel, Garden City station is also next to the Garden City Public Library. The station has residential parking on both sides of the tracks on 6th and 7th Streets, as well as unrestricted free parking at nearby Stewart Avenue between Hilton & Franklin Avenues, and free parking during off-peak hours along 6th Street near Cathedral Avenue.

title: Merillon Avenue station

text: This station has two high-level side platforms, each the length of ten railway cars. During peak hours, both platforms sometimes serve peak-direction trains in the opposite direction.


query: What's the deepest cave?

title: Krubera Cave

text: Krubera Cave (Georgian:კრუბერის გამოქვაბული or კრუბერის ღრმული, translit.:k'ruberis gamokvabuli or k'ruberis ghrmuli; Also known as Voronya Cave, sometimes spelled Voronja Cave) is the second deepest known cave on Earth after the Veryovkina Cave. It is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus, in the Gagra district of Abkhazia,[note 1] a breakaway region of Georgia, currently under Russian occupation.[1][2]

title: Close To The Edge Provincial Park and Protected Area

text: The Park was established June 29, 2000 to protect Close To The Edge, a significant cave feature: the deepest shaft (255 m) and the third-deepest cave (472 m) in Canada. The cave was discovered in 1985, but its bottom was not reached until 2001.

title: List of deepest caves

text: This list of deepest caves includes the deepest known natural caves according to maximum surveyed depth. The depth value is measured from the highest entrance to the lowest accessible point.

title: List of deepest mines

text: This list of deepest mines includes operational and non-operational mines that are at least , which is the depth of Veryovkina Cave, the deepest known natural cave in the world. The depth measurements in this list represent the difference in elevation from the entrance of the mine to the deepest excavated point.

title: Cave of Swallows

text: The Cave of Swallows, also called the Cave of the Swallows (), is an open air pit cave in the Municipality of Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The elliptical mouth, on a slope of karst, is 49 by 62 m wide and is undercut around all of its perimeter, widening to a room approximately 303 by 135 meters (994 by 442 ft) wide. The floor of the cave is a 333-meter (1092 ft) freefall drop from the lowest side of the opening, with a 370-meter (1,214 ft) drop from the highest side, making it the largest known cave shaft in the world, the second deepest pit in Mexico and perhaps the 11th deepest in the world.

title: Zospeum tholussum

text: Specimens of "Zospeum tholussum" were recovered by a team of cavers and biologists of the Croatian Biospeleological Society (Hrvatsko Biospeleološko Društvo or HBSD) from the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system in the Velebit mountains of Croatia, during an expedition from July 29 to August 8, 2012. The cave system is the deepest in Croatia and one of the top twenty deepest caves in the world at a total measured depth of , including submerged passages. Aside from its great depth, the cave system is also known for its vertical orientation and deep shafts.

title: Krubera Cave

text: In January 2001, the Ukr.S.A. expedition explored the cave to −1,710m (−5,610ft) making it the deepest cave in the world. For the first time in the history of speleology, the deepest cave in the world had been established outside of western Europe. Since 2001, the Krubera explorations by the Ukr.S.A. have been undertaken within the frame of the multi-year project named "The Call of the Abyss", coordinated by A.Klimchuk, Y.Kasyan, G.Samokhin and K.Markovskoy. Besides the Ukrainian speleologists, cavers from many countries such as France, Spain, Russia, Moldova, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Ireland, Israel and Lithuania have taken part in different expeditions of the Ukr.S.A.

title: Ghar Parau

text: Ghar Parau is a limestone cave in the Zagros Mountains, north of Kermanshah in Western Iran. At 751 m deep, it is the deepest cave in Iran. Joujar Cave has been reported as the second deepest, at 568 m deep.

title: Tú Làn Caves System

text:
Because the tectonic plates in this region are always moving and bumping into each other, the mountains are still rising and moving up. The rivers continue to cut into the bottom of the mountain, carving new caves over time. Hence, the river caves that are at a lower elevation are much younger than the higher, dry caves as they were more recently created. The river caves in this system such as Ken Cave and Tu Lan Cave are very young, only about 3 million years old. The higher, dry caves (dry Tu Lan and Ton Cave) are much older, and date around 5 million years old.
The French scientist Pierre G commented: "Tu Lan Cave System have the largest, deepest, longest, highest with many of connecting caves including inactive dry caves & active wet caves; including a number of natural phenomena such as the deepest Karst Doline of Southeast Asia (with a depth of more than 255m) and the habitat, stunning natural wonders, the majestic, unique of tropical jungle on the 400 million years of limestone."

title: Krubera Cave

text: The difference in elevation of the cave's entrance and its deepest explored point is 2,197±20 metres (7,208±66ft). It became the deepest-known cave in the world in 2001 when the expedition of the Ukrainian Speleological Association reached a depth of 1,710m (5,610ft) which exceeded the depth of the previous deepest-known cave, Lamprechtsofen, in the Austrian Alps, by 80 metres (260ft). In 2004, for the first time in the history of speleology, the Ukrainian Speleological Association expedition reached a depth greater than 2,000 metres (6,600ft), and explored the cave to −2,080m (−6,824ft). Ukrainian diver Gennadiy Samokhin extended the cave by diving in the terminal sump to 46 metres' depth in 2007 and then to 52m in 2012, setting successive world records of 2,191m and 2,197m, respectively.[3][4] Krubera is one of the two known caves on Earth deeper than 2,000 metres.

