query: What's the biggest wasp?

title: Asian giant hornet

text: The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), including the subspecies Japanese giant hornet (V. m. japonica),[2] colloquially known as the yak-killer hornet,[3] is the world's largest hornet, native to temperate and tropical Eastern Asia. They prefer to live in low mountains and forests, while almost completely avoiding plains and high-altitude climates. V. mandarinia creates nests by digging, co-opting pre-existing tunnels dug by rodents, or occupying spaces near rotted pine roots.[4] It feeds primarily on larger insects, colonies of other eusocial insects, tree sap, and honey from honey bee colonies.[5] The hornet has a body length of 45mm (1.8in), a wingspan around 75mm (3.0in), and a stinger 6mm (0.24in) long, which injects a large amount of potent venom.[6]

title: Polybia rejecta

text: Polybia rejecta is a species of social wasp found in the Neotropics region of the world. It was discovered by Fabricius in South America in the 1790s. The wasp is associated with many other organisms, particularly specific species of ants and birds such as the "Azteca" ants and the cacique birds. This association is most beneficial to the ants and birds because of the aggressive protective nature of the wasp. The wasps will protect their nest even if it means death against any predator that approaches it and therefore this means that the association also protects the ants and birds. Additionally, the wasp is known for eating the eggs of red eyed tree frogs as a main way of subsistence. It also, like many other wasp species, has a caste system of queens and workers that is evident by difference in body size among the wasps; the biggest female becomes the queen.

title: Ficus obliqua

text: Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce. The assumption that fig species are usually pollinated by just one species of fig wasp has been challenged by the discovery of cryptic species complexes among what was previously thought to be single species of fig wasps. "Ficus obliqua" is pollinated by two species of fig wasp—"Pleistodontes greenwoodi" and "P. xanthocephalus".

title: Vespula austriaca

text: Due to the parasitic lifestyle of "Vespula austriaca" wasps, the sting is a vital apparatus. It consists of the shaft, aculeu, Dufour's gland, and the venom glands. The Dufour's gland and venom reservoirs are the biggest among "Vespula austriaca" females. In an experiment where the oily venom extracted from "V. austriaca" wasps was injected into "Vespula pensylvanica" workers, the lethality (LD50) value was between 20 and 30 mg/kg. "V. pensylvanica" queens had a higher tolerance to "V. austriaca" venom than the workers did (LD50=81 mg/kg). On average, it took 18.6 μg of venom to kill about half of the queens and 2–3 μg of venom to kill half the workers. The venom has the ability to paralyze and impair activities such as flying. Material obtained from the Dufour's gland was also injected into " V. pensylvanica" wasps; no significant effects were observed, indicating the gland does not contain a poison. Generally, in order to kill a host worker, a "V. austriaca" wasp has to use about a third of its venom supply. More venom is needed to kill a queen. Surprisingly, "V. austriaca "venom is as lethal as the venom from "Vespula atropilosa" and "V. pensylvanica".

title: Anya Corazon

text: During the "Spider-Island" storyline, she is attacked by The Sisterhood of the Wasp. She ends up getting an unlikely ally in the Hobgoblin who then flies her to see the Kingpin. When Spider-Girl asks why Kingpin wants her help, Kingpin reveals that he and his men have developed Spider Powers and ended up targeted by the Sisterhood of the Wasp. He tells Spider-Girl where he has found the location of the Central Wasp Nest. Spider-Girl refuses his help and tries enlisting the help of the Young Allies and other heroes, but they are too preoccupied with the outbreak of spider powers to help. The new Madam Web approaches Spider-Girl and tells her that for better or for worse, she has to team up with her enemy. As they battle against the Society of Wasps, their queen reveals that they have developed a venom to kill all spider-powered people in Manhattan. Spider-Girl, Hobgoblin, the Kingpin, and the Hand fight against the Society of Wasps until Spider-Girl realizes what Madam Web "really" meant by teaming up with her enemy. She gets everyone fighting the Wasps to temporarily assist the Wasps in fighting the spider invasion so the spiders cannot help the Queen. This allows Spider-Man and the Avengers to defeat her without being overrun by the spiders. In the aftermath of this, Anya regains her spider powers.

title: Elbow Room (book)

text: A major task taken on by Dennett in "Elbow Room" is to clearly describe just what people are as biological entities and why they find the issue of free will to be of significance. In discussing what people are and why free will matters to them, Dennett makes use of an evolutionary perspective. Dennett describes the mechanical behavior of the digger wasp "Sphex". This insect follows a series of genetically programmed steps in preparing for egg laying. If an experimenter interrupts one of these steps the wasp will repeat that step again. For an animal like a wasp, this process of repeating the same behavior can go on indefinitely, the wasp never seeming to notice what is going on. This is the type of mindless, pre-determined behavior that humans can avoid. Given the chance to repeat some futile behavior endlessly, people can notice the futility of it, and by an act of free will do something else. We can take this as an operational definition of what people mean by free will. Dennett points out the fact that as long as people see themselves as able to avoid futility, most people have seen enough of the free will issue. Dennett then invites all who are satisfied with this level of analysis to get on with living while he proceeds into the deeper hair-splitting aspects of the free will issue.

title: HAT-P-33b

text: The discoveries of the high-radii planets HAT-P-33b and HAT-P-32b, along with that of WASP-17b, contributed to the question of what factors, besides temperature, contribute to the large radii of these inflated planets. The discrepancy lies in planet WASP-18b, which is far hotter than the newly discovered HAT planets and WASP-17b, but has a far smaller radius.

title: Azwan Saleh

text: Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching, Malaysia. The match ended 4-0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date. He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament.

title: Brachygastra lecheguana

text: Bequaert describes the extensive color and shape similarities between "B. lecheguana" and a number of other species with the word “homeochromic” instead of “mimic”. He lists a number of vespid wasps and potter wasps belonging to the genera "Pachodynerus", "Odynerus", and "Ancistrocerus", and several crabronid wasps of the genera "Gorytes" and "Cerceris". Along with wasps, there are several bee species that are homeochromic, including mason bees of the genera "Megachile", "Anthidiellum", "Hypanthidium", and "Dianthidium", Cuckoo bees belonging to the genus "Epeolus", stingless "Trigona" bees, and sweat bees from the genus "Halictus". He also lists a soldier fly of the genus "Stratiomys" as a homeochromic species. While it is unclear what species he is referring to, he cites "Stelis costaricensis" as a homeochromic species, and while "Stelis" is a genus of orchid, he did not elaborate enough to rule out the possibility that he was simply using an outdated name for another insect.

title: Agenioideus cinctellus

text: This wasp uses a wide range of natural cavities for nesting, but will also utilise the abandoned burrows of other aculeate hymenoptera, empty mud cells and snail shells. The entrance to the nest is blocked with detritus. This is one of the hosts for the kleptoparasitic spider wasp "Ceropales maculata". It appears that before until the prey is deposited in the nest it may not be totally paralysed by the wasp. It is not known what flower the adults nectar on.

title: Ravonna

text: Ravonna appears in "" episode "Meet Captain America" voiced by Cindy Robinson. In the series, she is portrayed as a dark-skinned woman with black hair wearing a blue-and-white royal dress. She ended up in a death-like coma as a result of accidental exposure to temporal energies that were rewriting the future era of Kang's timeline, causing her to slowly fade from existence to Kang's dismay. In the episode "The Kang Dynasty," Wasp ends up stumbling upon Ravonna's stasis area when the guards confront Wasp. When the Avengers take down Kang, Wasp appears with the guards revealing about what happened to Ravonna and what would happen to her if they send Kang back to his own time. After Kang's time-ship "Damocles" had been compromised by S.H.I.E.L.D., Ravonna was seen still in stasis with Mister Fantastic, Hank Pym, and other geniuses trying to find a way to save her.

title: Women Airforce Service Pilots

text: The records of the WASP program, like nearly all wartime files, were classified and sealed for 35 years making their contributions to the war effort little known and inaccessible to historians. However, there were unofficial historians, like WASP, Marty Wyall, who collected scrapbooks and newspaper clipping about what the WASP members had done and what they had gone on to do. Wyall also suggested in 1964, at a Ninety-Nines convention, that the remaining WASP members should meet up with one another every other year.

