query: How old is BMW?

title: BMW

text: The company was founded in 1916 and has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria. BMW produces motor vehicles in Germany, Brazil, China, India, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 2015, BMW was the world's twelfth largest producer of motor vehicles, with 2,279,503 vehicles produced.[2] The Quandt family are long-term shareholders of the company, with the remaining shares owned by public float.

title: BMW M4 DTM

text: The BMW P66 engine in the BMW M4 DTM generates approx. 480 bhp with the air restrictor specified in the technical regulations. It is made up of 800 different components, consisting of 3,900 individual parts. When designing the DTM drivetrain, BMW Motorsport took full advantage of the technological know-how within the BMW Group. The high-tech foundry connected to BMW Plant Landshut accounts for the large cast parts, such as the cylinder head and crankcase – just as it does in the production of the six-cylinder in-line engine for the BMW M4 Coupé. The cast parts are coated and given the necessary heat treatment within the appropriate departments in Munich. The BMW V8 for the DTM is both a sprinter and a marathon runner. It allows the BMW M4 DTM to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in about three seconds. Only ten engines are permitted for all eight BMWs over the course of the entire season. Therefore, reliability is a prerequisite to success.

title: BMW M12

text: Rebadged as "Megatron", the BMW engines were used by the Arrows team for the and seasons, as well as Ligier for 1987 only. In the final season for the turbos, Arrows were one of only six teams still running turbocharged engines and the only team to still use the old BMW engines. During the 1988 season the Megatron engines were the oldest turbos still in use in Formula One dating back to (Ferrari, which had been using turbos since , had introduced a completely new engine from 1987).

title: Kumho BMW Championship

text: The BMW Car Club Championship was started in 1987 by husband and wife team, John and Linda McVicker. The Championship was an amateur club series, for BMW owners who wished to race their BMW's at all the national circuits in the UK. The championship was open to all types of BMW from 2002s to CSLs, Bat Mobiles, new or old. The first race meeting took place on a cold and overcast Saturday at Silverstone where it the club managed to field a full grid.

title: Designworks

text: Designworks is a global creative consultancy owned by BMW and based in Newbury Park, California, United States. Designworks has two further studios, in Munich, Germany and Shanghai, China. Established independently in 1972 by Charles Pelly, it became a wholly owned BMW Group subsidiary in 1995, and was instrumental in the design of the BMW XL Sports Activity Vehicle and the BMW 5 Series. Other development projects at Designworks have included the BMW electric car, BMW 850 seat, BMW E46 3 Series, BMW Z8, BMW 7 Series interior, BMW Zeta show car, BMW E46 3 Series, and BMW 100- and 1200 Touring motorcycles, among many others.

title: BMW X3

text: The electric powertrain is distinguished by a more compact design than that used by the existing BMW i3 with the electric motor, transmission and power electrics grouped together in a single component. It allows BMW to significantly reduce production costs over the old unit. As with the Audi e-tron, the BMW iX3 features a control unit that permits its battery to charged at fast-charging stations generating up to 150 kW, allowing it to be fully charged in just 30 minutes.

title: BMW Bank

text: The range of BMW Group Financial Services includes merchandise funding and financing stockkeeping of automobile and replacement parts for the BMW and MINI retailers as well as purchase funding and financing for automobiles and motorbikes for the customers of the BMW and MINI retailers (Installments and 3-Options-Financing BMW Select). In addition the range also includes the financing of one year-old-used cars as well as the allocation of cash credits. In the area of asset management services the company offers MobilPlan onTop (savings account with car purchase bonus), MobilPlus (call money), fixed deposit, (savings bond), Multimanager Investmentfonds (investment funds), BMW-Card (credit card for BMW-drivers), Online-Tagesgeld (call money), Fonds-Navigator (funds navigator) and Spar + Invest (save + invest), Bonus on Top.

title: Robert Wickens

text: In 2005, when he was sixteen years old, Wickens started his formula racing career. Thanks to Junior Scholarship from BMW, he participated in Formula BMW USA for Team Apex Racing USA. He scored five podiums including two wins, which brought him third place and best rookie's title. Also he competed in Formula BMW World Final, where he finished sixth.

title: Glas GT

text: With the BMW acquisition of the Glas business, the GT was refitted to accommodate the 1,573 cc BMW engine already fitted in the BMW 1600. The BMW “new class” models introduced in 1962 had attracted press comment concerning the fact that the engine was canted over at an angle of 30 degrees from the vertical plane, permitting a lower bonnet/hood line, and this feature was retained when the engine was fitted in the Glas GT body to create what was now branded as the BMW 1600GT. By using the BMW engine the car also acquired a further increase in power output, now up to 77 kW (105 PS). Handling was improved by applying the BMW's relatively sophisticated semi-trailing arm rear axle with coil springs in place of the more old fashioned rigid rear axle and leaf spring configuration previously employed by the Glas GT. BMW also took the opportunity to fit “new” round rear lights – being those that from 1966 also featured on the BMW 1602, and to reconfigure the front grill to incorporate the BMW “twin kidney” grill

title: Fedden Mission

text: Between Wednesday, 20 June and the following Sunday (24 June), the Mission (billetted overnight 20–21 June at the Third U.S. Army's Intelligence Center, examined BMW's plant at Munich and interviewed Dr. Bruckmann, Fedden's old friend, technical director of BMW's engine programs; Dr. Amman, in charge of BMW's piston engine development; Mr. Willich, his top aide; and Dr. Sachse, senior engineer until 1942, and the man responsible for overseeing production of the 801 radial. While at Munich, the Mission examined several 801 developments, including a turbocharged version with hollow turbine blades; several of these were apparently abandoned at Kassel's airfield They also examined the Wright "Duplex-Cyclone" displacement class BMW 802, an "interesting and unorthodox design" by Sachse; Fedden considered it "one of the most interesting piston engines seen in Germany". Of the 83.5-litre displacement class, BMW 803 possessing a 28-cylinder layout reminiscent of the Pratt & Whitney "Wasp Major", but with the BMW four-row radial design using liquid cooling instead, as designed by Dr. Spiegel of Siemens, the final report remarked, "Its layout and design appeared clumsy and rather indifferent." They also witnessed the BMW 003A-1 axial-flow turbojet run on the Herbitus test stand.

title: BMW i

text: In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which is being given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand. , four BMW electrified models have been released using BMW i technology, the BMW X5 xDrive40e, released in 2015, and the BMW 225xe Active Tourer, BMW 330e iPerformance, and BMW 740e iPerformance, released in 2016.

title: BMW 303

text: The BMW 303 was a small family saloon produced by BMW in 1933 and 1934. It was the first BMW motor car with a six-cylinder engine and the first BMW motor car with the "kidney grille" associated with the brand. The platform developed for the 303 was used for several other BMW cars, including the BMW 309, a four-cylinder version of the 303, the BMW 315, a 1.5-litre version of the 303 which replaced it in 1934 and was built until 1937, the BMW 319, a 1.9-litre version of the 303 produced alongside the 315 from 1935 to 1937, and the BMW 329, a development of the 319 with styling based on the newer, larger BMW 326, that briefly replaced the 319 in 1937.

title: 2004 Formula BMW Asia season

text: The 2004 Formula BMW Asia season was won by Marchy Lee of Hong Kong, driving for Team Meritus. Lee finished the season on 250 points, followed by BMW Junior driver, 24-year-old You Kyong-Ouk and Rookie Cup winner Mehdi Bennani), both on 124 points. Lee receive an extra prize in recognition of his extraordinary achievements – a three-day test with the Team Rosberg Formula 3 outfit.

title: BMW F650CS

text: Initial press reaction among motorcycle critics was uniformly positive, particularly praising BMW for taking a bold and innovative risk, and for their willingness to break traditional molds and entice consumers other than the typical motorcycle rider, though they worried that the cachet of the BMW label would not be enough to justify the premium price. It appeared at a time when most motorcycles were increasing in horsepower and specialization, and the F650CS went against those marketing trends, aimed instead at urban commuters, non-traditional riders, new motorcyclists, women, and shorter riders. The model was one example of BMW's efforts to combat becoming too much of an "old man's brand", and expand beyond their famous touring machines into new markets. The bike's designer David Robb said that, "If we want to offer something to new people we have to offer something new." The large storage space and ease of use suggested the F650CS could attract scooter commuters as well as motorcyclists. BMW estimated 40% of sales would come from non-motorcyclists. It was BMW's first entry-level motorcycle since the R65 of 1978–1984. The F650CS was derived from the dual-sport F650GS single, which was BMW's top selling model worldwide in 2001.

