query: When was Mahwah, NJ founded?

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: The area that is now Mahwah was originally formed as Hohokus Township on April 9, 1849, from portions of Franklin Township (now Wyckoff). While known as Hohokus Township, territory was taken to form Orvil Township (on January 1, 1886; remainder of township is now Waldwick), Allendale (November 10, 1894), Upper Saddle River (November 22, 1894) and Ramsey (March 10, 1908). On November 7, 1944, the area was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as the Township of Mahwah, based on the results of a referendum held that day, replacing Hohokus Township.[24]

title: Main Line (NJ Transit)

text: Mahwah follows and is the last station in New Jersey. Crossing over the New York state line the train arrives at Suffern, the last stop for most trains. Some trains continue via Metro-North's Port Jervis Line to the north end of passenger operations at Port Jervis. The yards are just to the north of the Suffern station, under the New York State Thruway overpass.

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: Hohokus Township ceased to exist on November 7, 1944, when a referendum was passed creating Mahwah Township from the remaining portions of Hohokus Township.[28][29][24]

title: Mahwah station

text: Mahwah station is serviced by trains of the Main Line and Bergen County Line of NJ Transit, who provides service to Hoboken Terminal in Hudson County, with connections via ferry and Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) to New York City. The first train inbound to Hoboken arrives at Mahwah at 4:52 AM and the final departs Mahwah at 10:53 PM. Heading towards Suffern or Port Jervis stations, the first train arrives at 6:50 AM (heading to Suffern) and the last one departs at 2:37 AM the next morning. On weekends, the first train toward Hoboken is at 6:11 AM and the final train is at 12:11 AM the next morning. Heading toward Suffern and Port Jervis, the first and final trains leave at 7:34 AM and 2:37 AM the next morning respectively. The station is in Fare Zone 14 along with Suffern, and ticket vending machines are present for those who need tickets. Only one bus connection is available, the Short Line Bus 17.

title: Selden Rodman

text: While writing a series of travel and history books in the 1960s and 1970s, Rodman visited Mexico, Central and South America and the Caribbean, adding works of popular art to his collection. In 1983 Ramapo College in Mahwah, NJ, accepted the gift of "The Selden Rodman Collection of Popular Art" whose range included 'self-taught' and 'outsider' artists from North America as well.

title: Nell K. Duke

text:
Duke, N. K., & Tower, C. (2004). Nonfiction texts for young readers. In J. Hoffman & D.
Schallert (Eds.), The texts in elementary classrooms (pp. 125–144). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Duke, N. K., & Purcell-Gates, V. (2003). Genres at home and at school: Bridging the known to the new. The Reading Teacher, 57, 30-37.

title: J. Don Read

text: Toglia, M. P., Read, J. D., Ross, D. F., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (Eds.), (2007) Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Volume I: Memory for events. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. 744 pp.

title: Steve Rothman

text: Richard Sheffield (1937-2012), a political and civil rights activist in the Teaneck, New Jersey area, was a United Auto Workers Union leader in The Ford Plant in Mahwah, New Jersey, as well as Special Adviser to U.S. Senator Bill Bradley and NJ State Senate President Matthew Feldman.

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit rail service is available from the Mahwah station[156] to Secaucus Junction, Hoboken Terminal, and Newark on the Main Line and Bergen County Line.[157][158][159] Passengers may also take advantage of express service on the same line from the Suffern station, just across the New York state line.[160]

title: List of Metro-North Railroad stations

text: This is a list of train stations served by Metro-North Railroad. This includes stations shared with NJTransit, but only those within New York State. Stations are listed in alphabetical order. Stations along the Pascack Valley Line from Hoboken, NJ to Montvale, NJ and along the Main Line and Bergen County Line from Hoboken, NJ to Mahwah, NJ are operated solely by New Jersey Transit.

title: 2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy

text: When the matter became generally known in mid-July, there was what local reporter Tom Nobile called a "firestorm of opposition" from local residents, with some expressing concerns that the eruv would allow Orthodox communities in Rockland County to expand into New Jersey. Groups formed on social media, including one named Mahwah Strong, in opposition to the eruv. Mahwah Strong claimed 3,000 members within days; a founder, Robert Ferguson, stated that his group would act as a check and balance to ensure the township enforced its laws, and noted, "I don't view this as a hostile takeover of the town." Two hundred people gathered in a Mahwah park on July 22 to support the eruv's removal. An online petition to "Protect the Quality of Our Community in Mahwah", initiated by former township council member John Roth, reached 1,200 names before being taken down due to what Roth called inappropriate comments, made by some signers. Similarly, Mahwah Strong lost its Facebook page following an influx of comments deemed "hateful".

title: Ramapo, New York

text: The present-day town was originally inhabited by the Munsee, a band of the Lenape nation. Their descendants now live on Stag Hill in Mahwah, New Jersey, where they form the state (NJ)-recognized Ramapo Lenape Nation.

title: County Route 507 (New Jersey)

text: Originally, the Franklin Turnpike went from Mahwah through Waldwick, but an extension (through Ho-Ho-Kus) was later built in 1936 to connect with NJ 2 (today's Route 17.)

title: Nancy Cole

text: Willingham, W. W., & Cole, N. S. (1997). "Gender and fair assessment". Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Rodney L. Lowman

text:
Lowman, R.L, Kantor, J., & Perloff, R. (2006). History of I-O psychology educational
programs in the United States In L. L. Koppes (Ed.) "Historical perspectives in industrial
and organizational psychology" (pp. 111–137). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.

title: Mahwah station

text: The beginning of railroad service in Mahwah dates to the 1840s with the Paterson and Ramapo Railroad, which had its charter approved on March 10, 1841 by the state of New Jersey. The railroad was constructed through Mahwah in 1848, and while a stop was added at Mahwah, it was nothing more than a flag stop for passengers. The passengers would have to notify the station agent, who would flag down a passing train to stop. Once the Erie Railroad leased the Paterson and Ramapo in 1852, the improvement of service at Mahwah was not improving, and it was not until citizens of Mahwah persuaded the railroad that there was enough passenger and freight traffic for a depot that one was constructed in 1871. The land for the new depot was donated by Albert Winter, a local citizen.

title: D. Shelton A. Gunaratne

text: 38. Gunaratne, S. A. (2001). Convergence: Informatization, world system and developing countries. In W. B. Gudykunst, ed., "Communication Yearbook" 25 (pp. 153–199). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (for International Communication Association).

title: Geoffrey D. Borman

text: Borman, G.D., Stringfield, S.C., & Slavin, R.E. (Eds.) (2001). "Title I: Compensatory education at the crossroads." Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

title: Geoffrey D. Borman

text: Borman, G.D., & Boulay, M. (Eds.) (2004). "Summer learning: Research, policies, and programs." Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

title: Academic discourse socialization

text: Zamel, V. (1998). Questioning academic discourse. In Zamel, V. & Spack, R. (Eds.), Negotiating academic literacies: Teaching and learning across languages and cultures (pp. 187–197). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Alan Geisler

text: Geisler resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, for 45 years. He was an ardent stamp collector and dealer, and an original member of the Apple Ridge Golf and Country Club of Mahwah, NJ. An avid golfer with a 4 handicap at one time, he won the Club Championship in all four flights, and throughout his career eagled all 18 holes. He played the bagpipes with the Fairleigh Dickinson University Pipe Band and the Kearny Caledonian Pipe Band for several years, even performing in the St. Patrick Day Parade in NYC.

title: CLARION (cognitive architecture)

text: Sun, R. (2002). Duality of the Mind: A Bottom-up Approach Toward Cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: Michael G. Moore

text: 23. Moore M. G. and Anderson, W. G. (Eds.) (2003). Handbook of distance education, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

title: West Mahwah, New Jersey

text: West Mahwah is an unincorporated community located within Mahwah Township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.

