query: What is the worlds largest prison?

title: Rikers Island

text: Rikers Island (/ˈraɪkərz/) is New York City's main jail complex,[1] as well as the name of the 413.17-acre (167.204ha) island on which it sits, in the East River between Queens and the mainland Bronx, adjacent to the runways of LaGuardia Airport.[2] Supposedly named after Abraham Rycken[3][4] who bought the island in 1664,[5] the island is home to one of the world's largest correctional institutions and mental institutions[6] and has been described as New York's most famous jail.[7] The island was originally under 100 acres (40ha) in size, but has since grown over four times to more than 400 acres (160ha). Much of the first stages of expansion was accomplished by convict labor hauling in ashes for landfill. The island itself is politically part of the Bronx, though it is included as part of Queens Community Board 1 and has a Queens ZIP Code of 11370.[8]

title: Tilanqiao Prison

text: The Tilanqiao Prison (), formerly known as the Ward Road Gaol, is a prison in Hongkou District of Shanghai, China. Originally built in the foreign-controlled Shanghai International Settlement, it is now run by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security. Throughout the first forty or so years of its life it was the largest prison in the world and earned a reputation as the "Alcatraz of the Orient".

title: Rikers Island

text: Rikers Island has been referred to as the world's largest penal colony.[26][27] For comparison, Europe's largest correctional facility, Silivri Prison in European Turkey, sits on 256 acres (1.04km2) and houses 10,904 prisoners.

title: Charles Colson

text: After his release from prison, Colson founded Prison Fellowship in 1976, which today is "the nation's largest outreach to prisoners, ex-prisoners, and their families". Colson worked to promote prisoner rehabilitation and reform of the prison system in the United States, citing his disdain for what he called the "lock 'em and leave 'em" warehousing approach to criminal justice. He helped to create prisons whose populations come from inmates who choose to participate in faith-based programs.

title: Plötzensee Prison

text: The original name of what is today "Haus 1" was "Strafgefängnis Plötzensee", which also translates to Plötzensee Prison. Up to 1,400 inmates lived on premises of including a church and a Jewish prayer area, then the largest prison of the German Empire. After World War II, the buildings demolished by the bombing of Berlin were rebuilt and housed a youth detention center ("Jugendstrafanstalt Berlin") for offenders between the ages of 14 and 21. When it in 1987 moved to a newly built annex on Friedrich-Olbricht-Damm in the west, "Haus 1" of Plötzensee Prison again became a men's prison with capacity for 577 inmates. Upon the end of the Cold War and German reunification, the last communist East German leader Egon Krenz, convicted for manslaughter by "Schießbefehl" order at the Berlin Wall, from 2000 until 2003 served his sentence there. Today about one third of the inmates are incarcerated for repeated fare evasion.

title: Charles Egeler Reception and Guidance Center

text: Egeler houses a maximum of 1382 inmates at a mix of security levels, for the assessment, screening, and classification of all male state prisoners. Egeler is adjacent to portions of the former Michigan State Prison, described as the largest walled prison in the world as late as 1981, when it was rocked by extensive, damaging riots. The prison was divided in 1988 into smaller institutions. As of 2016, Parnell and three other local components remain open as prisons:

title: Telepsychiatry

text: Correctional telepsychiatry is the use of a remote psychiatrist or nurse practitioner for psychiatry in a prison or correctional facility, including psychiatric assessment, medication consultation, suicide watch, pre-parole evaluations and more. Telepsychiatry can deliver significant cost savings to correctional facilities by eliminating the need for prisoners to be escorted to off-site appointments and psychiatric interventions. One of the early pioneers of correctional psychiatry was Edward Kaftarian, MD. As the Chief of Telepsychiatry in the California prison system, Dr. Kaftarian assembled a staff of 70 telepsychiatrists to serve 25 prison facilities, making it the largest correctional telepsychiatry program in the world. As a spinoff of this mission, Dr. Kaftarian founded Orbit Health Telepsychiatry, a company that serves prison and jails across the nation. Increasingly, jail and prison psychiatry is becoming one of the largest use cases of telemedicine.

title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The first state prison was built here. By 1882 it had developed as the largest walled prison in the world, containing both factory facilities and farmland. A new prison was built in 1934 north of the city limits.

title: Mikhail Khodorkovsky

text: "The Economist" asserted in April 2010 that after six years in prison, Khodorkovsky had politically transformed from an oligarch into a political prisoner and freedom fighter: "He speaks with the authority of a chief executive of what was once Russia's largest oil company. He explains how Yukos and Russia's oil industry functioned, but he goes beyond business matters. What he is defending is not his long-lost business, but his human rights. The transformation of Mr. Khodorkovsky from a ruthless oligarch, operating in a virtually lawless climate, into a political prisoner and freedom fighter is one of the more intriguing tales in post-communist Russia."

title: Futureland

text: Angel's Island - The tale of a prisoner on the world's largest privately owned prison and how he came to expose its dark secrets.

title: Kieran Fleming

text: On 23 September 1983, Fleming was involved in the Maze Prison escape, the largest break-out of prisoners in Europe since World War II and in British prison history. Fleming, along with 37 other republican prisoners, armed with 6 hand-guns, hijacked a prison meals lorry and smashed their way out of HMP Maze past 40 prison wardens and 28 alarm systems. During the escape Gerry Kelly shot and injured a prison warden as the officer attempted to foil the escape.

