query: Has RNA been proven?

title: RNA world

text: The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins. The term also refers to the hypothesis that posits the existence of this stage.

title: RNA silencing

text: The scientific community has been quick to harness RNA silencing as a research tool. The strategic targeting of mRNA can provide a large amount of information about gene function and its ability to be turned on and off. Induced RNA silencing can serve as a controlled method for suppressing gene expression. Since the machinery is conserved across most eukaryotes, these experiments scale well to a range of model organisms. In practice, expressing synthetic short hairpin RNAs can be used to reach stable knock-down. If promoters can be made to express these designer short hairpin RNAs, the result is often potent, stable, and controlled gene knock-down in both in vitro and in vivo contexts. Short hairpin RNA vector systems can be seen as roughly analogous in scope to using cDNA overexpression systems. Overall, synthetic and natural small RNAs have proven to be an important tool for studying gene function in cells as well as animals.

title: Pyrobac-1 RNA motif

text: The "Pyrobac"-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure discovered by bioinformatics. RNAs conforming to this motif have been found only in "Pyrobaculum", a genus of archaea. Instances of the motif are hypothesized to function as non-coding RNAs. The motif has been shown to be part of sRNA202 and sRNA203 canonical and noncanonical pseudouridine guide RNAs (H/ACA RNA) in "Pyrobaculum."

title: RyeE RNA

text:
The CyaR RNA (formerly known as RyeE RNA) non-coding RNA was identified in a large scale screen of "Escherichia coli" and was called candidate 14. The exact 5' and 3' ends of this RNA are uncertain. This gene lies between yegQ and orgK in "E. coli". This small RNA was shown to be bound by the Hfq protein. This RNA has been renamed as CyaR for (cyclic AMP-activated
RNA). It has been shown that the CyaR RNA acts as a repressor of the porin OmpX. It has also been shown that "cyaR" expression is tightly controlled by the cyclic AMP receptor protein, CRP.

title: Vault RNA

text: It has been shown that vault non-coding RNAs contain multiple cytosine residues that have been methylated by the NSUN2 protein. In NSUN2 deficient cells, the loss of cytosine-5 methylation causes incorrect processing into small RNA fragments that end up functioning similar to micro RNAs. As a result, it has been suggested that impaired vault RNA processing may contribute to the symptoms that are manifested in NSUN2 deficiency diseases.

title: RNA integrity number

text: The integrity of RNA is a major concern for gene expression studies and traditionally has been evaluated using the 28S to 18S rRNA ratio, a method that has been shown to be inconsistent. This inconsistency arises because subjective, human interpretation is necessary to compare the 28S and 18S gel images. The RIN algorithm was devised to overcome this issue. The RIN algorithm is applied to electrophoretic RNA measurements, typically obtained using capillary gel electrophoresis, and based on a combination of different features that contribute information about the RNA integrity to provide a more universal measure. RIN has been demonstrated to be robust and reproducible in studies comparing it to other RNA integrity calculation algorithms, cementing its position as a preferred method of determining the quality of RNA to be analyzed.

title: Plant disease resistance

text: Transport of sRNAs during infection is likely facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The composition of RNA in plant EVs has not been fully evaluated, but it is likely that they are, in part, responsible for trafficking RNA. Plants can transport viral RNAs, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) systemically through the phloem. This process is thought to occur through the plasmodesmata and involves RNA-binding proteins that assist RNA localization in mesophyll cells. Although they have been identified in the phloem with mRNA, there is no determinate evidence that they mediate long-distant transport of RNAs. EVs may therefore contribute to an alternate pathway of RNA loading into the phloem, or could possibly transport RNA through the apoplast. There is also evidence that plant EVs can allow for interspecies transfer of sRNAs by RNA interference such as Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS). The transport of RNA between plants and fungi seems to be bidirectional as sRNAs from the fungal pathogen "Botrytis cinerea" have been shown to target host defense genes in Arabidopsis and tomato.

title: RNA thermometer

text: RNA thermometers and riboswitches are thought to be evolutionarily ancient due to their wide-scale distribution in distantly-related organisms. It has been proposed that, in the RNA world, RNA thermosensors would have been responsible for temperature-dependent regulation of other RNA molecules. RNA thermometers in modern organisms may be molecular fossils which could hint at a previously more widespread importance in an RNA world.

title: RNA modification database

text: This RNA modification databases are a compilation of databases and web portals and servers used for RNA modification. RNA modification occurs in all living organisms, and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs. More than 100 different types of RNA modifications have been characterized across all living organisms. It can affect the activity, localization as well as stability of RNAs, and has been linked with human cancer and diseases.

title: Exon shuffling

text: The LTR retrotransponsons require an RNA intermediate in their transposition cycle mechanism. Retrotransponsons synthesize a cDNA copy based on the RNA strand using a reverse transcriptase related to retroviral RT. The cDNA copy is then inserted into new genomic positions to form a retrogene. This mechanism has been proven to be important in gene evolution of rice and other grass species through exon shuffling.

title: Mature messenger RNA

text: Mature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation in the course of protein synthesis. Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription known as precursor messenger RNA, mature mRNA consists exclusively of exons and has all introns removed.

title: RNA interference

text: RNAi has varying effects in different species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Possibly because their saliva and gut juice is better at breaking down RNA, the cotton bollworm, the beet armyworm and the Asiatic rice borer have so far not been proven susceptible to RNAi by feeding.

title: Life

text: One issue with the RNA world hypothesis is that synthesis of RNA from simple inorganic precursors is more difficult than for other organic molecules. One reason for this is that RNA precursors are very stable and react with each other very slowly under ambient conditions, and it has also been proposed that living organisms consisted of other molecules before RNA. However, the successful synthesis of certain RNA molecules under the conditions that existed prior to life on Earth has been achieved by adding alternative precursors in a specified order with the precursor phosphate present throughout the reaction. This study makes the RNA world hypothesis more plausible.

title: CsrB/RsmB RNA family

text: The CsrB RNA is a non-coding RNA that binds to approximately 9 to 10 dimers of the CsrA protein. The CsrB RNAs contain a conserved motif CAGGXXG that is found in up to 18 copies and has been suggested to bind CsrA. The Csr regulatory system has a strong negative regulatory effect on glycogen biosynthesis, glyconeogenesis and glycogen catabolism and a positive regulatory effect on glycolysis. In other bacteria such as "Erwinia carotovora" the RsmA protein has been shown to regulate the production of virulence determinants, such extracellular enzymes. RsmA binds to RsmB regulatory RNA which is also a member of this family.

title: Argonaute

text: Because it has been widely known that many viruses have RNA rather than DNA as their genetic material and go through at least one stage in their life cycle when they make double-stranded RNA, RNA interference has been considered to be a potentially evolutionarily ancient mechanism for protecting organisms from viruses. The small interfering RNAs produced by Dicer cause sequence specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing by guiding an endonuclease, the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), to mRNA. This process has been seen in a wide range of organisms, such as Neurospora fungus(in which it is known as quelling), plants(post-transcriptionl gene silencing) and mammalian cells(RNAi). If there is a complete or near complete sequence complementarity between the small RNA and the target, the Argonaute protein component of RISC mediates cleavage of the target transcript, the mechanism involves repression of translation predominantly.

title: Lone Star virus

text: "Lone Star virus's" genome consist of negative, single-stranded RNA. It is in the "Bunyaviridae" family of viruses. Its genus is the "Phlebovirus" and its species name is "Lone Star virus". It has been proven to produce titers in human and monkey cells seventy-two hours after inoculation. Although it was discovered in 1967, it has never been genetically characterized.

title: Y RNA

text: Two functions have been described for Y RNAs in the literature: As a repressor of Ro60, and as an initiation factor for DNA replication. Mutant human Y RNAs lacking the conserved binding site for Ro60 protein still support DNA replication, indicating that binding to Ro protein and promoting DNA replication are two separable functions of Y RNAs. Although Y RNA-derived small RNAs are similar in size to microRNAs, it has been shown that these Y RNA fragments are not involved in the microRNA pathway.