title: Wasps RFC

text: The 1980s saw what was, at that point, an all-time high representation of Wasps players in the England national side. In 1986, Wasps Football Club made their first appearance at the final of the John Player Cup knock-out competition, which originated in 1972. Wasps were defeated by Bath in a close game, where Bath emerged as winners, 25 points to 17. The following year Wasps continued their success in the knock-out competition and they again met Bath in the final. They were however again defeated by Bath in a close game, Bath winning 19 points to 12. Wasp Rob Andrew captained England against Romania in 1989. In 1990, Andrew captained Wasps to their first Courage League title, as they narrowly pipped Orrell R.U.F.C. to be English champions.

title: Polybia rejecta

text: There are three types of ovarian development seen among "P. rejecta". The first type is when one ovary has one filamentous ovariole but no visible oocytes or very small oocytes. An ovariole is one of the tubes of the ovaries of a wasp and the oocytes are what will potentially become eggs. This means that this first type of wasp is not capable of reproducing. A second type contains one ovariole with some young underdeveloped oocytes. This type of wasp is also non-reproductive, meaning that the workers will have one of these types of ovarian development. The third type is that of the queen and is well developed with very long ovarioles The ovarioles are coiled inside a gaster with at least one mature egg. The queens are the only females that are inseminated. This difference in ovary size is also seen in the wasp species "Chartergus mentanotalis", "Epipona tatua", and "Polybia liliacea"." "

title: Ficus pleurocarpa

text: Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps, (Agaonidae); figs are pollinated only by fig wasps, and fig wasps can reproduce only in fig flowers. Generally, each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination. The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species to reproduce. "F. pleurocarpa" is pollinated by two species of fig wasp—"Pleistodontes regalis" and "P. deuterus". This is one of the few cases where more than one species of fig wasp has been raised from the same syconium. The assumption that fig species are usually pollinated by just one species of fig wasp has been challenged by the discovery of cryptic species complexes among what was thought previously to be single species of fig wasps.

title: Women Airforce Service Pilots

text: In 1975 under the leadership of Col. Bruce Arnold, the son of General Hap Arnold, along with the surviving WASP members organized as a group again and began what they called the "Battle of Congress". Their goal was to gain public support and have the WASP officially recognized as veterans of World War II. In 1976, there was a bill in the Senate Veteran's Affairs Committee to give the WASPs military status. The bill would allow WASP pilots to use veteran's services. In 1977, WASP records were unsealed after an Air Force press release erroneously stated the Air Force was training the first women to fly military aircraft for the U.S. Documents were compiled that showed during their service WASP members were subject to military discipline, assigned top secret missions and many members were awarded service ribbons after their units were disbanded. It was also shown that WASP member Helen Porter had been issued a Honorable Discharge certificate by her commanding officer following her service. This time, the WASPs lobbied Congress with the important support of Senator Barry Goldwater, who himself had been a World War II ferry pilot in the 27th Ferrying Squadron. During hearings on the legislation opposition to the WASP members being given military recognition was voiced by the Veterans Administration (VA), the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW). The VA, lead by Dorothy L. Starbuck, argued that WASP should not be given military recognition because the women were never subject to court martial. The VFW felt that giving WASP military recognition would "destroy the special status of veterans and do irreparable damage to veterans benefits."

title: WASP-13b

text: Later, between 2009 and 2011, another team of astronomers observed WASP-13b and WASP-21b to find what caused some Hot Jupiters to have anomalously high radii. The RISE photometric camera on the Liverpool Telescope was used to detect further transits. Two partial transits and two full transits were observed during this period, although the quality of both full transits was slightly compromised because of passing cloud cover. The collected observations, along with the JGT observations that were used to confirm the planet, were scaled to filter out errors such as background noise. The data was then used to re-define WASP-13b's parameters, including its age, mass, radius, and density. The study also noted that a limb darkening effect was present, a characteristic that may affect future atmospheric studies of the planet.

title: Waspinator

text: Wasp made his debut in the opening scenes of the episode "Autoboot Camp" when he broke out of his imprisonment and escaped his former drill sergeant Sentinel Minor via Space Bridge. However, the long imprisonment reduced Wasp into a completely cold and impassive shell of his former ego, seeking vengeance on Bumblebee for ruining his life. Though hunting him down on the impression he was heading to Megatron, Bumblebee would learn from Shockwave the truth that he really sent an innocent bot to the Stockade. Being pursued by a small team composed of Jazz, Sentinel Prime, Jetfire and Jetstorm, Wasp managed to get to Earth in order to get his revenge. Though Bumblebee attempted to explain what had happened, Wasp was bent to make him suffer just like he had, knocking him out before swapping paint jobs, helmets and voice synthesizers with him, so Bumblebee could take his place while he remained free. To further the trick, Wasp downloaded information from the earth Autobots' computer to know everything he knows. However, when his deception ultimately failed, Wasp used Bumblebee as a shield to make an escape.

title: Mischocyttarus flavitarsis

text: "M. flavitarsis" will often forage along a stream in search of plant fibers to construct their nest, arthropods and nectar for feeding, and water for cooling the nest. Time spent away from the nest during foraging varies depending on what the wasp is looking for. When looking for pulp, a wasp will spend about 5 minutes away from the nest. A wasp searches for arthropods and nectar for about 15 minutes. Typically in the early stages of the nest when there are fewer adult wasps, they are away from the nest for a shorter amount of time.

title: Ficus rubiginosa

text: "F. rubiginosa" is exclusively pollinated in a symbiotic relationship with "Pleistodontes imperialis", a species of fig wasp. Biologist Eleanor Haine and colleagues analysed the DNA of the wasp across the fig's range and determined four cryptic lineages forming what they term the "P. imperialis" species complex. They diverge to a greater degree than some distinct wasp species, yet form a monophyletic group; this indicates that the wasp lineages have split without a change of host.

title: Ricoh Arena

text: Wasps recorded their biggest ever win in the Champions Cup on 15 October 2016 when they defeated Italian side Zebre 82-14 after scoring 12 tries.

title: Sentinel Prime

text: In "Predacons Rising", Bumblebee, Jetfire, Jetstorm, Optimus Prime and Sentinel Prime chased Wasp; Sentinel believed that Wasp knew about Ultra Magnus's attacked, but lost him to Swoop while bickering about what to do with him. Following Swoop to Dinobot Island, Sentinel encountered Blackarachnia, learning the truth about what happened to her as Elita-1. Disgusted by what had happened to her, Sentinel refused to accept her as the Elita he knew and attempts to kill her before Wasp (newly changed into Waspinator) intervened. After Blackarachnia sacrificed herself to save the Autobots from a transwarp energy-overloaded Waspinator, Sentinel expressed regret for what had happened to her, even taking blame for what had happened that day, and burying the hatchet with Optimus. Sentinel and the Elite Guard returned to Cybertron soon after, with Sentinel having to take command in the wake of Shockwave's attack on Ultra Magnus.

title: USS Wasp (CV-7)

text: Pilot Officer Jerrold Alpine Smith chose to attempt a landing. "Wasp" bent on full speed and recovered the plane at 07:43. The Spitfire came to a stop just from the forward edge of the flight deck, making what one "Wasp" sailor observed to be a "one wire" landing. With her vital errand completed, "Wasp" set sail for the British Isles while a German radio station broadcast the startling news that the American carrier had been sunk; on 11 May, Prime Minister Churchill sent a message to "Wasp": "Many thanks to you all for the timely help. Who said a wasp couldn't sting twice?"

title: Vespula vulgaris

text: The foraging activity of "Vespula vulgaris" is dependent on the light and temperature of the surrounding area. Generally, if the temperature of the surrounding area falls below 2 °C, the wasps will not proceed with foraging even if the temperature of the nest itself is optimal. When the temperature is above 2 °C, light intensity comes in to play a role. If the light intensity is high enough, the wasps will fly off to forage. However, there is a wide variance within the species, and even within individuals what that threshold light intensity would be – i. e. when would be the best light intensity for a wasp to go out to forage.

title: Raphaël Ibañez

text:
Ibañez continued to play for Wasps until suffering a series of what ultimately proved to be career-ending head injuries in late 2008. On 28 February 2008, Wasps announced that Ibañez and the club had agreed on a contract extension that would see him serve as a specialist forwards coach in the London Wasps Academy, as well as play for the senior side, during the 2008–09 season.
On 5 August 2008 Ibanez was named as successor to Lawrence Dallaglio to take over the captaincy at London Wasps

title: Haematobia irritans

text: Parasitic wasps can be purchased from several suppliers. Such wasps can reduce fly larvae by 90% if you diligently reduce fly-breeding sites. Put out enough wasps to inhibit what's left and put out more wasps every 30 days through summer. https://www.beefmagazine.com/farm-life/7-ag-stories-you-might-have-missed-week-jan-18-2019

title: Waspinator

text: After being found, Wasp attempted to evade his Autobot captors as they cornered him, refusing to go back to the Stockade. It was only when two of his pursuers, Optimus Prime and Sentinel Prime, begin arguing over what to do with him that Wasp escaped before being abducted by Swoop. Swoop took Wasp to Dinobot Island and dropped him before Blackarachnia, whom he fell in love with. Blackarachnia used her charm and mutual past of Autobot betrayal to gain Wasp's trust, using it to make him step into her transwarp generator and be exposed to its energy along with Wasp DNA. A few cycles (minutes) later, as Sentinel confronted Blackarachina, Wasp exited the generator as Waspinator to protect his friend. During the fight, Waspinator entered the hallway and ran into Bumblebee. Bumblebee tried to apologize for sending Wasp to the Stockade, and though Waspinator said "Wasp" forgave Bumblebee, he angrily stated that "Waspinator would never forgive him." Waspinator was about to blast Bumblebee when the transwarp radiation stored inside him became unstable, followed by Waspinator overhearing Blackarachnia's rant of using him to suit her own ends. Enraged for being betrayed again, Waspinator followed Blackarachnia outside and tried to kill her, but he went critical with Blackarachnia spinning a chrysalis around her and Waspinator so only they were effected by the energy. Ending up in an African jungle in pieces, Waspinator began to put himself back together, stating that he had "plans". Unfortunately, with the series having ended after its third season, his objectives are a mystery.

title: Ufo (genus)

text: Ufo is a genus of gall wasps in the tribe Synergini, first discovered in Japan. Its genus name "Ufo" comes from the common phrase "unidentified flying object", in this case applied because the researchers did not know what the wasp was when they first saw it.

title: River Out of Eden

text: ... Do you actually know the first thing about orchids, or wasps, or the eyes with which wasps look at females and orchids? What emboldens you to assert that wasps are so hard to fool that the orchid's resemblance would have to be perfect in all dimensions in order to work?

title: Ride the Lightning Tour

text: Tank supported in Europe, as did WASP and Armored Saint in North America. "Half "[the audience]" was theirs, half was ours," recalled WASP frontman Blackie Lawless. "It didn't matter what we were doing onstage. It looked like two opposing armies. Sometimes we just stopped what we were doing and watched. It was a war."

title: John Milius

text: Never compromise excellence. To write for someone else is the biggest mistake that any writer makes. You should be your biggest competitor, your biggest critic, your biggest fan, because you don't know what anybody else thinks. How arrogant it is to assume that you know the market, that you know what's popular today—only Steven Spielberg knows what's popular today. Only Steven Spielberg will ever know what's popular. So leave it to him. He's the only one in the history of man who has ever figured that out. Write what you want to see. Because if you don't, you're not going to have any true passion in it, and it's not going to be done with any true artistry.


query: When was the University of Maryland football team established?

title: Maryland Terrapins football

text: In 1892, the school then known as the Maryland Agricultural College fielded its first officially-sanctioned college football team. They went scoreless in all three of that season's games, but the following year, posted a perfect record of 6–0. For the first two decades of the program, the team primarily competed against local universities and high schools due to the prohibitive nature of long-distance travel at the time.[4]

title: 1894 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1894 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1894 college football season. Maryland participated as a member of the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association, which was formed as a result of a disagreement the previous season over whether Maryland or St. John's College deserved the state championship. The Aggies finished the season with a 4–3 record.

title: 1898 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1898 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1898 college football season. The team was led by player-coach Frank Kenly and finished with a 2–6–1 record.

title: Darryl Hill (American football)

text: After deciding to resign from the Naval Academy in 1962, Hill was recruited by future ESPN sports analyst Lee Corso, then an assistant coach at University of Maryland, to play for the Terps. Corso had been encouraged by Maryland head coach Tom Nugent to try to find a black athlete to play for his team. Hill was at first hesitant to transfer, saying, "I'm no Jackie Robinson. I just want to play football." When told that it might be couple of years before another black man would be recruited, Hill relented. When Hill enrolled into Maryland in September 1962, he became the first African American to receive an athletic scholarship to play sports for a major university in the South. Maryland was a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Neither it nor the other two major athletic conferences in the South, the Southeastern Conference and the Southwest Conference (now part of the Big 12), had any African Americans playing football for any of their teams.

title: List of Maryland Terrapins bowl games

text: The Maryland Terrapins college football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the University of Maryland, College Park in the Eastern Division of the Big Ten Conference. Since the establishment of the team in 1892, Maryland has appeared in 27 bowl games. Included in these games are three appearances in the Orange Bowl, one in the Sugar Bowl and one Bowl Championship Series (BCS) game appearance in the 2002 Orange Bowl. The latest bowl occurred on December 26, 2016, when Boston College defeated Maryland 36-30 in the Quick Lane Bowl. The defeat in that game brought the Terrapins' overall bowl record to 11–14–2.

title: 1946 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 1946 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football in its 26th season as a member of the Southern Conference. Clark Shaughnessy, who had previously served as head coach in 1942, returned for his second and final season at Maryland.

title: 2019 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 2019 Maryland Terrapins football team will represent the University of Maryland in the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Terrapins play there home games at Maryland Stadium in College Park, Maryland and they will compete in the east division of the Big Ten Conference.

title: History of Baltimore City College

text:
City College's first extracurricular activity, the Bancroft Literary Association, was established the same year to provide a forum for student debate. A second debating society, the Carrollton Society, was established in 1878. One of the first athletic teams appeared the following year, when a group of students organized a lacrosse team—the first at a public high school.
The establishment of Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (Poly) in 1883 was an important development for City College's athletics program. With the founding of Poly, City College acquired an arch rival in academics and sports—particularly football. The schools have met annually in a football clash since 1889. The formal organization of an athletic program at BCC did not begin until 1895. During the early years of the athletic program, City College played chiefly against college teams because few other secondary schools existed in Maryland. City College's 1895 football schedule included St. John's College, Swarthmore College, the United States Naval Academy, University of Maryland, and Washington College.

title: 1909 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1909 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1909 college football season. The Aggies compiled a 2–5 record, were shut out by five opponents, and were outscored by all opponents, 101 to 19. Edward Larkin and William Lang were the team's coaches.

title: 1908 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1908 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1908 college football season. The Aggies compiled a 3–8 record, were shut out by seven of eleven opponents, and were outscored by all opponents, 204 to 27. William Lang was the team's coach.

title: 1902 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1902 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1902 college football season. In their first season under head coach D. John Markey, the Aggies compiled a 3–5–2 record and were outscored by their opponents, 90 to 28. On October 22, 1902, the team secured its first victory in four years in an intercollegiate football game, defeating Columbian University (later known as George Washington University) by an 11–10 score.

title: Maryland Terrapins football under Jim Tatum

text: From 1947 to 1955, Jim Tatum served as the head coach of the Maryland Terrapins football team, which represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football. Maryland hired Tatum to replace Clark Shaughnessy after the 1946 season. Tatum had created both success and controversy during his one season as head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners football team. During his nine-year tenure, Tatum became one of the most successful head football coaches in Maryland history, and the Terrapins compiled two national championships, three conference championships, and five bowl game appearances. His teams compiled a 73–15–4 record without a single losing season, and as of the end of 2016, he has the highest winning percentage of any Maryland football coach who coached at least seven games.[1] In 1954, the University of Maryland appointed a new president, Dr. Wilson Elkins, who chose to de-emphasize football. Following the 1955 season, Tatum took a pay cut to coach at his alma mater, North Carolina, and he died four years later.

