query: What was the first publisher of Kindred by Octavia E. Butler?

title: Kindred (novel)

text: Kindred is a novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler that incorporates time travel and is modeled on slave narratives. First published in 1979, it is still widely popular. It has been frequently chosen as a text for community-wide reading programs and book organizations, as well as being a common choice for high school and college courses.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: —Octavia E. Butler, reading the self-penned description of herself included in Parable of the Sower during a 1994 interview with Jelani Cobb.

title: Adrienne Maree Brown

text: Much of her work as a writer is based around the writings of Octavia E. Butler. Her first book, "Emergent Strategy," was published in 2017 to positive reviews.

title: Survivor (Octavia Butler novel)

text: Survivor is a science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler. First published in 1978 as part of Butler's "Patternist series", "Survivor" is the only one of Butler's early novels not to be reprinted after its initial editions. Butler expressed dislike for the work, referring to it as "my Star Trek novel."

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Kindred was adapted as a graphic novel by author Damien Duffy and artist John Jennings. The adaptation was published by Abrams ComicsArts on January 10, 2017.[53] To visually differentiate the time periods in which Butler set the story, Jennings used muted colors for the present and vibrant ones for the past to demonstrate how the remnants and relevance of slavery are still with us.[54] The graphic novel adaption debuted as number one New York Times hardcover graphic book bestseller on January 29, 2017.[55]

title: Kindred (novel)

text: Beaulieu, Elizabeth Ann. "'So Many Relatives': Twentieth-Century Women Meet Their Pasts." Black Women Writers and the American Neo-Slave Narrative: Femininity Unfettered. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. 109-136. Bast, Florian. "'No.': The Narrative Theorizing of Embodied Agency in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Extrapolation: A Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy 53.2 (2012): 151-81. Dubey, Madhu. "Speculative Fictions of Slavery." American Literature 82.4 (2010): 779-805. Hua, Linh U. "Reproducing Time, Reproducing History: Love And Black Feminist Sentimentality in Octavia Butler's Kindred. African American Review 44.3 (2011): 391-407. Jesser, Nancy. "Blood, Genes and Gender in Octavia Butler's Kindred and Dawn." Extrapolation 43.1 (2002): 36+. Knabe, Susan and Wendy Gay Pearson. "'Gambling Against History': Queer Kinship and Cruel Optimism in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Strange Matings: Science Fiction, Feminism, African American Voices, and Octavia E. Butler. Ed. Rebecca J. Holden and Nisi Shawl. Seattle, WA: Aqueduct Press, 2013. 51-78. LaCroix, David. "" The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 40.1 (Spring, 2007): 109-119. Levecq, Christine. "" Contemporary Literature 41.3 (Fall 2000): 525-553. Long, Lisa. "" College English 64.4 (Mar. 2002): 459-483. McKible, Adam. "" African American Review 28.2 (Summer 1994): 223-235. Parham, Marisa. "Saying 'Yes': Textual Traumas in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Middle Eastern & North African Writers 32.4 (Winter 2009): 1315-1331. Reed, Brian K. "Behold the Woman: The Imaginary Wife in Octavia Butler’s Kindred." CLA Journal Al (Sept. 2003): 66-74. Spaulding, A. Timothy. "The Conflation of Time in Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada and Octavia Butler’s Kindred." Re-forming the Past: History, the Fantastic, and the Postmodern Slave Narrative. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2005. 25-60. Tettenborn, Eva. "Teaching Imagined Testimony: Kindred, Unchained Memories, and The African Burial Ground in Manhattan." Transformations 16.2 (Fall 2005): 87-103. Thompson, Carlyle van. "" Eating the Black Body: Miscegenation as Sexual Consumption in African American Literature and Culture. New York: Peter Lang, 2006. 107-144. ISBN978-0820479316 Turner, Stephanie S. "" FEMSPEC 4.2 (2004): 259-280. Wagers, Kelley. "" MELUS 34.1 (Spring, 2009): 23-45. Wood, Sarah. "" Feminist 85 (2007): 83-96. Flagel, Nadine. "'It's Almost Like Being There': Speculative Fiction, Slave Narrative, and the Crisis of Representation in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Canadian Review of American Studies 42.2 (2012): 216-45. Robertson, Benjamin. "'Some Matching Strangeness': Biology, Politics, and The Embrace of History in Octavia Butler's Kindred." Science Fiction Studies 37.3 (2010): 362-381.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: —Octavia E. Butler, in Carolyn S. Davidson's "The Science Fiction of Octavia Butler."

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Octavia Estelle Butler was born on June 22, 1947, in Pasadena, California, the only child of Octavia Margaret Guy, a housemaid, and Laurice James Butler, a shoeshine man. Butler's father died when she was seven. Octavia was raised by her mother and maternal grandmother in what she would later recall as a strict Baptist environment.[4]

title: Parable of the Sower (novel)

text: Parable of the Sower is a science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler, the first in a two-book series. It was published in 1993.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Larry McCaffery and Jim McMenamin, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", in Larry McCaffery (ed.), Across the Wounded Galaxies: Interviews with Contemporary American Science Fiction Writers, 1990. ISBN978-0252061400, pp.54–70. Randall Kenan, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", Callaloo 14.2. 1991, pp.495–505. JSTOR. doi:. Lisa See, "PW Interviews", Publishers Weekly 240. December 13, 1993, pp.50–51. H. Jerome Jackson, "Sci-Fi Tales from Octavia E. Butler", Crisis 101.3. April 1994, p.4. Jelani Cobb, "Interview with Octavia Butler", jelanicobb.com, 1994. Reprinted in Conseula Francis (ed.), Conversations with Octavia Butler, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2010, pp.49–64. Stephen W. Potts, , Science Fiction Studies 23.3. November 1996, pp.331–338. JSTOR. Tasha Kelly and Jan Berrien Berends, "Octavia E. Butler Mouths Off!" Terra Incognita, Winter 1996. Charles H. Rowell, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", Callaloo</i>20.1. 1997, pp.47–66. JSTOR. Steven Piziks, "An Interview with Octavia E. Butler", Marion Zimmer Bradley Fantasy Magazine, Fall 1997. Joan Fry, , Poets & Writers 25.2. March 1, 1997, p.58. Mike McGonigal, "", Index Magazine. 1998.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: After graduating from John Muir High School in 1965, Butler worked during the day and attended Pasadena City College (PCC) at night.[14] As a freshman at PCC, she won a college-wide short-story contest, earning her first income ($15) as a writer.[9] She also got the "germ of the idea" for what would become her novel Kindred. An African-American classmate involved in the Black Power Movement loudly criticized previous generations of African Americans for being subservient to whites. As Butler explained in later interviews, the young man's remarks were a catalyst leading her to respond with a story providing historical context for the subservience, showing that it could be understood as silent but courageous survival.[6][15] In 1968, Butler graduated from PCC with an associate of arts degree with a focus in History.[4][7]

