query: Who designed the flag of Nepal?

title: Flag of Nepal

text: After Prithvi Narayan Shah unified all small principalities of Nepal, the double-pennon flag was adopted. In modern times, the flag's symbolism has evolved to incorporate several meanings. The crimson red indicates the bravery of Nepali people and is the country's national colour and the blue border represents peace and harmony. The colours are often found in Nepalese decoration and works of art.[2] The triangular shape of the pennons originally represented the Himalayas, with their sizing denoting important families - Shahs for the upper, and the Ranas below. Another theory is that the two points represented peace and hard work, using the symbols of the moon and sun respectively. However, the modern and government sanctioned representation is of Hinduism and Buddhism, the main religions of the country.[4][5]

title: Solar symbol

text: The depictions of the sun on the flag of the Republic of China (Taiwan), the flag of Kazakhstan, the flag of Kurdistan, and the flag of Nepal have only straight (triangular) rays, while that on the flag of Kyrgyzstan has only curvy rays. The flag of the Philippines has short diverging rays grouped into threes.

title: Flag of Nepal

text: Old flag of Nepal before 1962 Flag of Mustang

title: List of flag bearers for Nepal at the Olympics

text: This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Nepal at the Olympics.

title: Largest Human Flag of Nepal

text: Nepal is the only country whose flag consists of two triangles instead of a quadrilateral.

title: Flag of Nepal

text: The current flag was adopted on 16 December 1962, along with the formation of a new constitutional government.[2] It borrows from the original, traditional design,[3] used throughout the 19th and 20th Centuries, and is a combination of the two individual pennons used by rival branches of the ruling dynasty. [1]

title: Air transports of heads of state and government

text: Boeing 757-200 is the official air transport of the head of government of Nepal operated by Nepal Airlines (formerly known as Royal Nepal Airlines), which is the flag carrier airline of Nepal. In 2015, Nepal Airlines bought two Airbus A320 – 200 aircraft. Post their arrival, head of state and head of government of Nepal fly on Airbus. The Boeing is only used if there is unavailability of Airbus.

title: Flag of Nepal

text: The shape of the flag of Nepal is difficult to reproduce, and is often used incorrectly. These typically have a white area to make the flag a 3:2 ratio; an example is the Nepalese Flag used at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[9]

title: National symbols of Nepal

text: The national flag of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालको झण्डा) is the world's only non-quadrilateral national flag. The flag is a simplified combination of two single pennons, the vexillological word for a pennant. Its crimson red is the colour of the rhododendron, the country's national flower. Red is also the sign of victory in war. The blue border is the colour of peace. Until 1962, the flag's emblems, the sun and the crescent moon, had human faces. They were removed to modernize the flag.

title: Prayer flag

text: Nepal Sutras, originally written on cloth banners, were transmitted to other regions of the world as prayer flags. Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the Gautama Buddha, whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the "devas" against their adversaries, the "asuras". The legend may have given the Indian "bhikku" a reason for carrying the heavenly banner as a way of signifying his commitment to "ahimsa". This knowledge was carried into Tibet by 800 CE,and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE, where they were further modified. The Indian monk Atisha (980 – 1054 CE) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet and Nepal.

title: Flag of Nepal

text: A precise description of the Nepalese national flag in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1, adopted 9 November 1990.[6]

title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Australian Aboriginal Flag was designed in 1971 by Aboriginal artist Harold Thomas, who is descended from the Luritja people of Central Australia and holds intellectual property rights to the flag's design. The flag was originally designed for the land rights movement, and it became a symbol of the Aboriginal people of Australia.

title: Flag

text: Flags are usually rectangular in shape (often in the ratio 2:3, 1:2, or 3:5), but may be of any shape or size that is practical for flying, including square, triangular, or swallow tailed. A more unusual flag shape is that of the flag of Nepal, which is in the shape of two stacked triangles. Other unusual flag shapes include the flag of Ohio and the flag of Tampa.

title: Willie Kavanaugh Hocker

text: Hocker was a member of the Pine Bluff chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Her chapter wanted to present the newly commissioned with a state flag; however the chapter was informed that a state flag did not exist at all. Hocker, along with other citizens, sent flag designs to Earle W. Hodges, who was the Secretary of State. She proposed a red flag with a white diamond surrounded by a border of blue, 25 white stars in the blue and three blue stars inside the white diamond. The flag design committee suggested adding the name "Arkansas" to the flag. Hocker agreed; thus the first design of the state flag was born. After some changes to add a fourth blue star to the flag, to represent Arkansas's membership in the Confederate States, the final design was set in 1924.

title: Nepal Pride

text: The 2017 Pride Parade took place in Kathmandu, with people wearing vibrant costumes and carrying rainbow balloons and flags. Around 1500 people took part and paid tribute to members of the LGTB community who had died in 2017, which included the American artist, Gilbert Baker, who designed the rainbow flag that is the emblem of the gay community.

title: Flag of Nepal

text: The national flag of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालको झण्डा) is the world's only non-quadrilateral flag that acts as both the state flag and civil flag of a sovereign nation[1]. The flag is a simplified combination of two single pennons (or pennants), known as a double-pennon. Its crimson red is the colour of the rhododendron, Nepal's national flower, while the blue border is the colour of peace. Until 1962, the flag's emblems, the sun and the crescent moon, had human faces, but were removed to modernize the flag.

title: Flag of Nepal

text: Emblem of Nepal Largest Human Flag of Nepal

text: Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.

title: Flag of Togo

text: The sides of the flag of Togo are in the golden ratio , making the flag of Togo one of at most three national flags with irrational proportions (the others being those of Nepal and, if using the Geometric construction, Iran).

title: Nepal national football team

text: The national team's kit employs a tricolour of red, blue, and white to reflect the colours of the national flag of Nepal. With red being used for home matches, and blue for away. The pattern in some kits reflects the triangular shaping of the flag, namely the 2013 kit. Nepal's kits are mostly template kits, as opposed to a custom team-specific kit. This is because the Nepal national team isn't lucrative enough to afford kit partnership deals with manufacturers.

title: Nepal

text: Nepal's flag is the only national flag in the world that is not rectangular in shape. The constitution of Nepal contains instructions for a geometric construction of the flag. According to its official description, the red in the flag stands for victory in war or courage, and is also the colour of the rhododendron, the national flower of Nepal. Red also stands for aggression. The flag's blue border signifies peace. The curved moon on the flag is a symbol of the peaceful and calm nature of Nepali, while the sun represents the aggressiveness of Nepali warriors.

title: Largest Human Flag of Nepal

text: The organization HVPP has planned to distribute the certificates for participation since October 9. The design for the certificate has been approved by the Nepal Government.

title: Emblem of Nepal

text: It contains the flag of Nepal, Mount Everest, green hills symbolising the hilly regions of Nepal and yellow colour symbolising the fertile Terai region, male and female hands joining to symbolise gender equality, and a garland of Rhododendron (the national flower). Atop this is a white silhouette in the shape of Nepal.

title: Nepal at the 2006 Winter Olympics

text: Nepal first participated in Olympic competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The nation did not take part in the next Summer Olympics, but have participated in every Summer Games since the 1972 edition. Nepal did not enter the Winter Olympic Games until the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, these 2006 Games were their second appearance in a Winter Olympics. The only athlete sent by Nepal to the Turin Olympics was Dachhiri Sherpa, competing in cross-country skiing. He was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Kamal Chitrakar was the flag bearer for the closing ceremony. Chitrakar was, in 2010, a member of the executive committee of the Nepal Olympic Committee.

title: Flag of Ohio

text: Ohio's flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag. It is a rare example of a non-quadrilateral civil flag, another well-known example being the flag of Nepal. According to vexillologist Whitney Smith, it may be loosely based upon cavalry flags of the Civil War and Spanish–American War. The flag has been officially defined as a "burgee" since 2002, even though burgees are typically used as maritime flags. Its shape, lack of text, and mirror symmetry allow it to be flown or hung in various orientations without affecting legibility. On account of the flag's uncommon shape, foreign manufacturers have occasionally set the entire design against a white, rectangular field.

title: Seal of Utah

text: As with many flags with seals and coats of arms, there is room for artistic interpretation while still following correct designs. Paul Swenson, who as the President of Colonial Flag Company had paid for the prototype design, felt the eagle as shown in that design was weak and unattractive. He had graphic artist Perry Van Schelt strengthen the design while following the same description and using the same colors as employed in the prototype. Advisors in the project included John Hartvigsen, David Rindlisbach and Ronald L. Fox, Fox suggested the flag on the seal would have 45 stars divided between the two U.S. Flags shown on the seal, Utah was the 45th State. Both the prototype and the enhance designs are correct and follow the law and intent of the 2011 legislation. Only a few hundred flags were ordered using the prototype design, and most flags now being made and sold use the enhanced design, but legally flag manufacturers are free to use either version.