title: Alcatraz Citadel

text: During the World War I, the citadel was used for incarcerating military prisoners as also German Prisoners of War, which necessitated building of a larger building structure by demolishing the old upper and lower prisons. A new cell house formed of four cell blocks with 600 cells was built, in 1912, which at that time was reported to be the largest reinforced concrete building in the world; the cells had toilet and electricity facilities.

title: Changi

text: Also located within Changi is Singapore's largest prison, Changi Prison. It became infamous as a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp during the occupation of Singapore in World War II. Changi Prison continues to be Singapore's oldest operating internment facility, in the form of the new Changi Prison Complex.

title: Prison–industrial complex

text: As the prison population grows, a rising rate of incarceration feeds small and large businesses such as providers of furniture, transportation, food, clothes and medical services, construction and communication firms. Furthermore, the prison system is the third largest employer in the world. Prison activists who dispute the existence of a prison industrial complex have argued that these parties have a great interest in the expansion of the prison system since their development and prosperity directly depends on the number of inmates. They liken the prison industrial complex to any industry that needs more and more raw materials, prisoners being the material.

title: Republic (Plato)

text: The prisoner's stages of understanding correlate with the levels on the divided line which he imagines. The line is divided into what the visible world is and what the intelligible world is, with the divider being the Sun. When the prisoner is in the cave, he is obviously in the visible realm that receives no sunlight, and outside he comes to be in the intelligible realm.

title: List of U.S. states by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

text: According to the World Prison Brief the United States currently has the largest prison population in the world, and the highest incarceration rate.

title: Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center

text: Currently the only barge in use, the Vernon C. Bain Center is the third prison barge that the New York Department of Corrections has used. In its history, the prison has served traditional inmates, juvenile inmates and is currently used as a holding and temporary processing center. The added security of the prison being on water has prevented at least four attempted escapes. The barge is named in memorial for warden Vernon C. Bain who died in an automobile accident. In 2014, the prison barge was named the world's largest prison barge in operation by the Guinness World Records.

title: Prisons in Slovakia

text: The country's oldest prisons date from the 17th century. Two of the largest prisons, Leopoldov Prison and Ilava Prison were reconstructed from an army fortress and a monastery respectively, both during Austria-Hungary. The largest prisons have a capacity of 600 - 900 prisoners.

title: Camp Aliceville

text: Camp Aliceville was a World War II era prisoner of war (POW) camp in Aliceville, Alabama. Its construction began in August 1942, it received its first prisoners in June 1943, and it shut down in September 1945. It was the largest World War II POW camp in the Southeastern United States, holding between 2,000 and 12,000 German prisoners at any one time.

title: Incarceration of women

text: According to the International Centre for Prison Studies, as of August 2014, the Chinese women prison population is the second largest in the world (after the United States) with 84,600 female prisoners in total or 5.1% of the overall Chinese prison population.

title: List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada

text: The largest number of military prisoners of war was recorded as 33,798 by several sources. In addition to POWs, some civilian internees were held in the camps and some estimates include such prisoners.

title: Centro Direzionale (Naples)

text: The Centro Direzionale is more than one square kilometer wide and is situated in the Poggioreale section of the city, near the central train station. The Center is in what was traditionally the worst part of the city, adjacent to the "Poggioreale" prison, the largest prison in southern Italy.

title: Ktzi'ot Prison

text: Ktzi'ot Prison is an Israeli detention facility located in the Negev desert 45 miles south-west of Beersheba. It is Israel's largest detention facility in terms of land area, encompassing . It is also the largest detention camp in the world.

title: Justin Brooks

text: Brooks said that "one night, after visiting Mulero, I was sitting in my car on a freezing Chicago evening and I decided this [exonerating innocent people] is what I want to do for the rest of my life. I quit my job. California has the largest prison system in the world, so I thought this would be a great place to start. The California Western School of Law had a small criminal defense institute that had a little bit of budget for what I wanted to do. They hired me on as director and I turned it into the California Innocence Project."

title: Prison Fellowship

text: Prison Fellowship is the world's largest Christian nonprofit organization for prisoners, former prisoners, and their families, and a leading advocate for justice reform.

title: The Age of Extremes

text: Hobsbawm often uses statistics to paint a broad picture of a society at a particular time. With reference to the contemporary United States (at the time of writing) he points out, "In 1991, 58 per cent of all black families in the United States were headed by a single woman and 70 per cent of all children were born to single mothers," and "In 1991 15 per cent of what was proportionally the largest prison population in the world — 426 prisoners per 100,000 population -- were said to be mentally ill."

title: Séamus McElwaine

text: On 25 September 1983, McElwaine was involved in the Maze Prison escape, the largest break-out of prisoners in Europe since World War II and in British prison history. 38 republican prisoners, armed with 6 handguns, hijacked a prison meals lorry and smashed their way out of the Maze prison.

title: Åna Prison

text:
Åna Prison (Norwegian: "Åna fengsel") is a prison in Hå municipality in Rogaland, Norway. It is one of the largest prisons and has capacity for 219 inmates, 140 in a closed prison and 24 in a department with an open prison. The prison is for male inmates. There is no wall around the prison, but there are still very few escapes. The prison is located approximately an hour's drive south of Stavanger. There is no bus service to the prison. Åna is the largest correctional institution in the Southwestern Region of the Norwegian Correctional Services.
Åna prison is also one of the largest Norwegian governmental owned farms.

