query: Is the Beacham Theatre still in use?

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Beacham, as it is currently named, has since been used as a series of concert venues and nightclubs thus saving it from demolition. The Beacham Theatre was once home to the late-night underground discotheque Aahz that is recognized internationally as a birthplace and critical component of the electronic dance music movement.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Inside "Late Night" at the Beacham was always very dark and the auditorium was absolutely filthy. In contrast, initially the scene's "vibe" was pure and drugs such as MDMA that were available were relatively unadulterated. As time went on, the beloved Beacham was beautified and remodeled into Dekko's. While the Beacham itself was cleaned up, the overall "vibe" of Orlando's scene seemed to darken somewhat just as the quality of club drugs that were still available during that time became tainted.[54]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Bellettos planned to use the Beacham Theatre for theatrical performances and concerts during the week and as a nightclub on the weekends.[45] Frank Carroll, served as the managing artistic director for theatre productions and starred in a Las Vegas-style musical revue tribute to Liberace, Viva Liberace, Viva. A "Leonard Bernstein opera" and "an Edward Albee drama" were additional production features before theatrical productions ceased.[42]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Beacham Theatre is a cinema built in 1921 by Braxton Beacham Sr. in the city of Orlando, Florida. The current address of the theater is 46 North Orange Avenue, and it is located at the southwest corner of Orange Avenue and Washington Street. The building's current lack of impressive architecture is offset by its significant cultural history.[1][2][3][4] The Beacham Theatre was considered an important contributing structure when the Downtown Orlando historic district was created in 1980 and the building was granted local landmark status in 1987.[5]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Despite the new recognition for the theater by the City of Orlando, Mr. Juarez saw the building as a liability with many pleasant memories surrounding it, but with little economic potential. Citing maintaining the building and rehabilitation of the area, he first announced plans to raze the building for an unspecified mix-use purpose and later to redevelop the former Beacham Block with a new skyscraper that would be used as a combination office building and hotel.[43][44] In 1988 Juarez received two successive approval Certificate of Appropriateness permits from the City of Orlando Board of Historic Preservation to demolish the Beacham Theatre within 180 days.[5] The "Bye-bye Beacham Bash" was promptly organized by Orlando Remembered and attended by former theater doormen, ushers, candy girls, and cashiers on December 9, 1988.[45] However, Mr. Juarez's redevelopment plan and the new construction of a 20-story office building and parking garage fell through at the last moment due to poor timing. Additional parking could have contributed to a revitalized downtown area, but the market for office space in Downtown Orlando was nearly saturated in the late 1980s and there was a general lack of interest from prospective future tenants. Had the project materialized, Mr. Juaraz would have been required to reconstruct a replica of the original Beacham Theatre facade using original building materials of brick, stucco, decorative tile, and pastel colors.[5][39]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Manager Harry Vincent started several promotions at the Beacham Theatre in the summer months of the mid-1920s that included Bank Night, Amateur Night, and Country Store Night, which was supported by dozens of local merchants. An advertisement for the Beacham in 1925 says, "Don't talk about the hot weather. Beat the heat in a Beacham seat. 'Kum Keep Kumfy Kool at the Beacham' is known to many and you won't enjoy yourself until you too get into the line that leads to comfort."[25]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The conceptual themes for "Late Night" were frequently alternated (sometimes weekly) and occasionally repeated. The various themes subsequently included World War III, Aahz, Trancentral, The Haunted Theatre, Egypt, Alphabet City, Psychedelic Babylon, Unity, and Reunion. The all-night dance parties were eventually referred to using the umbrella term "'Late Night' at the Classic Beacham Theatre."

title: Beacham Theatre

text: On December 9, 1921, Orlando's premier vaudeville and movie house opened by showing The Wonderful Thing, starring Norma Talmadge, a Pathé News newsreel, and Buster Keaton's The Boat.[7][24] The Beacham Theatre was originally the only independent theater in Orlando.[18] However, the next year, in 1922, Beacham leased his theater to Mack Sparks of the Sparks Theater Company chain.[10][13]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The late nights at the Beacham featured DJs, beat matching, rare and obscure dance music on vinyl records, intelligent lighting, and themed decor that at times included original paintings by local artist Rollo. The popularity of dancing throughout the night at the Beacham Theatre initially caught on slowly and many free passes were given out. Soon, the entry queue for "Late Night" snaked around the block.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Beacham's Building is divided into seven rental units using wood frame, brick walls, different facades, and paint. The theater is the south-most unit. The two-story Beacham Theatre was constructed in 1921 in a simple 20th Century Commercial Style. The structure is constructed of reinforced concrete and brick with stucco out-surface. Utilization of wood in the construction was minimized.[18]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Orlando's Chamber of Commerce held open forum meetings at the Beacham Theatre on Sundays during the winter months of 1971-1973 under the direction of W. F. Blackman.[21]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: In 2011 leases for the Beacham Theatre were renewed by John SanFelippo and George Maltezos, along with Gerard Mitchell and Michael McRaney, who leased the adjacent unit. Their partnership is named 46/54 North Orange Ave, LLC, and both units are leased from building owners Margaret Casscells and Frank Hamby, of Beacham Theater, LLC.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The final all-night Aahz-themed events (The Return of Aahz) were held at the Beacham between September 7, 1991, and July 4, 1992, and lasted until Dekko's opened. However, "Aahz" was the theme that really stuck with patrons and among participants is still used as a nickname for "Late Night" reunion tour events and even for the Beacham Theatre itself.[54] "Lift" night soon commenced in the Beacham Building's north-most unit, then called Barbarella's. The Beacham Building's north-most corner unit was once called Beach Club where Kimball Collins was resident DJ in the mid-1980s.[60] "Late Night" in the Beacham Theatre returned when Unity presented "Welcome (Back) to Late Night" on October 30, 1993. "Late Night's" Reunion at the Beacham was then initiated at Dekko's.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: In May 1989 the Beacham Theatre was sold by Oscar Juarez for $1.8 million to a property management firm owned by Longwood businesswoman Missy Casscells and her husband Frank Hamby.[48]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Live Entertainment era currently continues on stages at both The Beacham and partner The Social. Prominent national and international musical acts perform with fidelity to the countless shows by numerous acts that have previously held performances in the Beacham Theatre from the mid-1970s through the early-1990s.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: It was 1992 when Orlando Attorney Mark NeJame leased the Beacham Theatre with the option to match the purchase price of any prospective buyers.[4] The Beacham underwent restoration at a cost of in excess of $1,000,000. NeJame then opened "Dekko's," a mainstream "high-energy dance club." "Dekko's" is an amalgam of Deco and Gekko. The "Dekko's" concept featured a rose-beige exterior with a newly restored Art Deco inspired facade with red neon lighting. Dekko's interior included extensive use of the color purple and a sushi bar in the balcony. The inclusion of a terrarium (vivarium) with live subtropical geckos was planned.[4] "Dekko's" was open from late 1992 until the "high-energy dance club" concept was bought out in 1994 by Bill Harmening who operated The Edge, a competing nightclub.[5][54]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Roberta Branch Beacham died in 1980.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Beacham's "exploitation director" Frank H. Burns often designed and created large elaborate standing displays that decorated the facade and lobby of the theater in order to advertise new film features.[26] The iconic displays that Burns created for the Beacham Theatre were sometimes complete with coordinated costumes for the employees.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Following an effort to "bring back the aesthetics of the old Beacham Theatre," in 2000 owners restored the Beacham's ornate plaster ceiling moldings, facade, and marquee. In addition, the sloping theater floor was made level and the stage was elevated. The original Beacham Theatre sign is awaiting restoration and is being stored on the roof.[82]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The use of psychedelic drugs such as ecstasy and LSD at the Beacham Theatre during the late 1980s and early 1990s was prevalent and eventually began to attract the attention of law enforcement agencies. After "warnings" about increased surveillance of the Beacham that allegedly came from the Drug Enforcement Administration, additional security, pat-downs, new restrictions on reentering, attire, and the behavior for patrons were implemented. Once, during the early 1990s, "Late Night" was raided by masked agents of the Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation who temporarily stopped the music and turned on the lights while they searched for and detained a suspect.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Other short-lasting entities followed such as a tourist-oriented laser tag business. The Orlando Sentinel critic Howard Means, reminded readers, that the 1965 installation of "then-new Cinerama equipment at the Beacham was the latest testimony to the faith in the future of Downtown Orlando" and that, "The Beacham had long been seen as a bellwether of the health of the center city." Upon further reflection, he lamented, "that the Beacham is simply a microcosm of modern downtown realities." Means editorialized, by 1982 "The present state of the Beacham was the latest testament to decay," and, "In the way of dying enterprises, the Beacham's reincarnations became increasingly more short-lived."[13]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: By 1992 the future looked brighter for the Beacham Theatre when Mike Berry, staff writer, for The Orlando Sentinel wrote that, "The Beacham Theatre is the latest testament to reincarnation." Concerts were no longer being held in the auditorium during this time period and the Beacham Theatre was used exclusively as night club through 2010.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: After an extensive remodel, CinemaScope equipment was introduced at the "New" Beacham Theatre in 1954 with the addition of stereophonic sound, new projection lenses, and a wider screen.[32] CinemaScope had its debut at the Beacham on January 7, 1954, for a two-week showing of the film The Robe.[33] Vernon D. Hunter retired after 20 years as manager of the Beacham Theater. Walther Colby became the executive director of several Orlando theaters including the Beacham.[21]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Late in 1988 the lease for the Beacham's theater was secured by the Bellettos under Entertainment Investments International.[45][46] Several of Lisa's cousins relocated to Orlando to help out with the task of preparing the Beacham for its opening and Brad's mother Bev tended the bar through the entire duration of the lease. The Bellettos also hosted an annual full-service Christmas dinner for hundreds of the city's homeless population at the Beacham Theatre with food donated by Orlando's high-end restaurants and businesses.[46]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Beacham Theatre was granted local historic landmark status on September 21, 1987, for its historical significance to the community.[2] Between each new identity for the theater and the occasional concert, the Beacham Theatre sat unoccupied and empty.[42]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Professional wrestlers Rob Van Dam, Masato Tanaka, Rhyno, Super Crazy, The Dupps, Yoshihiro Tajiri, Tommy Dreamer, and Simon Diamond had a match in the Beacham Theatre.