title: National flag

text: All national flags are rectangular, except for the flag of Nepal. The ratios of height to width vary among national flags, but none is taller than it is wide, again except for the flag of Nepal. The flags of Switzerland and the Vatican City are the only national flags which are exact squares.

title: Vexillology

text: A person who studies flags is a vexillologist, one who designs flags is a vexillographer, and the art of flag-designing is called vexillography. One who is a hobbyist or general admirer of flags is a vexillophile.

title: Prasiddha Jung Shah

text: Prasiddha Jung Shah () (born 3 June 1989, Kathmandu) is a Nepalese swimmer who competed for Nepal in the men's 50 m freestyle at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. He was the flag-bearer for Nepal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

title: Largest Human Flag of Nepal

text: Largest Human Flag of Nepal is an event organized to form the world's largest human national flag in Kathmandu. It was organized on 23 August 2014 by Human Values for Peace and Prosperity, an NGO in Nepal with a slogan – Breaking the Records to Unite the Hearts. More than 35,000 Nepalese gathered in Tundikhel in Kathmandu to form the world's largest human national flag.

title: Proletarian Revolutionary Organisation, Nepal

text: The Communist Unity Contact Forum Nepal () was a Nepalese communist organisation. It was founded in July 1974 by communists who had developed differences with the Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal). The group was based in western Nepal and in exile in India. The organisation published "Rato Jhanda" ('Red Flag'). The ideology of the group was Marxism–Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, and it worked for the creation of a militant and well-organised communist party. The group accused Manmohan Adhikari, Pushpa Lal Shrestha and Mohan Bikram Singh for factionalism.


query: Where are totems from in the United States?

title: Totem pole

text: Totem poles serve as important illustrations of family lineage and the cultural heritage of the Native peoples in the islands and coastal areas of North America's Pacific Northwest, especially British Columbia, Canada, and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska in the United States. Families of traditional carvers come from the Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka’wakw (Kwakiutl), Nuxalk (Bella Coola), and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka), among others.[3][4] The poles are typically carved from the highly rot-resistant trunks of Thuja plicata trees (popularly known as giant cedar or western red cedar), which eventually decay in the moist, rainy climate of the coastal Pacific Northwest. Because of the region's climate and the nature of the materials used to make the poles, few examples carved before 1900 remain. Noteworthy examples, some dating as far back as 1880, include those at the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria and the Museum of Anthropology at UBC in Vancouver.

title: Kayung totem pole

text: The Kayung totem pole is a totem pole made by the Haida people. Carved and originally located in the village of Kayung on Graham Island in British Columbia, Canada, it dates from around 1850. In 1903 it was sold by Charles Frederick Newcombe to the British Museum, where since 2007 it has been a prominent exhibit in the Great Court.

title: Operation Totem

text: Two more Kitten tests were carried out on 14 and 17 October. The Totem 2 test was scheduled for 24 October, but once again the weather intervened, and it was postponed to 27 October. Penney estimated that the yield of Totem 2 would be between . It was exploded at 21:30 UTC (7:00 local time) on 27 October. Penney estimated the yield at ; later measurements showed it to be . The Totem 2 cloud rose higher than that of Totem 1, to because of condensation of moisture entrained in it, and whilst the wind direction below was an acceptable 10 degrees, at it was 270 degrees. However high winds dispersed the cloud so that it had dissipated to the point where it could not be tracked far. The British scientists believed that sufficient data had been collected from Totem 1, so only two Lincolns and the USAF B-29s were used for Totem 2.

title: Yueh-Ting Lee

text: Totems have been around for many years in native cultures and religions throughout the world. The cross is an example of a totem for Christians. The cross represents the sacrifice that Jesus Christ made for all humanity according to the Bible. Old totems like these still exist, however, modern totems or symbols exist today as well. Take the American flag for example. When an American looks at the flag and pays respect to it during the National Anthem before an event, they typically think about pride, sacrifice, bravery, freedom, and accomplishment. The American flag is a totem for the American people. It brings a rise of different emotions to the individual. Another example of a modern totem is the national bird of the United States, the bald eagle. By simply looking at a bald eagle, Americans can feel a sense of pride, resilience, and also power, but with grace as well. Totems today are very common in everyday life. Company or sports team logos that produce specific emotions out of individuals can even be looked at as totems. Totems help people put an image in their head to represent the combinations of emotions they feel while thinking about a specific topic or idea.

title: Sotho-Tswana peoples

text:
In Sotho-Tswana society each member has a totem which is usually an animal, totems are inherited from the father and thus pass like an English surname.The totem animal had traditionally a status of veneration and avoidance: in particular, it was important not to eat one's totem. In modern Sotho-Tswana society this is not as strictly observed.
Each morafe/sechaba had its own totem. When naming a clan the name of the founder could be used or the animal they venarate. An example is the Bahurutshe named after the founder Mohurutshe
or alternatively they can also be called Batshweneng after the tshwene(baboon) which they venerate, similarly Batlhako after the founder or Batloung after the totem. For some clan the name of the founder and their totem are same like the Bakwena and Bataung where the founders were named Kwena(Crocodile) and Tau(Lion) respectively.

title: Totem and Taboo

text:
"Totem and Taboo" became widely known in the United States by the end of World War I. According to Annemarie De Waal Malefijt, the book produced "angry reactions" from anthropologists even on the basis of its subtitle alone. Anthropologist critics of "Totem and Taboo" included Kroeber, who described Freud as a "gallant and stimulating adventurer into ethnology" but rejected the idea that Freud's theories could explain social origins and evolutionary phases, Franz Boas, who considered Freud's method in "Totem and Taboo" one-sided and useless for advancing understanding of cultural development, and Robert Ranulph Marett, who referred to the work as a "just-so story".
Claude Lévi-Strauss criticized "Totem and Taboo" in his "The Elementary Structures of Kinship" (1948).

title: History of the United States

text: The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities, but they shared certain beliefs, traditions and practices, such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol. Their gift-giving feast, potlatch, is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief. The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole, with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs, legends, and notable events.

title: Pioneer Square Totem Pole

text: The damaged totem pole was shipped to Saxman, where Tlingit carver Charles Brown directed a team of carvers which included members of the Kinninook family. The replica was completed after three months of work, and because the red cedar used to carve the totem pole had come from Forest Service land and the carvers were paid by the government, a special act of Congress was passed to allow transfer of ownership of the totem pole from the Forest Service to the City of Seattle. The completed replica was dedicated with tribal blessings and shipped to Seattle in April 1940 and then raised in Pioneer Square in a ceremony on July 25, 1940.

title: Norumbega Park

text: In 1930, as buses replaced the trolleys that ran along "Comm Ave", the Great Steel Theater was converted into the Totem Pole Ballroom. Although more than a hundred ballrooms were advertising in the Boston newspapers, the Totem Pole was a premier facility. Over the course of three decades, the Totem Pole Ballroom featured the most celebrated entertainers in the United States, particularly during the swing era. Music from the ballroom was nationally broadcast over the ABC, CBS and NBC radio networks. Famous acts that appeared at the Totem Pole Ballroom include:

title: Seattle Totems

text: The Totems were one of the few American-based professional clubs to play a touring Soviet team. On December 25, 1972 the Totems lost to the Soviets 9-4. A rematch between the two teams was held on January 4, 1974 where, led by Don Westbrooke's three goals, the Totems won 8-4.

title: Anishinaabe clan system

text: Now one of the most common clans, the eagle totem was once of the smaller clans. However, the number of eagle totem members grew when new members whose paternal ancestors were Americans were assigned to this totem. Since the first sustained contact by the Anishinaabe with the United States was through government officials, the symbol of the American eagle was taken for a clan marker. Members of the Eagle clan include:

title: Talking stick

text: Talking sticks are a contemporary Northwest Coast art form with great symbolic importance. Tsimshian woodcarver David A. Boxley was commissioned to sculpt a crown of a talking stick for the 1990 Goodwill Games, that incorporated symbolism of the United States and Russia. This staff was carried from Spokane, Washington to Oregon and on to Seattle, Washington by participating athletes. Talking sticks are also incorporated into totem poles. In 1988 Kwakwaka'wakw Richard Hunt carved the world's largest totem pole featuring a Cedar Man wielding a 4.3 meter (14 foot) tall talking stick. Representations of chiefs are carved in totem poles carrying talking sticks as well as coppers.

