query: What is the smallest species of bird?

title: Bee hummingbird

text: The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird which is the world's smallest bird.[2][3] It is endemic to Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

title: Porbandar Bird Sanctuary

text:
It is the only sanctuary in India, which lies in the heart of city of Porbandar and is a unique example of co-existence of man and nature.
It is the only bird sanctuary of the Gujarat that provides legal protection to varied species of birds which nest here. Porbandar Bird Sanctuary is the smallest bird sanctuary spread over in an area of 1 square km. The sanctuary has a lake attracting migratory birds and other birds such as teals, fowls, flamingos, ibis and curlews

title: Cape penduline tit

text:
The Cape penduline tit or southern penduline tit ("Anthoscopus minutus") is a species of bird in the family Remizidae.
It is found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
Its natural habitats are dry savannah, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. At in length, it is one of the smallest species of bird found in Africa, along with its cousins the grey penduline tit and the mouse-coloured penduline tit.

title: Flamecrest

text: The flamecrest is a small perching bird, resembling a warbler. Its length is only and weight about 7 g, making it is the smallest of all Taiwan's endemic bird species, and the smallest and most colourful member of its family in the world.

title: Smallest organisms

text: With a mass of approximately and a length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in), the bee hummingbird ("Mellisuga helenae") is the world's smallest bird species and the smallest warm-blooded vertebrate. Called the "zunzún" in its native habitat on Cuba, it is lighter than a Canadian or U.S. penny. It is said that it is "more apt to be mistaken for a bee than a bird". The bee hummingbird eats half its total body mass and drinks eight times its total body mass each day. Its nest is 3 cm across.

title: Hummingbird

text: Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and constitute the biological family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring in length. Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the bee hummingbird weighing less than .

title: A History of British Birds

text: The grouping of species gave Bewick difficulty, as the scientific sources of the time did not agree on how to arrange the species in families, or on a sequence or grouping of those families. Bewick for example uses family groups like "Of the Falcon", in which he includes buzzards and sparrowhawks as well as what are now called falcons. The families of land birds are further grouped into birds of prey, omnivorous birds, insectivorous birds, and granivorous birds, while the families of water birds are simply listed, with what seemed to be related families, such as "Of the Anas" (ducks) and "Of the Mergus" (sawbill ducks), side by side.

title: Rufous piculet

text:
The rufous piculet ("Sasia abnormis") is a species of bird in the family Picidae.
It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. This species is one of the world's smallest woodpeckers and is the smallest woodpecker found outside the Americas. In this species the length can range from and the average body mass is around .

title: Blue-masked leafbird

text: The blue-masked leafbird ("Chloropsis venusta") is a species of bird in the Chloropseidae family. It is endemic to humid montane forest on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is the smallest species of leafbird.

title: Pygmy bushtit

text: The pygmy bushtit is the smallest member of its family, and the smallest species of bird on Java. It is in length.

title: Attenborough and the Giant Egg

text: The documentary explores the history of the elephant bird, what led to its extinction, and the role of conservation in preventing the extinction of critically endangered species. The extinction of the elephant bird is attributed to human activity. The birds were once widespread, but deforestation and the hunting of the bird's eggs led to the species' decline. Attenborough compares the factors that led to the extinction of the elephant bird with the threats facing critically endangered species in the present.

title: Gastropoda

text: Gastropods can be accidentally transferred from one habitat to another by other animals, e.g. by birds. The smallest bird species reported to carry a gastropod was a great tit ("Parus major"), as a hairy snail "Trochulus hispidus" was found in the plumage of a wintering great tit in Poland in 2010.

title: Madagascar succulent woodlands

text: Between 60 and 90 bird species and eight lemur species are found in the ecoregion and a number of mammals, frogs, and reptiles are endemic to the area. A notable lemur species is the endangered Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, the world's smallest primate.

title: Bumblebee hummingbird

text:
The bumblebee hummingbird ("Atthis heloisa") is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae.
It is predominantly found in Mexico, but has occurred as a vagrant in the United States (Arizona). At , it is the smallest bird known to have occurred in North America north of Mexico. At a weight of , it is one of the smallest birds known to exist in the world. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

title: Lesser goldfinch

text:
This petite species is not only the smallest North American "Spinus" finch, it may be the smallest true finch in the world. Some sources list more subtropical "Spinus" species as slightly smaller on average, including the Andean siskin. This species ranges from in length and can weigh from . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . There is a slight NW-SE cline in size, with the largest birds from Mexico and south being up to one-fifth larger than the smallest from the extreme NW of its range; this effect is more pronounced in females. There is also considerable variation in the amount of black on head and back in males, and thus three subspecies have been proposed. But this variation too seem to be simple and clinal changes in allele frequency, and thus the "subspecies" might be better considered morphs or geographical forms.
Males are easily recognized by their bright yellow underparts and big white patches in the tail (outer rectrices) and on the wings (the base of the primaries). They range from having solid black from the back to the upper head including the ear-coverts to having these regions medium green; each of the back, crown and ear regions varies in darkness rather independently though as a rule the ears are not darker than the rest. In most of the range dark psaltria birds (Arkansas goldfinch) predominate. The light birds are termed hesperophilus and are most common in the far western U.S. and northwestern Mexico.

title: Cuban gnatcatcher

text:
The Cuban gnatcatcher ("Polioptila lembeyei") is a species of bird in the family Polioptilidae, the gnatcatchers.
It is endemic to Cuba.
Its natural habitat is xeric scrubland. It is the smallest species in the Polioptilidae family at 10 cm (4 in).

title: Wren

text: Wrens are medium-small to very small birds. The Eurasian wren is among the smallest birds in its range, while the smaller species from the Americas are among the smallest passerines in that part of the world. They range in size from the white-bellied wren, which averages under and , to the giant wren, which averages about and weighs almost . The dominating colors of their plumage are generally drab, composed of gray, brown, black, and white, and most species show some barring, especially to tail and/or wings. No sexual dimorphism is seen in the plumage of wrens, and little difference exists between young birds and adults. All have fairly long, straight to marginally decurved bills.

title: Short-tailed pygmy tyrant

text: The short-tailed pygmy tyrant ("Myiornis ecaudatus") is a small species of tyrant-flycatcher. The species is one of the smallest birds on Earth and the smallest passerine. Among both the family and the order, only the closely related black-capped pygmy tyrant approaches similarly diminutive sizes. The pygmy tyrant is widespread throughout most of the Amazon in northern and central South America.

title: Mixed-species foraging flock

text: African rainforests also hold mixed-species flocks, the core species including bulbuls and sunbirds, and attendants being as diverse as the red-billed dwarf hornbill and the tit-hylia, the smallest bird of Africa. Drongos and paradise-flycatchers are sometimes described as the sentinels of the flock, but they are also known to steal prey from other flock members. Acanthizidae are typical core members in New Guinea and Australia; in Australia, fairy-wrens are also significant. The core species are joined by birds of other families such as minivets.

title: Bushy Lake

text: Bird sampling at Bushy Lake is done using a point bird count method, consisting of being in designated areas for 15 minutes and recording and identifying what birds are seen or heard. Counts have been used to compile lists of avian species using the site for breeding purposes, foraging, or just passing by. The counts are on-going, in an effort to determine what species use the site year-round.

title: Stits DS-1

text: The Stits DS-1 Baby Bird is a homebuilt aircraft built to achieve a "world's smallest" status. The Baby Bird is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the “Smallest Airplane in the World.” as of 1984. The title was later defined as "world's smallest monoplane" to acknowledge The Robert Star Bumble Bee as the world's smallest biplane.

