query: Did the SMS Seydlitz sink?

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.[75] Seydlitz slipped beneath the surface at 13:50. On her side and on the bottom in twelve fathoms of water the wreck was frequently mistaken for a small island, and was sold in this condition as scrap to the salvage firm of Cox and Danks, led by Ernest Cox, along with a battleship and twenty-six destroyers. The ship was raised on 2 November 1928, and while still inverted was towed south to be scrapped in Rosyth by 1930. Seydlitz's bell is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial.[5]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: As the evening wore on, visibility steadily decreased for the German ships. Seydlitz's commander, Kapitän zur See von Egidy, later remarked:

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: Seydlitz was launched on 30 March 1912, and was christened by General der Kavallerie Karl Wilhelm Heinrich von Kleist. On 22 May 1913 the ship was commissioned into the German fleet, manned by the crew of the old armored cruiser Yorck, which had been recently transferred to the reserve fleet.[1] After trials, Seydlitz joined the rest of the High Seas Fleet for maneuvers off Helgoland. Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) Franz von Hipper, the commander of the I Scouting Group, raised his flag in the ship on 23 June 1914. The ship served as Hipper's flagship until 26 October 1917.[8]

title: SMS Moltke

text: By 22:15, Hipper was finally able to transfer to "Moltke", and then ordered his ships to steam at towards the head of the German line. However, only "Moltke" and "Seydlitz" were in condition to comply; "Derfflinger" and "Von der Tann" could make at most 18 knots, and so these ships lagged behind. "Moltke" and "Seydlitz" were in the process of steaming to the front of the line when the ships passed close to "Stettin", which forced the ship to drastically slow down to avoid collision. This forced "Frauenlob", "Stuttgart", and "München" to turn to port, which led them into contact with the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron; at a range of , the cruisers on both sides pummeled each other. Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter decided to attempt to lure the British cruisers towards "Moltke" and "Seydlitz". However, nearly simultaneously, the heavily damaged British cruisers broke off the attack. As the light cruisers were disengaging, a torpedo fired by struck "Frauenlob", and the ship exploded. The German formation fell into disarray, and in the confusion, "Seydlitz" lost sight of "Moltke". "Seydlitz" was no longer able to keep up with "Moltke"s , and so detached herself to proceed to the Horns Reef lighthouse independently.

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: At 00:45, Seydlitz was attempting to thread her way through the British fleet, but was sighted by the dreadnought Agincourt and noted as a "ship or Destroyer". Agincourt's captain did not want to risk giving away his ship's position, and so allowed her to pass.[62] By 01:12, Seydlitz had managed to slip through the British fleet, and she was able to head for the safety of Horns Reef.[63] At approximately 03:40, she scraped over Horns Reef. Both of the ship's gyro-compasses had failed, so the light cruiser Pillau was sent to guide the ship home. By 15:30 on 1 June, Seydlitz was in critical condition; the bow was nearly completely submerged, and the only buoyancy that remained in the forward section of the ship was the broadside torpedo room. Preparations were being made to evacuate the wounded crew when a pair of pump steamers arrived on the scene. The ships were able to stabilize Seydlitz's flooding, and the ship managed to limp back to port. She reached the outer Jade river on the morning of 2 June, and on 3 June the ship entered Entrance III of the Wilhelmshaven Lock. At most, Seydlitz had been flooded by 5,308 tonnes (5,224 long tons) of water.[64]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: Following the operation, Seydlitz and the other heavy units of the High Seas Fleet returned to the North Sea. On 11–12 September, Seydlitz and the rest of the I Scouting Group covered a minefield laying operation off Terschelling. On 24 November, the ship ran aground in the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, but was quickly refloated. On 4 December, while exiting the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, Seydlitz became entangled in one of the net barriers. Divers had to remove the tangled nets from the starboard screws.[23]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: On the night of 30 May 1916, Seydlitz and the other four battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group lay in anchor in the Jade roadstead. The following morning, at 02:00CET,[lower-alpha 7] the ships slowly steamed out towards the Skagerrak at a speed of 16 knots (30km/h).[33] By this time, Hipper had transferred his flag from Seydlitz to the newer battlecruiser Lützow. Seydlitz took her place in the center of the line, to the rear of Derfflinger and ahead of Moltke.[33] The II Scouting Group, consisting of the light cruisers Frankfurt, Boedicker's flagship, Wiesbaden, Pillau, and Elbing, and 30 torpedo boats of the II, VI, and IX Flotillas, accompanied Hipper's battlecruisers.[33]

title: Leopold Bürkner

text:
World War I broke out in June 1914.
From 1 August 1914 to 28 September 1915 Bürkner served in various capacities on the battleships SMS "Wettin" and SMS "Schwaben" and the battlecruisers SMS "Seydlitz" and SMS "Moltke". On 22 March 1915 he became a lieutenant. From 29 September 1915 Bürkner was assigned to the Torpedo Boat Division. Bürkner was employed on various torpedo boats from 17 January 1916 until the end of the war.
His last boat was SMS "G39", which was scuttled on 21 June 1919 in Scapa Flow.
Bürkner was taken captive and held until 29 January 1920.

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: On 24–25April 1916, the I Scouting Group undertook another operation to bombard the English coast, this time, the towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft. Hipper was on sick leave, so the German ships were under the command of Konteradmiral Friedrich Boedicker, who flew his flag in Seydlitz. The German battlecruisers Derfflinger, Lützow, Moltke, Seydlitz and Von der Tann left the Jade Estuary at 10:55 on 24 April, and were supported by a screening force of 6 light cruisers and two torpedo boat flotillas.[29] The heavy units of the High Seas Fleet sailed at 13:40, with the objective to provide distant support for Boedicker's ships. The British Admiralty was made aware of the German sortie through the interception of German wireless signals, and deployed the Grand Fleet at 15:50.[29]

title: Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz

text: By Seydlitz's seventh year, he could ride a horse well, raced with older boys, and he was, by most accounts, a wild and high-spirited child. At the age of fourteen he went as a page to the court of the Margrave Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Schwedt, who had been his father's colonel. The Margrave was a grandson of the Great Elector, and a nephew to both Frederick I of Prussia and Leopold of Anhalt Dessau. Himself a reckless man, the "Mad" Margrave inspired in young Seydlitz a passion for feats of daredevil horsemanship. Seydlitz did not limit this passion to horses: the Margrave once dared him to ride a wild stag, which he did. Seydlitz became a skilled horseman, and many stories tell of his feats, the best known of which involved riding between the sails of a windmill in full swing. Seydlitz remained in his position as a page to the Margrave until King Frederick William appointed him as cornet in the Margrave's Cuirassier Regiment No. 5 (his father's old regiment) on 13 February 1740.

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: By 14:00, Boedicker's ships had reached a position off Norderney, at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling. At 15:38, Seydlitz struck a mine, which tore a 15m (50-foot) hole in her hull, just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube. 11 men were killed and 1,400 short tons (1,200 long tons) of water entered the ship. The ship's draft increased 1.4 metres (4.6ft) at the bow of the ship.[29] Seydlitz turned back with the screen of light cruisers at a speed of 15 knots (28km/h). The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage. By 16:00, Seydlitz was clear of imminent danger, so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark. The torpedo boat V28 brought Boedicker to Lützow, and the operation continued as planned. After Boedicker departed the ship, Seydlitz, escorted by a pair of torpedo boats, withdrew southward to the Jade.[30] She was out of service for over a month for repair work due to the mine damage.[31]

title: SMS Von der Tann

text: By 14:00, Boedicker's ships had reached a position off Norderney, at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling. At 15:38, "Seydlitz" struck a mine, which tore a 50-ft (15-m) hole in her hull, just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube, which allowed 1,400-t (1,500-short tons) of water to enter the ship. "Seydlitz" turned back, with the screen of light cruisers, at a speed of 15 knots. The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage. By 16:00, "Seydlitz" was clear of imminent danger, so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark. The torpedo boat brought Boedicker to "Lützow".

title: Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz

text: Seydlitz was generally admired for the superb "coup d'œil" that allowed him to utilize the cavalry to its full potential. His 19th-century biographer, K. A. Varnhagen von Ense, related that Seydlitz lived above all for the service, and promoted the training of his hussars before all else. According to Anton Balthasar König, who wrote in 1780–1790, Seydlitz performed best at taverns and excelled in practical jokes: one would gather that Seydlitz was a drunkard, a rake, and a savage, but another of his biographers, Bernhard von Poten, cited conflicting descriptions offered by Seydlitz's contemporaries, particularly Warnery, as more accurate. Nevertheless, there is some evidence to support König's assertion, at least of Seydlitz's excesses: Seydlitz was no doubt dependent upon his tobacco and had been since his teenage years, although he smoked a pipe rather than using snuff, as many officers did; he was indeed reckless, as his career testified; he enjoyed the company of women; and Seydlitz indeed suffered from recurring illness.

title: Night action at the Battle of Jutland

text: "Seydlitz" was sighted at about 2400 by "Marlborough", who did nothing. The second ship in the squadron, "Revenge" (Captain Kiddle) challenged the unidentified ship, and received the wrong response, but took no action. "Agincourt" (Captain Doughty) at the rear of the line spotted her but "did not challenge her so as not to give our division's position away". Light cruisers "Boadicea" and "Fearless" (Captain Roper) also spotted "Seydlitz", but followed the example of the battleships and did nothing. Roper stated that by the time he could identify the ship, it was too late to fire a torpedo at her ("Fearless" was capable of 25 knots compared to "Seydlitz's" maximum 16 knots because of the damage). "Seydlitz", already badly damaged and unable to put up much of a fight, was able to limp back to Germany.

title: SMS Moltke

text: By 14:00, Boedicker's ships had reached a position off Norderney, at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling. At 15:38, "Seydlitz" struck a naval mine, which tore a 50-foot (15 m) hole in her hull, just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube, allowing 1,400 short tons (1,250 long tons) of water to enter the ship. "Seydlitz" turned back, with the screen of light cruisers, at a speed of . The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage. By 16:00, "Seydlitz" was clear of imminent danger, so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark. The torpedo boat brought Boedicker to "Lützow".

title: Ernest Cox

text: By May 1932, Cox had raised the battlecruisers SMS "Moltke", SMS "Seydlitz", , and SMS "Hindenburg"; the battleships and , and the light cruiser .

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: Seydlitz was 200 meters (656ft 2in) long at the waterline, and 200.6m (658ft 2in) overall. The ship had a beam of 28.5m (93ft 6in), which was increased to 28.8m (94ft 6in) with anti-torpedo nets equipped. She had a draft of 9.29m (30ft 6in) forward and 9.09m (29ft 10in) aft. Seydlitz displaced 24,988 tonnes (24,593 long tons) as designed, and carrying a full load, the ship displaced 28,550 tonnes (28,100 long tons). Seydlitz had a double bottom for 76percent of the length of the hull.[4] The ship carried a number of smaller boats, including one picket boat, three barges, two launches, two yawls, and two dinghies. Seydlitz was described as having been a good sea boat with gentle motion. The ship lost up to 60percent of her speed at a hard rudder, and would heel over to 9degrees. The ship had a standard complement of 43 officers and 1025 men, and when serving as the flagship of I Scouting Group , she was manned by an additional 13 officers and 62 men.[5]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: During the course of the battle, Seydlitz was hit 21 times by heavy-caliber shells, twice by secondary battery shells, and once by a torpedo.[66] The ship suffered a total of 98 of her crew killed and 55 wounded.[67] Seydlitz herself fired 376 main battery shells and scored approximately 10 hits.[64]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: Seydlitz was struck in her forecastle at 10:25, by a 13.5in (343mm) shell from Lion, but this hit did minor damage. At 10:40, Lion hit Seydlitz with another 13.5in shell, which holed the deck and penetrated the rear barbette. The shell itself failed to enter the barbette, but the explosion flashed into the working chamber and detonated the propellant charges inside.[8]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: three high resolution dockyard drawings.

title: SMS Blücher

text: By the time Beatty regained control over his ships, after having boarded , the German ships had too great a lead for the British to catch them; at 13:50, he broke off the chase. Kaiser Wilhelm II was enraged by the destruction of "Blücher" and the near sinking of "Seydlitz", and ordered the High Seas Fleet to remain in harbor. Rear Admiral Eckermann was removed from his post and Admiral Ingenohl was forced to resign. He was replaced by Admiral Hugo von Pohl.Online sources

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: Salvaging Seydlitz also proved difficult, as the ship sank again during the first attempt to raise her, wrecking most of the salvage equipment. Undaunted, Cox tried again, ordering that when she was next raised, news cameras would be there to capture him witnessing the moment. The plan nearly backfired when Seydlitz was accidentally refloated while Cox was holidaying in Switzerland. Cox told the workers to sink her again, then returned to Britain to be present as Seydlitz was duly refloated a third time.[78]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: On 15 June 1916, repair work to Seydlitz began in the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven, and continued until 1 October. The ship then underwent individual training, and rejoined the fleet in November. With his previous flagship Lützow at the bottom of the North Sea, Hipper again raised his flag in Seydlitz. On 4 November, Seydlitz and Moltke, along with the II Division, I Battle Squadron, the III Battle Squadron, and the new battleship Bayern sailed to Bovbjerg on the Danish coast, in order to retrieve the stranded U-boats U-20 and U-30.[64]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: SMS Seydlitz was a battlecruiser of the Imperial German Navy, built in Hamburg.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] She was ordered in 1910 and commissioned in May 1913, the fourth battlecruiser built for the High Seas Fleet. She was named after Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, a Prussian general during the reign of King Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War.[1] Seydlitz represented the culmination of the first generation of German battlecruisers, which had started with the Von der Tann in 1906 and continued with the pair of Moltke-class battlecruisers ordered in 1907 and 1908. Seydlitz featured several incremental improvements over the preceding designs, including a redesigned propulsion system and an improved armor layout. The ship was also significantly larger than her predecessors—at 24,988 metric tons (24,593 long tons; 27,545 short tons), she was approximately 3,000metric tons heavier than the Moltke-class ships.

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: By 22:15, Hipper was finally able to transfer to Moltke, and then ordered his ships to steam at 20 knots (37km/h) towards the head of the German line.[59] Only Seydlitz and Moltke were in condition to comply; Derfflinger and Von der Tann could make at most 18 knots (33km/h), and so these ships lagged behind. Seydlitz and Moltke were in the process of steaming to the front of the line when the ships passed close to Stettin, which forced the ship to drastically slow down to avoid collision. This forced Frauenlob, Stuttgart, and München to turn to port, which led them into contact with the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron; at a range of 800 yards (730m), the cruisers on both sides pummeled each other. Konteradmiral Ludwig von Reuter decided to attempt to lure the British cruisers towards Moltke and Seydlitz. Nearly simultaneously, the heavily damaged British cruisers broke off the attack.[60] As the light cruisers were disengaging, a torpedo fired by Southampton struck Frauenlob, and the ship exploded.[61] The German formation fell into disarray, and in the confusion, Seydlitz lost sight of Moltke. The ship was no longer able to keep up with Moltke's 22knots, and so detached herself to proceed to the Horns Reef lighthouse independently.[61]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: On 3 August 1915, Seydlitz, Moltke, and Von der Tann were transferred to the Baltic with I Reconnaissance Group (AG) to participate in a planned foray into the Riga Gulf. The intention was to destroy the Russian naval forces in the area, including the pre-dreadnought Slava, and to use the minelayer Deutschland to block the entrance to Moon Sound with naval mines. The German forces, under the command of Hipper, included the four Nassau and four Helgoland-class battleships, the battlecruisers Seydlitz, Moltke, and Von der Tann, and a number of smaller craft.[28] Throughout the operation, Seydlitz and the other two battlecruisers remained in the Baltic and provided cover for the assault into the Gulf of Riga.[23]

title: Night action at the Battle of Jutland

text: The battlecruisers were ordered to take positions at the rear behind II Squadron, because of their severe battle damage. Admiral Hipper had been forced to leave his flagship SMS "Lützow" and had some trouble boarding another ship in the course of the battle. At 2115 he boarded SMS "Moltke" and again assumed command, initially mistakenly ordering the ships to move to the head of the column. Only SMS "Seydlitz" and "Moltke" could immediately comply: SMS "Derfflinger" had too many holes to travel at speed, and SMS "Von der Tann" needed to clean ash from her boilers forcing her to steam slowly. When "Derfflinger" and "Von der Tann" drew abreast of the flagship SMS "Friedrich der Grosse", Scheer once again ordered them to the rear. The two joined the end of the German column, but "Seydlitz" and "Moltke" remained out of position initially ahead of the fleet and had to move independently through the British fleet. "Lützow" proceeded southwards behind the fleet for the first couple of hours of the night at the best speed she could manage, seven knots, but eventually sank at 0145.