title: Meghalaya

text: Meghalaya has an estimated 500 natural limestone and sandstone caves spread over the entire state including most of the longest and deepest caves in the sub-continent. Krem Liat Prah is the longest cave, and Synrang Pamiang is the deepest cave. Both are located in the Jaintia Hills. Cavers from United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Ireland and the United States have been visiting Meghalaya for over a decade exploring these caves. Not many of these have however been developed or promoted adequately for major tourist destinations.

title: Velebit

text: There are hundreds of "holes" on Velebit. It has the largest and deepest caves in Croatia. The three-part "Lukina jama" cave is 1392 m deep, making it one of the deepest caves in the world, and the deepest in southeast Europe, while the "Slovačka jama" is 1320 m. What makes it unique is that it is completely vertical, steepest in the world. At the bottom of the pothole is a water course or siphon with branches that are still unexplored. A kind of leech was discovered in the pothole, which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and family; it has been named "Erpobdella mestrovi".

title: Chevé Cave

text: Chevé Cave ( ; ) is a deep cave located in the Sierra Juárez mountain range in the southern Mexico state of Oaxaca. As of 2003, its deepest point has been measured at deep, making it the second deepest known cavern in the Western Hemisphere and the world’s 12th deepest cave. The cave's deepest known point is nearly one vertical mile and seven horizontal miles from the entrance, ending in a terminal sump. The present limit of exploration in Chevé, at 9.3 kilometers from the nearest entrance, represents one of the most remote locations ever attained inside any cave on Earth. The logistics of reaching this point are enormous: more than two kilometers of rope need to be rigged and three underground camps established. Chevé is the deepest proven freshwater hydrological system in the world. Temperatures in Chevé are moderate, ranging from . It has been most thoroughly explored under the leadership of caver Bill Stone.

title: Martyn Farr

text: Farr began caving in 1961 and cave diving in 1971, and within 10 years had established a world record for underwater cave penetration in the Bahamas. He is noted within the cave diving community for his explorations in Wookey Hole in 1977 and 1982, and for completing the first traverse of Llangattock Mountain in Wales in 1986, the execution of which was a televised media event, being the longest and deepest caving through trip in the British Isles. In 1978, Farr discovered also the Pollatoomary cave in the Partry Mountains of the Republic of Ireland. In 2008, his student Artur Kozłowski explored this cave to a depth of 103 metres, which made it the deepest known cave on the British Isles.

title: Boybuloq Cave

text: Boybuloq Cave (also known as Boy Bulok) is a limestone cave in Uzbekistan and the deepest known cave in Asia. It is located high in the Gissar Range of mountains, near to Dehibolo, Uzbekistan's highest village. The cave and wider area is inaccessible for much of the year due to snow. Long-known to local people because of a nearby spring the cave was first explored by speleologists in 1984. Since then expeditions have mapped of passages in the cave and reached a total depth of . The cave could potentially extend much deeper and become the deepest in the world.

title: Mount Paraw

text: Jujar is deepest cave of Asia. in 7 September 2015 Jujar cave in eastern front of the Paraw recognized as deepest cave of Iran. an Iranian caving team consist of 24 athlete has discovered 806 meter and 8 centimeter of this cave. before this event Paraw cave (also located in this mount ) was deepest cave of Iran. in August 2016 an international expedition started to discover whole of the cave. eventually they announced that they successfully achieved to more than 1000 meter depth of the cave. thus Jujar became deepest cave of Asia and Iran.

title: Kef Toghobeit Cave

text:
Kef Toghobeit is a karst cave near the settlement of Bab Taza in Chefchaouen Province, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, in northern Morocco. Currently known to be long and deep, it is the deepest cave in Morocco, and the third deepest cave in Africa.
Although Kef Toghobeit has been well-explored, its full extent is not yet known. Indeed, the karst topography of the Rif mountain range where the cave begins has barely been mapped - just 1000 caves are known in Morocco, and the geology would suggest that more than this exist.

title: Boybuloq Cave

text: The cave is the deepest known cave in Asia having been explored to a depth of from the entrance. At the lowest discovered level a water-filled siphon blocks further exploration. It is thought that the cave has the potential to be the deepest known cave in the world, with a theorised depth of making it deeper than the Veryovkina Cave. The explored length of the cave is .

title: Caving in New Zealand

text: In 1957, the discovery of Harwood's Hole in the South Island was to fully establish New Zealand as a country with extremely promising cave systems, and the cave with its 183 metre deep vertical entry shaft, and its passages extending for many hundreds of meters into the depths, was for a long time the deepest and most famous non-commercial cave in New Zealand. The area around Nelson also contains most of New Zealand's deepest caves (most discovered in the following decades), including Bulmer Cavern, a 70 km long cave system.

title: Gourgouthakas

text: Gourgouthakas (; from "small cutting on rocks, in which rain water is collected and from which animals drink water") is a cave located in the Lefka Ori mountains on the Greek island of Crete. It is the deepest cave in Greece, with an explored depth of , and is the 43rd deepest in the world.