title: Kwakwaka'wakw art

text: The totem pole is arguably the most complex and grandiose art form in Kwakwaka'wakw culture. Poles are placed outside family houses where they display the family's crests, history, wealth, social rank, inheritance, and privilege. The sequence of characters and symbols sculpted into a totem pole is indicative of past family events, ancestors, myths, and heraldic crests, with the bottom figure usually being the most prominent. The interpretation of the symbols is retold in a semi-legendary form when the pole is first dedicated to a certain house after completion. Kwakwaka'wakw totems are built from red cedar and can range between fifteen and fifty feet tall. The reputation of a pole's maker depended on the quality of his work. The Kwakwaka'wakw style of totem uses more protruding elements than other Northwest coast totems, such as stretching limbs, beaks jutting out, and wings thrust away from the body of the pole. Painting followed a scheme of alternating dark and light colors for contrast. Finally, like other forms of Kwakwaka'wakw art, Kwakwaka'wakw totems display a high emphasis on realism.

title: The Village at Totem Lake

text: The Village at Totem Lake, formerly Totem Lake Mall, is a small shopping center in Kirkland, Washington, United States. The center of Totem Lake Mall consisted of an enclosed shopping mall (Lower Mall), and an adjacent strip mall (Upper Mall). Collectively, the two centers were sometimes referred to as "Totem Lake Malls". Following the redevelopment of major regional malls beginning in the 1980s, Totem Lake Mall went into steady decline, losing most of its major tenants. Multiple redevelopments for the property were proposed. Village At Totem Lake, LLC purchased the mall in 2015 and in 2016 announced it would be redeveloped and reopened as The Village at Totem Lake.

title: Pioneer Square Totem Pole

text: In October 1938, the totem pole was damaged by an arsonist and was found to be too damaged by dry rot for repair and the Seattle City Council and Park Board sought to have a replica commissioned. The United States Forest Service was directing a totem pole restoration project in southeastern Alaska and offered to employ Civilian Conservation Corps Tlingit carvers to craft a replica.

title: Dinka religion

text: The Dinka are also animists. Dinka inherit a totem from both their parents. The faithful are expected to make offerings to their totem force and maintain positive relations with members. Eating or hurting your totem animal is a bad omen for those who share a totem. Some totems are believed to endow powers. The owl totem, for example, is believed to give the power of providence. Totems are not exclusively animals, although most are; some Dinka are related ores and elements.

title: Red Lodge (United States)

text: The Totem or emblem of The Red Lodge consists of a purple Thunder-bird superimposed on a turquoise background with red eyes, and below it a red lodge. The totem is surrounded by a rim of yellow. All of the Brethren of the Lodge may wear the Totem signifying membership in the first or second degree. In all of Woodcraft the Thunder-bird alone is reserved and can only be worn by members of The Red Lodge.

title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan has the world's largest collection of standing totem poles, found throughout the city and at four major locations: Saxman Totem Park, Totem Bight State Park, Potlatch Park, and the Totem Heritage Center. Most of the totems at Saxman Totem Park and Totem Bight State Park are recarvings of older poles, a practice that began during the Roosevelt Administration through the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Totem Heritage Center displays preserved 19th-century poles rescued from abandoned village sites near Ketchikan.

title: Earth's Children

text: All Clan members are assigned a totem at birth, and boys are marked with that totem's ritual tattoo as part of the ceremony that marks their passage from child to man following their first major hunting kill. People are also believed to possess personality traits similar to those of their totem spirit; Broud, quick-tempered, stubborn and unpredictable like a woolly rhinoceros (his totem spirit) is a prime example. Totems are also responsible for pregnancy; a woman's moon time is believed to be her totem fighting off the presences of marauding male totems; for this reason, women's totems are almost invariably weaker than those of men and women may not associate with men during menstruation. Should the male totem prove stronger, the woman will become pregnant. If the totem is not strong enough by itself, it may ask for the help of one or more other totems, in which case it may be one of the other totems that leaves behind an impregnating essence. It is considered especially lucky for a boy to have the same totem as the mate of his mother. Totems are assigned by "Mog-ur"s, men whose talent is understanding the world of spirits. Each individual Clan has its own "Mog-ur", but one - the one in the clan which Ayla joins - is traditionally recognized as being first among them.

title: Totem pole

text: Tlingit totem pole in Ketchikan, Alaska, circa 1901 Totem poles in front of homes in Alert Bay, British Columbia in the 1900s A totem pole in Totem Park, Victoria, British Columbia From Totem Park, Victoria, British Columbia The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka From Saxman Totem Park, Ketchikan, Alaska From Saxman Totem Park, Ketchikan, Alaska From Brockton Point, Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia Replica of G'psgolox Pole. A gift from the Haisla First Nation to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, Sweden. US 50th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms with a totem pole arrangement of a US American eagle and a Russian Bear {signifying transfer of ownership of Alaska from Russia to United States} Kwakwaka'wakw House Post at the American Museum of Natural History

title: Milne Bay Province

text: As of the early 20th century, Milne Bay peoples lived in small hamlets, which were dominated by clans. Most clans consisted of relatives, with an integration of adopted and individuals who married into the clan from other clans. Relocation of hamlets was commons, where one, two or three hamlets might combine and relocate together. The culture, was of that time, was matrilineal. Each clan had a totem animal it identified as its own. Totems included snakes, a lizard, a fish, or a bird. One clan, the Tubetube clan, had a non-animal, with a plant as its totem. The snake was identified as one of the most powerful of the totems, as is the bird. People were known for asking "what is your bird?" in reference to what clan someone was a member of. Clans did not build shrines to represent their totems, and people didn't believe to have special power or influence over the animals representing their totems. As of 1904, people were occasionally maintaining the creatures representing their clans as pets, which may have been introduced by Europeans. Bird totem creatures are not considered food.

title: Wolf Totem (film)

text: The film premiered at the European Film Market on , 2015. It was released in China on , 2015, the start of the Chinese New Year. It was released in France on , 2015. Alibaba Pictures acquired rights to distribute "Wolf Totem" in territories outside of the United States.

title: Totem and Taboo

text: Furtmüller wrote that the work showed Freud's increasing "isolation from the scientific world". He accused Freud of ignoring criticisms directed against his theories, and objected to Freud's basing his investigations on the theory of the Oedipus complex. He credited Freud with providing a "compact survey" of the confusing state of research into totemism, but believed that it was difficult for psychoanalysts to deal with the subject because they could not base their conclusions on "first-hand experience", and that Freud attached too much importance to "the belief of totemistic acolytes that they are descendants of the totem animal." He criticized Freud's attempt to explain totemism through parallels with the "psychological life" of children, arguing that the analytical results Freud employed were of questionable accuracy and did little to provide a "solution of the problem of totemism", and that Freud failed to explain why the totem was represented as an animal. He also considered Freud wrong to consider exogamy one of the most important features of totemism. Though believing that Freud showed "sharp wit", he accused him of engaging in "the free play of fantasy" where "logical argumentation" was needed and of misunderstanding the work of Darwin. He wrote that Freud explained morality as the "product of a social contract" and compared the Oedipus complex to the "original sin of the human race."

title: Camp Winton

text: The history of Camp Winton can partially be deciphered by the tradition of "totems," which are plaques of artwork created by the staff each year that document important events that occurred. The years of totems are hung inside the lodge. The oldest totem is from 1961, and it is unknown where the totems of 1958-1960 are, if they were ever made.

title: Totem

text: By 1910, the idea of totemism as having common properties across cultures was being challenged, with Russian American ethnologist Alexander Goldenweiser subjecting totemistic phenomena to sharp criticism. Goldenweiser compared Indigenous Australians and First Nations in British Columbia to show that the supposedly shared qualities of totemism - exogamy, naming, descent from the totem, taboo, ceremony, reincarnation, guardian spirits and secret societies and art - were actually expressed very differently between Australia and British Columbia, and between different peoples in Australia and between different peoples in British Columbia. He then expands his analysis to other groups to show that they share some of the customs associated with totemism, without having totems. He concludes by offering two general definitions of totemism, one of which is: "Totemism is the tendency of definite social units to become associated with objects and symbols of emotional value".

title: Nathan Jackson (artist)

text: Jackson has created more than 50 totem poles, some of which are on display in the National Museum of the American Indian, the Field Museum in Chicago, Harvard University's Peabody Museum, and other museums in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Other totem poles stand outside Juneau-Douglas High School, Juneau's Centennial Hall, in Juneau's Sealaska Building, in Totem Bight State Historical Park, at the Alaska Native Heritage Center, at Saxman Totem Park, and at the Totem Heritage Center in Ketchikan.