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: The explosion killed 159 men, and destroyed both of the rear turrets. The fire was prevented from spreading to the shell magazines, which could have destroyed the ship, by the quick action of the executive officer, who ordered both magazines be flooded.[lower-alpha 6] The Pumpenmeister Wilhelm Heidkamp was severely injured when he turned the red-hot valves to flood the magazines.[23] At 11:01, Seydlitz struck back at Lion, and with a single 28cm shell, knocked out two of Lion's engines. Shortly thereafter, a pair of 30.5cm shells fired by Derfflinger struck Lion, one at the waterline. The penetration allowed water to enter the port feed tank—this hit eventually crippled Lion, the sea water contamination forced the ship's crew to shut down the port engine.[24] At 11:25, Seydlitz was struck on her armored belt amidships by a third and final shell, which did little damage.[8]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: During the night of 15 December, the main body of the High Seas Fleet encountered British destroyers. Fearing the prospect of a nighttime torpedo attack, Ingenohl ordered the ships to retreat.[15] Hipper was unaware of Ingenohl's reversal, and so he continued with the bombardment. Upon reaching the British coast, Hipper's battlecruisers split into two groups. Seydlitz, Moltke, and Blücher went north to shell Hartlepool, while Von der Tann and Derfflinger went south to shell Scarborough and Whitby.[16] During the bombardment of Hartlepool, Seydlitz was hit three times and Blücher was hit six times by the coastal battery. Seydlitz suffered only minimal damage, and no casualties.[16] By 09:45 on the 16th, the two groups had reassembled, and they began to retreat eastward.[17]

title: SMS Seydlitz

text: Seydlitz was repaired at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) in Wilhelmshaven from 25 January to 31 March 1915, after which she rejoined the fleet.[8]

title: SMS Derfflinger


query: How long is the Isle of Man Railway line?

title: Isle of Man Railway

text: The Isle of Man Railway (IMR) (Manx: Raad Yiarn Vannin) is a narrow gauge steam-operated railway connecting Douglas with Castletown and Port Erin. The line is 3ft (914mm) narrow gauge and 15.3 miles (24.6km) long. It is the remainder of what was a much larger network (over 46 miles (74km)) that also served the western town of Peel, the northern town of Ramsey and the small mining village of Foxdale. Now in government ownership, it uses original rolling stock and locomotives and there are few concessions to modernity.

title: Manx Electric Railway

text: After the Second World War, the railway struggled financially, and in 1957 it was nationalised at a cost of £50,000 (). A nationalisation livery of green and white was applied to some trams and trailers for a limited time, though this was unpopular and later dropped. A government Board was formed to manage the line and the Snaefell Mountain Railway (and still does so after various changes of title from the original "Manx Electric Railway Board" to "Isle of Man Passenger Transport Board", and now Isle of Man Heritage Railways (the word "heritage" was added in 2009). This is a division of the Department of Infrastructure of the Isle of Man Government, which also operates the island's buses as Bus Vannin).

text: The Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association Ltd (IoMSRSA) is a railway preservationist group dedicated to ensuring the continued operation of the Isle of Man Railway on the Isle of Man. Since its inception in 1966 the group has provided volunteer workers, acted in a watchdog role and undertaken the restoration of the Groudle Glen Railway on the island, as well as supporting projects on the railway and producing a journal "Manx Steam Railway News" regularly.

title: Crosby railway station

text: Crosby Station was an intermediate stop on the Isle of Man Railway; it served the village of Crosby in the Isle of Man and was a stopping place on a line that ran between Douglas and Peel. It was part of the island's first railway line.

title: Peel railway station

text: The station was built by the Isle of Man Railway and opened on 1 July 1873. The station was located at the end of the railway line from Douglas via St John's to the town of Peel. The decision to locate the station by the harbour was taken late in 1872 when the Isle of Man Railway abandoned plans to extend the line to Ramsey. The station building was located next to Peel harbour. A small goods depot was situated next to the platforms, on the side farthest from the harbour.

title: Crosby, Isle of Man

text: The village's historic railway station opened on 1 July 1873 and last operated on 7 September 1968 when the line closed. It was on the Douglas to Peel line of the Isle of Man Railway which now forms the Heritage Trail, following the course of the old line. The station was demolished but the crossing keeper's cottage on the east side is now a shelter for walkers on the trail.

title: Isle of Man Railway level crossings and points of interest

text: Only operational in the last year that the Isle of Man Railway operated the line to Ramsey in 1968. Prior to this it had been nothing more than a farm crossing which boasted its own lodge, still in existence today; the "Wild Life Park" was established here in late 1967 and the railway installed an ad hoc halt here the following year, with temporary platform area and fencing. Today, you cross over the remaining rails in the macadam on the way into the park, and the trackbed stretches out virtually straight either side of you, but the rails are the only hint of the line's existence. At one time there was a siding laid here but little is known of its use and it did not last long. The embankment on which it sat is sometimes visible in a nearby field however.

title: Sulby Bridge railway station

text: Sulby Bridge was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the village of Sulby in the Isle of Man and was an intermediate stopping place on a line that ran between St. John's and Ramsey.

title: Peel railway station

text: Peel Station was a terminus on the Isle of Man Railway; it served the city of Peel in the Isle of Man and was the final stopping place on a line that ran between Douglas and the city. It was part of the island's first railway line.

title: St John's, Isle of Man

text:
The village is on the A1 Douglas to Peel road. It is also close to the junction with the A3, which leads in a southerly direction to Foxdale and Castletown, and northerly to Kirk Michael, Ballaugh, Sulby and Ramsey. It is thus conveniently located for access from all parts of the island (even before these roads were built), which is believed to have been a consideration in the original location of Tynwald here.
The village's railway station has long since closed. In its day it was a major railway junction, in the context of the Isle of Man: it was on the Isle of Man Railway (Peel line), the Manx Northern Railway and the Foxdale Railway. The trackbed of the Isle of Man Railway is now used as a footpath, named the Steam Heritage Trail.

title: Ballaugh railway station

text: Ballaugh Station was a mandatory stopping place on the Manx Northern Railway that ran between St. John's and Ramsey in the Isle of Man. It opened when the line was opened and was later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the village of Ballaugh.

title: Port Soderick railway station

text: Port Soderick Railway Station is the first station on the Port Erin line of the Isle of Man Railway and is located near the settlement of the same name on the Isle of Man. It forms part of the sole remaining section of the railway which once served a 46-mile network across the island.

title: Isle of Man Railway stations

text: This article details each of the lines operated by the Isle of Man Railway, including the original line to Peel in the west, opened in 1873, followed by the Port Erin line the following year (which is still fully operational today), as well as the Manx Northern Railway's line between St John's and Ramsey and the Foxdale Railway's line between St John's and Foxdale (the latter two of which were independent companies bought out in 1905 by the Isle Of Man Railway Company.

title: Sulby Glen railway station

text: Sulby Glen was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the village of Sulby in the Isle of Man and was an intermediate stopping place on a line that ran between St. John's and Ramsey.

title: Gob-y-Deigan railway station

text: Gob-Y-Deigan was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served a beach near Kirk Michael in the Isle of Man and was an intermediate stopping place on a line that ran between St. John's and Ramsey.

title: Bishop's Court railway station

text: Bishop's Court Halt was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the residence of the local bishop in the Isle of Man and was a stopping place on a line that ran between St. John's and Ramsey.

title: Union Mills railway station

text: Union Mills Railway Station was an intermediate stop on the Isle of Man Railway; it served the village of Union Mills in the Isle of Man and was a stopping place on a line that ran between Douglas and Peel. It was part of the island's first railway line and the first official stopping place.

text: One of the characteristics of the Isle of Man Railway are the numerous level crossings and farm crossings along the various routes; many smaller crossing places are marked only by gates the criss-cross farm land and provide access to individual private roads which connect the farms to the main roads. Being largely rural in nature the railway has many of these scattered along the existing South Line, and there were, as one might expect, many more on the closed sections of the railway. These can be summarised as follows, along with other points of interest along the line not covered in the Isle of Man Railway stations section:-

title: Douglas Railway Station

text: Douglas Railway Station is the main terminus of the Isle of Man Railway and is located at the landward end of the quay in Douglas, the capital of the Isle of Man. It was once the hub for now closed lines to Peel, Ramsey and Foxdale.

title: West Berk railway station

text: West Berk was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served a small area near Kirk Michael in the Isle of Man and was an intermediate stopping place on a line that ran between St. John's and Ramsey.

title: Peel Road railway station

text: Peel Road was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the area known as Poortown in the Isle of Man and was an intermediate stopping place on a line that ran between St. John's and Ramsey.

title: Isle of Man Railway Museum

text: The Isle of Man Railway Museum in the village of Port Erin in the Isle of Man is a small display that shows the history of the Isle of Man Railway through exhibits and visual displays which chart the history of the railway from its opening in 1873 until the present day, covering the now-closed lines that served Peel, Ramsey and Foxdale as well as the remaining line to Port Erin to which it forms part of the southern terminus.

title: Port St Mary railway station

text: Port St Mary Railway Station is a station in Port St Mary in the south of the Isle of Man and is served by the Isle of Man Railway, having first opened in 1874 when the line to nearby Port Erin was completed. It forms part of the sole remaining section of the railway which once covered a network of some 46 miles across the island.

title: Ramsey railway station (Isle of Man Railway)

text: Under the original Manx Northern Railway operations, trains ran to St. John's, where there was a junction with the Isle of Man Railway's Peel to Douglas line. Some trains continued on to Douglas by agreement with the other company, and by 1888 when the northern company was struggling financially, the larger company took responsibility for all operational activities, ultimately taking over the whole line in 1905. Owing to the close proximity of the railway-owned Glen Wyllin Pleasure Grounds some services terminated at Kirk Michael from here. After the merger, through services to Douglas and stations on the south line were offered. During the wars the north line was busy with troop carrying trains which started from here.

text: Ramsey Station was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the town of Ramsey in the Isle of Man, and was the terminus of a line that ran between St. John's and this station, which was the railway's headquarters.