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Baccolini, Raffaella. "Gender and Genre in the Feminist Critical Dystopias of Katharine Burdekin, Margaret Atwood, and Octavia Butler", in Marleen S. Barr (ed.), Future Females, the Next Generation: New Voices and Velocities in Feminist Science Fiction Criticism, New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000: 13–34. Bollinger, Laurel. "Placental Economy: Octavia Butler, Luce Irigaray, And Speculative Subjectivity". Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 18.4 (2007): 325–352. doi:. Canavan, Gerry. Octavia E. Butler. University of Illinois Press, 2016. Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" and "The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Constitutions of Self in Immune System Discourse". Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991: 149–81, 203–30. Holden, Rebecca J., "The High Costs of Cyborg Survival: Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis Trilogy". Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 72 (1998): 49–56. Holden, Rebecca J., and Nisi Shawl (eds). Strange Matings: Science Fiction, Feminism, African American Voices, and Octavia Butler. Seattle: Aqueduct, 2013. ISBN1619760371 (10) ISBN978-1619760370 (13). Lennard, John. Octavia Butler: Xenogenesis / Lilith's Brood. Tirril: Humanities-Ebooks, 2007. ISBN978-1-84760-036-3 Lennard, John. Of Organelles: The Strange Determination of Octavia Butler". Of Modern Dragons and other essays on Genre Fiction. Tirril: Humanities-Ebooks, 2007: 163–90. ISBN9781847600387. Levecq, Christine, "Power and Repetition: Philosophies of (Literary) History in Octavia E. Butler's Kindred". Contemporary Literature 41.3 (2000 Spring): 525–53. JSTOR. doi:. Luckhurst, Roger, "'Horror and Beauty in Rare Combination': The Miscegenate Fictions of Octavia Butler". Women: A Cultural Review 7.1 (1996): 28–38. doi:. Melzer, Patricia, Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006. ISBN978-0-292-71307-9. Omry, Keren, "A Cyborg Performance: Gender and Genre in Octavia Butler". Phoebe: Journal of Gender and Cultural Critiques. 17.2 (2005 Fall): 45–60. Ramirez, Catherine S. "Cyborg Feminism: The Science Fiction of Octavia Butler and Gloria Anzaldua", in Mary Flanagan and Austin Booth (eds), Reload: Rethinking Women and Cyberculture, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002: 374–402. Ryan, Tim A. "You Shall See How a Slave Was Made a Woman: The Development of the Contemporary Novel of Slavery, 1976–1987". Calls and Responses: The American Novel of Slavery since Gone with the Wind. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008: 114–48. Schwab, Gabriele. "Ethnographies of the Future: Personhood, Agency and Power in Octavia Butler's Xenogenesis", in William Maurer and Gabriele Schwab (eds), Accelerating Possession, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006: 204–28. Shaw, Heather. "". Strange Horizons. December 18, 2000. Scott, Jonathan. "Octavia Butler and the Base for American Socialism". Socialism and Democracy 20.3 November 2006, 105–26. doi:. Seewood, Andre. . "Shadow and Act: On Cinema Of The African Diaspora", August 1, 2012. Indiewire.com. Slonczewski, Joan, . Zaki, Hoda M. "Utopia, Dystopia, and Ideology in the Science Fiction of Octavia Butler". Science-Fiction Studies 17.2 (1990): 239–51. JSTOR.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: After Survivor, Butler took a break from the Patternist series to write what would become her best-selling novel, Kindred (1979) as well as the short story "Near of Kin" (1979).[18] In Kindred, Dana, an African-American woman, is transported from 1976 Los Angeles to early 19th-century Maryland. She meets her ancestors: Rufus, a white slave holder, and Alice, a black freewoman forced into slavery later in life. In "Near of Kin" the protagonist discovers a taboo relationship in her family as she goes through her mother's things after her death.[18]

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Becker, Jennifer. "", Lauren Curtright (ed.), Voices From the Gaps, University of Minnesota, August 21, 2004. "Butler, Octavia 1947–2006", in Jelena O. Krstovic (ed.), Black Literature Criticism: Classic and Emerging Authors since 1950, 2nd edn. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. 244–258. Gates, Henry Louis Jr (ed.), "Octavia Butler". The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, 2nd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Co, 2004: 2515. Geyh, Paula, Fred G. Leebron and Andrew Levy. "Octavia Butler". Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1998: 554–55. Pfeiffer, John R. "Butler, Octavia Estelle (b. 1947)", in Richard Bleiler (ed.),Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. 2nd edn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. 147–158. Smalls, F. Romall, and Arnold Markoe (eds). "Octavia Estelle Butler". The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Volume 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons/Gale, Cengage Learning, 2010: 65–66.

title: Mimi Mondal

text: "Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E. Butler" (Twelfth Planet Press, August 2017; ) is a collection of works by more than 40 writers, issued in honor of the 70th anniversary of Octavia E. Butler's birth. It is Mondal's first book-length work. The anthology was co-edited by Mondal and Alexandra Pierce. It consists of memoirs written as if addressed to Butler personally, mixed with more scholarly essays. The title is derived from Butler's novel "Patternmaster".

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: The Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholarship was established in Butler's memory in 2006 by the Carl Brandon Society. Its goal is to provide an annual scholarship to enable writers of color to attend the Clarion West Writers Workshop and Clarion Writers' Workshop, descendants of the original Clarion Science Fiction Writers' Workshop in Clarion, Pennsylvania, where Butler got her start. The first scholarships were awarded in 2007.[67]

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Butler's first work published was Crossover in the 1971 Clarion Workshop anthology. She also sold the short story Childfinder to Harlan Ellison for the anthology The Last Dangerous Visions. "I thought I was on my way as a writer", Butler recalled in her short fiction collection Bloodchild and Other Stories. "In fact, I had five more years of rejection slips and horrible little jobs ahead of me before I sold another word."[22]

title: Eastern Shore of Maryland

text: The Octavia Butler novel "Kindred", which uses the science fiction concept of time travel to explore slavery in the United States, is partially set in Maryland's Eastern Shore.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Charlie Rose interviewed Octavia Butler in 2000 soon after the award of a MacArthur Fellowship. The highlights are probing questions that arise out of Butler's personal life narrative and her interest in becoming not only a writer, but a writer of science fiction. Rose asked, "What then is central to what you want to say about race?" Butler's response was, "Do I want to say something central about race? Aside from, 'Hey we're here!'?" This points to an essential claim for Butler that the world of science fiction is a world of possibilities, and although race is an innate element, it is embedded in the narrative, not forced upon it.[47]

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Veronica Mixon, "Futurist Woman: Octavia Butler." Essence, April 9, 1979, pp.12,15. Jeffrey Elliot, "Interview with Octavia Butler", Thrust 12. Summer 1979, pp.19–22. "Future Forum", Future Life 17. 1980, p.60. Rosalie G. Harrison, "Sci-Fi Visions: An Interview with Octavia Butler", Equal Opportunity Forum Magazine, February 8, 1980, pp.30–34. Wayne Warga, "Corn Chips Yield Grist for Her Mill", Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1981. Sec. 5: 15. Chico Norwood, "Science Fiction Writer Comes of Age", Los Angeles Sentinel, April 16, 1981. A5, Al5. Carolyn S. Davidson, "The Science Fiction of Octavia Butler", SagaU 2.1. 1981, p.35. Bever-leigh Banfield, "Octavia Butler: A Wild Seed", Hip 5.9. 1981, pp.48 and following. "Black Scholar</i>Interview with Octavia Butler: Black Women and the Science Fiction Genre." By Frances M. Beal.Black Scholar. 17.2. March–April 1986, pp.14–18. JSTOR. Charles Brown, "Octavia E. Butler", Locus 21.10. October 1988. S. McHenry, "Otherworldly Vision", Essence 29.10. February 1989. p.80. Claudia Peck, "Interview: Octavia Butler", Skewed: The Magazine of Fantasy, Science Fiction, and Horror 1. pp.18–27.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: For the next five years, Butler worked on the series of novels that later become known as the Patternist series: Patternmaster (1976), Mind of My Mind (1977), and Survivor (1978). In 1978, she was finally able to stop working at temporary jobs and live on her writing.[7] She took a break from the Patternist series to research and write Kindred (1979), and then finished the series with Wild Seed (1980) and Clay's Ark (1984).