title: Martial eagle

text: Despite its preference for ground-dwelling avian prey, a surprisingly considerable number of water birds may also be attacked. Waterfowl known to be attacked include the South African shelduck ("Tadorna cana"), yellow-billed duck ("Anas undulata"), the spur-winged goose ("Plectropterus gambensis") (Africa's largest waterfowl species) and especially the peculiar, overly bold and aggressive Egyptian goose ("Alopochen aegyptiaca"), which is one of the main prey species for martial eagles in Kruger National Park. Larger wading birds are also fairly frequently attacked including herons and egrets, flamingoes storks, ibises, spoonbills and cranes. The diversity and number of storks taken is particularly impressive. They are known to take 8 species of stork, ranging from the smallest known species, the African openbill ("Anastomus lamelligerus"), to the tallest species in the world, the , -tall saddle-billed stork ("Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis"). One naturalists observed up to a half dozen attacks in different parts of Africa on white storks ("Ciconia ciconia"). Short of three attacks on spotted thick-knees ("Burhinus capensis"), which weigh about , so far as is known small waders or shorebirds are ignored as prey. Other assorted avian prey may consists of ostrich ("Struthio camelus") chicks (frequently resulting in the immediate ire of protective ostrich parents), sandgrouse, pigeons and doves, hornbills and crows. Beyond occasional captures of other birds of prey (covered later), one other impressive avian prey species is the southern ground hornbill ("Bucorvus leadbeateri"), which at is probably the world's largest hornbill. At the other end of the scale, some martial eagles may capture a few small social species of passerine, which are exceptionally small prey (the smallest recorded prey species for the eagle overall), potentially consisting of the red-billed queleas ("Quelea quelea") and the sociable weavers ("Philetairus socius"), as practically every meat-eating bird in Africa may be attracted to these species’ colonial abundance.

title: Prince Regent National Park

text: More than half of the bird and mammal species found in the Kimberley region are found within the national park. It is home to the monjon, the smallest of the rock-wallabies, and the golden bandicoot - listed as a vulnerable species. The Prince Regent and Mitchell River Important Bird Area which overlaps part of the national park, is an area identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International, an international non-government organization, because of its importance for a range of bird species, especially those retricted to tropical savanna habitats.

title: Acanthizidae

text: The Acanthizidae, also known as the Australasian warblers, are a family of passerine birds which include gerygones, thornbills, and scrubwrens. The Acanthizidae consists of small to medium passerine birds, with a total length varying between . They have short rounded wings, slender bills, long legs, and a short tail. Most species have olive, grey, or brown plumage, although some have patches of a brighter yellow. The weebill is the smallest species of acanthizid, and the smallest Australian passerine; the largest is the pilotbird.

title: Dietary biology of the Eurasian eagle-owl

text: Among coastal and some wetland areas, various water birds can come to contribute a large portion of both prey numbers and prey biomass. This may include more than 50 species of shorebird (from the one of the smallest sandpipers to the largest species of gull), more than 30 species of waterfowl, more than 10 species of herons, more than 8 species of rails and any grebes, cormorants or other water birds that are available.[2] The most regularly reported water bird prey in Europe were, roughly in this order, the 343g (12.1oz) common moorhens (Gallinula chloropus), the 836g (1.843lb) Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), 1,140g (2.51lb) mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), 284g (10.0oz) black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), and the 340g (12oz) Eurasian teal (Anas crecca).[2][95] The diet of a handful of eagle-owl pairs in the Riau Islands Province of France were found to be dominated by water birds, especially the 1,154g (2.544lb) yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), the colonial abundance of which allowed the eagle-owls to atypically occupy these small islands.[95][102] The diet of eagle-owls in Norway was dominated in coastal areas by water birds, overall for the nation 53% of the food was made of birds, the species most commonly identified as caught being the 388g (13.7oz) mew gull (Larus canus), 430g (15oz) common puffin (Fratercula arctica) and 2,070g (4.56lb) common eider (Somateria mollissima). Despite access to large seabird breeding colonies, almost all large bird species hunted in Norway, including large forest grouse in more inland areas, were apparently fully-grown adults and most water birds were caught while resting on open coastal waters.[14][95] Eagle-owls in northwestern Poland, an area heavily dotted with lakes, relied on birds for about 64% of the diet, more than half of which were water birds. The main prey species there was the Eurasian coot, at nearly 15% of the prey numbers.[18] In Primorsky Krai in Russia, 53.2% of the food for the eagle-owls were made up of birds, predominantly water birds with the primary prey species being the 260g (9.2oz) crested auklet (Aethia cristatella ) (26.9%).[95][103] In the Russian Far East, similarly, birds occupy up to 57.6% of the diet, a lion's share of which are water birds. In this study, the grey red-backed vole and reed vole (Microtus fortis) were the most numerous identified individual species but in some years the extremely large Japanese cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus), at 2,820g (6.22lb), were more numerous as prey than either vole.[83][95] Water birds were found to be even more important in the diet in Korea, as in wetland habitat, with birds in general comprising 68.9% by number and 85.3% by biomass there, but in adjacent upland areas birds were slightly secondary to mammals, which made up 38.7% by number and 64.7% by biomass, led by the brown rat.[69] In Korea, the mallard and the similar spot-billed duck (Anas poecilorhyncha) made up 38.1% of the biomass.[69] Other recorded bird species in the Eurasian eagle-owl's diet includes all type of birds found in their range, including bustards, sandgrouse, parrots, cuckoos, swifts, the 67g (2.4oz) hoopoe (Upupa epops), the 56.5g (1.99oz) European bee-eater (Merops apiaster), the 31g (1.1oz) common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), the 146g (5.1oz) European roller (Coracias garrulus), at least seven species of woodpecker (from the smallest to the largest European species) and more than 80 species of passerine.[2][95] Among passerines, the only family reported widely as prey besides corvids are thrushes. In the Italian Alps, Turdus species were the fourth most frequently recorded type of prey.[30] In particular, the abundant 103g (3.6oz) Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula) is widely reported to be taken by eagle-owls.[12][23][95] As thrushes are relatively small, at 55 to 130g (1.9 to 4.6oz) among the species known to be predated, pairs in the Italian Alps who depended more so on thrushes usually showed lower productivity during nesting attempts.[30]

title: Lake Atanasovsko

text: The lake is home to over 230 species of vascular plants, of which 7 endangered in Bulgaria. It is also inhabited by the Etruscan pygmy shrew, the smallest mammal by mass. Lake Atanasovsko is also one of the key ornithological locations in the country, with 314 species of birds being present, 70% of all in Bulgaria. 12 of them are globally endangered, including the pygmy cormorant, the red-breasted goose, the ferruginous duck, the Dalmatian pelican and the corn crake. In addition, 17 local species of birds in danger of extinction in Bulgaria also live in the lake, such as the common tern and the Audouin's gull. The high number of birds is due to the lake's location on the important Via Pontica bird migration route, the lake being most populated by birds during the autumn migration.

title: Flightless bird

text: Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly.[1] There are over 60 extant species[2] including the well known ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi) and penguins. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail (length 12.5cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) flightless bird, which is also the largest living bird, is the ostrich (2.7 m, 156kg). Ostriches are farmed for their decorative feathers, meat and their skins, which are used to make leather.

title: List of birds of Victoria, Australia

text: Victoria is Australia's second-smallest state but has high biodiversity, with 516 bird species recorded — around 54% of Australia's total of 959 bird species in just 3% of Australia's land area.

title: Black-bellied sunbird

text:
The black-bellied sunbird ("Cinnyris nectarinioides") is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family.
It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. At an average weight of around 5 grams, this is the smallest known species of sunbird.

title: Reddish hermit

text: The reddish hermit ("Phaethornis ruber") is a species of bird in the family Trochilidae, the hummingbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas. At 7.5 cm (3 in) and a weight under 3 grams, it is among the smallest of the hermits and smallest birds overall. Its natural habitats are forest and woodland, primarily humid.