title: 2013 Palmasola prison riot

text: Palmasola is Bolivia's largest prison and holds about 3,500 prisoners. Like many prisons in Latin America, guards exert minimal control over what happens within the prison, leading to it being described as a "prison town". Guards instead concentrate only on securing the perimeter of the facility. According to former inmates, almost anything can be obtained in the prison. Businesses operate inside the prison to supply weapons and drugs. Under Bolivian law, children under the age of six may live in a prison with one of their parents. Four out of five prisoners in Palmasola are awaiting trial.

title: Palmasola

text: Centro de Rehabilitación Santa Cruz "Palmasola" is a maximum security prison in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It is Bolivia's largest prison and holds about 3,500 prisoners. Like many prisons in Latin America, guards exhibit minimal control over what happens within the prison, leading it to being described as a "prison town". Guards instead concentrate only on securing the perimeter of the facility. According to former inmates, almost anything can be obtained in the prison, and businesses operate inside the prison to supply weapons and drugs. Prisoners of Palmasola have created an organization called the Disciplina Interna to oversee some affairs.

title: Corruption in Sweden

text: The head of facilities management at The Swedish Prison and Probation Service was sentenced to 3.5 years in prison in what in 2016 was the largest corruption case involving a civil servant in Sweden.


query: When was the law of conservation of energy introduced?

title: Conservation of energy

text: In 1850, William Rankine first used the phrase the law of the conservation of energy for the principle.[16]

title: Recoil

text: There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired: conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy.

title: Energy

text: These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.[3] Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.

title: Julius von Mayer

text: After Sadi Carnot stating it for caloric, Mayer was the first person to state the law of the conservation of energy, one of the most fundamental tenets of modern day physics. The law of the conservation of energy states that the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant in any isolated system of objects that interact with each other only by way of forces that are conservative.

title: Conservation of energy

text: The conservation of energy is a common feature in many physical theories. From a mathematical point of view it is understood as a consequence of Noether's theorem, developed by Emmy Noether in 1915 and first published in 1918. The theorem states every continuous symmetry of a physical theory has an associated conserved quantity; if the theory's symmetry is time invariance then the conserved quantity is called "energy". The energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time; energy conservation is implied by the empirical fact that the laws of physics do not change with time itself. Philosophically this can be stated as "nothing depends on time per se". In other words, if the physical system is invariant under the continuous symmetry of time translation then its energy (which is canonical conjugate quantity to time) is conserved. Conversely, systems which are not invariant under shifts in time (an example, systems with time dependent potential energy) do not exhibit conservation of energy– unless we consider them to exchange energy with another, external system so that the theory of the enlarged system becomes time invariant again. Conservation of energy for finite systems is valid in such physical theories as special relativity and quantum theory (including QED) in the flat space-time.

title: First law of thermodynamics

text: The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed. The first law is often formulated

title: Scientific law

text: Applying electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics, to atoms and molecules, some laws of electromagnetic radiation and light are as follows.Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. Historically, observations led to many empirical laws, though now it is known that chemistry has its foundations in quantum mechanics.The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.

title: Spacetime

text: In physics, conservation laws state that certain particular measurable properties of an isolated physical system do not change as the system evolves over time. In 1915, Emmy Noether discovered that underlying each conservation law is a fundamental symmetry of nature. The fact that physical processes don't care "where" in space they take place (space translation symmetry) yields conservation of momentum, the fact that such processes don't care "when" they take place (time translation symmetry) yields conservation of energy, and so on. In this section, we examine the Newtonian views of conservation of mass, momentum and energy from a relativistic perspective.

title: Conservation law

text: There are also approximate conservation laws. These are approximately true in particular situations, such as low speeds, short time scales, or certain interactions.The total amount of some conserved quantity in the universe could remain unchanged if an equal amount were to appear at one point "A" and simultaneously disappear from another separate point "B". For example, an amount of energy could appear on Earth without changing the total amount in the Universe if the same amount of energy were to disappear from a remote region of the Universe. This weak form of "global" conservation is really not a conservation law because it is not Lorentz invariant, so phenomena like the above do not occur in nature. Due to Special Relativity, if the appearance of the energy at "A" and disappearance of the energy at "B" are simultaneous in one inertial reference frame, they will not be simultaneous in other inertial reference frames moving with respect to the first. In a moving frame one will occur before the other; either the energy at "A" will appear "before" or "after" the energy at "B" disappears. In both cases, during the interval energy will not be conserved.

title: Conservation of energy

text: Thus, conservation of energy (total, including material or rest energy), and conservation of mass (total, not just rest), each still holds as an (equivalent) law. In the 18th century these had appeared as two seemingly-distinct laws.

title: Recoil

text: For example, a bullet fired from an M16 rifle has approximately 1763 Joules of kinetic energy as it leaves the muzzle, but the recoil energy of the gun is less than 7 Joules. Despite this imbalance, energy is still conserved because the total energy in the system before firing (the chemical energy stored in the propellant) is equal to the total energy after firing (the kinetic energy of the recoiling firearm, plus the kinetic energy of the bullet and other ejecta, plus the heat energy from the explosion). In order to work out the distribution of kinetic energy between the firearm and the bullet, it is necessary to use the law of conservation of momentum in combination with the law of conservation of energy.