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Dawn is currently being adapted for television by producers Ava DuVernay and Charles D. King's Macro Ventures, alongside writer Victoria Mahoney. This is the first time that Octavia Butler's work has been adapted for television.[56] There is no projected release date for the adaptation yet.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Kindred (Doubleday, 1979) Fledgling (Seven Stories Press, 2005)

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Charlie Rose, "A Conversation with Octavia Butler", Charlie Rose. 2000. [Two videos on YouTube: and .] "", Locus Magazine 44. June 2000, p.6. Stephen Barnes, "Interview", American Visions 15.5. October–November 2000, pp.24–28. Robyn McGee, "Octavia Butler: Soul Sister of Science Fiction", Fireweed 73. Fall 2001, pp.60 and following. Marilyn Mehafly and AnaLouise Keating, "'Radio Imagination': Octavia Butler on the Politics of Narrative Embodiment", MELUS 26.1. 2001, pp.45–76. JSTOR. doi:. Scott Simon, "", Weekend Edition Saturday. September 1, 2001 [Audio]. ", Writers & Books. 2003. Darrell Schweitzer, "Watching the Story Happen", Interzone 186 (February 2003): 21. Reprinted as "Octavia Butler" in Speaking of the Fantastic II: Interviews with the Masters of Science Fiction and Fantasy, 2004. ISBN1434442292 (10) ISBN978-1434442291 (13), pp.21–36. Joshunda Sanders, "", In Motion Magazine, 2004. Earni Young, "Return of Kindred Spirits: An Anniversary for Octavia E. Butler Is a Time for Reflection and Rejoicing for Fans of Speculative Fiction", Black Issues Book Review 6.1. January–February 2004, pp.30–33. Allison Keyes, , NPR: The Tavis Smiley Show. March 4, 2004. John C. Snider, "", SciFiDimensions. June 2004. Ira Flatow, "", NPR: Talk of the Nation, June 18, 2004. [Panel discussion; audio]. Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman, , Democracy Now! November 11, 2005. "". The Independent, January 2006. "". Addicted to Race, February 6, 2006.

title: Black science fiction

text: Octavia E. Butler was an extremely influential science fiction writer and instructor. In 1995, she became the first science fiction writer to win the MacArthur Fellowship, nicknamed the "Genius Grant." In 2007, the Carl Brandon Society established the Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholarship which provides support to a student of color attending Clarion Writers' Workshop or Clarion West Writers Workshop. According to the Carl Brandon Society's website, "It furthers Octavia’s legacy by providing the same experience/opportunity that Octavia had to future generations of new writers of color."

title: Fledgling (novel)

text: Fledgling is a science fiction vampire novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler, published in 2005.

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947–February 24, 2006) was an African-American science-fiction writer. A multiple recipient of both the Hugo and Nebula awards, she became in 1995 the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.[2][3]

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: —Octavia E. Butler, in "Octavia E. Butler: Telling My Stories."[12]

title: Octavia E. Butler

text: In an interview by Randall Kenan, Butler discusses how her life experiences as a child shaped most of her thinking. As a writer, she was able to use her writing as a vehicle to critique history under the lenses of feminism. In the interview, she discusses the research that had to be done in order to write her bestselling novel, Kindred. Most of it is based on visiting libraries as well as historic landmarks with respect to what she is investigating. Butler admits that she writes science fiction because she does not want her work to be labeled or used as a marketing tool. She wants the readers to be genuinely interested in her work and the story she provides, but at the same time she fears that people will not read her work because of the "science fiction" label that they have.[44]

title: Adrienne Maree Brown

text: In 2010, she published the "Octavia Butler Strategic Reader" with Alexis Pauline Gumbs. In 2013, she received a Detroit Knight Arts Challenge Award to run a series of Octavia Butler-based science fiction writing workshops. In 2015, she collaborated with Walidah Imarisha and Sheree Renee Thomas to edit and release "Octavia's Brood: Science Fiction Stories from Social Justice Movements", a collection of 20 short stories and essays about social justice inspired by Butler. In 2018, Western Washington University assigned "Octavia's Brood" as "summer reading" material to incoming students. Her own writing style has been said to belong to the afrofuturism genre.


query: What was Daisy Ridley's first movie role?

title: Daisy Ridley

text: Ridley began her career with minor roles in the television programmes Youngers, Toast of London, Silent Witness, Mr Selfridge, and Casualty.[18][19][20][21] She appeared in the short film Blue Season, which was entered into the Sci-Fi-London 48-Hour Film Challenge.[22] Ridley played the lead in film three of Lifesaver,[23] an interactive film which was nominated for a BAFTA Award.[24] She also appeared in the music video for Wiley's song "Lights On", playing the character of Kim.[13][25] Ridley made her film debut in the 2015 British independent horror film Scrawl, after her scenes from the British comedy film The Inbetweeners 2 were removed in the final cut.[26]

title: Jon Hamm

text: During 2000, Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC's drama series "Providence". His one-episode contract grew to 19, and enabled him to quit waiting tables. Hamm made his feature movie debut with one line in Clint Eastwood's space adventure "Space Cowboys" (2000); more substantial roles followed in the independent comedy movie "Kissing Jessica Stein" (2001) and the war film "We Were Soldiers" (2002). During filming that movie, he turned 30. His career was bolstered by his playing the recurring role of police inspector Nate Basso on Lifetime's television series "The Division", from 2002 to 2004. Other minor roles followed on the television series "What About Brian", "", "Related", "Numb3rs", "The Unit", and "The Sarah Silverman Program". Hamm's "Mad Men" castmate Eric Ladin had said that one of the reasons he admires Hamm is that while he "made it" later than most actors, Hamm never gave up on acting.

title: Billie Lourd

text: Lourd played the role of Lieutenant Connix in the 2015 "Star Wars" sequel film "". On "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" in 2017, she said that she auditioned for the lead role of Rey, which ultimately went to Daisy Ridley. Lourd also appeared in the second installment, "" (2017), and will return in the third film, "" (2019).

title: The Great Gatsby (1974 film)

text: The rights to the novel were purchased in 1971 by Robert Evans so that his wife Ali MacGraw could play Daisy. After MacGraw left Evans for Steve McQueen, he considered other actresses for the role, including Faye Dunaway, Candice Bergen, Natalie Wood, Katharine Ross, Lois Chiles and Cybill Shepherd. However, Mia Farrow was cast as Daisy and Chiles was given the role of Jordan. Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson and Steve McQueen declined the role of Jay Gatsby, which went to Robert Redford. Beatty wanted to direct producer Evans as Gatsby and Nicholson did not think that MacGraw was right for the role of Daisy, who was still attached when he was approached. Farrow was pregnant during production, and the movie was filmed with her wearing loose, flowing dresses and in tight close-ups.