title: Gouffre Berger

text: The Gouffre Berger is a French cave discovered on 24 May 1953 by Joseph Berger, Bouvet, Ruiz de Arcaute and Marc Jouffray. From 1953 to 1963, it was regarded as the deepest cave in the world at , relinquishing this title to the previous contender, Pierre Saint Martin, in 1964, after further exploration. The Gouffre Berger is now ranked 28th deepest cave in the world, and the 4th in France.

title: Mendip Hills

text:
The Hills conceal the largest underground river system in Britain; attempts to move from one cave to another through the underground rivers led to the development of cave diving in Britain. The first cave dive was attempted at Swildon's Hole in 1934, and the first successful dive was achieved the following year at Wookey Hole Caves, which has the deepest sump in Britain at 76 m (250 ft). The cave complexes at St. Dunstan's Well Catchment, Lamb Leer, and Priddy Caves have been identified as Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
The deepest cave in the Mendip Hills is Charterhouse Cave with a vertical range of .

title: Ellison's Cave

text: Ellison's Cave is a pit cave located in Walker County, on Pigeon Mountain in the Appalachian Plateaus of Northwest Georgia. It is the 12th deepest cave in the United States and features the deepest, unobstructed pit in the continental US named Fantastic Pit. The cave is over 12 miles long and extends 1063 feet vertically.

title: Lamprechtsofen

text: Lamprechtsofen (also called Lamprechtshöhle or, together with a connected cave, Lamprechtsofen-Vogelschacht) is a limestone karst river cave in Austria. With a depth of , it is one of the deepest caves in the world. Before the discovery of the Krubera Cave in Georgia, it was the deepest-known cave in the world. Lamprechtsofen is located northwest of Weißbach bei Lofer (Salzburg), Austria, in the Leogang Mountains.

title: Abismo Guy Collet

text: The Abismo Guy Collet (SP-090) is the deepest cave in South America, and the deepest in the world that is formed in quartzite. Located in a tepui in northern Brazil near the border with Venezuela, this cave was first explored by cavers in 2006 to a depth of 671 meters.

title: Niggly Cave, Tasmania

text: Niggly Cave, Tasmania is one of the deepest caves in Australia.

title: GB Cave

text: GB Cave is a cave between Charterhouse and Shipham in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England, and is close to Charterhouse Cave, the deepest in the region.

title: Bill Steele (cave explorer)

text: Charles William Steele, Jr. (born October 17, 1948), known as “Bill Steele,” is a cave explorer. He is a speleologist who has led and participated in expeditions to many of the longest and deepest caves in the USA, Mexico, and China. He has explored more than 2,500 caves across North America and Asia and has written two books chronicling his expeditions: "Yochib: The River Cave", and "Huautla: Thirty Years in One of the World's Deepest Caves.” TV shows such as National Geographic Explorer, NOVA and How’d They Do That? have aired programs on his expeditions.

title: Caving

text: List of caves List of longest caves List of deepest caves Speleology– Science of cave and karst systems

title: Velebit caves

text: The "Lukina jama" cave is 1431 m deep (2013), the deepest cave in Croatia, 14th deepest cave in the world and the deepest cave in southeast Europe. At its foot, there are ponds and streams including one of the largest known colonies of subterranean leeches ("Erpobdella mestrovi"), which has been ascertained to represent a new species, genus and also family. Other species discovered in the system, include the air-breathing land snails "Zospeum tholussum". Like Lukina jama, Slovacka jama, Velebita and Meduza are also located at the "Hajdučki i Rožanski kukovi" special reserve, a dedicated part of the Sjeverni Velebit national park.

title: Mount Arthur (New Zealand)

text: Mt Arthur is made of hard, crystalline marble, transformed (hardened) from limestone, originally laid down under the sea some 450 million years ago in the Ordovician. The "Arthur Marble" is part of the Takaka Terrane which was part of Gondwana and is similar to rocks in modern-day south-east Australia. Below ground are some of the deepest shafts and most intricate cave systems in the country, and exploration of these is far from finished. Mount Arthur is home to the Ellis Basin cave system, the deepest cave in the Southern Hemisphere, and Nettlebed Cave which was thought to be the deepest cave system the Southern Hemisphere prior to discovery of the Ellis Basin cave system in 2010.


query: What is Long-term memory?

title: Long-term memory

text: Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model where informative knowledge is held indefinitely. It is defined in contrast to short-term and working memory, which persist for only about 18 to 30 seconds. Long-term memory is commonly labelled as explicit memory (declarative), as well as episodic memory, semantic memory, autobiographical memory, and implicit memory (procedural memory).

title: Long-term memory

text: According to the dual store memory model proposed by Richard C. Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968, memories can reside in the short-term "buffer" for a limited time while they are simultaneously strengthening their associations in long-term memory. When items are first presented, they enter short-term memory, but due to its limited space, as new items enter, older ones are pushed out. However, each time an item in short-term memory is rehearsed, it is strengthened in long-term memory. Similarly, the longer an item stays in short-term memory, the stronger its association becomes in long-term memory.[2]

title: Intermediate-term memory

text: Intermediate-term memory (ITM) is a stage of memory distinct from sensory memory, working memory/short-term memory, and long-term memory. While sensory memory persists for several milliseconds, working memory persists for up to thirty seconds, and long-term memory persists from thirty minutes to the end of an individual's life, intermediate-term memory persists for about two to three hours. This overlap in the durations of these memory processes indicates that they occur simultaneously, rather than sequentially. Indeed, intermediate-term facilitation can be produced in the absence of long-term facilitation. However, the boundaries between these forms of memory are not clear-cut, and they can vary depending on the task. Intermediate-term memory is thought to be supported by the parahippocampal cortex.

