query: Has Neighbors won any awards?

title: List of awards and nominations received by Neighbours

text: Neighbours has an ensemble cast and several of its actors have received acting award nominations. Kylie Minogue has won four Logie Awards, while Ryan Moloney has won three Inside Soap Awards. Brooke Satchwell won a People's Choice Award in 1999 and Daniel O'Connor and Natalie Blair won King & Queen Of Teen at the 2007 Dolly Teen Choice Awards. Jackie Woodburne has been nominated for 25 awards, the most of any cast member. Neighbours has been nominated for over 500 awards and has won over 70.

title: Lambda Literary Award

text: Alison Bechdel has won four awards in the Humor category, the most by any single author, and is one of five writers to have won the award more than once (with Joe Keenan, Michael Thomas Ford, David Sedaris, and David Rakoff). The Humor category has been discontinued.

title: Finding Neighbors

text: Writer/Director Ron Judkins is best known as Steven Spielberg's go-to production sound mixer, having won two Academy Awards for Best Sound (Jurassic Park, Saving Private Ryan) and has been nominated for another three in the same category. ""Finding Neighbors"" is his first film since 1999's The Hi-Line which premiered at Sundance Film Festival, and won the Austin Film Festival Audience Award. The film was shot primarily in Atwater Village in Los Angeles, CA.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan

text: Bachchan has won numerous accolades in his career, including four National Film Awards as Best Actor and many awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies. He has won fifteen Filmfare Awards and is the most-nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 41 nominations overall and also won eleven Screen Awards.

title: List of accolades received by Hayao Miyazaki

text: In the course of his career, Miyazaki has received multiple awards and nominations. His first feature films, "The Castle of Cagliostro" and "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind", earned him the Ōfuji Noburō Award at the Mainichi Film Awards in 1979 and 1984, respectively. His film "Laputa: Castle in the Sky" won Best Anime at the Anime Grand Prix in 1986, and "My Neighbor Totoro" won Best Photography at the Japan Academy Prize in 1989. He received several awards for his work on "Kiki's Delivery Service" in 1990, including Best Japanese Film at the Golden Gross Awards and the Special Award at the Japan Academy Prize. "Porco Rosso" also won the Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film in 1993.

title: The Press

text: "The Press" won the Best New Zealand Newspaper award and also picked up Best Daily Newspaper with a circulation over 25,000 at the 2006 Qantas Media Awards and won the same award again in 2007. It is the first time since 1991 that any New Zealand newspaper has achieved this feat. It also won several other awards including best-in-field awards for its "Zest" and "Drive" sections.

title: Pacific Coast League Most Valuable Player Award

text: First basemen, with 22 winners, have won the most among infielders, followed by third basemen (7), second basemen (3), and shortstops (3). Eight players who won the award were catchers. Twenty-eight outfielders have won the MVP Award, the most of any position. A total of 11 pitchers have won the MVP Award, all of them being right-handed. The last pitcher to win was Steve Mintz in 1996. The Pacific Coast League now has a Pitcher of the Year Award, which was established in 2001. Steve Bilko has the record for most MVP Award wins with three (1955–57). Sandy Alomar, Jr., and Les Scarsella have both won the MVP Award twice. Scarsella first won the award in 1944 as a first baseman and then won his second in 1946 as an outfielder.

title: Lambda Literary Award

text: Ellen Hart has won five awards in the Lesbian Mystery category, the most by any single author, and is one of only three writers to have won the award more than once (with three-time winner Katherine V. Forrest and two-time winner J. M. Redmann). Similarly, Michael Nava has won five awards in the Gay Mystery category, the most by any single author, and is one of only four writers to have won the award more than once (with three-time winner John Morgan Wilson, two-time winner R. D. Zimmerman, and two-time winner Marshall Thornton). Marshall Thornton is the only author in the gay mystery category to have won twice for two different series.

title: 1-2-3-4 Go! Records

text:
Since opening the retail store, 1-2-3-4 Go! Records has won four Best of the East Bay awards from the "East Bay Express". In 2009 it won the Best Punk Record Store award
and in 2008 it won the Best New Business award alongside its neighbor Manifesto Bicycles.

title: J. Carrol Naish

text: Naish's uncredited bit role in "What Price Glory?" (1926) launched his career in more than two hundred films. He was twice nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the first for his role as Giuseppe in the movie "Sahara" (1943) in which he delivers one of the most moving speeches in any wartime film: Mussolini is not so clever like Hitler, he can dress up his Italians only to look like thieves, cheats, murderers, he cannot like Hitler make them feel like that. He cannot like Hitler scrape from their conscience the knowledge right is right and wrong is wrong, or dig holes in their heads to plant his own Ten Commandments- Steal from thy neighbor, Cheat thy neighbor, Kill thy neighbor! But are my eyes blind that I must fall to my knees to worship a maniac who has made of my country a concentration camp, who has made of my people slaves? Must I kiss the hand that beats me, lick the boot that kicks me? NO! The second was for his performance as the title character's Hispanic father in the movie "A Medal for Benny" (1945). For the latter film, he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.

title: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

text: As of 2018, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 106 individuals and 24 organizations. Seventeen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[11] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944 and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[6] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other Nobel Prize.

title: Hugo Award for Best Fanzine

text: During the 69 nomination years, including Retro Hugo years, 128 magazines run by 177 editors have been nominated. Of these, 40 magazines run by 67 editors have won, including ties. "Locus" has won 8 times out of 13 nominations, the most wins of any magazine. "File 770" has won 7 of 31, the most nominations of any magazine. "Mimosa" has won 6 of 14 nominations, "Ansible" has won 5 out of 11, and "Science Fiction Review" has won 4 of 12; they are the only other magazines to win more than twice. "Challenger" has the most nominations without winning at 12; the next highest is "FOSFAX" with 7. As editor of "Locus" Charles N. Brown has won 8 of 13 nominations, though he shared 8 of those awards with Dena Brown. Richard E. Geis has won 6 of 15 nominations for his work on "Science Fiction Review", "Psychotic", and "The Alien Critic"; Mike Glyer has won 7 of 31 for editing "File 770"; David Langford has won 5 of 12 for work on "Ansible" and "Twil-Ddu"; and Richard Lynch and Nicki Lynch have both won 6 of 14 nominations for "Mimosa". Guy H. Lillian III has the most nominations without winning at 12 for "Challenger".

title: Atlantic Coast Conference

text: Women's lacrosse has only awarded a national championship since 1982, and the ACC has won more titles than any other conference. In all, the ACC has won 14 women's national championships: Maryland has won eleven as an ACC member, Virginia has won three and North Carolina has won two.

title: Triangle-free graph

text: There have also been several results relating coloring to minimum degree in triangle-free graphs. proved that any "n"-vertex triangle-free graph in which each vertex has more than 2"n"/5 neighbors must be bipartite. This is the best possible result of this type, as the 5-cycle requires three colors but has exactly 2"n"/5 neighbors per vertex. Motivated by this result, conjectured that any "n"-vertex triangle-free graph in which each vertex has at least "n"/3 neighbors can be colored with only three colors; however, disproved this conjecture by finding a counterexample in which each vertex of the Grötzsch graph is replaced by an independent set of a carefully chosen size. showed that any "n"-vertex triangle-free graph in which each vertex has more than 10"n"/29 neighbors must be 3-colorable; this is the best possible result of this type, because Häggkvist's graph requires four colors and has exactly 10"n"/29 neighbors per vertex. Finally, proved that any "n"-vertex triangle-free graph in which each vertex has more than "n"/3 neighbors must be 4-colorable. Additional results of this type are not possible, as Hajnal found examples of triangle-free graphs with arbitrarily large chromatic number and minimum degree (1/3 − ε)"n" for any ε > 0.