title: Princess Daisy

text: Daisy was one of the main characters of 1993's "Super Mario Bros." film, loosely based on the games, in which she was portrayed by Samantha Mathis. In the film, Daisy is a student of archaeology at New York University whom Luigi falls in love with. While digging for dinosaur bones under the Brooklyn Bridge, Daisy is kidnapped by two henchmen of President Koopa, the dictator of an alternate world in which dinosaurs rule, of which Daisy is actually the princess. Due to the larger role she plays in the movie, it is speculated that her role was merged with Princess Peach's. Luigi and Mario give chase in order to rescue her. Daisy also appeared once again as the prisoner of Tatanga in some episodes of the "Nintendo Comics System".

title: List of box office records set by Star Wars: The Force Awakens

text: "" is the seventh film in the "Star Wars" franchise, released ten years after . Co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams, the film stars Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega and Oscar Isaac in new roles, with Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, and Carrie Fisher reprising their roles from the original trilogy which concluded in 1983. Prior to its release, the film was predicted by box office analysts to break records, citing the relative lack of competition owing to its date of release, being released in large formats such as IMAX in a high number of venues, and multi-generational appeal to both fans of the previous movies and children as success factors.

title: Daisy Ridley

text: In 2017, Ridley portrayed Mary Debenham in Murder on the Orient Express, an adaptation of Agatha Christie's detective novel of the same name. Directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh, production began in London in November 2016.[39] She also reprised her role as Rey, opposite Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker,[40] in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which was released in December 2017.[41]

title: Rey (Star Wars)

text: Daisy Ridley was largely unknown before being cast for the role of Rey. Ridley said that she auditioned many times for the role over the course of seven months and had to keep her casting a secret for three months. She was announced as part of the cast at the end of April 2014. She only had experience with small parts in TV shows. Her inexperience and lack of exposure were a crucial part of what convinced Abrams to give Ridley the role, as the previous installments had featured relatively unknown talent that would not experience heightened degrees of scrutiny. Abrams stated that Ridley "was so funny and had a great spark", as well as having her act out an emotional scene, proclaiming that "she nailed it on the first take." Abrams would go on to praise Ridley, stating "She was born with this gift to be in a moment and make it her own. She simultaneously works from the inside out and the outside in." Kennedy proclaimed "Daisy had a physicality and a self-confidence that was so important to the character we were looking for. She epitomizes that optimism where anything is possible." Director Dusan Lazarevic, who was present at the casting of Ridley for a role in British drama series "Silent Witness", in addition to praising her acting range, stated "She showed a combination of vulnerability and strength which gave her a complexity, and there was an intelligence in her eyes that was an indicator she could play quite a complicated part." Cailey Fleming was additionally cast to portray a young Rey.

title: Arnold Ridley

text: Ridley was married three times. His first marriage lasted from January 1926 to 1939, and was followed by a short marriage beginning in 1939 before his final marriage to actress Althea Parker (1911–2001) on 3 October 1945; they had one son, Nicolas (b 1947). He was a Freemason, and belonged to the Savage Club Lodge in London. The actress Daisy Ridley is his great niece.

title: Yvonne Ridley

text: Ridley has been married five times. She first married when she was 22; her second marriage, to a policeman, lasted seven years; her third husband was Daoud Zaaroura, the CEO of North of England Refugee Service and a former PLO head of intelligence, whom she met in Cyprus, where she was working on an assignment for the Newcastle-based "Sunday Sun", and they have one daughter, Daisy Ridley, who was born in 1992; her fourth husband, to whom she was married until 1999, was an Israeli businessman, Ilan Hermosh; her fifth husband is an Algerian.

title: Scrawl (film)

text: Loners and best friends Simon (Liam Hughes) and Joe (Joe Daly) have written a horror comic book featuring characters from their daily lives. But when a murder on the beach occurs, and a girl based on the book, Hannah (Daisy Ridley), suddenly appears, they began to realise that the events from the comic book are starting to happen for real. With the help of Annie (Annabelle Le Gresley), Frank (Mark Forester Evans) and Rosie (Ellie Selwood), they must prevent a massacre in the woods that occurs in the book, by trying to revise what they have written, while battling Death.Scrawl's stylistic production harks back to the 70s and 80s horrors "Phantasm" and "", as well as fantasy films such as "Big". Hearn had been teaching film at "Andover College", and conceived the project as a hands-on training exercise for his students, influenced by Brian De Palma's "Home Movies". Much like that film, Hearn's students were given the responsibility of raising money (via crowdfunding), as well as shooting and editing the film, all under Hearn's supervision. The cast consisted of professional actors, mostly British, such as "Star Wars" and upcoming Hollywood actress Daisy Ridley, as well as award-winning theatre and film actress Elizabeth Boag, Mark Forester Evans and Nathalie Pownall from the horror film "Credo". Both Boag and Pownall had worked before with Hearn on his short film "Motto", as well as a previous feature film. Hearn stated that the film would likely attract a wider audience because of Ridley's appearance. Many of the students involved have subsequently gone into the industry or onto film school.

title: Rey (Star Wars)

text: The character and Ridley's portrayal have received critical acclaim. Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" proclaimed that Rey is "a woman warrior with the stylish ferocity of a kung-fu star", praising "the verve [Ridley] must have been born with plus the skill she must have acquired as a young actress coming up in England", later adding "It's hard to imagine what the movie—and the sequels to come—might have been if they'd cast the wrong person, but here Daisy Ridley is in all her unassuming glory, and all's right with the galaxy". Adam Howard of "MSNBC" stated that "one of the most pleasant surprises of the film has been the strength of its lead female character", adding that some have likened Rey to a "new feminist icon". Relatedly, Emily Rome of "HitFix" argued that Rey is "everything we wanted in a "Star Wars" female character", praising her for being a character that is "independent, skilled, scrappy, tough, and doesn't need saving". In a personal essay, Nicole Sperling of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote about her daughters feeling empowered after viewing the film, stating, "They never commented on how pretty Rey is. They never had to flinch because Rey was a sexual object to some man in power. They just felt strong. Equal".

title: Daisy Ridley

text: Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley (born 10 April 1992) is an English actress. Born in Westminster and brought up in Maida Vale, Ridley trained in drama at the Tring Park School for the Performing Arts. She began acting in minor guest roles on television and in short films, making her film debut in the independent horror film Scrawl (2015). She rose to international prominence for playing the lead role of Rey in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, starring in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) and Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017). She is also known for her performance of Mary Debenham in Murder on the Orient Express (2017), and as the voice of Cottontail in Peter Rabbit (2018).

title: Star Wars: The Force Awakens

text: Daisy Ridley and John Boyega each received several nominations and accolades for their performances. They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations, including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists, and the Florida Film Critics Circle, "The Force Awakens" received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards, the most for the ceremony, including Movie of the Year, Best Female Performance for Ridley, Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega, and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis.

