query: Why is Scrapie called such?

title: Scrapie

text: The name scrapie is derived from one of the clinical signs of the condition, wherein affected animals will compulsively scrape off their fleeces against rocks, trees, or fences. The disease apparently causes an itching sensation in the animals. Other clinical signs include excessive lip smacking, altered gaits, and convulsive collapse.[6]

title: Scrapie

text: Historically, scrapie had been considered to be an animal health issue. However, between 1996 and 1999 the UK SEAC had been considering the control and eradication of scrapie in the UK also with public health in mind because of concern over five issues:[14]

title: Scrapie

text: Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the nervous systems of sheep and goats.[1] It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which also includes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease"), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and chronic wasting disease in deer. Like other spongiform encephalopathies, the cause of scrapie is unknown, but is thought to be caused by an infectious misfolded protein called a prion.[2][3] Scrapie has been known since 1732, and does not appear to be transmissible to humans.[4][5]

title: Tikvah Alper

text: Scrapie is a fatal infectious disease of the neural system of sheep; one of a class of brain diseases that can affect cattle (BSE) and humans (Kuru, nCJD). Scrapie had been thought to be caused by a 'slow virus' – one that could take years to show as a change in behaviour or movement. By the mid 1960s, it was established that cells could only replicate via DNA. Radioactivity stops cell replication by 'killing' DNA. Alper found that radiation did not kill the infective agent in scrapie, suggesting that a virus was unlikely to be the infective agent. The infective agent had to be smaller and simpler than (viral) DNA. Alper also found that the agent remained active under ultraviolet light. DNA is inactive under UV light. Instead, the agent was killed by light at 237 nm, a wavelength specific to polysaccharide inactivation. Alper and colleagues reported these properties of the scrapie agent – a finding that was greeted with astonishment in many quarters, for it appeared to contravene the central dogma that holds that replication (and hence the growth of the disease and its infectious properties) can only proceed via DNA. However, once these empirical findings were accepted, several theories developed to accommodate the peculiar properties of the scrapie agent. The most widely accepted theory today is the prion theory, which posits a 'rogue' protein as the infectious source. However, Alper could not accept that a protein 'mutation' was the agent. Firstly, her UV radiation studies did not indicate a protein agent and, secondly, isolated prions did not induce scrapie. Her own theories concerning the agent were developed in the last years of her life and suggested a more dynamic and complex story.

title: Scrapie

text: Scrapie usually affects sheep around three to five years of age. The potential for transmission at birth and from contact with placental tissues is apparent.

title: Smalahove

text: Since 1998 and the mad cow epidemics, an EU directive forbids the production of "smalahove" from adult sheep, due to fear of the possibility of transmission of scrapie, a deadly, degenerative prion disease of sheep and goats, though scrapie does not appear to be transmissible to humans. It is now only allowed to be produced from the heads of lambs.

title: Virino

text: Thus, in the nucleotide model proposed by Dickinson, AG, and Outram, GW in 1979, the lifecycle of the scrapie agent included a stage where the genome was bound to host protein, probably a multimeric protein complex (now commonly known as a prion), derived from the "sinc" gene. Recalling Enrico Fermi's word play on a neutron-like particle, Outram coined the term 'virino' to describe a small virus. In the virino model, the host protein protects the scrapie agent nucleic acids from degradation and prevents the host from raising an immune response, since the protein/nucleic acid complex is seen as a legitimate part of the host. However, the presumed scrapie-associated nucleic acid has not been identified, and physical or chemical evidence for its presence is lacking.

title: Frank O. Bastian

text: Bastian challenges the widely popular theory that the TSEs are caused by prions, which are composed entirely of misfolded proteins. He claims instead that the TSEs are caused by an extremely small, cell wall deficient bacterium called "Spiroplasma", and that prions are the result of the disease process. The lack of a cell wall means it is not susceptible to most common antibiotics such as penicillin, which target cell wall synthesis. Bastian first found "Spiroplasma" in the brain of a CJD patient in an autopsy in 1979. He later demonstrated that "Spiroplasma mirum" strain SMCA (suckling mouse cataract agent) induces a microcystic spongiform encephalopathy in suckling rats that is similar to rat CJD. In 2007 he isolated "Spiroplasma" from scrapie and Chronic wasting disease (a TSE affecting deer, elk, and moose, abbreviated CWD), cultured them, and inoculated them into sheep and deer. According to Bastian, the scrapie and CWD "Spiroplasma" isolates caused a spongiform encephalopathy identical to scrapie and CWD.

title: Scrapy

text: Scrapy ( ) is a free and open-source web-crawling framework written in Python. Originally designed for web scraping, it can also be used to extract data using APIs or as a general-purpose web crawler. It is currently maintained by Scrapinghub Ltd., a web-scraping development and services company.

title: Daniel Carleton Gajdusek

text: Kuru was shown to have remarkable similarity to scrapie, a disease of sheep and goats caused by an unconventional infectious agent. Subsequently, additional human agents belonging to the same group were discovered. They include sporadic, familial, and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Gajdusek recognized that diseases like Kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease were caused by a new infectious agent that had not yet been identified. Further research on the scrapie agent by Stanley Prusiner and others led to the identification of endogenous proteins called prions as the cause of these diseases.

title: Scrapie

text: For a detailed risk assessment of scrapie-contaminated soil, it was of major importance to analyze whether the detectable PrPSc in the soil extracts still exhibited oral infectivity after incubation times up to 29 months. A bioassay with Syrian hamsters was performed by feeding the animals with contaminated soil or aqueous soil extracts that had been collected after soil incubation for 26 and 29 months, respectively. Hamsters fed with contaminated soil exhibited their first scrapie-associated symptoms at two weeks to six months (95% CI) after the first feeding. The hamsters reached the terminal stage of scrapie at five to 21 months (95% CI) after the first feeding. This indicated substantial amounts of persistent infectivity in soil that had been incubated for 26 and 29 months.[30] In Iceland in 1978, a program was implemented to eradicate scrapie, and affected flocks were culled, premises were disinfected, and sheep houses were burnt; after two to three years, the premises were restocked with lambs from scrapie-free areas. Between 1978 and 2004, scrapie recurred on 33 farms. Nine recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling as a result of persistent environmental contamination with PrPSc.[42]

title: Scrapie

text: Post mortem examination is important for the diagnosis of scrapie. Histology of tissues shows accumulation of prions in the central nervous system, and immunohistochemical staining and ELISA can also be used to demonstrate the protein.

title: Swaledale sheep

text: A control flock of Swaledales has been used to study and develop scrapie-resistant sheep. An infectious, persistent, and spontaneous disease, animals infected with scrapie must be quarantined and destroyed. The experimental breeding involved selecting a group of Swaledale sheep with low suspectability to the disease, injecting them with the agents of the disease, and breeding from the survivors. The research has concluded that the offspring of the infected sheep are more able to survive scrapie.

title: Scrapie

text: (includes photo of a sheep with scrapie) US Department of Agriculture of infected sheep demonstrating Hopping Gait – opinion article by Frank Bastian that proposes a different causation for scrapie and other prion diseases

title: Scrapie

text: In the UK, the Blair ministry implemented in 2001 a National Scrapie Plan, which encouraged breeding from sheep that are genetically more resistant to scrapie. This is intended to eventually reduce the incidence of the disease in the UK sheep population.[22][23] Scrapie occurs in Europe and North America, but to date, Australia and New Zealand (both major sheep-producing countries) are scrapie-free. In 2003, there was pressure from previously-sinistered Canadian husbandry practitioners on the Chretien government and their CFIA to implement their own NSP.[12]

title: Scrapie

text: Scrapie is infectious and transmissible among conspecifics, so one of the most common ways to contain it (since it is incurable) is to quarantine and destroy those affected. However, scrapie tends to persist in flocks and can also arise apparently spontaneously in flocks that have not previously had cases of the disease. The mechanism of transmission between animals and other aspects of the biology of the disease are only poorly understood, and these are active areas of research. Recent studies suggest prions may be spread through urine and persist in the environment for decades.[7]

title: Prion

text: Several scientific observations remain unexplained by the prion hypothesis: It is known that mice with severe combined immunodeficiency do not develop scrapie following inoculation with brain tissue from animals infected with scrapie, suggesting that either the role of immunity in prion pathogenesis is incompletely understood or that there is some other flaw in current understanding of prion pathophysiology.[11] More recently, it has been shown that scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease may require agent-specific nucleic acids for transmission of infection.[12] For these reasons, the prion/TSE hypothesis incompletely accounts for the observed data.[13]

title: Scrapie

text: "With scrapie, the archetypical TSE, which is a natural disease in sheep and goats, the disease can appear suddenly in a flock in the absence of any known exposure to infected flocks (Palsson, 1979). Finally, fields in Iceland, that were left empty for up to 3 years after the destruction of scrapie-infected flocks, were repopulated with known scrapie-free sheep, and some of the sheep in this latter group subsequently developed scrapie (Palsson, 1979). This last 'experiment in nature' has yielded similar results a number of times in Iceland and in the United Kingdom. In one Icelandic farm, flocks have been eradicated three times; each time, the farm was left without sheep for 2 years, and after restocking with sheep from scrapie-free areas, the disease reappeared. Several years ago, a suggestion was made (S Sigurdarson, personal communication) that hay mites would be a good candidate as a vector for scrapie; this led to infection of mice with mite samples prepared from hay obtained from five Icelandic farms. Ten of these 71 mice became sick after injection with mite preparations from three of the five farms (Wisniewski et al, 1996; Rubenstein et al, 1998). The incubation periods ranged from 340 days to 626 days, and these mice had the protease-resistant form PrpSc, of a host-coded glycoprotein, PrPc . The protease-resistant form is a marker of TSE disease (Prusiner, 1991; Parchi et al, 1996). For some of these clinically positive mice, the banding pattern on WB analysis was unique (Wisniewski et al, 1996; Rubenstein et al, 1998)."[45]

title: Scrapie

text: The disease has been notifiable in the EU since 1993 but unlike BSE there was no evidence as of 1999 to suggest that scrapie is a risk to human health.[8][9][10][11] In July 2003, a Canadian Food Inspection Agency officer said that while scrapie shows up every year on Canadian farms, "We've had a lot of experience with scrapie and there's never been a link between scrapie and human illness."[12] As of 2004, the USDA made no mention of scrapie in its Sheep and Goats Death Loss circular.[13]

title: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

text: In the 5th century BCE, Hippocrates described a disease like TSE in cattle and sheep, which he believed also occurred in man. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus records cases of a disease with similar characteristics in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. In 1755, an outbreak of scrapie was discussed in the British House of Commons and may have been present in Britain for some time before that. Although there were unsupported claims in 1759 that the disease was contagious, in general it was thought to be due to inbreeding and countermeasures appeared to be successful. Early-20th-century experiments failed to show transmission of scrapie between animals, until extraordinary measures were taken such as the intra-ocular injection of infected nervous tissue. No direct link between scrapie and disease in man was suspected then or has been found since. TSE was first described in man by Alfons Maria Jakob in the 1921. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek's discovery that Kuru was transmitted by cannibalism accompanied by the finding of scrapie-like lesions in the brains of Kuru victims strongly suggested an infectious basis to TSE. A paradigm shift to a non-nucleic infectious entity was required when the results were validated with an explanation of how a prion protein might transmit spongiform encephalopathy. Not until 1988 was the neuropathology of spongiform encephalopathy properly described in cows. The alarming amplification of BSE in the British cattle herd heightened fear of transmission to humans and reinforced the belief in the infectious nature of TSE. This was confirmed with the identification of a Kuru-like disease, called new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, in humans exposed to BSE. Although the infectious disease model of TSE has been questioned in favour of a prion transplantation model that explains why cannibalism favours transmission, the search for a viral agent is being continued in some laboratories.

title: Scrapy

text: Some well-known companies and products using Scrapy are: Lyst, CareerBuilder, Parse.ly, Sayone Technologies, Sciences Po Medialab, Data.gov.uk’s World Government Data site.

title: Scrapie

text: Natural transmission of scrapie in the field seems to occur via the alimentary tract in the majority of cases, and scrapie-free sheep flocks can become infected on pastures where outbreaks of scrapie had been observed before. These findings point to a sustained contagion in the environment, notably in the soil.[30]

title: Virino

text: In 1971, Dickinson, AG and Meikle, VM provided a hypothesis for the replication of the scrapie agent. This hypothesis was based on the discovery of a single autosomal gene controlling the scrapie incubation period in mice and on observations about strains of the scrapie agent. They dubbed the gene sinc for scrapie incubator. This hypothesis proposed that the gene products of each sinc allele contributed to a multimeric protein structure, which then formed a 'replication site' for the scrapie agent. The replication of the agent would depend on how the particular strain interacted with the replication site and of what the site was composed. The fact that different strains of scrapie were known had suggested the agent was similar to conventional viruses in that it carried a genome composed of nucleic acids. Thus, variants could arise during incubation, giving rise to new strains. No host-encoded properties were found to determine scrapie agent strain differences. This was thought to prove that the genome of the agent could vary independently and, although replicated by normal host mechanisms, was not coded by the host. The term 'virino' was coined to reflect the small size, immunological neutrality, and virus-like nature of the infectious particles.

title: Prion

text: Several different types of PrPsc occur in the brains of animals with scrapie. As PrPs consist only of peptides, there is no known mechanism by which different prion types can occur. The mechanism by which the number of PrPsc molecules increases by orders-of-magnitude remains unexplained. There has been no satisfactory explanation as to how prion peptides with the same amino acid sequence change their 3-dimensional folding structure from an alpha helix to a beta sheet. The presence of damaged neurologic tissue is consistent with other hypotheses besides a prion. Inexplicably, mice with severe combined immunodeficiency do not develop scrapie following inoculation with brain tissue from animals infected with scrapie.

title: Scrapie

text: In 2010, a team from New York described detection of PrPSc even when initially present at only one part in a hundred billion (10−11) in brain tissue. The method combines amplification with a novel technology called surround optical fiber immunoassay and some specific antibodies against PrPSc. The technique allowed detection of PrPSc after many fewer cycles of conversion than others have achieved, substantially reducing the possibility of artefacts, as well as speeding up the assay. The researchers also tested their method on blood samples from apparently healthy sheep that went on to develop scrapie. The animals' brains were analysed once any symptoms became apparent. They could therefore compare results from brain tissue and blood taken once the animals exhibited symptoms of the diseases, with blood obtained earlier in the animals' lives, and from uninfected animals. The results showed very clearly that PrPSc could be detected in the blood of animals long before the symptoms appeared. After further development and testing, this method could be of great value in surveillance as a blood- or urine-based screening test for scrapie.[27][28]

title: Scrapy

text: Scrapy project architecture is built around "spiders", which are self-contained crawlers that are given a set of instructions. Following the spirit of other don't repeat yourself frameworks, such as Django, it makes it easier to build and scale large crawling projects by allowing developers to reuse their code. Scrapy also provides a web-crawling shell, which can be used by developers to test their assumptions on a site’s behavior.

title: PRNP

text: Polymorphisms at sites 136, 154, and 171 are associated with varying susceptibility to ovine scrapie. Polymorphisms of the PrP-VRQ form and PrP-ARQ form are associated with increased susceptibility, whereas PrP-ARR is associated with resistance. The National Scrapie Plan of the UK aims to breed out these scrapie polymorphisms by increasing the frequency of the resistant allele. However, PrP-ARR polymorphisms are susceptible to atypical scrapie, so this may prove unfruitful.

title: Scrapie

text: The prion gene that codes for the prion protein is highly conserved in most mammals, meaning the gene is similar and present in most species of mammals. Three locations on the prion protein gene have been identified as highly polymorphic and may have an effect on scrapie: codons 136, 154, and 171.[47] Codon 154 has not shown any evidence of having a high effect on scrapie susceptibility, but is most likely having an effect on incubation time of the disease. Codons 136 and 171 are thought to control the incubation time as well as the susceptibility of the disease, and are the ones the USDA uses in its breeding standard.[48][49][50] Codon 171 has been determined to be the major genetic factor in scrapie susceptibility.[51][52]

title: Scrapie

text: The cause of scrapie, as with other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is unknown and is a matter of debate;[15] the agent is very difficult to destroy with heat, radiation and disinfectants, does not evoke any detectible immune response, and has a long incubation period of between 18 months and 5 years.[16] The agent is thought to be much smaller than the smallest currently known virus and the prevailing theory is that it is caused by a misfolded protein called a prion. Prions multiply by causing normally folded proteins of the same type to take on their abnormal shape, which then go on to do the same, in a kind of chain reaction. These abnormal proteins are gradually accumulated in the body, especially in nerve cells, which subsequently die.

title: Scrapie

text: Contaminated Louping-ill vaccine. Also known as the 1935 Moredun Louping-ill Vaccine Disaster..[33] More than 1,500 sheep developed scrapie following vaccination. "An investigation into the etiology of scrapie followed the vaccination of sheep for louping-ill virus with formalin-treated extracts of ovine lymphoid tissue unknowingly contaminated with scrapie prions (Gordon 1946). Two years later, more than 1500 sheep developed scrapie from this vaccine." [34] "This vaccine was manufactured using formalised sheep brains contaminated with scrapie agent" [35] "At the 1946 National Veterinary Medical Association of Great Britain and Ireland Annual Congress, W. S. Gordon, PhD, presented evidence of scrapie transmission by way of a vaccine for louping-ill." "Dr. Gordon developed an effective vaccine to prevent louping-ill during 1931-32. After four years of field trials, his vaccine was produced in three batches for widespread use in 1935. The vaccine was made from brain, spinal cord, and spleen tissues taken from sheep five days after they had received an intracerebral inoculation of louping-ill virus. Formalin was added to the 10% saline suspension to inactivate the virus. During 1935 and 1936, no ill effects were noted in inoculated animals. Then two owners reported scrapie in their Blackface sheep who had been inoculated with louping-ill vaccine (batch 2) two and a half years earlier. Scrapie had not been seen in the Blackface breed before this. Upon investigation Dr. Gordon discovered that 8 lambs used to make batch 2 had been born to ewes who had been exposed to scrapie; some of the ewes developed scrapie in 1936-7. Dr. Gordon hypothesized that an "infective agent of scrapie" was present in the lambs' tissues used to make batch 2 and that this agent "could withstand a concentration of formalin...which inactivated the virus of louping ill; it could be transmitted by subcutaneous inoculation; it had an incubative period of two years or longer." A four-and-a-half-year experiment involving '788 sheep was initiated by the Animal Disease Research Association in 1938. The researchers found that 60% of normal sheep inoculated intracerebrally with saline suspensions of brain and spinal cord tissue taken from sheep with scrapie developed scrapie within those four-and-a-half-years. The incubation period was seven months and up. Only 30% of the sheep receiving a subcutaneous inoculation of the suspension developed scrapie in that time, and the incubation period in this group was 15 months and up. The researchers concluded that the infective agent was probably a filtrable virus." [36] Contaminated Mycoplasma agalactiae vaccine. In 1997 and 1998 there was an outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats in Italy, and the cause was attributed to the vaccine. "An accidental infection from a vaccine was suggested as the explanation for the sudden increase in outbreaks of scrapie in Italy in 1997 and 1998. This paper describes a recent outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats which were exposed to the same vaccine. No ewes or goats had been imported into the herd since 1992, but a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae had been administered twice, in 1995 and 1997. High rates of crude mortality and scrapie incidence were experienced by both species, all birth cohorts were involved and a large proportion of aged animals was affected. A pattern of brain lesions was observed, with slight differences between the sheep and goats, which was very similar to the pattern observed in animals previously exposed to the same vaccine but clearly different from that observed in the brains of sheep with scrapie in a flock not exposed to the vaccine. Regardless of their exposure status, genotype analysis of the sheep showed the presence of polymorphism only at codon 171. The patterns of both incidence and brain lesions provide evidence that the epidemic of scrapie was due to the use of the vaccine." [37] "An accidental intra- and interspecies transmission of scrapie occurred in Italy in 1997 and 1998 following exposure to a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae. PrP(Sc) in affected sheep and goats, collected from a single flock exposed to vaccination 2 years earlier, was molecularly typed. In five animals with iatrogenic scrapie, a PrP(Sc) type with a 20 kDa core fragment was found in all areas of the brain investigated. In three sheep and one goat, this isoform co-occurred with a fully glycosylated isoform that had a protease-resistant backbone of 17 kDa, whereas in two sheep and four goats, the two PrP(Sc) types were detected in different regions of the brain. In sheep with natural field scrapie, a PrP(Sc) type with physico-chemical properties indistinguishable from the 20 kDa isoform was found. The present results suggest the co-presence of two prion strains in mammary gland and brain homogenates used for vaccination." [38][39]


query: When was the Queensland Department of Public Works founded?

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The rapid expansion of the university sees it outgrow its inner-city location and move to the suburb of St Lucia. Construction starts in 1937 under the Bureau of Industry. By 1946, responsibility has moved to the Public Works Department.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: Queensland State Archives discovered two founding documents of Queensland that had been undetected for over 100 years in the National Archives of the United Kingdom.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: In 1886, construction commenced on the Queensland Government Treasury Building in Brisbane. The Public Works Department was one of a number of departments whose offices are moved to this new public administration building. The Queensland Government Cabinet met in the building until 1905.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Queensland Museum opens. One of four buildings which form the Queensland Cultural Centre, the museum's construction is managed by a Public Works Department team. The team also supervises construction of the Queensland State Library.[4]

title: Queensland Public Service

text:
The Queensland Premier selects a subset of the Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly to be ministers who collectively form the Cabinet. Typically the ministers are members of the same political party as the premier or a closely aligned party. Each minister is assigned one or more portfolios (areas of responsibility), e.g.
Each portfolio has an associated set of departments and agencies which work to provide a wide range of public services related to that portfolio and the administration of legislation related to that portfolio. The leader of each department is known as the Director-General, who is the chief executive officer for the department and reports to the relevant Minister. The Director-General then employs staff within the department to provide the services. The Directors-General and their staff are generally known collectively as the Queensland Public Service and the personnel are known as public servants.

title: Department of Main Roads (Queensland)

text: The department was one of a handful of government agencies in Queensland with a permanent public museum. Situated in Toowoomba, the Heritage Centre showcases the story and culture of the department with a rich history; how hard work and a pioneering spirit have helped connect Queensland. The museum opened to the public in 2008.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Public Works Department was established from the former Mines and Works Department.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Queensland Government introduces a preparatory year of schooling to replace preschool. To facilitate this change, the Department of Public Works oversees a massive construction effort involving new buildings, refurbishments and extensions to schools.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: Designed by architect Nigel Laman Thomas from the Department of Public Works in 1938, the three-storey brick structure reflects the neo-classical style of many public buildings of that period and demonstrates the evolution of state education architecture in Queensland.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Department of Public Works is the department of the Queensland Government responsible for the construction of public works. It has existed under many different names since the establishment of government in Queensland. It contains the office of the Queensland Government Architect.[1] In 2014, it is the Department of Housing and Public Works under the direction of Tim Mander, the Minister for Housing and Public Works.[2]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: Queensland's first university, the University of Queensland, is established at Old Government House in George Street, Brisbane. The Public Works Department is tasked with transforming the building into a university. A total of 83 students are enrolled on opening.[4]

title: Andrew Powell (politician)

text: Powell was born in Melbourne, but moved to Sydney while in primary school and later to Queensland. He received a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Queensland in 1995, and a Certificate III in Public Administration from the Department of Defence in 1996. He became a public servant with the Commonwealth Department of Defence (1996–2000) before spending a year as a short-term missionary in Fiji and New Zealand. When he returned, he re-entered the public service in the Queensland Department of the Premier and Cabinet (2001–04) and then Child Safety (2005–09). In the 2009 Queensland state election, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the seat of Glass House, representing the Liberal National Party.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Public Works and Housing Department separates into two portfolios. The Department of Housing is formed as a single entity dedicated to meeting Queensland's housing needs. This reinforces the importance of housing for Queenslanders as the cornerstone for a healthier and more stable life.[4]

title: John Smith Murdoch

text: In 1893, Murdoch was re-appointed to the Public Works Department where he worked until 1904. During this time he worked on a great number of public buildings throughout Queensland. The design work produced by the department at this time was somewhat collaborative. Other prominent architects working for the Queensland Public Works Department who may have contributed to design work credited to Murdoch (and vice versa) include Thomas Pye and Alfred Barton Brady.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The celebrated Robin Gibson-designed Queensland Art Gallery opens in Brisbane at a cost of $28 million. Robin Gibson and Partners were chosen to design the building after a two-stage competition was staged by the Public Works Department. The building is awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Buildings.[4]

title: Meringa Sugar Experiment Station

text: Meringa Sugar Experiment Station is a heritage-listed research station at 71378 Bruce Highway, Meringa, Gordonvale, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Goodsir & Carlyle, Baker & Wilde, and the Queensland Department of Public Works and built from 1914 to 1918 by Queensland Department of Public Works. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 July 2014.