title: ECHL Leading Scorer Award

text: The ECHL Leading Scorer Award goes to the ECHL player "who leads the league in scoring at the end of the regular season" and has been awarded since 1989. The award is not named after any individual and has three repeat winners as of 2016: Phil Berger won the award in 1991–92 and 1993–94 as a member of the Greensboro Monarchs, John Spoltore won the award in back-to-back years from 1998–99 to 1999–2000 as a member of the Louisiana IceGators, and Chad Costello won in 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2016–17 with the Allen Americans. Twin brothers Tyler and Justin Donati are the only brothers to win the award. Tyler Donati won the award in 2009–10 and Justin Donati is the most recent award winner. 1992–93 award winner Trevor Jobe is the current record holder with 161 points.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Glee

text: The series has an ensemble cast and several different "Glee" actors have received acting award nominations. Jane Lynch, Matthew Morrison, Lea Michele and Chris Colfer have all won Satellite Awards and been nominated for Golden Globe and Emmy Awards. Lynch has been nominated for eighteen individual awards (winning eight), the most of any cast members. Several crew members have also been nominated for awards, with series creator Ryan Murphy nominated for three Writers Guild of America Awards and two Directors Guild of America Awards. As of , "Glee" has been nominated for over 150 awards, of which it has won more than 70.

title: International League Most Valuable Player Award

text: First basemen, with 23 winners, have won the most among infielders, followed by third basemen (16), shortstops (9), and second basemen (5). Five catchers have won the award. Twenty-nine outfielders have won the MVP Award, the most of any position. A total of 4 pitchers have won the MVP award. The last pitcher to win was Red Barrett in 1942. The International League League now has a Most Valuable Pitcher Award, which was established in 1953. Rocky Nelson has the record for most MVP Award wins with three (1953, 1955, and 1958). Roberto Petagine has won the MVP Award twice.

title: Philip Quast

text: Quast has won three Laurence Olivier Awards for Best Actor in a Musical. He has won the most Laurence Olivier Awards of any actor, bar Judi Dench and Ian McKellen.Other Awards:

title: Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award

text: The Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award is given by Major League Soccer to the best coach in any given season. The award has been given since the league's inception in 1996. Bruce Arena has won the award three times, more than any other coach.

title: List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory

text:
Since 2009, "The Big Bang Theory" has been nominated for 46 Primetime Emmy Awards (including the Creative Arts Emmy Awards), more than any other award it received.
Jim Parsons has been nominated for more Emmy Awards than any other cast member in the show for his role as Sheldon, and is the only main actor to win one. In 2010, Parsons won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and then an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series and won for a second consecutive year in 2011. Furthermore, he won the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series again in 2013 and repeated in 2014. However, the show has only won ten Emmy Awards in total.

title: Derek Handley

text: The Hyperfactory won six Webby Awards in 2009 placing them second in the inaugural 'Global Webby Agency of the Year' award. The company was nominated for more awards in the Global Mobile Marketing Association Awards in 2007 than any other company in the world and won two. In 2008 The Hyperfactory won the most awards (five) including two global categories. The company has also won the top awards Best in Show at 2007 OMMA Awards and Best in Show at 2007 AdWeek Awards.

title: WICB/WIPA Awards

text: Brian Lara won the first ever WIPA Player of the Year Award in 2004 and went on to win it the following two years as well to complete a hat-trick. Apart from Lara, three cricketers have won the award more than once: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (2008 and 2009), Chris Gayle (2007 and 2011) and Marlon Samuels (2013 and 2016). Chanderpaul has won the Test Player of the Year award four times (2008, 2009, 2013 and 2014), the most by any player, while the ODI Player of the Year has been won twice each by Chanderpaul, Gayle and Samuels. The T20I Player of the Year award was introduced in 2010 and only Sunil Narine has won it more than once (in 2013 and 2014).

title: List of awards and nominations received by Reba McEntire

text:
The Country Music Association Awards is an annual country music awards show, established in 1967. Reba has been nominated a total of 50 times, the most for any female performer. Reba has won 7 of those awards.
The French Association of Country Music holds annual awards to honor the best in country music. Reba McEntire has won one award.

title: Lou Marsh Trophy

text: The Trophy has been awarded 78 times and won by 61 individual athletes and three pairs. Wayne Gretzky has won the trophy four times, more than any other athlete, while Barbara Ann Scott has won the trophy three times, more than any other woman. It was not awarded from 1942 to 1944 due to World War II. There were ties between different athletes in 1978 and 1983. The most recent winner is alpine skier Mikael Kingsbury.Terry Fox, who was awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy for the "Marathon of Hope" rather than participation in a sport in general, is not included in this table.

title: Virginia Ramey Mollenkott

text: She has also won awards for her writing. "Is the Homosexual My Neighbor: A Positive Christian Response" won the Integrity Award in 1979. In 2002, her book "Omnigender: A Trans-Religious Approach" won the Lambda Literary Award and the Ben Franklin Award.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Dexter (TV series)

text:
Through its run "Dexter" has been nominated for a total of three TCA Awards, which are presented annually by the Television Critics Association. The show has won one award, for Michael C. Hall in the "Individual Achievement in Drama" category.
The Writers Guild of America Awards are presented annually to film and television writers by the Writers Guild of America. "Dexter" has been nominated for five awards, including "Dramatic Series" three times, but has not won any. Timothy Schlattmann and Scott Reynolds have both gained individual nominations.

title: List of awards and nominations received by The King's Speech

text: At the 83rd Academy Awards, the film received a total of twelve award nominations, more than any other film, and won four: Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Original Screenplay (Seidler), and Best Actor (Firth). At the 68th Golden Globe Awards, the film received seven nominations, more than any other nominee, but only Firth won an award, for Best Actor. Hooper also won for Best Director at the 63rd Directors Guild of America Awards. At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Firth won the Best Actor award and the cast won Best Ensemble. At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, it won seven awards out of fourteen nominations, more than any other film, consisting of Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Actor (Firth), Best Supporting Actor (Rush), Best Supporting Actress (Bonham Carter), Best Original Screenplay (Seidler), and Best Music (Alexandre Desplat).

title: WIAT

text: Bill Ballard, who succeeded Land as general manager in 2003, brought in Larry Ragan, a seasoned news director who quickly hired WVTM veteran Ken Lass and WBMA meteorologist Mark Prater (formerly the understudy of veteran Birmingham meteorologist James Spann). The station subsequently rebranded its newscasts as "News 42", began hiring assignment reporters to present and narrate stories, and gradually eased its limits on story lengths. The ratings for WIAT's newscasts continued to steadily improve over the next several years, allowing it to become more competitive than ever before. Since the early 2000s, WIAT has had a spirited three-way battle with WVTM and WBMA for second place behind long-dominant WBRC, and since 2006, its late-evening newscasts has consistently finished in second place in the 10:00 p.m. time slot. On some occasions, it has even surged all the way to first place—among the few times in the last half-century that WBRC has lost any timeslot. In recent years, WIAT has won many regional and national journalism awards for its reporting; in 2007 and 2008, WIAT won more Alabama Broadcasters Association Awards than any other station, as well as numerous Associated Press Awards. WIAT was awarded the "Alabama Television Station of the Year" award by the Alabama Broadcasters Association in 2010 and 2012, and is the only Alabama television station to have won the award twice. In 2012, the station won 19 awards, more than in any other year in its history, including nine regional Edward R. Murrow Awards (including for "Overall Excellence;" "Best Newscast;" and "Best Breaking News Coverage" and "Best Continuing Coverage" for its coverage of the 2011 Super Outbreak), more than any other station in the country.

title: Kansas City Chiefs awards

text:
The Ed Block Courage Award has annually honored one player from every NFL team who exemplifies commitment to the principles of sportsmanship and courage. The award is selected by a vote of their teammates.
The Derrick Thomas Award is given to the Chiefs MVP as determined by the players and coaches. The award was named after the former Chiefs linebacker beginning with the 2001 award. Running back Jamaal Charles has won the award more times than any other player. Charles has won the award 4 times.
The Mack Lee Hill Award is given to the Chiefs rookie of the year as determined by the players and coaches. It has been awarded since 1966. The award was named after former Chiefs running back Mack Lee Hill beginning in 2001.

title: Rubes

text: "Rubes" hasn't won any of the major comics or cartoon awards, but has won a few minor awards like a bronze award at "ForeWord" magazine’s Book of the Year.


query: Is oxidative phosphorylation new?