title: Walter Kidde

text:
Mr. Kidde was a great friend to Boy Scouting in the Montclair, New Jersey area. His engineering efforts and personal financial donations were instrumental in creating a dam of the Panther Brook (now known as Fox Brook) and resultant Lake Vreeland in 1917. The Lake is the centerpiece of Camp Glen Gray, Mahwah, NJ founded in 1917, which was the first purpose-built Boy Scout camp in New Jersey, and among the oldest still in existence in the US. Mr. Kidde was later honored with the Silver Beaver award, the highest honor a scout council can bestow for volunteer efforts.Kidde is honored with the Walter Kidde Dinosaur Park.
Kidde received an honorary doctorate from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1935.
The Kidde building at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey is named after Dr. Kidde.
Silver Beaver, BSA council-level Award;
Hall of Fame member, Friends of Camp Glen Gray, Mahwah, NJ.
Great Grandchild: Simon Theodore Kidde

title: Helene Raskin White

text: Loeber, R., Farrington, D., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., White, H.R. & Stallings, R. Violence and Serious Theft: Developmental Course and Origins from Childhood to Adulthood. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (in press).

title: Mahwah station

text: Mahwah is a NJ Transit rail station Mahwah, New Jersey served by the Main Line, Bergen County Line, and Port Jervis Line. It is the last station in the state for westbound trains, and the first for eastbound trains.

title: Problematic integration theory

text: Babrow's theory shares some common ideas with Uncertainty Management Theory (UMT), which was developed by Dale Brashers (2007, A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In B. Whaley & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication theory (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum). For a comparison of the perspectives, see Bradac (2001).

title: Mahwah, New Jersey

text: Mahwah is near the Ramapo Mountains and the Ramapo River. Interstate 287 passes through Mahwah, but the only point of access is at the New Jersey–New York border, where 287 meets Route 17. U.S. Route 202 runs through Mahwah from Oakland to Suffern, across the state line.[40]

title: Paulist Fathers

text: The Paulist Press, based in Mahwah, NJ, publishes relevant materials. It is a well-established publisher of hardcover and paperback books, audio and visual tapes, DVDs, and educational materials and resources for parishes. It publishes the Classics of Western Spirituality series. Paulist Press also maintains an online journal, founded by Father Hecker, called The Catholic World, which is a collection of articles on faith and culture.

title: J. Don Read

text:
Lindsay, R. C. L., Ross, D. F., Read, J. D., & Toglia, M. P. (Eds.), (2007) Handbook of eyewitness psychology: Volume II: Memory for people. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. 648 pp.
Read, J. D. & Lindsay, D. S. (1997). Recollections of trauma: Scientific research and clinical practice. Plenum Publishing.


query: Did King Victor Emmanuel II have a son?

title: Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

text: In 1842 he married his first cousin once removed Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855). By her he had eight children:[4]

title: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

text: In any event, once the referendum's result was certified, Victor Emmanuel and all other male members of the House of Savoy were required to leave the country. Taking refuge in Egypt, where he was welcomed with great honor by King Faruk, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria a year later, of pulmonary congestion. He was interred behind the altar of St Catherine's Cathedral. He was the last surviving grandchild of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. In 1948, "Time" magazine included an article about "The Little King".

title: History of the Italian Republic

text: Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on 9 May 1946; his son became king as Umberto II of Italy.

title: Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia

text: Victor Emmanuel was the second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.

title: House of Zogu

text: The most famous member of the dynasty is Zog I, Skanderbeg III, who in 1928 was proclaimed King of the Albanians and ruled until he was deposed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and the Italian invasion in 1939. Victor Emmanuel subsequently assumed the Albanian throne. King Zog's son was Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, known as King Leka I.

title: History of Italy

text: Italy became a nation-state belatedly on 17 March 1861, when most of the states of the peninsula were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy, which ruled over Piedmont. The architects of Italian unification were Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero. In 1866, Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck offered Victor Emmanuel II an alliance with the Kingdom of Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War. In exchange Prussia would allow Italy to annex Austrian-controlled Venice. King Emmanuel agreed to the alliance and the Third Italian War of Independence began. The victory against Austria allowed Italy to annex Venice. The one major obstacle to Italian unity remained Rome.

title: Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

text: Later that same year, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Sardinia-Piedmont grew even larger. On 17 March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king.

title: Massimo family

text: Massimiliano's son, the 2nd Prince Camillo Vittorio Massimo (1803–1873), married Princess Maria of Savoy-Carignano (1811–1837] in 1827, the head of whose family became Charles Albert, King of Sardinia four years later and his son, King Victor Emmanuel II (1820–1878), became the first King of a united Italy in 1861.

title: Papal deposing power

text:
In the words of the 1910 New Catholic Dictionary: 'Present day popes have no mind to resuscitate their deposing power. As Pius IX said to the deputation of the Academia of the Catholic Religion, 21 July 1871:
"Although certain Popes have at times exercised their deposing power in extreme cases, they did so according to the public law then in force and by the agreement of the Christian nations who reverenced in the Pope the Supreme Judge of Christ extended to passing judgment even civiliter on princes and individual states. But altogether different is the present condition of affairs and only malice can confound things and times so different." ' Pius IX had excommunicated King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy in 1860 when Victor Emmanuel accepted the annexation of Romagna, and Victor Emmanuel had captured Rome from Pius in 1870.

title: Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy

text: Maria Clotilde was the eldest of eight children born to Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia by his first wife and cousin, Archduchess Adelaide of Austria. Her father would later become the King of a united Italy as Victor Emmanuel II.

title: Austro-Italian ironclad arms race

text: While Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia invaded the Papal States, conquering most of Central Italy after the Battle of Castelfidardo. Sardinian troops then entered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies from the north and joined Garibaldi's forces. After the Battle of the Volturnus, the only organized Bourbon force left in Italy remained at Gaeta. On 21 October, a plebiscite confirmed the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to the Kingdom of Sardinia by an overwhelming majority, while on 26 October, Victor Emmanuel II and Garibaldi met at Teano in northern Campania, where Garibaldi shook Victor Emmanuel's hand and hailed him as "King of Italy". The last Bourbon stronghold at Gaeta finally surrendered after a long siege in February 1861. With the capture of Gaeta, a unified Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on 17 March 1861. King Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy was then declared King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.

title: Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

text: The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Sardinia-Piedmont had taken over the Italian Peninsula, rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economic and cultural issues. His role in day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no longer keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament.

title: King Victor and King Charles

text: The subject of the play is the strange incident in 1730–32 in the Kingdom of Sardinia in which the elderly king, Victor Amadeus II, first abdicated in favour of his son Charles Emmanuel III, and then after months of ever-increasing complaints unexpectedly demanded to be restored. He was imprisoned until his death a year later. Browning's treatment is based on 18th century sources which cast Victor as deliberately deceptive, but he goes further to create a secret history in which Charles is exonerated from all charges of cruelty.

title: Umberto II of Italy

text: Umberto was the only son of the five children of King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena. In an effort to repair the monarchy's image after the fall of Benito Mussolini's regime, Victor Emmanuel transferred his powers to Umberto in 1944 while retaining the title of king. As a referendum was in preparation on the abolition of the monarchy in 1946, Victor Emmanuel abdicated his throne in favour of Umberto in the hope his exit might bolster the monarchy. However, the referendum passed, Italy was declared a republic, and Umberto lived out the rest of his life in exile in Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera.

