query: Are there still royals in Monaco?

title: Albert II, Prince of Monaco

text: Prince Albert II is one of the wealthiest royals in the world, with assets valued at more than $1 billion,[4] which include land in Monaco and France. Although Prince Albert does not own the Prince's Palace of Monaco, he does own shares in the Société des bains de mer de Monaco, which operates Monaco's casino and other entertainment properties in the principality.[5][6]

title: Dodge Monaco

text: The title sequence of the 1980s TV-series "Hill Street Blues" features three white 1977 Dodge Royal Monaco sedans.

title: Monaco City

text: Monaco City was originally called in greek Monoikos, after the temple of "Hercules Monoikos", located in a Phocaean colony of the 6th century BCE. During its history, Monoikos changed hands numerous times. It became "Monaco" in the Middle Ages. Some of the city walls and original structures still remain.

title: Monseigneur

text: This form of formal address is currently still in use at courts in Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, and France. Royal princes are formally addressed in the old French style. By tradition a Belgian or Luxembourgian prince is addressed as "Monseigneur" rather than "Your Royal Highness". The word "Monseigneur" is used when addressing a prince in any of Belgium's official languages, there being no Dutch or German equivalent. In France, it is also sometimes used when addressing pretenders to the French throne Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris and Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, and when addressing Albert II, Sovereign of Monaco (French style always is used in Monaco). The spouse of the prince is addressed as Madame.

title: Grace of Monaco (film)

text: Principal photography began in September 2012 in Paris and Menton, France. In October 2012, the production moved to Italy, first to Grimaldi, the village near Ventimiglia, which bears the name of the royal house of Monaco, then in Mortola, near Ventimiglia at Villa Hanbury. The production was granted permission to close Monaco's main square for 24 hours between October 29–30, 2012, and during this time the cast were seen filming outside and around the Monte Carlo Casino. In November 2012 and, again, in January 2013, the production was in Genoa, Italy, on the housed set in the Royal Palace in Via Balbi, where the Hall of Mirrors replicates the residence of the royal court of Monaco. Interiors were shot in Belgium (Belgian parliament in Brussels, the city of Ghent and television studios in Lint.)

title: Silversea Cruises

text: Silversea Cruises is a privately owned mid-market cruise line with its headquarters in Monaco. Founded in 1994, it pioneered all-inclusive cruising with its first ship, "Silver Cloud". In June 2018, it was announced that Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, the parent company of Royal Caribbean International, had acquired a 67% controlling stake in the cruise line. Executive control will remain in Monaco.

title: Strength and Honour

text: On 17 March 2010, Mark Mahon and the film's main cast were invited by Prince Albert of Monaco to a private Royal screening at the Palace of Monaco.

title: Dodge Monaco

text: At the start of the 1976 model year, exterior changes on the full-size C-body 1976 Dodge Monaco were very minimal, though all models (including police packages) now had the former high-series front panel with hidden headlights. Chrysler's new Lean Burn system was introduced in order to reduce exhaust emissions (only on the 400 cubic inch engine). The four-door hardtop, which had been part of the Dodge Monaco line up during the previous ten model years (from 1966 to 1968, from 1969 to 1973 and from 1974 to 1975) ever since the Dodge Monaco made its debut from eleven model years earlier (1965), had been discontinued during the end of the previous model year (1975), which relegated the choice of body styles only to just three offerings, the four-door wagon, four-door sedan, two-door hardtop for the 1976 model year. A with a 2-barrel carburetor and 150 bhp became standard on the base Monaco and the Royal Monaco Broughams and wagons were downgraded to a with a 2-barrel carburetor, but the Royal Monaco continued with 1975's with a 2-barrel carburetor. Engines all the way up to a with a 4-barrel carburetor could still be ordered.

title: TAG Heuer Monaco

text: The TAG Heuer Monaco (originally Heuer Monaco) is a series of automatic chronograph wristwatch originally introduced by Heuer in 1969 in honour of the Monaco Grand Prix. The Monaco was revolutionary for being the first automatic as well as the first square cased chronograph. The Hollywood film star Steve McQueen used the watch to accessorize his character in the 1971 film "Le Mans". In the decades after his death the use of film stills has made the watch synonymous with McQueen. Although it was discontinued in the mid-1970s, the Monaco was reissued with a new design in 1998 and was reintroduced again with an entirely new mechanisms in 2003 in response to McQueen's increasing popularity.

title: Dodge Monaco

text: For the 1975 model year, changes to the base Monaco were minimal. However, the Monaco Custom was renamed the Royal Monaco, and the Monaco Brougham became the Royal Monaco Brougham. These newly named models featured hidden headlamps. 1975 was the last model year in which the four-door hardtop was available. Some models, depending on equipment and the state they were sold in, received catalytic converters to comply with increasingly strict vehicle emissions control regulations. After the start of the 1975 model year, a limited-production option for Royal Monaco Brougham coupes was introduced: the Diplomat package featured a landau vinyl roof with opera windows and a wide steel roof band. It was available in only three colors—Cold Metallic, Silver Cloud Metallic and Maroon Metallic. The standard engine on the Monaco and the Royal Monaco was a with a 2-barrel carburetor while Royal Monaco Broughams and wagons received a with a 4-barrel carburetor. Engine options for the Monaco and the Royal Monaco were a with a 2- or 4-barrel carburetor and all Monacos could be upgraded to a with a 4-barrel carburetor. The car weighed over two tons with a top speed of 127 mph.

title: History of Monaco

text: In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco clarifies that if there are no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the Principality will remain an independent nation, rather than be annexed by France. Monaco's military defense, however, is still the responsibility of France.

title: Dodge Monaco

text: All full sized C body Dodges would use the Dodge Royal Monaco nameplate. This would be the final year for the Dodge Royal Monaco.

title: Caroline, Princess of Hanover

text: Her husband's title as Duke of Brunswick is honorific since the ruling family of that state was removed by the Weimar Republic in 1918, along with all royal and noble German ruling families, which were still allowed to retain their titles. Neither she nor her husband has royal rank in Germany, but Monaco recognizes the Hanoverians' former German royal titles, attributing to the couple the style of "Royal Highness". On 11 January 1999, shortly before Caroline and Ernst's wedding, his fourth cousin once removed (George III was their common ancestor), Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, issued this Order in Council, "My Lords, I do hereby declare My Consent to a Contract of Matrimony between His Royal Highness Prince Ernst August Albert of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline Louise Marguerite of Monaco...". As a legitimate male-line descendant of George III, Ernst August was subject to the Royal Marriages Act 1772 (repealed in 2015). Prior to the repeal of the Act, the revised form of which limits those who must gain permission to the first six people in the line of British succession, marrying without the Queen's Royal Assent would have meant their marriage would be void in Britain, where Ernst August's family owned substantial property and he holds (dual) citizenship.

title: Monaco

text: A recurring issue Monaco encounters with other countries is the attempt by foreign nationals to use Monaco to avoid paying taxes in their own country. Monaco actually collects a number of taxes including a 20% VAT and 33% on companies unless they make over 75% of their income inside Monaco. Monaco does not allow dual citizenship, but does have multiple paths to citizenship including by declaration and naturalization. In many cases the key issue for obtaining citizenship, rather than attaining residency in Monaco, is the person's ties to their departure country. For example, French citizens must still pay taxes to France even if they live full-time in Monaco unless they resided in the country before 1962 for at least 5 years. In the early 1960s there was some tension between France and Monaco over taxation.

title: Napoleon Museum (Monaco)

text: Items of historical importance relating to the Principality of Monaco were displayed on a mezzanine floor in the museum, including the Charter of Independence of Monaco that was given royal assent by King Louis XII of France.

title: François Grimaldi

text: His cousin's descendants, the Grimaldi family, still rule Monaco today. Over one hundred years after the coup, the Grimaldis purchased Monaco from the crown of Aragon in 1419, and became the official and undisputed rulers of "the Rock of Monaco".

title: Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach

text: Born as Wilhelm Karl Florestan Gero Crescentius, Count of Württemberg, he was the elder son of Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach (the head of a morganatic branch of the Royal House of the Kingdom of Württemberg), and his second wife, Princess Florestine of Monaco, occasional Regent of Monaco and daughter of Florestan I, Prince of Monaco.

title: Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest

text: Monaco has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 24 times since its debut in 1959. The country's only win in the contest came in 1971 when Séverine performed "Un banc, un arbre, une rue". In 1972, Monaco was expected to host the contest, but declined. Monaco is still the only microstate which has won the Eurovision Song Contest.

title: Transport in Monaco

text: A heliport, the Monaco Heliport, is the only aviation facility in the principality. It features shuttle service to and from the international airport at Nice, France. As of May 2005, all Royal Helicopter Service is provided by the James Drabble Aviation Services Committee. This deal sparked a great deal of controversy in the National Council of Monaco, as there was no precedent yet set. Helicopter charter services to French ski resorts are also available.