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: The field of oxidative phosphorylation began with the report in 1906 by Arthur Harden of a vital role for phosphate in cellular fermentation, but initially only sugar phosphates were known to be involved.[94] However, in the early 1940s, the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP was firmly established by Herman Kalckar,[95] confirming the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941.[96] Later, in 1949, Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that the coenzyme NADH linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of ATP.[97] The term oxidative phosphorylation was coined by Volodymyr Belitser in 1939.[98][99]

title: Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

text: By controlling the amount of available reducing equivalents generated by the Krebs cycle, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase has a downstream regulatory effect on oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Reducing equivalents (such as NAD+/NADH) supply the electrons that run through the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. Increased Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activation levels serve to increase the concentrations of NADH relative to NAD+. High NADH concentrations stimulate an increase in flux through oxidative phosphorylation.

title: SLC25A3

text: The encoded protein (PHC) catalyzes the transport of phosphate from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, either by proton cotransport or in exchange for hydroxyl ions. In the final steps of oxidative phosphorylation, this protein catalyzes the uptake of a phosphate ion with a proton across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The availability of inorganic phosphate for oxidative phosphorylation is mainly dependent on PHC activity. To substantially affect oxidative phosphorylation, PHC depletion must be severe, exceeding 85%. This protein may be involved in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP).

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.

title: Difluorophosphate

text: The anhydride phosphoryl difluoride oxide (POF) reacts with oxides such as UO to yield difuorophosphates. Phosphoryl difluoride oxide also reacts with alkali fluorides to yield difluorophosphates.

title: Substrate-level phosphorylation

text: Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation and phosphorylation are not coupled in the process of substrate-level phosphorylation, and reactive intermediates are most often gained in the course of oxidation processes in catabolism. Most ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic or anaerobic respiration while substrate-level phosphorylation provides a quicker, less efficient source of ATP, independent of external electron acceptors. This is the case in human erythrocytes, which have no mitochondria, and in oxygen-depleted muscle.

title: Citric acid cycle

text: Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO, the energy from these reactions is transferred to other metabolic processes through GTP (or ATP), and as electrons in NADH and QH. The NADH generated in the citric acid cycle may later be oxidized (donate its electrons) to drive ATP synthesis in a type of process called oxidative phosphorylation. FADH is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme which functions both in the CAC and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. FADH, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: Oxidative phosphorylation (UK /ɒkˈsɪd.ə.tɪv/, US /ˈɑːk.sɪˌdeɪ.tɪv/)[1] is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: The amount of energy released by oxidative phosphorylation is high, compared with the amount produced by anaerobic fermentation. Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water,[5] while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs. These ATP yields are theoretical maximum values; in practice, some protons leak across the membrane, lowering the yield of ATP.[6]

title: Cellular respiration

text: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In contrast to the general similarity in structure and function of the electron transport chains in eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea possess a large variety of electron-transfer enzymes. These use an equally wide set of chemicals as substrates.[56] In common with eukaryotes, prokaryotic electron transport uses the energy released from the oxidation of a substrate to pump ions across a membrane and generate an electrochemical gradient. In the bacteria, oxidative phosphorylation in Escherichia coli is understood in most detail, while archaeal systems are at present poorly understood.[57]

title: Mitochondrial matrix

text: The composition of the matrix based on its structures and contents produce an environment that allows the anabolic and catabolic pathways to proceed favorably for. The electron transport chain and enzymes in the matrix play a large role in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.

title: Adenosine diphosphate

text: Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers. The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative phosphorylation.

title: Oxidative stress

text: The amino acid methionine is prone to oxidation, but oxidized methionine can be reversible. Oxidation of methionine is shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of adjacent Ser/Thr/Tyr sites in proteins. This gives a plausible mechanism for cells to couple oxidative stress signals with cellular mainstream signaling such as phosphorylation.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In some eukaryotes, such as the parasitic worm Ascaris suum, an enzyme similar to complex II, fumarate reductase (menaquinol:fumarate oxidoreductase, or QFR), operates in reverse to oxidize ubiquinol and reduce fumarate. This allows the worm to survive in the anaerobic environment of the large intestine, carrying out anaerobic oxidative phosphorylation with fumarate as the electron acceptor.[27] Another unconventional function of complex II is seen in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Here, the reversed action of complex II as an oxidase is important in regenerating ubiquinol, which the parasite uses in an unusual form of pyrimidine biosynthesis.[28]

title: PLSCR3

text: It was subsequently deduced that PLS3 is an effector for the redistribution of cardiolipin from the inner to outer mitochondrial membrane. Thus, when PLS3 flips cardiolipin across the inner to outer membrane of the mitochondria, the oxidative phosphorylation induced is greatly disturbed. It was deduced experimentally that a lack of proper oxidative phosphorylation is directly linked with mitochondrial apoptosis. Thus, this PLS3-induced redistribution of cardiolipin during apoptosis has major effects on mitochondrial function.

title: Peter D. Mitchell

text: In the 1960s, ATP was known to be the energy currency of life, but the mechanism by which ATP was created in the mitochondria was assumed to be by substrate-level phosphorylation. Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis was the basis for understanding the actual process of oxidative phosphorylation. At the time, the biochemical mechanism of ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation was unknown.

title: Oligomycin

text: Oligomycin A is an inhibitor of ATP synthase. In oxidative phosphorylation research, it is used to prevent state 3 (phosphorylating) respiration. Oligomycin A inhibits ATP synthase by blocking its proton channel (Fo subunit), which is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (energy production). The inhibition of ATP synthesis by oligomycin A will significantly reduce electron flow through the electron transport chain; however, electron flow is not stopped completely due to a process known as "proton leak" or "mitochondrial uncoupling". This process is due to facilitated diffusion of protons into the mitochondrial matrix through an uncoupling protein such as thermogenin, or UCP1.

title: Phosphorylation

text:
ATP, the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell, is synthesized in the mitochondrion by addition of a third phosphate group to ADP in a process referred to as oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is also synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis.
ATP is synthesized at the expense of solar energy by photophosphorylation in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

title: Cellular respiration

text: The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

title: PDK2

text: The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) complex must be tightly regulated due to its central role in general metabolism. Within the complex, there are three serine residues on the E1 component that are sites for phosphorylation; this phosphorylation inactivates the complex. In humans, there have been four isozymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase that have been shown to phosphorylate these three sites: PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, and PDK4. PDK2 has been identified as the most abundant isoform in human tissues. Through many studies, it has been made clear that the activity of this enzyme is essential, even at rest, to regulate glycolysis/carbodydrate oxidation and producing metabolites for oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. These studies have illustrated that the kinetics of the PDK isoform population, specifically PDK2, is more important in determining PDH activity than measuring PDK activity.

title: Chemiosmosis

text: Chemiosmotic phosphorylation is the third pathway that produces ATP from inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule. This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic oxidative phosphorylation is that bacteria and archaea use many different substances to donate or accept electrons. This allows prokaryotes to grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions.[58] In E. coli, for example, oxidative phosphorylation can be driven by a large number of pairs of reducing agents and oxidizing agents, which are listed below. The midpoint potential of a chemical measures how much energy is released when it is oxidized or reduced, with reducing agents having negative potentials and oxidizing agents positive potentials.

title: Microbial oxidation of sulfur

text: Sulfide oxidation can proceed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Aerobic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria usually oxidize sulfide to sulfate and are obligate or facultative chemolithoautotrophs. The latter can grow as heterotrophs, obtaining carbon from organic sources, or as autotrophs, using sulfide as the electron donor (energy source) for CO fixation. The oxidation of sulfide can proceed aerobically by two different mechanisms: substrate-level phosphorylation, which is dependent on adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and oxidative phosphorylation independent of AMP, which has been detected in several "Thiobacilli" ("T. denitrificans", "T. thioparus, T. novellus" and "T. neapolitanus"), as well as in "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans". The archaeon "Acidianus ambivalens" appears to possess both an ADP-dependent and an ADP independent pathway for the oxidation of sulfide. Similarly, both mechanisms operate in the chemoautotroph "Thiobacillus denitrificans", which can oxidize sulfide to sulfate anaerobically using nitrate as terminal electron acceptor which is in turn reduced to dinitrogen (N). Two other anaerobic strains that can perform a similar process were identified as similar to "Thiomicrospira denitrificans" and "Arcobacter".

title: Herman Kalckar

text: Kalckar was fortunate to be working at an important period in biochemistry's evolution. The biochemical community was in the process of demonstrating the chemical reactions involved in breakdown of foodstuffs essential for growth. At the same time, physiologists were demonstrating the involvement of some of these reactions various physiological processes, e.g. muscle contraction. Kalckar's breakthrough work was the demonstration that organic compounds, which were phosphorylated during metabolic processes, involved oxygen consumption; oxygen consumption was linked to organic compound phosphorylation. His key experiment demonstrated that in frog muscles where glycolysis had been inhibited with iodoacetate, muscular contraction continued for a short period using phosphocreatine as a source of energy. Kalckar referred to this process as “aerobic phosphorylation” (now called oxidative phosphorylation, a biochemical process fundamental to all living organisms). The work was the first demonstration that carbohydrate oxidation and carbohydrate phosphorylation were linked, i.e. the two pathways were directly “coupled.” Furthermore, the study helped establish the basic phenomenon of oxidative phosphorylation, opened the way for its systematic exploration, and suggested for the first time that phosphate compounds acted as a link between catabolism and anabolism.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in the intermembrane space, and generates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The energy stored in this potential is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation in the eukaryotic mitochondrion is the best-understood example of this process. The mitochondrion is present in almost all eukaryotes, with the exception of anaerobic protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis that instead reduce protons to hydrogen in a remnant mitochondrion called a hydrogenosome.[15]

title: Phosphine oxide

text: Phosphine oxides are phosphorus compounds with the formula OPX. When X = alkyl or aryl, these are organophosphine oxides. Triphenylphosphine oxide is an example. An inorganic phosphine oxide is phosphoryl chloride (POCl). Such compounds are thermally stable, decomposing only above 450 °C. Phosphoryl refers to a functional group drawn with a phosphorus-oxygen double bond.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: Not all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation are toxins. In brown adipose tissue, regulated proton channels called uncoupling proteins can uncouple respiration from ATP synthesis.[92] This rapid respiration produces heat, and is particularly important as a way of maintaining body temperature for hibernating animals, although these proteins may also have a more general function in cells' responses to stress.[93]

title: AMP-activated protein kinase

text:
One of the effects of exercise is an increase in fatty acid metabolism, which provides more energy for the cell. One of the key pathways in AMPK’s regulation of fatty acid oxidation is the phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1). CPT-1 transports fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation. Inactivation of ACC, therefore, results in increased fatty acid transport and subsequent oxidation. It is also thought that the decrease in malonyl-CoA occurs as a result of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), which may be regulated by AMPK. MCD is an antagonist to ACC, decarboxylating malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA, resulting in decreased malonyl-CoA and increased CPT-1 and fatty acid oxidation.
AMPK also plays an important role in lipid metabolism in the liver. It has long been known that hepatic ACC has been regulated in the liver by phosphorylation. AMPK also phosphorylates and inactivates 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. HMGR converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, which is made from acetyl-CoA, into mevalonic acid, which then travels down several more metabolic steps to become cholesterol. AMPK, therefore, helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol synthesis.

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: There are several well-known drugs and toxins that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Although any one of these toxins inhibits only one enzyme in the electron transport chain, inhibition of any step in this process will halt the rest of the process. For example, if oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase, protons cannot pass back into the mitochondrion.[87] As a result, the proton pumps are unable to operate, as the gradient becomes too strong for them to overcome. NADH is then no longer oxidized and the citric acid cycle ceases to operate because the concentration of NAD+ falls below the concentration that these enzymes can use.


query: When was Margaret Lucas Cavendish born?

text: Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1623 – 15 December 1673) was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction-writer, and playwright during the 17th century. Born Margaret Lucas, she was the youngest sister of prominent royalists Sir John Lucas and Sir Charles Lucas, who owned the manor of St. John's Abbey in Colchester.[1] She became an attendant of Queen Henrietta Maria and travelled with her into exile in France, living for a time at the court of the young King Louis XIV. She became the second wife of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1645, when he was a marquess.[2]

text: At first a courtier of James I of England, Cavendish would later strike up friendships with Charles I of England and his wife Henrietta Maria for whom he hosted lavish banquets. He was created Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and entrusted with the education of the royal couple's son, the future Charles II of England. Cavendish was a staunch royalist helping to fund the king in his Bishops' Wars; and then during the English Civil War he was made a general for the struggle in the North of England against the roundheads. In 1645 he married the English poet, dramatist, philosopher, and natural scientist Margaret Lucas. After the defeat at Marston Moor, Cavendish went into self-imposed exile, only returning with the English Restoration when he was created a duke.

text: Barnes, Diana G. "Epistolary Restoration: Margaret Cavendish's Letters." Epistolary Community in Print, 1580–1664. Surrey: Ashgate, 2013. 137–196. Bennett, Alexandra G. "'Yes, and': Margaret Cavendish, the Passions and hermaphrodite Agency." Early Modern Englishwomen Testing Ideas. Ed. Jo Wallwork and Paul Salzman. Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. 75–88. D'Monte, Rebecca. "Mirroring Female Power: Separatist Spaces in the Plays of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle." Female Communities 1600–1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities. Ed. Rebecca D'Monte and Nicole Pohl. New York: MacMillan, 2000. 93–110. Donawerth, Jane. "The Politics of Renaissance Rhetorical Theory by Women," in Political Rhetoric, Power, and Renaissance Women, ed. C. Levin and P.A. Sullivan, pp.257–72. Albany: SUNY Press, 1995. Ezell, Margaret J. M. Writing Women's Literary History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Findlay, Alison, Gweno Williams, and Stephanie J. Hodgson-Wright. "'The Play is ready to be Acted': women and dramatic production, 1570–1670." Women's Writing 6.1 (1999): 129–148. Greenstadt, Amy. "Margaret's Beard." Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5 (2010): 171–182. Jankowski, Theodora. A. "Pure Resistance: Queer(y)ing Viriginity in William Shakespeare's Measure for Measure and Margaret Cavendish's The Convent of Pleasure." Shakespeare Studies 26 (1998): 1–30. Kellett, Katherine R. "Performance, Performativity, and Identity in Margaret Cavendish's The Convent of Pleasure." SEL 48.2 (2008): 419–442. Lilley, Kate. "Blazing Worlds: Seventeenth-Century Women's Utopian Writing." Women's Texts and Histories 1575–1760. Eds. Clare Brant and Diane Purkiss. London: Routledge, 1992. 102–133. Masten, Jeffrey. Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship, and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pasupathi, Vimala. "New Model Armies: Re-contextualizing The Camp in Margaret Cavendish's Bell in Campo." ELH 78 (2011): 657–685. Stanton, Kamille Stone. '‘An Amazonian Heroickess’: The Military Leadership of Queen Henrietta Maria in Margaret Cavendish's Bell in Campo (1662).' Early Theatre 10.2 (2007): 71–86. Stark, Ryan. "Margaret Cavendish and Composition Style." Rhetoric Review 17 (1999): 264–81. Sutherland, Christine Mason. "Aspiring to the Rhetorical Tradition: A Study of Margaret Cavendish,"in Listening to Their Voices, ed. M. Wertheimer, pp. 255–71. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. Sutherland, Christine Mason. "Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle," in The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, Second Series, pp.36–47. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Tomlinson, Sophie. "'My Brain the Stage': Margaret Cavendish and the Fantasy of Female Performance." Women's Texts and Histories 1575–1760. Eds. Clare Brant and Diane Purkiss. London: Routledge, 1992. 134–163. Traub, Valerie. The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Wynne-Davies, Marion. '"Fornication in My Owne Defence': Rape, Theft and Assault Discourses in Margaret Cavendish's The Sociable Companion." Expanding the Canon of Early Modern Women's Writing. Ed. Paul Salzman. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. 14–48.