title: RNA virus

text: Classification of the RNA viruses has proven to be a difficult problem. This is in part due to the high mutation rates these genomes undergo. Classification is based principally on the type of genome (double-stranded, negative- or positive-single-strand) and gene number and organisation. Currently there are 5 orders and 47 families of RNA viruses recognised. There are also many unassigned species and genera.

title: RNA integrity number

text: As RNA integrity has long been known to be a problem in molecular biology studies, there are a few methods that have been used historically to determine the integrity of RNA. The most popular has long been agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining, allowing one to visualize the bands from the rRNA peaks. The height of the 28S and 18S bands can be compared to each other, with a 2:1 ratio indicating non-degraded RNA. While this method is very cheap and easy, there are several issues with this method, primarily its subjectivity, leading to inconsistent, non-standardized RNA quality assessments, and the large amounts of RNA that are needed to visualize it on an agarose gel, which can be problematic if there is not much RNA to work with. There are also a number of different problems that can arise from agarose gel electrophoresis, such as poor loading, uneven running, and uneven staining that lead to increased variability in the accuracy of using agarose gel electrophoresis to determine RNA integrity. Clearly, a standardized, repeatable, objective method of determining RNA integrity was needed.

title: RNA editing

text: It has been shown in previous studies that the only types of RNA editing seen in the plants' mitochondria and plastids are conversion of C-to-U and U-to-C (very rare). RNA-editing sites are found mainly in the coding regions of mRNA, introns, and other non-translated regions. In fact, RNA editing can restore the functionality of tRNA molecules. The editing sites are found primarily upstream of mitochondrial or plastid RNAs. While the specific positions for C to U RNA editing events have been fairly well studied in both the mitochondrion and plastid, the identity and organization of all proteins comprising the editosome have yet to be established. Members of the expansive PPR protein family have been shown to function as "trans"-acting factors for RNA sequence recognition. Specific members of the MORF (Multiple Organellar RNA editing Factor) family are also required for proper editing at several sites. As some of these MORF proteins have been shown to interact with members of the PPR family, it is possible MORF proteins are components of the editosome complex. An enzyme responsible for the trans- or deamination of the RNA transcript remains elusive, though it has been proposed that the PPR proteins may serve this function as well.

title: LOOT RNA motif

text:
The Latescibacteria, OD1, OP11, TM7 RNA motif (LOOT RNA motif) is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.
LOOT motif RNAs are found in multiple bacterial phyla that have only recently been discovered, and are currently not well understood: Latescibacteria, OD1/Parcubacteria, OP11 AND TM7. In some cases, no specific organism has been isolated in the relevant phylum, but the existence of the bacterial phylum is known only through analysis of metagenomic sequences. Curiously, the LOOT motif is not known in any phylum that has been studied for a long time.

title: Termite-flg RNA motif

text: The Termite-"flg" RNA motif (also called tg-flg) is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics. Genomic sequences corresponding to Termite-"flg" RNAs have been identified only in uncultivated bacteria present in the termite hindgut. As of 2010 it has not been identified in the DNA of any cultivated species, and is thus an example of RNAs present in environmental samples.

title: Ozonia

text: In the UV-C light spectrum (200-280 nm), the wavelength 254 nm has been proven to be the most efficient wavelength to inactivate micro-organisms by damaging the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which disrupts the organism's ability to replicate.

title: RNA silencing

text: While some functions of RNA silencing and its machinery are understood, many are not. For example, RNA silencing has been shown to be important in the regulation of development and in the control of transposition events. RNA silencing has been shown to play a role in antiviral protection in plants as well as insects. Also in yeast, RNA silencing has been shown to maintain heterochromatin structure. However, the varied and nuanced role of RNA silencing in the regulation of gene expression remains an ongoing scientific inquiry. A range of diverse functions have been proposed for a growing number of characterized small RNA sequences—e.g., regulation of developmental, neuronal cell fate, cell death, proliferation, fat storage, haematopoietic cell fate, insulin secretion.

title: Ocean-V RNA motif

text: The Ocean-V RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure discovered using bioinformatics. Only a few Ocean-V RNA sequences have been detected, all in sequences derived from DNA that was extracted from uncultivated bacteria found in ocean water. As of 2010, no Ocean-V RNA has been detected in any known, cultivated organism.

title: RNA integrity number

text: RIN has become a standard method of measuring integrity, even in meta-analyses such as "Efficient extraction of small and large RNAs in bacteria for excellent total RNA sequencing and comprehensive transcriptome analysis", wherein the authors analyzed a number of different RNA extraction methods, using the resultant RIN as a measure of their efficiency at producing high-quality RNA. RIN has also been used to test the efficiency of other techniques, such as microdissections, on maintaining RNA integrity in human cells, so it has a wide variety of uses in testing the quality of new techniques. RIN has become an industry standard to test various methods for the quality of their produced RNA, and it is also used in a wide variety of non-meta analyses so that the scientists are able to ensure that the quality of their RNA is trustworthy and their results are thus sound, often with a benchmark minimal RIN being used as a standard to ensure all of their RNA is high enough quality to yield reliable findings.

title: Dictyostelium class I RNA

text: There are multiple copies of class I RNA in the "D. discoideum" genome and the RNA is highly expressed i.e. 14 unique sequences were identified in the small RNA library and it comprised ~12% of all RNA in the small RNA library. Homologs to class I RNA have only been located in "D. discoideum" to date. Some of the members of this family were also identified in a bioinformatic screen. This family has also been the subject of reviews.

title: RNA integrity number

text:
A small marker height is desired, indicating only small amounts of RNA have been degraded and proceeded to the smallest lengths, indicated by the short marker. If a large number is found here, that indicates that large amounts of the rRNAs have been degraded to small pieces that would be found closer to this marker. This situation can be seen in the 'poor quality' RNA electropherogram found in figure 2, where the height of the peak over the marker (far left) is very large, so the RNA has been greatly degraded.
In prokaryotic samples, the algorithm is somewhat different, but the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer Expert software is able to calculate RIN for prokaryotic samples now as well. The difference likely arises from the fact that, while mammalian samples have 28S and 18S ribosomal RNAs as their predominant species, prokaryotic RNAs have the sizes shifted slightly smaller, to 23S and 16S, so the algorithm must be shifted to accommodate that. Another crucial fact about calculating prokaryotic RNA integrity numbers is that RIN has not been validated to the extent that it has for eukaryotic RNA. It has been shown that higher RIN values correlate with better downstream results in eukaryotes, but this hasn't been done as extensively for prokaryotes, so it may mean less in prokaryotes.