title: Franz Josef Popp

text:
The rise of BMW to one of Bavaria’s and Germany’s big industrial companies began in 1922 under Popp’s management. The product range of BMW AG was expanded and soon it extended beyond engines for the aircraft industry to include motorcycles as broader sections of the population gained access to motorized transport. This was an area to which Popp devoted considerable attention. Under his chairmanship, BMW AG further expanded its product range and know-how in 1928 by purchasing the vehicle manufacturing factory Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach (FFE). This was the
first time that cars bore the BMW brand on the roads.In 1928, Popp also concluded a license agreement with the US American company Pratt & Whitney, allowing BMW to manufacture two air-cooled radial engines. This ensured that BMW had access to key know-how in an area of aircraft engine construction with a great future. The expertise acquired through production under license allowed BMW to develop air-cooled radial engines under its own steam during the 1930s. Construction of the BMW aircraft engine factory in Allach (1935), expansion of the manufacturing facilities in Eisenach (1937) and acquisition of the Brandenburg Motor Works (Bramo) in Berlin-Spandau enabled BMW to expand capacities for aircraft engine manufacture under Popp’s leadership. Following the acquisition of Bramo in 1939, BMW enjoyed a monopoly for the production of air-cooled aircraft engines in Germany. This made BMW a key strategic company for the German aviation industry as the Third Reich rearmed. However, Popp was skeptical of the rapid expansion and redirection of the company for purposes of arming Germany in preparation for war.

title: I would rather cry in a BMW

text: "I would rather cry in a BMW" is a quotation that became an online sensation in the People's Republic of China in 2010. The old, long-familiar phrase was made famous by Ma Nuo, a 20-year-old female contestant on the television show "Fei Cheng Wu Rao" (also known in English as "If you are the One"). The line was in response to a question by an unemployed suitor who asked if Ma would "ride a bicycle with him" on a date. The series of events have been summed up in the media with the quip "I would rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle."

title: Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei

text: Semir Gerkhan: BMW 325i E36 (UB-E 438); Volkswagen Passat B2 (K:TS 1966) BMW X5 E53 (NE-FL 208, NE:TL 3737); BMW X3 E83 (NE:TL 3737); BMW 330i E90 (NE:TL 3737); Mercedes CLK 320 W209 (D:AA 119); Skoda Octavia Type 1Z (D:AM 391); BMW X6 E71 (D:HB 1711); BMW X1 E84 (K:CM 296, K:ES 453); Mercedes-Benz ML 350 W164 (D:AA 119); BMW X3 F25 (K:QK 789, K:MN 774, K:OI 189); BMW X5 E70 (D:CE 925); BMW 328i F30 (D:EH 304); BMW 528i F10 (D:BM 3308); BMW X4 F26 (D:GC 7646); BMW 535d F10 (D:BH 153); BMW 540i G30 (D:BH 153)

title: History of BMW

text: For the small BMW business, the large orders received from the Reichswehr for the BMW IIIa engine were overwhelming. Under Karl Rapp, only a small number of engines had been produced and the manufacturing facilities were not in any way adequate to handle the mass production now required. Not only did BMW lack suitable machine tools but, to a very large degree, skilled manpower as well. However, the most serious drawback was in the small and aging workshops. Nevertheless, under the state-controlled war economy, officials in the relevant ministries were able to give BMW extensive practical support. So in a short time BMW got the skilled workers and machinery it needed. In addition, the Munich company received a high level of financial assistance, which enabled it to build a completely new factory from the ground up, in the immediate vicinity of the old workshops. Due to the share capital being too small, both the building of the new plant and the working capital needed for materials and wages had to be financed with external funds, i.e. bank loans or state assistance. The war ministries of Bavaria and Prussia (then both separate kingdoms within the Kaiser’s Empire) did not, however, wish to go on supporting BMW with loans and guarantees, and therefore urged the flotation of a public limited company.

title: List of Bathurst 1000 vehicles

text:
BMW 2002 Tii - 1975, 1976, 1977
BMW 2800 - 1970
BMW 3.0 S - 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979
BMW 318i - 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999
BMW 320i - 1997, 1998, 1999
BMW 323i - 1986, 1990
BMW 325i - 1998
BMW 530i - 1978
BMW 635CSi - 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
BMW M3 - 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994

title: BMW K1600

text: New technology for BMW on these models include adaptive headlights. As standard the headlights shine onto a mirror which keeps the beam level according to how the bike is pitched. The optional adaptive headlights include a servomotor that directs the headlight beam according to how the bike is leaning in a turn, effectively pointing the beam around the bend.

title: BMW X5 (E53)

text: The X5, along with the BMW Z4 (E85) roadster, BMW X6, and BMW X3 are currently manufactured in BMW's South Carolina plant in Greer and at the BMW de México plant in Toluca, Mexico, alongside the BMW 3 series, BMW 5 series and BMW 7 series. Since 2009 the X5 has also been assembled in limited numbers in Kaliningrad, Russia by Avtotor.

title: Kumho BMW Championship

text: The Championship continued under the BMW Car Club banner until late 1999, where the championship was renamed to the BMW Racing Drivers Club. The championship became the ‘Drivers Club’ where the all the drivers had a say in how the organisation was run, and it is continues in that fashion to this day. The series is established as one of the fastest road tyred (treaded) championships in the country, but it is not necessary to use the latest models, or to run at the front to be competitive.2012 marked the 25th anniversary for the Kumho BMW Championship, and also the 15th Anniversary of successful sponsorship from Kumho Tires.

title: 1987 World Touring Car Championship

text: Among those who did commit to the championship were the Ford Europe backed Eggenberger Motorsport with their Texaco sponsored Ford Sierra turbo's, Andy Rouse's team who ran their own Sierra Cosworth, the factory backed BMW teams of West Germany's Schnitzer Motorsport and the Italian CiBiEmme and Bigazzi teams racing the new BMW M3 which had replaced the old 635 CSi as BMW's main challenger, and the Alfa Corse team with their factory Alfa Romeo 75 turbo's.

title: Camillo Castiglioni

text: Castiglioni significantly influenced the development of BMW AG in its early years. The granting of a license agreement by Austro-Daimler to the Rapp-Werke in 1917 was partly attributable to Castiglioni. 1918 At Castiglioni's insistence the Wiener Bankverein (Vienna) acquired the majority of BMW's share capital. 1922 Castiglioni purchased all the equipment relating to engine construction, the associated know-how and the rights to the name "Bayerische Motoren Werke AG" from the BMW AG, which was renamed Süddeutsche Bremse AG. Castiglioni in turn renamed the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke to BMW AG and allowed the renamed company to continue production at the BFW plant. From the establishment of BMW AG until November 9, 1922 and then from 1924 to 1929, he was a member of the Supervisory Board and President of BMW AG. 1928 Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Board.

title: Facelift (product)

text: For instance, comparing BMW 750 with BMW 750li, it's in the fifth generation, the Seven's brief remains unchanged: offer limo comfort. The new 750li uses BMW's latest 4.4-litre twin-turbo V8, in place of the old petrol V12. It also has four-wheel-steering in an effort to improve the 7's dynamic ability. And there's a host of new technology – including a new iDrive system – which will eventually filter through to the rest of the BMW range. This all stands the 7 Series apart from its more obviously opulent key rivals, the Mercedes S-class and Lexus LS. This BMW is a boardroom on wheels, not a boudoir.

title: JPS Team BMW

text: JPS Team BMW is a former Australian motor racing team that ran from 1981-1987. The team's main focus was touring car racing but also ran in sports sedans and GT cars as well. The team, under the management of former British Touring Car Champion and Formula One racer Frank Gardner, was based in Sydney and completed almost all of their testing at the old Amaroo Park circuit with Gardner himself doing most of the test miles in the various BMW's the team raced.

title: BMW India

text:
The Chennai BMW Plant opened on March 29, 2007, and has since assembled over 57,000 vehicles. Among these include: the BMW 3 Series, the BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo, the BMW 5 Series, the BMW 7 Series, the BMW X1, the BMW X3 and the BMW X5. Assembly of the BMW 6 Series Gran Turismo, is expected to begin in 2018.
As of April 1, 2018 BMW has launched its first production line of the MINI Countryman model in India, the delivery of which will begin by June of the same year. MINI has established five exclusive dealerships in India.

title: 2003 Bathurst 24 Hour

text: A mixed bag of leftovers, it included Future Touring Ford Falcon, Holden VX Commodore & Holden VY Commodore, a Nürburgring VLN series BMW M3, a Supertouring BMW 320i, an old GT-Production BMW M3-R, New Zealand Schedule S touring car Toyota Altezza and Mitsubishi Mirage Cup one-make series cars.

title: Luxury goods of China

text: Audi is still the dominant choice of car in the government fleet market. BMW sales are growing but is perceived to be for the newly rich. Mercedes is seen to be for old folks. Brands such as BMW and Audi are designing customized cars for the Chinese luxury car market. BMW designed a model with a longer wheelbase especially for government officials in order to give the back seat passenger more space.

title: BMW 327

text: It is not clear how many of the post war 327s were branded as BMWs and how many as EMWs, but 505 were produced with one or other of the badges.

title: History of BMW

text: By the end of the 1940s BMW had returned to motorcycle manufacture but still had not restarted automobile manufacture. Kurt Donath, technical director of BMW and general manager of the Milbertshofen factory, solicited manufacturers, including Ford and Simca, to produce their vehicles under licence. In particular, Donath was looking to produce old models under licence, so that he could buy tooling along with the licence.


query: Who is the publisher of Cyberpunk 2077?