title: Maryland Terrapins

text: An unofficial football team composed of Maryland Agricultural College students played games against local high schools in 1890 and 1891. The following year, the school lent its support, which marked of the Maryland football program in 1892. The football team has continued to the present day with the exception of a brief hiatus in 1895. In 1894, former Maryland coach and player William W. Skinner spearheaded the formation of the Maryland Intercollegiate Football Association, which served to award the state football championship. Maryland hired D. John Markey as its first paid football coach in 1902. H. C. "Curley" Byrd, who eventually served as the university president from 1936 to 1953, began his playing career on the team in 1905. In 1911, Byrd was appointed as the head football coach, and he served in that position through 1934. During his tenure, Byrd was instrumental in growing support of the program, and in 1915 successfully requisitioned funding for the school's first stadium. In his position as university president, he was also responsible for building the school's current football facility, Maryland Stadium.

title: 1901 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1901 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1901 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Emmons Dunbar, the Aggies compiled a 1–7 record and were outscored by their opponents, 129 to 49. The team's only victory came in a game against a team from a U.S. Marine Corps barracks in Washington, D. C.

title: 1903 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1903 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1903 college football season. In their second season under head coach D. John Markey, the Aggies compiled a 7–4 record and outscored their opponents, 104 to 64.

title: 1905 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1905 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1905 college football season. In their first season under head coach Fred K. Nielsen, the Aggies compiled a 6–4 record and were outscored by all opponents, 131 to 66. Coach Nielsen had a full-time job with the State Department while coaching football. Curley Byrd, who went on to be Maryland's head coach from 1911 to 1934 and its university president from 1936 to 1954, played on the 1905 team.

title: 1915 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1915 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (which became Maryland State College in 1916 and part of the University of Maryland in 1920) in the 1915 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–3 record, and outscored all opponents, 161 to 69. The team's three losses were to Haverford College (0–7), Catholic University (0–16), and Johns Hopkins (0–3).

title: 2017 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 2017 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Terrapins played their home games at Maryland Stadium in College Park, Maryland and competed in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference. Maryland celebrated their 125th anniversary of the program that was established in 1892, when the University of Maryland, College Park was still known as the Maryland Agricultural College. They were led by second-year head coach D.J. Durkin. They finished the season 4–8, 2–7 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for sixth place in the East Division.

title: 1896 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1896 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1896 college football season. The team was led by first-year head coach Grenville Lewis and finished with a 6–2–2 record.

title: 1892 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1892 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1892 college football season. It was the first football team to officially represent the school. Maryland played three games, all of which it lost, and failed to score any points. Halfback Pearse "Shorty" Prough gained the only positive yardage for the team against Episcopal High School. He netted 35 yards from scrimmage after first running 30 yards in the wrong direction. It remained the only winless Maryland team until matched by the 1967 squad coached by Bob Ward.

title: 1913 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1913 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (which became Maryland State College in 1916 and part of the University of Maryland in 1920) in the 1913 college football season. In their third season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–3 record, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents, 184 to 139. The team's three losses were to Navy (0–76), Gallaudet University (0–26), and Widener University (7–27).

title: 1893 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1893 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1893 college football season. After losing all three of its games the previous season without scoring a point, Maryland showed considerable improvement in 1893. The Aggies defeated all six opponents and were named the District of Columbia and Maryland state champions.

title: 1934 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 1934 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1934 college football season. In their 24th and final season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Terrapins compiled a 7–3 record (3–1 in conference), finished in a tie for third place in the Southern Conference, and outscored their opponents 143 to 39. Coach Byrd went on to serve as the president of the University of Maryland from 1936 to 1954.

title: 1912 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1912 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (which became Maryland State College in 1916 and part of the University of Maryland in 1920) in the 1912 college football season. In their second season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored all opponents, 191 to 60.

title: 1947 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 1947 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football in its 27th season as a member of the Southern Conference.

title: 1910 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1910 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1910 college football season. The Aggies compiled a 4–3–1 record, shut out four of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents, 73 to 42. The team defeated Washington Central High School from the District of Columbia (12–0), the University of Richmond (20–0), Catholic University (21–0), and George Washington University (6–0), tied with Johns Hopkins (14–14), and lost its final three games against VMI (0–8), St. John's College (0–6), and McDaniel College (3–17). Royal Alston served as the team's head coach in his first and only season in that capacity.

text: The 1916 Maryland State Aggies football team represented Maryland State College (which in 1920 became part of the University of Maryland) in the 1916 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–2 record, and outscored all opponents, 142 to 52. The team's victories included over VMI (15–9), St. John's College (31–6), Catholic University (13–9), and Johns Hopkins (54–0). Its two losses were to Navy (7–14) and Haverford (6–7).

title: 1989 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 1989 Maryland Terrapins football team represented University of Maryland, College Park in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Terrapins offense scored 215 points while the defense allowed 238 points. Led by head coach Joe Krivak, the team finished the season unranked.

title: 1950 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The 1950 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football in its 30th season as a member of the Southern Conference.

title: 1897 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1897 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1897 college football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Grenville Lewis.

title: 1914 Maryland Aggies football team

text: The 1914 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (which became Maryland State College in 1916 and part of the University of Maryland in 1920) in the 1914 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 5–3 record and outscored all opponents, 72 to 49. The team's three losses were to Baltimore Polytechnic Institute (0–6), McDaniel College (13–20), and Gallaudet University (0–23).


query: Who wrote the Federalist papers?

title: The Federalist Papers

text: The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The first 77 of these essays were published serially in the Independent Journal, the New York Packet, and The Daily Advertiser between October 1787 and April 1788.[1] A two-volume compilation of these 77 essays and eight others was published as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788.[2][3] The collection was commonly known as The Federalist until the name The Federalist Papers emerged in the 20th century.

title: Anti-Federalist Papers

text:
In the table below, a selection of Anti-Federalist papers have been contrasted with their Federalist counterparts.
The Anti-Federalists proved unable to stop the ratification of the US Constitution, which took effect in 1789. Since then, the essays they wrote have largely fallen into obscurity. Unlike, for example, The Federalist No. 10 written by James Madison, none of their works are mainstays in college curricula or court rulings. The influence of their writing, however, can be seen to this day – particularly in the nature and shape of the United States Bill of Rights. Federalists (such as Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist 84) vigorously argued against its passage but were in the end forced to compromise. The broader legacy of the Anti-Federalist cause can be seen in the strong suspicion of centralized government held by many Americans to this day.

title: The Federalist Papers

text: Hamilton recruited collaborators for the project. He enlisted John Jay, who after four strong essays (Federalist Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5), fell ill and contributed only one more essay, Federalist No. 64, to the series. Jay also distilled his case into a pamphlet in the spring of 1788, ; Hamilton cited it approvingly in Federalist No. 85. James Madison, present in New York as a Virginia delegate to the Confederation Congress, was recruited by Hamilton and Jay and became Hamilton's primary collaborator. Gouverneur Morris and William Duer were also considered. However, Morris turned down the invitation, and Hamilton rejected three essays written by Duer.[9] Duer later wrote in support of the three Federalist authors under the name "Philo-Publius," or "Friend of Publius."

title: Frederick Mosteller

text: Mosteller and David Wallace studied the historical problem of who wrote each of the disputed Federalist papers, James Madison or Alexander Hamilton. "The Federalist Papers" study was conducted in order to demonstrate the power of Bayesian inference and required a great deal of computational power for that time. It was featured in "Time Magazine" in the September 21st, 1962 edition.

title: United States presidential primary

text: There is no provision for the role of political parties in the United States Constitution, since the Founding Fathers did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. Thus in the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled the nominations and elections in 1789 and 1792 that selected George Washington. The beginnings of the American two-party system then emerged from Washington's immediate circle of advisors. Hamilton and Madison, who wrote the aforementioned Federalist Papers against political factions, ended up being the core leaders in this partisanship: Hamilton became the leader of Federalist Party while Madison co-helmed the Democratic-Republican Party with Thomas Jefferson.

title: Federalist No. 76

text: In regards to Federalist Paper 76, the essay discusses the arrangement of the power of appointment and the distribution of power. Hamilton wrote Federalist 76 in support of the proposals from the Constitutional Convention.