title: Totem pole

text: In the 19th century, American and European trade and settlement initially led to the growth of totem pole carving, but United States and Canadian policies and practices of acculturation and assimilation caused a decline in the development of Alaska Native and First Nations cultures and their crafts, and sharply reduced totem pole production by the end of the century. Between 1830 and 1880, the maritime fur trade, mining, and fisheries gave rise to an accumulation of wealth among the coastal peoples.[12][13] Much of it was spent and distributed in lavish potlatch celebrations, frequently associated with the construction and erection of totem poles.[14] The monumental poles commissioned by wealthy family leaders to represent their social status and the importance of their families and clans.[15] In the 1880s and 1890s, tourists, collectors, scientists and naturalist interested in native culture collected and photographed totem poles and other artifacts, many of which were put on display at expositions such as the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 1893 World's Columbia Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[16]

title: The Stanford Legacy

text: The Stanford Legacy is a totem pole by artist Don Yeomans, installed on the Stanford University campus in Stanford, California, United States. The , 4,200-pound artwork was installed outside the Law School on May 6, 2002. It exhibits a traditional Haida style and was carved from an approximately 400-year-old Western red cedar. The totem was cleaned and repainted in 2013.

title: Ezekiel (comics)

text: Ezekiel, in his 50s, contacted Spider-Man and explained to him the nature of animal totems: people who gain supernatural abilities from a mystic link with certain animals. He suggested that the spider that bit Peter Parker was not mutated by the radiation, but actually trying to give Peter its powers before the radiation killed it. This meant that Spider-Man was now part of the supernatural food chain, and became a target for other totems and beings who feed on totems (Hence why so many of Spider-Man's foes were based on animals; on some level, they 'sensed' that Peter was a true totem while they were merely impostors and were thus driven to destroy him). He subsequently aided Spider-Man in fighting a being known as Morlun, a vampire-like entity that 'fed' on totems, apparently at the cost of his life, but it was later revealed that he survived and departed for Africa, where he aided Spider-Man in dealing with Shathra, another supernatural-based menace, by leading Peter to an area where he would have the advantage over Shathra.

title: Totem (Paluzzi)

text:
Totem, is a public artwork by American-Spanish artist Rinaldo Paluzzi, located on the grounds of White River State Park, which is in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The sculpture is made of stainless steel and is a triangular shaped vertical "tube" with triangular and trapezoidal cut-outs in the steel. The piece sits centered atop a concrete circle, 40 feet in diameter, with a sundial face. The piece was constructed in 1982 and dedicated November 9, 1982. It is copyrighted 1983.
The sculpture also has a bronze plaque placed just south of it. The plaque reads: TOTEM/BY RINALDO PALUZZI (AMERICAN B. 1927)/FABRICATED BY MITCHUM-SHAEFER, INC./OF INDIANAPOLIS AND DONATED TO THE WHITE RIVER STATE PARK ON NOV. 9, 1982/INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS (33 names listed) INSTITUTIONAL CONTRIBUTORS (30 names listed).

title: Totem Bight State Historical Park

text: The United States Forest Service used Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) funds to hire skilled carvers from among the older Native Alaskans to repair or duplicate totem poles that were abandoned when the natives moved to communities where work was available. The CCC project built the community house and placed 15 totem poles, most of them replicas of 19th-century poles. At statehood in 1959, title to the land passed from the federal government to the State of Alaska.


query: Was Hawaii under martial law after Pearl Harbor?

title: Martial law in the United States

text: Martial law in the United States refers to several periods in United States history wherein a region or the United States as whole are placed under the control of a military body. On a federal level, only the president has the power to impose Martial Law. In each state the governor has the right to impose martial law within the borders of the state. In the United States, martial law has been used in a limited number of circumstances, such as directly after a foreign attack, such as Hawaii after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor or New Orleans during the Battle of New Orleans; after major disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 or the San Francisco earthquake of 1906; local leaders declared martial law to protect themselves from mob violence, such as Nauvoo, Illinois, during the Illinois Mormon War, or Utah during the Utah War; or in response to chaos associated with protests and mob action, such as the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, or mob actions against the Freedom Riders.

title: Honolulu Star-Bulletin

text: October 24, 1944: Wartime martial law ended in Hawaii. The "Star-Bulletin" strongly opposed martial law from its inception shortly after the Pearl Harbor attack.

title: Martial law

text: In the United States, martial law has been used in a limited number of circumstances, such as directly after a foreign attack, such as Hawaii after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor or New Orleans during the Battle of New Orleans, after major disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 or the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, by renegade local leaders seeking to avoid arrest, such as Nauvoo, Illinois during the Illinois Mormon War, or Utah during the Utah War, or in response to chaos associated with protests and mob action, such as the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, or mob actions against the Freedom Riders.

title: USS Half Moon (AVP-26)

text: "Half Moon" sailed from New York Harbor on 1 April 1967 under the command of Commander Emmett G. McCarthy, bound for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and an assignment to Coast Guard Squadron Three. The squadron, which was designated Task Unit 70.8.6, was activated at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 24 April 1967 when its commander, Captain John E. Day, hoisted his flag aboard his flagship, the Coast Guard cutter .

title: Japanese language education in the United States

text: At the same time, Japanese language schools on the West Coast aimed at heritage speakers were shut down due to the Japanese American internment. Japanese school instructors and principals were among those detained by the FBI after Pearl Harbor, so many schools had already closed by the time "evacuation" orders were issued in the spring of 1942. Even in Hawaii, which was not affected by Executive Order 9066 but was instead placed under martial law, authorities forced Japanese community schools to dissolve and liquidate their assets; however, after the war, the schools were revived with the support of "issei", "nisei", and non-Japanese community members. Enrollment in such schools declined compared to the pre-war period; for example, the Moiliili Language School in Honolulu, which with over 1,000 students in 1938 was the largest Japanese-language school in Hawaii, had only 85 students .

title: Habeas corpus in the United States

text: Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the governor of Hawaii Territory, Joseph Poindexter, at the specific request by LG Walter Short, US Army, invoked the Hawaiian Organic Act, (1900), suspended habeas corpus, and declared martial law. General Short was recalled to Washington, DC two weeks after the attack and subsequently Hawaii was governed by US Army Lieutenant Generals Delos Emmons, and Robert C. Richardson, Jr. for the remainder of the war. In "Duncan v. Kahanamoku", , the United States Supreme Court held that the declaration of martial law did not permit the trial of civilians in military tribunals for offenses unrelated to the military (in this case, public drunkenness).

title: USS William C. Lawe (DD-763)

text: After commissioning, "William C. Lawe" requested an extended fitting-out period due to the failure of the starboard reduction gear. On 29 January 1947, the ship returned to the Bethlehem Steel Co. for repairs. "Lawe" reported to San Diego, California for shakedown on 28 March 1947 and continued operations in the San Diego and San Francisco areas until 9 October when she set course for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The destroyer remained at Pearl Harbor for three months. She then departed on 16 January 1948, together with three other destroyers and aircraft carrier , for an around-the-world cruise for training and goodwill purposes. The ship returned to San Diego on 12 June 1948 after a five-month cruise in which the ship had steamed over .

title: USS Rathburne (FF-1057)

text: "Rathburne" arrived at her home port of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 20 July 1970, and spent the remainder of that year and the first quarter of the next engaged in weapons systems' testing and various exercises. On 14 April 1971, she departed Pearl Harbor, for a six-month WestPac deployment, returning to Hawaii, on 27 October, for an extended upkeep period. After a short visit to the west coast in May and June 1972, "Rathburne" embarked upon her second tour of duty in WestPac 31 July 1972. She ended 1972, and began 1973, in the western Pacific, off the coast of Vietnam, and did not return to Pearl Harbor until 25 February 1973. She remained in the Pearl Harbor area throughout 1973 and was still operating there in January 1974.

title: History of Hawaii

text: Pearl Harbor was surprisingly attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Navy, killing 2,403 people and sinking the main American battleship fleet. Fortuitously, the four Pacific aircraft carriers were not in port and escaped damage. Hawaii was put under martial law until 1945. Unlike the West Coast of the United States in which 100,000 ethnic Japanese citizens were interned, the Japanese American population in Hawaii completely avoided such similar fate, though hundreds of pro-Japan leaders were arrested. Pearl Harbor was the U.S.' main forward base for the Pacific War. The Japanese tried to invade in summer 1942 but were defeated at the Battle of Midway. Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, sailors, Marines, and airmen passed through on their way to the fighting.

title: USS Artemis (AKA-21)

text: "Artemis" reached Pearl Harbor on 3 November and unloaded her passengers. One day later, she left Hawaiian waters to return to California. On 13 November, the ship arrived at Port Hueneme to take on pontoon equipment and carried this cargo to Pearl Harbor. While in Hawaii, she participated in a series of training exercises held off Pearl Harbor. On 5 December, "Artemis" left Hawaiian waters to return to the west coast. Once again, cargo was taken on at Port Hueneme, and the ship proceeded back to Hawaii, and "Artemis" spent the Christmas holidays in port at Pearl Harbor.

title: Pearl Harbor Elementary School

text: Pearl Harbor Elementary School is a public, coeducational grade school of the Hawai'i State Department of Education that serves around 637 students in grades K-6. The ethnicity is 56% Asian and 25% White. It is located on Moanalua Ridge, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Pearl Harbor is within the Radford Complex in the Central Oahu District of Hawaii State Department of Education.

title: National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day

text: In 1990, leading up to the 50th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress established the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal. This is also known as the Pearl Harbor Survivor's medal and was awarded to anyone who was in the U.S. Armed Forces and who was present in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and participated in combat operations that day against the attack. The medal was also awarded to civilians who were killed or injured in the attack. A few years later, Congress amended the law to allow any person who was present in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and was involved in combat operations against Japanese military forces attacking Hawaii, to receive the award. In both instances, there was a limited time period to apply for the award, and it is no longer issued.

title: Habeas corpus in the United States

text: The period of martial law in Hawaii ended in October 1944. It was held in "Duncan v. Kahanamoku" (1946) that although the initial imposition of martial law in December 1941 may have been lawful, due to the Pearl Harbor attack and threat of imminent invasion, by 1944 the imminent threat had receded and civilian courts could again function in Hawaii. The Organic Act therefore did not authorize the military to continue to keep civilian courts closed.

title: Joseph Kahahawai

text: Massie, Fortescue, Jones and Lord were charged with murder. The jury found them guilty of the lesser charge of manslaughter, and they were each sentenced to 10 years in prison. The white population, heavily weighted by the American citizens of Naval Station Pearl Harbor and the businesses supporting it, was enraged. Under pressure from Rear Admiral Yates Stirling, Jr., Commandant of the US Navy's 14th Naval District (including N.S. Pearl Harbor), and following threats that martial law might be imposed if the sentences were allowed to stand, Territorial Governor Lawrence M. Judd commuted the 10-year sentences of the convicted killers to one hour, to be served in his office. The four convicted killers left Hawaii just days after sitting through their one hour sentence preventing the retrial of the four surviving defendants in the Massie rape case.

title: Jean Vaughan Gilbert

text: Her career was put on hold for several years after her October 7, 1935, marriage to US Navy captain Melbourne Newcomb Gilbert, who was stationed in Vallejo, California. Upon the couple's 1940 return to Hawaii, she was once again appointed Assistant U. S. District Attorney, this time by acting U. S. District Attorney Angus M. Taylor. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the territory was placed under martial law by territorial governor Joseph Poindexter, approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The writ of habeas corpus was suspended. One of the cases she worked on was that of Honolulu doctor of naturopathy Hans Zimmerman, who challenged his arrest and detention with no charges filed against him.

title: Joseph Poindexter

text: In the immediate aftermath of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Poindexter placed the territory under martial law and allowed the U.S. military to form a military government. He mobilized the Hawaii Territorial Guard while the attack was still ongoing. The military government would continue until 1943. After his term expired, Poindexter remained in office until August 24, 1942, when his successor, Ingram Stainback, was confirmed.

title: USS Leo (AKA-60)

text: After shakedown in Chesapeake Bay, the new attack cargo ship departed Norfolk, Virginia, for Hawaii on 13 October 1944, arriving at Pearl Harbor on 4 November. After a month of training off Maui, Hawaii, Leo steamed for Port Hueneme, California, arrived on 12 December, loaded cargo, and returned to Pearl Harbor on Christmas Eve.

title: Honolulu Police Department

text: After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Territorial Governor Joseph B. Poindexter declared martial law and Hawaii fell under military governance under the Judge Advocate General's Corps. The Honolulu Police Department became a deputized military force. The word "Emergency" was etched above the "Honolulu" on the seven-point star badges of police officers. For the duration of World War II, the Honolulu Police Department was forced to impose restrictions on civil liberties and hand people over for trial by a military judge. Martial law ended after the end of the war in 1945.

title: Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard

text: The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard is a United States Navy shipyard located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is one of just four shipyards operated by the United States Navy. The shipyard is physically a part of Naval Station Pearl Harbor.

title: Territory of Hawaii

text: From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph B. Pointdexter and Ingram M. Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law. With the territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely. Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii. The formation of the military government was mostly done by Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Green of the U.S Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, who became Military Attorney General. General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941. He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace, which was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches. He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty, accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor.

title: USS Makassar Strait

text: After shakedown along the United States West Coast, "Makassar Strait" departed San Diego, California, on 6 June 1944 and steamed via Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, to the Marshall Islands carrying replacement aircraft and passengers; from there, she transported military casualties to Pearl Harbor and San Diego, where she arrived on 13 July 1944. During much of the next two months she trained aircraft carrier pilots off Southern California. Between 25 September and 15 October 1944, she ferried 129 planes to Hawaii and to Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands. After returning to Pearl Harbor on 26 October 1944 with 70 damaged Grumman F4F Wildcats on board, she resumed pilot training operations out of Pearl Harbor.

title: Operation Sailor Hat

text: Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Territory of Hawaii was placed under martial law and the island of Kahoolawe was used as a training ground and fleet bombing and gunnery range. This made it a natural choice for Operation Sailor Hat, since it also had deep waters close to shore and was only 90 miles away from the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard in Honolulu that could provide industrial support.

title: National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day

text: National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, also referred to as Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day or Pearl Harbor Day, is observed annually in the United States on December 7, to remember and honor the 2,403 citizens of the United States who were killed in the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941.

title: Attack on Pearl Harbor

text: The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor,[11] led to the United States' entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI,[12][13] and as Operation Z during its planning.[14]

title: Sand Island (Hawaii)

text: Dec. 7, 1941 — 7:57 am: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. 4:25 pm: martial law declared by Gov. Joseph B. Poindexter. Detention of local Japanese begins

title: USS Reclaimer (ARS-42)

text: After freeing the grounded LST from Kauai, Hawaii, she again conducted salvage operations in the Far East from 12 July to 30 November. Returning to Pearl Harbor she began a two-month tour on the West Coast in February 1958 then, following further services at Hawaii, again set sail for a four-month deployment to WestPac. She returned to Pearl Harbor in August and to the West Coast in February 1959, but was back at Pearl after only a month. In June she deployed to WestPac, returning in September.

title: Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge

text: The Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It was created in 1972 to mitigate the wildlife resource disturbances caused by construction of the Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway. The Refuge includes three units, the Honouliuli, Waiwa and Kalaeloa. The Honouliuli and Waiawa Units are managed under a cooperative agreement with the United States Navy. The Kalaeloa Unit was established during Base Realignment and Closure proceedings in 2001. Through these cooperative efforts with the Federal Aviation Administration, the State of Hawaii, and the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service made Pearl Harbor NWR a reality.

title: USS Reclaimer (ARS-42)

text: "Reclaimer" then operated off Vietnam for the whole of 1970, entering Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 17 March 1971. At Pearl Harbor "Reclaimer" underwent regular overhaul and, subsequent to overhaul, engaged in salvage and refresher training. In February 1972, she was re-deployed to WestPac, returning to Hawaii in late August. She remained in the Pearl Harbor area throughout 1972 and the first six months of 1973. In July 1973, she steamed westward again for deployment, spending the last six months of 1973 in the western Pacific. As of late January 1974, "Reclaimer" was making the passage from Apra, Guam, to Pearl Harbor.

title: Martial law in the United States

text: During World War II (1939 to 1945) what is now the State of Hawaii was held under martial law from December 7, 1941 to October 24, 1944, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.[16] After the war, the federal judge for the islands condemned the conduct of martial law, saying, "Gov. Poindexter declared lawfully martial law but the Army went beyond the governor and set up that which was lawful only in conquered enemy territory namely, military government which is not bound by the Constitution. And they ... threw the Constitution into the discard and set up a military dictatorship."[17]

title: Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Expecting war, and seeing an opportunity in the forward basing of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, the Japanese began planning in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning and organizing a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies to the south occupied much of the Japanese Navy's time and attention. The plans for the Pearl Harbor attack arose out of the Japanese expectation the U.S. would be inevitably drawn into war after a Japanese attack against Malaya and Singapore.


query: Do polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause cancer?

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: PAHs have been linked to skin, lung, bladder, liver, and stomach cancers in well-established animal model studies.[52] Specific compounds classified by various agencies as possible or probable human carcinogens are identified in the section "Regulation and Oversight" below.

text: One of the well-established mechanisms by which chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exert their toxic effects is via the function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR-mediated activities of Cl-PAHs have been determined by using yeast assay systems. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is a cytosolic, ligand-activated transcription receptor. Cl-PAHs have the ability to bind to and activate the AhR. The biological pathway involves translocation of the activated AhR to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the AhR binds with the AhR nuclear translator protein to form a heterodimer. This process leads to transcriptional modulation of genes, causing adverse changes in cellular processes and function.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Considered probable or possible human carcinogens by the US EPA, the European Union, and/or the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).[78][1]

title: Acenaphthylene

text: Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The molecule resembles naphthalene with positions 1 and 8 connected by a CH unit. It is a yellow solid. Unlike many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, it has no fluorescence.

title: Stir frying

text: Stir frying is not without health risks. Recent studies show that heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed by stir frying meat at very high temperatures. These chemicals cause DNA changes that may contribute to increased risk of cancer.

title: Smokeless tobacco

text: Other chemicals found in tobacco can also cause cancer. These include: A radioactive element (polonium-210) found in tobacco fertilizer. Chemicals formed when tobacco is cured with heat (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons—also known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Harmful metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel, mercury). Products such as 3-(methylnitrosamino)-proprionitrile, nitrosamines, and nicotine initiate the production of reactive oxygen species in smokeless tobacco, eventually leading to fibroblast, DNA, and RNA damage with carcinogenic effects in the mouth of tobacco consumers. The metabolic activation of nitrosamine in tobacco by cytochrome P450 enzymes may lead to the formation of N-nitrosonornicotine, a major carcinogen, and micronuclei, which are an indicator of genotoxicity. These effects lead to further DNA damage and, eventually, oral cancer. Smokeless tobacco can cause white or gray patches inside the mouth (leukoplakia) that can lead to cancer. The World Health Organization has classified smokeless tobacco products as human carcinogenic compounds, in particular tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which account for 76 to 91% of the total N-nitroso compound (NOC) burden. A 2014 review found there is "a number of ethnically linked smokeless tobacco types that contain areca nut, a Group 1 carcinogen. Use of areca nut-containing smokeless tobacco is known to cause oral cancer, yet despite this, prevalence is increasing in the Western Pacific."

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Cancer is a primary human health risk of exposure to PAHs.[52] Exposure to PAHs has also been linked with cardiovascular disease and poor fetal development.

title: Aromatic hydrocarbon

text: An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene (or sometimes aryl hydrocarbon) is a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle. In contrast, aliphatic hydrocarbons lack this delocalization. The term "aromatic" was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered; the term was coined as such simply because many of the compounds have a sweet or pleasant odour. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be "monocyclic" (MAH) or "polycyclic" (PAH).

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services NASA Spitzer Space Telescope Aromatic World An interview with Professor Pascale Ehrenfreund on PAH origin of life. Accessed June 2006 focused on new technologies and emerging health risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, January 2008.

title: Polycyclic compound

text: In general, the term polycyclic includes polycyclic aromatic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as heterocyclic aromatic compounds with multiple rings (where heteroaromatic compounds are aromatic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or another non-carbon atoms in their rings in addition to carbon).

title: Indenofluorene

text: Indenofluorenes (IFs) are members of the family of polycyclic hydrocarbons which incorporate a core Indene and a core Fluorene to form a 6-5-6-5-6 ring system. While IFs are members of the polycyclic hydrocarbon family, they are not necessarily members of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. For example, the fully conjugated versions, shown below, have 20π electrons making them formally anti-aromatic. Depending on the way that the indene and fluorene are connected, five regioisomers can be formed where each regioisomer has unique properties, applications and extent of study.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons[1]) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized). The simplest such chemicals are naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: A spectral database exists[79] for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe.[80] Detection of PAHs in materials is often done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible or fluorescence spectroscopic methods or by using rapid test PAH indicator strips.

title: Mate (drink)

text: Researchers from NCI (National Cancer Institutes) and Brazil found both cold- and hot-water extractions of popular commercial yerba mate products contained high levels (8.03 to 53.3 ng/g dry leaves) of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e. benzo[a]pyrene). However, these potential carcinogenic compounds originated from the commercial drying process of the mate leaves, which involves smoke from the burning of wood, much like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in wood-smoked meat. "Unsmoked" or steamed varieties of yerba mate tea are also available.

title: Cancer

text: Tobacco smoke, for example, causes 90% of lung cancer. It also causes cancer in the larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, esophagus and pancreas. Tobacco smoke contains over fifty known carcinogens, including nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified by the US EPA, the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) due to their carcinogenicity or genotoxicity and/or ability to be monitored are the following:[76][77][78]

title: Occupational lung disease

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fused-ring chemicals formed during the combustion of fossil fuels, are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 complex to highly reactive carbocations, which can mutate DNA and cause cancer. Workers may be exposed to PAHs while working in a foundry, in the roofing industry, or due to environmental tobacco smoke.

title: Contorted aromatics

text: Contorted aromatics or more precisely contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons represent a unique class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which the fused aromatic molecules deviate from the usual planarity.

title: Aromaticity

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules containing two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms (see also simple aromatic rings). Examples are naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. In fused aromatics, not all carbon–carbon bonds are necessarily equivalent, as the electrons are not delocalized over the entire molecule. The aromaticity of these molecules can be explained using their orbital picture. Like benzene and other monocyclic aromatic molecules, polycyclics have a cyclic conjugated pi system with p-orbital overlap above and below the plane of the ring.

title: Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons

text: Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known to be tumorigenic or mutagenic are found in atmospheric aerosols, which is connected to the thermal rearrangement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fast soot formation during combustion.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as possible starting materials for abiotic syntheses of materials required by the earliest forms of life.

title: Breast cancer

text: Other risk factors include radiation and shift-work. A number of chemicals have also been linked, including polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organic solvents Although the radiation from mammography is a low dose, it is estimated that yearly screening from 40 to 80 years of age will cause approximately 225 cases of fatal breast cancer per million women screened.

title: Aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH. PAHs occur in oil, coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As pollutants, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.

text: Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) are a group of compounds comprising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more aromatic rings and one or more chlorine atoms attached to the ring system. Cl-PAHs can be divided into two groups: chloro-substituted PAHs, which have one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by a chlorine atom, and chloro-added Cl-PAHs, which have two or more chlorine atoms added to the molecule. They are products of incomplete combustion of organic materials. They have many congeners, and the occurrences and toxicities of the congeners differ. Cl-PAHs are hydrophobic compounds and their persistence within ecosystems is due to their low water solubility. They are structurally similar to other halogenated hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Cl-PAHs in the environment are strongly susceptible to the effects of gas/particle partitioning, seasonal sources, and climatic conditions.

title: Anthanthrene

text: Anthanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there was "limited evidence in experimental animals" that it is a carcinogen.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: Polycyclic aromatic compounds characteristically reduce to the radical anions. The redox potential correlates with the size of the PAH.

title: Erich Clar

text: Erich Clar (August 23, 1902 – March 27, 1987) was an organic chemist who studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry. He is considered as the father of that field. He authored the two-volume "Polycyclic Hydrocarbons", which described the syntheses, properties, and UV-visible absorption spectra of hundreds of PAHs. He created the Sextet Theory, now eponymously called "Clar's rule", to describe the behavior of PAH isomers. This was described in his book "The Aromatic Sextet". He was awarded the August Kekulé Medal by the Chemical Society of the GDR in 1965, the highest award given by that society to foreign scientists, and the first Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Research Award of the International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in 1987.

title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: The structure of a PAH influences whether and how the individual compound is carcinogenic.[52][56] Some carcinogenic PAHs are genotoxic and induce mutations that initiate cancer; others are not genotoxic and instead affect cancer promotion or progression.[56][57]

title: Chimney sweeps' carcinoma

text: Decades later, it was noticed to occur amongst gas plant and oil shale workers, and it was later found that certain constituents of tar, soot, and oils, known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were found to cause cancer in laboratory animals. The related cancer, mule spinners' carcinoma, was blamed on the carcinogenic content of shale oil that was used to lubricate the rapidly revolving mule spindles.

text:
Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be unimolecular reactions that directly involve the atoms of an aromatic ring structure and require no other reagent than heat. These reactions can be categorized in two major types: one that involves a complete and permanent skeletal reorganization (isomerization), and one in which the atoms are scrambled but no net change in the aromatic ring occurs (automerization). The general reaction schemes of the two types are illustrated in Figure 1.
This class of reactions was uncovered through studies on the automerization of naphthalene as well as the isomerization of unsubstituted azulene, to naphthalene. Research on thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons has since been expanded to isomerizations and automerizations of benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

title: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

text: AhR ligands have been generally classified into two categories, synthetic or naturally occurring. The first ligands to be discovered were synthetic and members of the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (3-methylcholanthrene, benzo["a"]pyrene, benzanthracenes and benzoflavones).


query: When was Bilbao founded?

title: Bilbao

text: Ancient walls, which date from around the 11th century, have been discovered below the Church of San Antón.[40] Bilbao was one of the first towns founded in the fourteenth century, during a period in which approximately three-quarters of the Biscayan cities were developed, among them Portugalete in 1323, Ondarroa in 1327, Lekeitio in 1335, and Mungia and Larrabetzu in 1376.[41] Diego López V de Haro, then third Lord of Biscay, founded Bilbao through a municipal charter dated in Valladolid on 15 June 1300 and confirmed by King Ferdinand IV of Castile in Burgos, on 4 January 1301. Diego López established the new town on the right bank of the Nervión river, on the grounds of the elizate of Begoña and granted it the fuero of Logroño, a compilation of rights and privileges that would prove fundamental to its later development.[42]

title: Francisco Bilbao Workers Party

text: The Francisco Bilbao Workers Party () was a political party in Chile. The party was established in 1898, and was named after Francisco Bilbao. The party was founded by Ricardo Guerrero, who was inspired by Marxian theory. Local branches of the party were established in sixteen cities. The programme of the party was published in 1899, with a clear anti-militarist and anti-clerical orientation.

title: List of Athletic Bilbao managers

text: Athletic Bilbao is a professional association football club based in Bilbao, Spain, which plays in La Liga. This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Athletic Bilbao from 1910, when the first professional manager was appointed, to the present day. Each manager's entry includes his dates of tenure, honours won and significant achievements while under his care.

title: Sociedad Coral de Bilbao

text: The Bilbao Choral Society (Sociedad Coral de Bilbao) is an association devoted to fostering musical activity. Founded in 1886 under the name "Orfeón Bilbaíno", the Bilbao Choir (in Basque known as "Bilboko Koral Elkartea") is a non-profit cultural association declared "of General Interest" by the Basque Autonomous Government. Nowadays it comprises three adult choirs and a conservatory choir.

title: Abando

text: Abando, formerly known as "San Vicente de Abando", is one of the eight districts of Bilbao, Basque Country (Spain). It covers most of the city's centre, located on the left bank of the estuary of Bilbao. It is the only district of Bilbao with all of its land completely urbanised. Abando was originally an elizate and also a municipality until 1876, when part of it was annexed to Bilbao, the rest of the elizate's municipal land was integrated into Bilbao in 1890. In 2016 the population was 50,903.

title: Bilbao

text: Two universities are seated in Bilbao. The older is the University of Deusto, founded by the Society of Jesus in 1886. It took its name from the then independent municipality of Deusto, annexed to Bilbao in 1925. It was the only higher education institute in the borough until the establishment in 1968 of the University of Bilbao, later to become the University of the Basque Country in 1980. This public university, which has a presence in the three provinces of the autonomous community, has its main Biscayan campus in the municipality of Leioa, although the Technical and Business faculties are based in Bilbao.[164] Since 2014, Mondragon University has also a presence in the city through the innovation and entrepreneurial centre Bilbao Innovation Factory.[165] In 2015, the offer of higher education in the city was expanded with the foundation of Dantzerti, the Higher School of Dramatic Arts and Dance of the Basque Country.[166]

title: CH Casco Viejo Bilbao

text:
CH Casco Viejo Bilbao was an ice hockey team in Bilbao, Spain. They played in the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo from 1975-1986.
CH Casco Viejo Bilbao was founded in 1975 and immediately started playing in the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo, the top league in Spain. They reached the final in their first year, and won the Spanish championship for the first time in 1977. They won the title again in 1978, 1979 and 1981. Before the 1981-82 season the club changed its name to CH Vizcaya Bilbao. It was followed by two more championship titles (1982 and 1983), and a runner-up finish in the Copa del Rey (1982). The club was disbanded in 1986.

title: Bilbao

text: Despite the warfare, Bilbao prospered during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when it rose as the economic centre of the Basque Country. It was during this time that the railway first arrived to the city and the Bank of Bilbao (which later would go on to become the BBVA) was founded, as well as the Bilbao Stock Exchange. Steelmaking industries flourished with the creation of many new factories, including the Santa Ana de Bolueta and the Altos Hornos de Vizcaya in 1902. The city was modernised with new avenues and walkways, as well as with new modern buildings such as the City Hall building, the Basurto Hospital and the Arriaga Theatre.[54] The population increased dramatically, from 11,000 in 1880 to 80,000 in 1900. Social movements also arose, notably Basque nationalism under Sabino Arana, which in the subsequent decades would grow to become the Basque Nationalist Party.[55]

title: Bilbao (Mesoamerican site)

text: A substantial quantity of Middle Classic and Late Classic ceramics were found in mixed deposits at Bilbao.

title: Bilbao

text: Banking became an important sector with the establishment of the Bank of Bilbao (Spanish: Banco de Bilbao) in 1857 and the Bank of Biscay (Spanish: Banco de Vizcaya) in 1901. These two entities merged in 1988 creating the BBV, which finally merged with Argentaria bank in 1999, creating the current multinational corporation, the BBVA. The savings banks that were established locally, the Municipal Savings Bank of Bilbao (Spanish: Caja de Ahorros Municipal de Bilbao) in 1907 and the Provincial Savings Bank of Biscay (Spanish: Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Vizcaya) in 1921, would merge in 1990 to form the Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK),[103] which would marge again in 2012 with other Basque financial entities (Kutxa and Caja Vital Kutxa) to form Kutxabank. There is also the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Bilbao and the Stock Exchange Market of Bilbao, founded in 1890.[104]

title: Zazpikaleak/Casco Viejo station

text: In 1977 the FTS network was transferred to the public company FEVE and in 1982 to the recently created Basque Railways. After the transfer, it was announced that parts of the Bilbao-Plencia line would be renewed and transformed into the first line of Metro Bilbao (specifically the section between Deusto and Plentzia), and thus management of the station facilities was transferred to CTB (Consortium for Biscayan Transport) in 1995. As part of the renovation plans, the original station was demolished and replaced with a more modern infrastructure that included a new underground station for Metro Bilbao and overground open-air platforms for the existing services between Deusto and Bilbao-San Nicolás, which remained separate from the Metro Bilbao network. In 1996 a new tunnel was constructed linking Bilbao-San Nicolás with the former station of Bilbao-Calzadas, thus connecting with the Txorierri line. The new line was established as Deusto-Lezama and resulted from the merging of the section of the Bilbao-Plencia railway that was not integrated into Metro Bilbao (from Deusto to Bilbao-San Nicolás) and the line between Bilbao-Calzadas and Lezama. The new line was operated by Euskotren. The station was then once again renamed from Bilbao-San Nicolás to "Zazpikaleak" (Basque for "seven streets", the historical name of the old city), while the underground station was named "Casco Viejo" and was operated by Metro Bilbao.

title: Metro Bilbao

text: The Metro Bilbao network is divided into the following fare zones:Metro Bilbao offers special cards that are personal and cannot be transferred, with a time limit of 5 years since the date of issue. They can be obtained at any of the customer service offices of Metro Bilbao (located in the stations of Ansio, Casco Viejo, San Inazio and Areeta).The ticket system is closed, which means that validation of the ticket is required when entering the station and again when exiting.

title: Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa

text: Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK) (Basque for 'Bilbao Biscay Savings Bank') is a Spanish savings bank based in the province of Biscay in the Basque Country, Spain. Its full name is Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa, Aurrezki Kutxa eta Bahitetxea (in Spanish Caja Bilbao Vizcaya, Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad). It was formed in 1990 when the Caja de Ahorros Municipal de Bilbao and the Bizkaiko Aurrezki Kutxa-Caja de Ahorros Vizcaína were merged. The company headquarters are in Bilbao. On 1 January 2012 it merged with other Basque financial entities (a "loose merger"), Kutxa and Caja Vital Kutxa, to form Kutxabank.