title: Italian Fascism

text: After being removed from office and placed under arrest by the King in 1943, with the Kingdom of Italy's new non-fascist government switching sides from the Axis to the Allies, Italian Fascism returned to republicanism and condemnation of the monarchy. On 18 September 1943, Mussolini made his first public address to the Italian people since his rescue from arrest by allied German forces, in which he commended the loyalty of Hitler as an ally while condemning King Victor Emmanuel III of the Kingdom of Italy for betraying Italian Fascism. On the topic of the monarchy removing him from power and dismantling the Fascist regime, Mussolini stated: "It is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime" and that "When a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for being...The state we want to establish will be national and social in the highest sense of the word; that is, it will be Fascist, thus returning to our origins". The Fascists at this point did not denounce the House of Savoy in the entirety of its history and credited Victor Emmanuel II for his rejection of "scornfully dishonourable pacts" and denounced Victor Emmanuel III for betraying Victor Emmanuel II by entering a dishonourable pact with the Allies.

title: Italian Egyptians

text: Italian-Egyptian relations were so strong and deemed so important that when the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1946 after Italy's defeat in World War II, Egyptian King Faruk invited Victor Emmanuel III to live in Alexandria. Victor Emmanuel III died in Alexandria in December 1947 and was buried there, behind the altar of St Catherine's Cathedral.

title: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

text: Having done much to improve the state of his inheritance in 1684, Victor Amadeus took the decision to abdicate in September 1730. The previous month the lonely king had lost most of his family, including his favourite and eldest son the Prince of Piedmont, and sought the security of a previous mistress Anna Canalis di Cumiana. The couple were married in a private ceremony on 12 August 1730 in the Royal Chapel in Turin having obtained permission from Pope Clement XII. Still attractive in her forties, Victor Amadeus had long been in love with her and as a wedding gift, created her the Marchioness of Spigno. The couple made their marriage public on 3 September 1730 much to the dismay of the court. A month later, Victor Amadeus announced his wish to abdicate the throne and did so in a ceremony at the Castle of Rivoli on the day of his marriage. His son succeeded him as Charles Emmanuel III.

title: Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia

text: After some time spent at his residence in Chambéry, however, the former king started to intervene in his son's government. Victor Amadeus reclaimed the throne, accusing his son of incompetence. He established himself in Moncalieri, but Charles Emmanuel managed to have the former king arrested by the Crown Council, in order to prevent him from attacking Milan and probably causing an invasion of Piedmont. Victor Amadeus was then confined to the Castle of Rivoli, where he later died without further interference with his son's regime.

title: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

text:
At one point, there was an avenue in Paris named Avenue Victor-Emmanuel III, but the king's support of the Axis Powers led the road to be renamed Franklin D. Roosevelt Avenue following the end of World War II.
From 1860 to 1946, the following titles were used by the King of Italy:

title: Cagliarese

text: After the cession of Sardinia to the House of Savoy, the Cagliarese was coined until 1813. Victor Amadeus II minted the 1 and 3 cagliaresi coins, in copper (1720). They sported the profile of the new King, and weighed 2.35 and 6.75 grams, respectively. Victor Amadeus' son, Charles Emmanuel II, added the "Mezzo Cagliarese" (½-Cagliarese) also in copper.

title: Moncalieri Castle

text: The castle was used extensively by the Savoyards, and was the first castle occupied in 1798 by the French armies, who retained it until 1814. Returned to Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and later to his distant nephew Charles Albert of Sardinia, Prince of Carignano, it became the residence of young family princes who studied here. King Victor Emmanuel II preferred it to the Royal Palace of Turin, and had numerous apartments furnished according to his tastes. In 1849, it was from this palace that emerged the famous Proclamation of Moncalieri, written by Massimo D'Azeglio and signed by the king Vittorio Emmanuel II.

title: Umberto II of Italy

text: As the Allies freed more and more of Italy from the Salò regime, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support of Fascism to have any further role. Accordingly, under strong pressure from Robert Murphy and Harold Macmillan of the ACC at a meeting on 10 April 1944, he transferred most of his powers to Umberto. This status was formalized after Rome was liberated in June, when Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining constitutional powers to Umberto, naming his son Lieutenant General of the Realm. However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of King. During his period as Regent, Umberto saw his father only three times, partly out of a bid to distance himself and partly because of tensions between father and son. Mack Smith wrote that Umberto was: "More attractive and outgoing than his father, he was even more a soldier at heart, and completely inexperienced as a politician...In personality less astute and intelligent than his father...less obstinate, he was far more open, affable and ready to learn".

title: Anne Christine of Sulzbach, Princess of Piedmont

text: On 15 March 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III. He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, King of Sardinia and Anne Marie d'Orléans and had been heir apparent to the Savoyard throne since 1715 at the death of Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont. The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta. She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin. Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she left no direct descendants. She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786.

title: Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

text: Victor Emmanuel was born as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1831. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia-Piedmont.

title: Victor Emmanuel Railway

text: The Victor Emmanuel Railway (VER) was created on 25 May 1853 by decree of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. After 1865 it took the name of Società per le Strade Ferrate Calabro-Sicule (SFCS). In 1867, the Savoy part of the system was transferred to the PLM. Between 1871 and 1873 the Italian part was incorporated into the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali.

title: Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

text: The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861. He did not renumber himself after assuming the new royal title, however. Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Rome, Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered.

title: Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg

text: King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by Agostino Steffani with a daughter of Rinaldo, reigning Duke of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach died on 12 March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after giving birth to a son, Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta (7 March 1723 – 1 August 1725).

title: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

text: Within a year, public opinion forced a referendum on whether to retain the monarchy or become a republic. In hopes of helping the monarchist cause, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on 9 May 1946. His son ascended to the throne as Umberto II. This move failed. In the referendum held a month later, 52 percent of voters favoured a republic, and the Kingdom of Italy was no more. Some historians (such as Sir Charles Petrie) have speculated that the result might have been different if Victor Emmanuel had abdicated in favour of Umberto shortly after the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, or at the latest had abdicated outright in 1944 rather than simply transferring his powers to his son. Umberto had been widely praised for his performance as "de facto" head of state beginning in 1944, and his relative popularity might have saved the monarchy. The Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini declared that he would not come back to Italy as a subject of the "degenerate king" and more generally as long as the house of Savoy was ruling; Benedetto Croce had previously stated in 1944 that "as long as the present king remains head of state, we feel that Fascism has not ended, (...) that it will be reborn, more or less disguised".

title: Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta

text: Aimone was then officially named King by his cousin Victor Emmanuel III. On assuming the Crown of Zvonimir he took the regnal name Tomislav II in memory of Tomislav, the first Croatian king. Originally on learning that he had been named King of Croatia he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King Victor Emmanuel III, though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty. The Italian Foreign Minister and Benito Mussolini's son in law Count Ciano's informants said of Aimone "The Duke doesn't give a damn about Croatia and wants only money, money and more money." Ciano's diary noted a conversation between Aimone and himself, where Aimone was "proud of having been chosen King of Croatia, but has no exact idea of what he is supposed to do and is vaguely uneasy about it".

title: House of Savoy

text: As the Allies and the Resistance gradually chased the Nazis and Fascists off the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm. Within a year, public opinion pushed for a referendum to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. On 9 May 1946, in a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of his son, who became Umberto II. It did not work; the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in Egypt, dying there a year later.