title: Beacham Theatre

text: In August 1937 the Orlando Police Department raided the Beacham Theatre. All of the equipment for the Bank Night marketing promotion was seized after authorities declared it to be a lottery.[5][7][21]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The Beacham Theatre was constructed in 1921 by Braxton Beacham Sr., who had previously owned three other Orlando theaters[6] and had served as Mayor of Orlando during 1907.[5] In 1917 Beacham paid approximately $17,500–$20,000 for the property one block southwest of his stately residence on Jefferson Street after Orlando's citizens voted to pave the road to the cemetery instead of purchasing the old jail.[7] The property he purchased had formerly served as the jail for Orange County since about 1873.[8] With a $200,000 investment, the former jail building was torn down in 1919 and Beacham developed a series of connected building units along the west side of Orange Avenue between Washington Street and Oak Street (now Wall Street). The new building was then known as "Beacham's Block" and is now known the Beacham Building. The location of Beacham's theater was precisely where several condemned prisoners were executed by hanging.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] According to local folklore, the Beacham Building is reportedly haunted.[13][15][16][17]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: The senior Braxton Beacham died in 1924 after a long illness, and Roberta Holland Beacham died soon after in 1926. Their estate and real property were left to their children, Norma K. Hughes, Roberta Augusta Rogers, Braxton Beacham Jr., and his wife Roberta Branch Beacham.[21]

title: Beacham Theatre

text: Braxton Beacham Jr., died in 1961.


query: Who first published the Origin of Species?

title: On the Origin of Species

text: On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),[3] published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.[4] Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.[5]

title: Clémence Royer

text: It is not known exactly how the arrangement was made for Royer to translate Charles Darwin’s "On the Origin of Species". Darwin was anxious to have his book published in French. His first choice of translator had been Louise Belloc, but she had declined his offer as she considered the book to be too technical. Darwin had been approached by the Frenchman Pierre Talandier but Talandier had been unable to find a publisher to handle the book. Royer was familiar with the writings of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Thomas Malthus and realized the significance of Darwin’s work. She was also probably helped by having close links with a French publisher, Guillaumin. We know from a letter dated 10 Sep 1861 that Darwin asked his English publisher Murray to send a copy of the third edition of the "Origin" to "Mlle Clémence-Auguste Royer 2. Place de la Madeline Lausanne Switzerland; as she has agreed with a publisher for a French translation". René-Édouard Claparède, a Swiss naturalist who lectured at the University of Geneva and who had favourably reviewed the "Origin" for the "Revue Germanique", offered to help her with the technicalities of the biology.

title: Botryosphaeria dothidea

text: After determining that a type specimen consistent with the original description of "Sphaeria dothidea", on ash, did not exist, Slippers et al. (2004) designated an epitype specimen to go along with a non-sporulating neotype from the collection of Fries, who published the original description of the species. Slippers et al. (2004) then revised the description of "B. dothidea". The name is believed to have previously encompassed a species complex, and references to it in older literature might represent species now otherwise identified.

title: Systematics and the Origin of Species

text: Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist is a book written by zoologist and evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, first published in 1942 by Columbia University Press. The book became one of the canonical publications on the modern synthesis.

title: Pieter Casteels III

text:
When in 1726 Casteels embarked on his first publishing venture, the production of 12 plates of bird scenes, he had not previously made any etchings except for two or three little plates as trials. The birds were depicted against gardens with classical decoration as background settings. The British Museum has a complete set of the original prints in its collection.
It is possible that the direct or indirect inspiration for the series of paintings on the 12 months made by Casteels was a series of the 12 months by the Antwerp painter Pieter Snyers. The 12 paintings by Casteels were engraved by Henry Fletcher and published by Robert Furber, a British horticulturist, under the title the "Twelve Months of Flowers" in 1730. The prints illustrate seasonal flowers that could be ordered from Furber and are thus the first illustrated nursery catalogue published in England. Each plant is numbered, with a list of the corresponding species names provided. More than 400 different species of plant are featured. For clear identification each flower is depicted facing to the front and is arranged separately.
The plates were originally sold on a subscription basis for £1 5s in uncolored form, or £2 12s 6d for a colored version. The subscribers included members of the aristrocracy. Casteels, Furber and Fletcher had each invested £500 in the publishing venture. As they were able to find 457 subscribers, they each made a handsome profit even before the sale of the prints, the plants or the original paintings. A second edition was published in 1734, which included "The Flower-Garden for Gentlemen and Ladies" not present in the first edition of 1730. The plates of the later edition were engraved by Peter Smith and are reductions of the originals. The book was reprinted in 1982. The complete set of the 12 original paintings, which Casteels made for the series, were sold by Christie's on 25 May 2005 in New York as lot 1529. The set of paintings and engravings inspired Jacob van Huysum, who had recently moved to London from Amsterdam, to paint his own set of "Twelve Months of Flowers" (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) between 1732–6.

title: Karl Ernst von Baer

text: In the fifth edition of "On the Origin of Species" published in 1869, Charles Darwin added a "Historical Sketch" giving due credit to naturalists who had preceded him in publishing the opinion that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life have descended by true generation from pre-existing forms. According to Darwin:

title: Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy

text: In the third edition of "On the Origin of Species" published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a "Historical Sketch" giving due credit to naturalists who had preceded him in publishing the opinion that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life have descended by true generation from pre-existing forms. This included d'Halloy –

title: Kamera lens

text: The first valid description (as "Monas lens") was published by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1773. William Saville Kent placed it in the genus "Heteromita" in 1880. Edwin Klebs moved it to "Bodo" in 1892, but this was rejected by H.M. Woodcock, who removed the species from "Bodo" and made it the type species of "Heteromastix". David J. Patterson and Michael Zölffel found Woodcock's description to be insufficient and created the genus "Kamera" for "Kamera lens" in 1991. "Kamera lens" is a play on words using the original species epithet. Due to lacking ultrastructural or molecular biological data, the species' rank is uncertain; thus it is placed as "incertae sedis" in the Eukaryota.

title: On the Origin of Species

text: On the Origin of Species – full text at Wikisource of the first edition, 1859 The Origin of Species – full text at Wikisource of the 6th edition, 1872 – podcast/audiobook of the 6th edition, 1872 Charles Darwin bibliography History of biology History of evolutionary thought History of speciation Modern evolutionary synthesis The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, published in 1871; his second major book on evolutionary theory. Transmutation of species

title: Isopogon petiolaris

text: The first scientific collector of the species was Allan Cunningham, who described it as "Isopogon petiolaris" in his notes. The name was retained by Robert Brown, who published the first description of the species in 1830. In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze published "Revisio generum plantarum", his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice. Because "Isopogon" was based on "Isopogon anemonifolius", and that species had already been placed by Richard Salisbury in the segregate genus "Atylus" in 1807, Kuntze revived the latter genus on the grounds of priority, and made the new combination "Atylus petiolaris" for this species. However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists. Ultimately, the genus "Isopogon" was nomenclaturally conserved over "Atylus" by the International Botanical Congress of 1905.