title: Birds Australia – Victoria

text: In 2009, in association with Allen & Unwin, BA-VIC published a new bird book, "Where to See Birds in Victoria", edited by Tim Dolby, featuring the best places in Victoria for seeing birds. Despite being Australia's smallest mainland state, its varied landscapes provide habitat for more than 500 bird species. The book also provides a comprehensive and up-to-date list of birds, with the degree of rarity and where to see it noted for each species.


query: What is the origin of the word Tehran?

title: Tehran

text: Tehran (/tɛəˈræn, -ˈrɑːn, ˌteɪə-/; Persian: تهران Tehrân [tehˈɾɒːn](listen)) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a population of around 8.4 million in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia,[6] and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area.[7]

title: History of the University of Tehran

text:
The first official step for the establishment of Tehran University occurred on March 31, 1931 when Minister of Court Abdolhossein Teymourtash wrote Issa Sadiq who was completing his doctoral dissertataion at Columbia University in New York to inquire as to requirements for the establishment of a University in Tehran. Sadiq considered the letter an invitation to outline a comprehensive scheme for the establishment of a University.
In January 1933, during the cabinet meeting, the subject was brought up. Ali Asghar Hekmat, the acting minister of the Ministry of Education stated the following words there:

title: Azerbaijan (Iran)

text: Azerbaijani people mostly live in northwest parts of Iran. But large Azerbaijani populations can be found in Khorasan mostly in Mashhad city. and central Iran due to internal migration to Tehran, Karaj, Qum wherever they have settled they have become prominent not only among urban and industrial working classes but also in commercial, administrative, political, religious, and intellectual circles. Azerbaijanis make up 25%– 33% of Tehran and Tehran Province's population. They are the largest ethnic groups after Persians in Tehran and the Tehran Province. also Governor of Tehran, is Hossein Hashemi from Sarab in East Azerbaijan. and Ali Khamenei Supreme Leader of Iran was born Mashhad, origin Azeri from Khameneh. Varliq and Azari journals is printed by the Azerbaijani people in Tehran.

title: Tehran

text: The city of Tehran has a population of approximately 10 million in 2016.[45] With its cosmopolitan atmosphere, Tehran is home to diverse ethnic and linguistic groups from all over the country. The present-day dominant language of Tehran is the Tehrani variety of the Persian language, and the majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians.[12][11] However, before, the native language of the Tehran–Ray region was not Persian, which is linguistically Southwest Iranian and originates in Fars, but a now extinct Northwestern Iranian language.[46]

title: Culinology

text: Culinology, according to Jeff Cousminer in "Food Product Design Magazine", is a term that was coined by the first president and founder of the Research Chefs Association, Winston Riley. The original meaning of the word was quite different from what it has come to mean today. Originally, the word was designed to be a combination of two words: "culinary" and "technology". So the first meaning of the word was the convergence of culinary arts and all technology, which includes communications, chemistry, physiology, economics and many others.

title: Distancing (psychology)

text: The increased distance in the vehicle from the referent occurs in four types of transitional forms of linguistic representations. In the first type, children use their own onomatopoeic expressions but in conventional ways. For example forming the verb “bumer” (= to fall) from the original word bum (boom). The second type is when children modify their words to form composite forms, like using the infantile word poch for hammering and forming the word pochmaker to mean workman. In the third type, children use a combination of their own words and conventional words like bah-sheep. The fourth type is when children are asked to repeat standard words and they respond with their own equivalent word. Children transition into normal speech when the words they use become symbols instead of signals. For example, Helen Keller was often told of what the word w-a-t-e-r represented by her teacher Miss Sullivan. It was not until she placed her hand under the spout that she was able to understand what the word "water" meant.

title: English orthography

text: There was also a period when the spelling of a small number of words was altered in what is now regarded as a misguided attempt to make them conform to what were perceived to be the etymological origins of the words. For example, the letter "b" was added to "debt" (originally "dette") in an attempt to link it to the Latin "debitum", and the letter "s" in "island" is a misplaced attempt to link it to Latin "insula" instead of the Old English word "īġland", which is the true origin of the English word. The letter "p" in "ptarmigan" has no etymological justification whatsoever, only seeking to invoke Greek despite being a Gaelic word.

title: Ayaviri, Melgar

text: The origin of the word “ayaviri” is one wrapped in uncertainty. What meaning can be inferred is through the etymological study of the words, suffixes and prefixes of the languages prevalent in the region throughout its history. These languages include principally Urikuilla, Pukina and Aymara. Although Quechua is the current colloquial language of the area and was originally attributed to be the language of the word’s origin, its prevalence among the natives is of a later era, implying a less influential place in the formation of the word's meaning.

title: Demai

text: There are several opinions concerning the word's etymology. According to Maimonides and Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham, the word originates from a contraction of the two Aramaic words meaning "doubtful" (literally, "what is this?"). Another possibility is that the word originates from a corruption of the Hebrew word , "things holy", in this case referring to something which may still contain the elements of "things holy".

title: Tehran (horse)

text: In the Derby, run on the July course on 17 June, Tehran started at odds of 8/1 in a twenty-runner field and was ridden by Eph Smith. The race was run at a slow pace before the field quickened five furlong from the finish. After what was described as a "great fight" he was beaten a neck by the 28/1 outsider Ocean Swell. On his next appearance, Tehran won the Whepstead Stakes at Newmarket in August.

title: List of French words of Gaulish origin

text: What follows is a list of inherited French words, past and present, along with words in neighboring or related languages, all borrowed from the Gaulish language (or more precisely from a substrate of Gaulish).

title: Malak Jân Nemati

text: Nur Ali Elahi, "Asar-ol Haqq (Words of Truth), Volume 1", Tehran, 3rd edition (1987) and "Volume 2", Tehran (1991).

title: Herpetoculture

text: The origin of the word "herpetoculture" is credited to Tom Huff, who devised the word to distinguish what he, as a self-described "herpetoculturist", was doing—working to keeping reptiles and amphibians alive and healthy—from what herpetologists of that era were generally doing, namely, collecting specimens for preservation in museum collections. The word itself comes from the Greek language origin “herpien,” which means “to creep”.

title: Word processor program

text: A word processor program is a computer program that provides word processing functions. Originally a separate type of application to desktop publishing, the two program types now overlap, with many word processors now including what were once desktop publishing functions.

title: History of Microsoft

text: The first operating system publicly released by the company was a variant of Unix announced on August 25, 1980. Acquired from AT&T through a distribution license, Microsoft dubbed it Xenix, and hired Santa Cruz Operation in order to port/adapt the operating system to several platforms. This Unix variant would become home to the first version of Microsoft's word processor, Microsoft Word. Originally titled "Multi-Tool Word", Microsoft Word became notable for its use of "What You See Is What You Get", or WYSIWYG pioneered by the Xerox Alto and the Bravo text editor in the 1970s.

title: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel

text: On 11 December 2006, at the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust, a gathering of Holocaust deniers in Tehran, Ahmadinejad said: "Thanks to people's wishes and God's will the trend for the existence of the Zionist regime is [headed] downwards and this is what God has promised and what all nations want. The Zionist regime will be wiped out soon the same way the Soviet Union was, and humanity will achieve freedom."At a Holocaust conference at Sharif University of Technology in Tehran on 27 January 2009, Ahmadinejad stated:

title: Original meaning

text: One of the primary virtues of original meaning over original intent is that the original meaning is a fairly discernible thing, while the original intent is nebulous and uncertain. This is well-illustrated by the use of dictionaries. Contemporaneous dictionaries are of dubious value to an original "intent" inquiry, but of high value to an original "meaning" inquiry: we can establish what the words the Framers chose "meant", but that is not "necessarily" conclusive as to what they "intended" to say (consider for example, the law of unintended consequences).

title: Majid Jalali

text: He was born on 1 January 1956 in Tehran. His parents are originally from Yazd Province, Pandar. He started his club career with Alborz Tehran at the age of 17. Later, he played for other Tehran clubs like Vahdat Tehran and Shahin.