title: Physical theories modified by general relativity

text: Unlike classical mechanics and special relativity, it is not usually possible to unambiguously define the total energy and momentum in general relativity, so the tensorial conservation laws are "local" statements only (see ADM energy, though). This often causes confusion in time-dependent spacetimes which apparently do not conserve energy, although the local law is always satisfied. Exact formulation of energy–momentum conservation on an arbitrary geometry requires use of a non-unique stress-energy–momentum pseudotensor.

title: Adiabatic process

text: In the eighteenth century, the law of conservation of energy was yet to be fully formulated or established, and the nature of heat was debated. One approach to these problems was to regard heat, measured by calorimetry, as a primary substance that is conserved in quantity. By the middle of the nineteenth century, it was recognized as a form of energy, and the law of conservation of energy was thereby also recognized. The view that eventually established itself, and is currently regarded as right, is that the law of conservation of energy is a primary axiom, and that heat is to be analyzed as consequential. In this light, heat cannot be a component of the total energy of a single body because it is not a state variable, but, rather, is a variable that describes a process of transfer between two bodies. The adiabatic process is important because it is a logical ingredient of this current view.

title: Mass–energy equivalence

text: Mass and energy can be seen as two names (and two measurement units) for the same underlying, conserved physical quantity. Thus, the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of (total) mass are equivalent and both hold true. Einstein elaborated in a 1946 essay that "the principle of the conservation of mass [...] proved inadequate in the face of the special theory of relativity. It was therefore merged with the energy conservation principle—just as, about 60 years before, the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy had been combined with the principle of the conservation of heat [thermal energy]. We might say that the principle of the conservation of energy, having previously swallowed up that of the conservation of heat, now proceeded to swallow that of the conservation of mass—and holds the field alone."

title: Conservative force

text: For non-conservative forces, the mechanical energy that is lost (not conserved) has to go somewhere else, by conservation of energy. Usually the energy is turned into heat, for example the heat generated by friction. In addition to heat, friction also often produces some sound energy. The water drag on a moving boat converts the boat's mechanical energy into not only heat and sound energy, but also wave energy at the edges of its wake. These and other energy losses are irreversible because of the second law of thermodynamics.

title: Conservative force

text: The term "conservative force" comes from the fact that when a conservative force exists, it conserves mechanical energy. The most familiar conservative forces are gravity, the electric force (in a time-independent magnetic field, see Faraday's law), and spring force.

title: Chemical law

text: Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.

title: Conservation law

text: Conservation laws are fundamental to our understanding of the physical world, in that they describe which processes can or cannot occur in nature. For example, the conservation law of energy states that the total quantity of energy in an isolated system does not change, though it may change form. In general, the total quantity of the property governed by that law remains unchanged during physical processes. With respect to classical physics, conservation laws include conservation of energy, mass (or matter), linear momentum, angular momentum, and electric charge. With respect to particle physics, particles cannot be created or destroyed except in pairs, where one is ordinary and the other is an antiparticle. With respect to symmetries and invariance principles, three special conservation laws have been described, associated with inversion or reversal of space, time, and charge.

text: In classical mechanics, conservation laws for energy and momentum are handled separately in the two principles of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. With the advent of special relativity, these two conservation principles were united through the concept of mass-energy equivalence.

title: Energy

text: Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception)[14] are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to the volumetric density of energy in any given space. There is also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of the universe cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa.[12][13]

title: Spacetime

text:
Newtonian momenta, calculated as , fail to behave properly under Lorentzian transformation. The linear transformation of velocities is replaced by the highly nonlinear
The relativistic conservation law for energy and momentum replaces the three classical conservation laws for energy, momentum and mass. Mass is no longer conserved independently, because it has been subsumed into the total relativistic energy. This makes the relativistic conservation of energy a simpler concept than in nonrelativistic mechanics, because the total energy is conserved without any qualifications. Kinetic energy converted into heat or internal potential energy shows up as an increase in mass.

title: Whipcracking

text: A common explanation is to derive the behavior from the conservation of energy law. However it was noted that the energy is also conserved when the crack sizzles, therefore derivations from purely conservation laws, including conservation of momentum and some others are insufficient.

title: Noether's theorem

text: The earliest constants of motion discovered were momentum and energy, which were proposed in the 17th century by René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz on the basis of collision experiments, and refined by subsequent researchers. Isaac Newton was the first to enunciate the conservation of momentum in its modern form, and showed that it was a consequence of Newton's third law. According to general relativity, the conservation laws of linear momentum, energy and angular momentum are only exactly true globally when expressed in terms of the sum of the stress–energy tensor (non-gravitational stress–energy) and the Landau–Lifshitz stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor (gravitational stress–energy). The local conservation of non-gravitational linear momentum and energy in a free-falling reference frame is expressed by the vanishing of the covariant divergence of the stress–energy tensor. Another important conserved quantity, discovered in studies of the celestial mechanics of astronomical bodies, is the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector.

title: The Natural Step

text: The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (LoTD) and Laws for conservation of matter (LCoM) set limiting conditions for life on earth: The First Law says that energy is conserved; nothing disappears, its form simply changes (e.g. heat, movement). Another way of stating this is: "Energy cannot be created, or destroyed, only modified in form." The implications of the Second Law and second law of conservation of matter, are that matter and energy tend to disperse over time. For matter this is referred to as "entropy." Putting the different laws together and applying them to our planetary system, the following facts become apparent:

title: New York energy law

text: New York energy law is the statutory, regulatory, and common law of the state of New York concerning the policy, conservation, taxation, and utilities involved in energy. Secondary sources have also influenced the law of energy in the Empire State.