title: Sight-reading

text:
Human memory can be divided into three broad categories: long-term memory, sensory memory, and short-term (working) memory. According to the formal definition, working memory is "a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension." The paramount feature that distinguishes the working memory from both the long-term and sensory memory is this system's ability to simultaneously process and store information. The knowledge has what is called a
"limited capacity", so there is only a certain amount of information that can be stored and it is easily accessible for only a small window of time after it has been processed, with a recall time block of roughly fifteen seconds to one minute.

title: Henry Molaison

text: In particular, his apparent ability to complete tasks that require recall from short-term memory and procedural memory but not long-term episodic memory suggests that recall from these memory systems may be mediated, at least in part, by different areas of the brain. Similarly, his ability to recall long-term memories that existed well before his surgery, but inability to create new long-term memories, suggests that encoding and retrieval of long-term memory information may also be mediated by distinct systems.

title: Long-term memory

text: One of the newly synthesized proteins in LTP is also critical for maintaining long-term memory. This protein is an autonomously active form of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC), known as PKMζ. PKMζ maintains the activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic strength and inhibiting PKMζ erases established long-term memories, without affecting short-term memory or, once the inhibitor is eliminated, the ability to encode and store new long-term memories is restored.

title: Eyewitness memory (child testimony)

text: Eyewitness testimonies in long term memory can be influenced by the loss of information during the process of encoding and storing event details into long term memory. According to the information processing model, if sensory information about an event is not directly transferred from short term memory into long term memory, the information is difficult to retrieve. Research has also found that the rate of transfer of sensory information from short term to long term memory is related to age of the witness. Older children have higher success rates in transferring memory from short term to long term than younger children, which plays a role in why younger children have poorer recall in eyewitness testimonies.

title: Memory

text: While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where. With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.

title: Political psychological rationalization

text: In their 2013 literature review, Lodge and Taber looked at the components of a rationalizing voter. Their review touched on the psychological constructs of automaticity, affect, long-term memory, and cognitive bias. They argue that voters utilize their beliefs and attitudes to construct heuristics to make judgments about political decisions. When creating these heuristics and recalling memories, voters utilize long-term memory to construct a cohesive picture that mirrors what they believe to match their political beliefs. This is important when considering voters in the booth trying to recall what they know about the campaigning candidates. Utilizing heuristics, voters will recall items that are the most salient within memory. This ability to recall items can be impacted by the availability heuristic and representative heuristic.

title: Long-term memory

text: In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch proposed an alternative theory of short-term memory: Baddeley's model of working memory. According to this theory, short-term memory is divided into different slave systems for different types of input items, and there is an executive control supervising what items enter and exit those systems.[3][4] The slave systems include the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer (later added by Baddeley).[5]

title: Repressed memory

text: The neuroscientist Donald Hebb (1904–1985) was the first to distinguish between short-term memory and long-term memory. According to current theories in neuroscience, things that we "notice" are stored in short-term memory for up to a few minutes; this memory depends on "reverberating" electrical activity in neuronal circuits, and is very easily destroyed by interruption or interference. Memories stored for longer than this are stored in "long-term memory". Whether information is stored in long-term memory depends on its "importance"; for any animal, memories of traumatic events are potentially important for the adaptive value that they have for future avoidance behavior, and hormones that are released during stress have a role in determining what memories are preserved. In humans, traumatic stress is associated with acute secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) from the adrenal medulla and cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Increases in these facilitate memory, but chronic stress associated with prolonged hypersecretion of cortisol may have the opposite effect. The limbic system is involved in memory storage and retrieval as well as giving emotional significance to sensory inputs. Within the limbic system, the hippocampus is important for explicit memory, and for memory consolidation; it is also sensitive to stress hormones, and has a role in recording the emotions of a stressful event. The amygdala may be particularly important in assigning emotional values to sensory inputs.

title: Cognitive science

text: Memory allows us to store information for later retrieval. Memory is often thought of as consisting of both a long-term and short-term store. Long-term memory allows us to store information over prolonged periods (days, weeks, years). We do not yet know the practical limit of long-term memory capacity. Short-term memory allows us to store information over short time scales (seconds or minutes).

title: Memory erasure

text: Within long-term memory there are also different types of long-term memories. Implicit memory is one type of long-term memory that is generally described as the ability to remember how to use objects or specific movements of the body (e.g. using a hammer). Another type of long-term memory, explicit memory, refers to memories that can be consciously drawn upon by a person to remember. Explicit memory can be split into further subcategories, one being episodic memory, which is the memory of specific events and the information surrounding it, as well as semantic memory, which is the ability to remember factual information (e.g. what numbers mean).

title: Working memory

text: Anders Ericsson and Walter Kintsch have introduced the notion of "long-term working memory", which they define as a set of "retrieval structures" in long-term memory that enable seamless access to the information relevant for everyday tasks. In this way, parts of long-term memory effectively function as working memory. In a similar vein, Cowan does not regard working memory as a separate system from long-term memory. Representations in working memory are a subset of representations in long-term memory. Working memory is organized into two embedded levels. The first consists of long-term memory representations that are activated. There can be many of these—there is theoretically no limit to the activation of representations in long-term memory. The second level is called the focus of attention. The focus is regarded as having a limited capacity and holds up to four of the activated representations.