title: 2003 Bam earthquake

text: After the earthquake, the Iranian government considered moving the state capital from Tehran to another location for fear of a crippling event similar to what had just befallen Bam. Tehran lies on a major fault which scientists have predicted may suffer from a devastating earthquake similar to that of Bam in the near future. The most cited example for the new capital was Isfahan, a city in central Iran that had previously served as capital until it was moved to Tehran in 1788.[21]

title: Reading Lolita in Tehran

text: In a critical article published in the academic journal Comparative American Studies titled 'Reading Azar Nafisi in Tehran', Head of the North American Studies Department at University of Tehran Professor Seyed Mohammad Marandi argued that "Nafisi constantly confirms what orientalist representations have regularly claimed" and argued she "has produced gross misrepresentations of Iranian society and Islam and that she uses quotes and references which are inaccurate, misleading, or even wholly invented."

title: Tehran

text: The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain.[17] The settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years.[18]

title: Rey, Iran

text: Ray today has been absorbed into the Greater Tehran metropolitan area. Ray is connected via the Tehran Metro to the rest of Tehran and has many industries and factories in operation. Limited excavations of what was not bulldozed began in 1997 in collaboration with the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO), the Department of Archaeological Sciences of the University of Bradford and the Department of Archaeology of the University of Tehran.

title: Jon Rubin

text: "Never Been To Tehran" was a participatory project co-organized with Andrea Grover which involved contributions from various individuals who have never been to Tehran. These participants have taken photographs (from their home base) of what they imagine Tehran to look like. They then uploaded their photos each day to an online photo-sharing website. These photos were then projected as a slideshow simultaneously in galleries and public spaces around the world (including Tehran). "Anything that anyone might take a photograph of is fair game, just as long as it feels like Tehran." According to the project website, "As Tehran's image is regularly depicted in the dominant media, it is a compelling challenge for the participants in this exhibition to sift through the glut of images and information to cull out a personally constructed version of an unfamiliar place.”

title: Razmgah Kammando of Iran

text: The word Kammando (English: Commando) is interpreted by the founder of Razmgah in an interview with Radio Tehran (Persian: رادیو تهران) as one of the English words of Persian origin. According to that interpretation, Kammando is made up with Kamman (English: Arc) and Do (English: Two) and it means two upper and lower arcs referring to the physical and spiritual aspects of human being .

title: Rooftops of Tehran (poetry collection)

text: Professor Richard Katrovas lauds Wolpe's "Rooftops of Tehran" as "that truly rare event: an important book of poetry. Brushing against the grain of Persian-Islamic culture, she sings a deep affection for what she ruffles. Her righteous aversion to male oppression is as broad as the span from Tehran to L.A., as deep as a wise woman’s heart. This is a powerful, elegant book.”

title: Word (computer architecture)

text: As computer designs have grown more complex, the central importance of a single word size to an architecture has decreased. Although more capable hardware can use a wider variety of sizes of data, market forces exert pressure to maintain backward compatibility while extending processor capability. As a result, what might have been the central word size in a fresh design has to coexist as an alternative size to the original word size in a backward compatible design. The original word size remains available in future designs, forming the basis of a size family.

text:
The Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (IAUCTB; ) is a private research university located in Tehran, Iran. Founded in 1982, Central Tehran is the flagship institution of the universities affiliated with the Islamic Azad University system.
The university is the oldest, the largest and the top university among all branches of Islamic Azad University academic organization, established in 1982, originally as "Islamic Azad University of Tehran".
The university campuses rest on 297,904 m² of various districts of Tehran.
It offers approximately 550 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines such as Sciences, Engineering, Art, Architecture, Humanities, Social Sciences and Medical Sciences.

title: Originalism

text: Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes argued that interpreting what was meant by someone who wrote a law was not trying to "get into his mind" because the issue was "not what this man meant, but what those words would mean in the mouth of a normal speaker of English, using them in the circumstances in which they were used." This is the essential precept of modern originalism.

title: Tabiat Bridge

text:
]
The Tabi'at Bridge ( literally meaning: "Nature Bridge") is the largest pedestrian overpass Tehran, Iran. The bridge connects two public parks—Taleghani Park and Abo-Atash Park—by spanning Modarres Expressway, one of the main highways in northern Tehran. The word "tabiat" means "nature" in the Persian language.

title: Scarlet (cloth)

text: The origins of the word "scarlet" have been debated quite extensively and are crucial to understanding what scarlet actually was in the Middle Ages. The word certainly came to English from Old French "escarlate", which is one of a wide range of similar words in the Romance languages such as Provençal "escarlat", Spanish and Portuguese "escarlate", Italian "scarlatto", and medieval Latin "scarlat(t)um". The origin of this romance word, however, has been more widely debated. For a long time the origin was thought to be a Persian word which takes forms like "saqalāt", "siqalāt", or "suqlāt". However, the romance word is now thought to come from Arabic "siklāt" (later "siklātūn"), denoting very expensive, luxury silks dyed scarlet-red using the exceptionally expensive dye kermes. Arabic "siklāt" is first attested around the ninth century, and now thought also to be the origin of the Persian word, which is first attested around the 1290s. The origin of the word "siklāt" is itself uncertain and may come from the Late Roman term "sigillatus" (Latin)/"σιγιλλατον" (Greek), denoting a kind of cloth decorated with seal-like patterns (from Latin "sigillum" 'seal'). The word then came to be used of woollen cloth dyed with the same dye. The most obvious route for the Arabic word "siklāt" to have entered the Romance languages would be via the Arabic-speaking Iberian region of Al-Andalus, particularly Almería, where kermes was produced extensively.

title: Nigga What, Nigga Who (Originator 99)

text: The song's title was often changed to "Jigga What, Jigga Who (Originator 99)" to avoid airing the word "nigga".


query: How many provinces does China have?

title: Provinces of China

text: Provincial-level administrative divisions (Chinese:省级行政区; pinyin:shěng-jí xíngzhèngqū) or first-level administrative divisions (一级行政区; yī-jí xíngzhèngqū), are the highest-level Chinese administrative divisions. There are 34 such divisions, classified as 23 provinces (Chinese:省; pinyin:shěng), four municipalities, five autonomous regions, and two Special Administrative Regions. All but Taiwan Province and a small fraction of Fujian Province (currently administered by the Republic of China) are controlled by the People's Republic of China.

title: Anhui

text: With the establishment of People’s Republic of China in 1949, the capital city of Anhui province moved to what was then a small town, Hefei. At the same time, the provincial government spent a lot of energy and money to develop this new capital city which has become China Top 25 city (of totally 660 cities all over China) in 2010s. After 1949, the government also launched many Water Projects to solve the hurt during World War II. In addition, many other areas of China supported Anhui’s development. In the later 1990s, the province has become one of the fastest growing provinces in China. In 2010s, the province became a part of China Yangtze River Delta Economic Area which is the most developed area of China. And the capital city, Hefei, is set as the sub-central city of this Economic Area, only after Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou.

title: Harvard Girl

text: Many successful Chinese students after Liu have tried to distance themselves from the so-called "Harvard Girl Phenomenon;" Harvard students Yin Zhongrui and Tang Meijie have both stated they do not want to be compared to "Harvard Girl." Yin's mother published a book, "From Andover to Harvard", about how her son was accepted by Harvard, but Yin only allowed his full name to appear in the book's preface. Tang received at least six offers from publishers to have a book written about her, but declined them all. Nevertheless, many of China's top students are still compared to "Harvard Girl," and admissions to top overseas universities often make big news in mainland China; for example, Cheng Wanxin (程琬芯) attracted media attention in Sichuan province when she was accepted to Harvard in April 2009.