title: Howard de Walden Estate

text: The Estate dates from 1715 when Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer began the development of Cavendish Square in London, and the streets around it. This land had previously formed part of the Marylebone Estate of the Dukes of Newcastle. It had passed from Margaret Holles, née Cavendish, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Newcastle, to her daughter Henrietta Cavendish Harley. At the death of Henrietta's husband, the 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, in 1741, this new Harley Estate passed to his only daughter, Margaret Cavendish Harley, who in 1734 had married William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland. It was subsequently known as the Portland, and was handed down to successive Dukes of Portland. In 1879, the 5th Duke of Portland died without issue and his estates were divided between his sisters, according to the terms of the 4th Duke's will, and his cousin, who succeeded him as the sixth Duke. The Portland Estate eventually passed to the last surviving sister, Lucy Ellis, who was the widow of the 6th Lord Howard de Walden, and has remained in this family since then.

title: Jane Cavendish

text: The Restoration brought some changes into Jane’s world, a major one being the return of her father to England with his second wife—Margaret Lucas Cavendish. Margaret was an unwelcome addition to the family, and Jane wrote several letters discussing the control Margaret was exercising over William's property and income with other members of the family. Some scholars have read the character of "Lady Tranquility" in Jane and Elizabeth's play The Concealed Fansyes as a satire of Margaret Lucas, but others consider this unlikely. While the fictional father's choice of an unsuitable fiancée may reflect some anxiety on his daughters' parts, there are few if any similarities to the real Margaret Lucas. Furthermore, the manuscript book which contains The Concealed Fansyes, another play and a variety of poems, was prepared as a presentation copy, a gift to William Cavendish from his daughters, intended for his pleasure and enjoyment. It seems likely that his daughters sought to emulate their playwright father, not offend him.

title: John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

text: On 1 March 1690, he married Lady Margaret Cavendish, a daughter of Henry Cavendish. They had one child, Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles (1694–1755), who married the 2nd Earl of Oxford and Mortimer and was mother to Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland.

title: Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge

text: The college was named in honour of Lucy Caroline Cavendish, a pioneer of women's education and the great aunt of one of its founders, Margaret Braithwaite. First formally recognised as the "Lucy Cavendish Collegiate Society", it moved to its current site in 1970, received consent to be called Lucy Cavendish College in 1986, and gained the status of a full college of the university by Royal Charter in 1997.

text: After centuries of disinterest due to her eccentricity, Margaret Cavendish became popular in the 1980s as she was rediscovered and analyzed from a modern feminist perspective; in that time, there have been nine book length critical studies of Cavendish, not including a biography that was written in 1957, which can be found here. There have been many attempts to justify her eccentricity with a historic lens.[46][47] She has also gained fame as one of the first female science fiction writers, namely for her early utopian novel The Blazing World.[48] Her self insert character, named Margaret Cavendish, in The Blazing World is said to be one of the earliest examples of the modern Mary Sue trope.[49] More recently, her plays have also been examined by the lens of Performance Studies, as they blur the lines between performance and literature, challenge gender identities, and upset gender norms.[50] Additional analysis on Margaret Cavendish can be found here.

title: Closet drama

text: Margaret Lucas Cavendish, author of fourteen folio volumes, explored writing closet dramas during her exile and became one of the most well known women playwrights due to her interest in philosophical nature. ] Although living in relative oppression, women dealt with the risks of public shame and rejection in the effort to have their writing recognized.

text: Margaret Holles, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ("née" Cavendish, 22 October 1661 – 24 December 1715/16, London) was an English noblewoman. She was the third daughter and fourth of six children of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and his wife, Frances Pierrepoint.

text: Cavendish's memoir also detailed the lives of her family including a short biography of her brother Charles Lucas, one of the best Civil War Cavalier cavalry commanders who was executed by the Parliamentarians for treason during the Second English Civil War.[22] In addition, Cavendish addressed the economic and personal hardships she and her family faced as a result of war and political allegiance, such as the loss of estates and bereavements.

title: Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland

text: The Duke and Duchess of Portland had two daughters, Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck, born on 6 September 1916; and Lady Victoria Margaret Cavendish-Bentinck, born on 9 October 1918.

text: Cavendish married firstly Elizabeth Howard (1599–1643), daughter and heiress of William Basset of Blore, Staffordshire, and widow of Hon. Henry Howard, son of the Earl of Suffolk. They had 10 children, of whom five survived to adulthood:Cavendish married secondly Margaret Lucas, sister of Lord Lucas.Plays:

text: Eileen O'Neill provided an overview of Cavendish's natural philosophy and its critical reception in her introduction to Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.[23] O'Neill described Cavendish's natural philosophy as rejecting Aristotelianism and mechanical philosophy and favouring Stoic doctrines. She noted that while women rarely wrote about natural philosophy in the seventeenth century, Cavendish published six books on the subject.[24] O'Neill pointed out that Cavendish herself was not formally educated in natural philosophy, though William Cavendish and his brother Charles shared an interest in the subject and supported Margaret's interest and study in the area. Cavendish might also have been influenced through social encounters with philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes.[23] O'Neill believed that Hobbes (who had instructed Charles in philosophy) had significant influence on Cavendish's natural philosophy and noted that Cavendish was among the few seventeenth-century supporters of Hobbes' materialist philosophy, which argued that incorporeal souls did not exist in nature. Beginning in the 1660s, Cavendish began to study the work of her contemporaries more seriously. O'Neill suggested that such study was intended to enable Cavendish to argue her own points better by contrasting them with those of other natural philosophers.[23]

text: Like authors such as Aphra Behn and William Wordsworth, Cavendish revealed much about her intended audience, writing purpose and philosophy in her prefaces, prologues, epilogues and epistles to the reader. Cavendish wrote several epistle dedications for Poems and Fancies. The epistles were most often justifications of her writing both in terms of her decision to write at a time when women writers were not encouraged and in terms of her subject choice. Cavendish used the epistles to instruct readers how they ought to read and respond to her poetry, most often by inviting praise from supporters and requesting silence from those who did not like her work. Cavendish commonly used the epistles to call attention to and excuse potential weaknesses in her writing. The epistles were directed to specific audiences and varied accordingly.

text: Battigelli, Anna. Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998. Boyle, Deborah. The Well-Ordered Universe: The Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Clucas, Stephen, ed. A Princely Brave Woman: Essays on Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003. Cottegnies, Line, and Nancy Weitz, eds. Authorial Conquests: Essays on Genre in the Writings of Margaret Cavendish. Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003 Cunning, David. Cavendish. Routledge, 2015 Grant, Douglas. Margaret the First: A Biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle 1623–1673. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957 Jones, Kathleen Jones. Margaret Cavendish: A Glorious Fame. The life of the Duchess of Newcastle. London: Bloomsbury: ISBN0-7475-0071-1, 1988 Rees, Emma L. E. Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Genre, Exile. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2004 Sarasohn, Lisa. The Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish: Reason and Fancy during the Scientific Revolution. Baltimore, MA: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010 Walters, Lisa. Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Science and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014 Whitaker, Kate. Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Royalist, Writer and Romantic. London: Chatto and Windus, 2003

title: Richard Cavendish (1794–1876)

text: Cavendish was born in Waterpark, County Cork, Ireland, in 1794. He was the second son of Richard Cavendish, 2nd Baron Waterpark and Juliana Cooper. Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet, was his grandfather. His elder brother Henry Cavendish, 3rd Baron Waterpark succeeded their father in the family titles. His sister Sarah Georgiana Cavendish married Sir George Philips, 2nd Baronet. His sister Catherine Cavendish married Bishop Thomas Musgrave. On 22 July 1841, he married Elizabeth Maria Margaret Hart at Uttoxeter.

title: Thomas Lucas (royalist)

text: Lucas was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Lucas (d. 1625) of St John's, Colchester, Essex, by his mistress and future wife Elizabeth Leighton, daughter of John Leighton of London, gentleman. He was illegitimate as he was born before his father's marriage with Elizabeth Leighton. His brothers Sir John Lucas (d.1671) (in 1645 created Baron Lucas) and Sir Charles Lucas also fought for the King. His younger sister Margaret Lucas, a prolific writer and a scientist, was the wife of the Duke of Newcastle.

title: Margaret Coke, Countess of Leicester

text: She was born Lady Margaret Tufton, the third daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet by his wife Catherine, daughter of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

title: Hugh Cavendish, Baron Cavendish of Furness

text: Educated at Eton College, he was created a life peer as Baron Cavendish of Furness, "of Cartmel in the County of Cumbria", on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1990 and served as a Lord-in-waiting (1990–92). He and his son, Hon. Freddy Cavendish, are in remainder to the dukedom of Devonshire.