title: Monaco villas

text: The urban history of Monaco and its villas has, until recently, been subject to poor documentation and archiving. As of 2016, Monaco still had no official preservation laws governing historic buildings.

title: Gerard Monaco

text: Gerard Monaco is a British actor who trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

title: Royal warrant of appointment

text: Purveyors to the Imperial Household Ministry; after World War II, the permission system was abolished, but purveyors still exist today:High Patronage of the Monaco Royal Family:Purveyors to the Royal Court of the Netherlands: the status 'purveyor to the court' ("hofleverancier") is awarded to small and medium-sized businesses that have existed for at least 100 years, and who have a good reputation regionally. They need not actually supply goods to the court. The status is renewable every 25 years. At present there are at least 387 companies who can hold this status.

title: City-state

text: The Principality of Monaco is an independent city-state. Monaco-Ville (the ancient fortified city) and Monaco's well-known area Monte Carlo are districts of a continuous urban zone, not distinct cities, though they were three separate municipalities ("communes") until 1917. The Principality of Monaco and the city of Monaco (each having specific powers) govern the same territory. Though they maintain a small military, they would still have to rely on France for defence in the face of an aggressive world power.

title: Les Baux-de-Provence

text: In 1642 the town was offered to the Grimaldi family as a marquisate in favour of Hercule de Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco (1642-1780). The title "Marquis of Baux" is still carried by the Prince of Monaco. Administratively, the town is entirely French and the title of Marquis of Baux is traditionally given to the heir to the throne of Monaco. Jacques, the son of the current Prince of Monaco Albert II, carries among his many titles that of Marquis of Baux.

title: Automobile Club de Monaco

text: The ACM applied to the AIACR (the forerunner to the FIA) to be upgraded from a regional French club to a full national member, but had their application refused because no motorsport event was held entirely within Monaco's borders. Antony Noghès, the son of the club's President, organised the inaugural Monaco Grand Prix in 1929 on a circuit around the streets of Monaco, and the ACM was promptly admitted to the AIACR. The Monaco Grand Prix was part of the European Championship in the 1930s, and was included in the inaugural Formula One World Championship in 1950. The Grand Prix has been held continuously since 1955, and despite minor modifications over the years, it is still largely run over the same circuit as the inaugural race in 1929.

title: Anthony Monaco

text: As a distinguished neuroscientist, Monaco identified the first gene specifically involved in human speech and language. Nobel Prize winning biologist Paul Nurse states, "Tony Monaco was among the first to recognize the importance of what was still an emerging research frontier, human genetics, and its vast potential to address problems such as cancer and autism."

title: Dodge Monaco

text: At the start of the 1977 model year, Chrysler's full-size C-body Dodge (which had been the 1976 model year Monaco) was renamed the 1977 Dodge Royal Monaco, Chrysler's mid-size B-body Dodge (which had been the 1976 model year Coronet and Charger Sport) was renamed the 1977 Monaco. Virtually unchanged from the 1977 Royal Monaco line up, it offered a choice of only three body styles: four-door wagon, four-door sedan, and two-door hardtop. At the end of the 1977 model year, Chrysler's entire full-size C-body Royal Monaco line up (and Plymouth Gran Fury counterparts) was discontinued, which made the 1977 Royal Monaco the last full-size Dodge car ever produced on the C platform.

title: Monte Carlo Casino

text: The Casino de Monte-Carlo is owned and operated by the "Société des bains de mer de Monaco", a public company in which the Monaco government and the ruling royal family have a majority interest. The company also owns the principal hotels, sports clubs, foodservice establishments, and nightclubs throughout Monaco.

title: Monaco

text: In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco specified that, should there be no heirs to carry on the Grimaldi dynasty, the principality would still remain an independent nation rather than revert to France. Monaco's military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France.

title: Lycée Albert Premier

text:
In Monaco, many religious schools were created in Monaco after 1860, including the Ladies of Saint-Maur, a primary school that is still in use today, and the Christian Brothers College.
Seeking a secular alternative to these religious schools, Albert I, an eminent scientist, founded the "School of Monaco" in September, 1910. He also founded the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco that faces the high school in the same year.


query: When was Colin Steele McRae born?

title: Colin McRae

text: Colin Steele McRae, MBE (5 August 1968 – 15 September 2007) was a rally driver from Scotland, born in Lanark. The son of five-time British Rally Champion Jimmy McRae and brother of rally driver Alister McRae, Colin McRae was the 1991 and 1992 British Rally Champion and, in 1995 became the first British person and the youngest to win the World Rally Championship Drivers' title, a record he still holds.

title: Colin McRae Rally 2005

text: A Mac OS X version of this game, renamed as "Colin McRae Rally Mac", was published by Feral Interactive and developed by Robosoft Technologies, marking the first Colin McRae series game for the Mac OS X (now macOS). It was released on 26 October 2007, just six weeks after McRae's death in a helicopter crash. The development of the game was fraught with problems. Apple's switch to Intel Macs, some behind-the-scenes changes at Feral and other issues conspired to keep "Colin McRae Rally Mac" from being released until fairly late into 2007, despite it being based on PC-game underpinnings that Windows gamers had been enjoying since late 2004. Feral chose to make this release as independent of the PC franchise as possible to avoid any issues that might date it, calling it "Colin McRae Rally Mac" rather than attaching a year to it. Two mobile game versions of this game were created, a N-Gage title developed by Ideaworks3D and a J2ME title developed by IOMO and published by Digital Bridges. The N-Gage version reused stages from "Colin McRae Rally 2.0". Both were nominated for BAFTAs in the Mobile and Handheld categories respectively. The PlayStation Portable version was ported to Japan under the name and published by Interchannel-Holon on 14 June 2007.

title: Colin McRae Rally 2.0

text: Colin McRae Rally 2.0 (styled as colin | mcrae | rally | 2.0) is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for PlayStation, Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Advance.

title: Colin McRae: Dirt 2

text: Shortly before the release of the first game in the "Dirt" series, "Colin McRae: Dirt", "Colin McRae: Dirt 2" was described by Matthew Horsman, chief game designer for the game, as a game more improved and refined than its predecessor. The game was later announced officially on 19 November 2008. The engine, EGO, initially featured in "", was updated to better take advantage of the PlayStation's SPUs, as well as improving multi-core processor utilization on the Xbox 360 and PC. The Flashback ability, allowing players to rewind time mid-race, a new feature in Grid, was kept and improved due to its popularity. In addition, the features and expanse of the multiplayer component, which was often criticized in "Colin McRae: Dirt" as being fairly anaemic, was completely new to the series.

title: Colin McRae

text: Designed by Colin McRae and Dave Plant and built by DJM Race Preparation, the McRae R4's chassis is based on a steel safety cage with carbon panelling front and rear, and a steel-covered cockpit area. Suspension consists of twin wishbones with Proflex dampers. The body styling has been done by Keith Burden and Tom Webster. It appears that some components of the vehicle have been taken from existing production cars, the doorline in particular appears very close to that of the Ford Ka.

title: Nicky Grist

text: In 1998, whilst racing with Colin McRae, Codemasters developed a game for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows entitled "Colin McRae Rally", in which Grist lent his voice and likeness as a co-driver, guiding players around various special stages ineight countries. The game used real drivers and their cars from the 1998 WRC and featured McRae and Grist's Subaru from 1998 on the front cover. Through this Grist's voice has become familiar to many who played the game. "Colin McRae Rally" was soon followed by "Colin McRae Rally 2.0", with subsequent games featuring Grist until "Colin McRae Rally 2005". Grist later reprised his role as one of the default co-drivers (alongside Jen Horsey) in "Dirt 4".

title: Colin McRae (footballer)

text: Colin McRae (born 20 April 1945) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

title: Colin McRae Rally 04

text: Colin McRae Rally 04 (stylized as colin mcrae rally 04) is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. It is the fourth game in the "Colin McRae Rally" series. Codemasters declined to release the PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows versions in North America on 29 January 2004.) It is also the first game in the series to drop the official World Rally Championship license. Its previous game was "Colin McRae Rally 3" and was followed by "Colin McRae Rally 2005". Like all other "Colin McRae Rally" games, it is a blend of simulation and arcade style handling.

title: Colin McRae Rally

text: "Colin McRae Rally", the first title in the series, was released for the PlayStation and Microsoft Windows platforms in January 1998 in the United Kingdom and in September 1999 in the United States. The game featured real cars and drivers from the 1998 World Rally Championship season. Colin McRae's Subaru Impreza was featured on the game's cover.