title: RNA world

text: Self-replication The ability to self-replicate, or synthesize other RNA molecules; relatively short RNA molecules that can synthesize others have been artificially produced in the lab. The shortest was 165-bases long, though it has been estimated that only part of the molecule was crucial for this function. One version, 189-bases long, had an error rate of just 1.1% per nucleotide when synthesizing an 11 nucleotide long RNA strand from primed template strands.[23] This 189 base pair ribozyme could polymerize a template of at most 14 nucleotides in length, which is too short for self replication, but is a potential lead for further investigation. The longest primer extension performed by a ribozyme polymerase was 20 bases.[24] In 2016, researchers reported the use of in vitro evolution to improve dramatically the activity and generality of an RNA polymerase ribozyme by selecting variants that can synthesize functional RNA molecules from an RNA template. Each RNA polymerase ribozyme was engineered to remain linked to its new, synthesized RNA strand, this allowed the team to isolate successful polymerases. The isolated RNA polymerases were again used for another round of evolution. After several rounds of evolution, they obtained one RNA polymerase ribozyme called 24-3 that was able to copy almost any other RNA, from small catalysts to long RNA based enzymes. Particular RNAs were amplified up to 10,000 times, a first RNA version of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The RNA polymerase is not yet able to make copies of itself.[25] Catalysis The ability to catalyze simple chemical reactions—which would enhance creation of molecules that are building blocks of RNA molecules (i.e., a strand of RNA that would make creating more strands of RNA easier). Relatively short RNA molecules with such abilities have been artificially formed in the lab.[26][27] A recent study showed that almost any nucleic acid can evolve into a catalytic sequence under appropriate selection. For instance, an arbitrarily chosen 50-nucleotide DNA fragment encoding for the Bos taurus (cattle) albumin mRNA was subjected to test-tube evolution to derive a catalytic DNA (Deoxyribozyme, also called DNAzyme) with RNA-cleavage activity. After only a few weeks, a DNAzyme with significant catalytic activity had evolved.[28] In general, DNA is much more chemically inert than RNA and hence much more resistant to obtaining catalytic properties. If in vitro evolution works for DNA it will happen much more easily with RNA. Amino acid-RNA ligation The ability to conjugate an amino acid to the 3'-end of an RNA in order to use its chemical groups or provide a long-branched aliphatic side-chain.[29] Peptide bond formation The ability to catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce short peptides or longer proteins. This is done in modern cells by ribosomes, a complex of several RNA molecules known as rRNA together with many proteins. The rRNA molecules are thought responsible for its enzymatic activity, as no amino acid molecules lie within 18Å of the enzyme's active site,[14] and, when the majority of the amino acids in the ribosome were stringently removed, the resulting ribosome retained its full peptidyl transferase activity, fully able to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.[30] A much shorter RNA molecule has been synthesized in the laboratory with the ability to form peptide bonds, and it has been suggested that rRNA has evolved from a similar molecule.[31] It has also been suggested that amino acids may have initially been involved with RNA molecules as cofactors enhancing or diversifying their enzymatic capabilities, before evolving to more complex peptides. Similarly, tRNA is suggested to have evolved from RNA molecules that began to catalyze amino acid transfer.[32]

title: Oncovirus

text: In the 1960s, the replication process of RNA virus was believed to be similar to other single-stranded RNA. Single-stranded RNA replication involves RNA-dependent RNA synthesis which meant that virus-coding enzymes would make partial double-stranded RNA. This belief was proven to be incorrect because there were no double-stranded RNA found in the retrovirus cell. In 1964, Howard Temin proposed a provirus hypothesis, but shortly after reverse transcription in the retrovirus genome was discovered.

title: RNA polymerase II

text: Please note that this refers to various stages of the process as regulatory steps. It has not been proven that they are used for regulation, but is very likely they are.


query: When was Pixar founded?

title: Pixar

text: Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (/ˈpɪksɑːr/), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder.[2] Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock,[4][5] a transaction that resulted in Jobs becoming Disney's largest single shareholder at the time. Pixar is best known for CGI-animated feature films created with RenderMan, Pixar's own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface, used to generate high-quality images.

title: Pixar universe theory

text: The Pixar universe theory, or simply Pixar theory, proposes the existence of a "shared universe" in which every film that is created by Pixar takes place, sharing characteristics and an internal logic. Media discussion about a "Pixar universe" has existed since at least 2003, and has been referred to in disparate sources such as SlashFilm, "Washington Times", "Reno Gazette-Journal", and MTV News.

title: Games of Pixar Pier

text: Games of Pixar Pier is a collection of four boardwalk games themed to several different Pixar characters. It is located in Pixar Pier at Disney California Adventure.

title: David Stainton

text: In January 2006, he was replaced by Pixar co-founder Edwin Catmull, when Disney acquired Pixar. It also made Catmull and Pixar's chief creative officer, John Lasseter, heads of both studios.

title: Toy Story

text: Both sides were willing. Catmull and fellow Pixar co-founder Alvy Ray Smith had long wanted to produce a computer-animated feature, but only in the early 90s were the computers cheap and powerful enough to make this possible. In addition, Disney had licensed Pixar's Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), and that made it the largest customer for Pixar's computers. Jobs made it apparent to Katzenberg that although Disney was happy with Pixar, it was not the other way around: "We want to do a film with you," said Jobs. "That would make us happy." At this same time, Peter Schneider, president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, was potentially interested in making a feature film with Pixar. When Catmull, Smith and head of animation Ralph Guggenheim met with Schneider in the summer of 1990, they found the atmosphere to be puzzling and contentious. They later learned that Katzenberg intended that if Disney were to make a film with Pixar, it would be outside Schneider's purview, which aggravated Schneider. After that first meeting, the Pixar contingent went home with low expectations and was surprised when Katzenberg called for another conference. Catmull, Smith, and Guggenheim were joined by Bill Reeves (head of animation research and development), Jobs, and Lasseter. They brought with them an idea for a half-hour television special called "A Tin Toy Christmas". They reasoned that a television program would be a sensible way to gain experience before tackling a feature film.

title: Alvy Ray Smith

text: Smith and Catmull co-founded Pixar in 1986 with financing from Steve Jobs. After the spinout from Lucasfilm of Pixar, he served on the board of directors and was executive vice president. According to the Steve Jobs biography "iCon" by Jeffrey S. Young and William L. Simon, Alvy Ray quit Pixar after a heated argument with Jobs over use of a whiteboard. It was an unwritten rule that none other than Jobs was allowed to use it, a rule Smith decided to break in front of everyone after Jobs went "total street bully" on him and they ended up screaming into each other's face "in full bull rage". Despite being the co-founder of Pixar, Young and Simon claim that the company has largely overlooked his part in company history since his departure. For example, there is no mention of Smith on the Pixar website.

title: List of Pixar shorts

text: Pixar's ideas and technical capabilities have developed by producing shorts since the 1980s. The first shorts were made while Pixar was still a computer hardware company, when John Lasseter was the only professional animator in the company's tiny animation department. Starting with "Geri's Game", after Pixar had turned into an animation studio, all later shorts have been produced with a larger crew and budget.

title: Disney's Animated Storybook

text: The Interactive Products Group (also known as the Pixar Interactive Division), a Pixar subsidiary, was founded in 1996. Its staff included 95 of Pixar's 300 and was headed by Vice President Interactive Products Pam Kerwin. It was founded to create computer games and it had its own animators, art department, and engineers. They were tasked with creating two products amid intense time constraints: "Toy Story Animated Storybook:" (released April 1996) and "Toy Story Activity Center" (released October 1996), to coincide with the VHS release of the "Toy Story" film. As vice president of the Interactive Products Group from 1996 to 1998, Pam Kerwin spearheaded development of interactive edutainment products based on Pixar's feature film properties. She adapted the feature production process to the production of interactive products. The division produced the two products within 16 months. "Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story" was touted as "the first CD-ROM to deliver full screen, motion-picture-quality animation on home computers". Between the two products, the group had created as much original animation as there was in the "Toy Story" film itself.

title: Modern animation in the United States

text: Pixar's string of critical and box-office successes continued with "Monsters, Inc.", "Finding Nemo", "The Incredibles", "Cars", "Ratatouille", "WALL-E", "Up" and "Toy Story 3" all receiving rave reviews, earning huge profits, winning awards, and overshadowing Disney's in-house offerings until "Cars 2" in 2011 ended the streak when it proved a critical disappointment, albeit still a commercial success. Disney produced a CGI/live action feature film of its own without Pixar ("Dinosaur"), but the film received a mixed reaction, even though it was a financial success. During the later years of Michael Eisner's management, friction between Disney and Pixar grew to a point that Pixar considered finding another partner when they could not reach an agreement over profit sharing. When Eisner stepped down in 2005, his replacement, Robert Iger, arranged for Disney to buy Pixar in a $7.4 billion all-stock deal ($ in today's dollars) that turned Steve Jobs into Disney's largest individual shareholder. The deal was structured so that Disney Animation and Pixar Animation would continue to operate as completely separate studios under the Disney corporate umbrella; Lasseter was placed in charge of greenlighting all new animated films for both studios in his new role as Chief Creative Officer.