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: Cyberpunk 2077 is an upcoming role-playing video game developed and published by CD Projekt, releasing for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Adapted from the 1988 tabletop game Cyberpunk 2020, it is set fifty-seven years later in dystopian Night City, California, an open world with six distinct regions. In a first-person perspective, players assume the role of the customisable mercenary V, who can apply experience points to stat upgrades to reach prominence in the character classes NetRunner, Techie, and Solo. V has an arsenal of ranged weapons and options for melee combat, all of which can be modified. V travels Night City by foot and in a range of vehicles.

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: Cyberpunk 2077 entered pre-production as soon as developer CD Projekt Red had finished The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt – Blood and Wine.[27] Around this time, approximately fifty staff members were involved;[28] they later devoted a team larger than that of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt,[29] and after it was released, began upgrading their REDengine 3 to complement Cyberpunk 2077.[30] They learned early on how aspects like stream processing and global illumination would function without disturbing the central processing unit.[31]

title: Japanese cyberpunk

text:
Cyberpunk anime and manga draw upon a futuristic vision which has elements in common with western science fiction and therefore have received wide international acceptance outside Japan. "The conceptualization involved in cyberpunk is more of forging ahead, looking at the new global culture. It is a culture that does not exist right now, so the Japanese concept of a cyberpunk future, seems just as valid as a Western one, especially as Western cyberpunk often incorporates many Japanese elements." William Gibson is now a frequent visitor to Japan, and he came to see that many of his visions of Japan have become a reality:
Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. The Japanese themselves knew it and delighted in it. I remember my first glimpse of Shibuya, when one of the young Tokyo journalists who had taken me there, his face drenched with the light of a thousand media-suns—all that towering, animated crawl of commercial information—said, "You see? You see? It is "Blade Runner" town." And it was. It so evidently was."Akira" (1982 manga) and its 1988 anime film adaptation have influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games. "Akira" has been cited as a major influence on Hollywood films such as "The Matrix", "Dark City", "Chronicle", "Looper", "Midnight Special", and "Inception", television shows such as "Stranger Things", and video games such as Hideo Kojima's "Snatcher" and "Metal Gear Solid", Valve's "Half-Life" series and Dontnod Entertainment's "Remember Me". John Gaeta cited "Akira" as artistic inspiration for the bullet time effect in "The Matrix" films. "Akira" has also been credited with influencing the "Star Wars" franchise, including the prequel film trilogy and the "Clone Wars" film and television series. "Akira" has also influenced the work of musicians such as Kanye West, who paid homage to "Akira" in the "Stronger" music video, and Lupe Fiasco, whose album "Tetsuo & Youth" is named after Tetsuo Shima. The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in "Steven Spielberg"'s film "Ready Player One", and CD Projekt's video game "Cyberpunk 2077". "" video game developer Eidos Montréal also paid homage to the film's poster.

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: The game draws inspiration from several cyberpunk works, including the 1982 film Blade Runner, Japanese cyberpunk manga / anime series Ghost in the Shell, and video games System Shock (1994) and Deus Ex (2000).[48] It also features a motorbike from the Akira manga / 1988 anime film.[49] Mike Pondsmith, who created the original tabletop game Cyberpunk 2020, started consulting on the project after being approached in 2012.[46][50] The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt composer Marcin Przybyłowicz was chosen to write the score.[51]

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: Cyberpunk 2077 is being developed by CD Projekt Red, an internal studio within CD Projekt, using the REDengine 4 game engine. They launched a new division in Wrocław and partnered with Digital Scapes to assist development. The staff exceeds the amount that worked on The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt.

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: Cyberpunk 2077 was announced in May 2012.[28] In January 2013, a teaser trailer was released,[52] reaching twelve million views in its first week.[53] The game was confirmed for Microsoft Windows the same year,[54] and for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One at E3 2018,[55] where they revealed a second trailer and a media-exclusive, pre-alpha gameplay demonstration,[53][56][57] released to the public in August of that year, following its appearance at Gamescom.[58] The game will be distributed in North America by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.[59] Bilkom is publishing it in Turkey.[60] Bandai Namco Entertainment will act as publisher for twenty-four European countries.[61]

title: CD Projekt

text: The company's next project is "Cyberpunk 2077", an open-world role-playing game based on the "Cyberpunk 2020" tabletop system created by Mike Pondsmith. Introduced in May 2012 with an international development team, it was described by CD Projekt as "far bigger" than "The Witcher 3". Another CD Projekt office in Kraków, which had assisted the development of CD Projekt's previous games, is expected to develop their own games in the future.

title: Cyberpunk

text: "Akira" (1982 manga) and its 1988 anime film adaptation have influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games. "Akira" has been cited as a major influence on Hollywood films such as "The Matrix", "Chronicle", "Looper", "Midnight Special", and "Inception", as well as cyberpunk-influenced video games such as Hideo Kojima's "Snatcher" and "Metal Gear Solid", Valve's "Half-Life" series and Dontnod Entertainment's "Remember Me". "Akira" has also influenced the work of musicians such as Kanye West, who paid homage to "Akira" in the "Stronger" music video, and Lupe Fiasco, whose album "Tetsuo & Youth" is named after Tetsuo Shima. The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in "Steven Spielberg"'s film "Ready Player One", and CD Projekt's video game "Cyberpunk 2077".

title: Mike Pondsmith

text: Pondsmith has been very active in gaming communities and has appeared at many gaming conventions over the years. He was present at many of the Gen Cons which led to his memories of his experiences to be featured in Robin D. Laws' "40 Years of Gen Con" published in August 2007 by Atlas Games. He attended I-CON, A-Kon, Norwescon, Origins, DEXCON, DunDraCon and others. Pondsmith was a guest of honor at Ropecon 1999, Astronomicon 2001 and I-CON 25 (March 24–26, 2006). Both Mike and his son Cody run various games during different gaming conventions. Pondsmith also appeared on stage to talk about the "Cyberpunk 2077" video game during two of the CD Projekt Red's conferences.

title: Cyberpunk (novel)

text: Cyberpunk is a science fiction short story and novel written by Bruce Bethke in 1980, published November 1983 in "Amazing Stories" magazine, and published in novel form online. It is most famous for coining the "word" "cyberpunk", which came to be used to describe the media subgenre centered on rebellious use of technology under the science fiction archetype.

title: Cyberpunk 2020

text: "Cyberpunk 2020" is the second edition of the original game, "Cyberpunk: The Roleplaying Game of the Dark Future", often called "Cyberpunk 2013" or just "Cyberpunk". It was originally published as a boxed set in 1988, and R. Talsorian released a few supplements for this edition, including "Rockerboy", "Solo of Fortune", and "Hardwired", the latter based on the Walter Jon Williams novel of the same name. Another supplement was "Near Orbit" (made obsolete by "Deep Space" in Cyberpunk 2020)

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: The teaser trailer received the People's Choice award for Best Animation at the 2013 FITC Awards,[62] the award for Best Trailer at the 2013 Machinima Inside Gaming Awards,[63] and a nomination for Best Video Game Trailer at the 2013 Golden Trailer Awards.[64] Following E3 2018, Cyberpunk 2077 won the awards for Best Game, Best Xbox One Game, Best PC Game,[65] Best RPG,[66] and People's Choice at IGN,[67] Best Role-Playing Game and Game of the Show at Game Informer,[68] Best of E3 at PC Gamer,[69] and Game of the Show at GamesRadar+.[70] The second trailer was broadly considered one of the best at the expo,[71][72][73][74] although writer William Gibson, credited with pioneering the cyberpunk subgenre, said "the trailer for Cyberpunk 2077 strikes me as GTA skinned-over with a generic 80s retro-future".[75] The fact that it is played in a first-person perspective, contrary to The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt's third-person view, was also subject to criticism.[76][77] At the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards, Cyberpunk 2077 won the Most Wanted Game award.[78]

title: DJ Hyper

text: In 2013 Hyper released his best-selling album to date, "Lies", where he experimented with the power of dynamic and strings elements. The album received worldwide acclaim from artists and bloggers alike. In 2014, Hyper released an orchestral re-interpretation of 8 tracks featured in "Lies" to create “Symphony of Lies” in collaboration with Chris White. In 2018, "Spoiler" from "Lies" was featured in the E3 trailer for the video game "Cyberpunk 2077".