title: Science

text: The laws of conservation of energy, conservation of momentum and conservation of mass suggested a highly stable universe where there could be little loss of resources. With the advent of the steam engine and the industrial revolution, there was, however, an increased understanding that all forms of energy as defined by Newton were not equally useful; they did not have the same energy quality. This realization led to the development of the laws of thermodynamics, in which the cumulative energy quality of the universe is seen as constantly declining: the entropy of the universe increases over time.

title: Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field

text: Conservation laws for a unit mass have a Lagrangian form, which together with mass conservation produce Eulerian conservation; on the contrary, when fluid particles can exchange a quantity (like energy or momentum), only Eulerian conservation laws exist.

title: Conservation of energy

text: In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time.[1] This law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another. For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all the forms of energy that were released in the explosion, such as the kinetic energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite. Classically, conservation of energy was distinct from conservation of mass; however, special relativity showed that mass is related to energy and vice versa by E = mc2, and science now takes the view that mass–energy is conserved.

title: History of energy

text: In 1918 it was proved that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see Noether's theorem).

title: New York energy law

text: The Assembly Energy committee "has jurisdiction over legislation related to energy availability and sources, policy and planning, conservation, and electric and gas rate-making in New York State". This includes any amendments to N.Y. Energy Law and Public Service Law. It has concurrent jurisdiction over the authorities and agencies dealing with energy, including NYSERDA, the Long Island Power Authority, Department of Environmental Conservation, and the Power Authority of the State of New York.

title: Lieb–Liniger model

text: These excitations can be combined and repeated many times. Thus, they are bosonic-like. If we denote the ground state (= lowest) energy by formula_61 and the energies of the states mentioned above by formula_62 then formula_63 and formula_64 are the excitation energies of the two modes. Later the model was also solved by Quantum inverse scattering method. This help to calculate correlation functions and to find conservation laws. The Hamiltonian of the model has a family of commuting operators: conservation laws. An explicit expression for higher conservation laws can be found in Davies and Korepin (1989).


query: What city is the capitol of Utah?

title: Utah State Capitol

text: The Utah State Capitol is the house of government for the U.S. state of Utah. The building houses the chambers and offices of the Utah State Legislature, the offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, the State Auditor and their staffs. The capitol is the main building of the Utah State Capitol Complex, which is located on Capitol Hill, overlooking downtown Salt Lake City.

title: Capitol Hill Historic District (Salt Lake City, Utah)

text: The district was originally roughly bounded by Beck, Main and Wall Streets, 300 North, Victory Road, and Capitol Boulevard and includes the Utah State Capitol. The district was increased in 2002 to include an area roughly bounded by 300 North, 400 West, 800 North, Wall Street, and 200 West.

title: Utah House of Representatives

text: The Utah House of Representatives is the lower house of the Utah State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Utah. The House is composed of 75 representatives elected from single member constituent districts. Each district contains an average population of 35,000 people. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The House convenes at the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: In summer 2004 the capitol closed for an extensive renovation, which included restoration work and a seismic upgrade. The renovation was guided by three main goals, first strengthen the structure to withstand as much as a 7.3 magnitude earthquake, then restore the original architectural and artistic details of the building, all while retaining functionality after the renovation.[9] On August 7, 2004, the day before the capitol closed, a "Capitol Discovery Day" was held, and the public was invited to visit the capitol and learn about the changes being made, and why the project was necessary.[10] By August 8, the day the capitol closed, the renovation had already begun in certain locations around Capitol Hill. In 2002, following the 2002 Winter Olympics, some buildings added to the capitol campus, such as the circular cafeteria building, were demolished, and construction started on two new buildings. These two buildings, constructed north of the capitol, would serve as temporary offices during the structure's restoration.[11] Much of the asbestos on the exterior of the building (used to waterproof the dome) had been removed that summer by inmates from the Utah State Prison, working in the Utah Correctional Industries program.[12]

title: Utah State Capitol

text: After funding was secured, the commission began the design process for the building and grounds. The Olmsted Brothers of Massachusetts were chosen to provide the landscaping design and site plan. As options for the site on Capitol Hill were researched several members of various committees expressed concerns with the proposed site, due mainly to the cost of grading the steep hillside. In December 1911, a three-person committee was organized to consider other locations for a capitol building. One of the more popular sites considered was located on Fort Douglas property, near the present University of Utah, while others proposed locating the building in downtown Salt Lake City near the City and County Building. In the end, it was decided to construct on the original 20 acres (81,000m2) site known as Capitol Hill, and attempt to acquire surrounding property for the capitol campus. Aware of the demand for their properties, several owners charged the state exorbitant prices for the property needed to complete the site.[3]

title: Utah State Capitol

text: List of tallest buildings in Salt Lake City Yule marble List of state and territorial capitols in the United States

title: Capitol Hill (Salt Lake City)