title: Federalist No. 66

text: The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton and his colleagues John Jay and James Madison, were written in the late 1780s to argue in favor of the ratification of the United States Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation, which served as the first form of a Constitution for the newly freed country. The Federalist Papers were directed towards the anti-federalists, those who opposed a stronger general government (especially the New York anti-federalists), both to persuade them and to persuade undecided citizens to ratify the Constitution.The first Federalist Paper was published on October 27, 1787 in the New York Independent Journal. The essays argued that the proposed government would preserve the Union and give power to the federal government to act on the interest of the nation.

title: Federalist No. 55

text: Federalist No. 55 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fifth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on February 13, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. It is titled "The Total Number of House of Representatives". It is the first of four papers defending the number of members in the House of Representatives against the critics who believe the number of members to be inadequate. The critics presume that there aren't enough representatives to defend the country against the small group of legislators who are violating the rights of the people. In this paper, Madison examines the size of the United States House of Representatives.

title: Federalist No. 29

text: Federalist No. 29 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 9, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Concerning the Militia". Unlike the rest of the "Federalist Papers", which were published more or less in order, No. 29 did not appear until after Federalist No. 36.

title: Federalist No. 68

text: Federalist No. 68 is the 68th essay of "The Federalist Papers", and was published on March 12, 1788. It is probably written by Alexander Hamilton under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all of the Federalist Papers were published. Since all of them were written under this pseudonym, who wrote what cannot be verified with certainty. Entitled "The Mode of Electing the President", No. 68 describes a perspective on the process of selecting the Chief Executive of the United States. In writing this essay, the author sought to convince the people of New York of the merits of the proposed Constitution. Number 68 is the second in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch and the only one to describe the method of selecting the president.

title: Federalist No. 64

text: Federalist No. 64, titled "The Power of the Senate", is an essay published on March 5, 1788 by John Jay as part of the ongoing "Federalist Papers". Throughout the Federalist Papers, Madison, Hamilton, and Jay emphasize, the special role in the field of foreign affairs (Golove). However, Federalist No.64 specifically focuses more deeply on the concept of treaties and how they are formed. This specific essay in the "Federalist Papers" is very influential; while discussing with the concept of treaties, the mystery behind the author, and the invalid argument of the Anti-Federalists.

title: James Madison

text: The Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, and the United States Constitution was presented to each state for ratification. Each state was requested to hold a special convention to deliberate and determine whether or not to ratify the Constitution. Madison returned to New York, where the Confederation Congress was in session. He convinced his fellow Congressman to allow each state vote upon the Constitution as formulated by the Philadelphia Convention, and remain neutral in the ratification debate. While in New York, Madison was approached by Alexander Hamilton, who asked him to help write "The Federalist Papers", a series of 85 newspaper articles published in New York that explained and defended the proposed Constitution. Under the pseudonym "Publius", Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay wrote 85 essays in the span of six months, with Madison writing 29 of the essays. The articles were also published in book form and became a virtual debater's handbook for the supporters of the Constitution in the ratifying conventions. Historian Clinton Rossiter called "The Federalist Papers" "the most important work in political science that ever has been written, or is likely ever to be written, in the United States." Federalist No. 10, Madison's first contribution to "The Federalist Papers", became highly regarded in the 20th century for its advocacy of representative democracy.

title: Anti-Federalist Papers

text: The Anti-Federalist papers were written over a number of years and by a variety of authors who utilized pen names to remain anonymous, and debates over authorship continue to this day. Unlike the authors of "The Federalist Papers", a group of three men working closely together, the authors of the anti-Federalist papers were not engaged in an organized project. Thus, in contrast to the pro-Constitution advocates, there was no one book or collection of anti-Federalist Papers at the time. The essays were the product of a vast number of authors, working individually rather than as a group. Although there is no canonical list of anti-federalist authors, major authors include Cato (likely George Clinton), Brutus (likely Melancton Smith or Robert Yates or perhaps John Williams), Centinel (Samuel Bryan), and the Federal Farmer (either Melancton Smith, Richard Henry Lee, or Mercy Otis Warren). Works by Patrick Henry and a variety of others are often included as well.

title: Original meaning

text: Originalists of all stripes cite "The Federalist Papers". It is fairly tenuous to suggest that this represents a good source for the original "intent": after all, Alexander Hamilton, who wrote the majority of those essays, was absent for the greater part of the Philadelphia Convention, and John Jay did not attend it at all. However, James Madison, the principal framer of the Constitution also wrote a substantial amount of "The Federalist Papers". Also, to suggest Hamilton and Jay's absence from the convention implies their ignorance as to the Constitution's original meaning is demeaning to those two men and inaccurate. The collected anti-Federalist papers, of course, will be no use at all to a person searching for the original "intent" of the framers. However, as evidence of how a reasonable person at the time would have understood the words of the Constitution, "The Federalist Papers" and the anti-Federalist essays are evidence of direct relevance.

title: Federalist No. 64

text: The identity of the author of Federalist paper No. 64 was long disputed. An exact reason as to why the authorship was lost is not known; however, different theories emerged as to why the authorship was not evident. The first and most likely of the theories is that John Jay became ill and No. 64 was not published at the same time as the other "Federalist Papers". The second theory is that Jay asked Hamilton and Madison to hide his involvement in the "Federalist Papers" because his writing was not strong enough; however, this information came from an unidentified source. This theory is supported by the fact that Madison changed the list of authors that Hamilton wrote up. The author was finally confirmed to be John Jay when his descendant of the same name found the original draft of Federalist No.64, along with multiple "The Independent Journal" newspapers. Many of the "Federalist Papers" were published in "The Independent Journal". The original draft of No. 64 is one of the two only original drafts available of the "Federalist Papers". Only four of the "Federalist Papers" still exist, and all four are in John Jay's hand.

title: Federalist No. 64

text: The Anti-Federalist Papers was written, before the "Federalist Papers", by the founding fathers who were opposed to the merits of the United States Constitution. Three papers touch on the aspects of the Senate defended in Federalist 64. Anti-Federalist 62 discusses how the members of the senate should be chosen, and the organization of them. People believed that if the chosen senate worked for a long time, they would begin to only make decisions for themselves. It says, "The term for which the senate are to be chosen, is in my judgment too long, and no provision being made for a rotation will, I conceive, be of dangerous consequence". Anti-Federalist paper 63 states opinions on the number of people in the senate, and problems that may come. The writer agrees that the senate taking part will be beneficial, but thinks that it will eventually become "the source of the greatest evils". Finally, Anti-Federalist 64 speaks about the beliefs that the constitution of the senate sends fear and little hope to the democratic rights. "which will swallow up the democratic rights and liberties of the nation...that we have much to fear from it, and little to hope, and then it must necessarily produce a baneful aristocracy, by which the democratic rights of the people will be overwhelmed".

title: Anti-Federalist Papers

text: Anti-Federalist Papers is the collective name given to works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed to or concerned with the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. Starting on 25 September 1787 (8 days after the final draft of the US Constitution) and running through the early 1790s, these anti-Federalists published a series of essays arguing against a stronger and more energetic union as embodied in the new Constitution. Although less influential than their counterparts, "The Federalist Papers", these works nonetheless played an important role in shaping the early American political landscape and in the passage of the US Bill of Rights.

title: Federalist No. 43

text: Federalist No. 43 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper continues a theme begun by Madison in Federalist No. 42. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered".

title: Federalist No. 67

text: Federalist No. 67 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-seventh of "The Federalist Papers". This essay's title is "The Executive Department", and it begins a series of eleven separate papers discussing the powers and limitations of that branch. Federalist No. 67 was published, like the rest of the Federalist Papers, under the pseudonym Publius. It was published in the "New York Packet" on Tuesday, March 11, 1788.

title: Federalist No. 44

text: Federalist No. 44 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 25, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This essay addresses the Constitution's limitation of the power of individual states, something strongly decried by the Anti-Federalists, who sought a greater degree of sovereignty for the states. It is titled "Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States".

title: History of New York (state)

text: The state adopted its constitution in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and Antifederalists—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the "Federalist Papers". He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.

title: Federalist No. 69

text: Federalist No. 69 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 14, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "The Real Character of the Executive", and is the third in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch in retaliation to the Anti-Federalist Papers, and in comparison to the King of England's powers.