title: Pixar Canada

text:
Pixar Canada was founded in 2009 and officially opened on April 20, 2010 in Gastown area of Vancouver, British Columbia. The location was chosen for tax incentive reasons, for Vancouver's computer-generated animation talent pool and for time zone compatibility with the Hollywood studio. Studio's initial three-year plan was to produce animated short films based on established Pixar film characters, to be shown in all of Disney-related businesses, including television, DVD compilations, internet, theme park attractions, and theatrical presentations. Post-production and stereoscopic 3D work remained in the hands of the Pixar's main studio in California.
Disney was attracted to Vancouver's location because of tax incentives, and this closure comes in the wake of British Columbia incentives falling behind those offered by Ontario and Quebec. Pixar Canada produced a number of short films, including "Air Mater", "Small Fry" and "Partysaurus Rex" since 2010. Pixar’s shorts have been a proving ground for new directors and concepts for the studio.

title: List of Pixar shorts

text: Furthermore, in 1988, Apple's Advanced Technology Group produced "Pencil Test," a computer-animated short to showcase the Apple Macintosh II line. Although Pixar was not officially affiliated with this film, several members of the Pixar staff advised and worked on it, including directors John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and producer Galyn Susman. John Lasseter was credited as "Coach" in the credits of the film. The Pixar Co-op Program, a part of the Pixar University professional development program, allows their animators to use Pixar resources to produce independent films. The first CGI project accepted to the program was "Borrowed Time" (2016), directed by Pixar animators Andrew Coats and Lou Hamou-Lhadj; all previously accepted films were live-action.

title: Pixar

text: Following the release of Toy Story 2 in 1999, Pixar and Disney had a gentlemen's agreement that Disney would not make any sequels without Pixar's involvement despite their own right to do so. After the two companies were unable to agree on a new deal, Disney announced in 2004 they would plan to move forward on sequels with/without Pixar and put Toy Story 3 into pre-production at Disney's then-new CGI division Circle 7 Animation. However, when Lasseter was placed in charge of all Disney and Pixar animation following Disney's acquisition of Pixar in 2006, he put all sequels on hold and Toy Story 3 was cancelled. In May 2006, it was announced that Toy Story 3 was back in pre-production with a new plot and under Pixar's control. The film was released on June 18, 2010 as Pixar's eleventh feature film.

title: Pixar Image Computer

text: In 1987, Pixar redesigned the machine to create the P-II second generation machine, which sold for $30,000. In an attempt to gain a foothold in the medical market, Pixar donated ten machines to leading hospitals and sent marketing people to doctors' conventions. However, this had little effect on sales, despite the machine's ability to render CAT scan data in 3D to show perfect images of the human body. Pixar did get a contract with the manufacturer of CAT Scanners, which sold 30 machines. By 1988 Pixar had only sold 120 Pixar Image Computers.

title: List of Pixar film references

text: Beginning with "Red's Dream" and its references to previous Pixar short films, Pixar has included references in its films to other works produced by the studio. These have included cameo appearances, references to characters, objects, and titles of works. Additionally, such easter eggs or in-jokes can refer to Pixar staff, associates, or places or events from the company's past. Lastly, some items, such as A113, Pizza Planet or actor John Ratzenberger have appeared in the majority of Pixar films, establishing a set of traditions that subsequent Pixar films try to include.

title: Toy Story 3

text: According to the terms of Pixar's initial seven-film deal with Disney, all characters created by Pixar for their films were owned by Disney. Furthermore, Disney retained the rights to make sequels to any Pixar film, though Pixar retained the right of first refusal to work on these sequels. In 2004, when the contentious negotiations between the two companies made a split appear likely, Michael Eisner, Disney chairman at the time, put plans in motion to produce "Toy Story 3" at a new Disney studio, Circle 7 Animation. Tim Allen, the voice of Buzz Lightyear, indicated a willingness to return, even if Pixar was not on board. It was originally going to start production in 2006 and was set for a theatrical release in 2008.

title: Toy Story 2

text: Disney initially envisioned "Toy Story 2" as a direct-to-video sequel. The film began production in a building separated from Pixar, on a small scale, as most of the main Pixar staff were busy working on "A Bug's Life" (1998). When story reels proved promising, Disney upgraded the film to theatrical release, but Pixar was unhappy with the film's quality. Lasseter and the story team redeveloped the entire plot in one weekend. Although most Pixar features take years to develop, the established release date could not be moved and the production schedule for "Toy Story 2" was compressed into nine months.

title: Pixar Play Parade

text: Due to the large construction phase in the park, the parade went on hiatus starting on January 4, 2011. It was originally set to return in November, however it did not as construction was still ongoing. During the hiatus, it was replaced by "Pixar Pals", an interactive show that only featured characters from "Monsters, Inc." and "The Incredibles". Pixar Pals concluded in May 2012 and Pixar Play Parade returned on June 15, 2012 to coincide with the grand reopening of Disney California Adventure. During the 2016 Disney California Adventure Food & Wine Festival, the parade was put on hiatus and Pixar Pals temporarily returned to the park with "The Incredibles", but "The Monsters Inc" float did not return this time. The parade later returned when the Food and Wine Festival ended.

title: List of Pixar shorts

text: Beginning with Pixar's second film "A Bug's Life", all subsequent Pixar feature films, except "Coco", have been shown in theaters along with a Pixar-created original short film, known as a "short." Other Pixar shorts, released only on home media, were created to showcase what Pixar can do (either technologically or cinematically), or were created specifically for a client.

title: Circle 7 Animation

text: Eisner found these terms unacceptable. Then executive producer of Pixar John Lasseter, who had personally directed "Toy Story" (1995), "A Bug's Life" (1998), and "Toy Story 2" (1999), was distraught at the breakdown of the Disney Pixar relationship, as he was worried about what Disney might do with the characters Pixar had created.

title: Pixar universe theory

text: In "To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios", the companion book to documentary "The Pixar Story", Karen Paik states that there are many internal references between various films in the Pixar universe. In 2009, "CityNews Toronto" made comparisons between nine "Pixar universe" films.

title: Pixar Canada

text:
The Vancouver animation establishment opened with much fanfare around Gastown in 2010, with an approval to produce short films based on esteemed Pixar characters. The Vancouver company worked on layout, sets and characters, animation, effects, lighting and rendering departments.
Walt Disney Studios closed its Vancouver-based Pixar Canada studio leaving nearly 100 Pixar employees without a job three years after opening. Viewers of the animation scene in Vancouver disregarded Pixar’s departure, suggesting the industry is robust enough in the province to easily absorb the displaced Pixar workers. When Pixar set in motion in British Columbia came the arrival of U.S. studios such as Digital Domain and Sony Pictures Imageworks, with Pixar touting Vancouver’s talent base, proximity and shared time zone with Los Angeles and a digital animation tax credit offered by the B.C. government. Provincial Jobs Minister Shirley Bond said that it is “disappointing” that Pixar is leaving the province, however, she saw the decision as tied to the company’s overall business strategy as opposed to the B.C. business climate.

title: List of Pixar film references

text: These Pixar films contain references to Pixar employees.These Pixar films contain the following references to an assortment of other things.

title: List of Pixar films

text: A Pixar film titled "Newt" was announced in April 2008, with Pixar planning to release it in 2011, which was later bumped to 2012, but it had been finally cancelled by early 2010. John Lasseter noted that the film's proposed plot line was similar to another film, Blue Sky Studios' "Rio", which was released in 2011. In March 2014, in an interview, Pixar president Edwin Catmull stated that "Newt" was an idea that was not working in pre-production. When the project was passed to Pete Docter, the director of "Monsters, Inc." and "Up", he pitched an idea that Pixar thought was better, and that concept became "Inside Out".

title: Pixar Photoscience Team

text: The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the team was responsible for the design of color monitoring instrumentation to control the color gamut and gamma of the digital images onto 35mm film using a more advance laser recorder system called PixarVision. In later years at Pixar, the team was responsible for transforming the artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences.

title: Outtake

text: Often outtakes can be found as special features on DVDs. Outtakes can also be found playing over credits at the end of a film or TV program. Well known examples of this are Jackie Chan and Pixar movies, almost all of which play outtakes at the end of the movie. Pixar films, being computer-generated, do not feature "real" outtakes, but rather staged ones in which the animation features "mistakes."