title: Cyberpunk

text:
Several RPGs called "Cyberpunk" exist: "Cyberpunk", "Cyberpunk 2020" and "Cyberpunk v3", by R. Talsorian Games, and "GURPS Cyberpunk", published by Steve Jackson Games as a module of the GURPS family of RPGs. "Cyberpunk 2020" was designed with the settings of William Gibson's writings in mind, and to some extent with his approval, unlike the approach taken by FASA in producing the transgenre "Shadowrun" game. Both are set in the near future, in a world where cybernetics are prominent. In addition, Iron Crown Enterprises released an RPG named "Cyberspace", which was out of print for several years until recently being re-released in online PDF form. CD Projekt Red is currently developing "Cyberpunk 2077," a cyberpunk first-person open world RPG video-game based on the tabletop RPG "Cyberpunk 2020".
In 1990, in a convergence of cyberpunk art and reality, the United States Secret Service raided Steve Jackson Games's headquarters and confiscated all their computers. Officials denied that the target had been the "GURPS Cyberpunk" sourcebook, but Jackson would later write that he and his colleagues "were never able to secure the return of the complete manuscript; [...] The Secret Service at first flatly refused to return anything – then agreed to let us copy files, but when we got to their office, restricted us to one set of out-of-date files – then agreed to make copies for us, but said "tomorrow" every day from March 4 to March 26. On March 26 we received a set of disks which purported to be our files, but the material was late, incomplete and well-nigh useless." Steve Jackson Games won a lawsuit against the Secret Service, aided by the new Electronic Frontier Foundation. This event has achieved a sort of notoriety, which has extended to the book itself as well. All published editions of "GURPS Cyberpunk" have a tagline on the front cover, which reads "The book that was seized by the U.S. Secret Service!" Inside, the book provides a summary of the raid and its aftermath.

title: Mike Pondsmith

text: On May 30, 2012, it was confirmed that Pondsmith was working with CD Projekt Red on a video game set in the "Cyberpunk" universe. On October 18, 2012, the game's name and settings were revealed to be "Cyberpunk 2077". Immediately afterwards, Brian Crecente was able to confirm with the game's creators that Pondsmith was also working on a new edition of "Cyberpunk" pen and paper RPG game that would evolve the genre. In the interview for GameSpot, CD Projekt's Marcin Iwiński divulged that Pondsmith's involvement in the video game development mostly focuses on the game world aspect and mechanics and his input, though constant, does not happen on a daily basis due to the distance between the parties. Video game creators as well as Mike Pondsmith and other RTG designers will contribute on the newly formed cyberpunk.net blog.

title: Melanie Papalia

text: In 2016, Papalia appeared in the movie "Hell or High Water", the movie was later nominated for four oscars. From 2016 to 2018, Melanie played the role as Nina in the TV series "You Me Her. S"he also played the role of a workout girl in the short film "Boomerang" in 2018"." Papalia also participates in voice acting, her voice has been featured in video games such as "Dying Light, Hatred" and "Cyberpunk 2077."

title: Cyberpunk 2020

text: Two different, independent collectible card games have been licensed and produced based on the "Cyberpunk" setting. The first, called "Netrunner", was designed by Richard Garfield, and released by Wizards of the Coast in 1996 (the game has since been re-released as but is no longer associated with the fictional Cyberpunk universe). The second was called "Cyberpunk CCG", released in 2003, designed by Peter Wacks and published by Social Games."Cyberpunk" was ranked 10th in the 1996 reader poll of "Arcane" magazine to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time. The UK magazine's editor Paul Pettengale commented: ""Cyberpunk" was the first of the 'straight' cyberpunk RPGs, and is still the best. The difference between cyberpunk and other sci-fi is a matter of style and attitude. Everything about the "Cyberpunk" game, from the background to the rules system, is designed to create this vital atmosphere. "Cyberpunk" is set in an unforgiving world where betrayal and double-crosses are common, trust is hard to find and paranoia is a useful survival trait."

title: List of Cyberpunk 2020 books

text:
The core books for the game were published by R. Talsorian Games. Atlas Games, a game publisher better known for their award-winning fantasy RPG Ars Magica, released several licensed adventures for Cyberpunk in the early 1990s.The Canadian company Ianus Games, currently known as Dream Pod 9, released several third-party supplements and adventure modules. Noteworthy among them was the sourcebook "Night's Edge" that took the basic Cyberpunk 2020 setting and blended in horror elements such as werewolves and vampires. Several Ianus Games adventures explored these themes further.
An Italian company that takes care of translation and distribution. They also independently produced a third-party setting sourcebook in the early '90s.The Interface was "The Magazine for the Cyberpunk Enthusiast" and was published on license from R Talsorian Games.

title: CD Projekt

text: The opening of a new studio in Wrocław, supporting the development of "Cyberpunk 2077", was announced in March 2018. Acquired from a studio called Strange New Things, it is headed by former Techland COO Pawel Zawodny and composed of other ex-Techland, IO Interactive, and CD Projekt Red employees.

title: REDengine

text: "Cyberpunk 2077" will use REDengine 4, the next iteration of the REDengine.

title: Platige Image

text: In January 2013, the studio released another cinematic, Cyberpunk 2077, a new title developed by CD Projekt Red.

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: Cyberpunk 2077 is a role-playing video game played in a first-person perspective as V,[4][5] a mercenary whose sex, hairstyles, face, body type, body modifications, background, and clothing are customisable. V's clothing alters how interactions fare with non-player characters (NPCs), who are also at V's disposal for romantic and sexual relationships. Stat categories—Strength, Constitution, Intelligence, Reflex, Tech, and Cool—are malleable to the character classes that players assume, which are mainly NetRunner (hacking), Techie (machinery), and Solo (combat). V must consult a "ripperdoc" to upgrade and purchase cyberware implants, at the cost of eurodollars, more so in black markets for military-grade abilities.[5][6][7][8] Colours signify the rarity of any given equipment, from "uncommon" (green) to "epic" (purple).[9] V can take cover, aim, run on the ground and walls, jump, double jump, and slide.[10][11] If provided with arm blades, V may climb walls and, like with other close-combat weapons, deal melee strikes.[7][12] There are three types of ranged weapons—Power (standard), Tech (which penetrate walls and enemies), and Smart (with homing bullets).[13][14] These can be customised and modified.[14] Ranged weapons are equipped to ricochet bullets in a target's direction and (with a reflex booster) slow them down in bullet time. Four types of damage can be inflicted—Physical, Thermal, EMP, and Chemical (which are identified in enemies by scanning them with a bionic eye).[6][15] Gunsmiths repair and upgrade weapons.[7]

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: CD Projekt Red was granted subventions of US$7 million by the Polish government, whose funding application confirmed the employment of REDengine 4.[32] In June 2017, data containing early designs were stolen and threatened to be released to the public, but the developer refused to comply with the ransom demand.[33][34] The development reportedly reached a milestone in late 2017,[35] and in March 2018, a new studio was opened in Wrocław to aid the production.[36] That July, nearly 350 employees were developing it,[37] and by the following month, the story was fully realised and could facilitate a complete playthrough.[1] In October 2018, CD Projekt Red announced the establishment of a long-term partnership with Canadian studio Digital Scapes to craft additional technology for Cyberpunk 2077.[38] Originally to launch with multiplayer,[39] this was later assigned to research and development,[40] with the single-player since prioritised.[21][41] The first-person perspective was selected to immerse players more than a third-person view would allow, given the detail the developer devoted to the open world.[13] Cutscenes and gameplay were made to seamlessly blend together, also for the purpose of immersion.[42] Cyberpunk 2077 will feature full nudity, which game director Adam Badowski said encapsulates the theme of transhumanism—"the body is no longer sacrum [sacred]; it's profanum [profane]".[43] The quest designers, who oversee the development of their own ideas, resolved to make the quest system allow players to decide the order in which quests are partaken of.[44] Side quests are often made from unused parts of the main story.[45] Animation and facial animation systems were remade to better generate lip syncing and muscle movement; motion capture was also improved. Environments are created from prefabricated designs for scalability's sake.[46] Reused models have altered colours and details.[47]

title: GURPS Cyberpunk

text: "GURPS Cyberpunk" was ultimately published in 1990, joining the already-released "Cyberpunk 2013" (1988) from R. Talsorian, "Cyberspace" (1989) from ICE, and "Shadowrun" (1989) from FASA.

title: Cyberpunk 2020

text: Cyberpunk, mainly known by its second edition title Cyberpunk 2020, is a cyberpunk role-playing game written by Mike Pondsmith and published by R. Talsorian Games in 1988. Because of the release in 1990 of the second edition, set in a fictional 2020, the first edition is often now referred to as "Cyberpunk 2013", following the fictional year, 2013, in which the game was set when it was first released in 1988. The third edition, published by R. Talsorian Games in 2005, is referred to as "Cyberpunk V3.0" and is set further along the same fictional timeline as the former editions, during the 2030s.

title: Cyberpunk 2077

text: No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.

title: Dystopia (video game)

text: Dystopia was featured in a blog post by Cyberpunk 2077 and The Witcher developers CD Projekt Red. The blog post titled "Recipes for kick-ass cyberpunk games" covered 3 of their favourite features from Dystopia as well as going into basic details about the game, finishing up the blog post with a link to the game's website encouraging readers to try it for themselves.