title: Federalist No. 54

text: Federalist Paper No. 54 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 12, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper discusses the way in which the seats in the United States House of Representatives are apportioned among the states. It is titled "The Apportionment of Members Among the States". The essay was erroneously attributed to John Jay in Alexander Hamilton's enumeration of the authors of the various Federalist Papers.

title: Federalist No. 59

text: Federalist No. 59 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the fifty-ninth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on February 22, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. This is the first of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members, the other two papers in this series being Federalist No. 60 and Federalist No. 61. The title of the paper is "Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members".

title: Consumption tax

text: In the early United States, taxes were levied principally on consumption. Alexander Hamilton, one of the two chief authors of the anonymous "The Federalist Papers", favored consumption taxes in part because they are harder to raise to confiscatory levels than income taxes. In "The Federalist Papers" (No. 21), Hamilton wrote:

title: Anti-Federalist Papers

text: During the lengthy and heated national debate following this convention, both groups wrote extensively in favor of their respective positions. The anti-Federalist papers are a selection of the written arguments against the US Constitution by those known to posterity as the anti-Federalists. As with the Federalist papers, these essays were originally published in newspapers. The most widely known are "a series of sixteen essays published in the New York Journal from October 1787 through April 1788 during the same period. The anti-Federalist was appearing in New York newspapers, under the pseudonym 'Brutus'."

title: Federalist No. 78

text: Federalist No. 78 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-eighth of "The Federalist Papers". Like all of "The Federalist" papers, it was published under the pseudonym Publius.

title: Small government

text: The United States is a constitutional republic. At the time the nation was founded there was disagreement between the Federalists who supported a strong federal government; and the Anti-Federalists, who wanted a loose confederation of independent states. In "The Federalist Papers", Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay explained why a strong federal government was necessary. Hamilton wrote: President Thomas Jefferson said:

title: Federalist No. 9

text: Federalist No. 9 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 21, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Federalist No. 9 is titled "The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection". The same subject is continued in the subsequent paper by James Madison, Federalist No. 10. Similar to Federalist 51, this paper emphasizes the importance of establishing a system of checks and balances in order to ensure that the government is intact and operating smoothly.

title: Federalist No. 42

text: Federalist No. 42 is an essay by James Madison, and the forty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 22, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Federalist No. 42 continues a theme that was started in Federalist No. 41, and is titled "The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered".

title: Federalist Party

text: The Federalists, with twice as many newspapers at their command, slashed back with equal vituperation. John Fenno and "Peter Porcupine" (William Cobbett) were their nastiest penmen and Noah Webster their most learned. Hamilton subsidized the Federalist editors, wrote for their papers and in 1801 established his own paper, the "New York Evening Post." Though his reputation waned considerably following his death, Joseph Dennie ran three of the most popular and influential newspapers of the period, "The Farmer's Weekly Museum", the "Gazette of the United States" and "The Port Folio".


query: Where is the Sanjay Gandhi National Park?

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Sanjay Gandhi National Park is an 87km2 (34sqmi) protected area near Mumbai in Maharashtra State in India.[4] It was formerly known as Borivali National Park.[5][6] It is notable as one of the major national parks existing within a metropolis limit and is one of the most visited parks in the world.[6]

title: Vihar Lake

text:
The lake and its catchment are protected by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation and Sanjay Gandhi National Park Authority.
The catchment areas of Vihar lake has high hills rising on all sides. The seclusion, protection, and security provided under the Sanjay Gandhi National Park has ensured well wooded hill slopes and abundant natural regeneration. Higher percentage of khair species has been noted in the catchment area of the lake.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: of "Sanjay Gandhi National Park Borivalli, Mumbai".

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park was further expanded to a total area of 82.25 squarekm in 1981. The park was renamed Sanjay Gandhi National Park in 1996, after Sanjay Gandhi, the son of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The same year, some forests from the Thane division were merged into the park, further expanding its total area to 103.84 square km.[1]

title: Tulsi Lake

text:
The vegetation on the hill slopes draining into the lake is thick and lush, undisturbed and of mixed moist deciduous type. The lake and its catchment are protected by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation and Sanjay Gandhi National Park Authority.
As the lake is situated inside the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the flora and fauna reported for the park would be relevant to the lake. However, fresh water crocodiles Mugger or Marsh crocodiles ("Crocodilus palustris") are known to inhabit the lake in sustainable numbers. As it is difficult to sight them in the lake, the park has set up a Crocodile Park’ to view the reptiles of different sizes

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park has faced a number of similar problems to those faced by national parks elsewhere in the world, involving conflicts between natural and human interests.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Sanjay Gandhi national park has played home to many poachers in the recent years. Usually, leopards are attacked. In many cases these animals had been poisoned, and claws or other valuable body parts were cut off and sold. Poaching could soon wipe out Mumbai's leopard population.

title: Sanjay Gandhi

text: In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilization program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is somewhat disputed, with some writers holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers blaming the officials who implemented the program rather than Gandhi himself.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The karvi shrub, as it is locally called in the Marathi language, sometimes also spelled as karvy in English, only blooms once in eight years in a mass flowering covering the forest floor in a lavender blush. It grows in abundance in the Western Ghats hills near Mumbai including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest blooming took place in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom here again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle' its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on the vast sloping expanses of the hillsides, with the Kanheri caves area of the park being one of the best places to observe large areas of blooms.[12][13]

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: SGNP view from Highest Point Trail Mini waterfall inside a park within national park premise Villages in the park Mahatma Gandhi Memorial

title: Paliwal Park

text:
Paliwal Park links the residential areas of Vijay Nagar and Gandhi Nagar to the financial Hub of the city i.e. Sanjay Place.
To the north is Gandhi Nagar, to the west is Wazirpura/Sanjay Place, to the east is Vijay Nagar and to the south is Ghatia.
A motorable path runs through the middle of the Paliwal Park.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: You would be able to see deer in their allotted cages. The train passes through the jungle area where we can see hutments where people dwell. Deer are also seen near these hutments walking in the jungle.

title: Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan

text: Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan (, also known as Sanjay Gandhi Botanical and Zoological Garden or Patna Zoo) is located off Bailey Road in Patna, Bihar, India. The park was opened to the public as a zoo in 1973. The park is Patna's most frequented picnic spot, with more than 36,000 visitors on New Year's Day alone in 2011.

title: Valley of Flowers National Park

text: 1980: The park was established as Sanjay Gandhi National Park by Notification 3912/ XIV 3-35-80; grazing and mountaineering stopped;

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park's main entrance is located in Borivali, 0.9km (0.56mi) east of Borivali railway station, which is approximately 40km (25mi) north of southern tip of Mumbai city, with suburban trains running every 5 minutes. From Borivali station, one can walk or hire an auto rickshaw to reach Sanjay Gandhi National Park. It is well connected with all parts of Mumbai and Maharashtra by road. The Western Express Highway (NH 8) passes by the park entrance. Buses are available on holidays and Sundays from Mumbai to the park. Also, chartered vehicles can be hired for groups to visit the park.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Butterflies of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Ambient Science, 1(1): 7-15.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Local conservation NGOs such as the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)[13] and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India)[14] bring groups of urban residents from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organisations, for regular guided nature education walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park[26][27] and organise special trips when the rare karvi flowers are in full bloom which only happens once every eight years.[12]

title: Sanjay Singh

text: Singh had lent support to Sanjay Gandhi when that member of the Nehru-Gandhi family had chosen to contest the Amethi constituency in the elections of 1980. The Amethi area has strong links to the Nehru-Gandhi family and at that time the neighbouring constituency of Rae Bareli was held by Sanjay's mother, Indira Gandhi. He subsequently became a friend of Rajiv Gandhi, who succeeded Sanjay as the representative for Amethi.

title: Yeoor

text: Yeoor is a hilly area in Thane city of Maharashtra state in India. Situated in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, it is known for its panthers and wildlife and is popularly known as "Mumbai's National Park"