title: Welbeck Academy

text: As a consequence of the royalist defeat at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, Newcastle and some of his entourage went into exile. He returned to England only with the Restoration of 1660. Initially he went to Hamburg. By 1645 Newcastle was in Paris: his circle had contacts in Marin Mersenne and Claude Mydorge, whom Charles Cavendish had met in France at least 15 years earlier. In France Newcastle met and married that year Margaret Lucas who was with the exiled court of Queen Henrietta Maria. She studied with Charles Cavendish, and became a writer on natural philosophy, initially a proponent of atomism. Besides Hobbes, who joined them in Paris, the Cavendishes knew at this period René Descartes, Kenelm Digby, and Christiaan Huygens. Much of the latter part of their exile was spent at Antwerp; there, though in debt, they lived in the Rubenshuis. Other associations were with Walter Charleton who came to know Margaret Cavendish (not necessarily abroad, since she returned to England for a time), and William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton.

text: Akkerman, N. N. W., & Corporaal, M. (2004). Mad Science Beyond Flattery: The Correspondence of Margaret Cavendish and Constantijn Huygens. Early Modern Literary Studies Begley, Justin. "'The Minde is Matter Moved': Nehemiah Grew on Margaret Cavendish." Intellectual History Review 27, no.4 (May 2017): 493-514. Boyle, Deborah. "Fame, Virtue, and Government: Margaret Cavendish on Ethics and Politics." Journal of the History of Ideas 67, no. 2 (April 2006): 251–289. Boyle, Deborah. “Margaret Cavendish on Gender, Nature, and Freedom.” Hypatia 28, no. 3 (Summer 2013): 516–32. Boyle, Deborah. “Margaret Cavendish on Perception, Self-Knowledge, and Probable Opinion.” Philosophy Compass 10, no. 7 (July 2015): 438–450. Boyle, Deborah. "Margaret Cavendish's Nonfeminist Natural Philosophy." Configurations 12 (2004): 195–227. Detlefsen, Karen. “Atomism, Monism, and Causation in the Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish.” In Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Vol. III, pp.199–240. Edited by Daniel Garber and Steven Nadler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Detlefsen, Karen. “Margaret Cavendish and Thomas Hobbes on Reason, Freedom, and Women.” In Feminist Interpretations of Thomas Hobbes, pp.149–168. Edited by Nancy J. Hirschmann and Joanne H. Wright. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012. Detlefsen, Karen. “Margaret Cavendish on the Relation between God and World.” Philosophy Compass 4, no. 3 (2009): 421–438. Detlefsen, Karen. “Reason and Freedom: Margaret Cavendish on the Order and Disorder of Nature.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 89, no. 2 (2007): 157–191. Dodds, Lara. "Margaret Cavendish's Domestic Experiment." Genre and Women's Life Writing in Early Modern England. Ed. Michelle M. Dowd and Julie A. Eckerele. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007. 151–168. Graham, Elspeth. "Intersubjectivity, Intertextuality, and Form in the Self-Writings of Margaret Cavendish." Genre and Women's Life Writing in Early Modern England. Ed. Michelle M. Dowd and Julie A. Eckerele. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007. 131–150. James, Susan. "The Philosophical Innovations of Margaret Cavendish." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 7, no. 2 (1999): 219–244. Kegl, Rosemary. ‘“The World I Have Made”: Margaret Cavendish, feminism and the Blazing World’’, Feminist Readings of Early Modern Culture: Emerging Subjects. Edited by Valerie Traub, M. Lindsay Kaplan, and Dympna Callaghan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp.119–141. Fitzmaurice, James. "Fancy and the Family: Self-characterizations of Margaret Cavendish." Huntington Library Quarterly 53.3 (1990): 198–209. Fitzmaurice, James. "Margaret Cavendish on Her Own Writing: Evidence from Revision and Handmade Correction." PBSA 85.3 (1991): 297–308. Mendelson, Sara Heller. ‘Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle’, The Mental World of Three Stuart Women. Brighton: Harvester, 1987, pp.12–61. Masten, Jeffrey. "Material Cavendish: Paper, Performance, 'Sociable Virginity.'" Modern Language Quarterly 65.1 (2004): 49–68. Mayer, Gertrude Townshend. "Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle." Women of Letters. Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1894. Paloma, Dolores. Margaret Cavendish: Defining the female self. Women's Studies 1980 7. Price, Bronwen. "Feminine Modes of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry: Margaret Cavendish's Poetry as Case Study." Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700. Ed. Helen Wilcox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 117–142. Special issue on Margaret Cavendish, In-between: Essays & Studies in Literary Criticism, Vol. 9, 2000. Special Issue on Margaret Cavendish, Women's Writing, Vol. 4, No.3, 1997 Wallwork, Jo. "Disruptive Behaviour in the Making of Science: Cavendish and the Community of Seventeenth-Century Science." Early Modern Englishwomen Testing Ideas. Ed. Jo Wallwork and Paul Salzman. Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. 41–54. Whitemore, Clara H. "Margaret Cavendish." Woman's Word in English Fiction: From the Restoration to the Mid-Victorian Period. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910. Woolf, Virginia. The Duchess of Newcastle’, ‘The Common Reader’ in The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume IV, 1925–1928. Edited by Andrew McNeillie. London: Hogarth Press, 1994, pp.81–90.

title: The Convent of Pleasure

text: Line Cottegnies has written on Cavendish from the perspective of Shakespeare in an article called Gender and Cross-dressing in the Seventeenth Century: Margaret Cavendish Reads Shakespeare. Cottegnies believes Cavendish draws on the techniques of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure when writing her own The Convent of Pleasure. Cottegnies writes, “In The Convent of Pleasure, Cavendish uses episodes and devices borrowed from several of Shakespeare’s comedies to reflect on transvestism and its implications”. Cottegnies found the endings of the two plays especially similar in the silences of both Lady Happy and Isabella when the Prince and the Duke reveal themselves in their respective plays. However, he found a difference in meaning between the two silences. Lady Happy is silent because she has finally yielded to passion instead of reason. Isabella is silent because she yields to the power of the Duke.

text: Lucas was the son of Sir Thomas Lucas and Elizabeth Leighton. He was one of eight children which included other notable people such as Sir Thomas Lucas, Sir Charles Lucas (d.1648), both Royalist officers, and the philosopher Margaret Cavendish.

text: On 1 March 1690, she married John Holles, Earl of Clare. Her husband was created Duke of Newcastle in 1694, the first creation having become extinct in 1691 when her father died without a male heir (her only brother, Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle, died in 1680). They had one child, Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles (1694–1755), who married 2nd Earl of Oxford and Mortimer and was mother to Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland.

text: Mistress Margaret Lucas (1623–1645) The Most Hon. The Marchioness of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1645–1665) Her Grace The Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1665–1673)

text: When Queen Henrietta Maria was in Oxford, Cavendish successfully appealed to her mother for permission to become one of her Ladies-in-waiting. Cavendish accompanied the Queen upon her exile and moved to France. This took Cavendish away from her family for the first time. She notes that while she was very confident in the company of her siblings, amongst strangers she became extremely bashful. Cavendish explains that she was afraid she might speak or act inappropriately without her siblings' guidance, which would go against her ambition to be well received and well liked. She spoke only when absolutely necessary and, consequently, she came to be regarded as a fool. Cavendish excused her behaviour by stating that she preferred to be received as a fool rather than as wanton or rude. Regretting that she had left home to be a lady-in-waiting, Cavendish informed her mother she wanted to leave the court. Her mother, however, persuaded Cavendish to stay rather than disgrace herself by leaving and provided her with funds that, as Cavendish notes, quite exceeded the normal means of a courtier. Cavendish remained a lady-in-waiting for two more years until she was married to William Cavendish who was, at the time, Marquis of Newcastle (he was later made Duke).