title: St. Germain's railway station

text: St Germain's was a station on the Manx Northern Railway, later owned and operated by the Isle of Man Railway; it served the small village of the same name in the Isle of Man and was an intermediate stopping place on a line that ran between St John's and Ramsey.

title: History of the Far North of Scotland Railway Line

text:
The long main line of the Far North Line ran through sparsely populated terrain, and the provision of branch lines was of limited commercial value. There was an important main branch, and three local branches, of which two were light railways. Taking them from south to north, they were as follows.
The Black Isle lies between Nairn and Invergordon, with relatively moderate salt water crossings of the Moray Forth and Cromarty Firth. The Great North of Scotland attempted to get access to Inverness by a railway crossing the Black Isle, and as a tactical move the Highland Railway promoted a branch line to Fortrose from Muir of Ord. The line opened in 1894, but was never economically significant. Passenger services were withdrawn in 1951 and the line closed completely in 1960.
The importance of reaching the West Coast led to the promotion of the "Dingwall and Skye Railway". Authorised in 1865 the long line was to branch from the Far North Line at Dingwall and run to Kyle of Lochalsh, facing the Isle of Skye across Kyle Akin. The line faced serious money problems and was also excluded from Strathpeffer by the intransigence of a local land owner there. The line opened as far as Stromeferry, on Loch Carron, in 1870. Kyle of Lochalsh was finally reached in 1897, and continues in operation today.
The Light Railways Act 1896 was passed with the intention of encouraging minor local railways that might not be able to finance full scale Parliamentary Bills.

title: Rail transport in the Isle of Man

text: The Isle of Man has a rich transport heritage and boasts the largest narrow-gauge railway network in the British Isles with several historic railways and tramways still in operation. These operate largely to what is known as "Manx Standard Gauge" ( narrow gauge) and together they comprise about of Victorian railways and tramways. The Isle of Man Railway Museum in Port Erin allows people to find out more about the history of the Manx railways, and was until 1998 accompanied by a similar museum in Ramsey, which was dedicated to the history of the electric line, but this was closed and converted into a youth club. The steam railway to the south of the island, electric to the north and mountain line to the summit of Snaefell, the island's only mountain, are all government-owned, and operated under the title "Isle of Man Railways", as a division of the island's Department of Infrastructure. The lines at Groudle Glen and Curraghs Wildlife Park are both privately owned but open to the public.

title: British narrow-gauge railways

text: Several significant lines operate on the Isle of Man. The gauge Isle of Man Steam Railway operates as a tourist attraction. The Manx Electric Railway has the two oldest operating electric trams in the world. The gauge Snaefell Mountain Railway climbs the island's main peak and is the sole operating Fell system railway in the world.

title: Isle of Man Railway

text: Formed in 1870 with the first line following three years later, the Isle of Man Railway Company operated services until 1977 (see below) merging with the Manx Northern Railway and Foxdale Railway in 1905. The railway is now marketed as the Steam Railway to differentiate it from the Manx Electric Railway, operated by the same department. It was marketed as "Isle of Man Railway" until closure in 1965. From 1969 to 1972, it operated as the Isle of Mann Victorian Steam Railway Company Limited, reverting to Isle of Man Railway. When nationalised in 1978 it fell under the banner of "Isle of Man Railway<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[8091,8098,3,3]}'>s", along with the Manx Electric Railway. Re-branding to Isle of Man Passenger Transport took place from 1984 but the steam line was not affected, and this reverted to Isle of Man Railways from 1990, when a re-branding exercise took place with the emphasis on the Victorian origins of the railway. A change in management style occurred in 1999, and trains, trams and buses were presented as Isle of Man Transport. The electric railway was affected more by this change, with a series of non-historical and modern liveries, but in 2007 this was changed and the railway is marketed once more as the Isle of Man Railway. In keeping with the historical aspect, coaches and locomotives carry original names and transfers. The banner heading of all the railways was again changed in 2009 and became collectively known as Isle of Man Heritage Railways, although the "heritage" tag has been dropped latterly. Joint timetabling with the Manx Electric Railway sees the line titled as the Steam Railway in marketing material.


query: Who was Elizabeth the Great?

title: Elizabeth of Russia

text: Elizabeth Petrovna (Russian: Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (29 December[O.S. 18 December]1709 – 5 January 1762[O.S. 25 December 1761]), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death. She led the country during the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) and the Seven Years' War (1756–63).

title: Elizabeth Cheney (gentry)

text: Elizabeth Cheney (April 1422 – 25 September 1473) was a member of the English gentry, who, by dint of her two marriages, was the great-grandmother of Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, and Catherine Howard, three of the wives of King Henry VIII of England, thus making her great-great-grandmother to King Edward VI, the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, and Elizabeth I, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She was also the great-grandmother of Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. Her first husband was Sir Frederick Tilney, and her second husband was Sir John Say, Speaker of the House of Commons. She produced a total of eight children from both marriages.

title: Margaret Bryan

text: The only children Margaret Bryan had were from her marriage to Sir Thomas Bryan. Three of their surviving children were: Margaret Bryan, who married Sir Henry Guildford, Elizabeth Bryan, who became the wife of Sir Nicholas Carew, and Sir Francis Bryan, who became Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. Through her daughter, Elizabeth, she was the great-grandmother of Elizabeth Throckmorton, Lady Raleigh, wife to Walter Raleigh and chief lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth I.

title: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (née Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity. To strengthen his claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latter's son should marry the former's eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York. Henry Tudor agreed to this plan and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France. A month earlier, an uprising in his favour, led by Buckingham, had been crushed.

title: George Bowes

text: Much later, Bowes married Mary Gilbert in 1743. They had one daughter, Mary Eleanor Bowes, born 24 February 1748 (old style)/1749 (new style). She married John Lyon, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, who later took the name "Bowes", as a condition of the will of George Bowes, in order to inherit the Bowes estate. They formed the Bowes-Lyon family, one of whose descendants was the late Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Hence, George Bowes is the present Queen Elizabeth II's great-great-great-great-great-grandfather.

title: Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton

text: Her paternal great-grandfather, Humphrey Vernon, was the grandson of John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Butler, the daughter of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond. Humphrey's wife, Alice Ludlow, was the great-great-great-granddaughter of Henry IV of England through his son Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. By her mother, Elizabeth was the great-granddaughter of Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford and his wife Lady Mary Grey, daughter of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset and his wife Cecily Bonville. By her mother, Elizabeth was also a great-granddaughter of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Lady Anne Stafford, daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and his wife Lady Katherine Woodville.

title: Elizabeth of Töss

text: However, literary scholars Alexandra Barratt and Sarah McNamer have argued for the correct attribution of the Revelations of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary to Elizabeth of Töss. In the past the Revelations had been attributed to Elizabeth of Thuringia, who was well known as a widowed mother of three, devoted to poverty and care of the poor, and a lay member of the Third Order of St. Francis – but not, according to any early sources, inclined to mysticism. It is her lesser-known great-niece Elizabeth of Töss who seems the more likely Elizabeth of the Revelations: according to her vita written by fellow nun Elsbeth Stagel, she fostered a deep devotion to the Virgin Mary and was admired for her extreme piety and her visions.

title: Elizabeth le Despenser

text: Elizabeth Despenser (died 10 April/11 April 1408) was an English noblewoman of the late 14th century. She should not be confused with Elizabeth le Despenser, Baroness Berkeley who was her great-aunt and who was the daughter of her great-grandmother, Eleanor de Clare. She was the daughter of Sir Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer, by Lady Elizabeth Burghersh, daughter and heiress of Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh.

title: Elizabeth Ann Linley

text: The Sheridans had a tempestuous marriage as they were an ill-matched couple; Sheridan preferred city life in contrast to Elizabeth's love of the countryside. After several miscarriages and a stillborn baby on 6 May 1777, the couple had a son, Thomas (Tom), who was born in mid-November 1775. Sheridan had several affairs, as did Elizabeth, and they spent a great deal of time apart. By the time she was 36, in 1790, Elizabeth was showing signs of ill-health but had to maintain the appearance of an involvement with London society. While visiting Devonshire House Elizabeth met Lord Edward FitzGerald and they became lovers. She conceived a child by him, a baby girl who was born on 30 March 1792. The trauma of childbirth exacerbated Elizabeth's illness and she died of tuberculosis on 28 June 1792. Elizabeth was buried at Wells Cathedral on 7 July 1792.

title: John Southcote

text: A descendant, George Southcote of Blyborough, Lincolnshire, became Sir George Southcote, 1st Baronet on 1 January 1662. The baronetcy became extinct in 1691. A great-great-grandson of the judge, Sir Edward Southcote of Witham Place, wrote a family memoir that was published in the 19th century. His descent was via John (died 1637), son of the judge, who married Magdalen Walgrave; their son Edward who married Elizabeth Seaborne; their son Sir John who married Elizabeth, daughter of Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar. He himself married Juliana Tyrwhitt, daughter of Sir Philip Tyrwhitt, 4th Baronet.