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: There are several public walking trails in the park. The popular Ashok Van trail winds up through thick forest to a dense cluster of Ashoka trees that are a welcome half way resting spot. One can return by Gaumukh trail to an open place of volcanic rock to return to the Kanheri caves. A more ambitious route is the 'View Point' trail to the highest point in Mumbai, for a panoramic view of the city and a view of the three lakes of the city – Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake and Powai Lake. New jungle trails at Sanjay Gandhi National Park allow visitors to see the more unexplored parts of the park. They are the 4km (2.49mi) Shilonda Trail, the 5km (3.11mi) Malad Trail, and the 6km (3.73mi) Yeoor Trail. Trails access cost is Rs. 25 per person.[25]

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: This is also a small station on the Vanrani trail.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Kasambe, R. (2012): Butterfly fauna of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Mumbai. Bionotes. 14 (3): 76–80

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Leopard at SGNP Hanuman langur Spotted deer in Deer Park Myna (Acridotheres) Monkeys near Kanheri Caves

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The Sanjay Gandhi National Park area has a long written history dating back to the 4th century BCE. In ancient India, Sopara and Kalyan were two ports in the vicinity that traded with ancient civilisations such as Greece and Mesopotamia. The 45km (28mi) land route between these two ports was partially through this forest.[7]

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The rich flora and fauna of Sanjay Gandhi National Park attracts more than 2 million visitors every year. Tourists also enjoy visiting the 2400-year-old Kanheri caves sculpted out of the rocky cliffs which lie within the park.

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park can also be accessed from Goregaon (BNHS, Film City).

title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Sanjay Gandhi National Park is said to be one of the most visited national parks in Asia. According to estimates, around 2 million visitors visit this park annually. Collection at the gates in November 2004 touched ₹9.8 million (US$140,000).

title: Strobilanthes callosus

text: The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the metropolis of Mumbai including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000, then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses.

title: Sanjay Gandhi

text: Sanjay Gandhi (14 December 1946 – 23 June 1980) was an Indian politician and the son of Indira Gandhi. He was a family member of the Nehru-Gandhi family. During his lifetime he was widely expected to succeed his mother as head of the Indian National Congress, but following his early death in a plane crash his elder brother Rajiv became their mother's political heir, and succeeded her as Prime Minister of India after her assassination. Sanjay's widow Maneka Gandhi and son Varun Gandhi are leading politicians in the BJP.

title: Varun Gandhi

text:
Varun Gandhi was born in Delhi on 13 March 1980 to Sanjay Gandhi and Maneka Gandhi. He is the grandson of former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi and the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Varun was born soon after Indira Gandhi regained power in the 1980 general elections. Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane crash when Varun was three months old in June 1980. Indira was assassinated when Varun was four years old on 31 October 1984. Before his death Sanjay Gandhi had expressed his interest in raising his children in accordance to his Zoroastrian religion.
Varun attended Rishi Valley School and Modern School C.P. New Delhi and the British School, New Delhi, where he ran for a position on the student council.


query: Who has to initiate a plea bargain?

title: Plea bargain

text: The plea bargain (also plea agreement or plea deal) is any agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty or nolo contendere to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. This may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to a less serious charge, or to one of the several charges, in return for the dismissal of other charges; or it may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to the original criminal charge in return for a more lenient sentence.[1]

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: The ruling distinguished "Brady" from other prior cases emphasizing improper confessions, concluding: "we cannot hold that it is unconstitutional for the State to extend a benefit to a defendant who in turn extends a substantial benefit to the State and who demonstrates by his plea that he is ready and willing to admit his crime and to enter the correctional system in a frame of mind that affords hope for success in rehabilitation over a shorter period of time than might otherwise be necessary." It laid down the following conditions for a plea to be valid:"Santobello v. New York" added that when plea bargains are broken, remedies exist; and it has been argued that given the prevalence of plea agreements, the most important rights of the accused may be found in the law of contracts rather than the law of trial procedure.

title: Plea bargain

text: Another argument against plea bargaining is that it may not actually reduce the costs of administering justice. For example, if a prosecutor has only a 25% chance of winning his case and sending the defendant away to prison for 10 years, he may make a plea agreement for a sentence of one year; but if plea bargaining is unavailable, a prosecutor may drop the case completely.[16]

title: Plea bargain

text: Plea bargaining is a significant part of the criminal justice system in the United States; the vast majority (roughly 90%)[17] of criminal cases in the United States are settled by plea bargain rather than by a jury trial.[18] Plea bargains are subject to the approval of the court, and different States and jurisdictions have different rules. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines are followed in federal cases and have been created to ensure a standard of uniformity in all cases decided in the federal courts. A two- or three-level offense level reduction is usually available for those who accept responsibility by not holding the prosecution to the burden of proving its case; this usually amounts to a complete sentence reduction had they gone to trial and lost.[19]

title: Plea bargain

text: In China, a plea bargaining pilot scheme has been introduced by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in 2016.[41] For defendants that faces jail terms of three years or below, agrees to plea guilty voluntarily and agree with prosecutors' crime and sentencing proposals, will be given mitigated punishments.[42]

title: Plea

text: Pleading guilty typically results in a more lenient punishment for the defendant; it is thus a type of mitigating factor in sentencing. A plea bargain is when a defendant makes a deal with the prosecution or court to plead guilty in exchange for a more lenient punishment, or for related charges against them to be dropped. A "blind plea" is a guilty plea entered with no plea agreement in place. Plea bargains are particularly common in the United States. Other countries use a more limited form of plea bargaining. In the United Kingdom and Germany, guidelines state that only the timing of the guilty plea can affect the reduction in the punishment, with an earlier plea resulting in a greater reduction.

title: Plea bargain

text: Following a Supreme Court of Canada ruling that imposes strict time limits on the resolution of criminal cases (eighteen months for cases in provincial court and thirty months for cases in Superior Court), several provinces have initiated and/or intensified measures intended to maximize the number of minor criminal cases resolved by a plea bargain.

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: Plea bargaining has existed for centuries; in older legal systems convictions were at times routinely procured by confession, and laws existed covering such criminal confessions, although by the 18th century inducements had been forbidden in English Law to prevent miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, early US plea bargain history led to courts' permitting withdrawal of pleas and rejection of plea bargains, although such arrangements continued to happen behind the scenes. A rise in the scale and scope of criminal law led to plea bargaining's gaining new acceptance in the early 20th century, as courts and prosecutors sought to address an overwhelming influx of cases:

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: Plea bargaining in the United States is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the United States are settled by plea bargain rather than by a jury trial. They have also been increasing in frequency—they rose from 84% of federal cases in 1984 to 94% by 2001. Plea bargains are subject to the approval of the court, and different States and jurisdictions have different rules. Game theory has been used to analyze the plea bargaining decision.

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: The United States Supreme Court has recognized plea bargaining as both an essential and desirable part of the criminal justice system. The benefits of plea-bargaining are said to be obvious: the relief of court congestion, alleviation of the risks and uncertainties of trial, and its information gathering value.

title: Plea bargain

text: In Canada, the courts always have the final say with regard to sentencing. Nevertheless, plea bargaining has become an accepted part of the criminal justice system although judges and Crown attorneys are often reluctant to refer to it as such. In most Canadian criminal proceedings, the Crown has the ability to recommend a lighter sentence than it would seek following a guilty verdict in exchange for a guilty plea.[26]

title: Plea bargain

text: In other cases, formal plea bargains in Pakistan are limited, but the prosecutor has the authority to drop a case or a charge in a case and, in practice, often does so, in return for a defendant pleading guilty on some lesser charge. No bargaining takes place over the penalty, which is the court's sole privilege.[36]

title: Legal case

text: A criminal case may in some jurisdictions be settled before a trial through a plea bargain. Typically, in a plea bargain, the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge than that which was originally brought by the grand jury or prosecutor. A defendant who goes to trial risks greater penalties than would normally be imposed through a plea bargain.