title: Northern and southern China

text: There is an ambiguous area, the region around Nanyang, Henan, that lies in the gap where the Qin has ended and the Huai River has not yet begun; in addition, central Anhui and Jiangsu lie south of the Huai River but north of the Yangtze, making their classification somewhat ambiguous as well. As such, the boundary between northern and southern China does not follow provincial boundaries; it cuts through Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu, and creates areas such as Hanzhong (Shaanxi), Xinyang (Henan), Huaibei (Anhui) and Xuzhou (Jiangsu) that lie on an opposite half of China from the rest of their respective provinces. This may have been deliberate; the Mongol Yuan dynasty and Han Chinese Ming dynasty established many of these boundaries intentionally to discourage regionalist separatism.

title: Immune repertoire

text: There is an interesting mathematical problem—if a set of objects consists of a large number of sub types—how does one count how many sub types there are? For instance, if you have a bag of balls, and they come in a range of colours—how can you work out, how many different colours there are in the bag?

title: Penghu

text: Despite the controversy over the political status of Taiwan, both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China agree that Penghu is a county in (their own respective) "Taiwan Province" (Taiwan Province, Republic of China and Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China). However, geographically, the island of Taiwan does not include Penghu, although it is closer to Taiwan than mainland China. Thus, Penghu is listed separately from "Taiwan" in some contexts, e.g. the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu (the official WTO name for the Republic of China) in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Cairo Declaration, and the Treaty of San Francisco (see above).

title: Written Chinese

text: In the 20th century, written Chinese divided into two canonical forms, called simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese. Simplified Chinese was developed in mainland China in order to make the characters faster to write (especially as some characters had as many as a few dozen strokes) and easier to memorize. The People's Republic of China claims that both goals have been achieved, but some external observers disagree. Little systematic study has been conducted on how simplified Chinese has affected the way Chinese people become literate; the only studies conducted before it was standardized in mainland China seem to have been statistical ones regarding how many strokes were saved on average in samples of running text.[31]

title: Ethnic minorities in China

text: To determine how many of these nations existed within China after the revolution of 1949, a team of social scientists was assembled to enumerate the various ethnic nations. The problem that they immediately ran into was that there were many areas of China in which villages in one valley considered themselves to have a separate identity and culture from those one valley over. According each village the status of nation would be absurd and would lead to the nonsensical result of filling the National People's Congress with delegates all representing individual villages. In response, the social scientists attempted to construct coherent groupings of minorities using language as the main criterion for differentiation. This led to a result in which villages that had very different cultural practices and histories were lumped under the same ethnic name. The Zhuang is one such example; the ethnic group largely served as a catch-all collection of various hill villages in Guangxi province.

title: SARS conspiracy theory

text: In October 2003, Tong Zeng, a Chinese lawyer and a volunteer in a 1998 Chinese-American medical cooperation program, published a book that again speculated that SARS could be a biological weapon developed by the United States against China. In the book, Tong disclosed that in the 1990s, many American research groups collected thousands of blood and DNA samples and specimens of mainland Chinese (including 5,000 DNA samples from twins) through numerous joint research projects carried out in China. These samples were then sent back to the United States for further research, and could be used in developing biological weapons targeting Chinese. These samples came from 22 provinces in China, all of which were hit by SARS in 2003. Only provinces like Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan, Tibet, and Xinjiang were left out, and all these provinces suffered less severely during the SARS outbreak. The author suspects that Japan is also involved, as many Japanese factories in Guangdong in the 1990s made it compulsory for all workers to have blood tests in the factory annually, rather than asking workers to go to local hospitals for blood tests and a proper physical examination. However, Tong Zeng admits that these are only speculations, and he does not have any concrete proof from the study of the virus's genetic sequence.

text: Since the PRC does not recognise the ROC as legitimate, PRC government and media refers to some ROC government offices and institutions using generic description which does not imply endorsement of the ROC's claim to be a legitimate government of either Taiwan or China. The precise replacements used are not officially designated, so the politically-designated names for Taiwan have small variations across different source from within the PRC.

title: History of the Republic of China

text: During most of Chen's second term, Kuomintang and PFP together hold a pan-Blue majority in the legislature. Among the many items that have made little progress due to the political stalemate are a stalled arms procurement bill, which would advance defense capabilities of the Republic of China through the purchase of weaponry, such as sub-hunting P-3 Orions, from the US government, and banking reform legislation, which would help in the consolidation of the many banks in the Republic of China, none of which hold even 10% shares of the local market. It is important to note that the president of the Republic of China, unlike the president of the United States, does not wield veto power, providing him with little to no leverage in negotiating with an opposition legislature, regardless of how slim the majority.

title: China proper

text: China proper, Inner China or the Eighteen Provinces was a term used by Western writers on the Manchu Qing dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history. One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization, the Central Plain (in the North China Plain); another to the "Eighteen Provinces" system of the Qing dynasty. There is no direct translation for "China proper" in the Chinese language due to differences in terminology used by the Qing to refer to the regions and the expression is controversial among scholars, particularly in China, due to national territorial claims.

title: Galeote Pereira

text: Pereira's manuscript starts in the style of a geographical overview. Like most later geographical works on China, he starts with listing China's provinces ("shires", in Willis' translation), stating that there are 13 of them, giving names of 11 of them and a brief information about some, and concluding that for "Confu", Yunnan and Sichuan, "how many towns [those] three shires have, we are ignorant as yet, as also of the proper names of the twelfth and thirteenth shires, and the towns therein". This shows that Pereira (or his early Jesuit editors) were not in possession of the information that the Lisbon historian João de Barros had when writing the Third of his "Décadas da Ásia" (published 1563, but written much earlier), which correctly lists all fifteen provinces of the Ming China.

title: Taiwan, China

text: The term "Taiwan, (Province of) China" is also potentially ambiguous because both the ROC and the PRC each has administratively a "Taiwan Province", Taiwan Province, Republic of China and "Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China", and neither of these provinces covers the Matsu Islands, Wuchiu, Kinmen, all of which have been retained by the Republic of China. Geographically speaking, they both refer to the same place. The existence of the extra term "Taiwan Province, PRC" is merely because of PRC's insistence that Taiwan is part of China. Without more specific indication, it is unclear to which "Taiwan Province" is being referred. However, since China (PRC) does not control Taiwan and its "Taiwan Province" exists only on paper, as a practical matter, "Taiwan Province" refers only to the Taiwan Province under Republic of China's administration.

title: Taiwan, China

text: The ROC also does not refer to its Taiwan Province as "Taiwan, China" in English but rather as "Taiwan Province, Republic of China" (), and typically such reference only occurs in the Chinese language in the ROC's official documents and as the marquee in the administrative offices of Taiwan Province government. However, references to the province is now rare since the Taiwan Provincial Government has largely been dissolved and its functions transferred to the central government or county governments since 1997. Therefore, recent uses of the term "Taiwan, Province of China" appears mainly in PRC-controlled media like CCTV (Chinese Central Television) and in the ISO 3166-1 codes to convey the sense that Taiwan is part of "its" "China".

title: Police rank

text:
Loyal and qualified officers with no misconduct record, are eligible to attain rank promotion at every three-year of service (only applicable from PC 2nd class to Sgt 1st class).
Rank does not have any connection with position, it can only shows how many years you have been work for police unit.The People's Armed Police, as part of the People's Liberation Army, uses the same ranks and uniform as the PLA itself, save for the China Coast Guard which uses navy-style ranks and uniform plus the China Maritime Safety Administration.Officiers ("Officers")

title: History of Taiwan

text: Domestic politics during the Chen administration were largely a political stalemate as the Kuomintang and PFP together held a pan-Blue majority in the legislature. Among the many items that made little progress due to the political stalemate were a stalled arms procurement bill, which would have advanced defense capabilities of the Republic of China through the purchase of weaponry, such as sub-hunting P-3 Orions, from the US government, and banking reform legislation, which would have helped in the consolidation of the many banks in the Republic of China, none of which hold even 10% shares of the local market. The president of the Republic of China, unlike the president of the United States, does not wield veto power, providing him with little to no leverage in negotiating with an opposition legislature, regardless of how slim the majority.