title: Miracle of the roses

text: Very much the same story is told of Elizabeth of Portugal, also known as Elizabeth of Aragon (1271–4 July 1336), who was the great-niece of Elizabeth of Hungary. Married to the profligate King Denis of Portugal, she, like her great-aunt, showed great devotion at an early age, and likewise was charitable toward the poor, against the wishes of her husband. Caught one day by her husband, while carrying bread in her apron, the food was turned into roses. Since this occurred in January, King Denis reportedly had no response and let his wife continue. The story is somewhat apocryphal; while it shows up in popular versions of the saint's life, the account is missing from more authoritative sources such as the revised 1991 edition of Alban Butler's "Lives of the Saints".

title: Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon

text: Lady Elizabeth was born and baptised on 6 January 1588, in Knowsley, Lancashire, the third and youngest daughter, and co-heir of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, Lord of Mann, and Alice Spencer (4 May 1559 -January 1637). As the great-great-granddaughter of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, the younger sister of King Henry VIII, Elizabeth became, after the death of her grandmother, Lady Margaret Clifford in 1596, third in line of succession to the English throne. Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, Elizabeth and her older sisters, Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven, heir presumptive, and Lady Frances Stanley were passed over in favour of King James VI of Scotland, who was descended from King Henry's elder sister Margaret Tudor.

title: Elizabeth Subercaseaux

text: Elizabeth Subercaseaux grew up near Cauqenes, Chile at her grandparents' home called Santa Clara. Subercaseaux's father died in 1956, when he was 42 years old and she was 11. The five children of the marriage – Bernardo and Juan, older than Elizabeth, and Martin and Ximena, younger – were brought up by their mother, the sculptor, painter, and photographer Gerda Sommerhoff, who was born in Germany and grew up in Holland. She is the great-great-granddaughter of the German composer Robert Schumann and Clara Wieck.

title: Felix Booth

text: Five generations later, John Booth of Killingholme born abt 1555 married Martha Butler in abt 1573 at Goxhill and they had four offspring, from which their son George Booth b 1582 married Elizabeth Monkton in abt 1605 at Killingholme. Their son William Booth b 1608 married Elizabeth Wright on 13 June 1631 at Market Rasen. William and Elizabeth Booth's marriage produced ten offspring, from which their son Thomas Booth b 1637 (who would become Sir Felix Booth's 2x great-grandfather) married Elizabeth Middlemore on 23 November 1670 at Market Rasen, producing four sons and four daughters: their first son John Booth b 1672 (who would become Sir Felix Booth's 1x great-grandfather) marrying Elizabeth Sanderson on 20 June 1700 at Ulceby, their third son Robert Booth b 1677 marrying Lady Katherine Clinton, daughter of Francis Clinton, 6th Earl of Lincoln and their fourth son Very Rev Penyston Booth marrying Katherine Jones, daughter of Canon Edward Jones.

title: Murrough na dTuadh Ó Flaithbheartaigh

text: Great-great-great-grandson of Brian na Noinseach, son of Donall na Comthach Ó Flaithbheartaigh (who was in turn a great-great grandson of Ruaidri of Lough Cime). Appointed Chief of the Name by Elizabeth I. Included in the 1585 Composition of Connacht.

title: Elizabeth of Russia

text: Empress Elizabeth has appeared numerous times in dramatizations of Catherine II's life. The 1934 film Catherine the Great (based on the play The Czarina by Lajos Bíró and Melchior Lengyel) stars Flora Robson as Elizabeth. 1934 also saw the release of The Scarlet Empress, another filmed version of Catherine the Great's story, this time with Louise Dresser in the role of Elizabeth. She was played by Olga Chekhova in the 1936 German film The Empress's Favourite. The 1991 TV miniseries Young Catherine features Vanessa Redgrave in the role. Jeanne Moreau portrayed Elizabeth in the 1995 television movie Catherine the Great. She is also a major character in several episodes of the Japanese animated series, Le Chevalier D'Eon. Elizabeth appears as a character in the historical-fiction novel "The Winter Palace" by Eva Stachniak and as a character in the novel "The Mirrored World" by Debra Dean. Elizabeth appears as a character in the historical novel "A Princess at the Court of Russia" by Eva Martens. In Catherine, a 2014 Russia-1 television mini-series mainly focused on the future Empress Catherine the Great, Empress Elizabeth is played by Julia Aug.

title: Elizabeth Post

text: Born the third child of Allen Ledyard Lindley and Elizabeth Ellsworth Lindley, she was the great-granddaughter of Cyrus Field. Elizabeth Lindley's first husband was Lt. George Eustis Cookman, USN, who was killed in action in 1943. They had one son, Allen, who took his stepfathers last name. She married William Goadby Post, the only grandchild of Emily Post, in 1944.

title: Elizabeth Lavenza

text: In Mel Brooks' 1974 film "Young Frankenstein", Elizabeth (Madeline Kahn) is a tightly wound socialite who is engaged to Dr. Frederick Frankenstein (Gene Wilder). When Frederick inherits his great-grandfather's estate in Transylvania, Elizabeth sees him off at the train station. Although Frederick tries to be affectionate, Elizabeth recoils from physical touching out of fear that it might smear lipstick, wrinkle her dress, or mess up her hair.

title: Elizabeth Isham

text: Another driving force behind Elizabeth's interest in herbals and medicine was the fact that her great-grandmother and aunt had notable skills in medicine. Not only was Elizabeth's great-grandmother a skilled surgeon, Elizabeth's aunt was a strong motivator to drive her to pursue herbal knowledge through borrowed books. Elizabeth had great interest in gardening and from there she sought to learn more about herbals through gardening books. It was uncommon to see women during this era attend schools to obtain an education, but elite women did have an opportunity to learn Latin with tutors at home. However, Elizabeth went on to pursue learning more about herbals rather than Latin. She also attempted to learn French to acclimate with the women of the London society, but never completed her lessons. Elizabeth's familial inheritance of females who already had medical knowledge, gave her the “authoritative background” necessary to pursue her interest in herbalism. Herbalism might have also been a part of Elizabeth's religious life as another part of her “religious calling/duty” to help others. Elizabeth interpreted that “surrounding all is Christ’s example providing ‘the way.’” Being a very religious individual, she found a voice through God that this was her calling in life. There has also been “evidence that Isham was taking medical notes well into the 1640s, particularly from a translation of Giovanni da Vigo, the surgeon…” Elizabeth also noted what was incorporated in her mother's cordials as well as in food such as meat and they included: rosemary, sage, marjoram, betony, and sassafras. She wrote many of these notes through her practice and observations rather than from her memory. Elizabeth found her own voice as an individual by her choice to practice herbalism, which was a far greater importance to her rather than learning Latin.

title: Dorothy Bentinck, Duchess of Portland

text: Bentinck is a great-great-great-grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II (see ancestry of Elizabeth II)

title: Anne of Windy Poplars

text: Elizabeth Grayson - A lonely and unhappy child that lives next door to Anne. She is being raised by her Great-Grandmother and her Great Grandmother's elderly housekeeper, whom Elizabeth calls "The Woman". Her father left her to work overseas when Elizabeth's mother died. Elizabeth changes her name, calling herself Lizzie or Bess, based on her mood. She worships Anne and Anne, in turn, loves and cares for Elizabeth. Anne tries to find ways to bring joy to Elizabeth's life.

title: Elizabeth of Russia

text: The great event of Elizabeth's later years was the Seven Years' War. Elizabeth regarded the Convention of Westminster (16 January 1756) in which Great Britain and Prussia agreed to unite their forces to oppose the entry of or the passage through Germany of troops of every foreign power, as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great Britain and Russia. Elizabeth sided against Prussia over a personal dislike of Frederick the Great.[20] She wanted him reduced within proper limits so that he might no longer be a danger to the empire. Elizabeth acceded to the Treaty of Versailles, thus entering into an alliance with France and Austria against Prussia. On 17 May 1757 the Russian army, 85,000 strong, advanced against Königsberg.[24]

title: John Acland (died 1620)

text: Acland married twice, but left no surviving children. His first wife was Elizabeth Rolle, a daughter of the wealthy George Rolle, of Stevenstone near Great Torrington in Devon, and the widow of Robert Mallet, of Woolleigh, Beaford, near Great Torrington in the same county. During Elizabeth's lifetime the couple lived at Woolleigh. It was probably due to Elizabeth's wealth that Acland was able to purchase the manor of Columb John in the parish of Broadclyst. On his monument in Broadclyst Church a kneeling effigy representing Elizabeth Rolle kneels by his head, below a heraldic escutcheon displaying the arms of Rolle. By Elizabeth he had only one child, a daughter named Dorothy who died an infant.

title: John Thorndike

text: Thorndike was a farmer and cowherd from Great Carlton, Lincolnshire, England. He and his wife Elizabeth Stratton may have been among the emigrants who sailed to America on the "Arbella" in 1630. Other sources indicate that John Thorndike emigrated to America in 1632 and that Elizabeth Stratton emigrated to America in 1635 along with her mother and brother. The Thorndikes settled in the area around Ipswich. They were the parents of seven children including Elizabeth Thorndike, who later became the second wife of John Proctor who was executed as a witch during the Salem Witch Trials.