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: Another argument against plea bargaining is that it may not actually reduce the costs of administering justice. For example, if a prosecutor has only a 25% chance of winning his case and sending the defendant away to prison for 10 years, he may make a plea agreement for a one-year sentence; but if plea bargaining is unavailable, he may drop the case completely.

title: Plea bargain

text: In Japan, plea bargaining was previously forbidden by law, although sources reported that prosecutors illegally offered defendants plea bargains in exchange for their confessions.[53][54][55][56]

title: Plea bargain

text: When the defendant deems that the punishment that would, concretely, be handed down is less than a five-year imprisonment (or that it would just be a fine), the defendant may request to plea bargain with the prosecutor. The defendant is rewarded with a reduction on the sentence and has other advantages (such as that the defendant does not pay the fees on the proceeding). The defendant must accept the penalty for the charges (even if the plea-bargained sentence has some particular matters in further compensation proceedings), no matter how serious the charges are.

title: Plea bargain

text: Plea bargaining is extremely difficult in jurisdictions based on the civil law. This is because unlike common law systems, civil law systems have no concept of plea—if the defendant confesses; a confession is entered into evidence, but the prosecution is not absolved of the duty to present a full case. A court may decide that a defendant is innocent even though they presented a full confession. Also, unlike common law systems, prosecutors in civil law countries may have limited or no power to drop or reduce charges after a case has been filed, and in some countries their power to drop or reduce charges before a case has been filed is limited, making plea bargaining impossible. Since the 1980s, many civil law nations have adapted their systems to allow for plea bargaining.[38]

title: Plea bargain

text: Certain aspects of the American justice system serve to promote plea bargaining. For example, the adversarial nature of the U.S. criminal justice system puts judges in a passive role, in which they have no independent access to information with which to assess the strength of the case against the defendant. The prosecutor and defense may thus control the outcome of a case through plea bargaining. The court must approve a plea bargain as being within the interests of justice.[22]

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: The use of plea bargaining has inspired some controversy over issues such as its potentially coercive effect on incarcerated defendants, defendants who have been charged with more serious offenses than the facts warrant, and innocent defendants, all of whom might feel pressured to enter into a plea bargain to avoid the more serious consequences that would result from conviction.

title: Alford plea

text: The "Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms" defines the term "Alford plea" as: "A plea under which a defendant may choose to plead guilty, not because of an admission to the crime, but because the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to place a charge and to obtain conviction in court. The plea is commonly used in local and state courts in the United States." According to "University of Richmond Law Review", "When offering an Alford plea, a defendant asserts his innocence but admits that sufficient evidence exists to convict him of the offense." "A Guide to Military Criminal Law" notes that under the Alford plea, "the defendant concedes that the prosecution has enough evidence to convict, but the defendant still refuses to admit guilt." The book "Plea Bargaining's Triumph: A History of Plea Bargaining in America" published by Stanford University Press defines the plea as one in "which the defendant adheres to his/her claim of innocence even while allowing that the government has enough evidence to prove his/her guilt beyond a reasonable doubt". According to the book "Gender, Crime, and Punishment" published by Yale University Press, "Under the Alford doctrine, a defendant does not admit guilt but admits that the state has sufficient evidence to find him or her guilty, should the case go to trial." "Webster's New World Law Dictionary" defines Alford plea as: "A guilty plea entered as part of a plea bargain by a criminal defendant who denies committing the crime or who does not actually admit his guilt. In federal courts, such plea may be accepted as long as there is evidence that the defendant is actually guilty."

title: Plea bargain

text: [P]lea bargains are just as likely in strong and weak cases. Prosecutors only need to adjust the offer to the probability of conviction in order to reach an agreement. Thus, weaker cases result in more lenient plea bargains, and stronger ones in relative harshness, but both result in an agreement. [... W]hen the case is weak, the parties must rely on charge bargaining ... But [charge bargaining] is hardly an obstacle. Charge bargaining in weak cases is not the exception; it is the norm all around the country. Thus, even if the evidence against innocent defendants is, on average, weaker, the likelihood of plea bargains is not dependent on guilt.

title: Plea bargain

text: The extent to which innocent people will accept a plea bargain and plead guilty is contentious and has been subjected to considerable research. Much research has focused on the relatively few actual cases where innocence was subsequently proven, such as successful appeals for murder and rape based upon DNA evidence, which tend to be atypical of trials as a whole (being by their nature only the most serious kinds of crime). Other studies have focused on presenting hypothetical situations to subjects and asking what choice they would make. More recently some studies have attempted to examine actual reactions of innocent persons generally, when faced with actual plea bargain decisions. A study by Dervan and Edkins (2013) attempted to recreate a real-life controlled plea bargain situation, rather than merely asking theoretical responses to a theoretical situation—a common approach in previous research.[13] It placed subjects in a situation where an accusation of academic fraud (cheating) could be made, of which some subjects were in fact by design actually guilty (and knew this), and some were innocent but faced seemingly strong evidence of guilt and no verifiable proof of innocence. Each subject was presented with the evidence of guilt and offered a choice between facing an academic ethics board and potentially a heavy penalty in terms of extra courses and other forfeits, or admitting guilt and accepting a lighter "sentence". The study found that as expected from court statistics, around 90% of accused subjects who were actually guilty chose to take the plea-bargain and plead guilty. It also found that around 56% of subjects who were actually innocent (and privately knew it) also to take the plea-bargain and plead guilty, for reasons including avoiding formal quasi-legal processes, uncertainty, possibility of greater harm to personal future plans, or deprivation of home environment due to remedial courses. The authors stated:[13]

title: Plea bargain

text: In the request, when it could be applied the conditional suspension of the penalty according to the article 163 and following of Italian penal code, the defendant could subordinate the request to the grant of the suspension; if the judge rejects the suspension, the bargaining is refused. When both the prosecutor and the defendant have come to an agreement, the proposal is submitted to the judge, who can refuse or accept the plea bargaining.

title: Plea bargain

text: In Estonia, plea bargaining was introduced in the 1990s: the penalty is reduced in exchange for confession and avoiding most of the court proceedings. Plea bargaining is permitted for the crimes punishable by no more than four years of imprisonment. Normally, a 25% reduction of the penalty is given.

title: Bill Ritter

text: Controversy arose during the campaign over Ritter's use of plea bargains while in office. As DA, Ritter plea bargained 97% of cases which were brought to his office (near the national average). However, controversy surfaced regarding plea bargains that prevented the deportation of both legal and illegal immigrants charged with drug, assault, and other crimes. Both illegal immigration and drug use were hot topics in the race for governor, raising further controversy. Ritter has defended the plea bargains, stating that "Our priority was to try the most serious cases."

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: Some legal scholars argue that plea bargaining is unconstitutional because it takes away a person's right to a trial by jury. Justice Hugo Black once noted that, in America, the defendant "has an absolute, unqualified right to compel the State to investigate its own case, find its own witnesses, prove its own facts, and convince the jury through its own resources. Throughout the process, the defendant has a fundamental right to remain silent, in effect challenging the State at every point to 'Prove it!'" It is argued that plea bargaining is inconsistent with limits imposed on the powers of the police and prosecutors by the Bill of Rights. This position has been rejected by the nation's courts.

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: However, in 1975 the Attorney-General of Alaska, Avrum Gross, ordered an end to all plea-bargaining; subsequent attorneys-general continued the practice. Similar consequences were observed in New Orleans, Ventura County, California, and in Oakland County, Michigan, where plea bargaining has been terminated. Bidinotto found:

title: Plea bargain

text: Plea bargaining (Georgian: საპროცესო შეთანხმება, literally "plea agreement") was introduced in Georgia in 2004. The substance of the Georgian plea bargaining is similar to the United States and other common law jurisdictions.[48]

title: Plea bargain

text: According to Italian law, a bargain doesn't need a guilty plea (in Italy there is no plea declaration); for this reason, a bargaining sentence is only an acceptance of the penalty in exchange with the stop of investigation and trial and has no binding cogency in other trials, especially in civil trials in which parts argue of the same facts at the effects of civil liability and in other criminal trials in which are processed the accomplices of the defendant that had requested and got a bargaining sentence.[52]

title: Plea bargain

text: Plea bargains are so common in the Superior Courts of California (the general trial courts) that the Judicial Council of California has published an optional seven-page form (containing all mandatory advisements required by federal and state law) to help prosecutors and defense attorneys reduce such bargains into written plea agreements.[21]

title: Plea bargaining in the United States

text: Plea bargains are so common in the Superior Courts of California that the Judicial Council of California has published an optional seven-page form (containing all mandatory advisements required by federal and state law) to help prosecutors and defense attorneys reduce such bargains into written plea agreements.