text: The hill slopes down to the south, overlooking downtown Salt Lake City, which is why the Utah State Capitol was built there between 1912 and 1916. State Street (U.S. Route 89 in Utah) leads up Capitol Hill, and Main Street also climbs the one block to the west. The entire Salt Lake City metro area can seen from Capitol Hill, as can the Great Salt Lake miles to the west.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: As time passed, those smaller buildings became inadequate, so several local leaders and businessmen began to call for a new permanent capitol building. Several of these people requested that Salt Lake City donate about 20 acres (81,000m2) of land, specifically an area known as Arsenal Hill, just north of the intersection of State and Second North Streets. The City Council of Salt Lake responded by approving a resolution on March 1, 1888, donating the property to the territorial government. A "Capitol Commission" was created to review the design and construction process for the new building. The commission selected Elijah E. Myers, who also designed the Michigan, Texas, and Colorado State Capitols, to design Utah's building. The plans were finished by 1891, but were ultimately rejected because of the $1 million (equivalent to $26million in 2018[5]) cost estimated. Plans for a capitol building were then delayed after the approval of an Enabling Act allowing Utahns to begin plans for statehood.[3] On January 4, 1896 Utah was granted statehood, and the Salt Lake City and County Building was used as a capitol building for the new state.

title: Woodruff-Riter-Stewart Home

text: The Woodruff-Riter-Stewart Home is a mansion on Capitol Hill in Salt Lake City, Utah. It sits on the corner of State Street and 200 North on the south slope of Capitol Hill.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: In Legally Blonde 2: Red, White and Blonde (2003) the Utah State Capitol was used for exterior and interior pictures of the U.S. Capitol. In Drive Me Crazy (1999), the Centennial prom scene was filmed in the Capitol Rotunda.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: The Senate chamber, which houses the Utah State Senate, is located in the northern part of the center wing. The Senate is composed of 29 members, who serve for terms of four-years. Senators sit facing north, towards the speaker. The chamber was expanded during the renovation, removing the walls on each side, opening what were hallways to the floor of the chamber. Like the House's chamber, the Senate Chamber was restored with original paint colors and period furniture. Included within the chamber are three murals, the first is original to the building, and was painted across the entire, upper-part, of the front wall. The mural, known as a polyptych, is a landscape by A.B. Wright and Lee Greene Richards showing Utah Lake, located a 45-minute drive south of the capitol, in Utah County. During the restoration, two new paintings, by Logan artist Keith Bond were painted. The eastern mural, entitled Orchards along the Foothills, shows the Wasatch Mountains of Northern Utah. The western mural, entitled Ancestral Home shows an Anasazi ruin amongst the red-rock hills of Southern Utah.[19]

title: Utah State Capitol

text: Located on the east side of the capitol complex, the East Senate Building holds additional offices for members of the Utah Senate. The main floor also holds The State Room, a dining room for the Capitol Café, and the second floor contains two committee rooms. Located under this building is the private lobbyist lounge, managed by the Capitol Hill Association of Lobbyists.

title: Utah Symphony

text: The Utah Symphony is an American orchestra based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The orchestra's principal venue is Abravanel Hall. In addition to its Salt Lake City subscription concerts, the orchestra travels around the Intermountain West serving communities throughout Utah. The orchestra accompanies the Utah Opera in four productions per year at Salt Lake's Capitol Theatre. In addition, the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera have a summer residency at the Deer Valley Music Festival, located in Park City, Utah. The orchestra receives funding from the Utah State Legislature for educational concerts.

title: Utah

text: Utah's capitol Salt Lake City is the final location in the video game The Last of Us.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: One of the first official acts of the assembly was to designate a capital city for the territory. On October 4, 1851, Millard County and its capital of Fillmore were created in the empty Pavant Valley for this purpose. The area was named for then current president Millard Fillmore. Its centralized location in the territory made it seem an ideal place for Utah's capital city.[4] Construction started on Utah's first capitol building, known as the Utah Territorial Statehouse, the next year. The building was designed by LDS Church Architect Truman O. Angell, and was funded with $20,000 (equivalent to $488thousand in 2018[5]) appropriated by the United States Congress.[3] The $20,000 was insufficient to pay for the capitol as designed, and so only the south wing was completed. In December 1855, the fifth Utah Territorial Legislature met in the building (it would be the first and only complete session in Fillmore). The next year the sixth Utah Territorial Legislature once again met in the statehouse, but the session was relocated to Salt Lake City after legislators complained about the lack of housing and adequate facilities in Fillmore. As a result, in December 1856 Salt Lake City was designated Utah's capital, and the statehouse in Fillmore was abandoned.[4] Several buildings in Salt Lake City then served as temporary homes for the state legislature and offices for state officers, including the previously used Council House, and beginning in 1866, the Salt Lake City Council Hall.

title: Utah State Legislature

text: The Legislature convenes at the Utah State Capitol in the state capital of Salt Lake City on the fourth Monday of January for an annual 45-day session.

title: Miss Utah

text: Jesse Craig was crowned Miss Utah 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Capitol Theater in Salt Lake City, Utah. She competed for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

title: Salt Lake City Council Hall

text: The Salt Lake City Council Hall is currently home to offices of the Utah Office of Tourism and the Utah Film Commission and is located on Capitol Hill in Salt Lake City, Utah. Built in 1864-66, the building is historically important as the Old Salt Lake City Hall or just Old City Hall from 1866 to 1894. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975, as an emblem of (and site of events relating to) the conflicts between the governments of the Utah Territory and the United States in the 19th century.