title: Colin McRae Rally

text: An OS X version of this game, renamed as "Colin McRae Rally Mac", has been published by Feral Interactive and developed by Robosoft Technologies and represents the first Macintosh release of a CMR series game. It was released on 26 October 2007, just six weeks after McRae's death in a helicopter crash. The development of the game was fraught with problems. Apple's switch to Intel Macs, some behind-the-scenes changes at Feral and other issues conspired to keep "Colin McRae Rally Mac" from being released until fairly late into 2007, despite it being based on PC-game underpinnings that Windows gamers had been enjoying since late 2004. Feral chose to make this release as independent of the PC franchise as possible to avoid any issues that might date it, calling it "Colin McRae Rally Mac" rather than attaching a year to it. Two mobile game versions of this game were created, a N-Gage title developed by Ideaworks3D and a J2ME title developed by IOMO and published by Digital Bridges. The N-Gage version reused stages from "Colin McRae Rally 2.0". Both were nominated for BAFTAs in the Mobile and Handheld categories respectively.

title: Colin McRae

text: The R4 appears in Codemasters titles Colin McRae: DiRT, Colin McRae: DiRT 2 and Dirt 3.

title: Colin McRae Rally

text: At E3 2006, Codemasters revealed that a new McRae game was in development for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. On 20 July 2006, Codemasters announced that the title of the new game would be "Colin McRae: Dirt" in Europe, and "Dirt: Colin McRae Off-Road" in the United States.

title: Colin McRae Rally

text: The 2013 game "Colin McRae Rally" shares the same name of the 1998 release but the game's content and driving model are taken directly from the 2000 title "Colin McRae Rally 2.0". This version was released on iOS in 2013 and ported to Windows, OS X and Android in 2014.

title: Alister McRae

text: Alister McRae (born 20 December 1970) is a British rally driver who competed in the World Rally Championship. He is the son of the five-time British Rally Champion Jimmy McRae and the younger brother of the late 1995 World Rally Champion, Colin McRae.

title: Colin McRae Rally 3

text: Colin McRae Rally 3 is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for Xbox, PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows. It is the third game in the "Colin McRae Rally" series. It features rally cars from the 2002 World Rally Championship.

title: Colin McRae Rally 2005

text: Colin McRae Rally 2005 is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters. It is the fifth game in the "Colin McRae Rally" series.

title: Colin McRae: Dirt

text: "Colin McRae: Dirt" was released on 15 June 2007 in Europe and on 19 June 2007 in North America for the Xbox 360 and PC. The PS3 version was released on 11 September 2007 in North America and on 14 September in Europe, the day before a helicopter crash claimed the life of McRae, his son Johnny, and two other people who were family friends of the McRaes. In response to the death and after an agreement was made with the McRae family, Codemasters withdrew a major advertising campaign for the PlayStation 3 version of "Colin McRae: Dirt".

title: Colin McRae: Dirt 2

text: "Colin McRae: Dirt 2" was an official sponsor of Ken Block, Travis Pastrana, Tanner Foust and Dave Mirra of the Subaru Rally Team USA. The game also features former rally driver Mohammed bin Sulayem. The game also included a tribute cut-scene to Colin McRae after the Colin McRae Challenge is completed.

title: Colin McRae Rally

text: Colin McRae Rally and more recently; Dirt, is a racing video game series developed and published by Codemasters. "Colin McRae Rally" and "Dirt 2" have since been developed and published for Mac OS X by Feral Interactive.

title: Colin McRae Rally (video game)

text: Colin McRae Rally is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for PlayStation, Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Color. It is the first game in the "Colin McRae Rally" series. It features 8 official cars (and their drivers) and rallies from the 1998 World Rally Championship season, in addition to 4 extra cars.

title: Colin McRae

text: Colin McRae: Dirt 2 was released on the PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on 11 September 2009, the PC version was released on 8 December 2009. This was the last in the series to bear the 'Colin McRae' moniker.

title: Colin McRae: Dirt

text: Colin McRae: Dirt (Dirt in North America, stylised as colin mcrae DiRT) is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. It is the sixth game in the "Colin McRae Rally" series and the last of the series to be published before Colin McRae's death. It features new graphics, audio, physics engine, new vehicles and a new game engine which was co-developed between Codemasters and Sony Computer Entertainment. The game features a variety of off-road racing categories as well as World Rally Championship style events. The game was released for the PlayStation 3 in Europe on 14 September 2007, prior to Colin McRae's death. The sequel, "", was released in September 2009. A simplified version of the game was developed by Glu Mobile and released for Java ME devices in 2008.

title: Colin J. McRae

text: Colin J. McRae (born Colin John McRae; October 22, 1812 – February 1877) was an American politician who served as a Deputy from Alabama to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1862.

title: Colin McRae: Dirt 2

text: Colin McRae: Dirt 2 (Dirt 2 in North America) is a racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows and OS X. It is the seventh game in the "Colin McRae Rally" series.

title: Colin McRae

text: The funeral for Colin and Johnny took place on 26 September at Daldowie Crematorium near Glasgow, conducted by the Rev Tom Houston, who had married the McRaes, and the Rev Steven Reid, chaplain at Johnny's school. An address was given by Robbie Head, a former rally driver and commentator who was a close friend of McRae's, with the Rev Houston giving the benediction. McRae's niece and nephews performed the tune Highland Cathedral, a popular funeral song. Also, the song "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding, a favourite song of McRae's, was played when the family entered the chapel; and The Proclaimers' song "I'm on My Way" was played when they left. Colin and Johnny McRae were cremated in the same coffin. Among the attendees at the funeral were fellow Scottish racing drivers Jackie Stewart and Dario Franchitti.[29]

title: Colin McRae

text: On the 27 June 2013, a remastered version of Colin McRae Rally 2.0, simply titled Colin McRae Rally, was released for iOS devices.[48][49]

title: Colin McRae

text: In video game Colin McRae: Dirt 2 there is a race series named "Colin McRae Challenge" that is dedicated to him. Winning the race unlocks a video that is a tribute to him.

title: Colin McRae: Dirt 2

text: "Colin McRae: Dirt 2" features five racing disciplines, all of which are playable offline (against AI bots when applicable) and online. In addition, three "special modes" are included. "Colin McRae: Dirt 2" runs on an updated version of the EGO engine, which powered Codemasters' "Race Driver: Grid" as well. The engine features, most notably, an updated physics engine, which models realistic weight transfer during turning maneuvers, allowing the player to incorporate advanced driving techniques, such as the Scandinavian flick.In addition to the five straight game types, there are three special variants, each applicable to multiple modes."Colin McRae: Dirt 2" features a set of multiplayer modes which the user can partake in over, the PlayStation Network, Games For Windows - Live and Xbox Live as well as local multiplayer. Up to eight players can compete in ranked (Pro Tour) or unranked matches (Jam Session). Within the "Jam Session" category, any class of cars may be used on any track; the game lets hosts know when a combination is not necessarily advisable, such as Trailblazer cars on a Rallycross circuit. Ranked matches are, by comparison, much more restrained; only the prescribed cars may be used on a track.

title: Jimmy McRae

text: Jimmy McRae (born 28 October 1943) is a British rally driver. He was highly successful in the British Rally Championship, winning the title five times in 1981, 1982, 1984, 1987 and 1988. In the European Rally Championship for drivers, he was runner-up in 1982, while his highest placing in the World Rally Championship was fifteenth in 1983. Aside from his rallying career, McRae has maintained and run a very busy plumbing business in his home town of Lanark. Jimmy and his wife Margaret had three sons, Colin, Alister and Stuart. He is the father of World Rally Championship driver Alister McRae, and the late 1995 World Rally Champion Colin McRae.

title: Colin McRae

text: Following his win at the Brands Hatch meeting of the 2007 World Touring Car Championship season, Andy Priaulx dedicated it to McRae, commenting that his death "shows how fragile life can be".[36] McRae's former rival, four-time World Rally Champion Tommi Mäkinen commented the helicopter accident as terrifying news, and described McRae as "a pleasant fellow and a tough rival".[37] Valentino Rossi, who was taught the basics of driving a rally car by McRae, said he was shocked and saddened by the sudden departure of the former World Rally Champion. Valentino dedicated his win at Estoril MotoGp in 2007 to Colin McRae saying to the media "I want to dedicate this to Colin McRae. He was one of my big idols when I was very young and it's because of him I have a big passion for rally".[38]


query: Is cytoplasm needed for photosynthesis?

title: Photosynthetic pigment

text: Like plants, the cyanobacteria use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis and therefore liberate oxygen; they also use chlorophyll as a pigment. In addition, most cyanobacteria use phycobiliproteins, water-soluble pigments which occur in the cytoplasm of the chloroplast, to capture light energy and pass it on to the chlorophylls. (Some cyanobacteria, the prochlorophytes, use chlorophyll b instead of phycobilin.) It is thought that the chloroplasts in plants and algae all evolved from cyanobacteria.