title: Pixar

text: Lasseter and Catmull's oversight of both the Disney Animation and Pixar studios did not mean that the two studios were merging, however. In fact, additional conditions were laid out as part of the deal to ensure that Pixar remained a separate entity, a concern that analysts had expressed about the Disney deal.[49] Some of those conditions were that Pixar HR policies would remain intact, including the lack of employment contracts. Also, the Pixar name was guaranteed to continue, and the studio would remain in its current Emeryville, California, location with the "Pixar" sign. Finally, branding of films made post-merger would be "Disney•Pixar" (beginning with Cars).[50]

title: The Dam Keeper

text: When Kondo and Tsutsumi completed production on "The Dam Keeper", they found themselves restless at Pixar. "Of course they were great to us", Kondo said of his friends at the studio. "They're our family still, but...if we didn't go back to [independent filmmaking] and challenge ourselves...in the end not only would we suffer but Pixar would suffer as well." He and Tsutsumi made the difficult decision of leaving their employment behind. Tsutsumi was a new father at the time. Kondo was soon to be married. Friends and family questioned them. However, the duo had grown deeply enamored with the experience of making films on their own. When they had first set out to direct "The Dam Keeper", they had been looking for something that could mirror the early days of Pixar. "Creating something from scratch is what 'creating' means", Tsutsumi explained. "We didn't experience that beginning and, if we stayed at Pixar, we never would." The two of them felt they had learned more in the nine months that it took to produce "The Dam Keeper" than in all of their previous years as art directors. They did not want this rewarding period of their lives to only last for a short while.

title: Pixar Pier and Paradise Gardens Park

text: Pixar Pier and Paradise Gardens Park are themed lands at Disney California Adventure, based on that of Victorian boardwalks that were once found along the coast of California. Despite its name and the presence of a nearby man-made lake, Pixar Pier is not actually a pier, but a waterside area of the park. Incredicoaster sprawls across much of the area, with various other attractions and forms of entertainment scattered around it.

title: John Lasseter

text: Due to George Lucas's financially crippling divorce, he was forced to sell off Lucasfilm Computer Graphics, by this time renamed the Pixar Graphics Group, founded by Smith and Catmull, with Lasseter as one of the founding employees. It was spun off as a separate corporation with Steve Jobs as its majority shareholder in 1986. Over the next 10 years, Pixar evolved from a computer company that did animation work on the side into an animation studio. Lasseter oversaw all of Pixar's films and associated projects as executive producer. As well as "Toy Story", he also personally directed "A Bug's Life" (1998), "Toy Story 2" (1999), "Cars" (2006), and "Cars 2" (2011).

title: Pixar

text: Pixar and Disney had disagreements over the production of Toy Story 2. Originally intended as a straight-to-video release (and thus not part of Pixar's three-picture deal), the film was eventually upgraded to a theatrical release during production. Pixar demanded that the film then be counted toward the three-picture agreement, but Disney refused.[37] Though profitable for both, Pixar later complained that the arrangement was not equitable. Pixar was responsible for creation and production, while Disney handled marketing and distribution. Profits and production costs were split 50-50, but Disney exclusively owned all story, character and sequel rights and also collected a 10- to 15-percent distribution fee. The lack of story, character and sequel rights was perhaps the most onerous aspect to Pixar and set the stage for a contentious relationship.[38]


query: How many can Dodger Stadium fit?

title: Dodger Stadium

text: In order to comply with a conditional-use permit limiting Dodger Stadium's seating capacity to 56,000 it was the only current MLB park (through 2005 ) that had never increased its capacity. Whenever higher revenue lower seats were added some in the upper deck or pavilion were removed to keep the number the same.[28] Through the sale of standing room only tickets, the Dodgers' 2009 home opener drew 57,099 fans, the largest crowd in stadium history. Following a number of incidents in the early 1970s in which fans showered Cincinnati Reds left fielder Pete Rose with beer, bottles, cups, and trash, the sale of beer was discontinued in both pavilions. Beer sales were reinstated in the right field pavilion in 2008, when that section was converted into the All You Can Eat Pavilion. Fans seated in that section can eat unlimited hot dogs and peanuts and also have access to free soft drinks. There is a charge for beer.[29]

title: Dodger Stadium

text: Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass at Dodger Stadium on September 16, 1987. Greg Laurie held his Harvest Crusades at Dodger Stadium in 2011 and 2012.

title: 1983 Los Angeles Dodgers season

title: 2008 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia
Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia
Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles

title: 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
October 6, The Astrodome, Houston, Texas
October 7, The Astrodome, Houston, Texas
October 9, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 10, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 11, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
The Dodgers faced the Montreal Expos in the 1981 NLCS and beat them three games to two, thanks to a ninth-inning home run by Rick Monday in Game 5.

title: Dodgers–Giants rivalry

text: In 1940, umpire George Magerkurth was brutally beaten during a game by an enraged Dodger fan ostensibly for making a pro-Giants call. The rivalry is said to have been the motive for at least one fan-on-fan homicide, in 1938, and another in 2003 in the parking lot of Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Future Dodger manager Joe Torre recalled how he felt threatened being a Giants fan growing up in Brooklyn in the series.

title: The Garbage Pail Kids Movie

text: A garbage can spaceship is seen flying near Earth. The same garbage can is then shown inside an antique shop owned by Captain Manzini (although it is never shown how or when the can got into the shop, let alone the garbage can's origin). A boy named Dodger is being assaulted by four older teenage bullies in a park. Juice, the leader, steals Dodger's money and drops him in a puddle. Dodger goes to Manzini's antique shop, where he works. Manzini takes Dodger's clothes and cleans them while warning him to stay away from the garbage can. Later, Dodger sees Tangerine, Juice's girlfriend, who seems to be the most compassionate member of the group towards Dodger, and he tries to persuade her to buy something from the shop. Dodger is attracted to Tangerine and covertly smells her hair while she is distracted. The other bullies enter the shop and attempt to rough up Dodger again, but he manages to outwit them. However, during the tussle, the garbage can is knocked over and a green ooze spills out. The bullies then bring Dodger into a sewer, handcuff him to a rail, and open a pipe, pouring sewage onto him. Dodger is then saved by little mysterious people named the Garbage Pail Kids.

title: 1988 New York Mets season

text:
"Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In"
October 4: Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 5: Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 8: Shea Stadium, Flushing, New York
October 9: Shea Stadium, Flushing, New York
October 10: Shea Stadium, Flushing, New York
October 11: Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 12: Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
1988 MLB All-Star Game

title: 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
October 13, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 14, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 16, Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Quebec
October 17, Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Quebec
October 19, Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Quebec
The Dodgers met the New York Yankees in the World Series once again, this time beating them in six games to claim their first championship since 1965.

title: Dodger Stadium

text: Dodger Stadium can be reached by the Los Angeles Metro Transit Authority which operates two Dodger Stadium Express routes that transports fans to and from the Stadium during home games. The service is operated using funding from the Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Committee and Metro ExpressLanes.

title: 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
October 4, Veterans Stadium
October 5, Veterans Stadium
October 6, Dodger Stadium
October 7, Dodger Stadium
The Dodgers again lost to the New York Yankees in the World Series.

title: 1985 St. Louis Cardinals season

text:
Wednesday, October 9 at Dodger Stadium (Los Angeles)
Thursday, October 10 at Dodger Stadium (Los Angeles)
Saturday, October 12 at Busch Stadium (St. Louis)
Sunday, October 13 at Busch Stadium (St. Louis)
Monday, October 14 at Busch Stadium (St. Louis)
Wednesday, October 16 at Dodger Stadium (Los Angeles)

title: Dodger Stadium

text: On November 15, 2015, Dodger Stadium hosted the third and final game of the Cricket All-Stars Series 2015, featuring many retired cricket players from around the world and led by great cricket legends Sachin Tendulkar and Shane Warne. Warne's Warriors defeated Sachin's Blasters by 4 wickets to win the series 3-0. The ends were named after Sandy Koufax and Don Sutton, two Hall of Fame pitchers for LA Dodgers.

