query: What was the first video game developed by Relic Entertainment?

title: Relic Entertainment

text: Relic released Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War on September 20, 2004, a real-time strategy game based on Games Workshop's popular Warhammer 40,000 franchise. The game was a success, with many reviewers applauding its innovative resource management system and squad-based interface. As a series Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide as of January 2013.[6]

title: Relic Entertainment

text: Relic was started in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada by Alex Garden and Luke Moloney in 1997. Their first title, Homeworld, was released on September 28, 1999 to critical acclaim and successful sales. Though they did not immediately continue working on the franchise (Sierra Entertainment, the game's publisher, owned the rights), the game did have a spin-off, Homeworld: Cataclysm, developed by Barking Dog Studios and published by Sierra.

title: Essence Engine

text: Essence Engine is a game engine developed by Relic Entertainment for video game "Company of Heroes".

title: Christian video game

text: A Christian video game, or Bible game, is a video game based on teachings of Christianity. Christian video games were first marketed successfully by BibleBytes in the early 1980s on several different microcomputer platforms. Wisdom Tree introduced Christian themes to console games, starting in 1991, with the unlicensed "Bible Adventures" for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Now they are made by many different developers. Most of these new developers meet yearly at the "Christian Games Developers Conference" and build support through the Christian Game Developers Foundation.

title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Despite the layoffs, Sierra continued to publish games for smaller development houses. In September 1999, they released "Homeworld", a real-time space-combat strategy game developed by Relic Entertainment. The game design was revolutionary for the genre, and the game received great critical acclaim and many awards.

title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: In 2003, they co-published their first video game, "". Electronic Arts was the other publisher of the game. In 2004, Warner Bros. acquired developer Monolith Productions. In 2005, the WB Games label was created. The first game that Monolith developed in conjunction with Warner Bros. Entertainment was "The Matrix Online" which SEGA helped co-publish. Warner Bros. also helped distribute both "Enter the Matrix" and "" for the "Matrix" series. In 2006, they bought a 10.3% stake in SCi Entertainment, the owner of Eidos Interactive. That same year, they released their first self-published title (with no co-publishers), "Justice League Heroes", which was distributed by Eidos on the Xbox. In 2007, their goal was for a five-year plan to expand in the video game industry, which includes the acquisition of studios for internal development and the creation of a studio (WB Games) in the Seattle area that will run all the games published and developed by the company; starting with the acquisition of TT Games that same year for the amount of .

title: Relic Entertainment

text: In November 2015, Relic Entertainment and Sega relinquished the rights of Impossible Creatures to THQ Nordic after it was revealed that neither THQ nor Microsoft Studios owned the rights to the video game.[13] In May 2016, Relic Entertainment announced Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War III, which was released for personal computers in 2017.[14]

title: American Video Entertainment

text: American Video Entertainment was a San Jose, California–based software development company that developed unlicensed video games for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The company developed two games on its own, "Dudes with Attitude" and "Trolls on Treasure Island", and published 19 games altogether for the NES.

title: Company of Heroes

text: Company of Heroes is a 2006 real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ for the Microsoft Windows and OS X operating systems. It was the first title to make use of the Games for Windows label.

title: Ossian Studios

text: Alan Miranda is a former BioWare producer, having been the producer on "" and the associate producer on "Neverwinter Nights". Prior to working at BioWare he was a designer at Relic Entertainment developing some of the core game mechanics and missions for the RTS "Impossible Creatures". He is now the producer of all games developed at Ossian Studios. Alan holds a B.A. in Economics from the University of British Columbia, and a diploma in 2D and 3D Video Games Programming from DigiPen Applied Computer Graphics School.

title: Company of Heroes

text: "Company of Heroes Online" was a free MMO real-time strategy computer game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ. The open beta for the game started on 2 September 2010, and the game was cancelled on 31 March 2011. The game has no link with the original "Company of Heroes" multiplayer system and is a stand-alone game, unlike its predecessors. The game uses the same graphics engine as the retail release of "Company of Heroes". Relic also released a Chinese and a South Korean version of the game. The Chinese version was co-developed and published by Shanda while the South Korean version was published by WindySoft and developed entirely by Relic Entertainment. The Korean and American versions featured the entire single-player campaign from the retail release while the Chinese version did not.

text: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II – Chaos Rising is a real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ, and the sequel expansion of "". The game was released on March 11, 2010 for Games for Windows.

title: South Park (video game)

text: South Park is a first-person shooter adventure video game based on the American animated comedy series of the same name. The game was developed by Iguana Entertainment and published by Acclaim Entertainment for the Nintendo 64 in 1998 for North America and in 1999 for Europe. It was later ported to Microsoft Windows in 1999 and released in North America only. The PlayStation port was developed by Appaloosa Interactive in 1999. A Game Boy Color version was in development, but it was eventually canceled by creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker, feelings the game would not fit in a console marketed towards children. However, they did keep a few copies of the Game Boy Color version to commemorate what was originally started as the first "South Park" game. Despite the Nintendo 64 version's positive reception, the PC and PlayStation versions of "South Park" were panned by critics. A Sega Dreamcast version was planned for a 2000 release, but was cancelled during development for unknown reasons. In 2018, a ROM image of the Game Boy Color version was leaked online. It is reported that a remake of this game is in early development

title: Highlander (franchise)

text: A "Highlander" massively multiplayer online role-playing game video game was originally announced by Kalisto Entertainment, but following the developer's closure, rights to the "Highlander" video game franchise went to SCi Entertainment in 2004. However, the development was cancelled as the new developer did not release a "Highlander" video game. The only known remains of the development are trailers showing the game title as 'Highlander The Gathering'.

title: Relic Online

text: Relic Online was an online gaming system that Relic/THQ uses for matchmaking in some Relic Entertainment games, replacing its previous use of GameSpy Arcade ("Dawn of War") and WON ("Homeworld"). Relic Online was developed by Relic/THQ and Quazal, and is completely separate from any GameSpy/WON systems. It has not been backported to older games such as "Dawn of War" and its expansions, but has appeared in Relic's "Company of Heroes" series of games. "" introduced new features to Relic Online such as arranged team automatches, with the changes being patched into the previous "Company of Heroes" games as well. Relic Online was notably absent in Relic/THQ's "Dawn of War II", however, which instead used a combination of Steam and Games for Windows – Live.

title: Forsaken (video game)

text: Forsaken is a 3D first-person shooter video game. The game was developed by Probe Entertainment for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation and Iguana Entertainment UK for the Nintendo 64 and published by Acclaim Entertainment. A remastered version was released in 2018 for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux and Xbox One.

title: List of Relic Entertainment games

text: Relic Entertainment is a Canadian video game developer based in Vancouver. The company was founded in June 1997 by Alex Garden and Luke Moloney. After its debut title "Homeworld" (1999), the company developed two more games, "Impossible Creatures" (2003) and "Homeworld 2" (2003), and signed a contract with publisher THQ for an additional two games. Before either game was released, however, Relic was bought by THQ in May 2004 for $10 million in cash; the company was renamed THQ Canada, with "Relic Entertainment" used as a marketing brand by the studio. THQ published the next five games by the company. A few months after being purchased, Relic released its first licensed title, "" (2004). It released two more original titles in 2006, "The Outfit" and "Company of Heroes", before transitioning to focus on further titles and expansion packs in the "Warhammer 40,000" and "Company of Heroes" franchises.

title: Alex Garden

text: Alex Garden is the CEO of Vancouver-based game developer Relic Entertainment, which he co-founded with Luke Moloney in 1997. In February 2005, he founded the company iVALET Systems Inc. to develop an advanced parking system. In July 2005, he co-founded Klei Entertainment, a Vancouver-based video game development studio, with Jamie Cheng. On November 3, 2006, Alex Garden joined Nexon to run Nexon's North American game development studio, Nexon Publishing North America. In October, 2009, Alex Garden joined Microsoft to work in their games division, Microsoft Game Studios. On April 23, 2014, Zynga announced that Alex Garden was hired to become President of Zynga Studios with a start date of May 5, 2014. On 13 April 2016 Alex Garden returned to Relic Entertainment as CEO. In 2016 Garden founded Zume Pizza.