title: The Prophesying Nun of Dresden

text: In the third part of the letter, the prophecies of the House of Savoy are contained. Savoy's reign is likened to a parade of horse-drawn carriages. There are actually two. In the first of them, each carriage was pulled by eight smaller horses (i.e., the Kingdom of Sardinia) and, in the second, each carriage had five larger horses (i.e., the Kingdom of Italy). So far, the total of the rulers of the House of Savoy is eleven. Eight of them were the Kings of Sardinia, from Victor Amadeus II to Victor Emmanuel II, and the other four were the Kings of Italy, from Victor Emmanuel II to Umberto II. According to the author, the total would be eleven, if one counts twice Victor Emmanuel II, who was both the King of Sardinia and the King of Italy. The nun predicts that, between the fourth and fifth “big horse-drawn carriage” (i.e., between the fourth and fifth Kings of Italy), there would be a pause, during which the carriage was driven by “black horses”, which the author interprets as a republican or oligarchic government. According to the interpretation of this prophecy by Baschera, Italy would now be in this moment of pause so, in the future, there could be a fifth King of Italy, the twelfth and last king of the House of Savoy. He would be represented by a horse with a white cross and reign for a short time.


query: When was ultrasound first used in medicine?

title: Medical ultrasound

text: A contrast medium for medical ultrasonography is a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles[30] to increase echogenicity of blood, discovered by Dr Raymond Gramiak in 1968[31] and named contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This contrast medical imaging modality is clinically used throughout the world,[32] in particular for echocardiography in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia.

title: Therapeutic ultrasound

text: The first large scale application of ultrasound was around World War II. Sonar systems were being built and used to navigate submarines. It was realized that the high intensity ultrasound waves that they were using were heating and killing fish. This led to research in tissue heating and healing effects. Since the 1940s, ultrasound has been used by physical and occupational therapists for therapeutic effects.

text: The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) is a multidisciplinary association dedicated to advancing the use of ultrasound in medicine through professional and public education, research, development of guidelines, and accreditation.

title: Neuromuscular ultrasound

text: Neuromuscular ultrasound refers to a field in medicine in which ultrasound is used to diagnosis and guide treatment for people with neuromuscular diseases. Neuromuscular ultrasound is often combined with electrodiagnosis, and particularly nerve conduction studies and EMG, to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and add anatomic information to the functional information obtained with electrodiagnosis. It has been demonstrated that neuromuscular ultrasound adds value to the diagnosis of nerve disease in over 80% of cases.

title: Henry Ford Hospital

text: In 2000, Henry Ford Hospital performed Michigan's first adult-to-adult, living donor liver transplant. In 2001, the Vattikuti Urology Institute, under the direction of doctor of medicine Mani Menon, was the first in the United States to perform surgery using a robotic system for the treatment of prostate cancer: the first outpatient robotic prostatectomy. Also in 2001, doctors at Henry Ford Hospital became the first in Michigan to use gene therapy for the treatment of brain tumors. In 2005, doctor Scott Dulchavsky, chair of the department of Surgery at Henry Ford Hospital, expanded uses for ultrasound technology for physicians and non-medical personnel; these procedures can be used as an accurate diagnostic tool when coupled with the Internet, a telephone or wireless transmission of ultrasound images to experts from a patient in rural areas or in space. Also in 2005, Henry Ford Medical Group began using e-prescribing to cut prescription costs and improve quality. HFMG physicians now write more than 20,000 electronic prescriptions weekly, helping improve their overall generic use rate by 7.3 percent. In 2008, Henry Ford Hospital became the first hospital in southeastern Michigan to perform a new, minimally invasive procedure for back pain that spares the nerves from being nicked and back muscles from being cut. In 2009, Henry Ford Hospital received more than $70 million in research funding.

title: Ultrasound

text: Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Scientists are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.

title: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology

text: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier on behalf of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. It covers ultrasound technology in clinical diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic applications, including the physics, engineering, and technology of ultrasound in medicine and biology. It was established in 1973. The editor-in-chief is Christy K. Holland (University of Cincinnati) since 2006. The founding editor was Denis N. White, who served from 1973 to 1992 and was succeeded by Peter N. T. Wells.

title: Medical ultrasound

text: In angiology or vascular medicine, duplex ultrasound (B Mode imaging combined with Doppler flow measurement) is used to diagnose arterial and venous disease. This is particularly important in neurology, where ultrasound is used for assessing blood flow and stenoses in the carotid arteries (Carotid Ultrasonography) and intracerebral arteries (Transcranial Doppler).

title: Space medicine

text: The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study is funded by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute and involves the use of ultrasound among Astronauts including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka who are guided by remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study has a widespread impact and has been extended to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as medical students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations. Findings from this study were submitted for publication to the journal Radiology aboard the International Space Station; the first article submitted in space.

title: Medical ultrasound

text: Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in medicine. It is possible to perform both diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures such as biopsies or drainage of fluid collections. Sonographers are medical professionals who perform scans which are then traditionally interpreted by radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography). Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care) are using ultrasound in office and hospital practice (Point of Care Ultrasound).

title: Octafluoropropane

text: In medicine, octafluoropropane may compose the gas cores of microbubble contrast agents used in contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Octafluoropropane microbubbles reflect sound waves well and are used to improve the ultrasound signal backscatter.

title: Charles Richard Whitfield

text: The use of ultrasound in medicine was pioneered by Donald, first at Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and subsequently at Glasgow's new maternity hospital, the Queen Mother's Hospital (QMH), which opened in 1964. Developments in ultrasound complemented Whitfield's own research interests in fetal medicine but was still regarded with scepticism in some quarters. Whitfield had more success in gaining acceptance for obstetric ultrasound than Donald himself, who was sometimes viewed as an obsessive eccentric. As he recalled, "an honorary attachment with Professor Donald in Glasgow in 1964 had convinced me that obstetric ultrasound did have a future, but later in that year in America I was told it was just a dream of a mad, red-headed Scotsman, so I should forget it! I was told confidentially, nothing, no good will come of it, but of course that was wrong".

title: Usatine Media

text:
Usatine Media's "Color Atlas of Family Medicine 2/E" app has been listed on “30 Best Nursing Apps 2016” published by Post University blog
Usatine Media's "Lange Top 300 Pharmacy Drug Cards 2014-2015" app has been listed on "The best pharmacy apps for iPad" published by www.apppicker.com
Usatine Media's "Color Atlas of Family Medicine 2/E" app has been listed on “Apps Every Nurse Should Be Using” published by Online LPN to RN
Usatine Media's "Pocket Atlas of Emergency Ultrasound" app has been listed on "Top 5 Emergency Medicine Ultrasound Apps" published by www.iMedicalApps.com

title: Portable ultrasound

text: Portable ultrasound machines are typically used in situations where space is limited, mobility is important, or the scanning must be done in the field. OB/GYN doctors were the first to start using portable ultrasound systems as these could be brought bedside or were affordable enough to be purchased by a private practice. Currently portable ultrasound machines are used in Cardiac, Vascular, Radiology, Endocrinology, Pediatric and OB/GYN applications. In addition, EMS personnel from several countries including Germany, Italy, France, and the United States have used portable ultrasound evaluations in the field.

title: Ultrasound

text: Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy or by observing electroacoustic phenomena or by transcranial pulsed ultrasound.

title: Medical ultrasound

text: A meta-analysis of several ultrasonography studies published in 2000 found no statistically significant harmful effects from ultrasonography, but mentioned that there was a lack of data on long-term substantive outcomes such as neurodevelopment.[68] A study at the Yale School of Medicine published in 2006 found a small but significant correlation between prolonged and frequent use of ultrasound and abnormal neuronal migration in mice.[69] A study performed in Sweden in 2001[70] has shown that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in left-handedness in boys (a marker for brain problems when not hereditary) and speech delays.[71][72] The above findings, however, were not confirmed in a later follow-up study.[73] A later study, however, performed on a larger sample of 8865 children, has established a statistically significant, albeit weak association of ultrasonography exposure and being non-right handed later in life.[74] (See Handedness#Ultrasound).