title: Gympie Town Hall

text: The Gympie Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 2 Caledonian Hill, Gympie, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works (Queensland) and John James Clark and built in 1939 by Marberete Company Pty Ltd, Department of Public Works, and Joseph Jew. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 August 2011.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: In the same year, the Department of Public Works was recognised for its heritage conservation efforts with a gold award, the John Herbert Heritage Award from the National Trust of Queensland for the restoration of the 173-year-old convict-built Commissariat Store in William Street, Brisbane.[4] It is one of only two surviving buildings from the convict period in Queensland. It is the second oldest building in Queensland, dated to 1829, the oldest building being The Old Windmill in Brisbane’s Spring Hill, dated to 1828.[17]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Queensland Government releases plans to create a new parkland for Brisbane. The $72 million transformation of the old Roma Street rail yards is project managed by the Department of Public Works and includes a 15ha subtropical recreational space. The parkland opens to the public in April 2001.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Public Works Department merges with the Mines Department.[4]

title: Alfred Barton Brady

text: Brady immigrated to Brisbane in December 1884 and was employed by the Queensland Public Service in January 1885 and served the state in various departments for 37 years. From 1885, he worked initially for the Queensland Railway Department from 1885 and then from 1889 with the Public Works Department. He was appointed Engineer for Bridges in 1889 and then as the Queensland Colonial Architect in 1892. He was appointed Under-Secretary for the Public Works in 1901. Although Brady designed many important and handsome public buildings, his forte was bridge design and he designed a number of notable bridges.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Millennium Arts Project, led by the Department of Public Works on behalf of Arts Queensland, was a $291.3 million project that saw the construction of the Gallery of Modern Art and the redevelopment of the State Library. It also included the development of associated public spaces and construction of a new entry to the existing Queensland Art Gallery. The construction phase was completed in 2006 and came in on time and within budget, despite a climate of escalating costs and a shortage of labour. This large and complex project called for close collaboration with a broad range of stakeholders. On site, more than 12,000 people worked on the project. There were also engineering challenges which included developing an innovative river water cooling system, the first of its kind in Queensland. The cooling system was constructed on site to assist the air-conditioning system for the Queensland Museum, Queensland Art Gallery, the new Gallery of Modern Art and the redeveloped State Library of Queensland. The initiative saw savings of about 110 megalitres of reticulated water a year and $140,000 in water costs alone.[21]

title: Gympie Lands Office

text: Gympie Lands Office is a heritage-listed former court house and public administration building at 26 Channon Street, Gympie, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works and Queensland Colonial Architect's Office and built in 1942 by the Department of Public Works, Gympie City Council, Mark Doggett, Andrew Collins, and George Caldwell. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: In 1866, the Lands and Works Department was divided into the Lands Department and the Public Works Department.[4]

title: Association of Draughting, Supervisory and Technical Employees

text: The union was founded in Brisbane in August 1915 with a membership of 108. The union initially represented white collar employees in the Queensland Railways workshops, but soon expanded to cover engineers employed in the Queensland Public Service and local government engineering offices, as well as architects in the Public Works Department and Department of Public Lands. After unsuccessfully seeking federal registration, the union was registered with the Industrial Court of Queensland on 11 April 1917 as the Australian Union of Architects, Engineers and Surveyors, Union of Employees, Queensland. During this period the union's membership was concentrated mainly in Brisbane and Ipswich. The union grew slowly over the following decades, reaching 243 members by 1933 and 528 by 1939.

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The design of high school buildings was the responsibility of the Department of Public Works. Like other Australian colonies, the Queensland Government standardised its plans for school buildings to ensure consistency and economy. Over time, government architects made refinements to these designs to reflect the changing educational priorities. Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in their approach to climate control, lighting, and ventilation.[24]

title: Bundaberg Police Station

text: Bundaberg Court House was designed by George St Paul Connolly, acting Queensland Colonial Architect in the Queensland Department of Public Works. Connolly joined the Department in 1872 and worked on both public and private buildings, under the direction of Colonial Architect F.D.G. Stanley. In 1885 he was appointed Queensland Colonial Architect, a position he held until 1891.

title: TAFE Hall of Residence, Kelvin Grove

text: The project was commissioned by the Queensland Department of Public Works on behalf of the Education Department. Within the Queensland Department of Public Works the project was overseen by the Ukrainian-born architect Peter Prystupa (1920–1989) who trained in Vienna during and after World War II. In 1949 he emigrated to Queensland where he upgraded his European training to meet local practice requirements at the University of Queensland, joining the Works Department in 1953. In the 1970s Prystupa was responsible for commissioning architects with established reputations for good design, including John Dalton, Robin Gibson, James Birrell and Darvall Miller. Prystupa is said to have countered the opposition of the conservative (Country Party) Queensland Government of that time, to the Kelvin Grove project by emphasising that the housing was primarily intended for country students.

title: List of Ministers of Public Works (Queensland)

text:
The list of ministers for the Department of Public Works in the Government of Queensland, Australia, include:
Other politicians occupying important roles in the area of public works include:

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Queensland Cabinet initially asks the Public Works Department to investigate the feasibility and construction cost of a new art gallery to replace the state's aging gallery in Bowen Bridge Road. The site nominated for the building is on the South Bank of the Brisbane River.[4]

title: Department of Public Works (Queensland)

text: The Administrative Services Department is established which includes the former Public Works Department. In the same year, the Department of Housing and Local Government is formed. This department becomes the face of housing provision in Queensland. While the Commission continues to exist as a legal entity for almost another 15 years, the creation of the department sees the emergence of a whole new philosophy of service provision.[4]


query: What is the heaviest lanthanide?

title: Lanthanide

text: All of the lanthanides form Ln2Q3 (Q= S, Se, Te).[15] The sesquisulfides can be produced by reaction of the elements or (with the exception of Eu2S3) sulfidizing the oxide (Ln2O3) with H2S.[15] The sesquisulfides, Ln2S3 generally lose sulfur when heated and can form a range of compositions between Ln2S3 and Ln3S4. The sesquisulfides are insulators but some of the Ln3S4 are metallic conductors (e.g. Ce3S4) formulated (Ln3+)3 (S2−)4 (e−), while others (e.g. Eu3S4 and Sm3S4) are semiconductors.[15] Structurally the sesquisulfides adopt structures that vary according to the size of the Ln metal. The lighter and larger lanthanides favoring 7-coordinate metal atoms, the heaviest and smallest lanthanides (Yb and Lu) favoring 6 coordination and the rest structures with a mixture of 6 and 7 coordination.[15] Polymorphism is common amongst the sesquisulfides.[52] The colors of the sesquisulfides vary metal to metal and depend on the polymorphic form. The colors of the γ-sesquisulfides are La2S3, white/yellow; Ce2S3, dark red; Pr2S3, green; Nd2S3, light green; Gd2S3, sand; Tb2S3, light yellow and Dy2S3, orange.[53] The shade of γ-Ce2S3 can be varied by doping with Na or Ca with hues ranging from dark red to yellow,[43][53] and Ce2S3 based pigments are used commercially and are seen as low toxicity substitutes for cadmium based pigments.[53]

title: Lanthanide

text: The ionization energies for the lanthanides can be compared with aluminium. In aluminium the sum of the first three ionization energies is 5139 kJ·mol−1, whereas the lanthanides fall in the range 3455 – 4186 kJ·mol−1. This correlates with the highly reactive nature of the lanthanides.

title: Lanthanide

text: Despite this, the use of lanthanide coordination complexes as homogeneous catalysts is largely restricted to the laboratory and there are currently few examples them being used on an industrial scale.[34] It should be noted however, that lanthanides exist in many forms other that coordination complexes and many of these are industrially useful. In particular lanthanide metal oxides are used as heterogeneous catalysts in various industrial processes.

title: Extended periodic table

text: Similarly to the lanthanide and actinide contractions, there should be a superactinide contraction in the superactinide series where the ionic radii of the superactinides are smaller than expected. In the lanthanides, the contraction is about 4.4 pm per element; in the actinides, it is about 3 pm per element. The contraction is larger in the lanthanides than in the actinides due to the greater localization of the 4f wave function as compared to the 5f wave function. Comparisons with the wave functions of the outer electrons of the lanthanides, actinides, and superactinides lead to a prediction of a contraction of about 2 pm per element in the superactinides; although this is smaller than the contractions in the lanthanides and actinides, its total effect is larger due to the fact that 32 electrons are filled in the deeply buried 5g and 6f shells, instead of just 14 electrons being filled in the 4f and 5f shells in the lanthanides and actinides respectively.

title: Lanthanide

text: They are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Both lanthanum and lutetium have been labeled as group 3 elements, because they have a single valence electron in the 5d shell. However, both elements are often included in discussions of the chemistry of lanthanide elements. Lanthanum is the more often omitted of the two, because its placement as a group 3 element is somewhat more common in texts and for semantic reasons: since "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but IUPAC acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.[6]

title: Period (periodic table)

text: Period 6 is the first period to include the f-block, with the lanthanides (also known as the rare earth elements), and includes the heaviest stable elements. Many of these heavy metals are toxic and some are radioactive, but platinum and gold are largely inert.

title: Lanthanide probes

text: Lanthanide probes are a non-invasive analytical tool commonly used for biological and chemical applications. Lanthanides are metal ions which have their 4f energy level filled and generally refer to elements cerium to lutetium in the periodic table. The fluorescence of lanthanide salts is weak because the energy absorption of the metallic ion is low; hence chelated complexes of lanthanides are most commonly used. The term chelate derives from the Greek word for “claw,” and is applied to name ligands, which attach to a metal ion with two or more donor atoms through dative bonds. The fluorescence is most intense when the metal ion has the oxidation state of 3+. Not all lanthanide metals can be used and the most common are: Sm(III), Eu(III), Tb(III), and Dy(III).