title: Intermediate-term memory

text: In 1993, Rosenzweig and colleagues demonstrated that, in rats conditioned with an aversive stimulus, percent avoidance of the stimulus (and, by implication, memory of the aversive nature of the stimulus) reached relative minima at one minute, fifteen minutes, and sixty minutes. These dips were theorized to correspond to the time points in which the rats switched from working memory to intermediate-term memory, from intermediate-term memory to the early phase of long-term memory, and from the early phase of long-term memory to the late phase of long-term memory, respectively—thus demonstrating the presence of a form of memory that exists between working memory and long-term memory, which they referred to as "intermediate-term memory".

title: Long-term memory

text: Working memory is not part of long-term memory, but is important for long-term memory to function. Working memory holds and manipulates information for a short period of time, before it is either forgotten or encoded into long-term memory. Then, in order to remember something from long-term memory, it must be brought back into working memory. If working memory is overloaded it can affect the encoding of long-term memory. If one has a good working memory they may have a better long-term memory encoding.[19][29]

title: Mnemonic

text: Studies (notably "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two") have suggested that the short-term memory of adult humans can hold only a limited number of items; grouping items into larger chunks such as in a mnemonic might be part of what permits the retention of a larger total amount of information in short-term memory, which in turn can aid in the creation of long-term memories.

title: Storage (memory)

text: In contrast to the short-term memory, long-term memory refers to the ability to hold information for a prolonged time and is possibly the most complex component of the human memory system. The Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory (Atkinson 1968) suggests that the items stored in short-term memory moves to long-term memory through repeated practice and use. Long-term storage may be similar to learning—the process by which information that may be needed again is stored for recall on demand. The process of locating this information and bringing it back to working memory is called retrieval. This knowledge that is easily recalled is explicit knowledge, whereas most long-term memory is implicit knowledge and is not readily retrievable. Scientists speculate that the hippocampus is involved in the creation of long-term memory. It is unclear where long-term memory is stored, although there is evidence depicting long-term memory is stored in various parts of the nervous system. Long-term memory is permanent. Memory can be recalled, which, according to the dual-store memory search model, enhances the long-term memory. Forgetting may occur when the memory fails to be recalled on later occasions.

title: Memory erasure

text: There are three main types of memories: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory in short is the ability to hold sensory information for a short period of time, for example looking at an object and being able to remember what it looked like moments after. Short-term memory is memory that allows a person to recall a short period of time; this can be a few seconds to a minute. Short-term memory allows people to remember what happened during that short time span without actually practicing the memory. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity than the prior two and actually stores information from both these types of memories to create a long lasting and large memory. Long-term memory is the largest target for research involving selective memory erasure.

title: Dream

text: Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen's findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive function interprets long-term memory consistent with reality checking. Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which Freud's unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud's "Dream Work" describes the structure of long-term memory.

title: Flashback (psychology)

text: Memory is divided into voluntary (conscious) and involuntary (unconscious) processes that function independently of each other. Theories and research on memory dates back to Hermann Ebbinghaus, who began studying nonsense syllables. Ebbinghaus classified three distinct classes of memory: sensory, short term, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is made up of a brief storage of information within a specific medium (the line you see after waving a sparkler in your field of vision is created by sensory memory). Short term memory is made up of the information currently in use to complete the task at hand. Long term memory is composed of the systems used to store memory over long periods. It enables one to remember what happened two days ago at noon, or who called last night.

title: Semantic amnesia

text: Memory has two classifications—short-term memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory can store information for a long duration and is subdivided into non-declarative (implicit) memory for learned skills and habits, and declarative (explicit) memory for knowledge of facts and events. Declarative memory consists of semantic memory and episodic memory.

title: Eyewitness memory (child testimony)

text: The hippocampus is one of the brain structures located within the medial temporal lobe and is considered one of the main structures of the brain associated with eyewitness testimony because it is the area that is important for the formation of long term memories. Declarative memories are long term memories that can be consciously remembered, which include: specific events and factual knowledge. Eyewitnesses use declarative memories, specifically episodic memory when they are asked to recall specific events that took place in the past. For example, "Do you remember what the doctor said to you last time you visited him?" Research on children as eyewitnesses found that children do not have accurate long term memories for past events.

title: Flashback (psychology)

text: Memory has typically been divided into sensory, short term, and long term processes. According to Rasmuseen & Berntsen, 2009, "long-term memory processes may form the core of spontaneous thought". Thus the memory process most related to flashbacks is long term memory. As well, studies by Rasmuseen & Berntsen, 2009, have shown that long term memory is also susceptible to extraneous factors such as recency effect, arousal and rehearsal as it pertains to accessibility. Compared to voluntary memories, involuntary memories show shorter retrieval times and little cognitive effort. Finally, involuntary memories arise due to automatic processing, which does not rely on higher-order cognitive monitoring, or executive control processing. Voluntary memory is normally associated with contextual information, which is what allows for correspondence between time and place, this is not true of flashbacks. According to Brewin, Lanius et, al, 2009, flashbacks, are disconnected from contextual information, and as a result are disconnected from time and place.