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: GK Films first acquired the rights to make the film in 2011. Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015, and Alicia Vikander was announced as the new Lara Croft in April 2016. "Deadline Hollywood" had previously reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role, though she later stated in an interview that it was just a "crazy rumor." Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016, and much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017.

title: Daisy Ridley

text: In April 2014, Ridley's casting as Rey, one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was announced.[18][19][20] She was chosen for the film in February 2014.[27] At the time of her casting she was, according to Rolling Stone, a "total unknown."[28] Her choice by director J. J. Abrams was seen as a repeat of George Lucas's move of casting relatively unknown actors for the lead roles in the first Star Wars film in 1977.[29] Ridley began filming her scenes in May 2014 at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, and prior to the film's release in December 2015, she appeared at the launch of a set of Star Wars postage stamps issued by the UK postal service Royal Mail, with her character Rey featuring on a stamp along with the droid BB-8.[30][31] With international revenues of over $2billion,[32] The Force Awakens was a major box-office hit and the highest-grossing film of 2015. After an early screening of the film, Brian Viner of the Daily Mail called Ridley the "real star of the show", adding that her performance as Rey should "send her career into orbit."[33] Her performance received critical acclaim, with Richard Roeper describing her portrayal as "a breakout performance" and adding "Ford has a terrific father figure chemistry [shared] with Ridley and [John] Boyega".[34]

title: Will Gluck

text: His latest movie, "Peter Rabbit", was released on February 9, 2018. It stars Rose Byrne, Domhnall Gleeson, and the voices of James Corden, Margot Robbie, Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki, and Sia. It became his most successful film financially to date grossing over 351 million worldwide.

title: Daisy Ridley

text: In January 2018, Ridley starred in Ophelia, a reimagining of the Hamlet tale, alongside Naomi Watts and Clive Owen, in the titular role. The project was filmed from April to July 2017 and debuted at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival.[42][43] In February 2018, Ridley voiced the role of Cottontail in Peter Rabbit, an adaptation of the children's stories of the same name by Beatrix Potter.[44]

title: The Tale of Peter Rabbit

text: In February 2018, a 3D live-action/CGI animated feature film titled "Peter Rabbit", directed by Will Gluck, was released. Voice roles were played by James Corden, Daisy Ridley, Margot Robbie, and Elizabeth Debicki, and live action roles played by Domhnall Gleeson, Rose Byrne, and Sam Neill.

title: The Passage (Cronin novel)

text: Fox 2000 and Ridley Scott's Scott Free Productions purchased the movie rights to this novel for $1.75 million USD in 2007, long before the book was completed. John Logan, writer of Scott's Gladiator, was to write the movie's screenplay. According to Justin Cronin they were first focusing on one movie, but since he already mapped out the other two books, they knew what was coming next and they planned on three movies.

title: Noomi Rapace

text: She is also known for playing Anna in "Daisy Diamond" (2007), Leena in "Beyond" (2010), Anna in "The Monitor" (2011), Madame Simza Heron in "" (2011), the lead role of Dr. Elizabeth Shaw in the Ridley Scott science-fiction film "Prometheus" (2012), Beatrice in "Dead Man Down" (2013), Nadia in "The Drop" (2014), Raisa Demidova in "Child 44" (2015), the seven lead roles in "What Happened to Monday" (2017), and the Netflix film "Bright" (2017) as Leilah.

title: Daisy Ridley

text: Daisy Ridley was born on 10 April 1992 in Westminster, London, and grew up in Maida Vale.[1][2] She is the youngest of three daughters born to Louise Fawkner-Corbett, a banker, and Christopher Ridley, a photographer.[3] She has two older sisters, Kika Rose and Poppy Sophia.[4][5] Her mother's family, the Fawkner-Corbetts, were landed gentry with a military and medical background.[6] Her great-uncle was Dad's Army actor and playwright Arnold Ridley; his brother, Daisy's grandfather, John Harry Dunn Ridley, O.B.E., was head of the Engineering Secretariat at the B.B.C. from 1950 to 1965.[7][8][9][10][11] While growing up, her favourite film was Matilda (1996), an adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's story, with the title character (played by Mara Wilson in the film) a role model to her.[12] Ridley won a scholarship to Tring Park School for the Performing Arts in Hertfordshire, which she attended between the ages of 9 and 18.[13][14] She then began reading classical civilisation at Birkbeck, University of London, before dropping out to concentrate on her acting career.[14] Prior to being cast in The Force Awakens, Ridley worked as a bartender in two different pubs in London for nearly two years.[15] In 2016 Ridley began studying for a Bachelor of Arts in social science through online courses with the Open University.[16][17]

title: The Hateful Eight

text: In the earlier public reading of the first script, the role of Daisy Domergue had been read by Amber Tamblyn, and the role of Bob, a Frenchman rather than a Mexican, was read by Denis Ménochet; at the reading, the role of Jody was read by James Remar. Regarding the cast, Tarantino has said, "This is a movie where [bigger movie stars] wouldn't work. It needs to be an ensemble where nobody is more important than anybody else."

title: Daisy Head

text: In May 2017 it was announced that she would be starring alongside Daisy Ridley in "Ophelia".

title: Lieutenant Connix

text: Lourd said that she auditioned for the lead role of Rey in "The Force Awakens", which ultimately went to Daisy Ridley. In the film, Lourd played the minor role of Lieutenant Connix, a character created specifically for her by director J. J. Abrams. Lourd reprised the character in "The Last Jedi", in which she played a larger role than in "The Force Awakens".

title: Daisy Duck

text: Daisy's speaking role again came 4 years later in "Donald's Crime". While Daisy has a relatively small role in the film, her date with Donald is central to the plot and shows Donald's infatuation for her. Finding himself broke before the date; Donald steals money from his nephews, but afterward feels guilty. Donald imagines what Daisy might think of him knowing he stole money, and this leads him to reform in the end. Daisy was voiced in the film by actress Janet Waldo, marking the first time Daisy had a "normal". The film also marked the first time Daisy appeared in an Academy Award nominated film (Best Animated Short).

title: Daisy Ridley

text: Ridley became executive producer of the documentary The Eagle Huntress in January 2016.[35] Director Otto Bell said of her commitment, "Like so many other theatergoers around the world, I was blown away by Daisy's recent portrayal of an empowered female protagonist. I'm thrilled she'll be bringing that same energy to supporting a real-world heroine who is also on an epic journey to win victory in a far away land." The movie premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2016, with Ridley narrating.[36] She was one of several actors featured on Barbra Streisand's 2016 album Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway. Along with Anne Hathaway, Ridley and Streisand perform the song "At the Ballet" from A Chorus Line, with Ridley performing the role of Bebe, one of a trio of dancers hoping to be cast in an upcoming show.[37][38]

title: Star Wars sequel trilogy

text: The first installment, "", was released in December 2015 in the U.S. It was directed by who the screenplay with Lawrence Kasdan and Michael Arndt. Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, and other cast members from the original trilogy returned to reprise their roles and alongside Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Adam Driver, and Oscar Isaac.