title: Utah State Senate

text: The Utah State Senate is the upper house of the Utah State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Utah. The Utah Senate is composed of 29 elected members representing an equal number of senate districts. Each senate district is composed of approximately 95,000 people.[1] Members of the Senate are elected to four-year terms without term limits. The Senate convenes at the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City.

title: Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde

text: Although the story is set in Washington, D.C., the film was shot in the offices at Vivint Smart Home Arena (then the Delta Center), the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. The supposed "aerial views" on Washington buildings were scale models built by the crew.

title: Utah Compact

text: The Utah Compact is a declaration of five principles whose stated purpose is to "guide Utah's immigration discussion." At a ceremony held on the grounds of the Utah State Capitol on November 11, 2010, it was signed by business, law enforcement and religious leaders including the Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake City, and by various other community leaders and individuals.

title: Martha Hughes Cannon

text: In 1986 the new Utah Department of Health building was dedicated and named the Martha Hughes Cannon health building in Salt Lake City. An eight-foot-high bronze statue of Martha Hughes Cannon by Laura Lee Stay Bradshaw, dedicated in 1996, was housed in the Utah Capitol rotunda. Her grandson, Robert J. Cannon, spoke at the dedication. After the Utah Capitol re-dedication in 2008, the bronze statue of Cannon was moved to the foyer of the Utah State Senate building on Utah Capitol Hill. There is also a bronze plaque honoring the "author of Utah sanitation laws" on a boulder next to a drinking fountain on the northeast corner of 200 West and South Temple. Since 1990, Utah officials have lobbied the U.S. Postal Service for a stamp in Cannon's honor. In 2011 a group of students at Brigham Young University created a stage play and later a film about five strong females of faith, which included Martha Hughes Cannon. In October 2015 legislators formed the Martha Hughes Cannon caucus in an effort to encourage more women in Utah to participate in government. KUED produced an hour-long documentary on Martha Hughes Cannon's life. The Utah State Legislature voted in 2018 to send a statue of Martha Hughes Cannon to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall in 2020.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: The first Euro-American settlers arrived in what would become Utah on July 24, 1847, which is now commemorated as Pioneer Day in the state. These settlers, Mormon pioneers led by Brigham Young, appealed to the United States Congress for statehood in 1849, asking to become the State of Deseret. Their proposal was denied, but they received some recognition in September 1850 when the U.S. Government created the Territory of Utah as part of the compromise of 1850.[2] A territorial assembly, known as the Utah Territorial Legislature, was created to be the governing body for the territory. The assembly met in various buildings including the Council House, which had originally been constructed to serve as capitol of the provisional State of Deseret, until the first capitol building was constructed.[3]

text: The Capitol Hill Historic District in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: By 1909 no capitol had yet been constructed and Governor William Spry, recognizing that Utah was one of only a few states without a capitol building, sent a proposal to the state legislature asking for the creation of a new commission to oversee the construction of a capitol. During that year's legislative session the commission was created and efforts made to gain funding for construction. An appropriation bill, which would use a one mill property tax, was produced but failed in a required popular vote that June. Funding options in the form of bonds and loans were also researched.[6] In 1910 the state constitution was amended to allow bonding for the capitol building, and by 1911 a bill authorizing $1,305,000 (equivalent to $25.9million in 2018[5]) in bonds was presented to the state legislature. The bill passed both houses after the amount was reduced to $1 million (equivalent to $19.8million in 2018[5])and was signed into law by the governor in Spring 1911.[3] Funds were also boosted when Union Pacific Railroad president, Edward Henry Harriman, died in 1909, and his widow was required to pay a five-percent inheritance tax to the state of Utah. Union Pacific had helped to construct the Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in Utah, and Harriman had invested $3.5 million in Salt Lake City's electric trolley system. Because of these investments within the state, Mrs. Harriman paid the state treasurer $798,546 (equivalent to $15.9million in 2018[5]) on March 1, 1911, as required by law.[6]

title: Utah State Capitol

text: By the end of summer 1914 the basement, second floor, and exterior walls were nearing completion. The columns were being installed, and work progressed on the dome, including covering it in Utah copper. The capitol commission urged the work forward, hoping the eleventh session of the Legislature would be able to meet in the building the following year. But, as 1914 ended, work had not progressed enough and when the legislature met the next year, it did so in the Salt Lake City and County Building, until February 11, 1915, when the session was moved into the new capitol. Even though the legislature was meeting in the capitol, it took more than a year to finish the remainder of the building sufficiently for the executive and judicial officers to occupy the building. After work was finished the capitol was publicly dedicated on October 9, 1916. The original construction cost was $2,739,538.00 (equivalent to $44.3million in 2018[5]) and replacement cost is estimated at $310,000,000 (equivalent to $5.02billion in 2018[5]). The capitol was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.[1] It is included in the Capitol Hill Historic District, a historic district also listed on the National Register.[1]

title: Gilbert Riswold

text: Riswold moved to Utah in 1926 to design the Mormon Battalion Monument on the grounds of the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the 1930s, he worked as a sculptor in Los Angeles, California. He also designed sculptures in his home state of South Dakota.

title: Salt Lake City and County Building

text: The building served as Utah's Capitol from when statehood was granted in 1896 until the present Utah State Capitol was completed in 1915. The Salt Lake City and County building also housed Salt Lake's first public library and contained courtrooms, including one that condemned organizer Joe Hill to death amid international attention in 1914.

title: Utah State Capitol

text: The capitol building is the centerpiece of a 40-acre (160,000m2) plot which also includes a Vietnam War memorial, Utah Law Enforcement Memorial, and a monument dedicated to the Mormon Battalion. The renovations added a new plaza, a reflecting pool, and two office buildings, as well as underground parking.[22] The grounds feature plants, shrubs, and trees native to Utah, as well as good views of Salt Lake City, the Salt Lake Valley and the Wasatch Front.

title: Capitol Hill (Salt Lake City)

text: Capitol Hill in Salt Lake City gets its name from the Utah State Capitol prominently overlooking downtown. In addition, Capitol Hill can be considered a neighborhood of Salt Lake City.


query: How long did Reginald Aubrey Fessenden live?