title: Psychology of self

text: Memory and the self are interconnected with each other that, combined, can be defined as the Self-Memory System (SMS). The self is viewed as a combination of memories and self-images (working self). Conway proposes that a person's long-term memory and working self are dependent on each other. Our prior knowledge of our self puts constraints on what our working self is and the working self modifies the access to our long-term memory, as well as, what it consists of.

title: Memory

text: Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. It was thought that without the hippocampus new memories were unable to be stored into long-term memory and that there would be a very short attention span, as first gleaned from patient Henry Molaison after what was thought to be the full removal of both his hippocampi. More recent examination of his brain, post-mortem, shows that the hippocampus was more intact than first thought, throwing theories drawn from the initial data into question. The hippocampus may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.

title: Long-term memory

text: Another study revealed that how long an item spends in short-term memory is not the key determinant in its strength in long-term memory. Instead, whether the participant actively tries to remember the item while elaborating on its meaning determines the strength of its store in long-term memory.[42]

title: Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model

text:
Information is postulated to enter the long-term store from the short-term store more or less automatically. As Atkinson and Shiffrin model it, transfer from the short-term store to the long-term store is occurring for as long as the information is being attended to in the short-term store. In this way, varying amounts of attention result in varying amounts of time in short-term memory. Ostensibly, the longer an item is held in short-term memory, the stronger its memory trace will be in long-term memory. Some extraneous variables include: participant differences (Personal ability of an individual, these differentiate each participant and their capacity levels), demand characteristics (Which is the participants knowledge about experiment and what they bring to the experiment), experimenter effect (which is the effects the researchers have on participants through their expectations and possibility of bias behavior for self-fulfillment results), non-standardized instructions and procedures (The effect on participants if they receive different instructions, and if no consistency in procedure, also impacts from variations of conditions).
Atkinson and Shiffrin cite evidence for this transfer mechanism in studies by Hebb (1961) and Melton (1963) which show that repeated rote repetition enhances long-term memory. One may also think to the original Ebbinghaus memory experiments showing that forgetting increases for items which are studied fewer times. Finally, the authors note that there are stronger encoding processes than simple rote rehearsal, namely relating the new information to information which has already made its way into the long-term store.

title: Long-term memory

text: Long-term memory encodes information semantically for storage, as researched by Baddeley.[6] In vision, the information needs to enter working memory before it can be stored into long-term memory. This is evidenced by the fact that the speed with which information is stored into long-term memory is determined by the amount of information that can be fit, at each step, into visual working memory.[7] In other words, the larger the capacity of working memory for certain stimuli, the faster will these materials be learned.

title: Memory and trauma

text: Of the different aspects of memory – working, short-term, long-term, etc. – the one most commonly affected by psychological trauma is long-term memory. Missing memories, changes to memory, intensified memories – all are cases of manipulations of long-term memory.


query: Are there giant spiders in Australia?

title: Huntsman spider

text: More than a thousand Sparassidae species occur in most warm temperate to tropical regions of the world, including much of Australasia, Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Americas.[4]

title: Giant house spider

text:
A population of giant house spiders is popularly thought to be a deterrent to the establishment of "Eratigena agrestis", known in North America as the "hobo spider", and considered by some to be more likely to bite humans. Giant house spiders may compete with hobo spiders for the same resources.
Hobo spiders grow no more than a body size of long whereas the larger female giant house spider can have a body size of , but has proportionately much longer legs.

title: The Giant Spider Invasion

text: In 2012, film historian Bill Dexter found the shells of the two thirty-feet spiders with the intent on restoring the spiders to their original form. In 2013, the shell of one of the main giant spider was reported stolen by Rebane. Weeks later a recycling facility announced that the giant spider was brought to them as scrap metal.

title: The Giant Spider Invasion

text: "The Giant Spider Invasion" was shot in Gleason and Merrill, Wisconsin and in six weeks with a budget of $300,000. Special effects artist Bob Millay was hired to design the spiders for the film. While attempting to film a scene where the spider explodes, the effects team covered the prop with gunpowder and had a crew member attempt to ignite it with matches. Despite using the entire matchbox, the spider did not explode and Rebane decided to stop filming. Immediately after they stopped, the spider exploded, causing the crew members hair to get singed.

title: Deep-sea gigantism

text: Examples of deep-sea gigantism include the giant isopod, giant ostracod, the giant sea spider, the giant amphipod, the Japanese spider crab, the giant oarfish, the deepwater stingray, the seven-arm octopus, and a number of squid species: the colossal squid (up to 14 m in length), the giant squid (up to 12 m), "Onykia robusta", "Taningia danae", "Galiteuthis phyllura", "Kondakovia longimana", and the bigfin squid.

title: Cultural depictions of spiders

text:
More recently, giant spiders have featured in books such as the 1998 fantasy novel "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" by J. K. Rowling. This book was later followed by a motion picture of the same name, using the giant spider Aragog from the novel as a supporting character and pet of grounds keeper, Hagrid. In "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", a book about many of the creatures within the Harry Potter universe, these giant spiders are also known as Acromantulas.
The spider is also found in modern children's tales. The nursery rhymes "Itsy Bitsy Spider" and "Little Miss Muffet" have spiders as focal characters. The poem "The Spider and the Fly" (1829) by Mary Howitt is a cautionary tale of seduction and betrayal which later inspired a 1949 film and a 1965 Rolling Stones song, each sharing the same title, as well as a 1923 cartoon by Aesop Fables Studio.