title: List of moths of Australia (Noctuidae)

text:
This is a list of the Australian moth species of the family Noctuidae. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Australia.The following species belongs to the subfamily Acontiinae, but have not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:The following species belongs to the subfamily Amphipyrinae, but have not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:
The following species belongs to the subfamily Catocalinae, but have not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:The following species belongs to the subfamily Chloephorinae, but have not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:
The following species belongs to the subfamily Euteliinae, but have not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:

title: Between the Species

text: "Between the Species" returned as an online-only publication in 2001, with the first issue (labelled issue 2) published in 2002; all issues published between 2002 and 2010 make up volume 13, after which it switched to single-issue volumes. The online version adopted the new name "Between the Species: An Online Journal for the Study of Philosophy and Animals", and in 2010 an archive of the print journal was made available online. Volumes 15 and 16, published in 2012 and 2013 respectively, were the journal's first special issues, publishing peer-reviewed versions of selected papers from two interdisciplinary conferences in animal studies. Volume 17, published in 2014, included the journal's first interview. 2018's volume 21 was a special issue dedicated in memory of Regan, who died in 2017.

title: Aletia fibriata

text: The species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. Meyrick in an article published in 1914 stated that the original name was misprinted as "Aletia fibriata" and the correct spelling was "Aletia fibrata". George Hudson in "The Moths and Butterflies of New Zealand" used the species name "Alentia fibrata" when discussing the species. However more recent publications use the original name of "Alentia fibriata".

title: Baltimartyria

text: The first known fossil was originally studied and described by Hans Rebel of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Austria. Rebel named the species "Micropterix proavitella", thinking it belonged to the modern genus "Micropterix". Rebel published his description of the species in 1936. The fossil was reexamined in 1995 by the Polish entomologist Andrzej W. Skalski, who recognized the species was not a member of "Micropterix" and moved the species to the new genus "Baltimartyria".

title: Miltonia

text: The first species to be described, among the ones today classified under the genus "Miltonia", was originally published by John Lindley, in 1834, as "Cyrtochilum flavescens". In this description Lindley notices that the flowers of this species turn orange color when drying and, for some confusion regarding the origin of the species, attributes it to Mexico instead of Brazil. Two years later Lindley described another "Miltonia" species but, then, under the genus "Oncidium", as "O. russellianum" in homage to Duke of Bedford. When describing this plant, Lindley considered it as a "transition species" pointing out that it was very different from the average "Oncidium" because of its purple colors and undivided lip.

title: Rhyzobius lophanthae

text: This insect was first described in California in 1892 by the American entomologist Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell. He named it "Scymnus lophanthae", and thought it was a native American species. Unbeknown to him, the beetle was an introduced species, and at about the same time, it was described in its native Australia by the Australian entomologist Thomas Blackburn, who gave it the name "Rhizobius toowoombae". However, Blaisdell's name took precedence as it was published first, and "R. toowoombae" became a synonym. The specific name "lophanthae" means "of lophantha", referring to the plant "Paraserianthes lophantha" on which Blaisdell originally saw the ladybird.

title: Lutzia shinonagai

text: Lutzia shinonagai was first described in 1979. The genus name was originally spelled "Lützia"; the species name honors medical entomologist Dr. Satoshi Shinonaga who has published extensively on the taxonomy of the muscid, sarcophagid and calliphorid flies of Japan and the Oriental Region. "Lutzia shinonagai" is the only species in the subgenus "Insulalutzia".

title: On the Origin of Species

text: Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959,[254] and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981.[255] Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009.[256] They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".[257]

title: Catholic Church and evolution

text: "On the Origin of Species" was published in 1859, during the papacy of Pope Pius IX, who defined dogmatically papal infallibility during the First Vatican Council in 1869–70. The council has a section on "Faith and Reason" that includes the following on science and faith:

title: Doctor Who spin-offs

text: A number of characters created for original "Doctor Who" fiction have been spun off into series of their own, such as the comic book "Miranda" based upon a character created for Lance Parkin's novel "Father Time", though the comic was not a success and was cancelled after three issues. First Mad Norwegian Press and later Random Static published a series of "Faction Paradox" books, based on the characters created by Lawrence Miles for the novel "Alien Bodies", and also republished one of the Bernice Summerfield novels originally published by Virgin. Twenty-First Century Publishers are due to publish a novel featuring the character Guy de Carnac, who was introduced in the 1995 "Doctor Who" novel, "Sanctuary."

title: Christian Leopold von Buch

text: In the third edition of his "On the Origin of Species" published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a "Historical Sketch" giving due credit to naturalists who had preceded him in publishing the opinion that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life have descended by true generation from pre-existing forms. According to Darwin:

title: Lophostica mauriciana

text: "Lophostica mauriciana" was first described by Eugène Simon in 1902, as the only species in his new genus, "Lophostica". Little was known of the species until 2000, when Wanda Wesołowska published a re-description, based on what she thought were specimens originally described by Simon. However, it was later discovered that the labels had been exchanged between the tubes in which specimen of this species and of "Pseudemathis trifida" were kept, and a corrected description was published in 2005. Two new species of "Lophostica" from Réunion were described in 2007, so this is no longer the only species in the genus.

title: Calvatia craniiformis

text: The species was first described as "Bovista craniiformis" by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1832. Elias Fries transferred it to the then newly circumscribed genus "Calvatia" in 1849, setting "Calvatia craniiformis" as the type and only species. Scott Bates and colleagues suggest that the name is synonymous with "Lycoperdon delicatum" published by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1873 (not the "L. delicatum" published by Berkeley in 1854), as is "Lycoperdon missouriense" published by William Trelease in 1891. The form "C. craniiformis" f. "gardneri", published by Yosio Kobayasi in 1932 (originally "Lycoperdon gardneri" Berk. 1875), since been elevated to the distinct species "Calvatia gardneri".

title: Author citation (botany)

text: In botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" ("ICN"). In cases where a species is no longer in its original generic placement (i.e. a new combination of genus and specific epithet), both the author(s) of the original genus placement and those of the new combination are given (the former in parentheses).

title: Illacme plenipes

text: The species was first discovered in San Benito County, part of the California Floristic Province, in 1926 by federal scientist Orator Cook and formally described by Cook and Harold F. Loomis in 1928. Cook and Loomis described the species without illustration, and it was not until 1996 that the first illustrations were provided by Rowland Shelley of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, who re-examined the original specimens. However, the species was not seen alive until it was rediscovered in November 2005, almost 80 years after its discovery, by Paul Marek, then a Ph.D. student at East Carolina University. Marek published his discovery in the journal "Nature". Marek and colleagues produced a more detailed description of the anatomy and ecology of "I. plenipes" in 2012.

title: Canna (plant)

text: The first species of "Canna" introduced to Europe was "C. indica" L., which was imported from the East Indies, though the species originated from the Americas. Charles de l'Ecluse, who first described and sketched "C. indica", indicated this origin, and stated that it was given the name "indica", not because the plant is from India, in Asia, but because this species was originally transported from America: "Quia ex America primum delata sit"; and at that time, one described the tropical areas of that part of the globe as the Western Indies.

title: Charles Darwin

text:
In "The Descent of Man" of 1871, Darwin discussed the first passage:
"During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. It seemed to me sufficient to indicate, in the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' that by this work 'light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history;' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth." In a preface to the 1874 second edition, he added a reference to the second point: "it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man."

title: Lactarius quietus

text: "L. quietus" was first described and named by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, who named it "Agaricus quietus" in the first volume of his "Systema Mycologicum", published in 1821. In his later "Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici", published in 1838, Fries transferred the species to "Lactarius". Subsequent attempts to reclassify the species were unsuccessful; in 1871, Paul Kummer described the species as a member of "Galorrheus", and in 1891 Otto Kuntze classified it as "Lactifluus", but today Fries's placement of the species in "Lactarius" is accepted. The specific epithet "quietus" means "quiet" or "calm", and is possibly used to refer to the unintrusive colours of the cap.

title: Marionia levis

text: "Marionia levis" was first described in 1904 by the marine biologist, Sir C Eliot, from Zanzibar in East Africa. Then in 1997, C. Avila "et al" published the first description of a new species of nudibranch from the Red Sea which they named "Marioniopsis fulvicola". This was almost identical in appearance to Eliot's species but there were differences in its internal anatomy, in particular in the structure of the radula and the number of gizzard plates (150 v. 30). It seems likely that Eliot, who was working from preserved material and dealing with a large number of different nudibranchs, may have dissected a specimen from a different species. His original colour illustration is now accepted as representing the species but his anatomical information is considered problematic, and "M. fulvicola" is considered a synonym.

title: Exsudoporus frostii

text: The species was named by the Unitarian minister John Lewis Russell of Salem, Massachusetts, based on specimens found in Brattleboro, Vermont. He named the fungus after his friend, fellow amateur American mycologist Charles Christopher Frost, who published a description of the species in his 1874 survey of the boletes of New England. When the name of a species is contributed by an individual, but the name is formally published by another, the contributor's name can be cited, separated from the publishing author as "apud"; for this reason, the name and authority are written "Boletus Frostii" Russell "apud" Frost in some older literature. Bernard Ogilvie Dodge made reference to "B. frostii" in 1950 during an address to the Mycological Society of America, in which he spoke about the role of the amateur in discovering new species: "They would have informed us all about the man Russell, who named a fine new bolete for his friend Frost, and about the man Frost, who named a fine new bolete for his friend Russell. "Boletus Frostii" and "Boletus Russellii" are mushrooms with "character", even though they were described by amateurs." However, in attempting to establish a lectotype specimen, mycologist Roy Halling examined both Russell's original material and his accompanying notes; he concluded that it was Frost who made the original species determinations, further suggesting that "there is no evidence to show that Russell ever collected "B. frostii" or wrote a description of it."