title: Cyberpunk

text: Role playing game publisher R. Talsorian Games, owner of the "Cyberpunk 2020" franchise, trademarked the word "Cyberpunk" in the United States in 2012. Video game developer CD Projekt, which is developing "Cyberpunk 2077", bought the U.S. trademark from R. Talsorian Games, and has filed a trademark in the European Union.

title: CD Projekt

text: After the release of "The Witcher", CD Projekt worked on a console port called "The Witcher: White Wolf"; but development issues and increasing costs almost led the company to the brink of bankruptcy. CD Projekt later released "" in 2011 and "" in 2015, with the latter winning various Game of the Year awards. The company's upcoming project is "Cyberpunk 2077", an open-world role-playing game based on the "Cyberpunk 2020" tabletop game system, for which it opened a new division in Wrocław.

title: Controlling Crowds

text: The second song off the album, "Bullets", has been used in the January 2013 teaser for CD Projekt Red's game titled "Cyberpunk 2077".


query: In what Tolkien book does Sting make its first appearance?

title: Sting (Middle-earth)

text: In The Hobbit (1937), hobbit Bilbo Baggins finds the blade in a troll-hoard, along with the swords Glamdring and Orcrist. Although it is only a dagger by the standard of Men or Elves, it serves as a sword for the diminutive Bilbo. He uses it to fight off the giant spiders in Mirkwood, and names the blade after the talking spiders refer to it as his "sting". Gollum is afraid of Sting, which aids Bilbo in his confrontation with Gollum under the Misty Mountains. Bilbo gives Sting to his nephew Frodo Baggins in The Fellowship of the Ring (1954). When Frodo is betrayed at the pass of Cirith Ungol, Samwise Gamgee takes the blade to prevent it from falling into enemy hands, but later returns it to Frodo. In The Return of the King (1955), Frodo gives Sting and all of his other possessions to Sam before Frodo departs for the Undying Lands.

title: Eärendil

text: The longest poem in "The Lord of the Rings" is the song about Eärendil which Bilbo sings at Rivendell. This poem has an extraordinarily complex history. Long before writing "The Lord of the Rings", Tolkien wrote a poem he called "Errantry", probably in the early 1930s, which was published in "The Oxford Magazine" on Nov. 9, 1933. Although this fanciful poem does not mention Eärendil, nor does it refer to any names or events from his mythology, Bilbo's song ultimately derives from it. There are six texts of different versions of this poem extant in Tolkien's papers, and no less than 15 further manuscripts and typescripts of Bilbo's song, in several lines of development. In fact, based on the evidence of the existing texts, it appears that the version which Tolkien sent to his publisher and which was published in the book was actually not his final version of the poem. Apparently the final version was mislaid, and an earlier version was the one that was printed.

title: Tauriel

text: In June 2011 Peter Jackson announced that actress Evangeline Lilly, who was known for her portrayal of Kate Austen in the ABC television drama "Lost", was cast in the role. Lilly, who had been a fan of Tolkien's books since she was 13, expressed some trepidation at the reaction of Tolkien purists to a character that does not appear in Tolkien's written works, but stated that creating the character for the adaptation was justified: "I believe she is authentic, because Tolkien refers to The Woodland Elves, he just doesn't talk about who they are specifically… [Peter and Fran] know that world so well. They’re not going to create a character that is not true to Tolkien's world." Nonetheless, following the June 12, 2013 release of the first trailer for the film, some fans expressed dissatisfaction with the creation of a character that did not originate in the source material.

title: Tolkien fandom

text: The "Lord of the Rings" had its detractors in fandom, including both those who found the books unreadable or the character development inferior to the worldbuilding, and those who simply argued that Tolkien fans were taking things too far, with attempts to complete glossaries of Middle-earth already underway. A major defender and advocate of Tolkien in this era was Marion Zimmer Bradley, with such articles as her 1962 “Men, Halflings, and Hero Worship” in "Astra’s Tower". She wrote two Tolkien pastiches and one crossover story with Aragorn entering her own created world of Darkover. She published what would be a single issue of her own Tolkien fanzine, "Andúril".

title: George R. R. Martin

text: In distinguishing his work from others, Martin makes a point of emphasizing realism and plausible social dynamics above an over-reliance on magic and a simplistic "good versus evil" dichotomy, for which contemporary fantasy writing is often criticized. Notably, Martin's work makes a sharp departure from the prevalent "heroic knights and chivalry" schema that has become a mainstay in fantasy as derived from J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". He specifically critiques the oversimplification of Tolkien's themes and devices by imitators in ways that he has humorously described as "Disneyland Middle Ages", which gloss over or ignore major differences between medieval and modern societies, particularly social structures, ways of living, and political arrangements. Martin has been described as "the American Tolkien" by literary critics. While Martin finds inspiration in Tolkien's legacy, he aims to go beyond what he sees as Tolkien's "medieval philosophy" of "if the king was a good man, the land would prosper" to delve into the complexities, ambiguities, and vagaries of real-life power: "We look at real history and it's not that simple ... Just having good intentions doesn't make you a wise king." Per this fact Martin has been credited with the rise of Grimdark fantasy, a modern form of an "anti-Tolkien" approach to fantasy writing which, according to British science fiction and fantasy novelist Adam Roberts, is characterized by its reaction to Tolkien's idealism even though it owes a lot to Tolkien's work. The Canadian fantasy writer R. Scott Bakker "says he wouldn't have been able to publish his fantasy novels without the success George R. R. Martin achieved first". Similarly, Mark Lawrence, author of "Prince of Thorns", was inspired by Martin and impressed by his Red Wedding scene.

title: J. R. R. Tolkien's influences

text: After the publication of "The Lord of the Rings" these influences led to speculation that the One Ring was an allegory for the nuclear bomb. Tolkien, however, repeatedly insisted that his works were not an allegory of any kind. He states in the foreword to "The Lord of the Rings" that he disliked allegories and that the story was not one. Instead he preferred what he termed "applicability", the freedom of the reader to interpret the work in the light of his or her own life and times. Tolkien had already completed most of the book, including the ending in its entirety, before the first nuclear bombs were made known to the world at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

title: Barbara Remington

text: In an interview about her association with Tolkien's works, Remington mentions that she had not been able to get hold of the books before making the illustration, and had only a sketchy idea from friends what they were about. Tolkien, the author, could not understand why her illustration included what he thought were pumpkins in a tree, or why a lion appeared at all (the lions were removed from the cover of later editions).

title: Saruman

text: Tolkien had been writing "The Lord of the Rings" for several years when Saruman came into existence as the solution to a long-unresolved plot development, and his role and characteristics continued to emerge in the course of writing. Tolkien started work on the book in late 1937, but was initially unsure of how the story would develop. Unlike some of the other characters in the book, Saruman had not appeared in Tolkien's 1937 novel, "The Hobbit", or in his then-unpublished "Quenta Silmarillion" and related mythology, which date back to 1917. When he wrote of Gandalf’s failure to meet Frodo, Tolkien did not know what had caused it and later said: "Most disquieting of all, Saruman had never been revealed to me, and I was as concerned as Frodo at Gandalf's failure to appear." Tolkien's son, Christopher, has said that the early stages of the creation of "The Lord of the Rings" proceeded in a series of waves, and that having produced the first half of "The Fellowship of the Ring", Tolkien rewrote the tale from the start three times. Saruman first appeared during a fourth phase of writing in a rough narrative outline dated August 1940. Intended to account for Gandalf's absence, it describes how a wizard titled "Saramond the White" or "Saramund the Grey", who has fallen under the influence of Sauron, lures Gandalf to his stronghold and traps him. The full story of Saruman's betrayal was later added to the existing chapters.

title: Middle-earth canon

text: "The Silmarillion" was compiled by Christopher Tolkien (who was long involved in J. R. R. Tolkien's creative process) and published in 1977, four years after Tolkien’s death. It presents an abridged cycle of Tolkien's drafts of his Elvish legends, drawing material from the earliest "Book of Lost Tales" to drafts written long after "The Lord of the Rings". Most of the original texts have subsequently appeared in the "History of Middle-earth". Christopher's goal was a version resembling what he thought at the time his father might have produced.

title: Kirill Eskov

text: As a fiction writer he published several books, one of the most famous being "The Last Ringbearer" (), an alternative retelling of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", as told from the point of view of Sauron's forces, based on the proverb: "History is written by the victors." The book was "published to acclaim in his homeland in 1999. Translations of the book have also appeared in other European nations, but fear of the vigilant and litigious Tolkien estate has heretofore prevented its publication in English." In late 2010, however, an English translation approved by Eskov was posted on LiveJournal, and made available under non-commercial license. Critics have called "The Last Ringbearer" "a well-written, energetic adventure yarn that offers an intriguing gloss on what some critics have described as the overly simplistic morality of Tolkien's masterpiece."