title: Cultural depictions of spiders

text: The Godzilla franchise includes a giant spider kaiju named Kumonga ("Spiga" in English versions), first appearing in 1967's "Son of Godzilla". The 1999 film "Wild Wild West" features a giant mechanical spider. Experiments with spiders in space tend to go horribly wrong, as with a DNA experiment on board a NASA space shuttle in the 2000 film "Spiders", or mutant spiders from a derelict Soviet space station in the 2013 film "Spiders 3D". Before there were "Snakes on a Plane" (2006), there were spiders on a plane in "" (1977). Radiation and spiders once again combine to wreak havoc in the 2002 film spoof "Eight Legged Freaks", this time due to nuclear waste.

title: Giant Spider

text: Giant Spider may refer to :

title: Giant huntsman spider

text: The coloration is yellowish-brown with several irregularly distributed dark spots on the rear half. The legs have wide dark bands before the first bend. Like all huntsman spiders, the legs of the giant huntsman spider are long compared to the body, and twist forward in a crab-like fashion.

title: Giant huntsman spider

text: The giant huntsman spider (scientific name Heteropoda maxima), found in Laos, is a species of huntsman spider ("Sparassidae"), a family of large, fast spiders that actively hunt down prey. It is considered the world's largest spider by leg span, which can reach up to .

title: Alternative versions of Spider-Man

text: An unidentified alternate universe version of Spider-Man who lives in the Savage Land. When Peter and his family were flying inside a plane, the engine started burning and Peter's parents gave him the only parachute left in the plane to save Peter. Peter landed on the Savage Land where he was raised by a tribe of giant spiders. The spiders made Peter to go under the Trial of 1,000 Venoms where he was injected different poisons by the spiders to see if Peter would survive. He succeeded, and from the trial he got spider-powers. Now with his powers, he protects the land from the intruders like Wilson Fisk of the company Kingliner and Ka-Zar the Hunter when they are poaching dinosaurs. There was also a mentioning that Ka-Zar the Hunter's father killed the last of the Man-Things as he unknowingly sets off one of Savage Spider-Man's traps that nearly crushes Ka-Zar the Hunter. Savage Spider-Man then confronts Wilson Fisk who recognizes him as Peter Parker. A flashback in a discussion between Richard and Mary Parker and Wilson Fisk mentioned that Peter was supposed to stay with his aunt until something happened to his uncle. When Fisk's soldiers show up to attack, the giant spiders also arrive and attack the soldiers while some of them follow Fisk onto his airplane. Savage Spider-Man swings away as more giant spiders surround the airplane.

title: Artema atlanta

text: Artema atlanta is a species of spider of the family Pholcidae with a pantropical distribution. It is commonly known as the giant daddy-long-legs spider, in Australia and South Africa. With a body length of 8–11 mm, it is the largest pholcid in the world.

title: Caladenia excelsa

text: Caladenia excelsa, commonly known as the giant spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It is a rare species with a single, hairy leaf and up to three cream-coloured to greenish-cream flowers with long, drooping sepals and petals. It is one of the tallest spider orchids in Western Australia and, with "Caladenia splendens", has the largest flowers of any Western Australian orchid.

title: Cultural depictions of spiders

text: Giant spiders appear in several role-playing games, such as Lolth, the Spider Queen of "Dungeons & Dragons", and the first edition of "", where spiders are described as being "of staggering size—perhaps 15 feet around—with great furred body." In video games, spiders or spider-shaped foes are common, such as the "Metroid" series where the trilogy's antagonist, Metroid Prime, has a spider-like Metroid as her primary physical form. This trilogy also includes the Ing, antagonists of "," whose warrior forms resemble five-legged spiders. "Atlach-Nacha" is an H-game centered on a spider demon disguising herself as a human. In "The Legend of Zelda" series, giant spiders are a frequent foe. In particular, "Ocarina of Time" features large spiders named Skulltulas, and "Twilight Princess" has an enormous spider boss. A spider-like creature named Muffet is featured in the 2015 video game Undertale.

title: Jba fofi

text: In Congo folklore, the jba fofi or j'ba fofi (Baka: "giant spider"), also known as the Congolese giant spider, is a creature said to exist in the Congo, possibly representing a new species of arachnid. Popular interest in the creature was sparked by the TV series "Monster Quest" in 2008. Although best known for sightings within Africa, purported giant spiders have been reported worldwide.

title: Spiders of Australia

text: Keith McKeown wrote "Spider Wonders of Australia" in 1936, followed by "Australian Spiders: Their Lives and Habits" in 1952 and "Australian Spiders in 1963". Barbara York Main, based in Western Australia, wrote a Jacaranda Pocket Guide in 1964. John Child published Spiders of Australia in 1965. In 1967 V. V. Hickman, contributed "Some Common Spiders of Tasmania". Ion Staunton was author of a factfinder book "All about Australian Spiders" in 1968. Densey Clyne published Australian Spiders in 1969. Ramon Mascord published "Australian Spiders in Colour" in 1970, "Australian Spiders" in 1978 and "Spiders of Australia" in 1980.