title: Cytoplasmic inclusion

text: Secretory products: Hormones, mucus, digestives enzymes, neurotransmitters, fibrous proteins, and hydrochloric acid are all different types of secretory products found in cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasmic inclusions bound for secretion in some secretory cells are sometimes not visible by microscopy; some glands secrete products that are only released when needed by the body. An example of such glands is steroid-secreting endocrine gland.

title: Cytoplasmic streaming

text: In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.

title: Plant cell

text: Parenchyma cells are living cells that have functions ranging from storage and support to photosynthesis (mesophyll cells) and phloem loading (transfer cells). Apart from the xylem and phloem in their vascular bundles, leaves are composed mainly of parenchyma cells. Some parenchyma cells, as in the epidermis, are specialized for light penetration and focusing or regulation of gas exchange, but others are among the least specialized cells in plant tissue, and may remain totipotent, capable of dividing to produce new populations of undifferentiated cells, throughout their lives. Parenchyma cells have thin, permeable primary walls enabling the transport of small molecules between them, and their cytoplasm is responsible for a wide range of biochemical functions such as nectar secretion, or the manufacture of secondary products that discourage herbivory. Parenchyma cells that contain many chloroplasts and are concerned primarily with photosynthesis are called chlorenchyma cells. Others, such as the majority of the parenchyma cells in potato tubers and the seed cotyledons of legumes, have a storage function.

title: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

text: Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation. Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction, so photosynthesis needs to supply both the source of energy to drive this process and the electrons needed to convert into a carbohydrate. This addition of the electrons is a reduction reaction. In general outline and in effect, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration, in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce and water, and to release exothermic chemical energy to drive the organism's metabolism. However, the two processes take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments.

title: Photosystem

text: Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. They are located in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria. There are two kinds of photosystems: II and I.

title: Cytoplasmic streaming

text: Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is where there is flow inside the cytoplasm. It is typically observed in large plant and animal cells. Here flow means that the cytoplasm is moving inside the cell, it is not stationary. The flow is driven by forces from the cytoskeleton, and it is likely that the function of flow is at least partly to speed up transport of molecules and organelles around the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming is usually found in unusually large cells, greater than approximately 0.1 mm. In smaller cells, diffusion of molecules will be rapid but diffusion slows rapidly as the size increases, and so larger cells may need flow to move nutrients etc inside them rapidly enough for efficient function.

title: Chlorophyll a

text: Chlorophyll "a" is very important in the energy phase of photosynthesis. Two electrons need to be passed to an electron acceptor for the process of photosynthesis to proceed. Within the reaction centers of both photosystems there are a pair of chlorophyll "a" molecules that pass electrons on to the transport chain through redox reactions.

title: Bacterial cell structure

text: The cell achieves its height in the water column by synthesising gas vesicles. As the cell rises up, it is able to increase its carbohydrate load through increased photosynthesis. Too high and the cell will suffer photobleaching and possible death, however, the carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis increases the cell's density, causing it to sink. The daily cycle of carbohydrate build-up from photosynthesis and carbohydrate catabolism during dark hours is enough to fine-tune the cell's position in the water column, bring it up toward the surface when its carbohydrate levels are low and it needs to photosynthesis, and allowing it to sink away from the harmful UV radiation when the cell's carbohydrate levels have been replenished. An extreme excess of carbohydrate causes a significant change in the internal pressure of the cell, which causes the gas vesicles to buckle and collapse and the cell to sink out.

title: Chlorarachniophyte

text: The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of algae occasionally found in tropical oceans. They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. Normally they have the form of small amoebae, with branching cytoplasmic extensions that capture prey and connect the cells together, forming a net. They may also form flagellate zoospores, which characteristically have a single subapical flagellum that spirals backwards around the cell body, and walled coccoid cells.

title: Cytoplasmic male sterility

text: Cytoplasmic–genetic male sterility systems are widely exploited in crop plants for hybrid breeding due to the convenience of controlling sterility expression by manipulating the gene–cytoplasm combinations in any selected genotype. Incorporation of these systems for male sterility evades the need for emasculation in cross-pollinated species, thus encouraging cross breeding producing only hybrid seeds under natural conditions.

title: Aulosira

text: Species of "Aulosira" can be found in soil, on moist rocks, at the bottom of lakes and springs (both fresh- and saltwater), and rarely in marine habitats. It may also grow symbiotically within the tissues of plants, such as the evolutionarily ancient ("Gunnera") or hornworts, providing nitrogen to its host through the action of terminally differentiated cells known as heterocysts. These bacteria contain photosynthetic pigments in their cytoplasm to perform photosynthesis.

title: HSP60

text: Newer information has begun to suggest that the HSP60 found in the mitochondria differs from that of the cytoplasm. With respect to the amino acid sequence, the cytoplasmic HSP60 has an N-terminal sequence not found in the mitochondrial protein. In gel electrophoresis analysis, significant differences were found in the migration of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial HSP60. The cytoplasmic HSP60 contains a signal sequence of 26 amino acids on the N terminus. This sequence is highly degenerate and is capable of folding into amphiphilic helix. Antibodies against HSP60 targeted both the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic form. Nonetheless, antibodies against the signal sequence targeted only the cytoplasmic form. Under normal physiological condition, both are found in relatively equal concentrations. In times of stress or high need of HSP60 in either the cytoplasm or the mitochondria, the cell is capable for compensating by increasing the presence of HSP60 in one compartment and decreasing its concentration in the opposite compartment.

title: Primary producers

text: Gross primary production occurs by photosynthesis. This is also a main way that primary producers take energy and produce/release it somewhere else. Plants, coral, bacteria, and algae do this. Bacteria is a more recent find in the process of photosynthesis with primary producers, as they were just discovered in the soil. During photosynthesis, primary producers take energy from the sun and produce it into energy, sugar, and oxygen. Primary producers also need energy to convert this same energy elsewhere, so they get it from nutrients. One type of nutrient is nitrogen.

title: Nostoc

text: "Nostoc" can be found in soil, on moist rocks, at the bottom of lakes and springs (both fresh- and saltwater), and rarely in marine habitats. It may also grow symbiotically within the tissues of plants, such as the evolutionarily ancient angiosperm "Gunnera" and the hornworts (a group of bryophytes), providing nitrogen to its host through the action of terminally differentiated cells known as heterocysts. These bacteria contain photosynthetic pigments in their cytoplasm to perform photosynthesis.

title: Evolution of photosynthesis

text:
Timeline of Photosynthesis on Earth
Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae. These are most common in corals, sponges and sea anemones. It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes. In addition, a few marine mollusks "Elysia viridis" and "Elysia chlorotica" also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies. This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive.

title: Onion epidermal cell

text:
The epidermal cells of onions provide a protective layer against viruses and fungi that may harm the sensitive tissues. Because of their simple structure and transparency they are often used to introduce students to plant anatomy or to demonstrate plasmolysis.
The clear epidermal cells exist in a single layer and do not contain chloroplasts, because the onion fruiting body (bulb) is used for storing energy, not photosynthesis.
Each plant cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm. The vacuole is prominent and present at the center of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm.

title: CoRR hypothesis

text: Chloroplasts and mitochondria are energy-converting organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts in plant cells perform photosynthesis; the capture and conversion of the energy of sunlight. Mitochondria in both plant and animal cells perform respiration; the release of this stored energy when work is done. In addition to these key reactions of bioenergetics, chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some of their own proteins.

title: Cleome

text: The genus contains species which show an evolutionary progression from  to photosynthesis. This, combined with it being very close to the Brassicaceae with the model plant species "Arabidopsis thaliana", makes it an ideal genus in which to study the evolution of photosynthesis. Morphological differences that demonstrate the transition from to include species having leaves with more veins and larger bundle sheath cells. Also, species such as "Cleome gynandra" produce proteins needed for photosynthesis. Three species independently acquired the pathway, while others are – intermediate or -like.

title: Floridean starch

text: Floridean starch is a type of a storage glucan found in glaucophytes and in red algae (also known as rhodophytes), in which it is usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from photosynthesis. It is found in grains or granules in the cell's cytoplasm and is composed of an α-linked glucose polymer with a degree of branching intermediate between amylopectin and glycogen, though more similar to the former. The polymers that make up floridean starch are sometimes referred to as "semi-amylopectin".

title: Cytoplasmic streaming

text: Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This occurs in the chloroplasts of plants cells. Light photons interact with various intermebrane proteins of the cholorplast to accomplish this. However, these proteins can become saturated with photons, making them unable to function until the saturation is alleviated. This is known as the Kautsky effect and is a cause of inefficiency on the ATP production mechanism. Cytoplasmic streaming in "Chara corallina", however, enables chloroplasts to move around the stem of the plant. Thus, the chloroplasts move into lighted regions and shaded regions. This intermittent exposure to photons due to cytoplasmic streaming actually increases the photosynthetic efficiency of chloroplasts. Photosynthetic activity is generally assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis.