title: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

text: EDTA was used in separation of the lanthanide metals by ion-exchange chromatography. Perfected by F. H. Spedding "et al". in 1954, the method relies on the steady increase in stability constant of the lanthanide EDTA complexes with atomic number. Using sulfonated polystyrene beads and Cu as a retaining ion, EDTA causes the lanthanides to migrate down the column of resin while separating into bands of pure lanthanides. The lanthanides elute in order of decreasing atomic number. Due to the expense of this method, relative to countercurrent solvent extraction, ion exchange is now used only to obtain the highest purities of lanthanides (typically greater than 99.99%).

title: Metal–organic framework

text: A potential application for MOFs is biological imaging and sensing via photoluminescence. A large subset of luminescent MOFs use lanthanides in the metal clusters. Lanthanide photoluminescence has many unique properties that make them ideal for imaging applications, such as characteristically sharp and generally non-overlapping emission bands in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the spectrum, resistance to photobleaching or 'blinking', and long luminescence lifetimes. However, lanthanide emissions are difficult to sensitize directly because they must undergo LaPorte forbidden f-f transitions. Indirect sensitization of lanthanide emission can be accomplished by employing the "antenna effect," where the organic linkers act as antennae and absorb the excitation energy, transfer the energy to the excited state of the lanthanide, and yield lanthanide luminescence upon relaxation. A prime example of the antenna effect is demonstrated by MOF-76, which combines trivalent lanthanide ions and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC) linkers to form infinite rod SBUs coordinated into a three dimensional lattice. As demonstrated by multiple research groups, the BTC linker can effectively sensitize the lanthanide emission, resulting in a MOF with variable emission wavelengths depending on the lanthanide identity. Additionally, the Yan group has shown that Eu- and Tb- MOF-76 can be used for selective detection of acetophenone from other volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Upon acetophenone uptake, the MOF shows a very sharp decrease, or quenching, of the luminescence intensity.

title: Lanthanide

text: Hexaborides, LnB6 have been reported for all of the lanthanides. They all have the CaB6 structure, containing B6 clusters. They are non-stoichiometric due to cation defects. The hexaborides of the lighter lanthanides (La – Sm) melt without decomposition, EuB6 decomposes to boron and metal and the heavier lanthanides decompose to LnB4 with exception of YbB6 which decomposes forming YbB12. The stability has in part been correlated to differences in volatility between the lanthanide metals.[71] In EuB6 and YbB6 the metals have an oxidation state of +2 whereas in the rest of the lanthanide hexaborides it is +3. This rationalises the differences in conductivity, the extra electrons in the LnIII hexaborides entering conduction bands. EuB6 is a semiconductor and the rest are good conductors.[43][71] LaB6 and CeB6 are thermionic emitters, used, for example, in scanning electron microscopes.[72]

title: Ytterbium

text: It is relatively difficult to separate ytterbium from other lanthanides due to its similar properties. As a result, the process is somewhat long. First, minerals such as monazite or xenotime are dissolved into various acids, such as sulfuric acid. Ytterbium can then be separated from other lanthanides by ion exchange, as can other lanthanides. The solution is then applied to a resin, which different lanthanides bind in different matters. This is then dissolved using complexing agents, and due to the different types of bonding exhibited by the different lanthanides, it is possible to isolate the compounds.

title: Xenotime

text: Small tonnages of xenotime sand are recovered in association with Malaysian tin mining, etc. and are processed commercially. The lanthanide content is typical of "yttrium earth" minerals and runs about two-thirds yttrium, with the remainder being mostly the heavy lanthanides, where the even-numbered lanthanides (such as Gd, Dy, Er, or Yb) each being present at about the 5% level, and the odd-numbered lanthanides (such as Tb, Ho, Tm, Lu) each being present at about the 1% level. Dysprosium is usually the most abundant of the even-numbered heavies, and holmium is the most abundant of the odd-numbered heavies. The lightest lanthanides are generally better represented in monazite while the heaviest lanthanides are in xenotime.

title: Lanthanide

text: Actinide Group 3 element Lanthanide contraction Rare earth element Lanthanide probes

title: Lanthanide contraction

text: The results of the increased attraction of the outer shell electrons across the lanthanide period may be divided into effects on the lanthanide series itself including the decrease in ionic radii, and influences on the following or post-lanthanide elements.

title: Lanthanide

text: Due to their sparse distribution in the earth's crust and low aqueous solubility, the lanthanides have a low availability in the biosphere, and for a long time were not known to naturally form part of any biological molecules. In 2007 a novel methanol dehydrogenase that strictly uses lanthanides as enzymatic cofactors was discovered in a bacterium from the phylum Verrucomicrobia, Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum. This bacterium was found to survive only if there are lanthanides present in the environment.[86] Compared to most other nondietary elements, non-radioactive lanthanides are classified as having low toxicity.[79]

title: Period (periodic table)

text: Period 5 has the same number of elements as period 4 and follows the same general structure but with one more post transition metal and one fewer nonmetal. Of the three heaviest elements with biological roles, two (molybdenum and iodine) are in this period; tungsten, in period 6, is heavier, along with several of the early lanthanides. Period 5 also includes technetium, the lightest exclusively radioactive element.

title: Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates

text: Lanthanide triflates are synthesized from lanthanide oxide and aqueous triflic acid. In a typical preparation, a 1:1 (v/v) solution of trilfic acid in water is added to a slight stoichiometric excess of lanthanide oxide. The mixture is stirred and heated at 100 °C for a few hours, and the excess lanthanide oxide is filtered off. The excess oxide ensures all of the triflic acid is consumed. The water is removed under reduced pressure (or simply boiled away) to leave a hydrated lanthanide triflate, Ln(HO)(OTf).

title: Praseodymium

text: Praseodymium may then be separated from the other lanthanides via ion-exchange chromatography, or by using a solvent such as tributyl phosphate where the solubility of Ln increases as the atomic number increases. If ion-exchange chromatography is used, the mixture of lanthanides is loaded into one column of cation-exchange resin and Cu or Zn or Fe is loaded into the other. An aqueous solution of a complexing agent, known as the eluant (usually triammonium edtate), is passed through the columns, and Ln is displaced from the first column and redeposited in a compact band at the top of the column before being re-displaced by . The Gibbs free energy of formation for Ln(edta·H) complexes increases along the lanthanides by about one quarter from Ce to Lu, so that the Ln cations descend the development column in a band and are fractionated repeatedly, eluting from heaviest to lightest. They are then precipitated as their insoluble oxalates, burned to form the oxides, and then reduced to the metals.

title: Lanthanide

text: Lanthanide elements and their compounds have many uses but the quantities consumed are relatively small in comparison to other elements. About 15000 ton/year of the lanthanides are consumed as catalysts and in the production of glasses. This 15000 tons corresponds to about 85% of the lanthanide production. From the perspective of value, however, applications in phosphors and magnets are more important.[79]

title: Lanthanide

text: Lanthanide-carbon σ bonds are well known; however as the 4f electrons have a low probability of existing at the outer region of the atom there is little effective orbital overlap, resulting in bonds with significant ionic character. As such organo-lanthanide compounds exhibit carbanion-like behavior, unlike the behavior in transition metal organometallic compounds. Because of their large size, lanthanides tend to form more stable organometallic derivatives with bulky ligands to give compounds such as Ln[CH(SiMe3)3].[73] Analogues of uranocene are derived from dilithiocyclooctatetraene, Li2C8H8. Organic lanthanide(II) compounds are also known, such as Cp*2Eu.[36]

title: Lanthanide contraction

text: The ionic radii of the lanthanides decrease from 103 pm (La) to 86 pm (Lu) in the lanthanide series.

title: Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates

text: Lanthanide triflates consist of a lanthanide metal ion and three triflate ions. The lanthanides, or rare earth metals, are the elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table. Triflate is a contraction of trifluoromethanesulfonate; its molecular formula is CFSO, and is commonly designated ‘OTf’. Triflic acid is a ‘superacid’ so its conjugate base ions are very stable. Lanthanide triflates are normally nonahydrates, mostly commonly depicted as Ln(OTf)·(HO); however, in the solid state and in aqueous solution, the waters are bound to the lanthanide and the triflates are counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as [Ln(HO)](OTf). Anhydrous lanthanide triflates, Ln(OTf), are also easily obtained as described below. The metal triflate complex is strongly electrophilic, thus acts as a strong Lewis acid.

title: Lanthanide

text: The lanthanide contraction is responsible for the great geochemical divide that splits the lanthanides into light and heavy-lanthanide enriched minerals, the latter being almost inevitably associated with and dominated by yttrium. This divide is reflected in the first two "rare earths" that were discovered: yttria (1794) and ceria (1803). The geochemical divide has put more of the light lanthanides in the Earth's crust, but more of the heavy members in the Earth's mantle. The result is that although large rich ore-bodies are found that are enriched in the light lanthanides, correspondingly large ore-bodies for the heavy members are few. The principal ores are monazite and bastnäsite. Monazite sands usually contain all the lanthanide elements, but the heavier elements are lacking in bastnäsite. The lanthanides obey the Oddo-Harkins rule – odd-numbered elements are less abundant than their even-numbered neighbors.