title: History of the domestic sheep

text: Sheep are not an important part of China's agricultural economy, since the majority of China does not have the large open pastures required for sheep-rearing. Sheep farming is more common in the northwestern provinces of the country, where such tracts of land exist. China does have a native sheep breed, the zhan. The population of the breed has been in decline since 1985, despite government promotion of the breed.

title: Hinduism in China

text: Ancient Hindu Sanskrit inscriptions, a language typically not used to spread Buddhism in China, have also been found in Yunnan province. These inscriptions are at least from medieval era; however, it remains unclear how and when they arrived or were adopted in China.

title: Seventh-day Adventist Church in the People's Republic of China

text: The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a major Christian denomination with a significant presence in the People's Republic of China with over 446,227 members as of June 30, 2017. Many of its pastors in China are women. There are or used to be more than 350 SDA congregations in Jilin Province. Pastor Jan Paulsen, the Adventist world church president, visited China in 2009. There he said "so many things have changed in China over the last two decades, and while freedom -- the increase of freedom -- is difficult to compare, I am very, very grateful for the fact that so many changes have taken place in this country."

title: Nine-Dash Line

text:
Some parties have questioned the jurisdiction of the United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea on the dispute, arguing that the convention does not support claims based on sovereignty or title, and instead raises the right to continue using the waters for traditional purpose.
While China has never used the nine-dash line as an inviolable border to its sovereignty, this strategy together with the fact that China's government has never officially explained the meaning of the line has led many researchers to try to derive the exact meanings of the Nine-Dash Map in the Chinese strategy in the South China Sea. Some scholars believe that this line cannot be considered as a maritime boundary line because it violates maritime laws, which states that a national boundary line must be a stable and defined one. The Nine-Dash Line is not stable because it has been reduced from eleven to nine dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin as endorsed by Zhou Enlai without any reasons given. It is also not a defined line because it does not have any specific geographic coordinates and does not tell how it can be connected if it was a continuous line.

title: Protest and dissent in China

text: In 2011, many migrant workers did not return to their workplace in Guangzhou, in southern China, after the New Year holidays. The reason for this is said to have been that more job opportunities had been created in the hitherto poorer provinces. Thus, many no longer had to go to other areas to work and earn a living. It is said to have been 30 to 40 percent fewer migrant workers, normally 10 to 15 percent, although China's authorities had raised the minimum wages. As a result, foreign companies moved their production facilities to Southeast Asia into "cheaper" provinces or even abroad. China experts at the investment bank Credit Suisse called this change a "historic turning point" both for China's economy and possibly for the world.

title: Marsha P. Johnson

text: In the 1980s Johnson continued her street activism as a respected organizer and marshal with ACT UP. In 1992, when George Segal's Stonewall memorial was moved to Christopher Street from Ohio to recognize the gay liberation movement, Johnson commented, "How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people? How many years does it take for people to see that we're all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race? I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we're all in this rat race together."

title: Hainan

text: Hainan is the only province in China that does not have highway toll stations. This is due to the 1994 "fee-to-tax" reform.

title: Tengwang Ge Xu

text: It is classified as Pianwen (), which depends greatly on rhythm, somewhat like classical Chinese poetry, but does not have a restriction of how many characters should be in one sentence, and how many sentences in one paragraph. It is named after Teng Wang Ge, a pavilion standing by the Gan River of Nanchang City, which was then called Hongzhou () and is the capital of the current province of Jiangxi. It was first built in the early Tang Dynasty.

title: South China tiger

text:
In 2007, a villager from China's Shaanxi Province claimed to have risked his life by taking more than 30 digital photographs of a tiger. The Shaanxi Provincial Forestry Bureau backed up this claim in a press conference.
The photographs aroused suspicion, with many expressing doubts about their authenticity. In November 2007, the Shaanxi Province Forestry Bureau still "firmly believed" that wild South China tigers exist in the province. Yet in February 2008, the Shaanxi Province Forestry Bureau released an apology, qualifying their earlier statements but without repudiating the pictures' authenticity, writing "We curtly released the discovery of the South China tiger without substantial proof, which reflects our blundering manner and lax discipline."
In June 2008, the authorities announced that all pictures published were proven to be forged, related officers have been punished and the alleged photographer been arrested for suspicion of fraud. This officially ended the scandal.

title: Integer points in convex polyhedra

text: The study of integer points in convex polyhedra is motivated by questions such as "how many nonnegative integer-valued solutions does a system of linear equations with nonnegative coefficients have" or "how many solutions does an integer linear program have". Counting integer points in polyhedra or other questions about them arise in representation theory, commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, statistics, and computer science.

title: Yellow Peril

text: In recent years, there have been very strong anti-Chinese feelings in Turkey owing to allegations of human rights abuses against the Muslim Turkic Uighur people in China's Xinjiang province. At one anti-Chinese demonstration in Istanbul, a South Korean tourist was threatened with violence even she protested that "I am not Chinese, I am Korean". In response, Devlet Bahçeli, leader of the extreme right-wing Nationalist Movement Party stated: "How does one distinguish between Chinese and Koreans? Both have slanted eyes".

title: Manuel Pérez García

text: Pérez García's research is based on the analysis of the western presence, especially European trade networks in China during the Qing Dynasty, in order to see how western culture was perceived in China. Macao as a port city, in which people and goods from afar were circulated, can be defined as major place in which western culture penetrated in China. The current interest by western countries on China has fostered during last years new studies in Chinese culture, politics and rapid economic growth. The main questions are: what is the degree of knowledge of China by European society? Does really China want to jointly work with Europe in a common agenda? Since the arrival of European pioneers in China such as the Jesuit Matteo Ricci surely there have been some changes and points of common interest, but how can we explain the current massive presence of Chinese migrants in Europe and the low presence of European migrants in China?

text: In 2017 Xinhua News Agency issued guidelines abolishing the term Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China. Although Taiwan is a traditional province of China, considering the circumstances, Taiwan Area is used instead. This apparently does not include Kinmen and Matsu, which are expressly forbidden to denote as part of Taiwan as being simply incorrect.

title: Programme for International Student Assessment (2000 to 2012)

text: Schleicher also states that PISA tests administered in rural China have produced some results approaching the OECD average: Citing further, as-yet-unpublished OECD research, Schleicher said, "We have actually done Pisa in 12 of the provinces in China. Even in some of the very poor areas you get performance close to the OECD average." Schleicher says that for a developing country, China's 99.4% enrollment in primary education is "the envy of many countries". He maintains that junior secondary school participation rates in China are now 99%; and in Shanghai, not only has senior secondary school enrollment attained 98%, but admissions into higher education have achieved 80% of the relevant age group. Schleicher believes that this growth reflects quality, not just quantity, which he contends the top PISA ranking of Shanghai's secondary education confirms. Schleicher believes that China has also expanded school access and has moved away from learning by rote. According to Schleicher, Russia performs well in rote-based assessments, but not in PISA, whereas China does well in both rote-based and broader assessments.


query: Where was Ignazio Silone born?