title: Myrionecta rubra

text: Genetic analysis showed that in the American coastal areas, the primary food of "M. rubra" is the algae most closely related to the free-living "Geminigera cryophila". But in Japanese coasts, the major algal species is "Teleaulax amphioxeia". When these plastid-containing algae are ingested by the ciliate, they are not digested. The plastids remain functional and provide nutrition to the ciliate by photosynthesis. In order for the plastids to be normally active, they still require enzymes, which are synthesised by the sequestered algal nuclei. The single nucleus can survive and remain genetically active up to 30 days in the cytoplasm of the ciliate. As the retention time of the prey nuclei is short, an average "M. rubra" cell may contain eight algal plastids per single prey nucleus and the nuclei need to be replaced by continuous feeding on fresh algae. Thus, the algal organelles are not permanently integrated.

title: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

text:
This family of cyanobacteria forms filament-shaped colonies enclosed in mucus or a gelatinous sheath. Their habitats vary widely ranging from fresh water to salt water conditions. They often contain photosynthetic pigments in their cytoplasm to perform photosynthesis, which gives the cells a bluish-green color.
Genus – Cylindrospermopsis

title: Planetary habitability

text: Size is not the only factor in making red dwarfs potentially unsuitable for life, however. On a red dwarf planet, photosynthesis on the night side would be impossible, since it would never see the sun. On the day side, because the sun does not rise or set, areas in the shadows of mountains would remain so forever. Photosynthesis as we understand it would be complicated by the fact that a red dwarf produces most of its radiation in the infrared, and on the Earth the process depends on visible light. There are potential positives to this scenario. Numerous terrestrial ecosystems rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis, for instance, which would be possible in a red dwarf system. A static primary star position removes the need for plants to steer leaves toward the sun, deal with changing shade/sun patterns, or change from photosynthesis to stored energy during night. Because of the lack of a day-night cycle, including the weak light of morning and evening, far more energy would be available at a given radiation level.

title: Cactus

text: To carry out photosynthesis, cactus stems have undergone many adaptations. Early in their evolutionary history, the ancestors of modern cacti (other than one group of Pereskia species) developed stomata on their stems and began to delay developing bark. However, this alone was not sufficient; cacti with only these adaptations appear to do very little photosynthesis in their stems. Stems needed to develop structures similar to those normally found only in leaves. Immediately below the outer epidermis, a hypodermal layer developed made up of cells with thickened walls, offering mechanical support. Air spaces were needed between the cells to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse inwards. The center of the stem, the cortex, developed "chlorenchyma" – a plant tissue made up of relatively unspecialized cells containing chloroplasts, arranged into a "spongy layer" and a "palisade layer" where most of the photosynthesis occurs.[24]

title: Glyoxylate reductase

text: The glyoxylate reductase enzyme localizes to the cell cytoplasm in plants. It can use both NADPH and NADH as a cofactor, but prefers NADPH. The enzyme substrate, glyoxylate, is a metabolite in plant photorespiration, and is produced in the peroxisome. Glyoxylate is important in the plant cell as it can deactivate RUBISCO and inhibit its activation. Hence, glyoxylate levels are important in regulating photosynthesis.

title: Nostocaceae

text: Like other cyanobacteria, these bacteria sometimes contain photosynthetic pigments in their cytoplasm to perform photosynthesis. The particular pigments they contain gives the cells a bluish-green color.

title: Cytohet

text: Most of the genes in the mitochondria code for respiration-related proteins, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis-related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell: each cell contains numerous mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome.

title: Artificial photosynthesis

text:
Whereas photovoltaics can provide energy directly from sunlight, the inefficiency of fuel production from photovoltaic electricity (indirect process) and the fact that sunshine is not constant throughout the day sets a limit to its use.
One way of using natural photosynthesis is for the production of a biofuel, which is an indirect process that suffers from low energy conversion efficiency (due to photosynthesis' own low efficiency in converting sunlight to biomass), the cost of harvesting and transporting the fuel, and conflicts due to the increasing need of land mass for food production.
The purpose of artificial photosynthesis is to produce a fuel from sunlight that can be stored conveniently and used when sunlight is not available, by using direct processes, that is, to produce a solar fuel. With the development of catalysts able to reproduce the major parts of photosynthesis, water and sunlight would ultimately be the only needed sources for clean energy production. The only by-product would be oxygen, and production of a solar fuel has the potential to be cheaper than gasoline.

title: Coral bleaching

text: The corals that form the great reef ecosystems of tropical seas depend upon a symbiotic relationship with algae-like single-celled flagellate protozoa called zooxanthellae that live within their tissues and give the coral its coloration. The zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrients through photosynthesis, a crucial factor in the clear and nutrient-poor tropical waters. In exchange, the coral provide the zooxanthellae with the carbon dioxide and ammonium needed for photosynthesis. Negative environmental conditions thwart the coral's ability to provide for the zooxanthellae's needs. To ensure short-term survival, the coral-polyp then expels the zooxanthellae. This leads to a lighter or completely white appearance, hence the term "bleached".[9] As the zooxanthellae provide up to 90% of the coral's energy needs through products of photosynthesis, after expelling, the coral may begin to starve.


query: When did the American Republican party begin?

title: History of the United States Republican Party

text: The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the world's oldest extant political parties. The party values reflect economic conservatism, classical conservatism (modern day American conservatism) and corporate liberty rights. It is the second oldest existing political party in the United States after its primary rival, the Democratic Party. The party emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act, an act that dissolved the terms of the Missouri Compromise and allowed slave or free status to be decided in the territories by popular sovereignty. The early Republican Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States, but by 1858 it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state.

title: 1952 Democratic National Convention

text: The 1952 Republican National Convention was held two weeks before the Democratic convention television, from July 7–11. During the Republican convention, cameras were restricted to the sides of the floor which did not allow for close, clear shots. The Democrats took note of what did and did not work at the Republican convention. They constructed a tower in the center of the floor for television cameras to capture better quality shots of the podium. Party officials closely monitored the camera angles during proceedings to exercise control over shots. Before the convention, party officials instructed delegates to conduct themselves professionally during the convention as the cameras were broadcasting their actions to millions. From the Democrat and Republican conventions of 1952 emerged the precedent of orchestrating American national party conventions as made-for-TV events.

title: 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries

text: A conference of western Republicans was held in Eugene, Oregon on October 12. Both Rockefeller and Goldwater attended. Rockefeller challenged Goldwater to a debate on "how our party can best deal with the vital issues before the American people today." Goldwater said he did not favor a Republican debate, which he believed would tarnish the party's unity.

title: Origins of the American Civil War

text: In almost every northern state, organizers attempted to have a Republican Party or an anti-Nebraska fusion movement on ballots in 1854. In areas where the radical Republicans controlled the new organization, the comprehensive radical program became the party policy. Just as they helped organize the Republican Party in the summer of 1854, the radicals played an important role in the national organization of the party in 1856. Republican conventions in New York, Massachusetts, and Illinois adopted radical platforms. These radical platforms in such states as Wisconsin, Michigan, Maine, and Vermont usually called for the divorce of the government from slavery, the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Laws, and no more slave states, as did platforms in Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Massachusetts when radical influence was high.

title: Alan Keyes

text: Keyes first stated that he was considering leaving the Republican Party during a January 2008 appearance on The Weekly Filibuster radio show. He did not withdraw his candidacy after John McCain won the necessary 1,191 delegates to the Republican National Convention, even though he was no longer campaigning for the Republican nomination. On March 27, 2008, Keyes's campaign website began displaying the Constitution Party's logo, along with a parody of the trademarked GOP logo in the form of a dead elephant. This appeared to be an indication of Keyes's intentions to quit the Republican party and to begin officially seeking the Constitution Party's presidential nomination.

title: Open primaries in the United States

text: A "modified closed primary" was in effect in California from 2001 to 2011. Each political party could decide whether or not they wish to allow unaffiliated voters to vote in their party's primary. This appeared to avoid the constitutional concerns of both the open and the closed primary. In the 2004 and 2006 primary elections, the Republican, Democratic, and American Independent parties all opted to allow unaffiliated voters to request their party's ballot. However, since the 2008 presidential primary election, only the Democratic and American Independent parties took this option, while the Republican party did not.

title: October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election

text: John Boehner, a member of the Republican Party from Ohio, served as the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives from February 2006 until January 2007. As the Democratic Party assumed control of the House following the 2006 elections, Boehner served as Minority Leader from January 2007 until January 2011. When Republicans reassumed control of the House of Representatives in January 2011, Boehner was elected as Speaker, with the votes of all 241 of his fellow Republicans. In 2014, some House Republicans reached out to Ben Carson about his interest in becoming Speaker should they be able to oust Boehner; Carson declined, citing his impending candidacy for president. Boehner's Republican opponents formed a congressional caucus, called the Freedom Caucus, in January 2015 to focus their opposition. Though Boehner was reelected as Speaker at the beginning of the 114th United States Congress that month, 25 conservative members of the Republican caucus did not vote for him. Daniel Webster, a Republican from Florida, received 12 votes.