title: Queen Elizabeth II Great Court

text: The Queen Elizabeth II Great Court, commonly referred to simply as the Great Court, is the covered central quadrangle of the British Museum in London. It was redeveloped during the late 1990s to a design by Foster and Partners, from a 1970s design by Colin St John Wilson. The court was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000.

title: Elizabeth Whately

text: A further Oxford connection was the Rev. James Pope, Elizabeth's uncle, a Fellow of St John's College and evangelical, who became vicar of Great Staughton.

title: Monarchy of Fiji

text: In 1998, the Great Council of Chiefs debated Elizabeth II's role as "supreme tribal chief". In 2002, on behalf of the Council, the Council's chairman, "Ratu" Epeli Ganilau, the son of "Ratu" Sir Penaia Ganilau, declared that Elizabeth II was still the traditional Queen or paramount chief of Fiji or "Tui Viti", even though this position no longer conferred any constitutional prerogatives and it was "not widely known that she is the paramount chief of Fiji in the traditional sense; only some of the council members remembered her status". The majority of the members of the Council were descendants and blood relatives of the chiefs who ceded Fiji to Queen Victoria, Elizabeth's great-great-grandmother, in 1874. Consequently, while Fiji is a republic, a monarch or paramount chief was recognised by traditional tribal structures.

title: Elizabeth Bolden

text: Jones married Louis Bolden in 1908, and their first child, a son, Ezell, was born on September 21, 1909. Elizabeth and Lewis Bolden had three sons and four daughters and raised cotton and subsistence crops on farmland near Memphis until the 1950s. Only two daughters were still alive as of her death in 2006; they were Esther Rhodes, who died in 2007 at age 90, and Mamie Brittmon, who died in 2009, aged 89. At the time of her 116th birthday in August 2006, Bolden had 40 grandchildren, 75 great-grandchildren, 150 great-great-grandchildren, 220 great-great-great grandchildren and 75 great-great-great-great-grandchildren.

title: Elizabeth Cary, Viscountess Falkland

text: Elizabeth Tanfield was born in 1585 or 1586 at Burford Priory in Oxfordshire, the only child of Sir Lawrence Tanfield and his wife Elizabeth Symondes of Norfolk. Her father was a lawyer, who eventually became a judge and Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Her parents were very supportive of their daughter's love for reading and learning, which was so great that her mother forbade the servants from giving Elizabeth candles to read by at night.

title: Elizabeth Bishop House

text: The Elizabeth Bishop House, also known as the Bulmer House, is an historic single-family house that today is used as an artists' retreat in Great Village, Nova Scotia. The house is associated with Pulitzer Prize winning author Elizabeth Bishop who in her youth lived in the house each summer with her maternal grandparents, William Brown Bulmer and Elizabeth (Hutchinson) Bulmer. Bishop based many of her stories (such as "In the Village") and poems (such as "Filling Station") on aspects of Great Village and Nova Scotia. Although the Bulmers bought the property in 1874, it is not known when it was built. On May 21, 1997, the Bulmer House was recognized as a Nova Scotia Provincially Recognized Heritage Site for its connection to Elizabeth Bishop and her writings as well as for its architectural significance; it is a good example of a typical -storey Classical Revival dwelling dating from between 1800 and 1850, a type common to rural Nova Scotia.

title: William Overton Callis

text: Anne was the great great great granddaughter of Captain Thomas Todd who married Elizabeth Bernard making her a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln. Thomas and Elizabeth were also the great great grandparents of Presidents James Madison and Zachary Taylor.


query: What is the average length of a woman's period?

title: Menstrual cycle

text: The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.[5] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[6] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 35 days in adults (an average of 28 days[6][7][8]). Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.[9] Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.[6]

title: Alika Kinan

text: Over a period of two years, the city of Ushuaia issued seventy health books to Black & White. Since each health book represents a new employee, the nightclub was recruiting about three new employees every month. Assuming that the nightclub employed an average of eighteen women over that two year time period, the average period of employment would be about six months. Once the nightclub hired a woman, it would need to recruit her replacement six months later.

title: Miniopterus mahafaliensis

text: In 66 to 74 specimens measured by Goodman and colleagues, total length was 87 to 96 mm (3.4 to 3.8 in), averaging 91.1 mm (3.59 in); tail length was 38 to 48 mm (1.5 to 1.9 in), averaging 42.4 mm (1.67 in); hindfoot length is 6 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in), averaging 6.3 mm (0.25 in); tragus length was 5 to 6 mm (0.2 to 0.2 in), averaging 5.8 mm (0.23 in); ear length was 9 to 11 mm (about 0.4 in), averaging 9.4 mm (0.37 in); forearm length was 35 to 40 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in), averaging 37.4 mm (1.47 in); and body mass was 3.8 to 7.3 g (0.13 to 0.26 oz), averaging 4.9 g (0.17 oz). There is no evidence for substantial size differences between males and females.

title: North Texas

text: The average length of the warm season (freeze-free period) is about 249 days. The average last occurrence of 32 °F (0 °C) or below is mid March and the average first occurrence of 32 °F or below is in late November.

title: American Woman (TV series)

text: The series has received a mixed reception from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 44% approval rating with an average rating of 5.36 out of 10 based on 18 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Stereotypes and ambiguity shadow the well-meaning intentions of "American Woman", though the nostalgic period setting is cute." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 48 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."

title: Available seat miles

text: Again, RASM comparisons across periods or across airlines also need to be made with care. All else being equal, revenue generally increases with average stage length. However, revenue generally does not increase as quickly as stage length, meaning that RASM typically decreases as average stage length increases.

title: Calvo (staggered) contracts

text: That is, the completed length of contracts is twice the average age minus 1. Thus, for example, if "h"= 0.25, 25% of prices change each period. At any time, the average age of prices will be 4 periods. However, the corresponding average completed length of contracts is 7 periods.

title: Baumol–Tobin model

text: The average holdings of money during the period depend on the number of withdrawals made. Suppose that all income is withdrawn at the beginning (N=1) and spent over the entire period. In that case the individual starts with money holdings equal to Y and ends the period with money holdings of zero. Normalizing the length of the period to 1, average money holdings are equal to Y/2. If an individual initially withdraws half her income, formula_9, spends it, then in the middle of the period goes back to the bank and withdraws the rest she has made two withdrawals (N=2) and her average money holdings are equal to formula_10. In general, the person’s average money holdings will equal formula_11.

title: Average path length

text: The average path length distinguishes an easily negotiable network from one, which is complicated and inefficient, with a shorter average path length being more desirable. However, the average path length is simply what the path length will most likely be. The network itself might have some very remotely connected nodes and many nodes, which are neighbors of each other.

title: Deoni cattle

text: Cows of this breed are moderately good milkers, yielding about 1135 kg in a lactation period of 300 days. Well-bred herds in farms yield on an average up to 1580 kg during the same period. (Sastry, 2005). Government farms in Maharashtra have reported that Deoni cows have an average age at first calving at 1586.9 ± 29.4 days, lactation milk yield of 859.1 ± 23.6 lit, lactation length of 280.5 ± 4.6 days, and dry period of 173.3 ± 7.4 days. (Singhal, 1980). The attainable yield per lactation in Deoni cows is reported to be 880 kg. The average fat content in the milk of Deoni cows was 4.3 percent.

title: Length of stay

text: A common statistic associated with length of stay is the average length of stay (ALOS), a mean calculated by dividing the sum of inpatient days by the number of patients admissions with the same diagnosis-related group classification. A variation in the calculation of ALOS can be to consider only length of stay during the period under analysis.

title: Lactational amenorrhea

text: Return of menstruation following childbirth varies widely among individuals. This return does not necessarily mean a woman has begun to ovulate again. The first postpartum ovulatory cycle might occur before the first menses following childbirth or during subsequent cycles. A strong relationship has been observed between the amount of suckling and the contraceptive effect, such that the combination of feeding on demand rather than on a schedule and feeding only breast milk rather than supplementing the diet with other foods will greatly extend the period of effective contraception. In fact, it was found that among the Hutterites, more frequent bouts of nursing, in addition to maintenance of feeding in the night hours, led to longer lactational amenorrhea. An additional study that references this phenomenon cross-culturally was completed in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and has similar findings. Mothers who breastfed exclusively longer showed a longer span of lactational amenorrhea, ranging from an average of 5.3 months in mothers who breastfed exclusively for only two months to an average of 9.6 months in mothers who did so for six months. Another factor shown to affect the length of amenorrhea was the mother's age. The older a woman was, the longer period of lactational amenorrhea she demonstrated. The same increase in length was found in multiparous women as opposed to primiparous. With regards to the use of breastfeeding as a form of contraception, most women who choose not to breastfeed will resume regular menstrual cycling within 1.5 to 2 months following parturition. Furthermore, the closer a woman's behavior is to the Seven Standards of ecological breastfeeding, the later (on average) her cycles will return. Overall, there are many factors including frequency of nursing, mother's age, parity, and introduction of supplemental foods into the infant's diet among others which can influence return of fecundity following pregnancy and childbirth and thus the contraceptive benefits of lactational amenorrhea are not always reliable but are evident and variable among women. Couples who desire spacing of 18 to 30 months between children can often achieve this through breastfeeding alone, though this is not a foolproof method as return of menses is unpredictable and conception can occur in the weeks preceding the first menses.