title: Lanthanide probes

text: It has been known since the early 1930s that the salts of certain lanthanides are fluorescent. The reaction of lanthanide salts with nucleic acids was discussed in a number of publications during the 1930s and the 1940s where lanthanum-containing reagents were employed for the fixation of nucleic acid structures. In 1942 complexes of europium, terbium, and samarium were discovered to exhibit unusual luminescence properties when excited by UV light. However, the first staining of biological cells with lanthanides occurred twenty years later when bacterial smears of "E. coli" were treated with aqueous solutions of a europium complex, which under mercury lamp illumination appeared as bright red spots. Attention to lanthanide probes increased greatly in the mid-1970s when Finnish researchers proposed Eu(III), Sm(III), Tb(III), and Dy(III) polyaminocarboxylates as luminescent sensors in time-resolved luminescent (TRL) immunoassays. Optimization of analytical methods from the 1970s onward for lanthanide chelates and time-resolved luminescence microscopy (TRLM) resulted in the use of lanthanide probes in many scientific, medical and commercial fields.

title: Lanthanide contraction

text: The elements following the lanthanides in the periodic table are influenced by the lanthanide contraction. The radii of the period-6 transition metals are smaller than would be expected if there were no lanthanides, and are in fact very similar to the radii of the period-5 transition metals, since the effect of the additional electron shell is almost entirely offset by the lanthanide contraction.

title: Praseodymium

text: As the lanthanides are so similar, praseodymium can substitute for most other lanthanides without significant loss of function, and indeed many applications such as mischmetal and ferrocerium alloys involve variable mixes of several lanthanides, including small quantities of praseodymium. The following more modern applications involve praseodymium specifically, or at least praseodymium in a small subset of the lanthanides:

title: Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates

text: Anhydrous lanthanide triflates can be produced by dehydrating their hydrated counterparts by heating between 180 and 200 °C under reduced pressure for 48 hrs. This is a major advantage of lanthanide triflates compared to lanthanide halides, whose anhydrous forms require more tedious synthetic procedures because they cannot be obtained by dehydrating their hydrates (because of oxyhalide formation).

title: Lanthanide

text: The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell; depending on the source, either lanthanum or lutetium is considered a d-block element, but is included due to its chemical similarities with the other 14.[5] All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.

title: Monazite

text: Monazite sand deposits are inevitably of the monazite-(Ce) composition. Typically, the lanthanides in such monazites contain about 45–48% cerium, about 24% lanthanum, about 17% neodymium, about 5% praseodymium, and minor quantities of samarium, gadolinium, and yttrium. Europium concentrations tend to be low, about 0.05%. South African "rock" monazite, from Steenkampskraal, was processed in the 1950s and early 1960s by the Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash and Chemical Corporation, at the time the largest producer of lanthanides in the world. Steenkampskraal monazite provided a supply of the complete set of lanthanides. Very low concentrations of the heaviest lanthanides in monazite justified the term "rare" earth for these elements, with prices to match. Thorium content of monazite is variable and sometimes can be up to 20–30%. Monazite from certain carbonatites or from Bolivian tin ore veins is essentially thorium-free. However, commercial monazite sands typically contain between 6 and 12% thorium oxide.

title: Lanthanum

text: Among the lanthanides, lanthanum is exceptional as it does not have any 4f electrons; indeed, the sudden contraction and lowering of energy of the 4f orbital that is important for the chemistry of the lanthanides only begins to happen at cerium. Thus it is only very weakly paramagnetic, unlike the strongly paramagnetic later lanthanides (with the exceptions of the last two, ytterbium and lutetium, where the 4f shell is completely full).[10] Furthermore, since the melting points of the trivalent lanthanides are related to the extent of hybridisation of the 6s, 5d, and 4f electrons, lanthanum has the second-lowest (after cerium) melting point among all the lanthanides: 920°C.[11] The lanthanides become harder as the series is traversed: as expected, lanthanum is a soft metal. Lanthanum has a relatively high resistivity of 615nΩm at room temperature; in comparison, the value for the good conductor aluminium is only 26.50nΩm.[12][13] Lanthanum is the least volatile of the lanthanides.[14] Like most of the lanthanides, lanthanum has a hexagonal crystal structure at room temperature. At 310°C, lanthanum changes to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C, it changes to a body-centered cubic structure.[13]


query: Who is head of RCA Records?

title: RCA Records

text: In May 2011, Doug Morris was appointed chairman of Sony Music Entertainment. Focused on A&R, Morris named J/RCA A&R president Peter Edge chairman and CEO of RCA Music Group. Tom Corson was named president and COO.[43] In October of that year, the Jive, Arista and J imprints were folded into RCA, and RCA Music Group was renamed RCA Records, making it a standalone label under the Sony Music umbrella. Multiple artists from the Jive, Arista and J imprints were shifted to RCA.[44][45][46][47]

title: RCA Records

text: In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the world's largest manufacturer of phonographs (including the famous "Victrola") and phonograph records (in British English, "gramophone records"). The company then became RCA Victor. In absorbing Victor, RCA acquired the New World rights to the famous Nipper/"His Master's Voice" trademark. In 1931, RCA Victor's British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board.[5]

title: RCA Records

text: An early Canadian 45 RPM RCA Victor label Label of an RCA Victor 45 rpm record from mid to late 1950s Label of an RCA Victor 78 rpm record from the mid to late 1950s. This basic design was also used for most LPs from 1954 to 1964. RCA used this label for its American 45 rpm records during the Dynagroove era from 1965 to 1968 RCA's LP label during the Dynagroove era was also used for 45 rpm records of the mid- to late 1960s An example of an RCA Quadradisc album Standard Victor label used on early CDs (1983-87) from RCA Records Standard Victor label RCA Records used on vinyl LPs from 1976 to c. 1990

title: RCA Records

text: In 1983, Arista Records owner Bertelsmann sold 50% of Arista to RCA. In 1985, Bertelsmann and RCA Records formed a joint venture called RCA/Ariola International.[26] The following year, RCA Corporation was acquired by General Electric and it sold its 50% interest in RCA Records to its partner Bertelsmann. The company was renamed BMG Music for Bertelsmann Music Group.[27] BMG revived the old RCA "lightning bolt" logo that was retired in 1968 to differentiate RCA Records from the other RCA divisions which GE either liquidated or closed. BMG also revived the "RCA Victor" label for Red Seal, Broadway and soundtrack releases and other musical genres outside of rock, pop and country music. In 1986, Bob Buziak, formerly an artist manager, was appointed president of the label.

title: RCA Red Seal Records

text: In 1950, RCA Victor began issuing vinyl LPs (originally introduced by Columbia Records in 1948), because they were losing artists and sales due to the company's resistance to adopting the new format. In 1954, RCA Victor began experimenting with stereophonic recording. The first RCA Victor "Stereo Orthophonic" reel to reel tapes were issued in 1955. When stereo LP records first appeared in 1958, RCA Victor introduced their highly regarded "Living Stereo" recordings. During this period RCA was consistently seen as producing some of the finest-sounding recordings then available.

title: Keith Naftaly

text:
Naftaly left J in 2003. He subsequently held senior A&R positions at Dreamworks Records, Sony Music, and RCA/Jive. He was named executive vice president and head of A&R at RCA Records in 2012, and president of A&R in 2018. His credits at RCA include
Pink's "Beautiful Trauma", the Kesha comeback album "Rainbow", and G-Eazy’s "The Beautiful & Damned." He has worked closely with Pentatonix and Sia.

title: RCA Victrola

text: In 1982, RCA began issuing a series of budget priced Victrola audio cassettes, retailing for $2.99 each. Beginning in the late 1980s, RCA issued a new CD and cassette series on the Victrola label consisting of stereo recordings of mostly standard symphonic and instrumental works drawn from former Red Seal issues. The fairly short-lived RCA "Papillon Collection" and RCA Victor Silver Seal label also offered low priced reissues of stereophonic Red Seal recordings of the standard classical repertoire. The Victrola label was eventually replaced by RCA Victor Gold Seal, which continued with digitally remastered historic performances, including the complete Toscanini recordings released by RCA Victor and the complete Rachmaninoff recordings issued by Edison Records and RCA Victor. (In 1973, when the Rachmaninoff collections were first released on Red Seal LPs, RCA reported that it had frequently utilized record collectors to provide vintage recordings because its own archives are incomplete.)

title: RCA Records

text: In August 1990 Buziak was replaced by Joe Galante, who had been the president of RCA Records Nashville division. The roster was cut once again and the A&R department was restructured. Along with the launch of BNA Records and the expansion of the urban music division, these initiatives would prove to be positive, but RCA was unsuccessful under Galante, ranking 10th in market share in 1995.[30][31][32][33] Galante returned to head the Nashville division and was replaced in March 1995 by the president of RCA Records Canada, Bob Jamieson.[34] Jamieson overhauled RCA, eliminating a layer of middle management and retooling the label's marketing department. The A&R department was again restructured and the artist roster cut.