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Silone was born in a rural family, in the town of Pescina in the Abruzzo region. His father, Paolo Tranquilli, died in 1911 and in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake, he lost many of his family members, including his mother, Marianna Delli Quadri. He left his hometown and finished high school. In 1917, Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader.[2]

title: Luce d'Eramo

text:
In "Finché la testa vive" (1963), a short novel also later included in "Deviazione", she confronted the trauma of being confined to a wheelchair at the age of nineteen.
In 1966 her writing career was profoundly affected by an encounter with Ignazio Silone, who became her lifelong friend and the subject of an acute critical study "L’opera di Ignazio Silone" published by Arnoldo Mondadori in 1971. In this monumental piece of meticulous research and original insight, d’Eramo examines the resistance of the Italian cultural milieu to a native Italian writer who achieved world fame as one of the greatest figures of the literary scene in the twentieth century.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Giuseppe Leone, Ignazio Silone, scrittore dell'intelligenza, Firenze Atheneum, Firenze, 1996, ISBN88-7255-106-4 Dario Biocca – Mauro Canali. L'informatore: Silone, i comunisti e la polizia, Luni Editrice, Milano, Trento, 2000 Giuseppe Tamburrano. Processo a Silone, La disavventura di un povero cristiano, Lacaita Editore, Rome, 2001 Maria Moscardelli, La Coperta Abruzzese. Il filo della vita di Ignazio Silone, Ed. Aracne, Rome, 2004. Mauro Canali. Le spie del regime, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2004 Dario Biocca. Silone. La doppia vita di un italiano, Rizzoli, Milan 2005. Mimmo Franzinelli, Silone in the 'thirties'. www.mimmofranzinelli.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,55,57,63, n.d. Elizabeth Leake. The Reinvention of Ignazio Silone, University of Toronto Press Toronto, 2003 Giuseppe Leone, Silone e Machiavelli: una scuola... che non crea prìncipi, Prefazione di Vittoriano Esposito, Centro Studi Ignazio Silone, Pescina, 2003. Giuseppe Leone, [rec. al vol. di] Maria Moscardelli, "La coperta abruzzese – Il filo della vita di Ignazio Silone", in "Marsica Domani", Avezzano, 31 ottobre 2005, pag. 9. Giuseppe Leone, Nulla di vero nel Silone di Biocca, su Marsica Domani, Avezzano, 2005. on IMDb Giuseppe Leone, [rec. al vol. di] Valeria Giannantonio, "La scrittura oltre la vita ( Studi su Ignazio Silone)", su "Quaderni siloniani", 1-2/2005. Michael P.McDonald, Il caso Silone (in English), www.michaelmcdonaldweb.com/essays/ilcasosilone.htm, 2001. Maria Moscardelli, Silone reinvented", www.amici-silone.net/silone_reinvented.htm, 2005. Stanislao G. Pugliese. Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2009 Giuseppe Leone e Roberto Zambonini, "Puccini e le "more" di Silone: viaggio poetico-musicale fra "soavi fanciulle" e coraggiose eroine", Malgrate (Lc), 27 agosto 2009. Giuseppe Leone, "L'ennesimo bis del secondo "caso" Silone – Andrea Paganini e il suo "Ignazio Silone, l'uomo che si è salvato", su Pomezia-Notizie, Roma, Luglio 2010, pp.10–11. Giuseppe Leone, Il "fenicottero" Silone nella revisione di Renzo Paris, Pomezia-Notizie, febbraio 2015, pp.10–11. Ignazio Silone, Il seme sotto la neve. Edizione critica a cura di Alessandro La Monica, Milano-Firenze, Mondadori Education-Le Monnier Università, 2015.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Ignazio Silone (Italian:[iɲˈɲattsjo siˈloːne]; 1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, a political leader, Italian novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. He was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature ten times.[1][2]

title: William Weaver

text: Silone, Ignazio

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Silone left Italy in 1927 on a mission to the Soviet Union and settled in Switzerland in 1930. While there, he declared his opposition to Joseph Stalin and the leadership of Comintern; consequently, he was expelled from the PCI. He suffered from tuberculosis and severe clinical depression and spent nearly a year in Swiss clinics; in Switzerland, Aline Valangin helped and played host to him and other migrants. As he recovered, Silone began writing his first novel, Fontamara, published in German translation in 1933. The English edition, first published by Penguin Books in September 1934, went through frequent reprintings during the 1930s, with the events of the Spanish Civil War and the escalation towards the outbreak of World War II increasing attention for its subject material.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

title: Pescina

text: The writer Ignazio Silone set his novel "Fontamara". Today part of the old village has been partly restored and renovated. The traveller can visiting the great tower of the Piccolomini family, and the medieval bell tower of the old church of San Berardo. Under the bell tower is the tomb of the writer Ignazio Silone.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: He was a founding member of the breakaway Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI and died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Ignazio Silone was married to Darina Laracy (1917-2003), an Irish student of Italian literature and journalist. He died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1978.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: The United States Army printed unauthorized versions of Fontamara and Bread and Wine and distributed them to the Italians during the liberation of Italy after 1943. These two books together with The Seed Beneath the Snow form the Abruzzo Trilogy. Silone returned to Italy only in 1944, and two years later he was elected as a PSI deputy.[2]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Ed egli si nascose (1944) (And He Hid Himself, transl. Darina Silone (1945))

title: Ignazio Silone

text: A 2005 biography by Biocca also includes documents showing Silone's involvement with the American intelligence (the OSS) during and after the World War, Biocca suggesting that Silone's political stands (as well as extensive literary work) be reconsidered in light of a more complex personality and political engagements.[3]

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Following his contribution to the anti-communist anthology The God That Failed (1949), Silone joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom and edited Tempo Presente. In 1967, with the discovery that the journal received secret funds from the United States Central Intelligence Agency, Silone resigned and devoted all his energies to the writing of novels and autobiographical essays.[2]

title: Josephine Silone Yates

text: In 1889, Josephine Silone married William Ward Yates. Many schools prohibited married women from teaching, and upon her marriage, Josephine Silone gave up her teaching position at Lincoln. She moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where her husband was the principal of Phillips School. Her daughter Josephine Silone Yates, Jr. was born in 1890. Her son William Blyden Yates was born in 1895.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone by Stanislao G. Pugliese, Farrar Straus & Giroux (2009)

title: Darina Laracy

text:
Elisabeth Darina Laracy Silone (30 March 1917 - 25 July 2003) was an Irish journalist, translator and anti-fascist.
She was the wife of the writer Ignazio Silone from 1944 until his death in 1978 .

title: Ignazio Silone

text: In the 1990s, Italian historians Dario Biocca and Mauro Canali found documents which implicated that Silone acted as an informant for the Fascist police from 1919 until 1930. It is believed that the reason he broke from the Fascist police is because of the torture the inflicted upon his brother. The two historians published the results of their research in a work titled L'informatore. Silone, i comunisti e la polizia.[2]

title: Severina (Silone)

text: Severina, or La speranza di suor Severina, is the last work of Italian writer Ignazio Silone. Written 1977-78, it was edited and completed by Darina Silone and published posthumously in 1981.

title: Communist Party of Fiume

text: The funeral of Cesare Seassaro, was the only mass meeting ever organised by the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume, where several speakers participated. The Young Communist International was represented at the meeting by a speaker – the Italian delegate Secondino Tranquilli, later known as Ignazio Silone.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Fontamara (1930) (Fontamara, transl. Michael Wharf (1934); Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher (1938); Harvey Fergusson (1960)) Un viaggio a Parigi (1934), (Mr. Aristotle, transl. Samuel Putnam (1935)) Pane e vino (1936) (Bread and Wine, transl. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher (1936)) Il seme sotto la neve (1941) (The Seed Beneath the Snow, transl. Frances Frenaye (1942)) Una manciata di more (1952) (A Handful of Blackberries, transl. Darina Silone (1953)) Pane e vino (revised version, 1955) (Bread and Wine, transl. Harvey Fergusson (1962)) Il segreto di Luca (1956) (The Secret of Luca, transl. Darina Silone (1958)) La volpe e le camelie (1960) (The Fox and the Camelias, transl. Eric Mosbacher (1961)) L'avventura di un povero cristiano (1968) (Story of a Humble Christian, transl. William Weaver (1970)) Severina (1981), completed after his death by Darina Silone

title: The God that Failed

text: The six contributors were Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Stephen Spender, and Richard Wright.