title: Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums

text: Several other sites were mentioned as possible locations for a new stadium. Then Los Angeles Dodgers owner Frank McCourt had expressed interest in building a new football stadium next to Dodger Stadium (which is also near downtown Los Angeles). Angel Stadium of Anaheim was reconfigured as a baseball-only park in the mid-1990s, but there have been proposals to build a new football stadium next to it. The Dodger Stadium parking lot had been discussed by NFL owners, in private, as possibly being the best site in Southern California to build a new professional football stadium. Officials with the Dodgers and the NFL met in secret twice in 2005 to discuss the possibility of constructing a stadium and retail complex adjacent to Dodger Stadium. The 49ers' current home, Levi's Stadium, was built in the parking lot of an amusement park. After the "Boston Herald" reported the details of the plan, political pressure forced both the NFL and Dodgers owner Frank McCourt to deny that either party was aggressively pursuing the idea.

title: Dodgers–Yankees rivalry

text: Mattingly succeeded Torre as manager of the Dodgers after the 2010 season. The Dodgers never played a regular season series at the original Yankee Stadium. The teams finally met up during the 2013 season. The double header of June 19 was not just the Dodgers return to the Bronx after a long absence; it was also Mattingly's first return to the Bronx since he became Dodger manager (excluding Mattingly's visit to new Yankee Stadium on the night they honored George Steinbrenner with a monument in Monument Park). Former Dodger pitcher Hiroki Kuroda won the first game for the Yankees while the Dodgers rebounded in the night cap behind the pitching of Chris Capuano. The two then split a 2-game series at Dodger stadium. Their most recent meeting occurred from September 12-14, 2016 at Yankee Stadium, where the Dodgers took two out of three games from the Yankees.

title: 1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season

title: 2004 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
Busch Stadium, St. Louis, Missouri
Busch Stadium, St. Louis, Missouri
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles

title: 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
October 20, Yankee Stadium, New York
October 21, Yankee Stadium, New York
October 23, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 24, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 25, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
October 28, Yankee Stadium, New York

title: Albuquerque Sports Stadium

text: Many Dodger greats, including much of the championship teams of the Dodgers from the 1970s skippered by Tommy Lasorda played at the Albuquerque Sports Stadium, including Orel Hershiser, Pedro Martínez, Steve Garvey, Mike Piazza, and Paul Lo Duca.

title: 1996 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, Atlanta

title: Vin Scully

text: On August 28, 2015, the Dodgers announced—via a series of cue cards presented by comedian Jimmy Kimmel on the Dodger Stadium video board—that Scully would be back for the 2016 season, his 67th with the Dodgers. At a press conference August 29, Scully said 2016 would probably be his final year. "I mean, how much longer can you go on fooling people? So yeah, I would be saying, 'Dear God, if you give me next year, I will hang it up.

title: Wil Wheaton

text: Wheaton is also a major longtime fan of the Los Angeles Kings ice hockey team and can often be found at the Staples Center at both regular season and playoff games. Wheaton is also a "die-hard" fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers, and has gone to many games at Dodger Stadium.

title: 1995 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles
Riverfront Stadium, Cincinnati

title: Dodger Stadium

text: Dodger Way – A tree-lined entrance will lead to a landscaped grand plaza where fans can gather beyond center field. The plaza will connect to a promenade that features restaurants, shops and the Dodger Experience museum showcasing the history of the Dodgers in an interactive setting. Green Necklace – The vibrant street setting of Dodger Way links to a beautiful perimeter around Dodger Stadium, enabling fans to walk around the park, outdoors yet inside the stadium gates. This Green Necklace will transform acres of parking lots into a landscaped outdoor walkway connecting the plaza and promenade to the rest of the ballpark. Top of the Park – The Green Necklace connects to a large scale outdoor plaza featuring breathtaking 360° views spanning the downtown skyline and Santa Monica Bay, the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains, and the Dodger Stadium diamond.[15]

title: Dodger Stadium

text: Dodger Stadium was one of the last baseball-only facilities built before the dawn of the multi-purpose stadium. It was built near the convergence of several freeways near downtown Los Angeles, with an expansive parking lot surrounding the stadium. With the construction of many new MLB ballparks in recent years, it is now the third-oldest park still in use, and the oldest on the West Coast.

title: Dodger Stadium

text: Dodgers owner Guggenheim Partners internally discussed moving the Dodgers to a new stadium at a Downtown Los Angeles site proposed by the Anschutz Entertainment Group to allow an NFL team to build a stadium at the Dodger Stadium site. Guggenheim Partners also considered allowing an NFL team to build a stadium next to Dodger Stadium.[21] The NFL eventually chose to build a stadium in the City of Inglewood.

title: 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
Tuesday, October 10, 1978, at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles
Wednesday, October 11, 1978, at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles
Friday, October 13, 1978, at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York
Saturday, October 14, 1978, at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York
Sunday, October 15, 1978, at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York
Tuesday, October 17, 1978, at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles
Teams in BOLD won League Championships

title: Dodger Stadium

text: The ending of the 1985 film Better Off Dead takes place at Dodger Stadium. The baseball scenes from the first Naked Gun film were filmed at Dodger Stadium, although the team represented in the film was the California Angels. (The Angels played their first few seasons at "Chavez Ravine" while the ballpark now known as Angel Stadium was being built.) This was the starting point of a popular reality show, The Amazing Race in its fourth season. The parking lot of Dodger Stadium was used in the 2001 movie The Fast and the Furious, in which Brian O'Conner (played by actor Paul Walker) drifts his 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse around the parking lot. Dodger Stadium was used as the model for Metropolis's baseball stadium in the 2006 film Superman Returns. The end of the airplane rescue scene was filmed at Dodger Stadium, and a CGI backdrop for the city was added behind the outfield. The stadium also appeared in the 2003 film The Core during the scene where the space shuttle takes an unexpected crash landing. In a scene from the 2007 film Transformers, an empty Dodger Stadium is depicted being hit by the Autobot Jazz's protoform, which crashes through the upper deck and lands in the outfield. Though empty, the stadium's lights are on. In the closing scene of the 2012 film Rock of Ages, Dodger Stadium is seen hosting a concert for the rock band Arsenal, fronted by Stacee Jaxx (played by Tom Cruise).

title: Dodger Stadium

text: Dodger Stadium offered several innovative design features. One of these was a covered and screened section of dugout-level seats behind home plate. Dodger owner Walter O'Malley was inspired to incorporate this feature into the Dodger Stadium design after having seen it at Tokyo's Korakuen Stadium during the Brooklyn Dodgers' postseason goodwill tour of Japan in 1956. The original dugout seating area was replaced by more conventional box seating in a 1999 renovation, but this feature has been replicated at Progressive Field in Cleveland and Angel Stadium of Anaheim.

title: 1974 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
October 5, Three Rivers Stadium
October 6, Three Rivers Stadium
October 8, Dodger Stadium
October 9, Dodger Stadium
The Dodgers were defeated by the Oakland Athletics in five games in the World Series.

title: 1977 Los Angeles Dodgers season

text:
October 4, Dodger Stadium
October 5, Dodger Stadium
October 7, Veterans Stadium
October 8, Veterans StadiumTeams in BOLD won League Championships


query: How many students are typically enrolled in CLS?

title: Critical Language Scholarship Program

text: The Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program is a United States Department of State cultural and educational exchange program which offers approximately 600 students from the United States the opportunity to participate in an intensive language study abroad. This nationally competitive program funds students who study one of the 15 critical need foreign languages, and is part of the National Security Language Initiative. The 15 critical languages include Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Swahili, Turkish and Urdu. With an acceptance rate of less than 10%, the Critical Language Scholarship is one of the most competitive scholarships in the U.S. and the most prestigious language programs for U.S. citizens.[1][2][3]

title: Anderson Private School

text: Anderson Private School for the Gifted, Talented and Creative is a private school in Fort Worth, Texas. The school accepts students ages 4-16 and does not use grade levels. The students have high intelligence quotients and typically begin attending colleges and universities at age 16, and students by 16 are typically dual enrolled in Anderson and a college. Typically the total student body is 20-25.