text: Cavendish's father, Thomas Lucas, was exiled after a duel that resulted in the death of "one Mr. Brooks"; he was pardoned by King James and returned to England in 1603.[8] As the youngest of eight children, Cavendish recorded that she spent a great deal of time with her siblings. She did not have a formal education but had access to scholarly libraries and tutors, although she intimated that the children paid little attention to the tutors, who were "rather for formality than benefit". At an early age, Cavendish was already putting her ideas and thoughts down on paper since during this time period it was not common or accepted for women to be publicly intelligent. She kept her intellectual endeavours within the privacy of her home.[9][10] The family was one of relatively significant means and Cavendish indicated that despite being a widow, her mother chose to keep her family in a condition "not much lower" than when her father was alive; the children had access to "honest pleasures and harmless delights."[11] Her mother had little to no male help.[12]

title: Sir Edmund Pye, 1st Baronet

text: On the 6th of May 1635, Pye married Catherine Lucas, who was the sister of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and John Lucas, 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield.

title: Margaret Douglas

text: In 1544, Lady Margaret married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1516–1571), who later became regent of Scotland in 1570–1571. Their children were: Henry Stuart (1545-1567), born in 1545 at Temple Newsam; and Charles Stuart (1555-1576), who later married Elizabeth Cavendish in 1574. Elizabeth was the daughter of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick.


query: When was The Little Mermaid written?

title: The Little Mermaid

text: The tale was first published in 1837 and has been adapted to various media, including musical theatre, anime and a Disney animated film.

text: The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film "The Little Mermaid", located in Paradise Gardens Park at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure, and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom.

title: The Little Mermaid (1976 Czech film)

text: The Little Mermaid ("Malá mořská víla") is a 1976 Czech film directed by Karel Kachyňa based on the fairy tale of The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen. The voice actor for the mermaid in German was Irina Wanka.

title: Ariel the Little Mermaid

text: Disney's Ariel the Little Mermaid, usually shorted to simply Ariel the Little Mermaid, is a 1992 video game developed by Blue Sky Software for the Sega Genesis, Game Gear and Master System, based on the 1989 film "The Little Mermaid."

title: Mermaid

text: Some tales raised the question of whether mermaids had immortal souls, answering in the negative. The figure of Lí Ban appears as a sanctified mermaid, but she was a human being transformed into a mermaid. After three centuries, when Christianity had come to Ireland, she was baptized. The Irish mermaid is called merrow in tales such as "Lady of Gollerus" published in the 19th century. In Scottish mythology, a "ceasg" is a fresh-water mermaid, though little beside the term has been preserved in folklore.

title: Fathoms Below

text: "Fathoms Below" is the opening song from the 1989 animated Disney feature film "The Little Mermaid". It is 1:41 minutes in length, while the version in the musical is about twice as long, with additional lyrics written by Glenn Slater. The song is written by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, sung by the Ship's Chorus, and was featured on the album "The Little Mermaid - An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack".

title: The Little Mermaid

text: When the Little Mermaid's turn comes, she rises up to the surface, watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince, and falls in love with him from a safe distance. A violent storm hits, sinking the ship, and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning. She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple. Here, she waits until a young woman from the temple and her ladies in waiting find him. To her dismay, the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life.

title: The Little Mermaid

text: "The Little Mermaid" (Danish: Den lille havfrue) is a fairy tale written by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen about a young mermaid who is willing to give up her life in the sea and her identity as a mermaid to gain a human soul.

title: The Little Mermaid (franchise)

text: "Disney's The Little Mermaid: Original Broadway Cast Recording" is the cast album for the musical "The Little Mermaid". It features performances from the show's cast, which includes Tituss Burgess, Sherie Rene Scott, Norm Lewis, Eddie Korbich, and newcomer Sierra Boggess as Ariel, the little mermaid.

title: The Little Mermaid (2018 film)

text: The Little Mermaid is a 2018 American live-action fantasy-adventure film inspired by the Hans Christian Andersen story of the same name. It is directed and written by Blake Harris, co-directed by Chris Bouchard, and produced by Armando Gutierrez and Robert Molloy.

title: The Little Mermaid

text: The Little Mermaid becomes melancholic and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever. The grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than a mermaid's 300 years, but that when mermaids die, they turn to sea foam and cease to exist, while humans have an eternal soul that lives on in heaven. The Little Mermaid, longing for the prince and an eternal soul, visits the Sea Witch in a dangerous part of the ocean. The witch willingly helps her by selling her a potion that gives her legs in exchange for her tongue and beautiful voice, as the Little Mermaid has the most enchanting voice in the world. The witch warns the Little Mermaid that once she becomes a human, she will never be able to return to the sea. Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body, yet when she recovers, she will have two human legs and will be able to dance like no human has ever danced before. However, she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives, and her feet will bleed terribly. In addition, she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him, for then a part of his soul will flow into her. Otherwise, at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else, the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves.

title: The Little Mermaid (2018 film)

text: The two then take a walk in the woods, presumably the following day, and meet the mermaid again. Elle questions the mermaid about her ability to walk and it is explained that mermaids are able to walk on legs when it is low tide. The mermaid introduces herself as Elizabeth. Locke is then shown with her soul and Elizabeth suddenly departs.

title: The Little Mermaid (franchise)

text: Disney's The Little Mermaid is an animated television series featuring the adventures of Ariel as a mermaid prior to the events of the first film. This series is the first Disney television series to be spun off from a major animated film. "The Little Mermaid" premiered in the fall of 1992 with the animated prime time special called "A Whale of a Tale", then moved to Saturday mornings. This series originally appeared on CBS, with an original run from 1992 to 1994. It was later shown in reruns on The Disney Channel and Toon Disney. Some of the episodes contain musical segments, featuring original songs written for the series. The opening theme to the show is a combination of the songs "Part of Your World", "Under the Sea" and "Kiss the Girl".

title: Ellen Price

text:
In 1889 - 1895, Price was trained at school of Royal Danish Ballet and joined the theater of Royal Danish Ballet; she debuted on May, 28th 1895 with a pas de trois in the ballet "Window" (La Ventana) written by composer Hans Christian Lumbye and choreographed by August Bournonville. In 1903, she became a prima ballerina of Royal Danish Ballet. Her roles included "La Sylphide", "Cinderella", and "Little Mermaid".
The role of the Little Mermaid gave her the most unexpected glory. The ballet "The Little Mermaid", based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairy-tale and set to music by Fini Henriques, was put by the choreographer Hans Beck (1861–1952) in 1909 with the Royal Danish Ballet. Among spectators of ballet had been Danish brewer and art collector Carl Jacobsen; the ballet left such a strong impression on him that he commissioned sculptor Edvard Eriksen to create a statue of the Little Mermaid. Though Price agreed to model for the statue, she refused to pose nude and her likeness was only used for the head of the statue. For the body of the statue, Eriksen used his wife Eline Eriksen as a model. The bronze statue that Eriksen created was unveiled on 23 August 1913 and presented to the city by Jacobsen. "The Little Mermaid" statue has since become a symbol of Copenhagen.

title: Little Mermaid (comics)

text: Little Mermaid's final fate is not clear. She was apparently killed by Jack O'Lantern. This was not intentional as Jack was shooting at members of the Justice League. She reappears claiming that the deceased Little Mermaid was her "evil twin." Finally, a memorial to the fallen Global Guardians, including one dedicated to the memory of Little Mermaid, appears.

title: The Little Mermaid (2018 film)

text: Despite their young ages, the girls don't believe in the story, until their grandmother tells them a tale of a girl she knew who met a mermaid. Many years ago, a young reporter named Cam Harrison who had failed to earn a living sets out in search of a good story accompanied by his young niece, Elle. There, they go to a circus and encounter a beautiful mermaid trapped in a glass tank. They are further amazed when the mermaid appears before them as a young woman with legs. The duo soon learn of a prophecy about a little girl born on land but blessed with the heart of a mermaid. With this prophecy come to life in Elle, they are further entangled in a sinister plot of a wizard who wishes to keep the mermaid's soul and convert it to power.

title: The Little Mermaid (franchise)

text: Disney Comics released a four-issue "The Little Mermaid Limited Series" comic series and two issues of "Sebastian from The Little Mermaid" comics in 1992. Marvel Comics released its own title, "Disney's The Little Mermaid" in 1994, which ran for twelve issues. All the comics are prequels to the film, and feature Ariel still a mermaid living under the sea.