title: Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien

text:
Bootleg paperbacks published by Ace Books eventually found their way into colleges in the US in the 1960s. In response, a revised, authorized edition was published by Ballantine Books. The "hippie" following latched onto the book, giving its own spin to the work's interpretation, such as the Dark Lord Sauron representing the United States military draft during the Vietnam War, to the chagrin of the author who stated that "Many American fans enjoy the books in a way which I do not".
Many fantasy series written in the period were created by fans of "The Lord of the Rings", such as the "Shannara" books by Terry Brooks.
There were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s. The first organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by fans including Ted Johnstone and Bruce Pelz at Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) in 1960. Articles on "The Lord of the Rings" had appeared regularly since 1962 in the science fiction fanzine "Niekas", edited by Ed Meskys.

title: Namárië

text: "Namárië" () is a poem by J. R. R. Tolkien written in Quenya, a constructed language, and published for the first time in "The Lord of the Rings" ("The Fellowship of the Ring", Book 2, Chapter "Farewell to Lórien"). It is subtitled "Galadriel's Lament in Lórien", which in Quenya is "Altariello nainië Lóriendessë". The poem appears in only one other book by Tolkien, "The Road Goes Ever On".

title: Balrog

text: Balrogs are fictional creatures in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. They first appeared in print in his novel "The Lord of the Rings", where the Fellowship of the Ring encounter one known as Durin's Bane in the Mines of Moria. Balrogs appeared also in Tolkien's earlier writings, published posthumously in "The Silmarillion" and later books.

title: Beren and Lúthien

text: It is painstakingly restored from Tolkien's manuscripts and presented for the first time as a continuous and standalone story. The intent of the book is to extract a single narrative out of the ever-evolving materials that make up "The Tale of Beren and Lúthien". It does not contain every version or edit to the story, but those Christopher Tolkien believed would offer the most clarity and minimal explanation.

title: Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth

text: Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth is a book exploring previously unpublished images of artwork, illustrations, maps, letters and manuscripts of professor J. R. R. Tolkien, curated by the Bodleian Library and written by Catherine Mcilwaine, Tolkien archivist at the Bodleian. The book largely documents professor Tolkien's creative processes behind works like "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion". Not only does the book draw on the collection at the Bodleian Library but also collections at Marquette University, as well as private collections.

title: Helm's Deep

text: In Book III, ch. 5 of The Two Towers, Helm is described only as a "hero of old wars"; it seems likely that Tolkien did not envision him as a king when he wrote this chapter. The first version of the list of kings of Rohan does not appear in the manuscripts until a draft of the early chapters of Book V

title: J. R. R. Tolkien

text:
Catholic theology and imagery played a part in fashioning Tolkien's creative imagination, suffused as it was by his deeply religious spirit. Tolkien acknowledged this himself:
Specifically, Paul H. Kocher argues that Tolkien describes evil in the orthodox Christian way as the absence of good. He cites many examples in "The Lord of the Rings", such as Sauron's "Lidless Eye": "the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit, a window into nothing". Kocher sees Tolkien's source as Thomas Aquinas, "whom it is reasonable to suppose that Tolkien, as a medievalist and a Catholic, knows well". Tom Shippey makes the same point, but, instead of referring to Aquinas, says Tolkien was very familiar with Alfred the Great's Anglo-Saxon translation of Boethius' "Consolation of Philosophy", known as the "Lays of Boethius". Shippey contends that this Christian view of evil is most clearly stated by Boethius: "evil is nothing". He says Tolkien used the corollary that evil cannot create as the basis of Frodo's remark, "the Shadow ... can only mock, it cannot make: not real new things of its own", and related remarks by Treebeard and Elrond. He goes on to argue that in "The Lord of the Rings" evil does sometimes seem to be an independent force, more than merely the absence of good (though not independent to the point of the Manichaean heresy), and suggests that Alfred's additions to his translation of Boethius may have inspired that view.

title: Middle-earth objects

text: Little else is said of the chain in "The Silmarillion". Tolkien describes it more fully in its first appearance in "The Book of Lost Tales" (which may or may not be applicable to later conceptions). Here its name is Angaino:

text: The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) is a nonfiction book written by scholars Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull. It is an annotated reference to J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". Hammond and Scull proceed chapter-by-chapter from the original foreword through to the end of "The Lord of the Rings". Appendices, examining the evolution of the text, changes, inconsistencies, and errors, often using comments from Tolkien's own notes and letters. Other sections cover the numerous maps of Middle-earth, chronologies of the story and its writing, and notes on the book and jacket design of the first editions of 1954-55. The book includes some previously unpublished material by Tolkien. It also reprints part of a 1951 letter in which Tolkien explicates, at some length, his conception and vision of "The Lord of the Rings". Reprinted for the first time since 1980, and corrected and expanded, is Tolkien's "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" (previously referred to as "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings"), an index of persons, places, and things designed to aid the translator in rendering Tolkien's work into foreign languages. It is available in both hardcover and paperback.

title: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: During his recovery in a cottage in Little Haywood, Staffordshire, he began to work on what he called "The Book of Lost Tales", beginning with "The Fall of Gondolin". "Lost Tales" represented Tolkien's attempt to create a mythology for England, a project he would abandon without ever completing. Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps. It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John Francis Reuel Tolkien. In a 1941 letter, Tolkien described his son John as "(conceived and carried during the starvation-year of 1917 and the great U-Boat campaign) round about the Battle of Cambrai, when the end of the war seemed as far off as it does now".

title: Dagor Dagorath

text: It must be mentioned here that "Dagor Dagorath", the name properly said, was not used by Tolkien in "The Lost Road" or in "The Shaping of Middle-earth". All the occurrences of the term in these books were in the editorial notes of his son. The canonical mentions of the name are only in "Unfinished Tales". Christopher Tolkien included the name in "The Shaping of Middle-earth" because the first mention of the Second Prophecy of Mandos was placed there but Tolkien did not mention the existence of a Prophecy in the text published in "Unfinished Tales". The manner with which the name appears in "Unfinished Tales" suggests that there are some kind of "foretelling" of The End but does not state that it comes from one of Mandos' prophecies.

title: Ecthelion of the Fountain

text: One of the first of Tolkien's characters to be created, he first appears in "The Fall of Gondolin", part of "The Book of Lost Tales", the earliest version of his "mythology" and histories. "The Fall of Gondolin" was, according to Tolkien's recollections, the first to be written—in 1916 or 1917. His name was then reused for the later "The Lord of the Rings" for different characters.

title: Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien

text: Several other authors in the genre, however, seemed to agree more with Dyson than Lewis. Science-fiction author David Brin criticized the book for what he perceived to be its unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure, its positive depiction of the slaughter of the opposing forces, and its romantic backward-looking worldview. Michael Moorcock, another famous science fiction and fantasy author, is also critical of "The Lord of the Rings." In his essay, "Epic Pooh", he equates Tolkien's work to "Winnie-the-Pooh" and criticizes it and similar works for their perceived Merry England point of view. Incidentally, Moorcock met both Tolkien and Lewis in his teens and claims to have liked them personally, even though he does not admire them on artistic grounds.

title: An Evening in Rivendell

text: An Evening in Rivendell is the first album by the Danish group The Tolkien Ensemble. It features songs composed to the lyrics found in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" and forms the first part of what was to become a complete musical interpretation of all lyrics in the book.

title: Misty Mountains

text: The Misty Mountains first appeared in print in Tolkien's 1937 book, "The Hobbit". A vision of the mountains is invoked in the first chapter: ""Far over the misty mountains cold...""; they are encountered directly in chapter 4. Further information about the mountains was added in Tolkien's subsequent publications.

title: Sting (Middle-earth)

text: Sting is a fictional artefact from J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy universe of Middle-earth. In the story, it is a magical Elvish knife or dagger presumably forged in Gondolin in the First Age.

title: Sting (wrestler)

text: Veteran professional wrestling journalist Bill Apter chronicled Sting's career in a piece for WWE.com on February 19, 2014, wherein he stated that Sting's "best days may still be yet to come". Amid speculation about a contract offer from the company, Sting appeared in a WWE Network production on April 15, 2014, sharing a story of his former tag team partner The Ultimate Warrior, who had recently died. This marked Sting's first non-archive appearance on a WWE-branded show. Sting was a prominent contributor to the documentary film "Warrior: The Ultimate Legend", which aired on the WWE Network on April 17. The following day, online retailer Zavvi announced the WWE Home Video DVD and Blu-ray "The Best of Sting", which was released on September 23, 2014. On July 14, Sting appeared in a vignette on "Raw" to promote the video game "WWE 2K15", in which he was featured as a pre-order bonus character in both his 'Crow' and 'Surfer' (pre-1996) incarnations. That same day, WWE began selling official Sting merchandise. On July 24, Borden made his first public appearance for WWE, in full Sting garb, as a surprise guest at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International. The event was held to announce WWE's upcoming line of Mattel action figures, in which the company's first ever Sting figure would appear. Prior to that appearance, Sting gave his first interview with WWE.com, which was released later that day. On August 4, WWE announced Sting as a guest on the "WWE 2K15" "Roster Reveal" panel, which took place on August 16 in Los Angeles.