title: Japanese tea ceremony

text: As they master the basics, students will be instructed on how to prepare the powdered tea for use, how to fill the tea caddy, and finally, how to measure the tea and water and whisk it to the proper consistency. Once these basic steps have been mastered, students begin to practice the simplest "temae", typically beginning with O-bon temae (see above). Only when the first offering has been mastered will students move on. Study is through observation and hands on practice; students do not often take notes, and many teachers discourage the practice of note-taking.

title: Hillsdale College

text:
In 1861, many Hillsdale students joined the ranks of the Union Army during the American Civil War; a higher percentage of Hillsdale students enlisted than from any other Michigan college. Hillsdale continued to operate during the war, but had limited enrollment because so many young men went to war. Half of Hillsdale's students who enlisted became officers, as was typical for men with some college education; five became lieutenant colonels, four received the Medal of Honor, and three became generals. Sixty students died in the war.
Hillsdale survived while nearly 80% of the colleges founded before the Civil War were forced to close. After the war, the college regained its normal enrollment; many veterans returned and completed their education there. Notable speakers continued to arrive at Hillsdale's campus, including the famed female physician and educator Sophia Jex-Blake in October 1865. Hillsdale's Delta Tau Delta chapter, its first fraternity, was chartered on October 19, 1867.

title: School choice

text: District of Choice is a program in California created during 1993, allowing any California public school district to enroll students outside district lines. To participate in the program, district governing boards only need to declare themselves a District of Choice and set a quota for how many transfer students to accept to participate in the program. School districts cannot discriminate among students to enroll, but can limit them through an unbiased lottery system. The program was created in response to several parent's concerns over the lack of choice of schools to enroll their children in. Currently 47 school districts and 10,000 students participate in the program, serving 5 percent of school districts and 0.2 percent of students in California.

title: Cleveland Institute of Music

text: The Institute was founded in 1920, with the composer Ernest Bloch as director. Annual enrollment at the conservatory (including new and returning students) is between 400 and 450 students with approximately 1,500 students enrolled in the preparatory and continuing education programs at any given time. Between 1,000 and 1,200 prospective students apply to the conservatory annually for the (approximately) 150 openings available for fall enrollment. Typically, 60-70 freshmen are enrolled each fall; 81% of entering freshman graduate within five years.

title: International Academy

text: Students are selected by lottery among the applicants. In 2004, the school enrollment was 576. International Academy has an extended school year (205 days) and an extended school day. At the end of the school day at 2:35, many students go home, but many opt to stay to participate in after-school clubs, extra classes (jazz band or full orchestra), or meet with teachers and friends. Students may also participate in activities at their home schools. Students typically only participate in activities at their home high schools that the International Academy does not offer, including sports teams and marching bands.

title: Christian Legal Society v. Martinez

text: Ginsburg's analysis explained how this case differed from two earlier cases involving university funding of student groups. In "Healy v. James", 408 U.S. 169 (1972), the court required Central Connecticut State College to recognize a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society and in "Rosenberger v. University of Virginia" (1995) ruled that student religious publications were entitled to equal funding at the University of Virginia. In these cases, the educational institutions singled out a group for unfavorable treatment based on the organization's purpose, leftist activism in the first case and Christian evangelism in the second. In "CLS v. Martinez", by contrast, Ginsburg argued, Hastings wanted to treat all student groups the same while the CLS sought an exemption for their particular membership policies.

title: Schreyer Honors College

text: Enrollment in the Schreyer Honors College is typically around 2,000 students, with 300 incoming students per year. Typically, about 80% of the Honors students are from Pennsylvania.

title: Dual enrollment

text: The biggest problem brought up by students was “issues in credit and grades.” Students often lamented how their grades in college classes would affect their overall high school transcript and quite often result in a lower GPA. They were worried how it would affect their acceptance rate in other colleges later on. “Negative interactions with others” was described by students with how they were treated. The students felt cast out as many college students would treat them differently and would even get remarks that made them felt threatened. The dual enrollment students reflect on their past actions might have warranted such treatment as Roger says, “we weren’t very mature.” The final negative theme – “limited support systems” – stems to both the college and the high school. Students described that, once enrolled in dual enrollment, their high school counsellors and other faculty seemed to work with the students less. They felt like they were no longer apart of the general group of the high school. In the college setting, where they were expected to know material from courses they may have not taken yet. The college tutoring sessions were held during times that the dual enrollment students couldn’t make. As Alicia says, “I didn’t feel like an actual student.”

title: International Business School, Germany

text: A fourth IBS branch was established in Nuremberg in 2006. The other three branches (Lippstadt, Bad Nauheim, and Berlin) ultimately closed. In April 2018, the Director of IBS Nuremberg, Thomas Nau, announced that the school would cease operation in 2021 and would accept no further students after the 2018 summer term. He cited the steady decline in student enrollment as the principal reason for the impending closure. At the time of the announcement, the school had a total enrollment of 90 students. It was unclear how many of those were enrolled in the University of Sunderland degree programs. The University of Surrey partnership had ended by that time.

title: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore

text: The Centre for Language Studies (CLS) is part of FASS. The centre currently offers thirteen languages for students. They are: Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, Chinese (Mandarin), French, German, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Spanish, Tamil, Thai and Vietnamese. Students who are interested in these languages and who have a prior knowledge of the language should sit for a placement test to ensure their enrolment into a class of appropriate level. Beginner (Level 1000) classes are offered for students who have no knowledge of the language. Upon enrolment into language programmes, students have the opportunity of partaking in overseas immersion programmes to further help them develop fluency and competence in the language. The Language Preparatory Programme (LPP) is hosted by the CLS for students who are preparing to go on student exchange to French-speaking or German-speaking countries or Korea. These students are admitted into the respective language programmes in their first year of study, and are given priority for language classes. Ideally, after two semesters of study, these students will go for a 3-week immersion programme to the respectively countries, and then after another two semesters of study, they will go for a semester-long (or 2 semesters for students on the Honours track) Student Exchange Programme (SEP) at a partner university.

title: Tucker Maxon School

text: Tucker Maxon is one of approximately 40 schools that teach children who are deaf to speak. Tucker Maxon began co-enrolling students who were not deaf or hard of hearing in the mid-1980s, when it leased space to a neighborhood preschool. Tucker Maxon formally adopted co-enrollment in 2002, when it extended enrollment to include students with typical hearing, and became one of the first schools in the country to co-enroll students with hearing loss and those with typical hearing. At Tucker Maxon students with hearing loss do not use sign language; instead, they use assistive technologies such as cochlear implants with FM transmitters and hearing aids, under the guidance of trained professionals, and they listen, talk, play, and learn alongside their hearing peers.

title: Dual enrollment

text: A survey taken by teachers, counselors, and principals from 35 high schools was held to learn the opinions of faculty on dual enrollment (the term concurrent enrollment was used in the study). When asked how the school was impacted, the responses were positive all around. Many of the responses focused on students being able to earn college credit and be introduced to a college atmosphere. When asked how the students were impacted, most of the responses were positive as well, except the survey item “the student considered for the first time going to college.” Many respondents were neutral with only 35% agreeing. Students were thought to have already planned to move on to college before trying dual enrollment. The faculty commented on how dual enrollment gave students the opportunity to gain college credit. Teachers focused on how the increased difficulty of college courses prepared them for later. Counselors and teachers both noticed personal gains in students as well. Students had an increase in confidence and were willing to participate in more challenging studies.

title: Student orientation

text: Many universities will hold another student orientation similar to freshman orientation for these transfer students. Freshman orientation lasts a few days or a week, on the other hand, transfer student orientation will typically last between one and three days. Transfer orientation's purpose is to acquaint transfer students with their new university. This usually includes campus tours, introducing transfer students to their adviser or perhaps a few of their teachers, and filling out paperwork for proper enrollment. At some colleges, transfer orientation is mandatory for all transfer students.