title: Bilbao

text: The Bilbao metropolitan area comprises about 47% of the total population of the Basque autonomous community, out of which a 15% is registered in the municipality of Bilbao. The comarca of Greater Bilbao, in which the city occupies a central position, has a GDP per capita of €30,860,[101] higher than the Spanish and European Union averages. The Bilbao metropolitan area has a nominal GDP amounting to $36,9billion. Bilbao has been the economic centre of the Basque autonomous community since the original establishment of the Consulate of the Sea in the city in the 16th century, mostly thanks to the commerce in Castilian products on the town's port. It was in the 19th century when the city experimented its biggest economic development, mainly based on the exploitation of the nearby iron mines and siderurgy, both of which promoted maritime traffic and port activity and eventually the development of a very important shipbuilding industry.[102]

title: Bilbao-Abando railway station

text: The first station was opened on the 1 March 1863 with the opening of the Bilbao-Orduña railway line; at that time Abando was still an independent municipality and not part of Bilbao. That first line was intended to continue south to connect Bilbao with Castile after a railway junction in Miranda de Ebro, and it was eventually expanded to reach Castejón, near the city of Tudela. The company commissioned with the works of the new line was called "Company of the Railway from Tudela to Bilbao", led by Charles Blacker Vignoles, who gave it a clear English style. In 1865 the company filed for bankruptcy and was intervened by the Bank of Bilbao In 1878 it was transferred to the "Company of the Railways of Northern Spain", company that owned the line and stations until the nationalisation of the Spanish railways in 1941, when it was integrated into Renfe and renamed "Bilbao Abando station".

title: Tatiana Bilbao

text: Bilbao co-founded LCM in 1999 which explores uncharted geometries and generates unprecedented spaces.

title: Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall

text: It is located on the zone of Abandoibarra, near the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. The building is connected to the rest of the city by EuskoTran's Line A, Bilbao Metro Lines 1 and 2 and Cercanías Bilbao lines C1 and C2. It is located in the centre of the city and activities like BAO are well-regarded. The ABAO opera season is a major event in this building. It also houses the Bilbao Symphony Orchestra (BOS), founded in 1920.In 2003 it was rewarded by the "International Congress Palace Association" as the world's best congress center.

title: Bilbao Basket

text: Club Basket Bilbao Berri S.A.D., commonly known as Bilbao Basket () and as RETAbet Bilbao Basket for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball club based in Bilbao, Spain. The team plays in the LEB Oro. Their home arena is the Bilbao Arena.

title: Athletic Bilbao B

text: The name was revived in 1964, when Athletic Bilbao decided to establish a reserve team with Agustín Gaínza as coach. The new "Bilbao Athletic" initially played in local regional leagues before winning promotion to Tercera División in 1966, under Rafa Iriondo; in 1969 they first reached Segunda División.

title: Basque Country (greater region)

text: Several faculties, originally teaching only in Spanish, were founded in the Basque region in the Francisco Franco era. A public faculty of economics was founded in Sarriko (Bilbao) in the 1960s, and a public faculty of medicine was also founded during that decade, thus expanding the college graduate schools. However, all the public faculties in the Basque Country were organized as local branches of Spanish universities. For instance, the School of Engineering was treated as a part of the University of Valladolid, some away from Bilbao. Indeed, the lack of a central governing body for the public faculties of the Bilbao area, namely those of Economics in Sarriko, Medicine in Basurto, Engineering in Bilbao and the School of Mining in Barakaldo (est. 1910s), was seen as a gross handicap for the cultural and economic development of the area, and so, during the late 1960s many formal requests were made to the Francoist government in order to establish a Basque public university that would unite all the public faculties already founded in Bilbao. As a result of that, the University of Bilbao was founded in the early 1970s, which has now evolved into the University of the Basque Country with campuses in the western three provinces.

title: Bilbao (Mesoamerican site)

text: Well-preserved examples of Late Preclassic potbelly sculptures have been found at Bilbao. These are boulders carved to represent obese human figures and are found at many sites along the Pacific coast.

title: SPL Princess Anastasia (1986)

text:
"Pride Of Bilbao" (as the ship was known) is probably best known for its time operating the Portsmouth to Bilbao route by P&O Ferries. When the company took over the ship in 1994 this was the route she was primarily used for. During her time as part of the P&O Ferries fleet "Pride of Bilbao" received many refurbishments with a major refit in 2002.
From 2006 "Pride of Bilbao" was the only P&O Ferries ship to operate from Portsmouth with her completing one return sailing every three days. The company in an attempt to encourage more passengers marketed ""Mini Cruises"" with passengers walking on to the ship without a car. When the ship arrived at Bilbao mini cruise passengers would briefly depart the ship while the ship was prepared for its return trip back to Portsmouth.
However, all attempts to make the route profitable for the company were exhausted. Mainly because P&O Ferries competitor Brittany Ferries operated ferries to the nearby port of Santander in 24 hours whereas "Pride of Bilbao" took 36 hours to reach Bilbao
P&O Ferries charter of the "Pride of Bilbao" ended on 30 September 2010 and prior to this in January of the same year the company issued a statement that they would not be continuing the charter of the vessel nor find an alternative ship to replace "Pride of Bilbao" as they claim to having been making losses on the route for some time. The "Pride of Bilbao" completed her last sailing on 28 September 2010.

title: Our Lady of Begoña College, Bilbao

text: Our Lady of Begoña College, Bilbao, Spain, was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1921 and now includes primary through baccalaureate.

title: Athletic Bilbao

text: Football was introduced to Bilbao by two distinct groups with British connections; British workers and Basque students returning from schools in Britain. In the late 19th century, Bilbao was a leading industrial town and attracted many migrant workers, including miners from the north-east of England, and shipyard workers from Southampton, Portsmouth and Sunderland. They brought with them the game of football, and came together to form Bilbao Football Club. Meanwhile, sons of the Basque educated classes went to Britain to complete their studies, developed an interest in football and on their return began to arrange games with British workers. In 1898, students founded the Athletic Club, using the English spelling.

title: Basque Country (greater region)

text: The earliest university in the Basque Country was the University of Oñati, founded in 1540 in Hernani and moved to Oñati in 1548. It lasted in various forms until 1901. In 1868, in order to fulfill the need for college graduates for the thriving industry that was flourishing in the Bilbao area, there was an unsuccessful effort to establish a Basque-Navarrese University. Nonetheless, in 1897 the Bilbao Superior Technical School of Engineering (the first modern faculty of engineering in Spain), was founded as a way of providing engineers for the local industry; this faculty is nowadays part of the University of the Basque Country. Almost at the same time, the urgent need for business graduates led to the establishment of the Commercial Faculty by the Jesuits, and, some time thereafter, the Jesuits expanded their university by formally founding the University of Deusto in Deusto (now a Bilbao neighbourhood) by the turn of the century, a private university where the Commercial Faculty was integrated. The first modern Basque public university was the Basque University, founded 18 November 1936 by the autonomous Basque government in Bilbao in the midst of the Spanish Civil War. It operated only briefly before the government's defeat by Francisco Franco's fascist forces.

title: Bilbao la Vieja

text: Bilbao La Vieja is the oldest neighbourhood of Bilbao, being older than even the medieval urban district (Casco Viejo), founded in 1300.

title: Bizcaya (football team)

text: Combined players of Athletic Club (founded in 1898) and Bilbao FC (founded in 1900), formed Bizcaya - the eventual winners of the 1902 Copa de la Coronación. In 1903, Bilbao FC and its associates were absorbed by Athletic Club.

title: Bilbao Cathedral

text: Santiago Cathedral (; ) is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Bilbao. The temple was originally built during the 14th-15th centuries as Bilbao's main parish church, and was only declared cathedral in 1950 when the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bilbao was officially created. Its origins probably date to well before the foundation of the city in 1300, when Bilbao was little more than a small enclave of fishermen.

title: Bilbao metropolitan area

text: The area is usually structured into different zones:The " Bilbao Ria 2000 " corporation was founded in 1992 by the Bilbao and Barakaldo municipalities, the Greater Bilbao metropolitan area, and the Basque and Spanish Governments. The corporation's aim was to regenerate the city-planning of Bilbao and its surroundings, which were heavily punished by intense industrial contamination and decay. Among the projects this institution implemented was the recovery of Abandoibarra, once an industrial ground and now the site of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Euskalduna Palace.

title: Mariví Bilbao

text: Born in Bilbao in 1930, she soon began acting in theater productions with the group Hispanic Culture of Bilbao (Cultura Hispánica de Bilbao) and with Akelarre, a group which she founded. According to the actress herself, she originally did not act under her own name, instead using the name Angela Valverde: "Bilbao was a little town. My father would have killed me if my name had appeared in the newspaper.".

title: Athletic Bilbao B

text: Bilbao Athletic, officially named Athletic Club "B", is the reserve team of Athletic Bilbao, a football club based in Bilbao, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. The team will play in the Segunda División B in the 2018–19 season. Founded in 1964, the team holds home matches at the small stadium attached to the club's training facility at Lezama, or occasionally at San Mamés Stadium, with its 53,500-seat capacity, for important fixtures.