title: Independence Party of New York

text: Ben Walsh, despite coming from a family of prominent Republicans refused to affiliate with the Republican Party when he turned eighteen and, when he chose to run for Mayor of Syracuse in 2017, did so on two minor party lines, the Independence Party of New York and Reform Party of New York State; in what was generally seen as an upset, Ben Walsh defeated Democratic Party front runner Juanita Perez Williams.

title: Cuban Americans

text: Until the early 2010s, Cuban Americans historically tended to be more Republican than Democratic, thanks to the anti-communist foreign policy platform of the Republican Party since the 1950s. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party, blaming John F. Kennedy for his handling of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion. Cuban exiles began an alliance with the Republican Party of Florida. In Florida, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Republican, beginning with Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Joe Garcia, a Democrat, is an exception). The presence of Cubans in the Republican Party was highlighted by the 2016 presidential race, which featured U.S. Senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio as prominent candidates, both of whom are of Cuban descent. But in New Jersey, another state with many Cuban Americans, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Democrats, for example Representative Albio Sires. Ronald Reagan is particularly popular in the Cuban-American community for standing up to Soviet communism and Castro's export of revolution to Central America and Africa (there is a street in Miami named for Reagan), and George W. Bush received 75 and 78 percent (in 2000 and 2004 respectively) of the Cuban-American vote. The Cuban-American lobby has also lobbied both parties on causes important to Cuban Americans.

title: Thaddeus Stevens

text: During the recess of the impeachment court, the Republicans met in convention in Chicago and nominated Grant for president. Stevens did not attend, and was dismayed by the exclusion of African-American suffrage from the party platform as radical influence began to fade in the Republican Party. When the Senate returned to session, it voted down Articles II and III by the same 35–19 margin as before, and Chase declared the President acquitted. Stevens did not give up on the idea of removing Johnson; in July, he proffered several more impeachment articles (the House refused to adopt them). He offered a bill to divide Texas into several parts so as to gain additional Republican senators to vote out Johnson. It was defeated; the "Herald" stated, "It is lamentable to see this old man, with one foot in the grave, pursuing the President with such vindictiveness." Nevertheless, Stevens planned to revisit the question of impeachment when Congress met again in late 1868.

title: Radical Republican Party

text: The party did not recover. In the elections of 1936 it chose to ally for electoral lists with the parties of the religious and monarchist right, and many of its own local branches and voters abandoned it, migrating to other parties believed to better represent the spirit of Radical Republicanism: Portela Valladares's Centre Republicans on the centre-right , Martinez Barrios's right-of-centre Republican Union, or Manuel Azana's centre-left Republican Left. The PRR garnered just 1% of the vote, returning a mere six deputies, and several of these abandoned the party in parliament to instead sit among the Republican Centre group. When the insurrection of July 1936 broke out the PRR was proscribed, bringing its thirty-year history to an end.

title: Negro Republican Party

text:
African American males were allowed to vote in Alabama until 1901, when the state disenfranchised them although still letting them register. The Negro Republican Party in Birmingham, Alabama was organized in opposition to the lily-white Republican party, after that party prevented any of the twenty-five black delegates from taking part in its Birmingham convention.
In Maryland, while the Democrats were typically against allowing blacks to vote at all, the Republicans wanted to give them this and other basic rights, but many did not want blacks to hold important political offices or to have frequent contact with whites. Their vote was important to the Republicans though. In 1909, at a time when the Democrats were pushing for disenfranchisement in the state, the Republicans called on all members of the Negro Republican Party to turn out on voting day in every district.

title: Polish-American vote

text: Polish-Americans trended, as did many white middle class ethnics, away from the Democratic Party beginning in the 1960s. The culture wars that had erupted over the civil rights movement, Vietnam protests, drugs, feminism and abortion were decidedly against Polish-American Catholics' socially conservative views. The Polish-American voters of the 1968 election trended more Republican than those of the JFK and LBJ elections. However, in 1968 Poles gained their closest chance at winning higher office when Edmund Muskie ran for Vice-President alongside Hubert Humphrey. The Republicans further alienated the Polish-American vote in 1968 with Spiro Agnew, who used the slur "Polacks" during the campaign. Poles voted for Humphrey over Nixon by a narrow margin, 56-44. Nixon won over states with significant Polish minorities–Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin–for 90 electoral votes of his 301 total. Ieva Zake speculated that this was a success for Nixon, as the Polish-American vote had been over 80% Democratic in 1964.

title: Brad Woodhouse

text: The Republican Party has thrown in its lot with the terrorists - the Taliban and Hamas this morning - in criticizing the President for receiving the Nobel Peace prize -- an award he did not seek but that is nonetheless an honor in which every American can take great pride — unless of course you are the Republican Party. The 2009 version of the Republican Party has no boundaries, has no shame and has proved that they will put politics above patriotism at every turn. It's no wonder only 20 percent of Americans admit to being Republicans anymore – it's an embarrassing label to claim.

title: Vietnamese Americans

text: The relationship between Vietnam and the United States has been the most important issue for most Vietnamese Americans. As refugees from a communist country, many are strongly opposed to communism. In a 2000 "Orange County Register" poll, 71 percent of respondents ranked fighting communism as a "top priority" or "very important". Vietnamese Americans stage protests against the Vietnamese government, its human rights policy and those whom they perceive to be sympathetic to it. In 1999, opposition to a video-store owner in Westminster, California who displayed the flag of Vietnam and a photo of Ho Chi Minh peaked when 15,000 people held a nighttime vigil in front of the store; this raised free speech issues. Although few Vietnamese Americans enrolled in the Democratic Party because it was seen as more sympathetic to communism than the Republican Party, Republican support has eroded in the second generation and among newer, poorer refugees. However, the Republican Party still has strong support; in Orange County, Vietnamese Americans registered as Republicans outnumber registered Democrats (55 and 22 percent, respectively). According to the 2008 National Asian American Survey, 22 percent identified with the Democratic Party and 29 percent with the Republican Party. Exit polls during the 2004 presidential election indicated that 72 percent of Vietnamese American voters in eight eastern states polled voted for Republican incumbent George W. Bush, compared to the 28 percent voting for Democratic challenger John Kerry. In a poll conducted before the 2008 presidential election, two-thirds of Vietnamese Americans who had decided said that they would vote for Republican candidate John McCain. The party's vocal anti-communism is attractive to older and first-generation Vietnamese Americans who arrived during the Reagan administration. Although most Vietnamese overall are registered Republicans, most young Vietnamese lean toward the Democratic Party. An Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF) poll found that Vietnamese Americans aged 18–29 favored Democrat Barack Obama by 60 percentage points during the 2008 presidential election. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, 47 percent of registered Vietnamese-American voters leaned Republican and 32 percent Democratic; among Vietnamese Americans overall (including non-registered voters), 36 percent leaned Democratic and 35 percent Republican.

title: 1966 United States Senate elections

text: The South Carolina Republican Party was in the beginning stages of becoming a major political party in South Carolina politics. It had few elected officials in the state and when state senator Marshall Parker from Oconee County sought the Republican nomination, he did not face any opposition.

title: Republican State Committee of Delaware

text: The Republican State Committee of Delaware got its start in the mid-1800s when the American Party (a group dedicated to prohibition of alcohol), People's Party, and former Whigs reformed under the Union Party. This party was dedicated to preserve the Union in the time of Lincoln's election. While Delaware did not secede from the Union, Delaware Democrats and other supporters often opposed Lincoln's policies. The Republican party struggled to gain control in the state from 1865 to 1898 with the Democratic Party maintaining control of both the federal and state level of government. However, changes in industry and the arrival of immigrants in key locations would soon spell the rise of the Republican party in Delaware.

title: Fusion Party

text: North Carolina’s Fusion Party was a coalition of Black Republican and Populist Party members who cooperated in state elections and in state government between 1894 and 1900. While the involved Republicans and Populists maintained separate organizations and did not affiliate their united actions with a separate, third party, the group’s cooperation was labeled "fusion" or "fusionist" by its Democratic opponents. In the middle and late 1890s Republican-Populist cooperation resulted in new state delegations to Congress, Republican-Populist control of the state's General Assembly, Republicans and Populists in state executive offices, and a non-Democratic state supreme court. A significant number of fusionist officeholders were African American.