text: The AIUM’s membership consists of more than 10,000 sonographers, physicians, scientists, engineers, other health care providers, manufacturers of ultrasound equipment, and students. The AIUM is directed by a Board of governors and Executive Committee who are assisted by committees and a Council on Sections, representing many ultrasound specialties. The AIUM's official journal is the Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.

title: Maternal–fetal medicine

text: Maternal–fetal medicine specialists have training in obstetric ultrasound, invasive prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, and the management of high-risk pregnancies. Some are further trained in the field of fetal diagnosis and prenatal therapy where they become competent in advanced procedures such as targeted fetal assessment using ultrasound and Doppler, fetal blood sampling and transfusion, fetoscopy, and open fetal surgery.

title: Freeman Health System

text: In 1977, Freeman became the first hospital to use ultrasound in diagnostic services and nuclear medicine.

title: Marnix Van Holsbeeck

text: Van Holsbeeck received his undergraduate degree in medical sciences, and post-graduate degree at the renowned Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. He completed a residency in radiology, followed by a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at the University Hospitals in Gasthuisberg, Belgium. He left for the United States in 1989. Dr. Van Holsbeeck was a senior lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium and a visiting assistant professor of radiology at the University of Michigan. He serves as primary diagnostic consultant for numerous professional sports teams including the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, and Detroit Lions. He has investigated the use of dynamic ultrasonography to detect sports hernia injuries and is the primary investigator for an ongoing, collaborative research project with the United States Olympic Committee and Henry Ford Hospital, which is evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose sports injuries in female hockey players. He is also a consultant and co-researcher for NASA and the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project, which involves teaching ultrasound to the astronaut and cosmonaut crews of the International Space Station to use for medical emergencies. This work has been modified for use on the Earth where his team supports the on-site care of professional sports teams and United States Olympic Committee athletes, Summer and Winter Olympic Games, and the Wayne State University School of Medicine. Van Holsbeeck has been elected to numerous professional organizations and national positions including the Radiologic Society of North America, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Skeletal Society, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society, and the Society of Skeletal Radiologists. Van Holsbeeck has received numerous teaching and professional awards including the President's Medal of the International Skeletal Society and the Belgian Radiologic Society. He serves as a senior reviewer for numerous medical journals and on the editorial board for "Ultrasound Quarterly" and the "Journal of Clinical Ultrasound". He has written over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and is the first author for a leading radiology textbook, "Musculoskeletal Ultrasound".

title: Medical ultrasound

text: Point of care emergency ultrasound has many applications in emergency medicine. This includes differentiating cardiac causes of acute breathlessness from pulmonary causes, and the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam for assessing significant hemoperitoneum or pericardial tamponade after trauma. Other uses include assisting with differentiating causes of abdominal pain such as gallstones and kidney stones. Emergency Medicine Residency Programs have a substantial history of promoting the use of bedside ultrasound during physician training.

title: Ultrasound

text: Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with emergency ultrasound becoming a staple of most EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where teleconsultation is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.

title: Sound from ultrasound

text: Sound from ultrasound is the name given here to the generation of audible sound from modulated ultrasound without using an active receiver. This happens when the modulated ultrasound passes through a nonlinear medium which acts, intentionally or unintentionally, as a demodulator.

title: Ultrasonic toothbrush

text: Ultrasound has been used in Medicine for close to half a century and its safety has been studied for almost the same period of time. In 1992, the US FDA first allowed the use of ultrasound at a frequency of 1.6 MHz in a toothbrush. In 1993, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), in conjunction with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) developed the Output Display Standard (ODS), including the thermal index and mechanical index which have been incorporated into the FDA’s new regulations. These regulations limit the power output of these devices to a level low enough to avoid raising surrounding tissue temperature by more than 1 °C.

title: Space medicine

text: Ultrasound is the main diagnostic imaging tool on ISS and for the foreseeable future missions. X-rays and CT scans involve radiation which is unacceptable in the space environment. Though MRI uses magnetics to create images, it is too large at present to consider as a viable option. Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images and comes in laptop size packages, provides imaging of a wide variety of tissues and organs. It is currently being used to look at the eyeball and the optic nerve to help determine the cause(s) of changes that NASA has noted mostly in long duration astronauts. NASA is also pushing the limits of ultrasound use regarding musculoskeletal problems as these are some of the most common and most likely problems to occur. Significant challenges to using ultrasounds on space missions is training the astronaut to use the equipment (ultrasound technicians spend years in training and developing the skills necessary to be "good" at their job) as well as interpreting the images that are captured. Much of ultrasound interpretation is done real-time but it is impractical to train astronauts to actually read/interpret ultrasounds. Thus, the data is currently being sent back to mission control and forwarded to medical personnel to read and interpret. Future exploration class missions will need to be autonomous due to transmission times taking too long for urgent/emergent medical conditions. The ability to be autonomous, or to use other equipment such as MRIs, is currently being researched.

title: Emergency ultrasound

text: Now that ultrasound is available in portable units that are smaller than laptop computers and handheld models, it is being used more and more in many clinical settings. Many practitioners use point-of-care ultrasound in diagnosing other urgent and emergency problems, including appendicitis, testicular torsion, and abscesses. To describe each of these fully is beyond the scope of this entry, and impossible as the use of ultrasound is expanding rapidly:Emergency and point-of-care ultrasound is taught in a variety of settings. Many physicians are currently taught bedside ultrasound during the emergency medicine residency training programs in the United States. It can also be learned as part of the continuing education process, through formal didactics, one-on-one training, training software, and clinical application and practice. Other specialists may learn during their residency or fellowship training programs. There are specialized fellowship training programs for bedside ultrasound in emergency medicine, but these are not required nor expected for the use of this tool in practice.

title: 3D ultrasound

text: 3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique, often used in fetal, cardiac, trans-rectal and intra-vascular applications. 3D ultrasound refers specifically to the volume rendering of ultrasound data and is also referred to as 4D (3-spatial dimensions plus 1-time dimension) when it involves a series of 3D volumes collected over time.

text: The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) project is a U.S. government-funded study investigating strategies for applying diagnostic telemedicine to space. The Principal Investigator is Scott Dulchavsky, Chairman of Surgery at the Henry Ford Health System. This study was the first formal experiment to examine the use of ultrasound in microgravity encompassing musculoskeletal, heart, lung, abdominal, pelvic, dental, and orbital scans. Ultrasound is the only medical imaging device currently available on board the International Space Station. In addition, the lack of physician expertise on board the ISS makes diagnosis of medical conditions challenging. Ultrasound may have direct application for the evaluation and diagnosis of hundreds of medical conditions and is of interest for treating exploration crews. The telemedicine strategies investigated by this project has widespread application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations. Ultrasound images from space from a variety of body regions have been shown to be of diagnostic quality and non-expert operators were easily trained in ultrasound skills. This work has been expanded to include professional Football, Baseball, and Ice Hockey teams as well as the Winter and Summer Olympic Games in collaboration with investigators such as Marnix Van Holsbeeck. Dr. Dulchavsky has also led an innovative pilot study to expand comprehensive ultrasound education to basic science medical students at the Wayne State University School of Medicine. This trial has been shown to be a success with over 82 percent of students agreeing or strongly agreeing that their educational experience with the lightweight ultrasound technology education was positive. This technology is now being taught to medical students in their clinical clerkships.

title: Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs

text: The use of ultrasonography in medicine soon followed in different locations around the world. In the mid-1950s more research was undertaken by Professor Ian Donald et al., in Glasgow, which advanced the practical technology and applications of ultrasound. In 1963, in France, Léandre Pourcelot started on his thesis, which was presented in 1964, and used pulsed Doppler for blood flow calculation as its subject. This was followed up by Peronneau in 1969. Dr. Gene Strandness and the bio-engineering group at the University of Washington who conducted research on Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for vascular disease, published their first work in 1967. The first report published about the venous system appeared around 1967–1968.

title: Asim Kurjak

text:
Prof. Kurjak is the President of International Academy of Perinatal Medicine and director of Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medical Ultrasound.
He is a regular fellow of World Academy of Art and Science, European Academy of Sciences and Art, International Academy for Human
Reproduction, Italian Academy of Science and Art of Reggio Puglia, Academy of Medical Sciences of Catalonia; honorary member of
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology; regular member of Russian Academy of Science and Art.He is an honorary member of 28 international societies for ultrasound or perinatal medicine. Kurjak is also a member of the editorial board or editor in chief of several international journals including Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, co editors of Journal of Perinatal Medicine.

title: Roger Sanders

text: Dr. Sanders has written over 16 books on Ultrasound & Sonography, including "Clinical Sonography: A Practical Guide", which is now in its fourth edition, and over 150 peer-reviewed articles. He is generally recognized as one of the pioneers of the use of Ultrasound in relation to Obstetrics and Gynecology, and has been recognized for his work with the Biparietal diameter among other work in the field. He is a fellow of several different Societies in the field of Ultrasound, including the Society of Radiology in Ultrasound, the American College of Radiology, and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (the AIUM), the latter awarding him the Presidential Award in 1984, and the Joseph H. Holmes Pioneer Award in 2001.


query: Do steam locomotives have gears?

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: A geared steam locomotive is a type of steam locomotive which uses gearing, usually reduction gearing, in the drivetrain, as opposed to the common directly driven design.

title: Cylinder (locomotive)

text:
On engines with outside cylinders there are three possible variations:There are three common variations:There are three common variations:There are many other variations, e.g. geared steam locomotives which may have only one cylinder.
The only conventional steam locomotive with one cylinder that is known is the Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: The Sentinel Waggon Works built numerous geared shunting locomotives to several designs mainly with vertical water-tube boilers and high-speed, enclosed, poppet-valve engines. These combined high-pressure boilers with high-reduction gearing to provide high torque at low speeds.[2] The Willamette locomotive was an improved-upon clone of the Shay locomotive produced in limited number by Willamette Iron & Steel (better known for their steam donkey engines) after key patents expired. West coast logging customers were clamoring for improvements in detail design and the application of more modern locomotive technology to the geared locomotive; Lima (manufacturers of the Shay) were dragging their heels. The Willamette was the response to that. A & G Price Ltd of Thames, New Zealand built a number of geared locomotives, often home-grown variants of the Climax A, Climax B or Heisler types. They did however produce a type that is known as the "16-wheeler" (0-4-4-4-4-0) that was also produced by another NZ manufacturer, Johnson Brothers of Invercargill. Price's last steam engine was a Heisler locomotive, built 3 years after the last American Heisler was built. Aveling and Porter built a few geared locomotives which were, essentially, traction engines with flanged wheels. The early ones used sprocket chain drive but later versions had spur gears. The Avonside Engine Company produced a small number of narrow gauge geared steam locomotives for sugar cane plantations in Natal. These were similar in design to Heislers. The Kitson-Still locomotive used different ends of the same cylinders for steam or diesel propulsion. The crank was above the frame and a gear train of fixed reduction linked it to the centre axle. Vertical boilered "coffee-pot" locomotives were often geared, though those made by De Winton were not.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: These were not the first locomotives to use geared transmission. Richard Trevithick's Coalbookdale Locomotive used a large gear instead of side rods to link the crankshaft to the driving axles, with a net 1:1 gear ratio. The early Grasshopper (1832), Crab (1837) and Mud Digger (1842) locomotives built for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad used gear ratios on the order of 2:1 so that each turn of the crankshaft caused about two turns of the driving axles. This allowed use of relatively small driving wheels without sacrificing speed.[1]

title: Reversing gear

text: On a steam locomotive, the reversing gear is used to control the direction of travel of the locomotive. It also adjusts the cutoff of the steam locomotive.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: With the decline of the commercial use of steam traction, the commercial use of geared locomotives has similarly reduced.

title: Steam locomotive

text: Articulated Beyer-Garratt Cab forward Double Fairlie Duplex Electric-steam locomotive Geared steam locomotive Heilmann locomotive High-pressure steam locomotive Mallet 5AT Advanced Technology Steam Locomotive Steam dummy Steam turbine locomotive Triplex

title: Walschaerts valve gear

text: The Walschaerts valve gear is a type of valve gear invented by Belgian railway mechanical engineer Egide Walschaerts in 1844 used to regulate the flow of steam to the pistons in steam engines. The gear is sometimes named without the final "s", since it was incorrectly patented under that name. It was extensively used in steam locomotives from the late 19th century until the end of the steam era.

title: Running gear (rail transport)

text: Because, today, locomotives no longer tend to have separate driving and carrying axles (see wheel arrangement), as was formerly common with steam locomotives, but usually have bogies where all axles are driven, the term running gear is (inaccurately) superseding the term 'driving gear' in some parts of the world.

title: Steam turbine locomotive

text:
A steam turbine locomotive is a steam locomotive which transmits steam power to the wheels via a steam turbine. Numerous attempts at this type of locomotive were made, mostly without success. In the 1930s this type of locomotive was seen as a way both to revitalize steam power and challenge the diesel locomotives then being introduced.
There are two ways to drive the wheels: either directly via gears, or using generator-driven traction motors.

title: Joy valve gear

text: Joy's valve-gear was used extensively on Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and London and North Western Railway locomotives, and also on the Manning Wardle-built narrow gauge 2-6-2 locomotives of the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway. Joy gear was also used by John Fowler & Co. and several other steam traction engine manufacturers. The most numerous locomotive class using Joy valve gear was Russian O class, in O and O variants (over 4500 built) - a letter "d" / "D" in their designations stood for Joy (in Russian phonetically: Джой - Dzhoy). Joy's valve gear was used in the Doble steam car until replaced by Stephenson's valve gear.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: This gearing is part of the machinery within the locomotive and should not be confused with the pinion that propels a rack locomotive along the rack between the rails. The geared steam locomotives that have been built have been for conventional track, relying on the adhesion between wheels and rail.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: Some geared steam locomotives are still at work in the sugar plantations of Indonesia, and no doubt elsewhere too, but in most countries they may now be seen only on tourist lines, preservation sites and museums. The particular advantage in cane sugar operations is the ability to use the dried solid residue of pressing the cane (see bagasse) as a fuel of trivial cost, providing that low cost technical labor is available to maintain the locomotives.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: The Class B Climax locomotive has two inclined cylinders driving a transverse crankshaft, geared to a longitudinal driveshaft placed centrally on the locomotive and driving the powered trucks via internal gearing.

title: Pennsylvania Railroad class J1

text: As with many of the Pennsylvania Railroad's steam locomotives, the J1 had its headlight above the smokebox. Like the M1 the J1 had a keystone numberplate, unlike the round numberplates seen on the rest of the PRR's freight steam locomotives. They were also equipped with Baker valve gear instead of Walschaerts valve gear which was more common on the PRR. Additionally, they had radial-stay fireboxes instead of the Belpaire fireboxes seen on nearly all of the Pennsylvania Railroad's steam locomotives. Mechanically, these locomotives were identical to the C&O's T-1 class 2-10-4s.

title: Egide Walschaerts

text: Whilst at Mechelen in 1844 he developed a new type of valve gear (a mechanism that allows for adjustment of the travel of the valves that distribute the steam to the cylinders and enables a steam locomotive to be put into reverse and to economise steam). He was not permitted by the company to patent the device himself as he was deemed of too lowly a rank. An engineer colleague and friend, M. Fisher, applied for the patent on his behalf but never claimed any contribution to it. Walschaerts name on the documents erroneously omitted the final 's' causing confusion over its correct spelling over the succeeding years. A locomotive built at the Tubize workshops fitted with the Walschaerts valve gear was awarded a gold medal at the 1873 Universal Exhibition in Vienna. This valve gear came to be used in the majority of steam locomotives, and became almost universal throughout the 20th Century.

title: Mount Rainier Railroad and Logging Museum

text: The railroad currently has three steam locomotives, as well as a diesel locomotive in regular service, along with several other locomotives of both types. Most of the railroad's engines are geared steam locomotives. These specialized types of steam engines — Shay locomotives, Heisler locomotives, Climax locomotives, and a Willamette locomotive were used in the early 20th century for logging. Compared to conventional steam locomotives, geared locomotives were better-suited for the steep grades, sharp curves and uneven profiles of hastily laid track typical of logging operations. Thus, the MRRR seeks to preserve and operate historic geared locomotives and related logging technology in order to present visitors with a sense of a bygone logging era critical to the development of the Pacific Northwest.

title: Condensing steam locomotive

text: These restrictions do not apply to marine or stationary steam engines due to not having size or weight restrictions. Ships often had massive waste steam recovery systems, such as the 400 ton waste steam turbine used to recover very low 6psi waste steam on the Titanic and its sister ships. This is several times the weight of an entire locomotive, and so is clearly not feasible as a form of waste steam recovery for locomotives.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: Cass Scenic Railroad State Park Glossary of steam locomotive components Steam donkey Steam motor

title: Articulated locomotive

text:
There were various types of articulated geared steam locomotive, including:There are several classes of articulated electric locomotives of generally two types:
Electric and diesel bogie locomotives have many construction aspects in common with Meyer type steam locomotives but are not seen as articulated.

title: Shay locomotive

text: The Shay locomotive was the most widely used geared steam locomotive. The locomotives were built to the patents of Ephraim Shay, who has been credited with the popularization of the concept of a "geared steam locomotive". Although the design of Ephraim Shay's early locomotives differed from later ones, there is a clear line of development that joins all Shays.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: No geared steam locomotives remain in commercial use in America. However, several are in operation on tourist lines.

title: Poppet valve

text: Poppet valves have been used on steam locomotives, often in conjunction with Lentz or Caprotti valve gear. British examples include:Sentinel Waggon Works used poppet valves in their steam wagons and steam locomotives. Reversing was achieved by a simple sliding camshaft system.

title: Expansion valve (steam engine)

text: Developments after the separate expansion valve led to more sophisticated valve gears that could achieve the same goal of varying inlet lap with a single valve. The first of these were the link valve gears, particularly the Stephenson link valve gear. This uses a pair of eccentrics with a sliding link mechanism between them that acts as a mechanical adding device. Selecting intermediate positions provides a valve actuation with the effect of increasing cut-off. As such valve gears also provided, and were first developed for, reversing, they were widely used on locomotives. Theoretically, the precise effect is that of reduced valve "travel", rather than an "earlier" cut-off. This has the effect of reducing overall valve opening, reducing initial steam supply and so having the effect of wire-drawing rather than pure expansion. Despite this, the Stephenson gear became one of the two most-widely used gears for locomotives.

title: Booster engine

text: A booster engine for steam locomotives is a small two-cylinder steam engine back-gear-connected to the trailing truck axle on the locomotive or, if none, the lead truck on the tender. A rocking idler gear permits it to be put into operation by the engineer. It would drive one axle only and could be non-reversible with one idler gear or reversible with two idler gears.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: The steam locomotive, as commonly employed, has its pistons directly attached to cranks on the driving wheels; thus, there is no gearing, one revolution of the driving wheels is equivalent to one revolution of the crank and thus two power strokes per piston (steam locomotives are almost universally double-acting, unlike the more familiar internal combustion engine).

title: Climax locomotive

text: In 1893 Scott proposed a geared steam locomotive, in which the frame of the boiler was hinged to the frame of the tender. The running gear underneath the boiler was firmly connected to it and was driven by common lateral cylinders and side rods. Underneath the tender was a truck which was similar to the Climax locomotives driven by a central shaft which took the power from the front axle of the locomotive via a hypoid bevel gear. For the first time, the design used closed axle drives with housings on one hand protecting the gear unit from and on the other hand also containing the gear lubricant.

title: Alan Keef

text: The first new loco was built in 1976. To date (2008) over eighty locos have been built – steam, diesel and electric. Most have been miniature or narrow gauge except for two standard gauge steam locos for Beamish Museum – the replicas of "Steam Elephant" and "Puffing Billy". In 2008 Alan Keef Ltd built the frames, running gear and mechanical parts for two Parry People Mover railcars for use on the Stourbridge Town branch (139001 and 139002). A number of Alan Keef's locomotives are replicas of steam locomotives but with diesel power. These are referred to as "steam outline" (s/o) in the listing below.

title: Live steam

text: The generally accepted smallest gauge for a live steam locomotive is Gauge 1, although O scale live steam models are also common. Producing smaller-scale models remains problematic, as the laws of physics do not themselves scale: creating a small-scale boiler that produces useful quantities of steam requires careful engineering. Hornby Railways has produced commercial live steam-powered locomotives in OO scale by utilising an electrically heated boiler mounted in the tender, with cylinders in the locomotive, and control provided by electrical- signals fed through the track from a remote control unit. They are less mechanically realistic than models in larger scales; the visible valve gear is a dummy, as on the electric-motor-powered models, and steam admission to the cylinders is controlled by a rotary-valve servo inside the boiler casing, which is also a dummy. Nevertheless, the locomotive is driven by steam that is created on board the locomotive and is hence a genuine "steam" locomotive.

title: Geared steam locomotive

text: The Heisler locomotive has a 'Vee-Twin' style steam engine, one cylinder each side of the boiler, affixed to a centrally located longitudinal driveshaft, again geared to the wheels.


query: When was the West Virginia Mountaineers basketball team formed?

text: The modern era of West Virginia basketball history began in 1955, with the emergence of sophomore guard Hot Rod Hundley and newly appointed head coach Fred Schaus. The Mountaineers finished with a 19–11 record, and earned the first NCAA Tournament appearance in school history under Hundley's lead. The team entered the tournament with a #19 ranking, the first Top 20 ranking in school history. However, they lost to the #3 La Salle Explorers in the first round of the tourney, 95–61.

text: The 1904–05 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1904–05 college men's basketball season. The team captain was James Gronninger. The Mountaineers finished with a overall record of 6–9.

text: The 2017–18 West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team represents West Virginia University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by seventeenth year head coach Mike Carey, play their home games at WVU Coliseum and were members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 25–12, 8–10 in Big 12 play to finish in sixth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the Big 12 Women's Tournament where they lost to Texas. They received an automatic bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they defeated Bucknell, Saint Joseph's and James Madison in the first, second and third rounds, St. John's in the quarterfinals before losing to Virginia Tech in the semifinals.

text: The 1903–04 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1903–04 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Otis Cole. The Mountaineers finished with a overall record of 4–3.

text: The 2008–09 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents West Virginia University in the 2008-09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team is coached by Bob Huggins and plays their home games in the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia.

title: West Virginia Mountaineers

text: In 1955, Fred Schaus and Alex Mumford devised the idea of rolling out an elaborate gold and blue carpet for Mountaineer basketball players to use when taking the court for pre-game warm-ups. In addition, Mountaineer players warmed up with a special gold and blue basketball. The university continued this tradition until the late 1960s when it died out, but former Mountaineer player Gale Catlett reintroduced the carpet when he returned to West Virginia University in 1978 as head coach of the men's basketball team.

title: West Virginia University

text: The Carpet Roll is a WVU Men's Basketball tradition. In 1955 Fred Schaus and Alex Mumford devised the idea of rolling out an elaborate gold and blue carpet for Mountaineer basketball players to use when taking the court for pre-game warm-ups. In addition, Mountaineer players warmed up with a special gold and blue basketball. The university continued this tradition until the late 1960s when it died out, but former Mountaineer player Gale Catlett reintroduced the carpet when he returned to West Virginia University in 1978 as head coach of the men's basketball team.

text: The 2014–15 West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team will represent West Virginia University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by fourteenth year head coach Mike Carey and play their home games at WVU Coliseum. They finished the season 23–15, 7–11 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for seventh place. They advanced in the quarterfinals of the Big 12 Women's Basketball Tournament where they lost to Oklahoma. They were invited to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they advanced to the championship game where they lost to UCLA.

text: The 1957–58 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in NCAA competition in the 1957–58 season. Coached by Fred Schaus and featuring future Hall of Fame guard Jerry West, the Mountaineers, then a member of the Southern Conference, lost in the first round of that year's NCAA tournament to Manhattan.

text: The 2016–17 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by Bob Huggins, in his 10th season as WVU's head coach, and played their home games at WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 28–9, 12–6 in Big 12 play to finish in a three-way tie for second place. They defeated Texas and Kansas State in the Big 12 Tournament before losing to Iowa State in the championship game. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament where they defeated Bucknell and Notre Dame before losing in the Sweet Sixteen to Gonzaga.

text: The 2017–18 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by Bob Huggins, in his 11th season as WVU's head coach, and played their home games at the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 26–11, 11–7 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for second place. They defeated Baylor and Texas Tech to advance to the championship game of the Big 12 Tournament where they lost to Kansas. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament where they defeated Murray State and Marshall to advance to the Sweet Sixteen where they lost to Villanova.

text: The 2010–11 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in the 2010-11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were coached by Bob Huggins and played their home games at the WVU Coliseum. They lost in the 2nd round by Marquette in the 2011 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament. They were invited to the 2011 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. They defeated Clemson in the second round before losing to Kentucky in the third round.

text: The 1905–06 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1905–06 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Shelby Taylor.

text: The 1906–07 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1906–07 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Earl Mason.

title: West Virginia Mountaineers

text:
In a state that lacks professional sports franchises, the citizens of West Virginia
passionately support West Virginia University and its athletics teams. West Virginia fans are nationally known for following their Mountaineers to bowl games and games throughout the country. West Virginia games also have received high TV ratings throughout the years. Men's basketball head coach Bob Huggins, a former Mountaineer basketball player who was born in Morgantown, stated that the "strong bond between the university and the people of West Virginia" is a relationship that is difficult for non-natives to understand. Former basketball player Da'Sean Butler cited the fan support as a factor in his decision to play for WVU, saying "everybody loves our school to death" in reference to the fan base in West Virginia.

text: The 2018–19 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team will represent West Virginia University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers are coached by Bob Huggins, in his 12th season as WVU's head coach, and will play their home games at the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia as members of the Big 12 Conference.

text: The 2016–17 West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team will represent West Virginia University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Mountaineers are coached by sixteenth year head coach Mike Carey and play their home games at WVU Coliseum and are members of the Big 12 Conference. The team finished sixth in the regular season but won the 2017 Big 12 Tournament. They finished with a record of 24–11, 8–10 in Big 12 play to finish in sixth place. They received an automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they defeated Elon in the first round before losing to Maryland in the second round.

text: The 2007–08 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in the 2007-08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Bob Huggins and played their home games in the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia. It completed the season 26–11 (11–7 in the Big East) and lost to Xavier 79–75 (in overtime) in the Sweet Sixteen of the 2008 NCAA tournament. West Virginia finished the season ranked #17.

text: The 2009–10 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in the 2009-10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were coached by Bob Huggins and played their home games at the WVU Coliseum. The team captured the first Big East Tournament Championship in school history. They won the East Region to advance to the second Final Four in school history, where they lost in the national semi-finals to eventual National Champion Duke, 78-57. The team finished #3 in the final Coaches Poll with a record of 31-7, setting the record for most wins in school history.

text: The 1914–15 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1914–15 college men's basketball season. The head coach was George Pyle, coaching his first season with the Mountaineers.

text: The West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents West Virginia University in NCAA Division I college basketball competition. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. WVU has won 13 conference tournament championships, and has 29 appearances in the NCAA Tournament, including two Final Fours, most recently in 2010. The Mountaineers have also appeared in 16 National Invitation Tournaments, and have won two championships, in 1942 and 2007.

title: West Virginia Mountaineers

text: The West Virginia Mountaineers are the athletic teams that represent West Virginia University. The school is a member of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. The Mountaineers have been a member of the Big 12 Conference since 2012. At that time, the Mountaineers joined the Mid-American Conference as an affiliate member for men's soccer. The two major sports at the university are football (played at Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium) and basketball (played at the WVU Coliseum), although many of the other sports have large followings as well. The West Virginia University athletic program also has the honor of being the only school in the nation in 2007 to win a BCS game, a NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament game, and a NCAA Women's Basketball Tournament game.

text: The West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team represents West Virginia University in NCAA Division I college basketball competition. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. West Virginia has earned eight bids to the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship, led by West Virginia coach and former WVU player Mike Carey. Most recently, they won the 2017 Big 12 Tournament, despite finishing sixth in the regular season.

text: The 1907–08 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represents the University of West Virginia during the 1907–08 college men's basketball season. The team captain was Earle Percy. The teamwas led by James Jenkins coaching his first season with the Mountaineers.

text: The 2018–19 West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team will represent West Virginia University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Mountaineers are coached by eighteenth-year head coach Mike Carey, play their home games at WVU Coliseum and are members of the Big 12 Conference.

text: The 1959–60 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in the 1959–60 college basketball season. At the time, the Mountaineers were a member of the Southern Conference and coached by Fred Schaus in what proved to be his final year in Morgantown. After the season, he became head coach of the NBA's Los Angeles Lakers, newly relocated from Minneapolis, where he was reunited with his graduated superstar player Jerry West.

text: The 2011–12 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers, led by fifth year head coach Bob Huggins, played their home games at WVU Coliseum and are members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 19–14, 9–9 in Big East play to finish in eighth place. They lost in the second round of the Big East Basketball Tournament to Connecticut. They received an at-large bid to the 2012 NCAA Basketball Tournament where they lost in the second round to Gonzaga.

text: The 1958–59 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University in NCAA competition in the 1958–59 season. Coached by Fred Schaus and led by Hall of Fame guard Jerry West, the Mountaineers, then a member of the Southern Conference, lost in the final of that year's NCAA tournament to California.

text: The 2013–14 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were coached by seventh year head coach Bob Huggins and played their home games at WVU Coliseum. They finished the season 17–16, 9–9 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for sixth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big 12 Tournament to Texas. They were invited to the National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Georgetown.

text: The 2012–13 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mountaineers were led by sixth year head coach Bob Huggins and played their home games at WVU Coliseum. This was the Mountaineers first season as members of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 13–19, 6–12 in Big 12 play to finish in eighth place. They lost in the first round of the Big 12 Tournament to Texas Tech.

text: The 2013–14 West Virginia Mountaineers women's basketball team will represent West Virginia University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Mountaineers are coached by thirteenth year head coach Mike Carey and play their home games at WVU Coliseum. They finished with a record of 30–5 overall, 16–2 in Big 12 play to share the Big 12 regular season champions with Baylor. They lost in the 2014 Big 12 Women's Basketball Tournament to Baylor. They were invited to the 2014 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament which they defeated Albany in the first round before losing to LSU in the second round.