title: Eucomis

text: The genus "Eucomis" was first published by Charles L'Héritier in 1789. The name "Eucomis" is of Greek origin, "eu-" meaning "pleasing" and "kome" "hair of the head", thus referring to the tuft of leaf-like bracts that crown the inflorescence of the species in this genus. The name was first used by Daniel Solander, who decided that Linnaeus's "Fritillaria regia" should be placed in a separate genus. However, Solander died before publishing the name, and was not mentioned by L'Héritier in his 1789 publication. Initially, three species were placed in "Eucomis": "E. regia", "E. nana" and "E. punctata". (The last two are now synonyms of "E. regia" and "E. comosa" respectively.)


query: How many people died during Bloody Friday?

title: Bloody Friday (1972)

text: Bloody Friday is the name given to the bombings by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Belfast on 21 July 1972, during the Troubles. At least twenty bombs exploded in the space of eighty minutes, most within a half hour period. Most of them were car bombs and most targeted infrastructure, especially the transport network. Nine people were killed: five civilians, two British soldiers, a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) reservist, and an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member, while 130 were injured.[1] The IRA said it sent telephoned warnings at least thirty minutes before each explosion and claimed the security forces wilfully ignored some of the warnings for its own ends. The security forces denied this and said they were overstretched by the sheer number of bombs and bomb warnings, some of which were hoaxes.

title: Bloody Friday (film)

text: Bloody Friday () is a 1972 crime film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring  Raimund Harmstorf, Amadeus August and Gianni Macchia.

title: Sunday Bloody Sunday (film)

text: This film appeared on both Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel's Top 10 list of 1971, listed as No. 5 and No. 6 respectively. Roger Ebert commented, "The official East Coast line on John Schlesinger's "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was that it is civilized. That judgment was enlisted to carry the critical defense of the movie; and, indeed, how can the decent critic be against a civilized movie about civilized people? My notion, all the same, is that "Sunday Bloody Sunday" is about people who suffer from psychic amputation, not civility, and that this film is not an affirmation but a tragedy...I think "Sunday Bloody Sunday" is a masterpiece, but I don't think it's about what everybody else seems to think it's about. This is not a movie about the loss of love, but about its absence."

title: Bloody Friday (1972)

text: I was the operational commander of the "Bloody Friday" operation. I remember when the bombs started to go off, I was in Leeson Street, and I thought, "There's too much here". I sort of knew that there were going to be casualties, either [because] the Brits could not handle so many bombs or they would allow some to go off because it suited them to have casualties. I feel a bit guilty about it because, as I say, there was no intention to kill anyone that day. I have a fair deal of regret that "Bloody Friday" took place ... a great deal of regret ... If I could do it over again I wouldn't do it.[38]

title: Prevalence

text: Prevalence is contrasted with incidence, which is a measure of "new" cases arising in a population over a given period (month, year, etc.). The difference between prevalence and incidence can be summarized thus: prevalence answers "How many people have this disease right now?" or "How many people have had this disease during this time period?" and incidence answers "How many people per year newly acquire this disease?"

title: Polly Toynbee

text: In 2003 upon the 25th anniversary of Pope John Paul II's papacy, she wrote that he "is a hate-figure and with good reason… No one can compute how many people have died of Aids as a result of Wojtyla's power, how many woman have died in childbirth needlessly, how many children starved in families too large and poor to feed them. But it is reasonable to suppose these silent, unseen, uncounted deaths at his hand would match that of any self-respecting tyrant or dictator".

title: Brendan Hughes

text: I was the operational commander of the "Bloody Friday" operation. I remember when the bombs started to go off, I was in Leeson Street, and I thought, "There's too much here". I sort of knew there were going to be casualties, either [because] the Brits could not handle so many bombs or they would allow some to go off because it suited them to have casualties. I feel a bit guilty about it because, as I say, there was no intention to kill anyone that day. I have a fair deal of regret that 'Bloody Friday' took place...a great deal of regret...If I could do it over again I wouldn't do it.

title: Bloody Moon

text: "Bloody Moon" was received favourably by DVD Verdict. Tim Lucas described "Bloody Moon" as "not one of Franco's better movies" and stated that the film "compares well to the shoddiness of American examples of the same period such as "Prom Night", "Bloody Birthday" and the "Friday the 13th films.

title: Bloody Friday (1972)

text: 'Bloody Friday' was the IRA's response to the breakdown of the talks. According to the IRA's Chief of Staff, Seán Mac Stíofáin, the main goal of the bombing operation was to wreak financial harm.[7] It was a "message to the British government that the IRA could and would make a commercial desert of the city unless its demands were met".[8] Some also saw it as a reprisal for Bloody Sunday in Derry six months earlier.[9] The attack was carried out by the IRA's Belfast Brigade and the main organiser was Brendan Hughes, the brigade's Officer Commanding.[8]

title: Hollywood Black Friday

text: Hollywood Black Friday or "Bloody Friday" is the name given, in the history of organized labor in the United States, to October 5, 1945. On that date, a six-month strike by the set decorators represented by the Conference of Studio Unions (CSU) boiled over into a bloody riot at the gates of Warner Brothers' studios in Burbank, California. The strikes helped the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 and led to the eventual breakup of the CSU and reorganization of the then-rival International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) leadership.

title: Eucharist in the Catholic Church

text:
Receiving Holy Communion as part of First Friday Devotions is a Catholic devotion to offer reparations for sins through the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In the visions of Christ reported by St. Margaret Mary Alacoque in the 17th century, several promises were made to those people that practice the First Fridays Devotions, one of which included final perseverance.
The devotion consists of several practices that are performed on the first Fridays of nine consecutive months. On these days, a person is to attend Holy Mass and receive communion. In many Catholic communities the practice of the Holy Hour of meditation during the Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament during the First Fridays is encouraged.

title: Bloody Friday (Minneapolis)

text: Bloody Friday is the name of an event which occurred in Minneapolis, Minnesota on July 20, 1934, when police shot at truck drivers injuring 67 picketers and killing strikers John Belor and Henry Ness. This was one incident in the Minneapolis general strike of 1934, beginning May 20 and ending on August 22.

title: Marina Carr

text: Irish history plays a significant role in the formation of Marina Carr’s ideas and thoughts. The Northern Troubles is one. Carr’s focus on the mistreatment of children could relate to her being 4 at the time of the 1969 Northern Ireland Riots, and to her being 7 at the time of Bloody Friday and Sunday. The hardships that Carr’s characters experience often have some correlation to what Carr herself has experienced. For example, Hester Swane from "By the Bog of Cats" was abandoned by her mother when she was 7. When Marina Carr was 7, Bloody Friday and Bloody Sunday occurred. For 20 years, during and before Bloody Sunday, the Provisional Irish Republican army sought to participate in rebellious acts against the British. British rule is another example because the Irish were under direct rule for such a long time, Hester’s shun of authority and active rebellion relate to the Irish rejecting British authority- realization of Irish culture like Things Fall Apart.This constant theme of rebellion is scene in Carr’s writing and can be attested to her childhood.

title: Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani

text:
The "Cronaca fiorentina" explains that the spice-dealers and "beccamorti" sold burial items, such as perfumed spiced goods, benches, caskets, burial palls, biers, and cushions, at outrageously high prices, so that the government finally had to step in and control such prices. It also forbade the custom of ringing bells during a funeral, to limit the knowledge of how many funerals there actually were. Crying out a funeral announcement was also forbidden. Knowing how many funerals there were discouraged the sick as well as the healthy. Priests and friars served the rich, since they were paid large amounts of money for their services, and could become rich themselves. The local authorities then made laws prescribing how many clerics a church could have, usually setting the limit at six. Many rich people died, and many religious processions with relics went through the streets of Florence. The dead would be carried away by four "beccamorti" and a tonsured clerk carrying a Christian cross, each wanting to be highly paid.
Bonaiuti makes it clear that the plague killed so many people that certain new customs were put into place. Fruits with a nut center, unhusked almonds, figs, and "unhealthy" fruits were forbidden to enter Florence, for fear of bringing in the pestilence. Men would gather and dine together. Each evening a man would provide the cooked meal for ten other men, rotating from night to night as the host. Many times a host would provide dinner for ten, but two or three were missing. Often by the next evening only one of the ten was still present, the other nine having died or having fled the city for villages outside it, to get fresh air, but they took the plague with them and contaminated otherwise healthy villages. Thus the pestilence spread, killing people at an ever faster rate.