title: North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party

text: The North Dakota Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party has roots in the Progressive Era of American history. At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, progressives – including lawyers, merchants, editors, and professors – joined both the Republican Party, which had strong control of state politics, as well as the state Democratic Party, the progressive faction of which called itself "the party of the laborer and the farmer." Although they did not alter the control of the Republican Party during this era, progressives found support in the Norwegian-settled state, especially in the east. By 1906, progressive sympathies were growing in opposition to what most saw as complete control of state politics by the railway companies. The initial organization and calls for reform laid a foundation that would soon grow into a statewide socialist workers' movement that eventually spread throughout the Midwest.

title: New York City mayoral elections

text:
While opposed by Tammany Hall, McKee enjoyed the support of Democratic President (and former Governor) Franklin D. Roosevelt, who declared neutrality when his ally Mayor La Guardia was running for reelection in #1937. (See Ed Flynn's comments about FDR's 1936 contribution to starting the American Labor Party in the #References below.) According to Michael Tomasky, La Guardia, who had lost the #1921 Republican Mayoral primary to Manhattan Borough President Henry Curran, did not enjoy the support of a united Republican Party when he won the party's nomination and lost the general election in #1929, but was able to win over Republican organizational support in 1933.
The 1933 LaGuardia vote was 446,833 Republican and 421,689 City Fusion. The O'Brien vote was 570,937 Democratic and 15,735 Jeffersonian.
There were also 1,778 votes for Henry Klein-Five Cent Fare & Taxpayers; 472 for Aaron Orange - Socialist Labor; and 118 for Adolph Silver - Independent Union.

title: Political party strength in U.S. states

text: , Gallup polling found that 31% of Americans identified as Democrat, 24% identified as Republican, and 42% as Independent. Additionally, polling showed that 46% are either "Democrats or Democratic leaners" and 39% are either "Republicans or Republican leaners" when Independents are asked "do you lean more to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party?"

title: List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

text: The two current major parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. At various points prior to the American Civil War, the Federalist Party, the Democratic-Republican Party, the National Republican Party, and the Whig Party were major parties. These six parties have nominated candidates in the vast majority of presidential elections, but six presidential elections deviate from the normal pattern of two major party candidates. There were no major party candidates for president in the presidential election of 1789 and the presidential election of 1792, both of which were won by George Washington. In the 1812 presidential election, DeWitt Clinton served as the de facto Federalist nominee even though he was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party; Clinton was defeated by Democratic-Republican President James Madison. In the presidential election of 1820, incumbent President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republican Party effectively ran unopposed. In the 1824 presidential election, four Democratic-Republicans competed in multiple states in the general election as the party was unable to agree on a single nominee. Similarly, in the presidential election of 1836, the Whig Party did not unify around a single candidate and two different Whig candidates competed in multiple states in the general election.

title: Republican Party Reptile

text:
Republican Party Reptile, subtitled "The Confessions, Adventures, Essays and (Other) Outrages of P. J. O'Rourke" is a 1987 collection of essays by American satirical writer P. J. O'Rourke. In humorist Lewis Frumkes' review of the collection, he described it as only occasionally displaying O'Rourke's best writing.
O'Rourke planned to promote the book at the 1988 Republican National Convention. Though he described himself as a conservative Republican, this was not allowed, reportedly because the GOP did not appreciate O'Rourke's sense of humor.
In the essay that gives its title to the collection O'Rourke describes a "Republican Party Reptile":

title: 1966 United States Senate special election in South Carolina

title: List of third party performances in United States presidential elections

text: Occasionally, a third party becomes one of the two major parties through a presidential election (the last time it happened was in 1856, when the Republicans supplanted the Whigs, who had withered and endorsed the ticket of the American Party): such an election is called a realigning election, as it causes a realignment in the party system; according to scholars, there have been six party systems so far. Only once one of the two major parties came third in an election, but that did not cause a realignment (in 1912 the Progressive Party surpassed the Republicans, but the party quickly disappeared and the Republicans re-gained their major party status).

title: Radical Party (France)

text: Popular figure Pierre Mendès-France thus quit the Radical Party, which had crossed the threshold to the centre-right, as early moderate Republicans did at the beginning of the Third Republic, when the Radical Party, appearing to their left, pushed them over the border between the left-wing and the right-wing, a process dubbed "sinistrisme".

title: Puerto Rico Republican Party

text: In 1967 a split in the Republican Statehood Party between leaders Miguel A. García Méndez and Luis A. Ferré over the 1967 status plebiscite led to the formation of the New Progressive Party (NPP). The division caused the Republican Statehood Party to be dissolved after the 1968 elections when it did not poll the number of votes necessary to retain its party registration. The New Progressive Party went on to win the 1968 elections.

title: James Eastland

text: In 1956, Eastland was appointed as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and he served in this position until his retirement from the Senate. He was re-elected five times. He did not face substantive Republican opposition until 1966, as party politics were realigning after passage of civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965. In 1966, freshman Representative Prentiss Walker, the first Republican to represent Mississippi at the federal level since Reconstruction, ran against Eastland. The Walker campaign was an early Republican effort to attract white conservatives to its ranks, because recently passed civil rights legislation had enabled African Americans in the South to begin participating in the political process, and most of them became active as liberals in the Democratic Party.

title: History of Alabama

text: After 1874, the Democratic party had constant control of the state administration. The Republican Party by then was chiefly supported by African Americans. Republicans held no local or state offices, but the party did have some federal patronage. It failed to make nominations for office in 1878 and 1880 and endorsed the ticket of the Greenback party in 1882.

title: Republican Party of American Samoa

text: Republican Party of American Samoa is the affiliate of the U.S. Republican Party in American Samoa. The party was founded by Peter Tali Coleman.

title: Carol M. Swain

text: In 2002, Swain argued against reparations for American descendants of African slaves during an event at Delaware State University, a historically black university. However, in 2005, she wrote an op ed in "The Washington Post" calling for the Republican Party to offer a formal apology to American citizens of African descent for the institution of slavery. She also wrote a policy document about it for the Heartland Institute. When the apology happened in June 2009, during the presidency of Barack Obama, she called it "meaningless." She expressed disappointment that it did not happen under President George W. Bush, when the Republicans were in power, arguing that "It would have shed that racist scab on the party."


query: What is the origin of the word Judo?

title: Judo

text: Judo(wikt:柔道,jūdō, meaning "gentle way") was originally created in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎) as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan. It is generally categorized as a modern martial art, which later evolved into a combat and Olympic sport. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.

title: Norwegian Judo Federation

text: In 2002 the Norwegian Judo Federation started training Afghan judokas under an exchange program with the Afghan Judo Federation established that year with the federation slogan "Judo for Peace". What began as a modest effort took on a big scale as increasingly more Afghan children and teenagers enrolled in the training program, the demand rising further. The project's objective also included giving priority to the underprivileged girls and women of Afghanistan, who showed equal interest and enthusiasm to their male counterparts. The result was a historic first: Freba Razzey became the first ever Afghan female to participate in an Olympic competition (in 2004).

title: Judo

text: Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:

title: Sport in Saskatchewan

text:
Judo is practiced in many communities across the province. The formal name of the non-profit organization is the Saskatchewan Kodokan Black Belt Association, but is more commonly known as Judo Saskatchewan. Clubs in the province include:
Ka-newonaskasehtew Judo Club, PunnichyJu-No-Ri Judo Club, WatrousLaRonge Judo ClubLloydminster Judo ClubMelfort Judo ClubKenshukan Judo Club, Prince AlbertMeadow Lake Judo ClubPense Judo ClubRegina YMCA Judo ClubSaskatoon YMCA Judo ClubSenshudokan Judo Club, ReginaSouth Corman Park Judo Club, SaskatoonSt. Brieux Judo ClubStanley Mission Judo ClubSwift Current Judo ClubVibank Judo Club The organization holds several regional competitions each season, four provincial tournaments, a closed provincial championships and a one primary annual shiai (tournament) called the Sask Open. Saskatchewan has produced two olympic athletes, Nancy Jewitt-Filteau and Frazer Will and has had several other olympic athletes train and coach in the province, including Sandra Greaves and Ewan Beaton.

title: Kouchi gari

text: , is one of the original 40 throws of judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the second group, "Dai Nikyo", of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan judo. It is also part of the current 67 throws of Kodokan judo. It is classified as a foot technique, "ashi-waza".

title: Budō

text: One view is that a bujutsu is the martial art you practice, whereas a budo is the lifestyle you live and the path you walk by practicing a bujutsu. For example, one could say that Judo and Jujutsu practised as a martial art are one and the same, meaning that the practice of the art Jujutsu leads to obtaining the lifestyle of Judo (Judo was originally known as Kano Jujutsu, after Judo's founder Kano Jigoro). That would also be true for arts such as kenjutsu/kendo and iaijutsu/iaido.