title: Giant house spider

text: The giant house spider's original habitat consists mostly of caves, or dry forests where it is found under rocks, but it is a common spider in people's homes.

title: Stirling Range National Park

text:
Deeper shaded gullies support a range ancient species including land snails, trapdoor spiders and giant earthworms that date back over millions of years.[[Category:National parks of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1913]]
[[Category:Australian National Heritage List]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Great Southern (Western Australia)]]

title: The Giant Spider Invasion

text: The film gives major roles to some actors who might have been considered "has-beens" at the time. The leads were Steve Brodie and Barbara Hale, with other roles going to Alan Hale, Jr. and Leslie Parrish. The film's one "Giant Spider" was constructed by covering a Volkswagen automobile with artificial black fur, with the fake legs operated from the inside by seven members of the crew. The back of the car was the front of the monster, and its red tail lights served as the monster's glowing eyes. A few other "giant spiders" were puppets representing spiders as large as dogs, while full-grown tarantulas were used as spider hatchlings.

title: Megadolomedes

text: Megadolomedes is a genus of spider in the family Pisauridae. The genus contains only one species, Megadolomedes australianus, commonly known as the giant water spider. It is one of Australia's largest spiders, with a legspan of up to 18 cm. Found near creeks and ponds, it is capable of running on water. Food includes small fish, tadpoles and aquatic insects. Air is trapped on body and leg hair, allowing them to stay underwater for long periods of time.

title: Caladenia splendens

text: Caladenia splendens, commonly known as the splendid spider orchid, or splendid white spider orchid is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and up to three mostly white flowers with a fringe of long teeth on the sides of the labellum. Along with the giant spider orchid, "Caladenia excelsa" it is the largest of the spider orchids.

title: Jba fofi

text: British cinematographer Richard Terry travelled to the Amazon to investigate reports of giant spiders in the June 13th episode of "Man v. Monster". At a remote village, he was informed that giant spiders lived in holes deep within the jungle. These spiders measured roughly four feet in diameter.

title: Monster from Green Hell

text: In the "Pop Culture; The 1960s" toy line from Remco which featured giant bugs vs. the military, the largest of the mechanical bugs 'Horrible Hamilton' is designed after the giant wasps in this film. Another of the mechanical bug toys in this line included a giant 'ant' or 'spider' which was designed after the giant ants in the film "Them!", 'The Spooky Spider'.

title: Giant house spider

text: With speeds clocked at (1.18 mph), the giant house spider held the Guinness Book of World Records for top spider speed until 1987 when it was displaced by solifugids, although the latter are not true spiders.

title: Earth vs. the Spider

text: Carol and Mike have a hard time convincing the sheriff about the giant spider, but with the help of their science teacher, Mr. Kingman, they return to the cave and find the missing man's body, drained of fluids. The spider attacks again, convincing the sheriff, who orders large amounts of DDT to kill the giant spider. The apparently lifeless body of the spider is taken back to town to the high school gym, where Kingman wants to study it. A group of teenagers uses the gym to practice rock and roll numbers they are going to play for a school dance. The music awakens the giant tarantula and it crashes through the wall of the gym. The janitor, stopping to call the sheriff, is killed.

title: List of Spider-Slayers

text: A giant robotic black widow. The Mark XV attacked Spider-Man and Black Cat while the two were on a building. The Mark XV was easily defeated when the Black Cat cut the web-line it was hanging from, causing it to fall off the building. Revealed to have survived the fall, the Spider-Slayer combined with Marks XVI and XVII to create one giant robot. This amalgamation of Spider-Slayers was destroyed when Spider-Man jammed a live cable into its circuitry.

title: Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

text: The signature spider, giant wood spider and red wood spiders are often seen during the monsoon and soon after. Some hunting spiders like the wolf spiders, crab spiders and lynx spiders are also common.

title: Damage Control (comics)

text: During the "Spider-Island" storyline, Damage Control is seen working with the superheroes to clean up the destruction and chaos caused by the madness of a giant spider monster in the middle of Manhattan. Along with passing out pants to formerly spider-shaped New Yorkers, Damage set to work carting away parts of the Spider Queen's giant arachnid body. At least one Damage Control team had been infiltrated and controlled by the Jackal, a self-admitted mad scientist who wanted DNA from the spider monster.

title: The Giant Spider Invasion

text: The Giant Spider Invasion is a 1975 science fiction horror film directed by Bill Rebane. The film is about giant spiders that terrorize the town of Merrill, Wisconsin and the surrounding area. "The Giant Spider Invasion" was given a U.S. release in theaters in 1975, and was distributed by Group 1 Films. The film received a considerable theatrical run and became one of the fifty top-grossing films of that year. After a three-time ABC television network run, the movie achieved additional exposure many years later, when it was featured in a 1997 episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000". It is now regarded as a cult classic in the B movie realm.

title: Mutant Giant Spider Dog

text: The video features Wardęga's pet dog "Chica" wearing a large spider costume. In the video, people going about daily chores such as putting out a garbage bin or waiting for an elevator are confronted by the "Mutant Giant Spider Dog" and flee.

title: Monstrous spider

text: The large spider, the huge spider, and the giant spider appeared in the "Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set" (1977).