title: 2010 Papua New Guinea bus crash

text: Some local people rushed to assist those in need of attention, claiming they had never before seen such a "bloody and macabre" scene. Many of those injured died on the scene quite quickly. Eight others received serious wounds. Many more died before emergency services arrived on the scene. Eighteen people were hospitalised in the aftermath of the accident. Eight of these people were left in intensive care. Some of these eight are not expected to survive. One passenger, 22-year-old Gideon Jack, said he was asleep at the time of the crash and woke up to find his bloodied body being loaded into a truck. Media in Papua New Guinea posted what were described by ABC Radio Australia's News as "shocking photographs of bodies hanging out of the mangled wreckage of the two buses".

title: Bloody Friday (film)

text: After escaping from a courtroom during his trial, a major criminal plans the biggest bank robbery every to have taken place in the country.Fernando Di Leo revised the screenplay of the film and is uncredited in the films credits.

title: Bloody Friday

text: Bloody Friday may refer to:

title: Bloody Friday (film)

text: "Bloody Friday" was released in West Germany where it was distributed by Gloria Film on 8 May 1972. It was distributed in Italy by Alpherat on 6 February 1973 under the title "Violenza contro violenza". The film grossed 135,195,000 Italian lire on its theatrical release in Italy.

title: Marsha P. Johnson

text: In the 1980s Johnson continued her street activism as a respected organizer and marshal with ACT UP. In 1992, when George Segal's Stonewall memorial was moved to Christopher Street from Ohio to recognize the gay liberation movement, Johnson commented, "How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people? How many years does it take for people to see that we're all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race? I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we're all in this rat race together."

title: Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson

text: Jackson's childhood is shown in the Tennessee hills during the late 18th century. His family and the local shoe cobbler die of cholera and in Indian attacks. This leads him to join the military, where he is imprisoned by the British. Jackson begins to express his disdain for the US government’s lack of involvement with the people of the frontier and how he wishes someone would stand up to them ("I'm Not That Guy").

title: Bloody Friday (1972)

text: Sunday 21 July marks the 30th anniversary of an IRA operation in Belfast in 1972 which resulted in nine people being killed and many more injured.

title: Vladimír Šlechta

text:
The Bloody Borderland
"The Bloody Borderland" is a cycle of fantasy stories which take place in the place called Borderland. In "The Bloody Borderland "the borders lead along territories of people, elves and hobgoblins. The borders are bloody because there are never-ceasing struggles for these borders (for its shifts, crossing the border, keeping). People fight with people, people fight with hobgoblins, people with elves, hobgoblins with hobgoblins and elves with hobgoblins. During which time individual fractions conclude temporary truce and alliances.
Next cycles – Havran

title: History of Limerick

text: No statistics exist on how many people in the Limerick area died during the famine. Nationally, the population declined by an average of 20%, half of whom died and half emigrated. While the Great Famine reduced the population of County Limerick by 70,000, the population of the City actually rose slightly, as people fled to the workhouses.

title: Colleen Howe

text: Howe was diagnosed in 2002 with Pick's disease, an incurable neurological disease that causes dementia and died Friday, March 6, 2009, aged 76, in the family home at Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Her son, Murray, who diverged from the family's footsteps to become a doctor, helped treat Howe during her ordeal with Pick's disease. Howe is survived by nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Red Wings general manager Ken Holland held a moment of silence before the Detroit Red Wings' game against the Columbus Blue Jackets on March 7. When a picture of Howe and Gordie lit up the scoreboard, fans responded with a standing ovation at the Friday, March 6, 2009 Vancouver Giants' game against the Calgary Hitmen at the Pacific Coliseum.

title: Seamus Twomey

text: In 1969, he was prominent in the establishment of the Provisional IRA. By 1972, he was Officer Commanding of the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade when it launched its bomb campaign of the city, including Bloody Friday when nine people were killed. During the 1970s, the leadership of the Belfast Brigade of the IRA was largely in the hands of Twomey and Ivor Bell.

title: Bloody Friday (1972)

text: In The Longest War, author Kevin Kelley wrote that the IRA "had done irreparable damage to their cause – in Britain, abroad, and in their own communities. They had handed Britain a perfect propaganda opportunity – Bloody Friday could not be equated with Bloody Sunday. Nearly everyone was sickened by the slaughter".[17]

title: Bloody Friday (Minneapolis)

text: On July 24 100,000 people lined the streets of the route of the funeral procession for Henry Ness, according to The Minneapolis Labor Review. Many people called for the firing of Police Chief Michael Johannes whom they dubbed “Bloody Mike.” Governor Floyd B. Olson declared martial law after employers announced they would start moving trucks again. The National Guard began issuing permits to allow companies not directly targeted by the Local 574 to begin transporting goods again. 4,000 permits were issued, angering union leaders who as a result announced they would begin picketing again.

title: Pirate Freedom

text: Di Filippo saw Chris as charmingly naive, "no matter how bloody his hands get or how many skirts he lifts". However, Witcover saw Chris, the product of genetic engineering who may not have a mother, as "a half-human monster" (a phrase Chris uses about himself), largely unrepentant and lacking empathy. For him, Chris's only redeeming (perhaps in the literal Christian sense) quality is his love for Novia.

title: British Anabaptism

text: One instance of this perception can be found in the pamphlet "Bloody News from Dover".This shows an Anabaptist women holding the severed head of a child. It is a bloody depiction of a gory scene that involves someone from the Anabaptist faith. This is from 1647 and shows and account from Dover of how Anabaptists were seen as evil and from this article it says that, ""For, this bloody woman watching her opportunity, murdered the Boy, but was afterward apprehended, and suffered death"". This explains how the Anabaptist woman refuted Catholicism and infant baptism Anti-Anabaptist propaganda shows how extreme people felt against this religious minority, and how there were pamphlets being sent around to make others afraid of how seemingly dangerous the Anabaptists were in their time.

title: Good Friday prayer for the Jews

text: The tradition of praying for various groups and purposes dates back to the Early Church (). Roman Catholics believe that on Good Friday in particular, they must acknowledge their common fallen nature, and that Jesus died for all (). Catholics have long prayed for many classes of people, both inside and outside the church: for the Church as a whole, for the Pope, for the Hierarchy and the People (regular and lay), for the Emperor, for Catechumens, for Various Needs, for Heretics, for Schismatics, for the Jews, and for Pagans, wishing that all be called to conversion in Christ.


query: Where were the first Baryonyx fossils found?

title: Baryonyx

text: Baryonyx (/ˌbæriˈɒnɪks/) is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived in the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period, about 130–125 million years ago. The first skeleton was discovered in 1983 in the Weald Clay Formation of Surrey, England, and became the holotype specimen of B. walkeri, named by palaeontologists Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner in 1986. The generic name, Baryonyx, means "heavy claw" and alludes to the animal's very large claw on the first finger; the specific name, walkeri, refers to its discoverer, amateur fossil collector William J. Walker. The holotype specimen is one of the most complete theropod skeletons from the UK (and remains the most complete spinosaurid), and its discovery attracted media attention. Specimens later discovered in other parts of the United Kingdom and Iberia have also been assigned to the genus.

title: Baryonyx

text: In 1986, Charig and Milner named a new genus and species with the skeleton as holotype specimen: Baryonyx walkeri. The generic name derives from ancient Greek; βαρύς (barys) means "heavy" or "strong", and ὄνυξ (onyx) means "claw" or "talon". The specific name honours Walker, for discovering the specimen. At that time, the authors did not know if the large claw belonged to the hand or the foot (as in dromaeosaurs, which it was then assumed to be[9]). The dinosaur had been presented earlier the same year during a lecture at a conference about dinosaur systematics in Drumheller. Due to ongoing work on the bones (70 percent had been prepared at the time), they called their article preliminary and promised a more detailed description at a later date. Baryonyx was the first large Early Cretaceous theropod found anywhere in the world by that time.[1][6] Before the discovery of Baryonyx the last significant theropod find in the United Kingdom was Eustreptospondylus in 1871, and in a 1986 interview Charig called Baryonyx "the best find of the century" in Europe.[3][4] Baryonyx was widely featured in international media, and was nicknamed "Claws" by journalists punning on the title of the film Jaws. Its discovery was the subject of a 1987 BBC documentary, and a cast of the skeleton is mounted at the Natural History Museum in London. In 1997, Charig and Milner published a monograph describing the holotype skeleton in detail.[3][10][5] The holotype specimen remains the most completely known spinosaurid skeleton.[11]

title: Weald

text: Many important fossils have been found in the sandstones and clays of the Weald, including, for example, "Baryonyx". The famous scientific hoax of Piltdown Man was claimed to have come from a gravel pit at Piltdown near Uckfield. The first "Iguanodon" was identified after a Mary Mantell unearthed some fossilised teeth by a road in Sussex in 1822. Her husband, Gideon Mantell, noticed they were similar to modern iguana teeth but many times larger; this important find led to the discovery of dinosaurs.

title: Baryonyx

text: In their original description, Charig and Milner[1] found Baryonyx unique enough to warrant a new family of theropod dinosaurs: Baryonychidae. They found Baryonyx to be unlike any other theropod group, and considered the possibility that it was a thecodont (a grouping of early archosaurs now considered unnatural), due to having apparently primitive features[1], but noted that the articulation of the maxilla and premaxilla was similar to that in Dilophosaurus. They also noted that the two snouts from Niger (which later became the basis of Cristatusaurus), assigned to the family Spinosauridae by Taquet in 1984, appeared almost identical to that of Baryonyx and they referred them to Baryonychidae instead.[1] In 1988, the American palaeontologist Gregory S. Paul agreed with Taquet that Spinosaurus, described in 1915 based on fragmentary remains from Egypt that were destroyed in World War II, and Baryonyx were similar and (due to their kinked snouts) possibly late-surviving dilophosaurs.[36] Buffetaut also supported this relationship in 1989.[40] In 1990, Charig and Milner dismissed the spinosaurid affinities of Baryonyx, since they did not find their remains similar enough.[6] In 1997, they agreed that Baryonychidae and Spinosauridae were related, but disagreed that the former name should become a synonym of the latter, because the completeness of Baryonyx compared to Spinosaurus made it a better type genus for a family, and because they did not find the similarities between the two significant enough.[3] Holtz and colleagues listed Baryonychidae as a synonym of Spinosauridae in 2004.[15]

title: Baryonyx (band)

text: Baryonyx is an Italian alternative electro rock band founded in Livorno (Italy) in 2008.

title: Berlin–Ichthyosaur State Park

text: Ichthyosaur fossils of the species "Shonisaurus popularis" were first discovered in the area in 1928. Excavations were conducted through the 1960s, and the remains of approximately 40 ichthyosaurs were found. Until 2004, these remains included the largest ichthyosaurs ever discovered. Several specimens were left where they were found, and can be viewed by the public. These specimens are protected from the elements by a large barn. The fossils are about a 10-minute drive from the Berlin ghost town. The ichthyosaur fossils were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1973.

title: Baryonyx

text: Now recognised as a member of the family Spinosauridae, Baryonyx's affinities were obscure when it was discovered. Some researchers have suggested that Suchosaurus cultridens is a senior synonym (being an older name), and that Suchomimus tenerensis belongs in the same genus; subsequent authors have kept them separate. Baryonyx was the first theropod dinosaur demonstrated to have been piscivorous (fish-eating), as evidenced by fish scales in the stomach region of the holotype specimen. It may also have been an active predator of larger prey and a scavenger, since it also contained bones of a juvenile Iguanodon. The creature would have caught and processed its prey primarily with its forelimbs and large claws. Baryonyx may have had semiaquatic habits, and coexisted with other theropod, ornithopod, and sauropod dinosaurs, as well as pterosaurs, crocodiles, turtles and fishes, in a fluvial environment.

title: Baryonyx

text: Fossils from other parts of the UK and Iberia, mostly isolated teeth, have subsequently been attributed to Baryonyx or similar animals.[3] Isolated teeth and bones from the Isle of Wight, including hand bones reported in 1998 and a vertebra reported by the British palaeontologists Steve Hutt and Penny Newbery in 2004, have been attributed to this genus.[12] In 2017, the British palaeontologist Martin C. Munt and colleagues reported cranial remains of two Baryonyx individuals from the Isle of Wight, and stated they would be examined and described in the future.[13] A maxilla fragment from La Rioja, Spain, was attributed to Baryonyx by the Spanish palaeontologists Luis I. Viera and José Angel Torres in 1995[14] (although the American palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz and colleagues raised the possibility that it could have belonged to Suchomimus in 2004).[15] In 1999, a postorbital bone, a squamosal bone, a tooth, vertebral remains, metacarpals, and a phalanx from the Sala de los Infantes deposit in Burgos Province, Spain, were attributed to an immature Baryonyx (though some of these elements are unknown in the holotype) by the Spanish palaeontologist Carolina Fuentes Vidarte and colleagues.[16][17] Dinosaur tracks near Burgos have also been suggested to belong to Baryonyx or a similar theropod.[18] In 2011, a specimen (ML1190) from the Papo Seco Formation in Boca do Chapim, Portugal, with a fragmentary dentary, teeth, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones, a scapula, and a phalanx bone, was attributed to Baryonyx by the Portuguese palaeontologist Octávio Mateus and colleagues, the most complete Iberian remains of the animal. The skeletal elements of this specimen are also represented in the more complete holotype (which was of similar size), except for the mid-neck vertebrae.[19] In 2018, the British palaeontologist Thomas M. S. Arden and colleagues found that the Portuguese skeleton did not belong to Baryonyx, since the front of its dentary bone was not strongly upturned.[20] Some additional spinosaurid remains from Iberia appear to belong to taxa other than Baryonyx.[21]

title: Cristatusaurus

text: When describing the taxon, Taquet and Russel based "Cristatusaurus"s separation from "Baryonyx" on the former's "brevirostrine condition of premaxilla" (having a short snout). The meaning of this diagnosis has been considered obscure by various subsequent authors, who describe the specimens as almost identical to those of "Baryonyx" and "Suchomimus." In 2002, Eric Buffetaut and Mohamed Ouaja supported "Cristatusaurus"s junior synonymy with "Baryonyx." The same year, Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues regarded both "Cristatusaurus" and "Suchomimus" as junior synonyms of "Baryonyx," stating that there is no fossil evidence indicating more than one spinosaur lived in the Elrhaz Formation. More recent research has retained "Suchomimus" and "Baryonyx" as distinct genera. Others, such as Bertin Tor in 2010, and Carrano and colleagues in 2012, have referred to "Cristatusaurus" as an indeterminate baryonychine, because of how fragmentary its remains are.

title: Fossil Lake (Oregon)

text: The first settlers arrived in the Christmas Lake Valley around 1865. In June 1877, John Whiteaker (a former governor of Oregon) visited the Christmas Valley basin. During the trip, Whiteaker explored the Fossil Lake area, where he found a large dry lakebed with two small alkali ponds in low spots. Whiteaker named the ponds the "Fossil Lakes". In addition, he found numerous exposed fossils throughout the area, including elephant, camel, horse, and elk fossils, as well as fossils from animals that Whiteaker could not identify. He noted that horse and bird fossils were particularly plentiful. He also found ancient human artifacts. Whiteaker reported that fossils were scattered across a large swath of desert running from southwest to northeast. He estimated that the fossil beds were wide and over long. After his trip, Whiteaker delivered his fossils to Thomas Condon, a well-known paleontologist and professor at the University of Oregon.

title: Elgin Reptiles

text:
Elgin Reptiles is the name given to the Permian and Triassic fossils found in the sandstone deposits in and around the town of Elgin, in Moray, Scotland. They are of great historical and scientific importance, and many of the specimens are housed in the Elgin Museum, and some in the Hunterian in Glasgow, and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. The Elgin Reptiles include the dinosauriform "Saltopus elginensis", the dicynodont "Gordonia", and the pareiasaur "Elginia". There are also many footprints and tail-drags associated with the same Permian and Triassic sandstone deposits.
The sandstone in the Elgin area was originally quarried for building materials. The quarries were where the first reptile fossils were found, and they have continued to yield fossils to this day.
The first Elgin Reptile was discovered in 1844, but because it was only a few scales scientists of the time believed it was an Old Red Sandstone fish fossil, which were relatively well-known from sites across Northern Scotland. In 1851 a second indisputably reptilian fossil was found. Fossils of "Gordonia" were first found by Scottish naturalist Ramsay Heatley Traquair in 1885 and E.T. Newton described several key fossil specimens.

title: Spinosauridae

text: In 1983, a relatively complete skeleton was excavated from the Smokejacks pit in Surrey, Engand. These remains were described by British paleontologists Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner in 1986 as the holotype of a new species, "Baryonyx walkeri." After the discovery of "Baryonyx," many new genera have since been described, the majority on very incomplete remains. However, other finds bear enough fossil material and distinct anatomical features to be assigned with confidence. Paul Sereno and colleagues described "Suchomimus" in 1998"," a baryonychine from Niger on the basis of a partial skeleton found in 1997. Later in 2004, partial jaw bones were recovered from the Alcântara Formation, these were referred to a new genus of spinosaurine named "Oxalaia" in 2011 by Alexander Kellner.

title: Romer's gap

text: For many years after Romer's gap was first recognised, only two sites yielding Tournaisian-age tetrapod fossils were known; one is in East Lothian, Scotland, and another in Blue Beach, Nova Scotia, where in 1841, Sir William Logan, the first Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, found footprints from a tetrapod. Blue Beach maintains a fossil museum that displays hundreds of Tournaisian fossils, which continue to be found as the cliff erodes to reveal new fossils.

title: Neovenator

text: Fossil remains of "Neovenator" have been found on the Isle of Wight off southern England, and were first discovered in the 20th century. "Neovenator" perhaps existed alongside other dinosaurs found in the Wessex Formation of the early Cretaceous period, such as "Baryonyx", "Polacanthus" and "Iguanodon". The holotype bones were mixed with those of the plant-eater "Mantellisaurus" and in the dig site also remains of fishes, amphibians, lizards, pterosaurs and Goniopholididae were present. "Neovenator" was one of the apex predators of its day.

title: Baryonyx

text: In 1997, Charig and Milner noted that two fragmentary spinosaurid snouts from the Elrhaz Formation of Niger (reported by the French palaeontologist Philippe Taquet in 1984) were similar enough to Baryonyx that they considered them to belong to an indeterminate species of the genus (despite their much younger Aptian geological age).[3] In 1998, these fossils became the basis of the genus and species Cristatusaurus lapparenti, named by Taquet and the American palaeontologist Dale Russell.[26] The American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues named the new genus and species Suchomimus tenerensis later in 1998, based on more complete fossils from the Elrhaz Formation. In 2002, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues proposed that Suchomimus tenerensis was similar enough to Baryonyx walkeri to be considered a species within the same genus (as B. tenerensis), and that Suchomimus was identical to Cristatusaurus.[27] Milner concurred that the material from Niger was indistinguishable from Baryonyx in 2003.[7] In a 2004 conference abstract, Hutt and Newberry supported the synonymy based on a large theropod vertebra from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to an animal closely related to Baryonyx and Suchomimus.[28] Later studies have kept Baryonyx and Suchomimus separate, whereas Cristatusaurus has been proposed to be either a nomen dubium or possibly distinct from both.[19][29][30][31][32] A 2017 review paper by the Brazilian palaeontologist Carlos Roberto A. Candeiro and colleagues stated that this debate was more in the realm of semantics than science, as it is generally agreed that B. walkeri and S. tenerensis are distinct, related species.[33]

title: Baryonyx

text: A 2007 finite element analysis of CT scanned snouts by the British palaeontologist Emily J. Rayfield and colleagues indicated that the biomechanics of Baryonyx were most similar to those of the gharial and unlike those of the American alligator and more-conventional theropods, supporting a piscivorous diet for spinosaurids. Their secondary palate helped them resist bending and torsion of their tubular snouts.[37] A 2013 beam-theory study by the British palaeontologists Andrew R. Cuff and Rayfield compared the biomechanics of CT-scanned spinosaurid snouts with those of extant crocodilians, and found the snouts of Baryonyx and Spinosaurus similar in their resistance to bending and torsion. Baryonyx was found to have relatively high resistance in the snout to dorsoventral bending compared with Spinosaurus and the gharial. The authors concluded (in contrast to the 2007 study) that Baryonyx performed differently than the gharial; spinosaurids were not exclusive piscivores, and their diet was determined by their individual size.[8] A preceding 2005 beam-theory study by the Canadian palaeontologist François Therrien and colleagues was unable to reconstruct force profiles of Baryonyx, but found that the related Suchomimus would have used the front part of its jaws to capture prey, and suggested that the jaws of spinosaurids were adapted for hunting smaller terrestrial prey in addition to fish. They envisaged that spinosaurids could have captured smaller prey with the rosette of teeth at the front of the jaws, and finished it by shaking it. Larger prey would instead have been captured and killed with their forelimbs instead of their bite, since their skulls would not be able to resist the bending stress. They also agreed that the conical teeth of spinosaurids were well-developed for impaling and holding prey, with their shape enabling them to withstand bending loads from all directions.[52]

title: Cristatusaurus

text: In a 1986 publication, British paleontologists Alan Charig and Angela Milner considered Taquet's jaw elements nearly indistinguishable from those of the spinosaurid "Baryonyx walkeri"; which they were describing on the basis of a partial skeleton from the Barremian of the Weald Clay Formation, England. A 1997 followup to this preliminary paper referred MNHN GDF 365 and 366 to an indeterminate "Baryonyx" species, regardless of their younger geological age. In 1998, Taquet and American geologist Dale Russell used the bones to erect the new genus "Cristatusaurus," with the type species being "Cristatusaurus lapparenti". Its generic name is derived from the Latin "crista" (for "crest"), and refers to a sagittal crest on the snout. The specific name honors the late French paleontologist Albert-Félix de Lapparent, due to his contributions to dinosaur-related discoveries in the Sahara. In the same paper, several skull and vertebral fossils from the Tademaït of Algeria were attributed to a new species of "Spinosaurus" called "S. maroccanus," which was described and compared to "Cristatusaurus". "Spinosaurus maroccanus" is now considered by most paleontologists either a "nomen dubium" (name of uncertain application)"" or one synonymous with "S. aegyptiacus." Two months after Taquet and Russel published their paper, another spinosaurid genus and species was named from the Erlhaz Formation, "Suchomimus tenerensis." Its describers, the American paleontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues, agreed with Charig and Milner in that there was no distinction between the skull fossils of "Baryonyx" and "Cristatusaurus"; concluding that the latter was a "nomen dubium"."" In a 2003 analysis, German paleontologist Oliver Rauhut concurred with this.""

title: Cristatusaurus

text: Originally proposed to be an indeterminate species of "Baryonyx", the identity of "Cristatusaurus" has been subject to debate, in part due to the fragmentary nature of its fossils. Some argue that it is probably the same dinosaur as "Suchomimus," which has also been found in Niger, in the same sediment layers. In that case the genus "Cristatusaurus" would have priority, since it was named two months earlier. Others have concluded, however, that "Cristatusaurus" is a "nomen dubium", considering it indistinguishable from both "Suchomimus" and "Baryonyx". Some distinctions between the fossils of "Cristatusaurus" and "Suchomimus" have been pointed out, but it is uncertain whether these differences separate the two genera or if they are due to ontogeny (changes in an organism during growth).

title: Irritator

text: In 1998, Sereno and colleagues defined two subfamilies within the Spinosauridae based on craniodental (skull and tooth) characteristics. They were Spinosaurinae, where they placed "Spinosaurus" and "Irritator"; and Baryonychinae, to which they assigned "Baryonyx, Suchomimus," and "Cristatusaurus". Spinosaurines were distinguished by their unserrated, straighter, and more widely spaced teeth, as well as smaller first teeth of the premaxilla."" In 2005, Dal Sasso and colleagues assumed "Irritator"s nostrils as being located above the middle of the maxillary tooth row; more posteriorly than in baryonychines, but less so than in "Spinosaurus". Sales and Schultz in 2017 found that "Irritator"s nostrils were in fact positioned closer to the front of the jaw, as in "Baryonyx" and "Suchomimus"; this more forward nostril placement was typically considered characteristic of baryonychines. Nevertheless, "Irritator" also bore unserrated teeth, a trait associated with spinosaurines. Sales and Schultz thus noted that the Araripe Basin spinosaurids "Irritator" and "Angaturama" might represent intermediate forms between the earlier baryonychines and later spinosaurines, and that further research may eventually render the former a paraphyletic (unnatural) group.

title: Baryonyx

text: Discoveries in the 1990s shed more light on the relationships of Baryonyx and its relatives. In 1996, a snout from Morocco was referred to Spinosaurus, and Irritator and Angaturama from Brazil (the two are possible synonyms) were named.[41][27] Cristatusaurus and Suchomimus were named based on fossils from Niger in 1998. In their description of Suchomimus, Sereno and colleagues placed it and Baryonyx in the new subfamily Baryonychinae within Spinosauridae; Spinosaurus and Irritator were placed in the subfamily Spinosaurinae. Baryonychinae was distinguished by the small size and larger number of teeth in the dentary behind the terminal rosette, the deeply keeled front dorsal vertebrae, and by having serrated teeth. Spinosaurinae was distinguished by their straight tooth crowns without serrations, small first tooth in the premaxilla, increased spacing of teeth in the jaws, and possibly by having their nostrils placed further back and the presence of a deep neural spine sail.[26][38][26] They also united the spinosaurids and their closest relatives in the superfamily Spinosauroidea, but in 2010, the British palaeontologist Roger Benson considered this a junior synonym of Megalosauroidea (an older name).[42] In a 2007 conference abstract, the American palaeontologist Denver W. Fowler suggested that since Suchosaurus is the first named genus in its group, the clade names Spinosauroidea, Spinosauridae, and Baryonychinae should be replaced by Suchosauroidea, Suchosauridae, and Suchosaurinae, regardless of whether or not the name Baryonyx is retained.[25] A 2017 study by the Brazilian palaeontologists Marcos A. F. Sales and Cesar L. Schultz found that the clade Baryonychinae was not well supported, since serrated teeth may be an ancestral trait among spinosaurids.[32]

title: Spinosauridae

text: Baryonychines have been found in Africa, with "Suchomimus" and "Cristatusaurus," as well as in Europe, with "Baryonyx" and "Suchosaurus". "Baryonyx-"like teeth are also reported from the Ashdown Sands of Sussex, in England, and the Burgos Province, in Spain. A partial skeleton and many fossil teeth indicate spinosaurids were widespread in Asia. As of 2012, three have been named: "Ichthyovenator," "Siamosaurus" and ""Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis". In 2014, a spinosaurid tooth was discovered in Malaysia; the first dinosaur remains discovered in the country. At la Cantalera-1, a site in the Early Barremanian Blesa Formation in Treul, Spain, two types of spinosaurid teeth were found, and they were assigned, tentatively, as indeterminate spinosaurine and baryonychine taxa. An intermediate spinosaurid was discovered in the Early Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation, Australia. It is known from a single 4 cm long partial cervical vertebra, designated NMV P221081. It is missing most of the neural arch. The specimen is from a juvenile estimated to be about 2 to 3 meters long (6–9 ft). Out of all spinosaurs it most closely resembles "Baryonyx".