title: Daisy Ridley

text: In March 2019, Ridley will co-star in the Chaos Walking, an adaptation of the young adult novel by Patrick Ness, as Viola Eade opposite Tom Holland as Todd Hewitt. The project was filmed from August to November 2017.[45][46] In December 2019, Ridley will reprise her role as Rey in Star Wars: Episode IX, the last film in the sequel trilogy, filming in the summer of 2018.[47]

title: Daisy Ridley

text: Ridley has a tattoo of three stars on her left foot that she got when she was 15,[53] a tattoo of the alchemical symbol of air on her right hip,[54] and a peace symbol tattoo behind her right ear.[55] As of April 2016, Ridley has a dog named Muffin.[56] Ridley supports Premier League football club Arsenal F.C.[57] Ridley has appeared in People magazine's World's Most Beautiful 2016 list.[58] Her rise to stardom saw Ridley appear on Debrett's 2016 list of the most influential people in the UK.[59]


query: When were the Federalist papers published?

title: The Federalist Papers

text: The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The first 77 of these essays were published serially in the Independent Journal, the New York Packet, and The Daily Advertiser between October 1787 and April 1788.[1] A two-volume compilation of these 77 essays and eight others was published as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788.[2][3] The collection was commonly known as The Federalist until the name The Federalist Papers emerged in the 20th century.

title: Federalist No. 11

text: Federalist No. 11 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eleventh of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 23, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy".

title: Federalist No. 29

text: Federalist No. 29 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 9, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Concerning the Militia". Unlike the rest of the "Federalist Papers", which were published more or less in order, No. 29 did not appear until after Federalist No. 36.

title: Federalist No. 85

text: Federalist No. 85 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-fifth and last of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on August 13 and 16, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "Concluding Remarks".

title: Federalist No. 65

text: Federalist No. 65 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-fifth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 7, 1788 under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Titled "The Powers of the Senate Continued", it carries on a theme begun by John Jay in Federalist No. 64.

title: Federalist No. 37

text: Federalist No. 37 is an essay by James Madison, the thirty-seventh of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 11, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper discusses some of the political questions raised at the constitutional convention. It is titled "Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government".

title: Federalist No. 80

text: Federalist No. 80 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eightieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on June 21, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Powers of the Judiciary", and it is the third in a series of six essays discussing the powers and limitations of the judicial branch.

title: Federalist No. 22

text: Federalist No. 22 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 14, 1787 under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This essay continues with a theme started in Federalist No. 21. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation".

title: Federalist No. 64

text: The identity of the author of Federalist paper No. 64 was long disputed. An exact reason as to why the authorship was lost is not known; however, different theories emerged as to why the authorship was not evident. The first and most likely of the theories is that John Jay became ill and No. 64 was not published at the same time as the other "Federalist Papers". The second theory is that Jay asked Hamilton and Madison to hide his involvement in the "Federalist Papers" because his writing was not strong enough; however, this information came from an unidentified source. This theory is supported by the fact that Madison changed the list of authors that Hamilton wrote up. The author was finally confirmed to be John Jay when his descendant of the same name found the original draft of Federalist No.64, along with multiple "The Independent Journal" newspapers. Many of the "Federalist Papers" were published in "The Independent Journal". The original draft of No. 64 is one of the two only original drafts available of the "Federalist Papers". Only four of the "Federalist Papers" still exist, and all four are in John Jay's hand.

title: Federalist No. 60

text: Federalist No. 60 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixtieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the second of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members".

title: Federalist No. 12

text: Federalist No. 12 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twelfth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 27, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue".

title: Federalist No. 57

text: Federalist No. 57 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-seventh of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 19, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many".

title: Federalist No. 61

text: Federalist No. 61 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-first of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 26, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the last of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members".

title: Federalist No. 54

text: Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, Federalist Paper No. 54 was published on February 12, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. Alexander Hamilton was the force behind the project of the Federalist Papers, and was responsible for recruiting James Madison and John Jay to write with him as Publius Two others were considered, Governor Morris and William Duer. Morris rejected the offer, and Hamilton didn't like Duer's work. Even still, Duer managed to publish three articles in defense of the Constitution under the name Philo-Publius, or "Friend of Publius." The Federalist Papers were written in an attempt to get the New York citizens to ratify the United States Constitution in 1787, but the specific issue at hand for No. 54 was the way which the seats in the US House of Representatives would be apportioned among the states.

title: Federalist No. 50

text: Federalist No. 50 is an essay by James Madison, the fiftieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 5, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Periodic Appeals to the People Considered".

title: Federalist No. 43

text: Federalist No. 43 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper continues a theme begun by Madison in Federalist No. 42. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered".

title: Federalist No. 48

text: Federalist No. 48 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-eighth of the "Federalist Papers". It was published on February 1, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all the "Federalist Papers" were published. This paper builds on Federalist No. 47. In that essay Madison argued for separation of powers; here he argues that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government must not be totally divided. It is titled "These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other".

title: Federalist No. 66

text: Federalist No. 66 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 8, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered".

title: Federalist No. 40

text: Federalist No. 40 is an essay by James Madison, the fortieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 18, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the last of four papers by Madison examining the authority of the constitutional convention that had produced the proposed United States Constitution. It is titled "The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained".

title: Federalist No. 69

text: Federalist No. 69 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 14, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "The Real Character of the Executive", and is the third in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch in retaliation to the Anti-Federalist Papers, and in comparison to the King of England's powers.

title: Federalist No. 54

text: Federalist Paper No. 54 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 12, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper discusses the way in which the seats in the United States House of Representatives are apportioned among the states. It is titled "The Apportionment of Members Among the States". The essay was erroneously attributed to John Jay in Alexander Hamilton's enumeration of the authors of the various Federalist Papers.

title: Federalist No. 59

text: Federalist No. 59 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the fifty-ninth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on February 22, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. This is the first of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members, the other two papers in this series being Federalist No. 60 and Federalist No. 61. The title of the paper is "Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members".

title: Federalist No. 30

text: Federalist No. 30 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirtieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 28, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the first of seven essays by Hamilton on the then-controversial issue of taxation. It is titled "Concerning the General Power of Taxation".

title: Federalist No. 25

text: Federalist No. 25 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-fifth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 21, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It continues the discussion begun in Federalist No. 24. No. 25 is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered".

title: Federalist No. 13

text: Federalist No. 13 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirteenth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 28, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government".

title: Federalist No. 47

text: Federalist No. 47 is the forty-seventh paper from "The Federalist Papers". It was published on 30 January 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. James Madison was its actual author. This paper examines the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government under the proposed United States Constitution due to the confusion of the concept at the citizen level. It is titled "The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts".

title: Federalist No. 24

text: Federalist No. 24 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 19, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered".

title: Federalist No. 58

text: Federalist No. 58 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-eighth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 20, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper examines the ability of the United States House of Representatives to grow with the population of the United States. It is titled "Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered".

title: Federalist No. 9

text: Federalist No. 9 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 21, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Federalist No. 9 is titled "The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection". The same subject is continued in the subsequent paper by James Madison, Federalist No. 10. Similar to Federalist 51, this paper emphasizes the importance of establishing a system of checks and balances in order to ensure that the government is intact and operating smoothly.

title: Federalist No. 42

text: Federalist No. 42 is an essay by James Madison, and the forty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 22, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Federalist No. 42 continues a theme that was started in Federalist No. 41, and is titled "The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered".