title: Company of Heroes 2

text: Company of Heroes 2 is a real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by Sega for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux. It is the sequel to the 2006 game "Company of Heroes". As with the original "Company of Heroes", the game is set in World War II but with the focus on the Eastern Front, with players primarily controlling the side of the Soviet Red Army during various stages of the Eastern Front, from Operation Barbarossa to the Battle of Berlin. "Company of Heroes 2" runs on Relic Entertainment's proprietary Essence 3.0 game engine.

title: The Relic (video game)

text: The Relic is a role-playing iOS game developed by British company Clickgamer.com and was released on April 14, 2011.

title: Blue's Clues (video game series)

text: Many video games have been made based on the Blue's Clues television show. "Blue's 123 Time Activities" is a 1999 educational adventure game developed by Humongous Entertainment. The game works on Windows 95 and above, and on System 7.5.3 (with PowerPC) to Mac OS X Tiger. Blue's ABC Time Activities is a 1999 adventure educational video game based on the "Blue's Clues" TV series. It was developed and published by Humongous Entertainment. Blue's Clues: Blue's Art Time Activities is a 2000 educational video game developed by Humongous Entertainment, based on the "Blue's Clues" TV series. Blue's Reading Time Activities is a point and click adventure video game based on the Blue's Clues television show. The game was developed and published by Humongous Entertainment.

title: The Outfit (video game)

text: The Outfit is a third-person shooter, developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ for Xbox 360, set within war ravaged Europe during World War II. The game combines squad-based combat and easy to use strategic gameplay elements with cinematic interludes.

title: Relic Entertainment

text: In December 2012, during THQ bankruptcy filings, it was revealed that Relic Entertainment "is currently developing Company of Heroes 2 for a calendar year 2013 release and a new game with the working title Atlas for a release in calendar year 2014."[10] On January 23, 2013, it was revealed that THQ had sold Relic Entertainment to Sega for US$26.6million as part of an auction of the company's properties.[11] The Homeworld franchise was sold to Gearbox Software at a separate auction in April 2013.[12]

title: Homeworld 2

text: Homeworld 2 is a real-time strategy video game sequel to "Homeworld", developed by Relic Entertainment and released in 2003 by now defunct publisher Sierra Entertainment. Its story concerns Hiigara's response to a new enemy called the Vaygr. Its gameplay takes a new direction with the enhancement of its graphics and audio. In contrast to the closely equivalent Kushan and Taiidan forces of the original game, Vaygr and Hiigaran spaceships differ significantly in design and application.

title: Sony Music Entertainment Japan

text: Sony Music Entertainment announced the launch of its first video game publishing label, Unties, in October 2017. Unties will publish indie games for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation VR, Nintendo Switch, and PC. The name was selected by Sony as representative of helping to "unleash" the power of independent video game development and "unshackle" such developers from the traditional video game publishing process.

title: Bandai Namco Entertainment

text: Bandai Namco Studios (BNSI) functions as the core video game development studio of Bandai Namco Entertainment. In addition to its video game development operations, Bandai Namco Studios also work on other entertainment content such as video and music, related to its video game IPs.

title: Video game development

text: The history of game making begins with the development of the first video games, although which video game is the first depends on the definition of "video game". The first games created had little entertainment value, and their development focus was separate from user experience—in fact, these games required mainframe computers to play them. "OXO", written by Alexander S. Douglas in 1952, was the first computer game to use a digital display. In 1958, a game called "Tennis for Two", which displayed its output on an oscilloscope, was made by Willy Higinbotham, a physicist working at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1961, a mainframe computer game called "Spacewar!" was developed by a group of Massachusetts Institute of Technology students led by Steve Russell.

title: Devil's Third

text: "Devil's Third" switched engines during its development, as the company responsible for making its original engine closed down. Since that time, Valhalla Game Studios had continued development using an adaptation of video game developer Relic Entertainment's engine. Although a version of "Devil's Third" for the Wii U was not confirmed at the time, Itagaki reported that the game would run perfectly fine on the system. "Devil's Third" then used the same game engine as "Darksiders II". It now uses Unreal Engine 3 as the main game engine.

title: Amaze Entertainment

text: Amaze Entertainment was an American video game developer from the United States that developed over 100 games, selling nearly 40 million units, for several video game platforms, with headquarters located in Kirkland, Washington. For the first years, its legal name was KnowWonder, Inc., although in 2001, KnowWonder, Inc. was renamed to Amaze Entertainment and the departments of KnowWonder was split. The handheld department led by Steve Ettinger was renamed Griptonite Games, its console department of KnowWonder, led by Stephen Clarke-Wilson was renamed Adrenium Games and the PC department retained the KnowWonder name. Amaze was founded by serial entrepreneur Dan Elenbaas and his business partners Todd Gilbertsen and David Mann. Amaze’s primary focus was licensed games based on movie franchises, comic series, and original titles for established video game franchises. Amaze grew to become one of the world's largest independent video game developers, with nearly 300 employees in four studios. Amaze was acquired by Foundation 9 Entertainment on November 14, 2006.

title: Relic Entertainment

text: Relic Entertainment, known as THQ Canada Inc. between 2004 and 2013, is a Canadian video game developer based in Vancouver, founded in 1997. The studio specializes in real-time strategy games and is known for series such as Homeworld, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War and Company of Heroes. Acquired by THQ in 2004, the company was sold to Sega on January 22, 2013 as part of THQ's bankruptcy.[2][3] Relic is now a part of Sega West, which also comprises Creative Assembly, Sports Interactive and Amplitude Studios.[4]

title: The Death of Superman

text: Blizzard Entertainment and Sunsoft developed a video game based on the story, "The Death and Return of Superman", which was released in 1994 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and in 1995 for the Sega Genesis. "The Death and Return of Superman" is a beat 'em up in which the player controls Superman and the Supermen as they attempt to save Metropolis. Retrospectively, "Nintendo Life"s Dave Cook considered it the game that "finally [gave] Superman the video game justice he deserves in what is undoubtedly one of his most celebrated stories" and "IGN"s Greg Miller called it one of his favorite games and said it was what inspired him to become a video game journalist.


query: When was the MRI invented?

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Damadian's research into sodium and potassium in living cells led him to his first experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which caused him to first propose the MR body scanner in 1969. Damadian discovered that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) because of their prolonged relaxation times, both T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) or T2 (spin-spin relaxation). Damadian was the first to perform a full body scan of a human being in 1977 to diagnose cancer. Damadian invented an apparatus and method to use NMR safely and accurately to scan the human body, a method now well known as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).[2]

title: The Faded Sun Trilogy

text: Soon after they have left Kesrith, Melein lays down a mandate that nothing that is not mri can make the return to the ancient mri homeworld. As a result, Duncan must become Mri or die. With Niun as his teacher, Duncan learns the stern rules of the Mri warrior caste, the Kel. Retracing the voyages of the Mri takes years, jump after jump, giving Duncan time to become Mri. With each jump, they find evidence of previous Mri civilizations, each one destroyed, further and further back in time. Eventually, they realize that this is not the first time that the Mri have been almost exterminated; in fact, the entire Mri history has been made up of the Mri fighting as mercenaries for other races, then being turned upon once their usefulness has ended, as the race(s) employing the Mri did not wish the possibility that the Mri might go and work for their enemies and be used against their former employers.

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Damadian has received several prizes. In 2001, the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program bestowed its $100,000 Lifetime Achievement Award on Damadian as "the man who invented the MRI scanner."[3] He went on to collaborate with Wilson Greatbach, one early developer of the implantable pacemaker, to develop an MRI-compatible pacemaker. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia gave its recognition of Damadian's work on MRI with the Bower Award in Business Leadership.[4] He was also named Knights of Vartan 2003 "Man of the Year".[5] He received a National Medal of Technology in 1988 and was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1989.[6]

title: Medical imaging

text: A number of different pulse sequences can be used for specific MRI diagnostic imaging (multiparametric MRI or mpMRI). It is possible to differentiate tissue characteristics by combining two or more of the following imaging sequences, depending on the information being sought: T1-weighted (T1-MRI), T2-weighted (T2-MRI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI-MRI), dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE-MRI), and spectroscopy (MRI-S). For example, imaging of prostate tumors is better accomplished using T2-MRI and DWI-MRI than T2-weighted imaging alone. The number of applications of mpMRI for detecting disease in various organs continues to expand, including liver studies, breast tumors, pancreatic tumors, and assessing the effects of vascular disruption agents on cancer tumors.

title: Breast cancer screening

text: Despite the aids provided from MRIs, there are some disadvantages. For example, although it is 27–36% more sensitive, it has been claimed to be less specific than mammography. As a result, MRI studies may have up to 30% more false positives, which may have undesirable financial and psychological costs on the patient. Also, MRI procedures are expensive and include an intravenous injection of a gadolinium contrast, which has been implicated in a rare reaction called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NFS). Although NSF is uncommon, other patients with a history of renal failure/disease would not be able to undergo an MRI scan. Breast MRI is not recommended for screening all breast cancer patients, yet limited to patients with high risk of developing breast cancer that may have high familial risk or mutations in BCRA1/2 genes. Breast MRI is not a perfect tool despite its increased sensitivity for detecting breast cancer masses when compared to mammography. This due to the ability of MRIs to miss some cancers that would have been detected with conventional mammography, as a result, MRI screening for breast cancer is most affective as a combination with other tests and for certain breast cancer patients. In contrast, the use of MRIs are often limiting to patients with any body metal integration such as patients with tattoos, pacemakers, tissue expanders, and so on.

title: Diffusion MRI

text:
Diffusion imaging is an MRI method that produces in vivo magnetic resonance images of biological tissues sensitized with the local characteristics of molecular diffusion, generally water (but other moieties can also be investigated using MR spectroscopic approaches).
MRI can be made sensitive to the motion of molecules. Regular MRI acquisition utilizes the behaviour of protons in water to generate contrast between clinically relevant features of a particular subject. The versatile nature of MRI is due to this capability of producing contrast related to the structure of tissues at microscopic level. In a typical formula_1-weighted image, water molecules in a sample are excited with the imposition of a strong magnetic field. This causes many of the protons in water molecules to precess simultaneously, producing signals in MRI. In formula_2-weighted images, contrast is produced by measuring the loss of coherence or synchrony between the water protons. When water is in an environment where it can freely tumble, relaxation tends to take longer. In certain clinical situations, this can generate contrast between an area of pathology and the surrounding healthy tissue.

title: East Midlands

text: Boots UK is based in Lenton in Nottingham, with 2,500 UK stores, where Stewart Adams developed Ibuprofen in the 1960s on Rutland Road in West Bridgford, and Vision Express are nearby, next to the A52. Boots was the biggest chemist chain in the world; now A.S. Watson Group is the world's biggest health retail company. Crookes Healthcare, formerly Boots and now Reckitt Benckiser, make Strepsils and Optrex on the enormous Boots site, and Boots Contract Manufacturing (BCM) make products for other firms; it makes Benylin for McNeil. On the ng2 business park, Specsavers have their corporate eyecare and contact lens division. Three out of the four main UK opticians are sited in Nottingham. The MRI scanner was developed at the University of Nottingham by Sir Peter Mansfield; MRI scanners were developed mainly by GEC Medical, once invented; MRI harnesses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of the hydrogen nucleus; Raymond Vahan Damadian of USA also claims the MRI invention.

title: Fast low angle shot magnetic resonance imaging

text: FLASH MRI was invented in 1985 by Jens Frahm, Axel Haase, W Hänicke, KD Merboldt, and D Matthaei (German Patent Application P 35 04 734.8, February 12, 1985) at the Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie in Göttingen, Germany. The technique is revolutionary in shortening MRI measuring times by up to two orders of magnitude.

title: MRI Robot

text: Within neuroscience, MRI robots could be used to help better understand if a stroke victim will be responsive to robot-aided rehabilitation and other rehabilitation methodologies. Using functional MRI (fMRI) or other forms of functional neuroimaging methods, researchers can monitor and notice changes in functional connectivity within the brain. When using fMRI, a MRI robot would be used to help mimic everyday tasks such as shoulder and elbow movement.

title: Penetrating head injury

text: A person with a penetrating head injury may be evaluated using X-ray, CT scan, or MRI (MRI can only be used when the penetrating object would not be magnetic, because MRI uses magnetism and could move the object, causing further injury).

title: Central nervous system cavernous hemangioma

text: Diagnosis is generally made by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly using a specific imaging technique known as a gradient-echo sequence MRI, which can unmask small or punctate lesions that may otherwise remain undetected. These lesions are also more conspicuous on FLAIR imaging compared to standard T2 weighing. FLAIR imaging is different from gradient sequences. Rather, it is similar to T2 weighing but suppresses free-flowing fluid signal. Sometimes quiescent CCMs can be revealed as incidental findings during MRI exams ordered for other reasons. Many cavernous hemangiomas are detected "accidentally" during MRIs searching for other pathologies. These "incidentalomas" are generally asymptomatic. In the case of hemorrhage, however, a CT scan is more efficient at showing new blood than an MRI, and when brain hemorrhage is suspected, a CT scan may be ordered first, followed by an MRI to confirm the type of lesion that has bled.

title: Dieter Matthaei

text: Matthaei worked at the Georg-August-University of Göttingen and at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear magnetic resonance in biological systems. He was looking for a scientific development of NMR techniques based on magnetic resonance imagery. With Axel Haase and Jens Frahm he succeeded in 1985 with the invention of rapid image proceedings FLASH MRI (fast low angle shot) a revolutionary breakthrough that allows the use of MRI imaging for clinical diagnosis. It enabled the first real coherent representation of body functions.

title: Mri (fictional alien species)

text: As a result, they were reunited with the mri of Kutath, and Melein took command of one tribe. Humans and regul had followed them on their journey, and the regul were ready to commit genocide again to ensure that the mri did not hire on with the humans. However, their murderous plans were foiled, and humans ultimately established an understanding with the mri when a human scholar learned to play "shon’ai".

title: Jens Frahm

text: Current methodologic projects focus on the use of iterative image reconstruction techniques for non-cartesian MRI (e.g., undersampled radial MRI) and parallel MRI that define the reconstruction process as a nonlinear inverse problem. Other developments address the possibility of real-time MRI in order to overcome the motion sensitivity of conventional MRI acquisitions and to monitor organ movements in real time. Most recent achievements in real-time MRI are based on FLASH techniques with highly undersampled radial data encodings. When combined with image reconstruction by nonlinear inversion with temporal regularization, they allow for movies of the human heart with image acquisition times as short as 10 to 30 milliseconds, which correspond to MRI movies with up to 100 frames per second. Such real-time movies may continuously be recorded during free breathing, without ECG synchronization, and without motion artifacts. Apart from cardiac applications and quantitative measurements of blood flow in real time, novel possibilities range from studies of joint movements, bowel motility and swallowing mechanics (e.g., dysphagia and reflux disorders) to speech generation and brass playing. Interactive real-time MRI will also revitalize "interventional" MRI which refers to MRI monitoring of minimally invasive procedures. A selection of example MRI videos can be found here: Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH. The development of a high-quality and robust real-time MRI technique must be considered another breakthrough in MRI that promises to shape its future. Real-time MRI will again broaden the diagnostic potential of MRI by adding completely new, hitherto impossible scientific and clinical applications as well as by simplifying and shortening existing procedures.

title: Peter Mansfield

text: In 1964 he returned to England to take up a place as a Lecturer at Nottingham University where he could continue his studies in multiple-pulse NMR. He was successively appointed Senior Lecturer in 1968 and Reader in 1970. During this period his team developed the MRI equipment with the help of grants from the Medical Research Council. It was not until the 1970s with Paul Lauterbur's and Mansfield's developments that NMR could be used to produce images of the body. In 1979 Mansfield was appointed Professor of the Department of Physics until his retirement in 1994.Mansfield is credited with inventing 'slice selection' for MRI and understanding how the radio signals from MRI can be mathematically analysed, making interpretation of the signals into a useful image a possibility. He is also credited with discovering how fast imaging could be possible by developing the MRI protocol called echo-planar imaging. Echo-planar imaging allows T2* weighted images to be collected many times faster than previously possible. It also has made functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) feasible.

title: MRI sequence

text: New methods and variants of existing methods are often published when they are able to produce better results in specific fields. Examples of these recent improvements are "T"-weighted turbo spin-echo ("T" TSE MRI), double inversion recovery MRI (DIR-MRI) or phase-sensitive inversion recovery MRI (PSIR-MRI), all of them able to improve imaging of brain lesions. Another example is MP-RAGE (magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo), which improves images of multiple sclerosis cortical lesions.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Medical societies issue guidelines for when physicians should use MRI on patients and recommend against overuse. MRI can detect health problems or confirm a diagnosis, but medical societies often recommend that MRI not be the first procedure for creating a plan to diagnose or manage a patient's complaint. A common case is to use MRI to seek a cause of low back pain; the American College of Physicians, for example, recommends against this procedure as unlikely to result in a positive outcome for the patient.[99][100]

title: Cerebellopontine angle syndrome

text:
Several different types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be employed in diagnosis: MRI without contrast, Gd contrast enhanced T1-weighted MRI (GdT1W) or T2-weighted enhanced MRI (T2W or T2*W). Non-contrast enhanced MRI is considerably less expensive than any of the contrast enhanced MRI scans. The gold standard in diagnosis is GdT1W MRI.
The reliability of non-contrast enhanced MRI is highly dependent on the sequence of scans, and the experience of the operator.

title: Mri (fictional alien species)

text: The situation changed when the regul encountered humans and war broke out. Atrocities occurred on both sides, at least in part due to the inability of the regul to imagine the future. After forty years of war, the mri were nearly exterminated. The regul negotiated a peace which involved handing Kesrith over to humanity, then betrayed the mri to prevent the mercenaries from switching sides. All the mri save two were murdered.

title: Occult fracture

text: The diagnostic performance of MRI in the detection of occult fractures has been shown to be comparable, or better than MDCT. Indeed, while the specificity of both CT and MRI for the diagnosis of fracture can be as high as 100%, the sensitivity was reported to be higher for MRI. The superiority of MRI over any other imaging modality including MDCT for the detection of occult hip fractures is now recognised. For instance, an occult intertrochanteric extension of a greater trochanter fracture can be most effectively appreciated on MRI Moreover, MRI is extremely helpful in detecting associated soft tissue abnormalities, especially ligamentous lesions. MRI is now considered as the standard in this context. However, because of its relative unavailability in emergency settings and high costs, MRI may only be performed in "high risk patients" with negative X-rays. For example, when a hip occult fracture is suspected, patients with reduced baseline mobility and pain on axial compression are considered at risk and, therefore, should be examined by MRI. MRI signs of occult fractures are evident several weeks before radiographic signs appear. In the hip, a limited and cost effective MR protocol, with only T1 weighted () coronal images, may enable a reliable diagnosis or exclusion of occult fracture in very little time, for example, 7 minutes. Typically, a linear hypointensity is observed on T1 W images. MRI is also highly sensitive to marrow abnormalities surrounding the fracture line, which appear as hypointensity on T1 W images and hyperintensity on fluid-sensitive sequences. Such signal changes are thought to be a combination of bone marrow edema, intraosseous haemorrhage, and/or granulation tissue and help to identify even undisplaced fractures. However, in the absence of a history of trauma and linear hypointensities on T1 W images, isolated bone marrow edema may represent other pathologies such as osteoid osteoma and sclerosing osteomyelitis.

title: Laminotomy

text: Since an MRI provides excellent imaging of blood vessels and tissues, it is recognized as the best type of imaging to observe signs associated with lumbar compression. The precise measurement of the diameter of the spinal canal is a particularly important component when determining the severity of the stenosis itself. High strength 3-Tesla MRI machines are being utilized due to the increased vascular imaging capabilities. Better resolution capacity allows for more detailed observations by the healthcare provider. The sharp contrast of the high power MRI outlines details in the vertebra that are critical when examining a patient with lumbar spinal stenosis who may need a laminotomy. MRI scanning post invasive surgery is used to see the quality of the surgery itself, yet the appropriate postoperative time elapsed before conducting an MRI is a debated topic.

title: Safety of magnetic resonance imaging

text: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is in general a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error. Contraindications to MRI include most cochlear implants and cardiac pacemakers, shrapnel, and metallic foreign bodies in the eyes. The safety of MRI during the first trimester of pregnancy is uncertain, but it may be preferable to other options. Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use generally is favored in preference to CT when either modality could yield the same information. (In certain cases, MRI is not preferred as it may be more expensive, time-consuming, and claustrophobia-exacerbating).

title: History of neuroimaging

text:
The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called ‘human circulation balance’ invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity.
Then, in the early 1900s, a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray, and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients (Beaumont 8). A form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The new MRI and CT technologies were considerably less harmful and are explained in greater detail below. Next came SPECT and PET scans, which allowed scientists to map brain function because, unlike MRI and CT, these scans could create more than just static images of the brain's structure. Learning from MRI, PET and SPECT scanning, scientists were able to develop functional MRI (fMRI) with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.

title: Safety of magnetic resonance imaging

text: No effects of MRI on the fetus have been demonstrated. In particular, MRI avoids the use of ionizing radiation, to which the fetus is particularly sensitive. As a precaution, however, many guidelines recommend pregnant women only undergo MRI when essential, especially during the first trimester. The concerns in pregnancy are the same as for MRI in general, but the fetus may be more sensitive to the effects—particularly to heating and to noise. The use of gadolinium-based contrast media in pregnancy is an off-label indication and may be administered only in the lowest dose required to provide essential diagnostic information.

title: Velopharyngeal insufficiency

text: A relatively new approach in the diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is noninvasive. MRI uses the property of nuclear magnetic resonance to image nuclei of atoms inside the body. MRI is non-radiographic and therefore can be repeated more often in short periods of time. In addition, different studies show that the MRI is better as an imaging tool than videofluoroscopy for visualizing the anatomy of the velopharynx. There are some limitations of the MRI however. Unlike videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy, MRI does not show the movement of the velopharyngeal structures during speech. In addition, artifacts can be shown on the images when the patient moves while imaging or if the patient has orthodontic appliances. MRI is limited in children who are claustrophobic. Finally, MRI is much more expensive than videofluoroscopy or nasopharyngoscopy. Because of these limits, MRI is currently not widely used for clinical diagnostic purposes.

title: Prostate cancer screening

text: MRI imaging is used when screening suggests a malignancy. This model potentially minimizes unnecessary prostate biopsies while maximizing biopsy yield. Despite concerns about the cost of MRI scans, compared to the long-term cost burden of the PSA/TRUS biopsy-based standard of care, the imaging model has been found to be cost-effective. MRI imaging can be used for patients who have had a previous negative biopsy but their PSA continues to increase. Consensus has not been determined as to which of the MRI-targeted biopsy techniques is more useful.

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Damadian is the company's largest shareholder, with 8% of stock worth $6.5 million.[7] Despite owning only 8% of the stock, he maintains almost 100% control of the company through a separate class of shares (Class C) that only Damadian controls 2007.[28] Damadian later collaborated with Wilson Greatbatch, one early developer of the implantable pacemaker, to develop an MRI-compatible pacemaker. He invented a stand-up MRI system and has 15 MRI scanning centers across the United States. There are a number of independent MRI centers that use this technology both in the U.S. and around the world. The company conceived and built the world's first Upright Multi-Positional MRI, which was recognized as The Invention of the Year in 2007 by the Intellectual Properties Owners Association Education Foundation.[29]

title: Jens Frahm

text: The primary aim of the projects was a more sophisticated development of the rather modest MRI techniques available in the early eighties - mainly with respect to speed and specificity. Already in 1985 the group presented a major breakthrough for the future development of MRI in both science and medicine. The invention of a rapid imaging principle, the FLASH MRI (fast low angle shot) technique, allowed for a 100-fold reduction of the measuring times of cross-sectional and three-dimensional images. The FLASH acquisition technique led the ground for many modern MRI applications in diagnostic imaging. Examples include breathhold imaging of the abdomen, electrocardiogram-synchronized quasi-real time movies of the beating heart, dynamic scanning of contrast media uptake, 3D imaging of complex anatomic structures such as the brain that allow for unprecedented high spatial resolution and arbitrary view angles, and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the vasculature. Other achievements extended to MRI and localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques based on stimulated echoes - another invention from 1984.

title: Armenian Americans

text: Raymond Damadian, a recipient of the National Medal of Technology, had a significant contribution to the invention of the MRI.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI is in general a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error.[94] Contraindications to MRI include most cochlear implants and cardiac pacemakers, shrapnel, and metallic foreign bodies in the eyes. The safety of MRI during the first trimester of pregnancy is uncertain, but it may be preferable to other options.[95] Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use is generally favored in preference to CT when either modality could yield the same information.[96] In certain cases, MRI is not preferred as it may be more expensive, time-consuming, and claustrophobia-exacerbating.

title: Raymond Damadian

text: Damadian received a National Medal of Technology in 1988 and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame[15] in 1989. His original MRI full-body scanner was given to the Smithsonian Institution in the 1980s and is now on loan and on display at the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Ohio.[32] In 2001, the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program bestowed its $100,000 Lifetime Achievement Award on Damadian as "the man who invented the MRI scanner."[3]


query: What is the capital of Nepal?

title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu (/ˌkætmænˈduː/;[2] Nepali: काठमाडौं, Nepal Bhasa: य़े: Yei, Nepali pronunciation: [kaʈʰmaɳɖu]) is the capital city and largest city of Nepal with a population of 1.5 million in the city proper, and 3 million in its wider urban agglomeration across the Kathmandu Valley, which includes the towns of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur making the total population roughly 2.5 million people and the municipalities across Kathmandu valley. Kathmandu is also the largest metropolis in the Himalayan hill region. Nepali is the most spoken language in the city, while English is widely understood.

title: Nepal Praja Parishad

text: Most of the remaining, surviving members of the Nepal Praja Parishad later joined the Nepali Congress, or the Nepal Communist Party. The capital punishment given to the leaders of the Praja Parishad led to massive public outrage among the general public of Nepal and ultimately the downfall of Rana regime.

title: Rajbiraj

text: Rajbiraj is one of the few cities given the status of municipality when Nepal's monarchy was restored in the 1950s. Rajbiraj is the first city of Nepal to be urban planned. The Nepal government plans to develop it as a model city. Chief Engineer and Architect Dilli Jang Thapa designed Rajbiraj based on Indian city Jaipur.The city is now recognized as an educational capital of Eastern Nepal with various schools and colleges opening.

title: Biratnagar

text: Biratnagar (Devanāgarī: विराटनगर; the industrial capital of Nepal) is a metropolitan city and the interim capital of the Province No. 1 of Nepal. It is currently the second most densely populated (after Kathmandu) and the fourth most populous city of Nepal, with a population of 240,000. Biratnagar has been the most politically active city of Nepal, gifting a subtotal of five prime ministers along with hosting some of the most revolutionary incidents (the first anti-Rana movement, the first plane hijack, the castle for Nepali Congress, etc.) in the modern history of Nepal. The city has a total area of 29.9 mi² (77.5 km²), a geographical location of 26°28'60"N 87°16'60"E. and is located in the Morang District (in the previous Koshi Zone) of the eastern-most Terai region of Nepal. It lies 399 km east of Nepal's capital, Kathmandu, and 6 km north of the Jogbani border of the Indian state of Bihar.

title: Foreign relations of Nepal

text: Nepal established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1816. The United Kingdom is also the first country in the world with which Nepal had established diplomatic relations. The United Kingdom is the first country in the world which established its embassy in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. This is the country where Nepal had established its first diplomatic mission (Legation). Nepal had established its legation in London in 1934, which was the first Nepalese diplomatic mission established at the foreign country. It was elevated to the ambassador level in 1947 A.D.

title: Kathmandu District

text: Kathmandu District (; Nepal Bhasa: ये: जिल्ला) is a district located in Kathmandu Valley, Province No. 3 of Nepal, a landlocked country in South Asia. It is one of the 77 districts of Nepal, covers an area of , and is the most densely populated district of Nepal with 1,081,845 inhabitants in 2001 and 1,744,240 in 2011. The district's headquarter is Kathmandu Metropolitan City, also the capital of Nepal. It is also a famous tourist spot as there are many religious temples, attracting places.

title: Nepal Stock Exchange

text: Securities Exchange Center was established with an objective of facilitating and promoting the growth of capital markets. Before conversion into stock exchange it was the only capital markets institution undertaking the job of brokering, underwriting, managing public issue, market making for government bonds and other financial services. Nepal Government, under a program initiated to reform capital markets converted Securities Exchange Center into Nepal Stock Exchange in 1993.

title: Eastern South Asia

text: Nepal is a federal republic. The President of Nepal is the head of state. The Prime Minister of Nepal's role as head of government has been in place for over a century. Nepal has a bicameral parliament. The country continues to transition from a monarchy to a republic. Nepal's legal system is historically based on Hindu law but has incorporated influences from English law and other legal systems since modernization began in the country in the 1950s. Nepal has seen secularization since the republic was proclaimed in 2008. Capital punishment has been abolished. Nepal ranked 63rd on the 2016 Rule of Law Index compiled by the World Justice Project, which was higher than India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

title: Miss Nepal 2019

text: Hidden Treasures Ruslan FM 95.2 Miss Nepal 2019, the 25th silver jubilee anniversary of Miss Nepal beauty pageant, which is going to be held on 8 March 2019 at Hotel Annapurna in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. On the coronation Night 4 major winners will be crowned as Miss World Nepal 2019 Miss Universe Nepal 2019, Miss Earth Nepal 2019 and Miss International Nepal 2019. Miss Supranational Nepal will also be added as a new title in this year's edition making Top 5 winners.

title: Miss Nepal 2017

text: Hidden Treasures Ruslan Miss Nepal 2017, the 22nd annual Miss Nepal beauty pageant, was held on 2 June 2017 at Hotel Annapurna in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Miss Nepal 2016 Asmi Shrestha crowned her successor Nikita Chandak as the new Miss Nepal World 2017 who will represent Nepal in the Miss World 2017.

title: Mukli

text: Mukli is located in the Eastern Region of Nepal. Eastern Region's capital Dhankuta (Dhankutā) is approximately 83 km / 51 mi away from Mukli (as the crow flies). The distance from Mukli to Nepal's capital Kathmandu is approximately 136 km / 84 mi (as the crow flies).