title: Antenna (Cave In album)

text: Following the success of their 2000 album, "Jupiter", Cave In were approached by RCA to record their next album. While the band signed with RCA, they continued to maintain a business relationship with Hydra Head, which had released their previous records and would continue to distribute their catalogue.

title: Nathaniel Johnson (broadcaster)

text: In 1991, Nathaniel Johnson was appointed Head of Reissues at RCA Records in New York, having previously produced two quadraphonic LP best-sellers for RCA Red Seal Records, "Spaced-Out Bach," Volumes I and II. Following "Spaced-Out Bach", Johnson produced a 3-record boxed set of Bach's English Suites for RCA Red Seal, London. At RCA in New York, Johnson supervised the remastering of the entire 64-CD Grammy Award-winning Heifetz Collection along with numerous albums from the RCA Living Stereo series and the "Toscanini Edition". In addition, Johnson supervised the remastering of an award-winning collection of Boston Symphony albums featuring music by French composers, conducted by Charles Münch. Over several years, Johnson also supervised the restoration of numerous recordings by Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra for RCA Red Seal Records and RCA Victor.

title: Prior to the Fire

text: Because of RCA's leniency in the end, the band's departure was peaceful despite complications, and they still hold respect for RCA for what the label allowed them to do. Heppner credits the label for allowing the record that RCA funded to go to some other company who would want it instead, while Watchorn acknowledges that recent economic troubles would have mandated that record labels only keep "the things that are going to sell" on their rosters. Heppner noted that labels usually shelve albums permanently if they are deemed unfit for commercial sale rather than give them to the artists who recorded them, and that the band were "really, really lucky" in comparison. Priestess found and signed with New York City independent record label Tee Pee Records to replace RCA in late 2009; Tee Pee Records had offered to sign the group years earlier, but the band chose RCA over Tee Pee. They enjoy being signed to Tee Pee Records rather than RCA, where they feel more "at home". The band have stated that they feel less pressure to succeed on Tee Pee Records, and they do not feel any less important to the label compared to its higher-profile artists, such as "American Idol" contestants. "Tee Pee is the perfect label for us right now, because they totally understand what we want to do," Heppner stated. "I am alas stoked to be labelmates with so many wicked bands." He additionally noted that the only advantage the band had when signed to RCA was more money, and that having a different kind of music meant that Priestess were not as lucrative as a band such as the Foo Fighters, who were more heavily promoted.

title: RCA Records

text: RCA Red Seal RCA Victrola RCA Camden RCA Records Nashville RCA Studio B Dynaflex (RCA) Dynagroove

title: RCA Records

text: After singer Kenny Rogers left the label, he accused RCA of trying to ruin his career. Rogers signed to RCA in 1982 for an advance sum of $20 million (the largest deal ever in country music at that time) when Bob Summer was head of the label.[57]

title: RCA Records

text: RCA Victor Label Group: The RCA Victor Label Group consisted of the RCA Victor, Windham Hill Records and Bluebird Records labels. RCA-distributed labels: A&M Records,[60] Colpix Records, Colgems Records, Calendar/Kirshner, Chelsea Records, Grunt Records, Windstar Records, Midland International, Loud Records, Planet Records, Total Experience Records, Wooden Nickel Records, Millennium Records, Duble Kick Entertainment and Tortoise International Records (Detroit)[61] Black Seal Music: A short-lived imprint of RCA Records that released indie rock music. Artists who recorded on Black Seal are Albert Hammond, Jr., Audrye Sessions, Cory Chisel and The Wandering Sons and The Union Line.

title: ViK. Recordings

text: Vik Records was a subsidiary of RCA Victor Records established in April 1953. In the "Billboard" issue of the 11th of that month, it was announced that RCA was launching, namelessly, a new label that was the company's first to be distributed independently. "Billboard" opted to use the name Label "X" for the new company. The name was kept, as the label began to hire a series of staffers and decide on a direction. Label X was officially formed April 20, 1953. Though wholly owned and operated by RCA, it had its own independent distribution. Joe Carlton was the head of the new company. RCA spent the rest of the year trying to establish an identity for "X", eventually settling on cover records of R&B hits and quasi-R&B sides by artists such as The Three Chuckles, Eddie Fontaine, and Louis Jordan.

title: This Time (Waylon Jennings album)

text: Although Jennings had won artistic autonomy from RCA in 1972, giving him the freedom to produce his own records, he was still irritated by RCA executives, who kept a close eye on his recording sessions at RCA Victor Studios and had even delayed the release of his 1973 album "Honky Tonk Heroes". In his autobiography, Jennings wrote that although he had agreed to record in their studios, the RCA engineers were constantly calling upstairs to executive Jerry Bradley, keeping him aware of everything Jennings did. Fed up with the aggravation, Jennings decided to record his next album at Tompall Glaser's studio at 916 Nineteenth Avenue South, nicknamed "Hillbilly Central," with Willie Nelson co-producing. Glaser, a Nashville veteran who had achieved fame with the Glaser Brothers, had co-produced "Honky Tonk Heroes", a touchstone of the outlaw country movement. In his book "Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville", author Michael Striessguth describes the atmosphere at the studio, which contrasted sharply with RCA's strict recording traditions:

title: RCA Camden

text: From 1968 to 1975, RCA Camden issued a series of compilation albums featuring recordings by Elvis Presley, who recorded for the main RCA Victor label. These albums primarily consisted of repackagings of Presley's 1960s-era movie soundtrack recordings, however several albums, such as "Elvis Sings Flaming Star" also featured previously unreleased material, while another album, "Let's Be Friends" featured most of the soundtrack to Presley's final scripted film, "Change of Habit." Two later compilations, "Burning Love and Hits from His Movies, Volume 2" and "Separate Ways" actually featured then-current chart hits for Presley that were issued on LP on RCA Camden, instead of the usual RCA Victor label (resulting in both albums - which otherwise featured previously released and generally undistinguished movie and studio tracks - making the US charts). In 1975, RCA leased the reissue rights of several different Camden albums, including Presley's, to Pickwick Records, which subsequently reissued several of them under its own branding. RCA eventually regained the rights to the Pickwick-leased recordings and reissued several of them in the 1980s.

title: RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra

text: The RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra, sometimes also known as the Victor Symphony Orchestra, RCA Victor Salon Orchestra, the RCA Victor Orchestra and simply, the RCA Orchestra was an American studio orchestra founded in 1940 by the RCA Victor record label for the purposes of making recordings. Originally established in the 1920s as a salon orchestra based at Victor's headquarters in Camden, New Jersey, the group was created by longtime Victor staff conductor Nathaniel Shilkret. The name later was used for free-lance orchestras, mainly in New York City, assembled as needed to make recordings for RCA Victor through the early 1960s. Its players included those from the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, the Symphony of the Air and other major ensembles. The RCA Victor Orchestra recorded with notable conductors including Leopold Stokowski, Fritz Reiner and Leonard Bernstein. A number of their recordings received Grammy Awards. In the early 1960s the orchestra was disbanded when RCA Victor began moving much of its Red Seal recording activity to Europe and established the RCA Italiana Orchestra at its studios in Rome.

title: Perfect Pitch Black

text: For the band's third studio album, "Antenna", the band left Hydra Head Records and signed with major label RCA Records. Members later claimed they were disappointed by the experience (despite the album gaining positive reviews) citing too much time and money spent on making the album, and too much control over the music from RCA. The band started writing heavier songs that incorporated more of Cave In's earlier sound, but RCA refused to release the album and wanted little to do with the demos the band had been recording. RCA Records granted Cave In ownership rights of the demos they had already recorded and dropped the band from the label in 2004. Originally unsure of how to release the album, Cave In later signed back to Hydra Head Records to release "Perfect Pitch Black".

title: RCA Records

text: RCA Records (UK): A division of Sony Music UK, since 2006, which acts as an import label of American and multinational Sony Music artists, and also signs UK and Irish artists, including Paloma Faith, Everything Everything, Laura Mvula, Little Mix, and Kodaline. RCA Red Seal Records: The RCA Red Seal classical music label is now part of Sony Masterworks. RCA Records (France): A division of Sony Music France. Founded as RCA Cinematre in 1978. Renamed to its current name in 2006. RCA Records (Italy): A division of Sony Music Italy. Founded as RCA Italiana in 1949. It was closed in 1987 and reactivated in 2006. RCA Victor: The former name of RCA Records that currently distributes electronic, rock and soundtrack albums, such as The Sound of Music soundtrack, Jose Feliciano's Feliz Navidad, the European release of The Fashion by The Fashion, American releases of albums by Imogen Heap, a handful of albums by Elvis Presley, and other classic albums. RCA Records (Australia): A division of Sony Music Australia. Founded in 1963 for Australian artists. Renamed to RCA Limited Australia and New Zealand in 1976 for Australian and New Zealand artists. Renamed to its current name in 2006. Bluebird Records: Launched by RCA in 1932, Bluebird was originally a low priced label consisting mainly of Jazz, Blues and Country music.