title: Luteal phase

text: The human luteal phase lasts between ten and sixteen days, the average being fourteen days. Luteal phases of less than twelve days may make it more difficult to achieve pregnancy. While luteal phase length varies significantly from woman to woman, for the same woman the length will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle.

title: Volume (finance)

text: The average volume of a security over a longer period of time is the total amount traded in that period, divided by the length of the period. Therefore, the unit of measurement for average volume is shares per unit of time, typically per trading day.

title: Oryzomys albiventer

text: In twelve specimens, total length is , averaging ; head and body length is , averaging ; tail length is , averaging ; hindfoot length is , averaging ; and skull length (occipitonasal length) is , averaging .

title: Temporal mean

text: The temporal mean is the arithmetic mean of a series of values over a time period. Assuming equidistant measuring or sampling times, it can be computed as the sum of the values over a period divided by the number of values. A simple moving average can be considered to be a sequence of temporal means over periods of equal duration. (If the time variable is continuous, the average value during the time period is the integral over the period divided by the length of the duration of the period.)

title: Miniopterus brachytragos

text: In 28 to 30 specimens measured by Goodman and colleagues, total length was , averaging ; tail length was , averaging ; hindfoot length was 5 to 6 mm (about 0.2 in), averaging ; tragus length was , averaging ; ear length was 9 to 11 mm (about 0.4 in), averaging ; forearm length was , averaging ; and body mass was , averaging . There is no evidence for substantial size differences between males and females.

title: Brown greater galago

text: The brown greater galago has a head-and-body length of 26 to 47 cm (32 cm on average), a tail length of 29 to 55 cm, and a weight of 0.5 to 2 kg. The brown greater galago exhibits sexual size dimorphism with males being larger than the females. This is due to bimaturism, a longer period of growth in the male, on average 84.5 more days. While males and females galagos grow at the same rate, this longer growth period results in males averaging 16% more body mass than females. On average females weigh , and males .

title: Oryzomys peninsulae

text: In fourteen specimens measured by Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, total length was , averaging ; head and body length was , averaging ; tail length was , averaging ; hindfoot length was , averaging ; and occipitonasal length (a measure of total skull length) was , averaging .

title: Northern greater galago

text: The northern greater galago has a head-and-body length of 23–34 cm (26 cm average), a tail length of 31–44 cm (average 36 cm) and body weight of 0.5–1 kg (mean 0.75 kg). This species exhibits significant degree of sexual size dimorphism with males larger than the females. This is due to bimaturism, where males have a longer period of growth and have an average 19% greater body mass than females. The average male is 794 g and the average adult female is 734 g.

title: Empire of the Moghul

text: Newly crowned Jahangir has literally everything a king wants. But what could he do to stop his eldest son from committing the gravest mistake - rebelling? And to what lengths would he travel to get what he so earnestly wants - the one woman he unconditionally loves? And to what lengths would she herself go to ensure her position as the real power behind the throne?

title: DECbit

text: When a router wants to signal congestion to the sender, it adds a bit in the header of packets sent. When a packet arrives at the router, the router calculates the average queue length for the last (busy + idle) period plus the current busy period. (The router is "busy" when it is transmitting packets, and "idle" otherwise). When the average queue length exceeds 1, then the router sets the congestion indication bit in the packet header of arriving packets.

title: Public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment

text: "Average amounts": The average loan amount in 2011 was €100,000, the average self-financing was 27.9% and the average length of loan period was 15.2 years. In terms of grants, the average amount in 2011 was €26,192.

title: Oryzomys gorgasi

text: In specimens from El Caimito, total length is , averaging (measured in 6 specimens); tail length is , averaging (measured in 8 specimens); hindfoot length is , averaging (measured in 10 specimens); ear length is , averaging (measured in 7 specimens); and condylo-incisive length (a measure of total skull size) is , averaging (measured in 5 specimens). In the holotype from Colombia, an old male, total length is ; tail length is ; ear length is ; and condylo-incisive length is . The collector recorded the holotype's hindfoot as being long, but Sánchez and colleagues remeasured it as .

title: Charlottesville, Virginia

text: Charlottesville has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa"), with all months being well-watered, though the period from May to September is the wettest. Winters are somewhat cool, with a January average of , though lows can fall into the teens (< −7 °C) on some nights and highs frequently (11 days in January) reach . Spring and autumn provide transitions of reasonable length. Summers are hot and humid, with July averaging and the high exceeding on 33 or more days per year. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year but is normally light, averaging . What does fall does not remain on the ground for long. Extremes have ranged from on January 19, 1994 up to , most recently on September 7, 1954.

title: Christian population growth

text: The Christian fertility rate has varied throughout history, as with other fertility figures. The Christian fertility rate also varies from country to country. In the 20-year period from 1989–2009, the average world fertility rate decreased from 3.50 to 2.58, a fall of 0.92 children per women, or 26%. The weighted average fertility rate for Christian nations decreased in the same period from 3.26 to 2.58, a fall of 0.68 children per women, or 21%. The weighted average fertility rate for Muslim nations decreased in the same period from 5.17 to 3.23, a fall of 1.94 children per women, or 38%. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups—Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman.

title: Oryzomys nelsoni

text: Total length in the four known specimens is , averaging ; head and body length is , averaging ; tail length is , averaging ; and hindfoot length is , averaging .

title: Writer invariant

text: While it is generally recognised that writer invariants exist, it is not agreed what properties of a text should be used. Among the first ones used was distribution of word lengths; other proposed invariants include average sentence length, average word length, noun, verb or adjective usage frequency, vocabulary richness, and frequency of function words, or specific function words.

title: U.S. standard clothing size

text: With the average American woman's height (20 years and older) at about 63.8" or approximately 5'4" (162.1 cm) , both standard and catalog size ranges attempt to address a variety of weights / builds as well as providing for the "shorter-than-average" height woman with "petite" and "half-sizes". However "taller-than-average" women may find their size-height addressed by manufacturers less frequently, and may often find themselves facing issues of slightly too short pant legs and sleeve cuffs, as well as waist lengths.

title: Gray mouse lemur

text: The gray mouse lemur is one of the smallest primates in the world, yet it is also the largest mouse lemur. Its total length is , with a head-body length of and a tail length of . The average weight for this species is , with ranges of and reported. This is smaller than the world's smallest monkey, the pygmy marmoset, which ranges between . Weight varies by season, with both sexes building fat reserves, up to 35% of their body weight, in the tail and hind legs prior to the dry season and periods of dormancy. The tail of the gray mouse lemur can increase fourfold in volume during the wet season when it is storing fat. Even in captivity when environmental limitations are not an issue, mouse lemurs have shown a seasonal dietary preference with a greater protein intake during what would be their more active season.

title: Natural fertility

text: The number of children born to one woman can vary dependent on her window from menarche to menopause. The average window of fertility is from 13.53 to 49.24. Taking into consideration lactational amenorrhea and the period between conception and birth, the average woman is capable of experiencing around 20 births. However, if the duration of lactation is cut short due to use of a formula substitute or the woman has multiple births, the number of offspring could exceed 20.


query: Where was Richard Alan Rodriguez born?

title: Rich Rodriguez

text: A native of Grant Town, West Virginia,[3][4][5][6][7] Rodriguez graduated from North Marion High School in 1981 where he played four sports and was an all-state football and basketball player. After high school, Rodriguez attended West Virginia University. Playing as a defensive back, Rodriguez recorded 54 career tackles over three seasons.

title: Richard Rodriguez (athlete)

text: Richard Rodriguez (born 10 December 1969) is a former Aruban long-distance runner who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics, running in the marathon competition. He did not finish.

title: Sixto Rodriguez

text: Sixto Diaz Rodriguez, known professionally as Rodriguez (born July 10, 1942), is an American singer-songwriter from Detroit, Michigan. His career initially proved short lived in the United States, but unknown to Rodriguez his albums became extremely successful and influential in South Africa, where he is believed to have sold more records than Elvis Presley. Because of scarce information about Rodriguez, it was incorrectly rumored there that he had committed suicide shortly after releasing his first album.

title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Ricky Rodriguez (25 January 1975 – 9 January 2005), "Davidito" (legal names "Richard Peter Rodriguez", "Richard Peter Smith" and "David Moses Zerby"), was a former member of the Children of God (COG), now known as The Family International (TFI), who committed a murder-suicide in 2005.

title: Gregorio Pérez Companc

text: Since 2010 the Rodriguez-Mendez Trust has grown in size, a conservative estimate puts the Trust at somewhere between $1.7 billion dollars and $2.1 billion dollars but some believe that the Estate which is managed by 5 independent banking firm in name of Richard Rodriguez-Mendez and his 5 heirs put it in the $5 billion dollar range. A lot of question have arisen since it was announced the Rodriguez Mendez relapsed with throat cancer after a long battle of chemotherapy in 2000, It is not sure what the true estimate of the estate is worth due to the secrecy of the Rodriguez Trust and its all of Richard Rodriguez-Mendez heirs. While his grandmother sits atop with estimated worth of around $9.8 Billion dollar fortune, Rodriguez-Mendez controls and manages all his assets behind a shell of multiple banking firms and there is no indication that he has a Will and if so who will manage the estate that he has doubled in size.