title: English orthography

text: There was also a period when the spelling of a small number of words was altered in what is now regarded as a misguided attempt to make them conform to what were perceived to be the etymological origins of the words. For example, the letter "b" was added to "debt" (originally "dette") in an attempt to link it to the Latin "debitum", and the letter "s" in "island" is a misplaced attempt to link it to Latin "insula" instead of the Old English word "īġland", which is the true origin of the English word. The letter "p" in "ptarmigan" has no etymological justification whatsoever, only seeking to invoke Greek despite being a Gaelic word.

title: Judo

text: Kosen judo(高專柔道): Sometimes erroneously described as a separate style of judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University.[70] The word "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko (高等専門学校, literally "Higher Professional School"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Russian judo: This distinctive style of judo was influenced by the Russian martial art called Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo. Sambo (especially Sport Sambo): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and Soviet bloc wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937. In their History of Sambo, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"—albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.[71] Brazilian jiu jitsu Freestyle Judo is a form of competitive judo practiced primarily in the USA, that retains techniques that have been removed from mainstream IJF rules.[72] Freestyle Judo is currently backed by the International Freestyle Judo Alliance (IFJA). The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) officially sanctions Freestyle Judo in the United States of America.[73]

title: Demai

text: There are several opinions concerning the word's etymology. According to Maimonides and Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham, the word originates from a contraction of the two Aramaic words meaning "doubtful" (literally, "what is this?"). Another possibility is that the word originates from a corruption of the Hebrew word , "things holy", in this case referring to something which may still contain the elements of "things holy".

title: Tai otoshi

text:
, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano.
It belongs to the second group, Dai Nikyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hand technique, Te-waza.

title: United States Judo Federation

text: The United States Judo Federation was originally known as the Amateur Judo Association in 1952. In 1955 it was renamed Judo Black Belt Federation. As late as 1955, the JBBF was the only Judo federation in the United States. In 1967, it changed its name to the United States Judo Federation. In 1969, a faction of the Armed Forces Judo Association became the United States Judo Association.

title: International Judo Federation

text: The International Judo Federation (IJF) was founded in July 1951. The IJF was originally composed of judo federations from Europe plus Argentina. Countries from four continents were affiliated over the next ten years. Today the IJF has 200 National Federations on all continents. There are over 40 million people around the globe who practice judo, according to the IJF.

title: Pankration

text: The Rear naked choke (RNC) is a chokehold in martial arts applied from an opponent's back. Depending on the context, the term may refer to one of two variations of the technique, either arm can be used to apply the choke in both cases. The term rear naked choke likely originated from the technique in Jujutsu and Judo known as the "Hadaka Jime", or "Naked Strangle." The word "naked" in this context suggests that, unlike other strangulation techniques found in Jujutsu/Judo, this hold does not require the use of a keikogi ("gi") or training uniform.

title: Japanese language

text: The popularity of many Japanese cultural exports has made some native Japanese words familiar in English, including "futon, haiku, judo, kamikaze, karaoke, karate, ninja, origami, rickshaw" (from "jinrikisha"), "samurai, sayonara, Sudoku, sumo, sushi, tsunami, tycoon". See list of English words of Japanese origin for more.

title: Judo

text: The international governing body for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.[81]

title: Anthony Camal

text: Anthony Camal is an American teacher, high school coach and former firefighter who was a national and international competitor in judo. Camal was originally instructed in Judo by his father Bill Camal. Camal earned a bronze medal in the 1989 National Championships in Judo.

title: Kanō Jigorō

text: For Kanō, the answer to this conundrum was one word: judo. Not judo in the sense of simply throwing other people around, and definitely not judo in the sense of winning at any cost. Instead, it was judo in the sense of "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." Or, as Kanō himself put it to a reporter in 1938: "When yielding is the highest efficient use of energy, then yielding is judo."

title: Herpetoculture

text: The origin of the word "herpetoculture" is credited to Tom Huff, who devised the word to distinguish what he, as a self-described "herpetoculturist", was doing—working to keeping reptiles and amphibians alive and healthy—from what herpetologists of that era were generally doing, namely, collecting specimens for preservation in museum collections. The word itself comes from the Greek language origin “herpien,” which means “to creep”.

title: Hozan-ryū

text:
The last known teacher of Tsutsumi Hōzan-ryū, Tsutsumi Masao, is said to have been a supporter of the ‘new’ art being developed by Jigoro Kano, called judo. It is hard to say after his death, in 1898, what remained of Tsutsumi Hōzan-ryū, and what had been influenced by judo. Conversely, it is hard to say if Tsutsumi had any influence on the creation of judo, as did other styles in those days. One of Tsutsumi Masao’s students, Katsukuma Higashi, came to the United States in the early 1900s and engaged in bouts with American wrestlers. Higashi’s record is somewhat debatable, but for his small size, and young age, he did quite well against the professional US wrestlers. Due to the age of Higashi when he arrived in the US, and the fact that his teacher had died several years earlier, one may assume that Higashi had not been as adept as he and his promoter, Hancock, boasted. The book written by Higashi and Hancock, "The Complete Kano Jiu-Jitsu (Judo)",
shows a very distinct difference between other early work published on judo, which are remarkably modern for the time (e.g. Arima’s "Judo: Japanese Physical Culture"). This suggests that Tsutsumi Hōzan-ryū Jujutsu may have been quite different from judo.

title: Koshi guruma

text:
, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the second group,
Dai Nikyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo.
It is classified as a hip technique, Koshi-waza.

title: Osoto guruma

text:
, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fifth group,
Gokyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a foot technique, Ashi-waza.

title: Kosoto gari

text: , is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the second group, Dai Nikyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a foot technique, Ashi-waza. Danzan-ryū's Soto Gama is a variant of Kosoto Gari.

title: Utsuri goshi

text:
, or the changing hip throw, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fourth group, Yonkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hip technique, Koshi-Waza.
Graphic
from http://www.judoinfo.com/techdraw.htm.

title: Uki waza

text: , is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fifth group, Gokyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a side sacrifice technique, Yoko-sutemi.

title: Donn F. Draeger

text: In 1952, Draeger was one of the leaders of the newly established US Judo Black Belt Association. This was the first national-level judo organization in North America, and the forerunner of what later became the United States Judo Federation. Draeger's national-level postings included vice-president of the Pan-American Judo Association and chairman of the Public Relations Committee of the Amateur Judo Association of the United States. He also helped promote judo throughout the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

title: Ushiro goshi

text:
, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fifth group, Gokyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo.
It is classified as a hip throwing technique, Koshi-Waza.

title: Budō

text: The first significant occurrences of the word Budō date back to the Kōyō Gunkan (16th century) and were used to describe the samurai lifestyle rather than the practice of martial techniques. The word was later re-theorized and redefined to the definition with know today. First by Nishikubo Hiromichi and the Dai Nippon Butokukai when the name of their vocational school for martial arts was changed from "bujutsu senmon gakkō" to "budō senmon gakkō". And later by Jigoro Kano, Judo's founder when he chose to name his art judo instead of jujutsu.

title: Sumi otoshi

text: , is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fifth group, Gokyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hand technique, Te-waza.

title: Israel Judo Association

text:
Israel’s first two Olympic medals were in judo competing for Israel at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona (Yael Arad won the silver medal in women’s half middleweight, and Oren Smadja won the bronze medal in men’s lightweight). The Israel Judo Association's Hall of Fame includes Arad, Smadja, world champion and Olympic bronze medalist Yarden Gerbi, and Olympic bronze medalist Ariel Ze'evi.
Israel Judo Association's President is Moshe Ponte. Ponti said in August 2016, as judo became Israel’s unofficial national sport with five of its nine Olympic medals coming in judo: "Soccer may be more popular, but this is what we are good at. Every other kid in Israel does it."

title: Coulsdon

text: Martial arts. The Coulsdon Martial Arts Club (also known as Yoshin Ryu) is long established and very popular with children and adults. Yoshin Ryu was originally started in the late seventies as a collection of clubs based in youth centres and sports halls around the Croydon area run by founder and senior coach Errol Field, 7th dan Judo, 5th dan Karate (Shotokan), 6th dan jujitsu. Coulsdon Martial Arts is on the site of what was originally a ‘tin’ church built by the Roman Catholic Church in 1916.. The church building located on this site was purchased in the mid-nineties and converted into a full-time dojo and club HQ. The club president is Mr Brian Jacks – 10th Dan Judo, Olympic Judo medallist, holder of several European and World Judo titles and probably best known for his dominance of the BBC Superstars programs. His bronze medal from the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich was donated to the club and can be seen on display in the foyer.

title: Kamal Khan-Magomedov

text: During his early career, he trained at Derbent Sports School No.3 under Sadiq Abdulov. Khan-Magomedov's introduction to the sport of judo was indirect, thinking it was karate: "In our city we did not know what judo was, we were thinking that it was karate, so we went to karate, but it was judo."