title: Study abroad in the United States

text: Many U.S. institutions have long-standing direct exchange partnerships with foreign institutions that allow their students to enroll in classes as a visiting student while still paying standard tuition at their home university. Direct exchanges are facilitated by agreements governing academic credit transfer and financial aid between the home university and host university. While individual agreements may vary, direct exchange typically involves a 1:1 where the number of inbound exchange must be equivalent to the number of outgoing study abroad students. Typically, students enroll in standard courses at the host institution and are fully integrated with host country students and are responsible for their own housing, airport transfer, etc. Programs are administered on-site by the host university, with pre-departure advising and assistance from a U.S. university study abroad office.

title: Lifted (CL song)

text: Colette Bennett of "The Daily Dot" said "something about [the song] seems too simple" and went on to say that "CL's rapping is strong as usual" and "the song has a chill, reggae-inspired vibe". "Billboard"s Tamar Herman stated that the song "diverges sharply from CL's image as one of South Korea's most prominent female rappers and eschews her typical aggressive style. Referencing drugs and liquor liberally while roaming around New York City, this isn't the same CL that K-pop fans are used to. Built for listening to on a hazy summer day, 'Lifted' takes a step back from CL's typical raps, aside from a quick bit at the beginning of the song." Nolan Feeney of "Entertainment Weekly" labeled it "a solid-gold banger".

title: Hookup culture

text: Another study was based on a survey of over 18,000 college students from ages 18–25. This survey asked questions like how many sexual partners they have had since graduating high school, how many sexual partners per year, and how many times per week they have sex. It was reported that a little over 59% of college students have sex once per week. A little over 31% reported to having at least one sexual partner per year, and about 50% said that they have had more than two sexual partners since the age of 18. Perceptions of "frat boys" and how this stereotype seems to be the typical male how only pursues women to have sexual relations. Many female college students explained how the "frat boy" perfectly embodies the persona of a sex driven male.

title: Japanese tea ceremony

text: New students typically begin by observing more advanced students as they practice. New students may be taught mostly by more advanced students; the most advanced students are taught exclusively by the teacher. The first things new students learn are how to correctly open and close sliding doors, how to walk on tatami, how to enter and exit the tea room, how to bow and to whom and when to do so, how to wash, store and care for the various equipment, how to fold the "fukusa", how to ritually clean tea equipment, and how to wash and fold "chakin". As they master these essential steps, students are also taught how to behave as a guest at tea ceremonies: the correct words to say, how to handle bowls, how to drink tea and eat sweets, how to use paper and sweet-picks, and myriad other details.

title: Education in Tanzania

text: While about 7.9% of Tanzania's population lives with disability, less than 1% of children enrolled in pre-primary, primary, or secondary education have a disability. Similarly to many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Tanzania has no system set in place to assess children for physical or mental impairments before they enroll in the education system, and there is a huge gap in knowledge about how to improve access to education for disabled students when many of their disabilities are not known or tested. Disabled individuals in traditional society and culture are often at a disadvantage in social relationships and economic status. The majority of the country is religious, primarily Muslim or Christian, and in history, that has been used as justification to not include disabled individuals in "normal society." In 1950, the Church Missionary Society of Tanzania opened a school for students with visual disabilities. Teachers were trained abroad and centered curriculum around the students, although up until this point, there had never been a separate learning environment for students with disabilities. Many students were and still are forced to stay at home due to superstition, stigma, and ignorance, and they are, consequently, often seen as worthless or as a burden.

title: Internet Academy

text: Internet Academy provides parents of enrolled students with a Mentor/Insight Account. These accounts are separate from the students, and they allow the parent to view a variety of data, such as how long said student has been logged in, how many assignments that student has completed, and even view teacher feedback on assignments and tests. The Mentor/Insight Accounts are also supported by a library of video tutorials.

title: Voluntary student unionism

text: Although universities and student unions each had their own rules, students generally were required to become a member of their campus student organisation automatically upon enrolment. A fee for student services or amenities was charged to students, typically once a semester, once a year, or in a lump sum upon enrolment. This fee was typically collected by the university, which usually took a portion in collection fees and passed the rest to campus student organisation(s). These organisations then distributed the money according to their own rules.

title: Fee

text: At public universities and community colleges, students are charged tuition and matriculation, when can themselves be considered fees charged per credit hour. However, the term student fees typically refers to additional charges which the student is required to pay, typically no matter how many hours the student is taking in the academic term.

title: Chicago Lighting Institute

text: Every year numerous courses were offered by the Institute, some repeated annually and others developed to address growing concerns or public interest. The courses typically had twelve two-hour sessions. Fifty students were the maximum that could be enrolled in a class. Some educational institutions gave college credit to their students who enrolled and completed the classes. Among the many courses offered were:

title: York College (Nebraska)

text: York's student-to-faculty ratio is 13:1. Student enrollment is typically around 425 in the fall semester with a typical class size of 22. The student population consists of students from 30 states and 10 countries.

title: Lefors, Texas

text: Lefors ISD typically enrolls approximately 170 students per school year, with many of them transfer students from Pampa.

title: Great River Charter Montessori School

text: The school has a very strong, academically rigorous program. Because it is a public school, entrance is by lottery if there are more students who want to enroll than there are spots. Typically, the enrollment period is over on the first Monday of February with the lottery the next day. Since 2007 there has been a waiting list to get into Great River, simply because so many people want to attend. On a regular basis, both the Junior and Senior High students meet in their respective groups in a community meeting to discuss various topics that impact the whole community. The elected student leaders lead this meeting, and the school talks about "important" issues.

title: Education in New Zealand

text: The Education Amendment Act 2000, enacted by the Fifth Labour Government, partially solved this problem by putting in place a new "system for determining enrolment of students in circumstances where a school has reached its roll capacity and needs to avoid overcrowding." Schools which operate enrolment schemes have a geographically defined "home zone". Residence in this zone, or in the school's boarding house (if it has one) gives right of entry to the School. Students who live outside the school's home zone can be admitted, if there are places available, in the following order of priority: special programmes; siblings of currently enrolled students; siblings of past students; children of past students; children of board employees and staff; all other students. If there are more applications than available places then selection must be through a randomly drawn ballot. The system is complicated by some state schools having boarding facilities for students living beyond the school's zone. Typically these students live in isolated farming regions in New Zealand, or their parents may live or work partly overseas. Many secondary schools offer limited scholarships to their boarding establishment to attract talented students in imitation of private school practice.

title: Zimbabwe Open University

text:
Below is a table showing student enrolment in the Zimbabwe Open University from 1999 to 2017:
The year 2001 marked the increase of the enrollment figures to 23,161. It was because Commerce degrees were introduced that year. There was a decline in student enrollment in 2002 because some found independent learning difficult and many students faced economic difficulties. In 2003, a total of 19,228 students were enrolled in the university which constituted 46.9% of the total university enrolment in the country. According to 2006 estimates, approximately 20,000 students are enrolled in the university which makes it the largest university in Zimbabwe.

title: Litre

text:
In the SI system, use of prefixes for powers of 1,000 is preferred and all other multiples discouraged. However, in countries where
the metric system was established well before the adoption of the SI standard other multiples were already established, their use remains common. In particular, use of the centi (10), deci (10), deca (10) and hecto (10) prefixes are still common. For example, in many European countries, the hectolitre is the typical unit for production and export volumes of beverages (milk, beer, soft drinks, wine, etc.) and for measuring the size of the catch and quotas for fishing boats; decilitres are common in Switzerland and Scandinavia and sometimes found in cookbooks; centilitres indicate the capacity of drinking glasses and of small bottles. In colloquial Dutch in Belgium, a "vijfentwintiger" and a "drieëndertiger" (literally "twenty-fiver" and "thirty-threer") are the common beer glasses, the corresponding bottles mention 25 cL or 33 cL. Bottles may also be 75 cL or half size at 37.5 cL for 'artisanal' brews or 70 cL for wines or spirits. Cans come in 25 cL, 33 cL and 50 cL.

title: Grinnell College

text: According to data for students enrolled approximately in 2008, the median family income for students was US $119,700 (74th percentile). This is somewhat lower than typical for other highly selective schools. Compared to other schools in the Midwestern Conference and to other highly selective schools, Grinnell College enrolled more students whose family income was in the lowest quintile (6.3% of enrolled students).