title: Finnesburg Fragment

text: J. R. R. Tolkien made a study of the surviving texts in an attempt to reconstruct what may have been the original story behind the Finnesburg Fragment and the "Finnesburg Episode" of "Beowulf"'. This study was eventually edited into the book "Finn and Hengest". Tolkien argues there that the story is historical, rather than legendary, in character. Tolkien also argues that "Finnsburuh" is most likely an error by either Hickes or his printer, since that construction appears nowhere else, and the word should be "Finnesburh". It is not clear whether this was the actual name of the hall or only the poet's description of it. Where exactly the hall was, or even whether it was in Frisia, is not known.

title: The Executed Renaissance

text: A book appeared in the library of Parisian magazine "Kultura" in 1959. The term 'Executed Renaissance' is accredited to Giedroyc. This wording as a suggestion for the name of a book first appeared in Giedroyc's letter to Shevelov from August 13, 1958: "And what about name. It would be better to give as a common name “"The Executed Renaissance: Anthology from 1917–1933"” "etc." Name would sound effectly. On the other hand, humble name “"Anthology"” only can take the sting out of propagation through the Iron Curtain. What do you think about it?"

title: Tolkien tourism

text: The three films ("", "", and "") based on the novel "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien were shot in various locations throughout New Zealand, and many of these locations have been preserved and altered to encourage the tourism that makes up a significant portion of the country’s economy. Tourists sometimes travel dressed as characters from the books or films, indulging in what is known throughout fandom as cosplay. Avid fans traveling to both well-known and obscure locations related to "The Lord of the Rings" are referred to as "Tolkien tourists".

title: Evangeline Lilly

text: In 2012, Lilly was cast as the Mirkwood elf Tauriel in Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit". The character, which does not appear in the original book by Tolkien, was created by Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh as the head of the Elven guard who wields a bow and two daggers as weapons. Lilly, who had been a fan of Tolkien's books since she was 13, underwent training for swordplay and archery, as well as in the Elvish language for the role. In 2015, Lilly played Hope van Dyne / Wasp in the superhero film "Ant-Man", and later reprised her role in the sequel, "Ant-Man and the Wasp" (2018), Marvel's first movie to feature a female hero in the title. Lilly will return alongside Paul Rudd in "" (2019).


query: How old was Ronnie Van Zant?

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Ronald Wayne Van Zant (January 15, 1948 – October 20, 1977) was an American lead vocalist, primary lyricist, and founding member of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. He was the older brother of two other rock vocalists: current Lynyrd Skynyrd lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant, and Donnie Van Zant, the founder and vocalist of 38 Special. He was the father of Tammy Van Zant and Melody Van Zant.[1]

title: Lynyrd Skynyrd

text: 1977's "Street Survivors" turned out to be a showcase for guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines, who had joined the band just a year earlier and was making his studio debut with them. Publicly and privately, Ronnie Van Zant marveled at the multiple talents of Skynyrd's newest member, claiming that the band would "all be in his shadow one day". Gaines' contributions included his co-lead vocal with Van Zant on the co-written "You Got That Right" and the rousing guitar boogie "I Know a Little", which he had written before he joined Skynyrd. So confident was Skynyrd's leader of Gaines' abilities that the album (and some concerts) featured Gaines delivering his self-penned bluesy "Ain't No Good Life" – the only song in the pre-crash Skynyrd catalog to feature a lead vocalist other than Ronnie Van Zant. The album also included the hit singles "What's Your Name" and "That Smell". The band was poised for their biggest tour yet, with shows always highlighted by the iconic rock anthem "Free Bird". In November, the band was scheduled to fulfill Van Zant's lifelong dream of headlining New York's Madison Square Garden.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: On October 20, 1977, a plane carrying the band between shows from Greenville, South Carolina, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, ran out of fuel outside Gillsburg, Mississippi. The passengers had been informed about potential problems with the Convair CV-240 and were told to brace for a crash.[5] Van Zant died on impact from head injuries suffered after the aircraft struck a tree. Bandmates Steve Gaines and Cassie Gaines, along with assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary, and co-pilot William Gray, were also killed. The rest of the band was seriously injured.[6] Van Zant was 29 years old.

title: That Smell

text: "That Smell" is a song by the southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Written by Ronnie Van Zant and guitarist Allen Collins, it was released in 1977 on the album "Street Survivors". At the time the song was written, the band had been drinking and doing many different drugs. Van Zant had said that he started drinking heavily to relieve the pressure of performing in front of large audiences.

title: Free Bird

text: According to guitarist Gary Rossington, for two years after Allen Collins wrote the initial chords, vocalist Ronnie Van Zant insisted that there were too many for him to create a melody in the belief that the melody needed to change alongside the chords. After Collins played the unused sequence at rehearsal one day, Van Zant asked him to repeat it, then wrote out the melody and lyrics in three or four minutes. The guitar solos that finish the song were added originally to give Van Zant a chance to rest, as the band was playing several sets per night at clubs at the time. Soon afterward, the band learned piano-playing roadie Billy Powell had written an introduction to the song; upon hearing it, they included it as the finishing touch and had him formally join as their keyboardist.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Van Zant married Nadine Inscoe on January 2, 1967. Around this time, Van Zant also worked at his brother-in-law's auto parts store, Morris Auto Parts in Jacksonville. It was said that Van Zant was a virtual catalog of automotive parts, he had a near photographic memory for them. The couple had a daughter named Tammy, before divorcing in 1969; Tammy would become a musician. He married Judy Seymour in 1972 after meeting her at The Comic Book Club through Gary Rossington in 1969.[2] (The club closed in 1975 and is now a parking garage.)[12] They remained married up until his death in 1977. They had one daughter, Melody, born in 1976. Judy Van Zant-Jenness founded the Freebird Live in 1999, a music venue located in Jacksonville Beach, Florida. It features Lynyrd Skynyrd memorabilia and is co-owned by Melody Van Zant. She married Jim Jenness and founded and ran The Freebird Foundation until its dissolution in 2001.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Ex-Lynyrd Skynyrd guitarist Ed King recalls the intense sadness of Van Zant's funeral, noting that people in attendance were so overcome with grief that they were literally falling down.[8] Van Zant was buried in Orange Park, Florida, in 1977. His body was relocated after vandals broke into his tomb and that of bandmate Steve Gaines on June 29, 2000. Van Zant's casket was pulled out and dropped on the ground. The bag containing Gaines' remains was torn open and some scattered onto the grass.[10] Their mausoleums at Orange Park remain as memorials for fans to visit.

title: Artimus Pyle

text:
In 2014, Pyle was a guest performer on Eli Cook's album, "Primitive Son".
In June 2017, Pyle was sued by Ronnie Van Zant’s widow, Judy Van Zant, Gary Rossington, current Lynyrd Skynyrd singer Johnny Van Zant, and the representatives and heirs of Allen Collins and Steve Gaines. They claimed his involvement in a low-budget feature film about the band’s plane crash infringed upon a consent decree the band agreed to in 1988.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Van Zant was an avid fisherman. He enjoyed baseball, and was a fan of the Chicago White Sox and New York Yankees. As a child, he played American Legion baseball and aspired for AA league baseball, as he recalled in a 1975 interview.[2]

title: Larry Junstrom

text: Junstrom was the bass guitarist of Lynyrd Skynyrd from its formation in 1964, until being replaced by Leon Wilkeson in 1971. Donnie Van Zant, the younger brother of the Lynyrd Skynyrd leader, Ronnie Van Zant, formed .38 Special in 1974, with Junstrom joining as the bass guitarist in 1977.

title: All I Can Do Is Write About It

text: The song is sung by Ronnie Van Zant, who lived in the Southern United States and is commenting on recent developments occurring at the time. In the song's chorus, Van Zant states that he "can see the concrete slowly creeping," the concrete representing the industrial development of the South. The singer also seems to have a great love for the South and mentions that "you can take a boy out of old Dixieland, but you'll never take old Dixie from a boy."

title: Van Zant

text: Van Zant is an American musical duo composed of brothers Donnie Van Zant and Johnny Van Zant. Both are brothers of the late Ronnie Van Zant, former lead singer for the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Johnny became the lead vocalist for the reunited Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1987, and Donnie was also the leader and vocalist of .38 Special.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Van Zant had several run-ins with the law, most notably in 1975, when he was arrested for hurling a table out of a second-story hotel room window.[13][14]

title: Jimmie Van Zant

text: He was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of E. C. Van Zant who was the cousin of musicians Donnie, Johnny, and Ronnie Van Zant. He took the surname Kelsay from his mother, later adopting his father's name, Van Zant. He began playing guitar and piano as a child, mentored by his cousin Ronnie Van Zant, but largely gave up music until the 1977 plane crash in which Ronnie, the founder and lead singer of Lynyrd Skynyrd, was killed. Jimmie Van Zant then took up a career playing Southern rock music, and performed at festivals and Harley Davidson shows before recording the albums "The Jimmie Van Zant Band" (1996) and "Southern Comfort" (2000). He toured widely with his band, performing over 200 shows each year, and released a third album, "Feels Like Freedom", in 2012.