query: When was the first iPhone released?

title: History of iPhone

text: On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention.[16] Jobs announced that the first iPhone would be released later that year. On June 29, 2007, the first iPhone[17] was released.

title: IPhone (1st generation)

text: During release, the iPhone was marketed as running "OS X". The name of the operating system was revealed as iPhone OS with the release of the iPhone SDK. The original iPhone supported three major versions of the operating system before it was discontinued: iPhone OS 1, 2, and 3. However, the full iPhone OS 3 feature set was not supported, and the last update the original iPhone received was iPhone OS 3.1.3

title: IPhoneography

text: iPhoneography gained popularity with the constant improvement through generations of iPhone cameras. The first generation of iPhone was only equipped with a fixed-focus camera with no optical zoom or flash. As it evolved into the iPhone 3GS, the camera became more intelligent with autofocus, auto white balance and auto macro. The iPhone 4 was the first iPhone that could natively do high dynamic photography. The iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 were released with a panorama function available in the built-in camera app. The iPhone 6 and 6S further improved on functionality and performance, allowing more sophisticated manipulation and higher picture quality.

title: History of iPhone

text: On June 11, 2007, Apple announced at the Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference that the iPhone would support third-party applications using the Safari engine. Third parties would be able to create Web 2.0 applications, which users could access via the internet.[18] Such applications appeared even before the release of the iPhone; the first of these, called OneTrip, was a program meant to keep track of users' shopping lists.[19] On June 29, 2007, Apple released version 7.3 of iTunes to coincide with the release of iPhone.[20] This release contains support for iPhone service activation and syncing.

title: IPhone 6

text: The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7, 2016, when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, and the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus's spot as the entry-level iPhone has since been taken by the iPhone SE. As the iPhone SE has more powerful internal hardware than the midrange iPhone 6 (largely the same as the 6S) and had been released earlier on March 31, 2016, this created an unusual situation when it was sold alongside the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus until September 7 despite being marketed as a lower-tier iPhone.

title: IPhone 5C

text: The iPhone 5C is a variant of the iPhone 5, with similar hardware specifications but a hard-coated polycarbonate shell instead of the aluminium of the original iPhone 5. The iPhone 5C was available in several color options, and shipped with iOS 7. The iPhone 5C was sold at a discounted price point in comparison to the 5S: unlike Apple's usual practice of lowering the price of the previous model upon release of a new version, the iPhone 5 was explicitly discontinued and replaced by the 5C. On September 9, 2014, the 16 and 32 GB iPhone 5C models were replaced by the 8 GB model with the announcement of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. On September 9, 2015, the 8 GB version was discontinued when the iPhone 6S was announced.

title: IPhone 6

text: The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749. In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were "details which are not ready"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's "frequent locations" function could expose "state secrets."

title: IPhone 6

text: The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the midrange spot in Apple's iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued in most markets on September 7, 2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. Their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31, 2016. The iPhone 6 was relaunched with 32 GB of storage in Asian markets in February 2017 as a midrange/budget iPhone. It was later expanded to Europe, before hitting the US markets in May 2017, and Canada in July 2017.

title: IPhone OS 1

text: iPhone OS 1 is the first major release of iOS, Apple's mobile operating system. iPhone OS 1.1.5 is the latest and the last version of Apple's iPhone OS 1. This version of iOS was the first iteration of the touch-centric mobile operating system. No official name was given on its initial release; Apple marketing literature simply stated that the iPhone runs a version of Apple's desktop operating system, macOS, then known as Mac OS X. On March 6, 2008, with the release of the iPhone software development kit (iPhone SDK), Apple named it "iPhone OS" (they later went on to rename it "iOS" on June 7, 2010). It was succeeded by iPhone OS 2 on July 11, 2008.

title: BlackBerry Limited

text: The first three models of the iPhone (introduced in 2007) generally lagged behind the BlackBerry in sales, as RIM had major advantages in carrier and enterprise support; however, Apple continued gaining market share. In October 2008, Apple briefly passed RIM in quarterly sales when they announced they had sold 6.9 million iPhones to the 6.1 million sold by RIM, comparing partially overlapping quarters between the companies. Though Apple's iPhone sales declined to 4.3 million in the subsequent quarter and RIM's increased to 7.8 million, for some investors this indicated a sign of weakness. Apple's iPhone began to sell more phones quarterly than the BlackBerry in 2010, brought on by the release of the iPhone 4.

title: IPhone OS 2

text: iPhone OS 2 is the second major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 1. It was the first release of iOS to support third-party applications via the App Store. iPhone OS 2.2.1 was the final version of iPhone OS 2. It was succeeded by iPhone OS 3 on June 17, 2009.

title: History of iPhone

text: On November 21, 2007, T-Mobile announced that due to litigation commenced against them by their competitor Vodafone, which resulted in a preliminary injunction preventing T-Mobile from locking the SIM card to T-Mobile in Germany, it will sell the phone "unlocked" and will offer iPhone without a T-Mobile contract for €999 (US$1,478) at its shops to customers in Germany until the court renders a decision.[129] By the end of November, Apple released another version of iPhone firmware, 1.1.2. This version does not have many new features but breaks unlocks. During Macworld '08, on January 15, Apple released the fifth version of iPhone firmware, 1.1.3; this version repairs loopholes used by "iPhone Hackers." The firmware, however, had been compromised prior to release and new security measures were quickly bypassed. On February 8, 2008, Geohot released the first full software unlock for the 1.1.2 & 1.1.3 OTB iPhones.

title: IPhone 5S

text: The iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21, 2016, and succeeded by the iPhone SE, which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S. This was a break with Apple's product positioning trend (in North America and Western Europe), starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011, which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone, then moving it to midrange for its second year of production, with the third and final year as the entry-level offering before discontinuation. While the iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until September 2016, replacing it and its A7 processor early meant that Apple "just reduced its long-term chip support window by a year" for iOS. In addition, a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand, as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family was expected to suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016.

title: IPhone

text: On December 28, 2017, amidst many complaints about older iPhone models slowing down when new ones are released, Apple released a communication to its customers on its website, acknowledging the effect that old batteries have on the iPhone's performance. The company offered $29 battery replacements as a solution.

title: IPhone 6

text: When first released, the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were supplied pre-loaded with iOS 8, while the iPhone 5S was supplied pre-loaded with iOS 7. Apps are able to take advantage of the increased screen size in the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus to display more information on-screen; for example, the Mail app uses a dual-pane layout similar to its iPad version when the device is in landscape mode on the iPhone 6 Plus. As it uses an identical aspect ratio, apps designed for the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and 5S can be upscaled for use on the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus. To improve the usability of the devices' larger screens, an additional "Reachability" gesture was added; double-tapping the Home button will slide the top half of the screen's contents down to the bottom half of the screen. This function allows users to reach buttons located near the top of the screen, such as a "Back" button in the top-left corner.

title: IPhone 5S

text: Six months after the release of the iPhone 5S, on March 25, 2014, Apple announced that sales of the iPhone brand had exceeded 500 million units. By May 2014, despite having been on the market for eight months, the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40%, with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units. The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively.