title: Eric Mosbacher

text: Mosbacher's wife, Gwenda David, introduced him to the work of Ignazio Silone, and the pair translated Silone's anti-Fascist novel "Fontamara" in 1934. Often working in collaboration with his wife, Mosbacher continued translating in parallel with his other jobs.

title: Luca's Secret

text: Luca's Secret () is a 1956 romance novel by Ignazio Silone. The romance is set in Marsica, Abruzzo.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: A version of Fontamara, directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Michele Placido, was released in 1977.

title: Fontamara

text: Mario Bellisario,"Ricordi di una Civiltà Scomparsa", Carabba editore, Lanciano, 2004,ISBN88-95078-39-X Pietro Spezzani, Fontamara di Silone: grammatica e retorica del discorso popolare, Liviani, Padova, 1979 Carmelo Aliberti, Come leggere "Fontamara" di Silone, Mursia, Milano, 1983 Raffaele La Capria, Introduzione a Fontamara, Rizzoli, Milano, 1989, ISBN88-17-13747-2 Ignazio Silone, Fontamara, a cura di Mirella Zocchi, Mondadori ISBN88-04-23496-2 Lizzani, Carlo et al. "Fontamara: dal Romanzo di Ignazio Silone edito da Mondadori" ERI, 1980 Magill, Frank Northen and Dayton Kohler. "Masterpieces of world literature in digest form" Harper & Row, 1969 Stefano Mercanti. The rose and the lotus: partnership studies in the works of Raja Rao. Rodopi, (31 March 2010) pp.80–. ISBN978-90-420-2833-3. Siegal, Paul N. "Revolution and the 20th-century novel", Pathfinder Press, 1979 Chapter 4 Giuseppe Alberto Traldi (1973). Realism and nonrealism in Ignazio Silone's fontamara. Frank Northern Magill (1984). Critical survey of long fiction: Foreign language series. Salem Press. ISBN978-0-89356-373-8.

title: Ignazio Silone

text: Three of Silone's poems were included by Hanns Eisler in his Deutsche Sinfonie, along with poetry by Bertolt Brecht.

title: Aline Valangin

text: Aline Valangin was a Swiss writer, pianist, and psychoanalyst. In Zurich she was follower of Carl Jung and became a psychoanalyst. With Vladimir Rosenbaum (1894–1984, her husband from 1917 to 1940), at Comologno she helped and played host to migrants as Ignazio Silone, Ernst Toller, and Kurt Tucholsky. In 1931, she loved Silone, read his masterpiece "Fontamara", and helped him to publish it.

title: Mauro Canali

text: His book, "L'informatore. Silone i comunisti e la polizia", (coauthored with Dario Biocca), which revealed the collaboration between the well-known Abruzzi author Ignazio Silone and the Fascist political police during the 1920s, was the subject of much debate among historians in Italy and abroad. It was discussed in publications including "New Left Review", "The New Yorker", and "The Nation".

title: Pescina

text: Museum that was built in the birthplace of the writer. Home Silone was one of the few houses to escape the earthquake of 1915. The museum devoted to Ignazio Silone contains several manuscripts and original letters of the author.


query: When was the Screen Actors Guild founded?

title: Screen Actors Guild

text: The Guild was founded in 1933 in an effort to eliminate what were described as exploitation of Hollywood actors who were being forced into oppressive multi-year contracts with the major movie studios. Opposition to these contracts included that they did not include restrictions on work hours or minimum rest periods, and often had clauses that automatically renewed at the studios' discretion. These contracts were notorious for allowing the studios to dictate the public and private lives of the performers who signed them, and most did not have provisions to allow the performer to end the deal.[4]

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements by a male actor on a comedy television series. The award is for both lead and supporting characters.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award, given by the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA), is an award dedicated to honor the best performances of actors in film and television. "Game of Thrones" has received seven awards out of fifteen nominations. Dinklage was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series in 2014, his first for the series.

title: Screen Actors Guild

text: Since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA.

title: Madhur Mittal

text: In 2008 he was nominated for the Black Reel Awards of 2008 for Best Ensemble and in 2009, along with the entire cast of "Slumdog Millionaire" he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture at the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards. He was also set to be present for the 66th Golden Globe Awards and the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards.

title: Ken Howard

text: Howard was elected president of the actors' union, Screen Actors Guild (SAG), in September 2009 and reelected to a second term, in September 2011. He was the last president of the Screen Actors Guild and the first president of the newly formed union, SAG-AFTRA, after the Screen Actors Guild and another union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), voted to merge in 2012. He was reelected in 2015.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture is one of the awards given by the Screen Actors Guild. The award, which recognizes the work of stunt performers and coordinators, was first presented at the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards for performances by SAG's members in 2007 films.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in Miniseries or Television Movie.Note: Winners are indicated in bold type.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in Comedy Series.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in Dramatic Television.

title: Screen Actors Guild

text: , the Independent Producers Outreach Program of the Screen Actors Guild , The Nation (April 2, 1938)

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in Dramatic Television.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award is an award presented by the Screen Actors Guild's National Honors and Tributes Committee for "outstanding achievement in fostering the finest ideals of the acting profession." The award predates the 1st Screen Actors Guild Awards by over thirty years. The first recipient of the award was performer and comedian Eddie Cantor, awarded to him in 1962. Since 1962, the award has been presented every year except for 1963 and 1981. There has been two occasions where two individuals received the award the same year: the first in 1985, when it was presented to actor Paul Newman and actress Joanne Woodward, and again in 2000, when it was presented to civil rights activists Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. As of 2018, 54 individuals have received the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award: 46 men and 19 women.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in Miniseries or Television Movie.Note: Winners are indicated in bold type.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest female acting achievement in a comedy series. Actresses are eligible for the award whether they appear in leading or supporting roles in their respective programs.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film.

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest ensemble acting achievements in dramatic television.

title: SAG Foundation

text: The Screen Actors Guild Foundation is an American organisation that provides assistance and educational programming to the professionals of Screen Actors Guild. It also provides children’s literacy programs to the public. Founded in 1985, it relies solely on support from grants, corporate sponsorships and individuals to maintain its programs.

title: Screen Actors Guild

text: The Screen Actors Guild Women's Committee was founded in 1972.

title: Screen Actors Guild Award

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards (also known as SAG Awards) are accolades given by the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) to recognize outstanding performances in film and prime time television. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is tall, weighs over , is cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.

title: 1st Screen Actors Guild Awards

text: The Inaugural Screen Actors Guild Awards aired on NBC from Stage 12, Universal Studios, on February 25, 1995. Unveiled during this evening for the first time was the Guild’s new award statuette, The Actor, as well as the first awards for ensembles in drama series and comedy series which honor all of the actors who are the regulars in television series. From this auspicious beginning the Screen Actors Guild Awards® has been embraced as one of the most prestigious in the entertainment industry.

title: Frank Underwood (House of Cards)

text: In season 2, Spacey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.

title: I Smile Back

text: Silverman was nominated for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards.

title: Screen Actors Guild

text: Actors' Equity Association (AEA) ACTRA American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) Asociación Nacional de Actores (ANDA) British Actors' Equity Association SAG Foundation Screen Actors Guild Awards The Screen Guild Theater

text: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series is one of the awards given by the Screen Actors Guild. The award was awarded for the first time in 2007.

title: Screen Actors Guild

text: The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban and Carmen Zapata.[9]

title: List of awards and nominations received by Stranger Things

text: The main cast has been nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series nominations, winning in 2017. Millie Bobby Brown is the most nominated member of the cast, including being honored with nominations for two Primetime Emmy Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. Cast member David Harbour also received nominations for two Primetime Emmy Awards and one Screen Actors Guild Award, in addition to a Golden Globe Award nomination, while Winona Ryder was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award.