title: Miss Nepal 2018

text: Hidden Treasures Ruslan FM 95.2 Miss Nepal 2018, the 23rd annual Miss Nepal beauty pageant, was held on 11 April 2018 at Hotel Annapurna in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. On the coronation Night 4 major winners were crowned as Miss World Nepal 2018 Miss Universe Nepal 2018, Miss Earth Nepal 2018 and Miss International Nepal 2018.. The Miss Supranational and Miss Asia Pacific International representative is selected from the list of finalists and semifinalists at Miss Nepal pageant.

title: Hetauda

text: Hetauda () is a sub-metropolitan city in the Makwanpur District of Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. It is the administrative headquarters of the Makwanpur District, the headquarters of Nepal's Central Development Region, and the interim state capital of Province No. 3. It is one of the largest cities of Nepal. At the time of the 2015 Nepal census, it had a population of 153,875 people.

title: Baluwatar, Kathmandu

text:
Baluwatar () (also Kathmandu Metropolitan City Ward 04) is a residential area of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal on the banks of Bagmati River. It is just 15 minutes away from what is known as the downtown of Kathmandu, New Road and Ason and shares borders with Lazimpat and Gairidhara.
Baluwatar hosts the Prime Minister of Nepal's official residence, government offices, Nepal Rastra Bank's headquarters, the Nepalese country headquarter of the International Organization for Migration the Russian Embassy and the office of Volunteer Service and Support Nepal (VSSN) are located here.

title: Amanda Daflos

text: Daflos' Innovation Team created the first online tool for the City of Los Angeles aimed at helping businesses understand how to start, maintain and grow their business with the City. The portal is designed to make starting a small business more accessible to Los Angeles residents. The portal guides business owners through location scouting, permitting, and accessing capital. It was designed to be user friendly and is open source, and meant to be leveraged by other cities. It has won several awards. The portal also shares the experiences of other local business areas and how they approached their funding, permit, and capital processes.Daflos studied abroad for seven months in Nepal during her undergraduate career at Hamilton. She learned how to read and write in Nepali. After seeing the country, she founded a school in Maure, Nepal in 2013. She also served as the deputy chief of General Consulate of Nepal in Los Angeles. She organized to send supplies and emergency assistance to Nepal after the 2015 earthquake. Daflos also founded Nepal Trek and Trail Run, to introduce others to the culture and beauty of Nepal.

title: Radio Nepal

text: In 1951, after the revolution, 'Radio Prajatantra' of Biratnagar transferred to capital city Kathmandu at Singha Durbar by Tarini Prasad Koirala. Renamed radio station is 'RADIO NEPAL' and regularly started broadcasting at April 2, 1951, only 250-watt short wave transmitter was used at initial time. Now Radio Nepal has six medium wave relay stations, one shortwave relay station, and 20 FM relay stations (update April 19, 2016). Radio Nepal planned to increase number of FM radio relay stations. 'Radio Nepal Broadcasting Act' is released in 2014 B.S. Radio Nepal can listen online.

title: Mega Bank Nepal Limited

text: Mega Bank Nepal Limited is the second largest(in the basis of paid up capital) commercial bank in Nepal. The bank is an ‘A’ class commercial bank licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank and has branches all across the nation with its head office in Kathmandu which provides entire commercial banking services.

title: India–Nepal relations

text: In early March 2017, the fatal shooting of a Nepali man who was protesting Indian-occupation on disputed territory between India and Nepal sparked protests in the capital Kathmandu, Nepal. Indian troops had previously prevented Nepal from completing a culvert in the disputed area which ultimately led to protests. It was considered rare for India to retaliate with gunfire.

title: Capital punishment in Nepal

text: Capital punishment in Nepal has been abolished.

title: Mechinagar

text: Mechinagar () is a municipality in Jhapa District, Mechi Zone, Nepal and is the main entry point from India on Nepal's eastern border. Nepal's custom office is in Kakarvitta (), a section of the municipality. The city is almost 475 KM south east of the capital city Kathmandu and 115 KM east of the state capital of Province One Biratnagar.

title: Janakpur, Nepal

text: Janakpurdham ( ) is the headquarters of Dhanusa District at Province No. 2 in Nepal. The city is a centre for religious and cultural tourism. It has been declared as the temporary capital for Province no. 2 until Province Assembly votes for a permanent capital.

title: Capital punishment in Nepal

text: Article 12 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal (1990) states: "No law shall be made which provides for capital punishment."

title: Gairidhara

text: Gairidhara () is a residential area of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It borders the Narayanhity Palace, Lazimpat and Baluwatar and is just 20 minutes away from what is known as the downtown of Kathmandu, Newroad and Ason.

title: Capital punishment in Nepal

text: The last execution in Nepal took place in 1979.

title: China–Nepal relations

text: In 1955, Nepal restored diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and exchanged resident ambassadors by 1960. In 1956, both nations signed a new treaty terminating the Treaty of Thapathali of 1856 and Nepal recognized Tibet as a part of China. In 1960, Nepal and China signed a boundary settlement agreement and a separate 'Sino-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship'. Nepal also began supporting the change of China's seat in the United Nations. In 1961, Nepal and China agreed to build an all-weather road connecting the Nepalese capital Kathmandu with Tibet. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Nepal maintained neutrality.

title: Nepal Stock Exchange

text: The Nepal Stock Exchange Limited ("abbreviated as" NEPSE) is the only Stock Exchange of Nepal. It is located in Singha Durbar Plaza, Kathmandu Nepal. On September 15, 2017 the equity market capitalization of the companies listed on NEPSE was approximately US$17.3 billion.

title: Birgunj

text: Birgunj ("also" Birganj; Nepali: बीरगंज) is a metropolitan city and border town in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. It lies south of the capital Kathmandu, attached in the north to Raxaul in the border of the Indian state of Bihar. As an entry point to Nepal from Patna and Kolkata, it is known as the "Gateway to Nepal". The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of the trade with India is via Birgunj and the Indian town of Raxaul. Tribhuvan Highway links Birgunj to Nepal's capital, Kathmandu. It was declared a Metropolitan City on 22 May 2017 along with Biratnagar and Pokhara. Birgunj is currently the second largest city in the Terai region of Nepal (after Biratnagar), and the sixth most populated metropolis of the nation.

title: Nepal Revolutionary Students' Union

text: The organization believes the education sector of Nepal to be harshly affected by neo-liberal policies, which it sees as aggressive capitalism. It has participated in student movements aimed to help the working class and in defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Nepal.

title: Nepal Mandala

text: Bhaktapur was the capital of Nepal Mandala until the 15th century when three capitals, including Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established.

title: Wami Taksar

text: Wamitaksar (Nepali:वामीटक्सार) is a town and Village Development Committee in Gulmi District in the Lumbini Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6421. It is located 128.54 kilometers of the capital of Nepal Kathmandu.

title: Censorship in Nepal

text: The Constitution of Nepal guarantees the freedom of expression in media; media should not be subject to direct censorship. In 2012, International Mission acknowledges that the progressive media policy in Nepal to follow the constitution is necessary, as the Ministry of Information and Communications (Nepal) has published a draft Media Policy on its website. The media, however, were still limited only in capital, and it was hard to find the access outside the capital. Moreover, the government approved the Online Media Directives 2015 without any hesitation, while it provides censorship or shut-down online media within their contents, which denies the Constitution. As a result, the government-owned media disseminate information to public and causes the disbelief in mass media.


query: When did Kansas become a territory?

title: Kansas Territory

text: The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Kansas.

title: List of Governors of Kansas

text: Since 1962, the Governor of Kansas has resided in the governor's mansion, known as Cedar Crest. It was designed by the architect firm Wight and Wight. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.The eastern bulk of Kansas Territory was admitted to the Union as Kansas on January 29, 1861; the remainder become unorganized territory which would shortly be assigned to Colorado Territory. The Kansas Constitution provided that a governor and lieutenant governor be elected every two years. An amendment in 1972 increased terms to four years, and provided that the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. In the original constitution, should the office of governor be vacant, the powers would devolve upon the lieutenant governor, who nonetheless would remain in that office; an amendment in 1972 changed that so that, in such an event, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, and relies on the legislature to provide for succession after that.

title: Saline River (Kansas)

text: The Pawnee and the Kansa, who used the area as hunting and trapping ground, claimed land along the Saline until the 1850s when American settlers began to arrive. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 established Kansas Territory, which included the entire length of the Saline River. By 1873, the U.S. government had forcibly removed the Kansa to a reservation in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).

title: Harvey B. Hurd

text: A committed abolitionist, Hurd was active in abolitionist politics in Chicago. When the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri Compromise, Hurd traveled to Buffalo, New York for the founding of a national committee to protect the rights of northern settlers in the Kansas Territory. Hurd served as the secretary of this organization's executive committee, which was headquartered in Chicago. After the Kansas crop failures of 1856, this committee voted to raise funds to send seed to northern settlers in the Kansas Territory, and to provide John Brown with $5,000 to fund his activities. When there were not enough funds for both projects, Hurd decided to spend the money on seed for the settlers, a decision that ultimately upset Brown and drew criticism from Gerrit Smith, but which was vindicated when the seed arrived in Lawrence, Kansas. In the absence of this seed, the northern settlers would have had no choice but to leave the Kansas Territory. In the wake of the Pottawatomie Massacre, John Brown was forced to flee the Kansas Territory. While Brown was staying at the home of John W. Jones, his clothes were so ragged that he needed a new suit; since Hurd was approximately the same size as Brown, Hurd was fitted for the suit which was then sent to Brown.

title: James Buchanan

text: Upon taking office, Buchanan appointed Robert J. Walker to replace John W. Geary as territorial governor, with the mission of reconciling the settler factions and approving a constitution. Walker, who was from Mississippi, was expected to assist the proslavery faction in gaining approval of a new constitution. However, after months in office, Walker came to believe that slavery was unsuited for the region, and thought that Kansas would ultimately become a free state. In October 1857, the Lecompton government organized territorial elections that were so marked by fraud that Walker threw out the returns from several counties. Nonetheless, that same month, the Lecompton government framed a pro-slavery state constitution (known as the "Lecompton Constitution") and, rather than risking a referendum, sent it directly to Buchanan. Though eager for Kansas statehood, even Buchanan was forced to reject the entrance of Kansas without a state constitutional referendum, and he dispatched federal agents to bring about a compromise. The Lecompton government agreed to a limited referendum in which Kansas would vote not on the constitution overall, but rather merely on whether or not Kansas would allow slavery after becoming a state. The Topeka government boycotted the December 1857 referendum, and slavery overwhelmingly won the approval of those who did vote. A month later, the Topeka government held its own referendum in which voters overwhelmingly rejected the Lecompton Constitution.

title: History of the University of Kansas

text: The idea for a public university in the Kansas Territory was first publicly raised by Territorial Governor Andrew Reeder on July 3, 1855, when he addressed members of the first territorial legislature, saying: "To enlarge upon the necessity of general education for producing good government," he told the lawmakers, "would be at this day a work of supererogation, and I leave the matter in your hands, confident it will receive the attention it deserves." Following his speech, the session responded by establishing a system of common schools for the territory, and also approved a charter for a "University of the Territory of Kansas," proposed to be located in Douglas, Kansas (near present-day Lecompton). However, this proposed university never came to be. Both Free-Staters and their opposition continued to fight fiercely for the right to control the university.

title: Miami County, Kansas

text: When Kansas Territory was incorporated in 1854 due to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was essentially repealed. Bordering the slave state of Missouri to its east, the county (Miami) and surrounding areas became a location for violence between abolitionists and the "Border Ruffians" of Missouri. These acts of violence and battles that took place primarily from 1854–1858, became known as border wars, and Kansas became known as Bleeding Kansas. Kansas Territory was not yet a state, and it was a battle on which forces would become dominant, slave or free. Many abolitionists came from other states to live in the area and ensure Kansas' entry as a state as a free, or anti-slavery one. The county's most notable abolitionist was John Brown, who moved to Osawatomie, making it the headquarters for him and his anti-slavery forces. As a result of this, Osawatomie, as well as the surrounding countryside and communities became the center for several battles and acts of violence during this period. Near Osawatomie are historic sites of John Brown, such as his famous Civil War lookout.

title: Liberal, Kansas

text: Drought caused some farmers to give up and look for more fertile territory; however, when the nearby Indian Territory was opened, more settlers headed to the cheap land that would become Oklahoma.

title: Kansas Territory

text: Kansas Territory was established on May 30, 1854 by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. This act established both the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory. The most momentous provision of the Act in effect repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed the settlers of Kansas Territory to determine by popular sovereignty whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state.

title: Peketon County, Kansas Territory

text: Peketon County was a county of the United States Territory of Kansas that existed from February 7, 1859 to January 29, 1861, when Kansas joined the Union as a state.

title: James McGrew (Kansas politician)

text: James McGrew was born in Adams County, Pennsylvania. He attended local Schools. When he was 22 years old he moved with his parents to the Iowa Territory. Later he ran a department store in Lancaster in that territory. In 1857 he came to Wyandotte County, Kansas where he continued to work as a merchant. He joined the Republican Party and in 1859 and 1860 he was a Member of the Legislative of the Kansas Territory. In addition he was twice elected to the office of the Mayor of Wyandotte, which is now a part of Kansas City, Kansas. In 1862 he was elected to the Kansas Senate.

title: Andrew Horatio Reeder

text: Reeder took the oath of office on July 7 and arrived in Kansas on October 7. He served until April 17, 1855, when he left the territory, making Daniel Woodson acting territorial governor. Reeder returned to the Kansas Territory on June 23. As governor of the Territory of Kansas, Reeder was a proponent of the controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act. On March 30, 1855, one of the biggest voting frauds took place, when neighboring Missourians came into the Kansas Territory to vote illegally on the issue of Kansas being admitted into the U.S. as a free state or a slave state. The incident caused border violence between Kansas and Missouri, referred to as Bleeding Kansas. Reeder refused to ratify the results, called for a new election to fill the vacancies, and designated the townsite of Pawnee as the meeting place for the first territorial legislature.

title: Archibald Williams (judge)

text: In the early 1850s, U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois sought the adoption of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The bill provided for Kansas and Nebraska to become territories with provision for "popular sovereignty," the idea that the citizens of each new territory would be allowed to vote on whether the territory should be slave or free. This produced a sharp reaction on the part of those opposed to slavery in the territories, because the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had stated that the lands that comprised Kansas and Nebraska should be free territory, not slave territory.

title: New England Emigrant Aid Company

text: The New England Emigrant Aid Company (originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company) was a transportation company founded in Boston, Massachusetts by Eli Thayer in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose whether slavery would be legal. The Company's ultimate purpose was to transport anti-slavery immigrants into the Kansas Territory. The Company believed that if enough anti-slavery immigrants settled "en masse" in the newly-opened territory, they would be able to shift the balance of political power in the territory, which in turn would lead to Kansas becoming a free state (rather than a slave state) when it eventually joined the United States. The New England Emigrant Aid Company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on proslavery and antislavery elements. Thayer's prediction that the Company would eventually be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to fruition, but it spurred Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. That, in turn, further galvanized Free-Staters and enemies of Slave Power.

title: Oro County, Kansas Territory

text: Oro County was a county of the United States Territory of Kansas that existed from February 7, 1859 to January 29, 1861, when Kansas joined the Union as a state.

title: Kansas Territory

text: From June 4, 1812 until August 10, 1821 the area that would become Kansas Territory 33 years later was part of the Missouri Territory. When Missouri was granted statehood in 1821 the area became unorganized territory and contained little to no permanent white settlement with the exception of Fort Leavenworth. The Fort was established in 1827 by Henry Leavenworth with the 3rd U.S Infantry from St. Louis, Missouri; it is the first permanent European settlement in Kansas.[1] The fort was established as the westernmost outpost of the American military to protect trade along the Santa Fe Trail from Native Americans. The trade came from the East, by land using the Boone's Lick Road, or by water via the Missouri River.[2] This area, called the Boonslick, was located due east in west-central Missouri and was settled by Upland Southerners from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee as early as 1812.[3] It's slave-holding population would contrast with settlers from New England who would eventually arrive in the 1850s.

title: Indian Territory in the American Civil War

text: After abandoning its forts in the Indian Territory early in the Civil War, the Union Army was unprepared for the logistical challenges of trying to regain control of the territory from the Confederate government. The area was largely undeveloped relative to its neighbors: roads were sparse and primitive, and railroads did not yet exist in the territory. Pro-Union Indians had abandoned their own farms because of raids by pro-Confederacy Indians and fled to Kansas or Missouri, seeking protection from better-organized Union forces there. The Union did not have enough troops to control the few roads, and it was not feasible to sustain a large military operation by living off the land. This was demonstrated in 1862 when General William Weer's "Indian Expedition" into the Indian Territory from Kansas met with disaster when food and supplies were quickly exhausted and Union supply trains failed to arrive.

title: Osage Mission's post

text: Osage Mission's post was located at the Osage Catholic Mission, which was established in 1847. Eventually, Osage Mission became the town of St. Paul, Kansas, inside what would become Neosho County, Kansas. The Mission was located about north of the Kansas-Indian Territory border. Indian Territory eventually became the state of Oklahoma. When the Civil War erupted, Father John Schoenmakers wanted to keep the Mission as neutral ground and thus out of the conflict. Although at one point Schoenmakers had to flee for a time, he pretty much succeeded in keeping Osage Mission itself out of harm's way.

title: Kansas Territory

text: American Civil War, 1861–65 Bleeding Kansas Compromise of 1850 Historic regions of the United States History of Kansas Mexican–American War, 1846–48 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 Pike's Peak Country Pike's Peak Gold Rush, 1858–61 Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of Spain that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Kansas: Santa Fé de Nuevo Méjico, 1598–1821 Luisiana, 1764–1803 Territory of France that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Kansas: Louisiane, 1682–1764 and 1803 Territory of Mexico that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Kansas: Santa Fé de Nuevo México, 1824–48 Territorial claim of the Republic of Texas, 1836–45 U.S. territories that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Kansas: Louisiana Purchase, 1803–04 District of Louisiana, 1804–05 Territory of Louisiana, 1805–12 Territory of Missouri, 1812–21 Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819 Former territorial claim of the Republic of Texas, 1845–50 Mexican Cession, 1848 U.S. territories that encompassed land that was previously part of the Territory of Kansas: Territory of Jefferson, 1859–61 (extralegal) Territory of Colorado, 1861–76 US states that encompass land that was once part of the Territory of Kansas: State of Kansas, 1861 State of Colorado, 1876

title: Montana County, Kansas Territory

text: Montana County was a county of the United States Territory of Kansas that existed from February 2, 1859 to January 29, 1861, when Kansas joined the Union as a state.

title: History of Kansas

text: Beginning in the 1820s, the area that would become Kansas was set aside as Indian Territory by the U.S. government, and was closed to settlement by whites. The government resettled to Indian Territory (now part of Oklahoma) those Native American tribes based in eastern Kansas, principally the Kansa and Osage, opening land to move eastern tribes into the area. By treaty dated June 3, 1825, 20 million acres (81000 km²) of land was ceded by the Kansa Nation to the United States, and the Kansa tribe was limited to a specific reservation in northeast Kansas. In the same month, the Osage Nation was limited to a reservation in southeast Kansas.

title: Kansas

text: Kansas was first settled by European Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth. The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate. When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas–Nebraska Act, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists prevailed, and on January 29, 1861,[9][10] Kansas entered the Union as a free state.

title: Lawrence, Kansas

text: Prior to Kansas Territory being established in May 1854, most of Douglas County was part of the Shawnee Indian Reservation (created in 1830). During this period, the Oregon Trail ran parallel to the Kansas River, roughly through the area where Lawrence would eventually be situated and a hill known then as "Hogback Ridge" (i.e., Mount Oread, which sits on the water divide separating the Kansas and Wakarusa River). This area was used as a landmark and an outlook by those on the trail. While this territory was technically unopened to settlement prior to 1854, there did exist a few "squatter settlements" in the area, especially just north of the Kansas River.

title: Preston Brooks

text: During Brooks' service as Representative, there was great controversy over slavery in Kansas Territory and whether Kansas would be admitted as a free or slave state. He supported actions by pro-slavery men from Missouri to make Kansas a slave territory. (See "Bleeding Kansas".) In March 1856, Brooks wrote: "The fate of the South is to be decided with the Kansas issue. If Kansas becomes a hireling [i.e. free] State, slave property will decline to half its present value in Missouri ... [and] abolitionism will become the prevailing sentiment. So with Arkansas; so with upper Texas."

title: History of Kansas

text: Upon the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854, the borders of Kansas Territory were set from the Missouri border to the summit of the Rocky Mountain range (now in central Colorado); the southern boundary was the 37th parallel north, the northern was the 40th parallel north. North of the 40th parallel was Nebraska Territory. When Congress set the southern border of the Kansas Territory as the 37th parallel, it was thought that the Osage southern border was also the 37th parallel. The Cherokees immediately complained, saying that it was not the true boundary and that the border of Kansas should be moved north to accommodate the actual border of the Cherokee land. This became known as the Cherokee Strip controversy.

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas

text: The archdiocese was originally established as the Vicariate Apostolic of Indian Territory East of the Rocky Mountains on July 19, 1850 by Pope Pius IX. It was composed of the present day states of Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. It lost territory and its name was changed to the Vicariate Apostolic of Kansas in 1857. The vicariate was elevated to the Diocese of Leavenworth by Pope Leo XIII on May 22, 1877. It lost territory in 1887 when the dioceses of Concordia and Wichita were created, and in 1897 when several counties were moved to Concordia. The name of the diocese was changed to the Diocese of Kansas City in Kansas on May 10, 1947 by Pope Pius XII. All of these jurisdictions were in the Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Louis.

title: Wyandot people

text: The Wyandot played an important role in the politics of Kansas. On July 26, 1853, William Walker, a Wyandot, was elected provisional governor of Nebraska Territory (which included Kansas) at a meeting at the Wyandot Council house in Kansas City. He was elected by Wyandot, white traders, and outside interests who wished to preempt the federal government's organization of the territory and to benefit from settlement of Kansas by white settlers. Walker and the others were promoting Kansas as the route for the proposed transcontinental railroad. Although the federal government did not recognize Walker's election, the political activity prompted the federal government to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act to organize Kansas and Nebraska territories.

title: Indian Territory

text: The Odawa tribe first purchased lands near Ottawa, Kansas, residing there until 1867 when they sold their lands in Kansas and purchased land in an area administered by the Quapaw Indian Agency in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, becoming the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma.

title: Oklahoma Panhandle

text: The Compromise of 1850 also established the eastern boundary of New Mexico Territory at the 103rd meridian, thus setting the western boundary of the strip. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 set the southern border of Kansas Territory as the 37th parallel. This became the northern boundary of "No Man's Land". When Kansas joined the Union in 1861, the western part of Kansas Territory was assigned to Colorado Territory, but did not change the boundary.

title: Kansas Territory

text: It was claimed that some Missourians had used violence toward the persons and property of the inhabitants of the Kansas Territory. It was agreed that Kansas should be a free State and that the stolen election was a gross outrage on the elective franchise and rights of freemen and a violation of the principles of popular sovereignty. Those attending did not feel bound to obey any law of illegitimate legislature enacted and opposed the establishment of slavery. The convention reserved the right to invoke the aid of the Federal government against the lawless course of the slavery propaganda in the territory.