title: IPhone 5

text: The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last iPhone to be overseen by Steve Jobs.

title: IOS jailbreaking

text:
The iPhone Dev Team, Chronic Dev Team, and pod2g collaborated to release Absinthe in January 2012, a desktop-based tool to jailbreak the iPhone 4S for the first time and the iPad 2 for the second time, on iOS 5.0.1 for both devices and also iOS 5.0 for iPhone 4S. In May 2012 it released Absinthe 2.0, which can jailbreak iOS 5.1.1 untethered on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch models that support iOS 5.1.1, including jailbreaking the third-generation iPad for the first time. The hackers together called the evad3rs released an iOS 6.X jailbreak tool called "evasi0n" available for Linux, OS X, and Windows on Monday, February 4, 2013 at noon Eastern Standard Time. Due to the high volume of interest in downloading the jailbreak utility, the site initially gave anticipating users download errors. When Apple upgraded its software to iOS 6.1.3 it permanently patched out the evasi0n jailbreak.
In April 2013, the latest versions of Sn0wbreeze was released, which added the support for tethered jailbreaking on A4 devices (i.e. devices "not" newer than the iPhone 4, iPad (1st generation), or iPod touch (4th generation)).

title: History of iPhone

text: The very first iPhone 3G model released on July 11, 2008 was sold in Auckland, New Zealand to 22-year-old student Jonny Gladwell at 12:01 am NZST.[83] The iPhone 3G was available only to customers on the Vodafone network.[84] There was criticism from some New Zealand customers when Vodafone announced pricing for the iPhone 3G, as Vodafone was the only network to offer this generation of iPhone.

title: IPhone 5C

text: The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days, which set a record for first weekend smartphone sales, with the 5S selling three times more units than iPhone 5C. After the first day of release, 1% of all iPhone in the US were iPhone 5S, while 0.3% were iPhone 5C.

title: Steve Jobs

text: Apple began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. "Time" declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007. The completed iPhone had multimedia capabilities and functioned as a quad-band touch screen smartphone. A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with three key features: support for GPS, 3G data and tri-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, whose improvements included voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor, was introduced by Phil Schiller. The iPhone 4 is thinner than previous models, has a five megapixel camera capable of recording video in 720p HD, and adds a secondary front-facing camera for video calls. A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, a virtual assistant capable of voice recognition.

title: IPhone

text: iPhone ( ) is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. All generations of the iPhone use Apple's iOS mobile operating system software. The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007, and multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases have been released since.

title: IPhone

text: Unlike the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 3G must be activated in the store in most countries. This makes the iPhone 3G more difficult, but not impossible, to hack. The need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and iPod Touch users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.0, caused a worldwide overload of Apple's servers on July 11, 2008, the day on which both the iPhone 3G and iPhone OS 2.0 updates as well as MobileMe were released. After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate it, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable.

title: IOS version history

text: June 2007 saw the official release of what eventually became iOS – concurrently with the first iPhone. iOS did not have an official name until the official release of the iPhone software development kit (iPhone SDK) on March 6, 2008. Before then, Apple marketing simply stated that iPhone ran a version of Mac OS X made specifically for iPhone. When iOS was introduced, it was named "iPhone OS". It was officially renamed iOS on June 7, 2010 with the announcement and introduction of iPad. The introduction of iPad, and the existence of iPod Touch, meant the iPhone was no longer the only device to run the mobile operating system. iOS 4 was the first major iOS release that reflected the name change. Apple licensed the "iOS" trademark from Cisco Systems.

title: IPhone 5S

text: The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days, setting a record for first weekend smartphone sales, with the 5S selling three times more units than the 5C. After the first day of release, 1% of all iPhones in the US were iPhone 5Ss, while 0.3% were iPhone 5Cs. Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray reported that the line at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store contained 1,417 people on release day, compared to 1,300 for the iPhone 4 in 2010, and 549 for the iPhone 3G in 2008 on their respective release days. This was the first time that Apple launched two models simultaneously. The first-day release in China also contributed to the record sales result.

title: IOS jailbreaking

text: A few days after the original iPhone became available in July 2007, developers released the first jailbreaking tool for it, and soon a jailbreak-only game app became available. In October 2007, JailbreakMe 1.0 (also called "AppSnapp") allowed people to jailbreak iPhone OS 1.1.1 on both the iPhone and iPod touch, and it included Installer.app as a way to get software for the jailbroken device. In February 2008, Zibri released ZiPhone, a tool for jailbreaking iPhone OS 1.1.3 and iPhone OS 1.1.4.

title: IPhone

text: Apple has released eleven generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the eleven major releases of the iOS operating system. The original first-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents, such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations. The iPhone 3G added 3G network support, and was followed by the 3GS with improved hardware, the 4 with a metal chassis, higher display resolution and front-facing camera, and the 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apple's newly introduced Lightning connector. In 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring displays. The iPhone 6S was introduced the following year, which featured hardware upgrades and support for pressure-sensitive touch inputs, as well as the SE—which featured hardware from the 6S but the smaller form factor of the 5S. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which add water resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new rear dual-camera setup on the Plus model, and new color options, while removing the 3.5 mm headphone jack found on previous models. The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus were released in 2017, adding a glass back and an improved screen and camera. The iPhone X was released alongside the 8 and 8 Plus, with its highlights being a near bezel-less design, an improved camera and a new facial recognition system, named Face ID, but having no home button, and therefore, no Touch ID. In September 2018, Apple again released 3 new iPhones, which are the iPhone XS, an upgraded version of the since discontinued iPhone X, iPhone XS Max, a larger variant with the series' biggest display and iPhone XR, a lower end version of the iPhone X.

title: IPhone 4

text: The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the fourth generation iPhone, succeeding the 3GS and preceding the 4S. Following a number of notable leaks, the iPhone 4 was first unveiled on June 7, 2010, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, and was released on June 24, 2010, in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. The iPhone 4 introduced a new hardware design to the iPhone family, which Apple's CEO Steve Jobs touted as the thinnest smartphone in the world at the time; it consisted of a stainless steel frame which doubles as an antenna, with internal components situated between aluminosilicate glass. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple's new high-resolution "Retina Display" with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch while maintaining the same physical size and aspect ratio as its precursors. The iPhone 4 also introduced Apple's A4 system-on-chip, along with iOS 4—which notably introduced multitasking functionality and Apple's new FaceTime video chat service. The iPhone 4 was also the first iPhone to include a front-facing camera, and the first to be released in a version for CDMA networks, ending AT&T's period as the exclusive carrier of iPhone products in the United States.

title: IPhone 6

text:
On October 3, 2014 9to5Mac released a post claiming that certain iPhone 6
and iPhone 6 Plus users complained on social networking sites that the phone ripped off their hair when they held the phone close to their ears when making phone calls. Twitter users claimed that the seam between the glass screen and aluminum back of the iPhone 6 is to blame, with hair becoming caught within it.

title: IPhone 5S

text: Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time. The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5, while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance/features thanks to its new 64-bit A7 processor, as well as extra storage space, all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C (US$650 versus US$550 in March 2014). This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range, respectively; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9GB available to the user after installing iOS 8. Furthermore, the 5C's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost-cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5's aluminum/glass case; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish.