query: How long is a soccer field?

title: Football pitch

text: The pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer sides are called touchlines. The other opposing sides are called the goal lines. The two goal lines must be between 45 and 90m (50 and 100yd) wide, and be the same length.[3] The two touchlines be between 90 and 120m (100 and 130yd) long, and be the same length.[3] All lines on the ground must be equally wide, not to exceed 12cm (5in).[3] The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags.[4]

title: Ontario Soccer Centre

text: The centre features a field house that can accommodate three indoor soccer fields or one full size 11-a-side game. It has two international size outdoor grass fields, one international size outdoor artificial turf field, a sports therapy clinic, a restaurant and lounge. The tenants include The Ontario Soccer League, The Ontario Womens Soccer League, The Ontario Soccer Association, and The Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame and Museum.

title: Brunswick (Brittonkill) Central School District

text: The campus has one main sports field, complete with bleachers, a reporters' box, concession stand, and newly installed storage building. The track that surrounds the main field underwent a significant upgrade in the late 1990s from a small dirt track to a professional running track. The field is used for both football and soccer. The area is also used for track and field events such as high jump, long jump, and pole vault. Elsewhere on campus there are three soccer fields, one baseball diamond, two softball diamonds, one outdoor basketball court, and two tennis courts.

title: Soccer-specific stadium

text: A soccer-specific stadium typically has amenities, dimensions and scale suitable for soccer in North America, including a scoreboard, video screen, luxury suites and possibly a roof. The field dimensions are within the range found optimal by FIFA: long by wide. These soccer field dimensions are wider than the regulation American football field width of , or the width of a Canadian football field. The playing surface typically consists of grass as opposed to artificial turf, as the latter is generally disfavored for soccer matches since players are more susceptible to injuries. However, some soccer specific stadiums, such as Portland's Providence Park and Creighton University's Morrison Stadium, do have artificial turf.

title: George Allen Field

text: George Allen Field is a 1,000 seat soccer stadium on the campus of California State University, Long Beach in Long Beach, California. It is named after Los Angeles Rams and Washington Redskins head coach George Allen.

title: Berner High School

text:
The former high school's athletic facilities, including a track, football field, and tennis courts, have mostly fallen into disrepair. In summer of 2016, the Massapequa Board of Education elected to renovate the athletic facilities at Berner due to the disrepair of the facilities over the years. The north soccer field is still often used by the Long Island Junior Soccer League for the Massapequa Soccer Club's travel teams, but the south soccer field is often torn up due to constant use by middle school students during the soccer and football seasons. It is also used heavily for adult leagues and unsanctioned soccer games during the weekends.
The tennis courts have recently been torn down and they have built a new softball field there instead.

title: United States national beach soccer team

text: The field that beach soccer is played on is much smaller than a traditional football field but still rectangular in shape. It's generally 36 meters long and 27 meters wide with penalty areas on each end of the field within about 9 meters of the goal and is marked by yellow flags. The sand on the field is also required to be at least 40 centimeters deep as the players are required to be barefoot. Beach soccer goals are smaller than normal regulation soccer goals. They are 2.2 meters tall and 5.5 meters wide.

title: California Surf

text: The California Surf was a soccer club based in Anaheim, California who played in the North American Soccer League from 1978 to 1981. Their home field was Anaheim Stadium. They played two seasons of indoor soccer, one each at the Anaheim Convention Center and the Long Beach Arena.

title: Al Albert (soccer)

text: In tribute to Albert's lasting impact on the landscape of sport at William and Mary, the university hosts all of its home soccer and lacrosse games at Albert-Daly Field, named after Albert and long-time women's soccer head coach John Daly.

title: Centennial Field

text: In addition to the baseball field, the adjacent soccer field was used by the University of Vermont football team until 1974, and UVM's men's and women's lacrosse teams in the 1990s through 2006. The school's men's soccer team played there from 1975 to 2011 and the women played there from 1995–2011 before moving to Virtue Field on campus. The Centennial Field soccer stands had 5,000 seats and drew America East record crowds during the 1989 postseason when UVM advanced to the NCAA Men's Soccer Championship East Regional Finals with wins over Yale and UConn. Vermont hosted the long-running Smith Barney Men's Soccer Classic at Centennial Field that featured many national powers including UCLA, Stanford, Old Dominion, San Francisco, New Mexico and North Carolina. Its recent women's soccer tournament has featured Indiana, Notre Dame and Villanova.

title: Parkway Field

text: The ballpark site is south of Eastern Parkway and west of Brook Street, near the university campus. The field itself remains, and is still used for intramural football and soccer at the university. The stadium seating has long since been demolished. In the early 2000s there were still some visible remnants of the ballfield, including the poorly kept diamond, backstop, dugouts and outfield walls. Those have since been removed, leaving just a chain-link fenced, rectangular football/soccer field.

title: Fran Rish Stadium

text: Long known as the "Bomber Bowl", it is the home field for the football teams of the city's two high schools, the Richland Bombers and the Hanford Falcons, although the Falcons have a separate track facility at their high school. Neither school uses the stadium for soccer matches (Bomber Field, Richland High's soccer field, is located near Carmichael Middle School, which is located across the street from Fran Rish stadium, on Thayer Drive, but the school's grounds carry down the back of the school all the way to Wellsian Way. Hanford's soccer team plays on their school grounds).

title: Sports in the New York metropolitan area

text: The Long Island Rough Riders and Long Island Rough Riders (UWS) play soccer and women's soccer since 1994 at Cy Donnelly Stadium in South Huntington, and formerly at Belson Stadium, Mitchel Athletic Complex, Michael Tully Field, Citibank Park and Stony Brook University Stadium.

title: Widukind-Gymnasium Enger

text: The WGE campus is kept as natural as possible. The "Schulgarten" for example is a big lawn surrounded by many green trees. There are also three soccer fields in the "Schulgarten", and the members of the "Neigungsfach Gartenarbeit" are keeping plants on a garden with greenhouses for their studies. On the right of the soccer fields (as seen from the building) goes a long grassy path beside a field, with a wooden table at the other end. There is also a long connection of paths in the woods around the soccer fields.

title: Monmouth Hawks men's soccer

text: The Monmouth Hawks men's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey, United States. The team is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Monmouth's first men's soccer team was fielded in 1982. The team plays its home games at Hesse Field in West Long Branch, New Jersey. The Hawks are coached by Robert McCourt.

title: Opportunitas aequa

text: In July and August 2008, during OA's pilot project in Rwanda, a team of 5 volunteers helped to re-build 1 soccer field, to distribute soccer resources to five local programs and to run a week-long soccer camp for the orphans of the Rebero Orphan Center in Kigali.

title: The Silent Warrior

text: Long was born in Buffalo, New York and has been deaf since birth. He is one of eight siblings. As an athlete at St. Mary's School for the Deaf. Long was a co-captain of the varsity soccer, basketball, and Track and field teams. Long was a center for the St. Mary's basketball team. He remained on the team from 1992 to 1995. Long gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball, establishing himself as a rugged rebounder. Long played in the Eastern Schools for the Deaf Athletic Association's annual Soccer Tournament in Scranton, Pennsylvania, St. Mary's Boys varsity soccer teams won Soccer Championship in 1994. Long's individual accolade and accomplishments include four Most Valuable Player (MVP) Awards, three Varsity Soccer Awards, and the 1995 Independent Athletic Conference (IAC) All-Star Award. Long attended Emerson Vocational High School from St. Mary's in Buffalo, New York, where he studies Culinary Art. Long was former Erie Community College culinary student, who finished his education at the Culinary Training Institute, cook at the New Era Field during Buffalo Bills' season.

title: Howe Military Academy

text: Howe Military does not compete in a conference structure. Preferring to stay independent, Howe competes regionally against parochial, private and public schools. Currently Howe fields men's tennis, soccer, basketball, wrestling, baseball, lacrosse, drill, and track. For women soccer, volleyball, and tennis are available. Also Howe has a perennially nationally ranked rifle team that is available to both men and women.

title: Saskatoon Soccer Centre

text: SSCI was registered as a non-profit organization in 1993 to bring a permanent indoor soccer facility to the city of Saskatoon. The Kinsmen/Henk Ruys was completed first and opened in the winter of 1998. The facility has four full size indoor soccer fields and is also used frequently for volleyball, box lacrosse, dodgeball, and roller hockey. With the growth of soccer in Saskatoon, a second facility was needed and the Saskatoon Soccer Centre was opened in the fall of 2006. It was built in conjunction with Centennial Collegiate. This facility has two full size outdoor fields and indoors has a full size field as well as two hardcore titled fields. The indoor soccer field is the largest indoor soccer field in Canada.

title: Fort Totten (Queens)

text: During the winter months, a large variety of migratory waterfowl can be observed in the surrounding waters: Little Bay to the west, Long Island Sound to the north, and Little Neck Bay to the east. Most buildings are dilapidated and unused. Fort Totten is also a sports complex, with an outdoor pool, baseball fields and three soccer fields used for youth soccer.

title: Legacy Christian Academy (Ohio)

text:
The Legacy Christian Knights compete in the Metro Buckeye Conference. The school has long had a rivalry with Dayton Christian School's Warriors. Sports at Legacy are:
Athletes in Action has a sports complex on the campus that is used by LCA. The complex includes two softball fields, a baseball field, two full-sized NCAA soccer fields, an interchangeable football/soccer field, and a lighted football field.

title: Long Island University Field

text: Long Island University Field is a baseball, soccer, and softball venue in Brooklyn, New York, United States. It is home to the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds baseball, men's and women's soccer, women's lacrosse, and softball teams of the NCAA Division I Northeast Conference. The venue, which features an artificial turf surface, has a capacity of 2,000 spectators for soccer and lacrosse and 500 spectators for baseball and softball.

title: Bayamón Soccer Complex

text: Fields 1 & 2 is centrally located serving multiple neighborhoods in the city of Bayamon; being Minillas, Tio, Reparto Zarina, and Vista Bella. Being a couple miles to the south of Bayamon Soccer Complex 2. The field 1 is a professional sized soccer field and field 2 is a recreational sized soccer field with a small youth sized field for youth teams attached to the west.

title: Fetzer Field

text: The Tar Heels have long been among the nation's attendance leaders in men's and women's soccer. The record crowd for Fetzer Field was 7,212 people in 1995, who watched the women's soccer team lose to Notre Dame in the semifinals. The highest attended regular season game occurred in 1998 when the Tar Heels defeated Notre Dame, 5-1, with 6,024 people in attendance. In the 2011 NCAA elite eight men's soccer game against St. Mary's College Fetzer Field officially sold out.

text: The 2016 Big West Conference Women's Soccer Tournament is the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big West Conference to be held from November 3 to 6, 2016. The three match tournament will be held at George Allen Field in Long Beach, California. The four team single-elimination tournament will consist of two rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Cal State Fullerton Titans are the three-time defending tournament champions after defeating the Long Beach State 49ers 1–0 in the championship match in 2015.2016 Big West Women's Soccer Tournament

title: Newark High School (Delaware)

text: The campus' athletic facilities include a 400-meter track and field with shot-put and discus throwing areas; long, triple, and high jump facilities and a pole-vaulting area; a soccer field that doubles as the baseball field's outfield; a football field that doubles as a soccer and lacrosse field; two softball fields and six tennis courts. The building was last renovated in 1998, although several capital improvements, such as central air for the entire building, were approved in a 2002 referendum and completed in 2006.

title: John Ilhan Memorial Reserve

text: It is the home of Hume City FC. The venue has a capacity of 5,000 and is the only stadium in the City of Hume that is up to NPL standard. The ground is named in honour of former Crazy John's owner John Ilhan. There are 4 soccer fields, two of which are used for juniors and training purposes, (one being a synthetic field). There is also a turf athletics track for long jump, javelin and discus with an infield soccer field. The main field contains a pavilion with underground state of the art change rooms used for senior training sessions and match days for Hume City FC.

title: Lansdowne Park

text: In particular, Frank Clair Stadium and its outdoor field has a long history of sports usage in baseball, football, lacrosse and soccer (including Olympic soccer). The stadium has held Grey Cup football, and World Cup Under 20 soccer championships. Before the south stands were built, the field was a combination baseball, outdoor lacrosse and football facility. The Ottawa Giants and Ottawa Athletics professional baseball teams used the facility from 1951 to 1954. In football, the Ottawa Rough Riders and Ottawa Renegades professional football teams used the field until 2005. Today the University of Ottawa football team uses the field. The Ottawa Lacrosse Club and the Ottawa Capitals lacrosse clubs used the field from before 1900 for field lacrosse.

title: 3v3 Soccer

text: 3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams. Each team may only have three players on the field at a time (hence providing the name, "3 v 3", "3 versus 3", or "3 on 3"). This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a "small-sided" game, as compared to a full-sided game with larger teams. The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch, instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long, although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches. It uses a much smaller goal than full-sided soccer. In most 3v3 there is no keeper, although one variant, 3v3 Micro Soccer, does use a keeper.

title: World Wide Technology Soccer Park

text: World Wide Technology Soccer Park is a soccer complex which includes four soccer-specific stadiums, with the main field, Toyota Stadium, holding 5,500 seats. Located in Fenton, Missouri, a suburb southwest of downtown St. Louis, it is operated by St. Louis Scott Gallagher Soccer Club whose 275 teams and 3,600 players use it for both practice and games. It is also the home field for Webster University's men's and women's soccer teams as well as Saint Louis FC. The complex has five playing fields—three turf and two grass—and one main exhibition turf field, most of which are lighted. The fields are primarily used for soccer but also host field hockey and lacrosse teams. In addition to the playing surfaces, the complex features offices, home and away locker rooms, a fan shop, a banquet hall, a veranda overlooking the main field, two concession stands, a press box, and a private office.

text:
The 1966 San Francisco Dons men's soccer team represented the University of San Francisco during the 1966 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Season. The Dons won their first NCAA Soccer Championship title this season, defeating Long Island in the championship. It was the 23rd season the Dons fielded a men's varsity soccer team.
The 1966 team was coached by Stephen Negoesco for his fifth season at the helm. Negoesco guided the Dons to an 11-0-1 record. On the third of December, the USF soccer team played through mud to beat the Long Island University team with a 5-2 victory and the NCAA championship.


query: How many Australians served in WW2?

title: Military history of Australia during World War II

text: Australia entered World WarII on 3 September 1939, following the government's acceptance of the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Nazi Germany. Following attacks on Allied countries, the Australian government later declared war on other members of the Axis powers, including the Kingdom of Italy (11 June 1940) and the Empire of Japan (8 December 1941). By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces, whose military units fought primarily in the European theatre, North African campaign, and the South West Pacific theatre. In addition, Australia came under direct attack for the first time in its post-colonial history. Its casualties from enemy action during the war were 27,073 killed and 23,477 wounded.[1]

title: Paul Howes

text: In 2013, Howes was considered for an appointment to the Australian Senate, but subsequently withdrew his nomination in September, while announcing his intention to continue to serve as the national secretary of the Australian Workers Union. In explaining his reasons for stepping down, Howes stated that his public support for gay marriage drawn the ire of pro-Catholic right-wing members of the ALP. Speaking to reporters, Howes stated that “I don't want to be a wrecker and I don't want to divide. It is clear if I was to be a candidate for this position it would be a divisive, negative and destructive fight in the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party.”

title: Industry funding of academic research

text: Far more extensively, in many fields and countries, a narrow majority of academic scientists report having some soft industry relationships, primarily through consulting. Such informal industry academic relationships have a long-standing tradition as they served as a major source of funding for individual labs prior to WW2. In many cases, it was expected that researchers would pursue such relationships as this was expected to be a major source of funding for researcher’s salaries. Despite greatly expanded post-WW2 federal support for research, so called soft money salary support from industry remains a large and growing aspect of academic research salaries.

title: Morphy number

text:
Everyone in this group played someone in the group above.
Some of the most important members of this group follow. Tartakower lost to Mortimer early in his chess career, which spanned beyond WW2, so allowed many younger players to gain a 3.
Most of the masters in this group played several members of the previous group. This group includes some of the most important players for making connections to later generations. Botvinnik and Reshevsky played older masters such as Lasker and Janowski, had long careers, and played many younger players. Najdorf was Tartakower's pupil and they played a number of published games together, and Najdorf played blitz right into his 80s, allowing many younger players to achieve 4. C.J.S. Purdy played Tartakower (2), enabling many Australian players to achieve 4. As of March 2015, fewer than 15 of them are still alive. many of these players are still alive; a few (such as Short) are still active.

title: Fred Keays

text: Frederick William Keays (12 July 1898 – 24 June 1983) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy (1919-1921) and Collingwood (in the 1922 VFL season) in the Victorian Football League (VFL). After his playing career Fred competed in the 1927 Stawell Gift won by his rival at that time, Tom Miles. He was a trainer and committee member for Fitzroy spanning 2 decades until the Second World War. He served for a second time in WW2 having previously served and twice been wounded as a 16-year-old ANZAC in WW1.

title: John Jess

text: John David Jess, CBE (15 April 1922 – 18 October 2003) was an Australian politician. Born in Melbourne, he attended Melbourne Grammar School He was a lieutenant in the CMF during WW2, serving in Melbourne and Queensland, before becoming an estate agent. He was elected to the Australian House of Representatives in a 1960 by-election for the seat of La Trobe, representing the Liberal Party. He held the seat until his defeat in 1972. He was instrumental in bringing about the second Royal Commission into the Voyager/Melbourne ship collision in 1964. He was known throughout his 12-year career in politics as the "Seeker of Justice" for his courage in fighting issues of justice. Jess died in 2003.

title: Sheila McClemans

text: McClemans enlisted in WW2, entering the first WRANS officer training course at HMAS Cerberus, Westernport, Victoria. rising to the rank of Director of the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service..

title: Burke and Wills Dig Tree

text: The Burke and Wills Dig Tree and Camp 65 is important for its special association with explorers Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, who completed the first north-south crossing of the Australian continent and who both died during their return journey, in 1861. Their journey was remarkable not only as a feat of endurance and story of incompetence, but for the way in which it has permeated Australian historical consciousness, how it is celebrated in high art by verse and painting, and how it has contributed to the perpetuation of the Australian bush legend of struggle against the wilderness. The Dig Tree is a revered social landmark for many Australians, as evidenced by the many visitors to the site every year.

title: Bless This House (song)

text: In the United States, this song is strongly associated with Thanksgiving and is often sung around this time. It is frequently found in spiritual/inspirational collections, such as the Doris Day album "You'll Never Walk Alone" and the Perry Como album "I Believe", as well as in many Hymnals. It was a favourite of Vera Lynn, British WW2 "Forces Sweetheart" and appears on her album "Favourite Sacred Songs" (1972). Australian duo Generation Gap (Australian tenor Jim Hopkin and pianist Stephen Lightbody) also recorded a version of the song which appears on their 2009 album "A New Beginning".

title: John Madsen (physicist)

text: [The Australian War Memorial Histories of the Australian involvement with radar & standards in WW2 are dealt with comprehensively by David Mellor in the "Role of Science and Industry" series.]

title: J. A. Ratcliffe

text: He and his University of Cambridge group (which included physicist Frank Farmer) did much pioneering work on the ionosphere, immediately prior to World War II. He was one of many leading radio scientists who worked at the Telecommunications Research Establishment during WW2. Martin Ryle, Bernard Lovell, and Antony Hewish were co-workers there, and Ryle and Hewish joined his radio-physics group at Cambridge after WW2. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1951.

title: Anzacs (TV series)

text: The actors playing British officers and politicians were almost all New Zealanders. Many of the extras playing the roles of Allied, American, and German soldiers were serving members of the Australian Army. This was done to keep costs down so that actors did not have to learn how to act as soldiers or to have to teach them how to use the weapons. Many of the actors would also appear on the US TV series "" which was filmed mostly in Australia.

title: Tropical cyclone seasonal forecasting

text: New Zealand's National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and collaborating agencies including the Meteorological Service of New Zealand and Pacific Island National Meteorological Services issue the "Island Climate Update Tropical Cyclone Outlook" for the Pacific. This forecast attempts to predict how many tropical cyclones and severe tropical cyclones will develop within the Southern Pacific between 135°E and 120°W as well as how many will affect a particular island nation. The Fiji Meteorological Service while collaborating with NIWA and partners also publishes its own seasonal forecast but for the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. Since the start of the 2009–10 season, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's National Climate Center has publicly released a forecast for the Australian region which focused on the broadscale aspects of the cyclone season, and forecasted how likely it was that a subregion was to see activity above the average as well as how many tropical cyclones may occur within the basin and each of its subregions. However ahead of the 2011–12 season the NCC stopped forecasting publicly how many tropical cyclones may occur in a certain region and just forecasted how likely it was that a subregion was to see activity above the average.

title: History of the Australian Army

text: In all, 16,175 Australians, with 16,314 horses, served in the Boer War; 251 were killed in action, 267 died of other causes and 43 went missing in action. Six Victoria Crosses were awarded to Australians, five serving with Australian contingents and one serving with the South African Constabulary. Many Australians did more than one tour of duty and a number remained after the war and settled in-country; while others returned to Australia then returned to South Africa.

title: Australian Chinese cuisine

text: Australian Chinese cuisine is a style of Chinese cuisine and Australian cuisine cooking developed and mastered by Australians of Chinese descent. The dishes are served in many states and cities in Australia and are adapted to the Western tastes, and are prepared slightly differently from analogous dishes in China. However, as the population of Chinese people living in Australia has been increasing steadily, Australia is now hosting many restaurants that serve highly authentic Chinese dishes.

title: Bryn, Neath Port Talbot

text: Bryn also served as a camp for the British Royal Artillery during WW2. Bunkers can still be seen today. Many men were stationed here. The CO (commanding officer) had his private bunker.

title: Forests Commission Victoria

text: In the post-WW2 era, from 1947 to the mid-1980s, the Forests Commission sponsored Australia's only military sawmilling unit, the 91 Forestry Squadron, which was a special reserve unit of the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE) . Established and commanded by FCV forester and WW2 veteran, Major Ben Benallack, the "Woodpeckers" as they were known comprised a small pool of specialised soldiers capable of rapid mobilisation in the event of a need. Several other Victorian departments such as the State Electricity Commission (SEC) did the same thing by supporting a construction squadron based at Newborough in the Latrobe Valley. It created a very active and capable part-time military group that completed many worthy projects across the State. The 91 Forestry Squadron operated bush sawmills, built timber bridges along the Murray River, the suspension bridge at Tarra Bulga National Park, the Snake Island jetty, logging roads and various demolition tasks. Numerous Commission employees and others from the forestry sector served long periods in the unit.

title: Jasper Maskelyne

text: In the book on WW2 deception, "Ghosts of the ETO" by Jonathan Gawne it was explained how Maskelyne was not responsible for all the deception work that was claimed and that Dudley Clarke deserves the lion share of any credit.

title: Forests Commission Victoria

text: Many Commission employees, timber workers and those from forest sawmills volunteered for military service in WW2 with some joining units deployed to the UK and other places as the 2/2 Forestry Company in the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE) who served with distinction to produce timber for the war effort. Others served back at home by continuing the salvage of the fire killed forest as well as producing firewood and charcoal for domestic use.

title: John Edmondson (musician)

text: "For the Australian WW2 Victoria Cross medal awardee see John Hurst Edmondson"

title: Pub rock (Australia)

text: Many city and suburban pubs gained renown for their support of live music, and many prominent Australian bands — including AC/DC, Cold Chisel, The Angels and The Dingoes — developed their style at these venues in the early days of their careers. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described how AC/DC took "the raw energy of Aussie pub rock, extend its basic guidelines, serve it up to a teenybop "Countdown" audience and still reap the benefits of the live circuit by packing out the pubs". He found that Cold Chisel "fused a combination of rockabilly, hard rock and rough-house soul'n'blues that was defiantly Australian in outlook". He noted The Angels had "a profound effect on the Australian live music scene of the late 1970s/early 1980s. [They] helped redefine the Australian pub rock tradition ... [their] brand of no-frills, hard-driving boogie rock attracted pub goers in unprecedented numbers". The Dingoes provided a "spirited combination of R&B, country and red-hot rock'n'roll was imbued with a delightful sense of time and place" according to McFarlane.

title: Military beret

text: Not exactly camouflage but an early example is the Jungle Beret issued to the Australian Army during WW2.Military berets by color:

title: Peter Hogarth Doyle

text: Rear Admiral Peter Hogarth Doyle (27 September 1925 - 2 May 2007) was a retired rear admiral of the Royal Australian Navy, who served as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff from 1981 to 1982. Doyle served in WW2, the Korean War and the Vietnam War in various roles before retiring in 1985. He received an MiD award while serving in the Korean War.

title: Religion in Australia

text: Successive Australian governments dismantled the White Australia Policy in the Post-WW2 period. From the 1970s onwards, under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser, Australia began to pursue multiculturalism.[77] Australia in the later 20th century became a refuge for many Muslims fleeing conflicts including those in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan and Afghanistan.[78] General immigration, combined with religious conversion to Islam by Christians and other Australians, as well as Australia's participation in UN refugee efforts has increased the overall Muslim population. Around 36% of Muslims are Australian born. Overseas born Muslims come from a great variety of nations and ethnic groups – with large Lebanese and Turkish communities.

title: Bernard Willson

text: After WW2, in 1946 Willson returned to civilian life as an academic, rising to become Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Leicester University. Like many of those who served at Bletchley Park, he was never awarded a medal, and never discussed his work.

title: Victorian School of Forestry

text: A number of VSF graduates volunteered for military service in WW2 with some joining units deployed to the UK and other places as forestry companies in the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE) and served with distinction to produce timber for the war efforts. After the war, the first intake of ex-servicemen into the forestry school occurred. Twenty applications were received with four being selected. A further six were later enrolled in 1946–47.

title: GROW model

text: The GROW method is similar. For example, the first stage in the learning process would be to set a target which a player wants to achieve. If a player wanted to improve their first serve Gallwey would ask how many first serves out of ten they would like to get in. This is the "Goal". The "Reality" would be defined by asking the player to serve 10 balls and seeing how many first serves went in.

title: Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives

text: The Oral History Collection documents the breadth of Australian LGBT life from across Australia, documenting early camp life from pre-WW2, the development of the gay liberation movement and later LGBT organisations and community activism. The collection has a strengths in documenting gay liberation and activists, but also holds a wealth of stories of everyday lesbians, gay men and trans men and women. Special collections include the John Lee Collection, which includes 34 oral history interviews recorded between 1978 and 1980, documenting camp life in Adelaide, SA, which includes 9 interviews with recollections from pre-WW2. Other special collections include the Dino Hodge Collection, which includes 19 recordings created in preparing his 1996 book 'The fall upward : spirituality in the lives of lesbian women and gay men', and the Jim Wafer Collection, which includes interviews recorded for the Hunter Gay and Lesbian Bicentennial History Project in 1995-1996.

title: History of broadcasting in Australia

text: During and subsequent to WW2, the Australian military deployed many broadcasting stations for the entertainment of the troops in the field.

title: Slovene Australians

text: After WW2, many Slovenian refugees migrated to Australia to escape death and persecution at the hands of Dictator Tito's totalitarian Communist regime.

title: Paul Howes

text: Paul Howes (born 23 August 1981) was involved in the Australian trade union movement from 1999 through 2014. His most recent position was as National Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union, the youngest individual to serve in that position. In 2008, Howes was elected as Vice President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, and he served on a number of Government boards.


query: When was Garry Marshall born?

title: Garry Marshall

text: Garry Kent Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016)[2] was an American film director, film producer, screenwriter, and actor, best known for creating Happy Days and its various spin-offs, developing Neil Simon's 1965 play The Odd Couple for television, and directing Pretty Woman, Beaches, Runaway Bride, Valentine's Day, New Year's Eve, Mother's Day, The Princess Diaries, and The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement.

title: Cindy Williams

text: In 1975, Williams was cast as a fun-loving brewery worker, Shirley Feeney, in an episode of "Happy Days", alongside Penny Marshall, who played her best friend and roommate Laverne De Fazio. The girls were introduced as female companions of Fonzie (Henry Winkler), and their appearance proved so popular that Garry Marshall, producer of "Happy Days" and Penny Marshall's brother, commissioned a spin-off for the characters. Williams continued her role on the very successful "Laverne & Shirley" from 1976 until 1982. Although praised for her portrayal of Shirley, Williams left the show after the second episode of the show's eighth and final season, after she became pregnant with her first child. Williams and co-star Marshall had also been feuding for quite some time, and this had also spurred her decision to leave. They would reconcile a few years later. The success of the Garry Marshall series led to a Saturday morning animated series "Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour", created by Hanna-Barbera.

title: Garry Tunnicliffe

text: Air Vice Marshal Garry Tunnicliffe (born 14 October 1966) is a senior Royal Air Force officer who serves as Defence Services Secretary.

title: Pam Dawber

text: Garry K. Marshall, the film-and-television comedy writer-producer-director who, as noted above, had made possible Dawber's professional breakthrough, died in 2016. In that year, Dawber made a guest appearance on "The Odd Couple" in a tribute episode to Marshall, along with other such Marshall alums as Ron Howard, Garry's own sister Penny Marshall, Cindy Williams, Don Most, Anson Williams and Marion Ross.

title: Garry Marshall

text: His son Scott Marshall is a director and his daughter Kathleen Marshall is an actress and producer. In 1997, he co-authored the memoir with his daughter Lori Marshall.

title: Garry Marshall

text: Garry Kent Marshall was born in The Bronx, New York on November 13, 1934, the son of Anthony Wallace Marshall (né Masciarelli; 1906–1999), a director of industrial films and later a producer, and Marjorie Irene (née Ward; 1908–1983), a tap dance teacher who ran a tap dance school.[3] He was the brother of actress/director Penny Marshall and Ronny Marshall Hallin, a television producer. His father was of Italian descent, his family having come from San Martino sulla Marrucina, Chieti, Abruzzo,[4] and his mother was of German, English, and Scottish ancestry.[5] His father changed his last name from Masciarelli to Marshall before his son Garry was born.[2] Garry Marshall was baptized Presbyterian and also raised Lutheran for a time.[6]

title: Garry Marshall

text: Marshall received the Valentine Davies Award (1995) and Laurel Award for TV Writing Achievement (2014)[25] from the Writers Guild of America.[26]

title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Garry Marshall said that he drew inspiration from "Dobie Gillis" when he created the ABC sitcom "Happy Days".

title: Penny Marshall

text: In 1970, Garry Marshall became the executive producer of the television series "The Odd Couple". The following year, Marshall was added to the permanent cast to play a secretary, Myrna, and held the role for four years. In Marshall's final appearance on "The Odd Couple", her character married her boyfriend, Sheldon, played by Rob Reiner, her real-life husband. The episode included Marshall's real-life siblings, Garry and Ronny, as Myrna's brother and sister.

title: Penny Marshall

text: Garry Marshall, creator and then part-time writer for "Happy Days", cast Marshall and Cindy Williams to guest on an episode of the show. The installment, titled "A Date with Fonzie", aired on November 11, 1975 and introduced the characters Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney (played by Marshall and Williams, respectively). In that episode, Laverne and Shirley were a pair of wisecracking brewery workers who were dates for Fonzie (Henry Winkler) and Richie (Ron Howard). The pair were such a hit with the studio audience that Garry Marshall decided to co-create and star them in a successful spinoff, "Laverne & Shirley" (1976–1983). The characters of Laverne and Shirley appeared in five more episodes of "Happy Days". In 1982 at the beginning of "Laverne & Shirley"s eighth season, Williams left the show due to her pregnancy. Marshall continued with the show, but it was canceled after the season's final episode aired in May 1983.

title: Bob Brunner

text: Brunner continued to collaborate with friend, Garry Marshall, on several of Marshall's films. He co-wrote the script for Marshall's 1999 romantic comedy, "The Other Sister", starring Juliette Lewis and Giovanni Ribisi. He also contributed to Marshall's "Frankie and Johnny" in 1991 (In which Brunner also appeared on screen in a small role), "Exit to Eden" in 1994, and "The Princess Diaries" in 2001.

title: Mick Garris

text:
Mick Garris (born December 4, 1951) is an American filmmaker and screenwriter born in Santa Monica, California.
Garris was born in Santa Monica, California. He is known for his adaptations of Stephen King stories, such as directing the horror film "Sleepwalkers" starring Mädchen Amick and is the creator of the Showtime series "Masters of Horror" and the NBC series "Fear Itself". Garris won a 1986 Edgar Award for an episode he wrote for the Steven Spielberg-produced television series" Amazing Stories". Garris directed the FEARnet web series "Post Mortem". He contributes to the web series Trailers From Hell. Garris was also the co-screenwriter and executive producer of "Hocus Pocus". Garris most recently directed the miniseries adaption of Stephen King's novel "Bag of Bones" and the documentary film "Pure in Heart: The Life and Legacy of Lon Chaney Jr.", about the life and work of Legend actor Lon Chaney Jr., which screened on the Horror-Rama 2015 in October 2015. He has a role, as Himself in the biography horror film "Digging Up the Marrow", from indie director Adam Green.

title: Garry Marshall

text: On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall died at a hospital in Burbank, California at the age of 81 due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.[20][21]

title: Garry Hobbs

text: Garry and Laura's relationship didn't last as he was still in love with Lynne and they eventually reconciled after Garry had a fling with Lynne's sister, Belinda Peacock (Leanne Lakey), in November 2003, making Lynne realise that she still loved Garry. Lynne later became pregnant with his child. After Laura's death on 30 April 2004, Bobby moved in with Garry and Lynne. Lynne struggled to accept him but was relieved when Pat Evans (Pam St. Clement) revealed that Ian was Bobby's father after finding Bobby's birth certificate. Garry was persuaded to give Bobby to Ian, devastating him; further upset occurred when Lynne, unconscious after a fairground accident, needed an emergency caesarean. Lynne survived but their daughter, Vivienne, was stillborn. Unable to forgive Garry for allowing the operation, she left Walford after Vivienne's funeral. Devastated, Garry tried to commit suicide but was saved by Minty Peterson (Cliff Parisi). Garry moves in with Minty and they become good friends, surviving Garry's dislike of Minty's girlfriends...and Minty's brief engagement to Hazel, (Kika Mirylees)- Garry's mother.

title: Joanie Loves Chachi

text: "Joanie Loves Chachi" was the first Miller-Boyett (and only Garry Marshall-produced) sitcom developed by Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett, and was created by Lowell Ganz, Mark Rothman, and Garry Marshall. Unlike other Garry Marshall/Miller-Boyett sitcoms, this is the only series that does not have Charles Fox and/or Norman Gimbel as the show's theme song/music cue composer.

title: Henry Winkler

text: For "Happy Days", director/producer Garry Marshall originally had in mind a completely opposite physical presence. Marshall sought to cast a hunky, blonde, Italian model-type male in the role of Fonzie, intended as a stupid foil to the real star, Ron Howard. However, when Winkler interpreted the role in auditions, Marshall immediately snapped him up. According to Winkler, "The Fonz was everybody I wasn't. He was everybody I wanted to be."

title: Dawn Swann

text: Garry proposes to Dawn, and she is furious as she is still in love with Jase. Garry steals a car and flees. The police find the car abandoned by cliffs in Dover, prompting them to speculate that Garry has committed suicide. Dawn realises she is in love with Garry and announces this at his memorial service, only to be startled when he walks in. He gives her an ultimatum: be his girlfriend or he will leave Walford for good; she becomes his girlfriend. She gives evidence at Terry's trial and embarks on a secret affair with Garry's boss, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). Minty discovers this, telling Dawn to tell Garry or he will. She decides to spare Garry's feelings and goes to stay with her mother. When Dawn returns, she resumes her affair with Phil, but he later ends the relationship. Minty threatens to tell the truth when Garry suspects that Dawn doesn't love him. Garry and Dawn talk, and return to the Vic, announcing their engagement.

title: Fonzie

text: Micky Dolenz, on the strength of his performance as a biker on a 1972 episode of Adam-12 called "Dirt Duel," was Garry Marshall's original choice to play Fonzie. The six-foot-tall Dolenz was several inches taller than the other cast members, however, and Marshall thought it might be better for Fonzie to be on the same eye level as the other characters. A search for a shorter actor as an alternative resulted in 5-foot-6 Henry Winkler landing the role.[15] ABC's censors refused Fonzie a leather jacket, thinking it made him look like a hoodlum. Garry Marshall got them to allow Fonzie to wear his jacket close to his motorcycle (a Triumph TR5 Trophy) since a leather jacket was considered safety equipment. Marshall put him near his motorcycle as often as possible, even to ride it into Arnold's. When it wasn't possible to have the bike in the scene, Fonzie would wear a tan windbreaker. Eventually, Fonzie was allowed to wear the leather jacket even when not near his bike and Marshall used this opportunity to have the tan jacket destroyed. One of the leather jackets is in the Smithsonian Institution.[16]

title: Mork & Mindy

text: The character of Mork was played by a then-unknown Robin Williams, who impressed producer Garry Marshall with his quirky comedic ability as soon as they met. Marshall was looking for an actor for an episode of "Happy Days". When Williams was asked to take a seat at the audition, Williams immediately sat on his head on the chair and Marshall cast him on the spot, and later wryly commented that Williams was the only alien who auditioned for the role.

title: Penny Marshall

text: Carole Penny Marshall was born in the Bronx, New York City, New York, on October 15, 1943, to Marjorie Irene (née Ward; 1908–1983), a tap dance teacher who ran the Marjorie Marshall Dance School, and Anthony "Tony" Masciarelli (1906–1999), later Marshall, a director of industrial films and later a producer. She was the sister of actor/director/TV producer Garry Marshall and Ronny Hallin, a television producer. Her birth name, Carole, was selected because her mother's favorite actress was Carole Lombard. Her middle name was selected because her older sister Ronny, wanting a horse in the Bronx, was saving her pennies; her mother chose the middle name in an attempt to console her.

title: Laverne & Shirley (season 1)

text: The series is a spin-off from "Happy Days", as the two lead characters were originally introduced on that series as acquaintances of Fonzie (Henry Winkler). Set in roughly the same time period, the timeline runs from approximately 1958, when the series began, through 1967, when the series ended. As with "Happy Days", it was made by Paramount Television, created by Garry Marshall (along with Lowell Ganz and Mark Rothman) and executive produced by Garry Marshall, Edward K. Milkis, and Thomas L. Miller from Miller-Boyett Productions.

title: Penny Marshall

text: Her father was of Italian descent, his family having come from Abruzzo, and her mother was of German, English, and Scottish descent; Marshall's father changed his last name from Masciarelli to Marshall before she was born. Religion played no role in the Marshall children's lives. Garry Marshall was christened Episcopalian, Ronny was Lutheran, and Marshall was confirmed in a Congregational Church, because "[Mother] sent us anyplace that had a hall where she could put on a recital. If she hadn't needed performance space, we wouldn't have bothered."

title: Laverne & Shirley

text: The series was a spin-off from "Happy Days", as the two lead characters were originally introduced on that series as acquaintances of Fonzie (Henry Winkler). Set in roughly the same time period, the timeline started in approximately 1958, when the series began, through 1967, when the series ended. As with "Happy Days", it was made by Paramount Television, created by Garry Marshall (along with Lowell Ganz and Mark Rothman) and executive produced by Garry Marshall, Edward K. Milkis, and Thomas L. Miller from Miller-Boyett Productions.

title: Scott Marshall (director)

text: Marshall was born and raised in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 1969, the son of Barbara Wells, a nurse, and Garry Marshall; he is also the nephew of Penny Marshall. His two sisters Lori Marshall and Kathleen Marshall are also in entertainment. Scott had an interest in film since his childhood as his father recalled of his son's early efforts in film, "I'd make him a little wooden airplane and he would take it immediately and burn it, and start to film it, flaming, crashing!". Also, "Later, we got a pool and he would get his friends to drink tomato juice and then he'd shoot at them and they would dive in the pool and the tomato juice would come out. It ruined the pool."

title: Al Molinaro

text: In 1981, Molinaro remarried, to Betty Farrell. He left "Happy Days" in 1982, when tapped by Garry Marshall to play the Al Delvecchio role on the short-lived "Happy Days" spin-off "Joanie Loves Chachi".

title: Garry Shider

text: Garry Marshall Shider (July 24, 1953 – June 16, 2010) was an American musician and guitarist. He was musical director of the P-Funk All-Stars for much of their history. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

title: Jim Blyth (footballer, born 1955)

text:
Blyth was a goalkeeping coach under Gordon Strachan when he was the manager at Coventry City, but departed when Strachan and assistant Garry Pendrey were dismissed from their posts in 2001. During his time at Coventry he was responsible for the signing of 16-year-old Chris Kirkland, who went on to play first team football for the Sky Blues before smashing the British transfer fee for a goalkeeper (£6 million) when bought by Liverpool in August 2001.
Blyth has worked with several International goalkeepers including, Artur Boruc, David Marshall, Magnus Hedman and Chris Kirkland.

title: Bob Brunner

text: During the 1970s, Brunner began a career in television, teaming with longtime friend Garry Marshall as a scriptwriter and television producer. Brunner wrote for "The Odd Couple", which Marshall was executive producing at the time. Brunner also worked on Marshall's "Laverne & Shirley" and "Blansky's Beauties", which premiered in 1977 and was soon cancelled.

title: Bob Brunner

text: Brunner was born on August 3, 1934, in New York City. In 1959, Brunner met Garry Marshall while both were working at the "New York Daily News" as copyboys.

title: Garry Marshall

text: Marshall began his career as a joke writer for such comedians as Joey Bishop and Phil Foster and became a writer for The Tonight Show with Jack Paar.[9]


query: Is Bolivia a poor country?

title: Poverty in South America

text: Poverty in South America is high in most countries. All of the countries in South America are greatly affected by poverty to some extent. From 1999 to 2010, poverty dropped from 43.8% to 31.8%.[1] The countries that have the highest rates are Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela.[2] All of these countries are trying to reduce poverty, with varying degrees of effort and success. However, in recent years most South American countries have experienced great economic decline. Thanks to this improvement in the economy, action is being taken by most South American countries to reduce poverty and improve the life quality of the people. New infrastructure is being built and more housing is being provided. Education is also a major concern, and the governments are spending millions of dollars in funding schools.

title: History of Paraguay

text: Paraguay's dispute with Bolivia over the Chaco, a struggle that had been brewing for decades, finally derailed the Liberals. Wars and poor diplomacy had prevented the settling of boundaries between the two countries during the century following independence. Although Paraguay had held the Chaco for as long as anyone could remember, the country did little to develop the area. Aside from scattered Mennonite colonies and nomadic Indian tribes, few people lived there. Bolivia's claim to the Chaco became more urgent after it lost its sea coast (the Atacama region) to Chile during the 1879–84 War of the Pacific. Left without any outlet to the sea, Bolivia wanted to absorb the Chaco and expand its territory up to the Paraguay river in order to gain a river port. In addition, the Chaco's economic potential intrigued the Bolivians. Oil had been discovered there by Standard Oil in the 1920s, and people wondered whether an immense pool of oil was lying beneath the entire area.

title: Censorship in Bolivia

text: Film and documentary makers in Bolivia and other Latin American countries struggle to make a living creating film, find a large enough audience for their movies, and make their movies impactful yet non-offensive. In Bolivia and Argentina filmmakers have been forced to flee the country as a result of film and censorship laws. In the extreme, documentary film makers in Bolivia have been arrested for defaming Morales in their films.

title: Member states of ALBA

text:
President Evo Morales, of poor but natural gas-rich Bolivia, joined the TCP on 29 April 2006, only days before he announced his intention to nationalize Bolivia's hydrocarbon assets. Bolivia is a member of both UNASUR and ALBA, thus its attitude is crucial to relations between the two, says Marion Hörmann, since Bolivia is traditionally seen as a mediator between the Andean countries and the rest of South America. .
Venezuela and Ecuador are also members of UNASUR.

title: Transport in Bolivia

text: Transport in Bolivia is mostly by road. The railways were historically important in Bolivia, but now play a relatively small part in the country's transport system. Because of the country's geography, aviation is also important.

title: Outline of Bolivia

text: Bolivia – landlocked sovereign country located in central South America. Bolivia is bordered on the north and the east by Brasil, on the southeast by Paraguay, on the south by Argentina, and on the west by Chile and Peru. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes mountains to the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country, and its main economic activities include agriculture, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.Geography of Bolivia

title: History of Bolivia (1809–1920)

text: Tin production in Bolivia came to be concentrated in the hands of Bolivian nationals, although the regimes encouraged foreign investment. At first, foreign interests and Bolivians with foreign associations took the major share. This changed, however, when Bolivian tin-mining entrepreneurs realized that smelters in competing countries depended on Bolivian tin. Simón Patiño was the most successful of these tin magnates. Of poor "mestizo" background, he started as a mining apprentice. By 1924 he owned 50% of the national production and controlled the European refining of Bolivian tin. Although Patiño lived permanently abroad by the early 1920s, the two other leading tin-mining entrepreneurs, Carlos Aramayo and Mauricio Hochschild, resided primarily in Bolivia.

title: Cinema of Bolivia

text: The Cinema of Bolivia comprises the film and videos made within the nation of Bolivia or by Bolivian filmmakers abroad. Though the country’s film infrastructure is too small to be considered a film industry, Bolivia has a rich film history. Bolivia has consistently produced feature-length films since the 1920s, many of which are documentary or take a documentary approach to their subject. Film historian José Sánchez-H has observed that the predominant theme of many Bolivian films is the country's indigenous cultures and political oppression.

title: Bahá'í Faith in Bolivia

text: In August Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khanum returned to Bolivia representing the Universal House of Justice at a continental conference held in Bolivia. Some 600 Bahá'ís attended including six Continental Counselors, a dozen auxiliary board members, and 39 members of national assemblies from 19 countries. It was announced that 30,000 people had joined the religion from April 1969 to the time of the conference from across South America. Coverage in newspapers, radio, and television accompanied the conference was capped by the surprise reception of the President of Bolivia for some 350 Bahá'ís the day after the conference where he mentioned he had visited Haifa and knew of the Bahá'í Holy Places. By 1971 the aftereffects of the conference showed an increase in conversions to the religion including the first Baha'is in the last Department of the country previously with no Bahá'ís and the conversion of a Christian minister who led hundreds more to the religion – all together some 9000 conversions by May 1971 with the largest concentration in the area of Santa Cruz. That was raised to 11,000 by July. The revised civil government of 1971 remained supportive of the Bahá'ís with permission for a youth conference. Facing various difficulties, pioneers who had settled in Beni strove to both to serve the sense of justice of the poor and against lawlessness in the distant countryside.

title: Economy of Bolivia

text: The Government of Bolivia remains heavily dependent on foreign assistance to finance development projects. At the end of 2002, the government owed $4.5 billion to its foreign creditors, with $1.6 billion of this amount owed to other governments and most of the balance owed to multilateral development banks. Most payments to other governments have been rescheduled on several occasions since 1987 through the Paris Club mechanism. External creditors have been willing to do this because the Bolivian Government has generally achieved the monetary targets set by International Monetary Fund programs since 1987, though economic problems in recent years have undercut Bolivia's normally good track record. Rescheduling agreements granted by the Paris Club have allowed the individual creditor countries to apply very soft terms to the rescheduled debt. As a result, some countries have forgiven substantial amounts of Bolivia's bilateral debt. The U.S. Government reached an agreement at the Paris Club meeting in December 1995 that reduced by 67% Bolivia's existing debt stock. The Bolivian Government continues to pay its debts to the multilateral development banks on time. Bolivia is a beneficiary of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC debt relief programs, which by agreement restricts Bolivia's access to new soft loans. Bolivia was one of three countries in the Western hemisphere selected for eligibility for the Millennium Challenge Account and is participating as an observer in free trade agreement negotiations. Bolivia enjoys some financial assistance programs run by the World Bank and Microenterprise Development programs provided by Five Talents International

title: Máxima Apaza

text: Has collected international accessions for the exit to the sea of Bolivia: "Suddenly the brothers from different countries manifest themselves: «Mar for Bolivia!». And where are the Bolivians, in the country that we visit so much the president [Evo Morales] there is a spontaneous reaction and they all say: "Mar for Bolivia!". The world is aware that Bolivia lives in an enclosure that harms it, we do not have access to the sea and that hurts our economy, harms the economy of the region. The countries realize perfectly and that is why we receive countless supports from different countries. Where the president arrives, where a Bolivian arrives, there will always be a support that says "sea for Bolivia." So we do not reach all countries, we know that they are supporting us."

title: Corruption in Bolivia

text: Ever since Bolivia was freed from Spanish rule in 1825, the country has experienced considerable instability. The government has been overthrown over 200 times and the constitution rewritten. Widespread poverty has been a major factor in the country's poor development and poor governance.

title: Constitution of Bolivia

text: The 2009 Constitution of Bolivia states that the country has an unrenounciable right over the territory that gives it access to the Pacific Ocean and its maritime space. This is understood as Chilean territory that Bolivia ceded in Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia after the War of the Pacific which left Bolivia a landlocked country. The text also pledges to achieve resolution to the issue "through peaceful means."

title: Bolivia–South Africa relations

text: Bolivian–South Africa relations are the bilateral relations between the countries of Bolivia and South Africa. Although South Africa maintains full diplomatic relations with Bolivia it is not residentially represented in the country, instead the South African embassy in Lima, Peru handles local South African affairs in Bolivia.

title: Geography of Chile

text:
Chile has long been in conflict with Bolivia over coastal and land sovereignty. The War of the Pacific was fought between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru in the late 1800s. Peru and Bolivia had rich nitrate deposits. However, Peru established a monopoly over their state deposits and Bolivia added export tariffs to Chile. After the war, Chile had won 120,000 sq km of land that included Antofagasta on the coastline of Bolivia. This has left Bolivia landlocked since 1904.
Bolivia still fights for coastal and territorial sovereignty. Evo Morales, the president of Bolivia, believes that Bolivia being landlocked has made the country endure great "historical injustice". Morales also argues that if Chile were to give back Antofagasta, it would have no significant effect on their country. The land Bolivia lost to Chile more than a century ago is now home to some of the biggest copper mines in the world. Chile has no desire or intentions of giving up any land to Bolivia, but Chile is very open to coastal access negotiations.
In October 2018, the International Court of Justice has ruled against Bolivia in its dispute with Chile. The court ruled that Chile did not have to discuss granting Bolivia sea access.

title: Silicosis

text: Protective measures such as respirators have brought a steady decline in death rates due to silicosis in Western countries. However, this is not true of less developed countries where work conditions are poor and respiratory equipment is seldom used. For instance, life expectancy for silver miners in Potosí, Bolivia is around 40 years due to silicosis.

title: Foreign aid to Bolivia

text: In 1998 the World Bank and International Monetary Fund awarded Bolivia a debt relief package worth US$760 million. Bolivia has also received relief under the World Bank’s Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program, which, if Bolivia meets all checkpoints, will total US$1.2 billion by 2011. In 2004, the United States designated more than US$150 million for assistance to Bolivia.

title: Bolivia–Iran relations

text: Iran's ambassador to Bolivia said his country would open two low-cost public health clinics in the country, which is South America's poorest. Iranian business attache Hojjatollah Soltani said his country planned to use Bolivia as a base for future Red Crescent medical programmes across the continent.

title: Multiculturalism

text: Bolivia is a diverse country made up of 36 different types of indigenous groups. Over 62% of Bolivia's population falls into these different ingenious groups, making it the most indigenous country in Latin America. Out of the indigenous groups the Aymara and the Quechua are the largest. The latter 30% of the population is apart of the mestizo, which are a people mixed with European and indigenous ancestry. Bolivia's political administrations have endorsed multicultural politics and in 2009 Bolivia's Constitution was inscribed with multicultural principles. The Constitution of Bolivia recognizes 36 official languages besides Spanish, each language has its own culture and indigenous group. Bolivian culture is celebrated across the country and has heavy influences from the Aymara, the Quechua, the Spanish, and other popular cultures from around Latin America.

title: Carlos Mesa

text: Democracy is in danger in Bolivia as the result of legitimate pressures from the poor. We cannot generate economic growth and well-being for a few and then expect that the large majorities that are excluded will watch silently and patiently. We poor countries demand that our products be admitted into the markets of rich countries in adequate conditions.

title: Treaty of Ayacucho

text: In Acre profits in rubber drew thousands of Brazilians, largely immigrants from the poor northern coast of the country (deep semi desert of center-southern Ceara state). In 1889, the situation escalated when the Brazilians living in Acre decided to defy the authority of Bolivia. They wanted to create an independent territory, and request annexation from Brazil. Bolivia's response was to found the city of Puerto Alonso (today Porto Acre). Using military force, in October 1889 the Brazilians occupied and expelled the Bolivians.

title: The Commanding Heights

text: Bolivia was hit with hyperinflation as well. During the 1980s, economist Jeffrey Sachs was sent as a consultant and new President Gonzalo Sànchez de Lozada reined in inflation in the 1990s by severely cutting government spending. While Bolivia remained a very poor country, the authors argue that it is better off now because its inflation was curtailed. They also argue that Bolivia's example vindicates the bad reputation free-market economics acquired in Chile as Bolivia's reforms came after a democratic election.

title: Food sovereignty in Bolivia

text: Imports of wheat from North American countries, in the form of food aid and subsidized commercial product, dwarf the production of traditional Bolivian crops such as quinoa. These imports, as well as reduced tariffs on imports to these areas, are put in place to help feed Bolivia’s poor. The low prices of these subsidized foods means traditional and native crops are not able to compete as crops for national subsistence. Traditional crops thus become targets for export rather than internal consumption. These wheat-based foods are generally less nutritionally dense but easier and cheaper to acquire and consume.

title: Chaco War

text: During the war, both landlocked countries faced difficulties shipping arms and supplies through neighboring countries. Bolivia faced particular external trade problems, coupled with poor internal communications. Although Bolivia had lucrative mining income and a larger, better-equipped army, a series of factors turned the tide against it, and Paraguay came to control most of the disputed zone by war's end.

title: Media of Bolivia

text: In the media of Bolivia there are nearly 200 privately owned television stations, but because rural regions of the country have few televisions and television reception is poor in many areas of the country, radio remains an important news disseminator. At last count, Bolivia had more than 480 radio stations, most of which were regional in scope. Bolivia also has eight national newspapers, to go along with many local ones. Of the national papers, four are based in La Paz, three in Santa Cruz, and one in Cochabamba. Most Bolivians continue to get their news from newspapers and radio broadcasts.

title: José Antonio González Anaya

text: Macroeconomic monitoring, insuring fiscal sustainability, and a consistent overall strategy. Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC), debt relief recommendations and public expenditure review for Bolivia.

title: Child labor in Bolivia

text: Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America, with 45% of its population living below the poverty line. Poverty is a major cause of child labor in Bolivia, and children from poor families work in order to support the well-being of their families and to supply their basic needs of survival. Low living standards combined with low educational attainment increases poverty rates and the prevalence of child labor. UNICEF reports that a family’s access to financial credit influences the likelihood of children working, as greater access to financial credit reduces the chances of children working, and of children working in more dangerous occupations.

title: Demographics of Bolivia

text: Bolivia is inhabited mostly by Quechua (45.6%) and Aymara (42.4%), while minorities include 37 indigenous groups (0.3% average per group). The Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani languages, as well as 34 other native languages are the official language of Bolivia. Spanish is the most-spoken language (60.7%) within the population. The main religions of Bolivia are Catholicism (81.8%), Evangelicalism (11.5%), and Protestantism (2.6%). Education is of poor quality, and has a 91.2% literacy rate. An estimated 7.6% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on education. The average monthly household income was Bs.1,378 ($293) in 1994. In December 2013 the unemployment rate was 3.2% of the working population. Average urbanisation rate in Bolivia is 67%.

title: Demographics of Bolivia

text:
With a population of 10.0 million in 2012, Bolivia ranks 87th in the world by population. Its population density is 9.13 inhabitants per square kilometer. The overall life expectancy in Bolivia is 65.4. The total fertility rate is 2.87 children per mother. Since 1950, the World Health Organization's (WHO) estimates the birth rate exceeded the death rate of the country. The population of Bolivia has been increasing since 1900, and has only had a negative per annum growth rate twice in its history (1835 and 1882). Bolivia is in the third stage of demographic transition. There were 562,461 immigrants in Bolivia in 2012, with the most (40.5%) coming from Argentina. In 2008, there were 48,809 marriages in Bolivia, and 5,887 divorces throughout the country in 2011.
Births and deaths
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):

title: Community of Sant'Egidio

text: Around the world there are many communities of San Egidio, each with their respective activities, but all united by religion, Although there are very different cultures in different parts of the world are dedicated to helping those in need especially to third world countries like (Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo, Bolivia), however, also help countries that are not so poor but with major economic differences or to help refugees. It is active in:

title: Bolivia–Denmark relations

text:
Bolivia was chosen as a programme country for Denmark in 1994, because Bolivia were the poorest country in South America. Denmark started assisting Bolivia with diaries. Because of the political situation in Bolivia, Denmark suspended the assistance in 1980. In 1993 the cooperation resumed.
Danish development assistance to Bolivia focuses on democracy, human rights, agriculture, education and environment.
In 2005, DANIDA cut the aid from 200 million to 150 million because of the social problems in Bolivia. In 2010, after 13 years of cooperation, the assistance for indigenous people ended.


query: When did Turkey become a republic?

title: History of the Republic of Turkey

text: The Republic of Turkey was created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new Republican Parliament in 1922. This new regime delivered the coup de grâce to the Ottoman state which had been practically wiped away from the world stage following the First World War.

title: Outline of Turkey

text:
Government of Turkey
Legal system of the Republic of Turkey
There are three supreme courts in Turkey:Foreign relations of TurkeyThe Republic of Turkey is a member of:Military of Turkey
Culture of Turkey

title: Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus

text: The TRNC fully supports Turkey's bid to join the European Union. As part of this bid, Turkey recently signed a protocol extending its customs union to the new EU members, including the Republic of Cyprus, which Turkey does not recognise. Turkey made sure this was not tantamount to recognition with the inclusion of a declaration, stipulating their continued policy of non-recognition of what they describe as the "Greek Cypriot administration of Southern Cyprus" until a settlement is reached. This declaration is not accepted by the EU which did not accept this statement as forming part of the acquis and expects Turkey to fully abide to its obligations against the Republic of Cyprus. The TRNC views any move by the EU to force Turkish recognition of the Republic of Cyprus as an effort to cut them off from their base of support. Turkey has pledged not to abandon the TRNC.

title: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Like all the other republics of the Soviet Union, Armenia had its own flag and coat of arms. According to Nikita Khrushchev, the latter became a source of dispute between the Soviet Union and the Republic of Turkey in the 1950s, when Turkey objected to the inclusion of Mount Ararat, which holds a deep symbolic importance for Armenians but is located on Turkish territory, in the coat of arms. Turkey felt that the presence of such an image implied Soviet designs on Turkish territory. Khrushchev retorted by asking, "Why do you have a moon depicted on your flag? After all, the moon doesn't belong to Turkey, not even half the moon... Do you want to take over the whole universe?"[44] Turkey dropped the issue after this.[45]

title: History of the Republic of Macedonia

text: In 1999, the Kosovo War led to 340,000 Albanian refugees from Kosovo fleeing into Macedonia, greatly disrupting normal life in the region and threatening to upset the balance between Macedonians and Albanians. Refugee camps were set up in Macedonia. Athens did not interfere with the Republic's affairs when NATO forces moved to and from the region ahead a possible invasion of Yugoslavia. Thessaloniki was the main depot for humanitarian aid to the region. The Republic did not become involved in the conflict.

title: Timeline of the Republic of Turkey

text: This is a timeline of the Republic of Turkey. To read about the background to these events, see History of the Republic of Turkey. See also the List of Presidents of Turkey.

title: Treaty of Kars

text: Signatories of the Treaty of Kars included representatives from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which in 1923 would declare the Republic of Turkey, and from the Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian Soviet republics with the participation of the Russian SFSR. The latter four parties would become constituent parts of the Soviet Union after the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War and the December 1922 Union Treaty.

title: Auburn turkey

text: This is an old variety that was listed in receipts when transporting turkeys to markets in "turkey trots" during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Philadelphia. They are sex linked and thus were important at the beginning of this century for producing poults that could be sexed at hatching. Cross-breedings of Auburn toms and Bronze hens were done to produce Bronze toms and Auburn hens thus making it quite easy to sex poults by color at hatch. However, this did not become a serious market requirement and they never became very popular. However, when breeding Auburn turkeys together, only auburn colored poults will be produced in both sexes.

title: List of Cabinets of Turkey

text: This is a list of the Cabinets of the government of Turkey since 1920 (those numbered I to V are leaders predating the declaration of the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923). This includes the single-party period of the Republic of Turkey (1925–1945) and the subsequent multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey (1945–present).

title: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

text: The United Nations Security Council has challenged the legality of Turkey's action, because Article Four of the Treaty of Guarantee gives the right to guarantors to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs. The aftermath of Turkey's invasion, however, did not safeguard the Republic's sovereignty and territorial integrity, but had the opposite effect: the "de facto" partition of the Republic and the creation of a separate political entity in the north. On 13 February 1975, Turkey declared the occupied areas of the Republic of Cyprus to be a "Federated Turkish State", to the universal condemnation of the international community (see United Nations Security Council Resolution 367). The United Nations recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to affect Turkey's relations with Cyprus, Greece, and the European Union.

title: Cabinet Erdoğan IV

text: The Fourth Erdoğan Cabinet is the 66th government of the Republic of Turkey, which was declared on 9 July 2018. It is the first cabinet after Turkey's transition into presidential republic. It was also the first cabinet that did not require parliamentary approval to be formed.

title: Military history of the Republic of Turkey

text: This military history of the Republic of Turkey is the history of the armed forces established under the Republic of Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence.

title: The Ottoman Republic

text: The year is 1888. A 7-year-old child was first seen running on a vast field to scare the crows off of the meadows of Thessalonica, and then he falls from a tree while reaching out to a nightingale. Everything goes black. The child who falls from the tree is Mustafa, who would have grown to become the founder of Turkey and be given the surname Atatürk, that is, if he did not fall to his coma that day. The film fast-forwards to over a century later into the year 2007. Without Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey's history, no War of Independence has been fought, Ankara has not become the country's capital, and the country continues its existence as the Ottoman Republic, ruled by the Sultan Osman VII (Ata Demirer), who has become little more than a figurehead and a source of ridicule by foreign dignitaries, especially by the United States.

title: Toumazou v. Republic of Turkey

text: When the Republic of Turkey invaded the Republic of Cyprus in 1974 many thousands of Cypriots were displaced from their homes and their land and have since been prevented from enjoying their use.

title: Modern history of Syria

text: In September 1938, France again separated the Syrian district of Alexandretta and transformed it into the Republic of Hatay. The Republic of Hatay joined Turkey in the following year, in June 1939. Syria did not recognize the incorporation of Hatay into Turkey and the issue is still disputed until the present time.

text: The Order of the State of Republic of Turkey () is the highest state order awarded to foreign nationals by the President of the Republic of Turkey.

title: President of Turkey

text: The President of the Republic of Turkey () is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Turkey. Following the 2018 general election, the incumbent office-holder assumed the role of an Executive President and holds both ceremonial and executive status. In this capacity, the President represents the Republic of Turkey, and the unity of the Turkish nation, as well as ensuring the implementation of the Constitution of Turkey and the organized and harmonious functioning of the organs of state. The articles from 101 to 106 of the Constitution establish all the requirements, election, duties, and responsibilities for the office of the President. The office of the President of Turkey was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. The President of Turkey is often referred to as the Cumhurbaşkanı, meaning 'President of the People'.

title: Presidential Complex

text: In accordance with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's "New Turkey" concept, it was envisaged that the Çankaya Presidential Mansion would become the prime ministerial compound and the president would move to the newly-built palace. This occurred soon after the June 2015 general election, when the palace was officially made the residence of the President of Turkey. It was formally inaugurated as the official residence of the president by Erdoğan on the country's Republic Day, 29 October 2014.

title: İhsan Ketin

text: He was born in 1914 in the Central Anatolian town of Kayseri, located at the foothills of Mt. Aergus (the volcano Erciyes). He won a state scholarship to study natural sciences abroad, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s plans of modernizing the newly formed Republic of Turkey. He started his undergraduate studies in Natural Sciences at Berlin University in 1934, and subsequently completed his doctorate at Bonn University in 1938 under the supervision of Hans Cloos, thus becoming the first native of Turkey with a doctorate degree in geology in the Republic of Turkey. Ketin returned to Turkey in 1938, and started his career as assistant professor at the Geological Institute of Istanbul University.

text: The Embassy of Turkey to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus () is located in the Turkish Sector of Nicosia, just outside the walls of the Old City. It is unique in all of the foreign diplomatic missions located in Nicosia in that it is officially accredited to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), rather than the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus (what Turkey refers to as the Greek Cypriot Administration of South Cyprus as Turkey does not recognize the Greek Cypriot Republic as a legitimate entity).

title: History of monarchy in Australia

text: Public attitudes were quietly changing, though republicanism did not become a seriously considered proposition until 1991, when Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating formed the Republic Advisory Committee to investigate the possibility of Australia becoming a republic. Under Liberal/National Coalition Prime Minister John Howard, Australia held a two-question referendum. The first question asked whether Australia should become a republic with a president appointed by parliament, a bi-partisan appointment model which had previously been decided at a constitutional convention in February 1998.

title: Battle of Alexandropol

text: The Treaty of Alexandropol was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and TBMM ending the Turkish-Armenian War, before declaration of the Republic of Turkey on December 2, 1920. Armenian was forced to renounce the Treaty of Sèvres and cede over 50% of her claimed territory to Turkey. The treaty was to be ratified by the government within a month. This did not take place due to the Soviet occupation of Armenia and in 1921 was replaced with the Treaty of Kars.

title: Kosovo–Pakistan relations

text: Kosovan–Pakistani relations are foreign relations between the Republic of Kosovo and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan recognised Kosovo on 24 December 2012 become the 98th state that recognised Kosovo. Simultaneously, Pakistan's ambassador to the Republic of Turkey in Ankara was accredited to the Republic of Kosovo.

title: Republic Day (Turkey)

text: The holiday commemorates the events of 29 October 1923, when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared that Turkey was henceforth a republic. Turkey had "de facto" been a republic since 23 April 1920, the date of the establishment of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, but the official confirmation of this fact came only three-and-a-half years later. On 29 October 1923, the status of the nation as a republic was declared and its official name was proclaimed to be ("the Republic of Turkey"). After that, a vote was held in the Grand National Assembly, and Atatürk was elected as the first President of the Republic of Turkey.

title: Azerbaijan

text: On 13 October 1921, the Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars. The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri (then known as Alexandropol).

title: History of Turkey

text: After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of intercommunal violence on the island of Cyprus and the Greek military coup of July 1974, overthrowing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as a dictator, Turkey invaded the Republic of Cyprus in 1974. Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country that recognises the TRNC

title: Accession of Turkey to the European Union

text: Cyprus was divided when, on 20 July 1974, Turkey invaded and occupied a third of the island in response to an Athens-engineered coup aimed at annexing Cyprus to Greece. Since then, Turkey has refused to acknowledge the Republic of Cyprus (an EU member since 2004) as the sole authority on the island, and recognizes the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since its establishment in 1983. The Turkish invasion in 1974 and the resulting movement of refugees along both sides of the Green Line, and the establishment of the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983, form the core issues which surround the ongoing Cyprus dispute.

title: List of companies of Turkey

text: Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey is a transcontinental parliamentary republic in Eurasia, mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.

title: Republics of the Soviet Union

text:
Each republic had its own unique set of state symbols: a flag, a coat of arms, and, with the exception of Russia until 1990, an anthem. Every republic of the Soviet Union also was awarded with the Order of Lenin.
The number of the union republics of the USSR varied from 4 to 16. In majority of years and at the later decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. Rather than listing the republics in alphabetical order, the republics were listed in constitutional order, which, particularly by the last decades of the Soviet Union, did not correspond to order either by population or economic power.The Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic was proclaimed in 1918 but did not survive to the founding of the USSR, becoming the short-lived Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the RSFSR. The Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida) was also proclaimed in 1918, but did not became a union republic and was made into an autonomous republic of the RSFSR, although the Crimean Tatars had a relative majority until the 1930s or 1940s according to censuses. When the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Soviet Union in 1944, it did not become a union republic, and was instead established as an autonomous republic of the RSFSR.

title: History of Turkey

text: From the time when parts of what is now Turkey was conquered by Turks, the history of Turkey spans the medieval history of the Seljuk Empire, the medieval to modern history of the Ottoman Empire, and the history of the Republic of Turkey since the 1920s.

title: Republic Day (Turkey)

text: The Republic Day of Turkey () is one of the public holidays in Turkey commemorating the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. It lasts 35 hours, starting each year at 1:00 pm on 28 October.