title: The Little Mermaid II: Pinball Frenzy

text: Critics have also compared "The Little Mermaid II: Pinball Frenzy" to "Pokémon Pinball". Gamekult.com's David Choquet wrote that "The Little Mermaid II: Pinball Frenzy" had a superior design and richer gameplay experience than "Pokémon Pinball", and Craig Harris preferred it to the previous Nintendo pinball releases. Frank Provo described the game as a remake of "Pokémon Pinball", and felt disappointed by the absence of Pikachu and other Pokémon. Brett Alan Weiss argued that the cute visuals of "The Little Mermaid II: Pinball Frenzy" was derivative when compared to other pinball games. He wrote that the game would appeal primarily to young girls, while experienced pinball players would prefer "Pokémon Pinball."

title: Sebastian from The Little Mermaid

text: Sebastian From The Little Mermaid (credited as Disney's Sebastian)is the first of three original albums inspired by Disney's "The Little Mermaid" film. Many of the songs are cover versions of classic calypso or reggae songs. All of the songs are performed by Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian the crab with the exception of "Dancing Mood" and "Dance the Day Away", which are the album's two hit singles written and performed by Jodi Benson as Ariel, who also joins Sebastian on "Day-O". Jason Marin plays the speaking role of Flounder in the beginning of some tracks. The album was recorded in Jamaica and the reggae group Third World performs rhythm tracks and background vocalsSebastian Vocals: Sam Wright

title: The Little Mermaid (soundtrack)

text: The Little Mermaid: Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 1989 Disney animated feature film, "The Little Mermaid". It contains the songs from the film written by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, as well as the film's score composed by Alan Menken. The score was orchestrated by Thomas Pasatieri. The album has achieved multi-platinum sales and won the Grammy Award for Best Recording for Children. The album includes recordings of the music that won the Grammy for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television ("Under the Sea"), the Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song ("Under the Sea") and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.

title: Little Mermaid (comics)

text: Little Mermaid is the name of two DC Comics superheroes. They are named after, but not related to the character in "The Little Mermaid" by Hans Christian Andersen. The Little Mermaid first appeared in "Super Friends" #9 and was created by Nicholas Pascale, E. Nelson Bridwell, and Ramona Fradon.

title: The Little Mermaid

text: Rusalka (1901), an opera with music composed by Dvořák, was first performed in Prague. It incorporates plot elements from the Anderson story and from de la Motte Fouqué's Undine The Garden of Paradise (1914), a play written by Edward Sheldon. La Petite Sirène (1957), a three-act opera version by French composer Germaine Tailleferre, with a libretto adapted by Philippe Soupault. Once on This Island (1990) a musical based around the Anderson story. De Kleine Zeemeermin (2004), a stage musical adaptation by Studio 100 directed by Gert Verhulst, with music by Johan Vanden Eede. The show premiered in Belgium in 2004 starring Free Souffriau as the mermaid, and then transferred to the Netherlands where Kim-Lian and Kathleen Aerts portrayed the mermaid.[22] The Little Mermaid (2005), a modern-rendition ballet by the Royal Danish Ballet, composed by Russian-American composer Lera Auerbach and choreographed by John Neumeier, premiered on 15 April 2005.[23] The Little Mermaid (2008), a Broadway stage musical based on the 1989 Disney film, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater. The show premiered on 10 January 2008 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre. John Neumeier's The Little Mermaid (2010), a production of the San Francisco Ballet, premiered on 20 March 2010. Below (2013), a stage adaptation by Adapt Theatre Productions, a small fringe-theatre production company in Chicago, Illinois. The story is written in blank verse by actor/playwright Lane Flores and is from the perspective of the little mermaid's sisters, who have kidnapped the story's prince to judge his compassion for their deceased sister.[24] The Little Mermaid (2013), a theatrical adaptation by Blind Tiger, a London-based Actor Musician theatre company, focuses on Hans Christian Andersen's influences when creating the fairytale. The show opened in December 2013 at Riverside Studios.[25] The Little Mermaid (2017) a ballet with choreography by David Nixon and a score by Sally Beamish was staged by Northern Ballet[26] in Leeds, Sheffield and other venues in the north of England in the winter of 2017 and 2018.

title: The Little Mermaid: Splash Hits

text: The Little Mermaid: Splash Hits - New songs from the Popular TV series is a compilation album of songs from "The Little Mermaid" TV series, and is part of The Little Mermaid franchise.

title: The Little Mermaid (1989 film)

text: The Little Mermaid is a 1989 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Pictures. Based on the Danish fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen, "The Little Mermaid" tells the story of Ariel, a mermaid princess who dreams of becoming human. Written, produced, and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, with music by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman (who also served as a co-producer), the film features the voices of Jodi Benson, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Pat Carroll, Samuel E. Wright, Jason Marin, Kenneth Mars, Buddy Hackett, and René Auberjonois.

title: Mermaid (Carl-Nielsen)

text: Little is known about the creation of the sculpture. One of Carl-Nielsen's sketchbooks contains some sketches of mermaids but it is not known when they were made or if it was in connection with the creation of the mermaid sculpture. It is unknown if she was inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairytale "The Little Mermaid" in the same way as other Danish artists such as Edvard Eriksen with his "Little Mermaid" and the painter Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann, but she was familiar with mythological subjects. In 1937, she made a statue of "The Little Match Girl".

title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: "The Little Mermaid" premiered in the fall of 1992 with the animated prime time special called "A Whale of a Tale", then moved to Saturday mornings. This series originally appeared on CBS, with an original run from 1992 to 1994 (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from October 2nd, 1995 to September 29th, 2002 and again from September 5th, 2006, to July 4th, 2010. Some of the episodes contain musical segments, featuring original songs written for the series. The opening theme to the show is an instrumental combination of the songs "Part of Your World", "Under the Sea" and "Kiss the Girl". The overture for the stage musical of "The Little Mermaid" is similar to this.

title: Mermaid (2007 film)

text: Mermaid (Russian: Русалка, Rusalka) is a Russian 2007 comedy-drama film directed and written by Anna Melikyan. It is a loose adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid". It was a box office success in Russia, won numerous awards and was selected as Russia's official submission to Foreign-Language Film category for the 2009 Academy Awards.

title: The Little Mermaid (statue)

text: There are similarities between "The Little Mermaid" statue and the "Pania of the Reef" statue on the beachfront at Napier in New Zealand, and some similarities in the little mermaid and Pania tales. The statue of a (titled "Girl in a Wetsuit" by Elek Imredy) in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada was placed there when, unable to obtain permission to reproduce the Copenhagen statue, Vancouver authorities selected a modern version.

title: The Little Mermaid

text: The Little Mermaid lives in an underwater kingdom with her widowed father (the sea king or Mer-King), her dowager grandmother, and her five older sisters, each of whom had been born one year apart. When a mermaid turns fifteen, she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to glimpse the world above, and when the sisters become old enough, each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year. As each returns, the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings.

title: The Little Mermaid

text: Die Seejungfrau (The Mermaid, 1905), a 40-minute-long symphonic poem by Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky. "Little Mermaid" (1982), a song by Japanese jazz-fusion band The Square (now known as T-Square), released on the album Magic. The Little Mermaid (Die kleine Meerjungfrau, 2007), an orchestral piece by Lior Navok for an actress, two pianos and a chamber ensemble/orchestra, premiered on 28 July 2007.[27] "人魚姫/Ningyo Hime" ("The Little Mermaid") and "リトマメ/Rito Mame" ("Little Mermaid", 2009), a pair of songs produced using the Vocaloid software, based on the story. "Ningyo No Namida" ("Tears of the Mermaid", 2009), a song by Japanese visual kei band LM.C, is loosely based on the story.

title: The Little Mermaid Jr.

text: The Little Mermaid Jr. is a stage musical produced by Disney Theatrical, based on the animated 1989 Disney film of the same name and the classic story of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen about a mermaid who dreams of the world above the sea and gives up her voice to find love. Its book is by Doug Wright, music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman (written for the film), with additional lyrics by Glenn Slater. Its underwater setting and story about aquatic characters requires unusual technical designs and strategies to create gliding movements for the actors. "The Little Mermaid Jr." first became available to license by the company Music Theater International and Disney Theatrical Productions