title: Prechae Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez was born to Sonia Rodriguez and Andrei Rodriguez, his brother is Marcelino Rodriguez. At Jefferson High School he played both basketball and football. The Rodriguez brothers are regarded as some of Tampa's best streetball players. In 2003 Prechae Rodriguez' skills nearly earned him national recognition when he participated in the open run of the AND-1 Mix Tape Tour at the University of South Florida (USF) SunDome in Tampa, Florida where Rodriguez instantly became a fan favorite of the more than 500 fans. He initially received a spot on the AND-1 team by winning the slam dunk competition, but Rodriguez did not join the team because he was unsure how it would affect his NCAA eligibility. Rodriguez went on to sign a full football scholarship with Coffeyville Community College.

title: Richard Burridge (priest)

text: Richard Alan Burridge (born 11 June 1955) is a Church of England priest and biblical scholar. He is Dean of King's College London, where he is also Professor of Biblical Interpretation (Biblical Exegesis).

title: Tom Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez is from Catbalogan City, Samar, and later migrated to the United States when he was 12 years old with his parents. He was born in Subic Naval Base in Zambales to an American serviceman father and a Filipina mother. One of six siblings, he moved with his two brothers and three sisters with their mother to Pinabacdao, Samar (where their mother hails from) but they grew up in nearby Catbalogan City, also in Samar, where Rodriguez studied at St. Mary's College of Catbalogan (formerly Sacred Heart College) from kindergarten to elementary. He lived in Yuma, Arizona and attended Cibola High School. Then, the family migrated to San Francisco where he took up Digital Animation but found it hard to find a job there. Rodriguez is multi-lingual, able to fluently speak English, Tagalog and Waray-Waray.

title: Richard Rodriguez (disambiguation)

text: Richard Rodriguez (born 1944) is an American writer.

title: Alan Alder

text: Alan Richard Alder (born 1937) is an Australian ballet dancer and ballet teacher.

title: Patricia Rodriguez (artist)

text: Patricia Rodriguez (born 1944) is a prominent Chicana artist and educator. Rodriguez grew up in Marfa, Texas and moved to San Francisco to later pursue an art degree at Merritt College and this is where she learned about the Mexican American Liberation Art Front (MALA-F) and the Chicano movement. In 1970, Patricia received a scholarship to the San Francisco Art Institute and this is where she met Graciela Carrillo. Together, they created and founded the Mujeres Muralistas, the first Chicana women’s mural collective in San Francisco.

title: Paco Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez is of Cuban descent. His parents met and married in Spain after defecting from their home country separately. They then moved to the Dominican Republic, Canada, and New Jersey before living in the Miami, Florida area, where their son was born on April 16, 1991. Rodriguez has an older sister and a younger sister who graduated from Brown University. He attended Gulliver Preparatory School in Miami, Florida, where he was named to Class 3A All-State and the "Miami Herald" All-Dade Team. The Houston Astros selected Rodriguez in the 48th round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft after his high school graduation, but he did not sign.

title: Alan Holt

text: Alan Christian Holt (born June 29, 1939) is a retired American Olympic sailor in the Star class. He competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics together with Richard Gates, where they finished 10th.

title: Richard Rodriguez

text: Richard Rodriguez (born July 31, 1944) is an American writer who became famous as the author of "" (1982), a narrative about his intellectual development.

title: Raoul Rodriguez

text: Raoul Pablo Rodriguez (born February 1, 1963) is an American rower. He won a silver medal at the 1988 Olympic Games in the men's coxless fours, along with Thomas Bohrer, Richard Kennelly, and David Krmpotich.

title: Richard Rodriguez (disambiguation)

text: Richard Rodriguez or Richard Rodríguez may also refer to:

title: Richard Gates (sailor)

text: Richard Redwine Gates (born February 3, 1943 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American former Olympic sailor in the Star class. He competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics together with Alan Holt, where they finished 10th.

title: Rich Rodriguez (baseball)

text: Richard Anthony Rodriguez (born March 1, 1963), a graduate of Mountain View High School in the city of El Monte, California, is a retired professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from -.

title: Judith Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez was born Judith Catherine Green in Perth and grew up in Brisbane. She was educated at Brisbane Girls Grammar School, and graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor of Arts. She then travelled to England, where she received a Master of Arts from Cambridge University in 1965, where she met her first husband, Colombian Fabio Rodriguez.

title: Richard Alan Fox

text: Richard Alan Fox (born 1943) is an Australian medical physician. He was the son of Alan Fox, a businessman, and Rosalind Nee Morris.

title: Richard Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez received a B.A. from Stanford University, an M.A. from Columbia University, was a Ph.D. candidate in English Renaissance literature at the University of California, Berkeley, and attended the Warburg Institute in London on a Fulbright fellowship. A noted prose stylist, Rodriguez has worked as a teacher, international journalist, and educational consultant, and he has appeared regularly on the Public Broadcasting Service show, "NewsHour". Rodriguez's visual essays, ''Richard Rodriguez Essays", on "The News Hour with Jim Lehrer" earned Rodriguez a Peabody Award in 1997. Rodriguez’s books include "Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez" (1982), a collection of autobiographical essays; "Mexico's Children" (1990); "Days of Obligation: An Argument With My Mexican Father" (1992), which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize; "Brown: The Last Discovery of America" (2002); and "Darling: A Spiritual Autobiography" (2013). Rodriguez's works have also been published in "Harper's Magazine", "Mother Jones", and "Time".

title: Alan Richards

text: Vice Admiral Alan David Richards, (born 1958) is a retired Royal Navy officer who served as Chief of Defence Intelligence from 2012 to 2015.

title: Paul Rodriguez (actor)

text: Paul Rodriguez was born in Culiacan, Sinaloa, to Mexican agriculture ranchers. His family later migrated to Compton, California, where Rodriguez enlisted in the United States Air Force and was subsequently stationed in Uruguay and Duluth, Minnesota.

title: Richard Rodriguez

text: He was born on July 31, 1944, into a Mexican immigrant family in San Francisco, California. Rodriguez spoke Spanish until he went to a Catholic school at 6. As a youth in Sacramento, California, he delivered newspapers and worked as a gardener. He graduated from Sacramento's Christian Brothers High School.

title: Paul Rodriguez (actor)

text: Rodriguez is a part-owner of the Laugh Factory comedy venue in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S., where comedian/actor Michael Richards was filmed as he engaged in a highly publicized on-stage rant against two black male hecklers. Of Richards' repeated use of the word "nigger", Rodriguez said, "Once the word comes out of your mouth and you don't happen to be African American, then you have a whole lot of explaining to do." Rodriguez also has an interest in farming and owns operations in California's Central Valley.

title: Hunger of Memory

text: Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez is a 1982 autobiography by Chicano intellectual Richard Rodriguez, first published by David R. Godine.

title: Alan Thorpe Richard Wood

text: Sir Alan Thorpe Richard Wood (born 4 April 1954) is a British public servant who served from 2006 to 2015 as the corporate director for Children and Young People's Services in the London Borough of Hackney.

title: Alan Richard Hill

text: Alan Richard Hill VC (born Northallerton 12 July 1859 – 21 April 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

title: Gregorio Pérez Companc

text: In late 2007 Gregorio's sister-in-law, the well-known interior designer María-Migdalia Perez-Soto, died unexpectedly in her mansion in Coral Gables, leaving in question control over the Pérez Companc Investment Group. María-Migdalia, held an 80% stake in the group, with her untimely death, her eldest son Richard Rodriguez-Mendez obtained control and later dissolved it. Richard Rodriguez-Mendez did keep his mother's prized possession Interior Design Firm- Design by Interior's which is currently managed by Getty Designs and is estimated to be worth $600 million. In early 2010 Richard Rodriguez-Mendez reclaimed full control and ownership over the Rafael Rodriguez-Mendez Trust who died in 2009, its real estate portfolio alone was valued at $650 million. The long battle between brother's ended up with one brother receiving 3% of the estate and the recluse Richard Rodriguez-Mendez with the majority stake of 97%.

title: Rich Rodriguez

text: Richard Alan Rodriguez (born May 24, 1963) is an American football coach and former player. He is the offensive coordinator at Ole Miss[1]. Rodriguez previously served as the head football coach at Salem University (1988), Glenville State College (1990–1996), West Virginia University (2001–2007), the University of Michigan (2008–2010), and the University of Arizona (2012–2017). His career college football coaching record stands at 163–118–2. In 2011, Rodriguez worked as an analyst for CBS Sports.[2]

title: Alan Burton (footballer, born 1939)

text: Alan Richard Burton (born 11 January 1939) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League, as a Left winger.