title: Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park

text: The Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park is a public memorial park located in Lake Asbury, Clay County, Florida. The park was built in memory of Ronnie Van Zant, vocalist of Southern rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd, who died along with numerous other band members and crew in a 1977 plane crash. The park was funded by fans and family of the band, and features a number of facilities including tennis courts, fishing ponds, a disc golf course and picnic areas, among other amenities.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: The Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park, funded by fans and family of the band, was built on Sandridge Road in Lake Asbury, Florida, nearby his hometown of Jacksonville.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: According to former bandmate Artimus Pyle and family members, Van Zant frequently discussed his mortality. Pyle recalls a moment when Lynyrd Skynyrd was in Japan: "Ronnie and I were in Tokyo, Japan, and Ronnie told me that he would never live to see thirty and that he would go out with his boots on, in other words, on the road. I said, 'Ronnie, don't talk like that,' but the man knew his destiny."[7] Van Zant's father, Lacy, said, "He said to me many times, 'Daddy, I'll never be 30 years old.' I said, 'Why are you talking this junk?' and he said, 'Daddy, that's my limit.'" Van Zant's father later noted that, "God was a jealous god. Taking him for reasons I don't know."[7] Ex-bandmate Ed King also reported hearing Van Zant saying he would never live to be 30 years old, saying Van Zant said it so often that he "had gotten sick of hearing it".[8] Lynyrd Skynyrd backup singer JoJo Billingsley recalled that Van Zant had begun referring to himself as "The Mississippi Kid" in the months before his death despite being born and raised in Florida. She noted that, eerily, Van Zant's only connection to Mississippi was the fact that he would ultimately die there.[9]

title: Mr. Banker

text: The song is memorable for its lyrics and simple blues guitar riff. The song is sung by Ronnie Van Zant, about a man begging the bank for money to bury his father. Despite misconceptions, the song is not about Van Zant's father, Lacy Van Zant.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: "The All-Night Bus Ride", the 8th episode of Season 1 of the Showtime series Roadies, was made in honor of Van Zant and the band.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Several members of his family have memorialized Ronnie in their music. His brothers Johnny and Donnie co-wrote the title track of John's 1990 album "Brickyard Road"[15] with family friend and album producer Robert White Johnson. In the reformed Lynyrd Skynyrd's music video for the posthumously-released track "What's Your Name" closes with a white hat similar to Ronnie's sitting atop a microphone. Ronnie's daughter Tammy, who was only 10 years old when he died, dedicated the album title track, "Freebird Child" as well as the music video to her father in 2009.[16] Jimmie Van Zant recorded the tribute track "Ronnie's Song" on the album Southern Comfort (2000).[17]

title: Lynyrd Skynyrd

text: In Jacksonville, Florida during the summer of 1964, Ronnie Van Zant, Bob Burns, and Gary Rossington became acquainted while playing on rival baseball teams and decided to jam together one afternoon after Burns was injured by a ball hit by Van Zant. The trio set up their equipment in the carport of Burns' parents' house and played The Rolling Stones' then-current hit "Time Is on My Side". Liking what they heard, they immediately decided to form a band. They soon approached guitarist Allen Collins, though Collins initially fled on his bicycle and hid in a tree at the sight of Van Zant pulling into his driveway. Collins was soon convinced that Van Zant meant him no harm and he agreed to join the fledgling band. Bassist Larry Junstrom soon rounded out the lineup and the band settled on the name My Backyard, later changed to The Noble Five before becoming The One Percent by 1968.

title: 1977 Mississippi CV-240 crash

text:
Early in the flight, witnesses recall that vocalist Ronnie Van Zant was lying on the floor with a pillow as he nursed a mild hangover. Several other passengers passed the time by playing cards. At some point the passengers became aware that something was wrong, and drummer Artimus Pyle recalls entering the cabin and being told by a terrified pilot Walter McCreary to go back and strap himself in. With the gravity of the situation clear, the band sat in silence, praying. Guitarist Gary Rossington recalls hearing what sounded like hundreds of baseball bats hitting the plane's fuselage as it began striking trees. The sound got louder and louder until Rossington was knocked unconscious; he awoke some time later on the ground with the plane's door on top of him. The crash occurred only 300 yards short of the airstrip. Lead singer/founding member Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines, backing vocalist Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary, and copilot William Gray all died in the crash. Most of the survivors had been seated toward the back of the plane. The survivors, all of whom were seriously injured, were transported to different hospitals for treatment and were not immediately aware of the fatalities. Days later, Rossington was informed in hospital by his mother that Van Zant had been killed.
Cassie Gaines had been so fearful of flying in the Convair that she had preferred to travel in the band's cramped equipment truck instead, but Van Zant convinced her to board the plane on October 20. Keyboard player Billy Powell's nose was nearly torn off as he suffered severe facial lacerations and deep lacerations to his right leg. Decades later, Powell gave an account of the flight's final moments on a VH1 "Behind The Music" special. He said Van Zant, who was not wearing a seat belt, was thrown violently from his seat and died immediately when his head impacted a tree as the plane broke apart. Some elements of Powell's version of the events, however, have been disputed by both drummer Artimus Pyle and Van Zant's widow Judy Van Zant Jenness, who posted the autopsy reports on the band's web site in early 1998, while confirming other aspects of Powell's account. Pyle suffered broken ribs but managed to leave the crash site and notify a nearby resident.

title: Southern by the Grace of God

text: Southern by the Grace of God is a live album by southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, this live concert was a tribute by Lynyrd Skynyrd to the members of the band who had died in the 1977 plane crash. The plane crash killed frontman Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist Steve Gaines, backing vocalist Cassie Gaines and road manager Dean Kilpatrick. This is the first album produced by the band after the '77 plane crash. The band's lineup was re-worked into a second-generation Skynyrd. The changes include: Johnny Van Zant, younger brother of Ronnie Van Zant, taking over on vocals, Ed King, who departed the band during a 1975 tour and Randall Hall, who replaced the paralyzed Allen Collins. The three (King, Hall along with founding member Gary Rossington) re-form the famous triple-lead guitar attack of the original band. New background vocalists Carol Bristow and Dale Krantz-Rossington were added to take the place of the original Honkettes.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: He was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida, to Lacy Austin (1915–2004) and Marion Virginia (Hicks) Van Zant (1929–2000). Ronnie aspired to be many things before finding his love for music. Idolising boxer Muhammad Ali, he considered a career in the ring, and while playing American Legion baseball dreamed of Minor League success.[2] Referring to a local NASCAR legend, he would say that he was going to be the most famous person to come out of Jacksonville since stock car champion Lee Roy Yarbrough.

title: Double Trouble (Lynyrd Skynyrd song)

text: The song features Ronnie Van Zant singing about how he is a troublemaker. Lyrics include "Double Trouble, is what my friends all call me". According to the book "Whiskey Bottles and Brand New Cars: The Fast Life and Sudden Death of Lynyrd Skynyrd" by Mark Ribowsky, the genesis for the song came from a time when Gary Rossington was in jail with Ronnie Van Zant and he asked him how many times he had been arrested, to which Van Zant replied eleven times. Rossington replied, "Man, you're double trouble". Also, according to Ribowsky, the band originally recorded under a record label called "Double T Productions" which stood for "Double Trouble". The song also features backup vocals from The Honkettes.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Alt country band Drive-By Truckers also paid tribute to Ronnie and members of the original band on their Southern Rock Opera album.

title: Donnie Van Zant

text: Donald Newton "Donnie" Van Zant (born June 11, 1952, in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American rock vocalist/guitarist. He is best known for being a member of the band 38 Special, from its formation in 1974 until 2013. He is the middle of three sons of a truck driver. Older brother Ronnie was the original lead singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd; who died in a plane crash in Mississippi. Younger brother Johnny has been the lead singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd since 1987; the two also perform together from time to time as the group Van Zant.

title: Need All My Friends

text: The song features a softer rhythm to later songs and features Ronnie Van Zant singing about how important it is to have friends.

title: Johnny Van Zant

text: Johnny Roy Van Zant (born February 27, 1960) is an American musician and the current lead vocalist of Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. He is the younger brother of the late Lynyrd Skynyrd co-founder and former lead vocalist Ronnie Van Zant, and of the 38 Special founder Donnie Van Zant.

title: Ronnie Van Zant

text: Van Zant's younger brother, Johnny, took over as the new lead singer when the band reunited in 1987.