title: Spinosauridae

text: The nostrils were set far back on the skull, at least behind the teeth of the premaxillae, instead of at the front of the snout as in most theropods. Those of "Baryonyx" and "Suchomimus" were large and started between the first and fourth maxillary teeth, while "Spinosaurus"'s nostrils were far smaller and more retracted. "Irritator"'s nostrils were positioned similarly to those of "Baryonyx" and "Suchomimus", and were between those of "Spinosaurus" and "Suchomimus" in size. Spinosaurids had long secondary palates, bony and rugose structures on the roof of their mouths that are also found in extant crocodilians, but not in most theropod dinosaurs. "Oxalaia" had a particularly wrinkled and elaborate secondary palate, while most spinosaurs had smoother ones.

title: Baryonyx

text: In 2016, the Spanish palaeontologist Alejandro Serrano-Martínez and colleagues reported the oldest known spinosaurid fossil, a tooth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger, which they found to suggest that spinosaurids originated in Gondwana, since other known Jurassic spinosaurid teeth are also from Africa, but they found the subsequent dispersal routes unclear.[43] Candeiro and colleagues suggested in 2017 that spinosaurids of northern Gondwana were replaced by other predators, such as abelisauroids, since no definite spinosaurid fossils are known from after the Cenomanian anywhere in the world. They attributed the disappearance of spinosaurids and other shifts in the fauna of Gondwana to changes in the environment, perhaps caused by transgressions in sea level.[33]

title: Baryonyx

text: In a 2014 conference abstract, the American palaeontologist Danny Anduza and Fowler pointed out that grizzly bears do not gaff fish out of the water as was suggested for Baryonyx, and also ruled out that the dinosaur would not have darted its head like herons, since the necks of spinosaurids were not strongly S-curved, and their eyes were not well-positioned for binocular vision. Instead, they suggested the jaws would have made sideways sweeps to catch fish, like the gharial, with the hand claws probably used to stamp down and impale large fish, whereafter they manipulated them with their jaws, in a manner similar to grizzly bears and fishing cats. They did not find the teeth of spinosaurids suitable for dismembering prey, due to their lack of serrations, and suggested they would have swallowed prey whole (while noting they could also have used their claws for dismemberment).[53] A 2016 study by the Belgian palaeontologist Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues found that adult spinosaurs could displace their mandibular rami (halves of the lower jaw) sideways when the jaw was depressed, which allowed the pharynx (opening that connects the mouth to the oesophagus) to be widened. This jaw-articulation is similar to that seen in pterosaurs and living pelicans, and would likewise have allowed spinosaurids to swallow large prey such as fish and other animals. They also reported that the possible Portuguese Baryonyx fossils were found associated with isolated Iguanodon teeth, and listed it along with other such associations as support for opportunistic feeding behaviour in spinosaurs.[31] Another 2016 study by the French palaeontologist Romain Vullo and colleagues found that the jaws of spinosaurids were convergent with those of pike conger eels; these fish also have jaws that are compressed side to side (whereas the jaws of crocodilians are compressed from top to bottom), an elongated snout with a "terminal rosette" that bears enlarged teeth, and a notch behind the rosette with smaller teeth. Such jaws likely evolved for grabbing prey in aquatic environments with low light, and may have helped in prey detection.[54]

title: Erettopterus

text: "Erettopterus" has been found in North America and in Europe. The Llandovery deposits in Lesmahagow, where the first fossils of "E. bilobus" were found, preserve fossils of a large amount of other eurypterids, including "Nanahughmilleria lanceolata", "Hardieopterus lanarkensis", "Eusarcana obesus", "Parastylonurus sigmoidalis", "Carcinosoma scorpionis" and "Slimonia acuminata". Other organisms found in the zone include the gastropod "Euomphalopterus", the hyperoartid "Jamoytius" or the thelodontid "Logania". The deposits of the Rootsikula Formation in Saaremaa in which fossils of "E. laticauda" and "E. osiliensis" have been found shelter various faunas of eurypterids such as "Mixopterus simonsi", "Strobilopterus laticeps" and "Eysyslopterus patteni". Fossil remains of indeterminate osteostracids and thelodontids have also been found. Other fossils have also been found in different places, such as Great Britain, Canada, Scandinavia and the United States.

title: Shonisaurus

text: Fossils of "Shonisaurus" were first found in a large deposit in Nevada in 1920. Thirty years later, they were excavated, uncovering the remains of 37 very large ichthyosaurs. These were named "Shonisaurus", which means "lizard from the Shoshone Mountains", after the formation where the fossils were found.

title: Spinosauridae

text: Direct fossil evidence shows that spinosaurids fed on fish as well as a variety of other small to medium-sized animals, including dinosaurs. "Baryonyx" was found with scales of the prehistoric fish "Scheenstia" in its body cavity, and these were abraded, hypothetically by gastric juices. Bones of a young "Iguanodon", also abraded, were found alongside this specimen. If these represent "Baryonyx"’s meal, the animal was, whether in this case a hunter, or a scavenger, an eater of more diverse fare than fish. Moreover, there is a documented example of a spinosaurid having eaten a pterosaur, as one "Irritator" tooth was found embedded within the fossil vertebrae of an ornithocheirid pterosaur found in the Romualdo Formation of Brazil. This may represent a predation or a scavenging event. In the Sao Khua Formation of Thailand, isolated tooth crowns from "Siamosaurus" have been found in association with sauropod remains, indicating possible predation or scavenging.

title: Spinosauridae

text: Spinosaurids are known to exist from as early as the Late Jurassic, through characteristic teeth which were found in Tendaguru, Tanzania, and attributed to "Ostafrikasaurus." Baryonychines were common, as represented by "Baryonyx", which lived during the Barremian of England and Spain. "Baryonyx"-like teeth are found from the earlier Hauterivian and later Aptian sediments of Spain, as well as the Hauterivian of England, and the Aptian of Niger. The earliest record of spinosaurines is from Africa; they are present in Albian sediments of Tunisia and Algeria, and in Cenomanian sediments of Egypt and Morocco. Spinosaurines are also found in Hauterivian and Aptian-Albian sediments of Thailand, and Southern China. In Africa, baronychines were common in the Aptian, and then replaced by spinosaurines in the Albian and Cenomanian.

title: Scheenstia

text: "Scheenstia" is frequently pictured as the prey of the large dinosaur "Baryonyx walkeri" because the scales and teeth of these fish were found in the stomach region of a fossil "B. walkeri" specimen. The fish remains were previously referred to the related genus "Lepidotes", but all Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous species of that genus have since been re-classified as "Scheenstia" following detailed phylogenetic analysis.

title: Suchomimus

text:
Within the Spinosauridae, "Suchomimus" was a member of the subfamily Baryonychinae. Apart from its possibly higher back crest, "Suchomimus" was very similar to the spinosaurid "Baryonyx" from the Barremian of England which also had strong forelimbs and a huge sickle-curved claw on its "thumb". And, as with "Suchomimus", the claw of "Baryonyx" had been the first fossil part to be found in the field. The holotype of "Suchomimus" was considerably larger than that of "Baryonyx", but the ages of the two individuals are not known.
In 2002, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues concluded that "Suchomimus" was identical to "Cristatusaurus lapparenti" found in the same formation of Niger and, despite "Cristatusaurus" having been named somewhat earlier than "Suchomimus", proposed them to represent a second species of "Baryonyx" called "Baryonyx tenerensis". Sereno and colleagues in 1998 analyzed the distribution of forty-five traits to produce a cladogram that showed "Suchomimus" and "Baryonyx" to be distinct but closely related.