title: RCA Records

text: Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels.[7] RCA Custom also pressed many record compilations for The Reader's Digest Association.

title: RCA/Jive Label Group

text: RCA/Jive configuration began as the BMG Label Group during the last year of the Sony BMG merger. The group was officially formed in September 2007 when Bertelsmann Music Group restructured their RCA and Zomba groups into one entity bearing the BMG branding. Bob Anderson and Kevin Twitchell led the sales department for the new group, and John Fleckenstein was named senior VP of international. By early 2008, the BMG Label Group was said to consist of RCA Records, Jive Records, J Records, LaFace, Arista, Volcano Entertainment, Verity, GospoCentric and Fo Yo Soul. In April 2008, Jive head Barry Weiss was promoted to chairman and CEO of the whole BMG Label Group, a position he still held since the groups rebranding. Weiss replaced longtime music exec Clive Davis, who became the Chief Creative Officer. Though some interpreted this move by Sony as a way of shuffling Davis out of the company, he quickly reasserted his position as a hitmaker for Sony working with artists such as Leona Lewis and Jennifer Hudson.

title: RCA Records

text: RCA Victor has produced several notable Broadway cast albums, among them the original Broadway recordings of Brigadoon, Paint Your Wagon, the Mary Martin Peter Pan, Damn Yankees, Hello, Dolly!, Oliver!, and Fiddler on the Roof. RCA has also recorded and released recordings of revival stagings of musicals. These include the musical productions staged at Lincoln Center, such as the 1966 revivals of Show Boat and Annie Get Your Gun, the 1987 revival of Anything Goes and the 1998 Broadway revivals of Cabaret and The Sound of Music. Call Me Madam was recorded by RCA Victor with all of its original cast except for its star Ethel Merman, who, due to contractual obligations, could not be released from her American Decca Records contract. She was replaced on the RCA Victor album by Dinah Shore. RCA Victor was also responsible for the film soundtrack albums of Damn Yankees, South Pacific, Bye Bye Birdie, Half a Sixpence, and The Sound of Music. The album made from the 1965 hit Julie Andrews film was (and is) one of the best selling soundtracks of all time. The film soundtrack of Oliver!, made by Colgems Records, was distributed by RCA, which had released the Broadway cast album. RCA Victor also released the original American cast album of Hair.

title: Canned Wheat

text: The band was sent to record the follow-up to "Wheatfield Soul" at RCA Studios in New York City. As per company policy at the time, RCA artists were to use the company's own studios. "Wheatfield Soul" was cut independently and before the band signed with RCA. The band and their producer Jack Richardson felt that the sound at RCA was inferior to that of the independent A&R Studios, where "Wheatfield Soul" was recorded. They duly recorded "Canned Wheat" at RCA and secretly re-recorded two of the strongest numbers "Laughing" and "Undun" at A&R. To prove the point that the RCA studio was unsuitable, A&R dubs of "Laughing" and "Undun" were sent to RCA. When RCA released "Laughing" and "Undun" as a two-sided single and it began to hit the charts, RCA wanted an album put out as soon as possible. There was no time to re-record the rest of the material, so "Canned Wheat" was released, as recorded at RCA studios, yet including the "Laughing" and "Undun" versions cut at A&R.

title: RCA Music Group

text: In mid-2011, Sony announced that they were again restructuring RCA/JIVE Label Group. The JIVE side split, and LA Reid was hired to head Epic Records, which was restructured to focus on urban music. JIVE Records was moved under RCA Music Group, minus those artists who were moved to Epic. Some of JIVE's urban artists such as Usher moved to RCA, while other JIVE pop artists, including Britney Spears & P!nk, stayed under JIVE as the label moved under the RCA Music Group. Peter Edge serves as CEO of the company. The company was expected to start releasing all of its recordings under RCA Records. Arista Records, J Records and JIVE Records have been shut down in October 2011 with all of their artists moving to RCA. In August 2011, RCA laid off 20 members of its staff.

title: RCA Records

text: Through the 1940s and 1950s, RCA Victor was in intense competition with Columbia Records. A number of recordings were made with the NBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Arturo Toscanini; sometimes RCA Victor utilized recordings of broadcast concerts (Toscanini had been recording for the label since the days of acoustic recordings, and RCA Victor had been recording the NBC Symphony since its creation in 1937). After Toscanini retired in the spring of 1954, the NBC Symphony was reorganized later that year as the Symphony of the Air. The orchestra, while no longer connected to NBC, continued to record for RCA Victor, as well as other labels, usually conducted by Leopold Stokowski. RCA Victor also released a number of recordings with the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra, which was usually drawn from either Philadelphia or New York musicians, as well as members of the Symphony of the Air. By the late 1950s, RCA Victor had fewer high prestige orchestras under contract than Columbia had: RCA recorded the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and the Boston Pops, whereas Columbia had the Cleveland Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra under contracts.

title: Ariola Records

text: It acquired both Arista Records and German rival label Hansa Records in 1979. It sold 50% of Arista to RCA Records in 1983; after a brief joint venture between RCA and Ariola, RCA (including its record division) were acquired by General Electric who promptly sold RCA's stake in the venture back to Ariola. Ariola America also had a sister label called Ocean Records, which included on its roster actress/entertainer Ann-Margret. It was active 1979 through 1980. In the 1980s, there was a software development division called Ariolasoft.

title: RCA

text: Ampliphase Berliner Gramophone Company, whose Canadian operation became RCA Victor of Canada Capacitance Electronic Disc format, marketed as RCA SelectaVision Claude Robinson, American pioneer in advertising and opinion survey research CMOS 4000 series Colortrak and Colortrak 2000, notable trademarks for RCA's early color television sets Dimensia, a high-end advanced trademark TV for RCA Edwin Howard Armstrong, Inventor and Radio Engineer working with RCA Electrofax Elmer T. Cunningham Empire State Building broadcast stations Ernst F. W. Alexanderson RCA's first Chief Engineer, 1920–1924 Film Chain – RCA TK-26, TK-27 and TK-28 George H. Brown, research engineer who headed RCA's development of color television Harold H. Beverage vice president of research and development at RCA Communications, Inc. HMV – His Master's Voice Victor Company of Japan (JVC) List of phonograph manufacturers Missile Test Project Professional video cameras – TK 47 and more RCA connector RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer RCA Photophone, Motion Picture sound recording RCA Records RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, joint venture between RCA and Columbia Pictures RKO Pictures, founded in part by RCA Superette (radio) RCA trademark for their line of superheterodyne receivers during the early 1930s. Vladimir K. Zworykin Invented the Iconoscope image pickup tube for RCA early television camera video system. XL-100, RCA trademark for extended life and 100% solid state chassis on color television sets in the 1970s and later.

title: Francisco Fellove

text: In 1952, Fellove took part in some of the descargas (jam sessions) directed by Julio Gutiérrez at Panart Studios in Havana (released in 1956). In December 1955 he moved to Mexico with fellow filin songwriter José Antonio Méndez and joined the cha-cha-cha group Conjunto Batamba. In 1956 he met Mexican promoter and head of RCA Victor in Mexico Mariano Rivera Conde, who gave him the nickname "El Gran Fellove", kickstarting his solo career. Among his first solo recordings for RCA Victor were "Mango mangüé", Niño Rivera's "El jamaiquino" and "Azul pintado de azul", backed by Lobo y Melón. In 1957, RCA Victor released an LP of Fellove's recordings entitled "El Gran Fellove".

title: Rabbinical Council of America

text:
Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik played an important role in the RCA until his death in 1993.
For many years, the RCA was led by Rabbi Steven Dworkin, who served as executive vice-president until his death in January 2003. The RCA was then headed by Rabbi Basil Herring, who previously served as director of the Orthodox Forum. In September 2012 the RCA announced that Rabbi Herring was transitioning to the position of editor-in-chief of RCA Publications and that Rabbi Mark Dratch would take over as the new EVP.

title: Victor Talking Machine Company

text: In 1926, Johnson sold his controlling (but not holding) interest in the Victor Company to the banking firm of Seligman & Spyer, who in 1929 sold Victor to the Radio Corporation of America. It then became known briefly as the Radio-Victor Division of the Radio Corporation of America, then the RCA Manufacturing Company, the RCA Victor Division and in 1968, RCA Records. Most record labels continued to bear only the "Victor" name until 1946, when the labels changed to "RCA Victor" and eventually, to simply "RCA" in late 1968. (See RCA and RCA Records for later history of the Victor brand name.)