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932) was a Canadian-born inventor, who did a majority of his work in the United States and also claimed U.S. citizenship through his American-born father.[1] During his life he received hundreds of patents in various fields, most notably ones related to radio and sonar.

title: Cobb Island (Maryland)

text:
On December 23, 1900, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden sent and received the first intelligible speech by electromagnetic waves on a pair of masts high and apart on Cobb Island.
Fessenden was using a spark transmitter with the Kintner-Brashear interrupter.

title: The Gauldrons

text: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden built a radio transmitting station with a high mast here in 1905 to transmit Wireless Telegraphy to a similar station at Brant Rock in Massachusetts, United States. An exchange of messages took place on 1 January 1906 but the mast blew down in a gale on 5 December 1906 and was never rebuilt.

title: Heterodyne

text: In 1901, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated a direct-conversion heterodyne receiver or beat receiver as a method of making continuous wave radiotelegraphy signals audible. Fessenden's receiver did not see much application because of its local oscillator's stability problem. A stable yet inexpensive local oscillator was not available until Lee de Forest invented the triode vacuum tube oscillator. In a 1905 patent, Fessenden stated that the frequency stability of his local oscillator was one part per thousand.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: In the period leading up to the centennial, James E. O'Neal conducted extensive research, but did not find any ships' radio log accounts, or any contemporary literature, to confirm the reported holiday broadcasts.[36] A follow-up article two years later further reported that a similar attempt to verify the details of the broadcasts had taken place in 1956, which had also failed to uncover any confirmation of Fessenden's statements. One alternate possibility proposed by O'Neal was that perhaps something similar to what Fessenden remembered could have taken place during a series of tests conducted in 1909.[37] A review by Donna A. Halper and Christopher H. Sterling suggested that debating the existence of the holiday broadcasts was ignoring the fact that, in their opinion, the December 21 demonstration, which included the playing of a phonograph record, in itself qualified to be considered an entertainment broadcast.[38] Jack Belrose flatly argued that there was no reason to doubt Fessenden's account, in part because it had not been challenged in the years immediately following publication of the Kintner article.[39] Although Fessenden's claim for the first radio broadcast in 1906 is recognized as an IEEE Milestone,[40] in view of the contrasting opinions among radio historians, Mike Adams summarized the situation as "More than 100 years after its possible occurrence, the Fessenden 'first broadcaster' controversy continues."[41]

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Anticipation of the 2006 centennial anniversary of Fessenden's reported broadcasts brought renewed interest, as well as additional questions. A key issue was why, despite Fessenden's assertion that the two programs had been widely heard, there did not appear to be any independent corroborating evidence for his account. (Even the Helen Fessenden biography relies exclusively on details contained in the January 29, 1932 letter used by the Kintner article.) There was general consensus in the centennial discussions that Fessenden had the technical means to make broadcasts, given the widespread reports about the success of the December 21 alternator-transmitter demonstrations. However, because of the station's very low power, even if the broadcasts had taken place it was questionable if the range could have matched Fessenden's claim of being heard hundreds of kilometers away.

title: Alexanderson alternator

text: In 1904, Reginald Fessenden contracted with General Electric for an alternator that generated a frequency of 100,000 hertz for continuous wave radio. The alternator was designed by Ernst Alexanderson. The Alexanderson alternator was extensively used for long-wave radio communications by shore stations, but was too large and heavy to be installed on most ships. In 1906 the first 50-kilowatt alternators were delivered. One was to Reginald Fessenden at Brant Rock, Massachusetts, another to John Hays Hammond, Jr. in Gloucester, Massachusetts and another to the American Marconi Company in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: After Fessenden left NESCO, Ernst Alexanderson continued to work on alternator-transmitter development at General Electric, mostly for long range radiotelegraph use. He eventually developed the high-powered Alexanderson alternator, capable of transmitting across the Atlantic, and by 1916 the Fessenden-Alexanderson alternator was more reliable for transoceanic communication than the spark transmitters which were originally used to provide this service. Also, after 1920 radio broadcasting became widespread, and although the stations used vacuum-tube transmitters rather than alternator-transmitters (which vacuum-tubes made obsolete), they employed the same continuous-wave AM signals that Fessenden had introduced in 1906.

title: USS Fessenden (DE-142)

text: She was named in honor of Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, born in Brome County, Quebec, Canada, 6 October 1866. He served as head chemist with Thomas Edison's East Orange, New Jersey, laboratories. In 1890 he began concentrating on electrical engineering, and through the next years made many important inventions and improvements in existing devices. His great contributions in the field of radio (particularly the invention of radio-telephony were of marked benefit not only to the Navy but to all seamen. He died 22 July 1932, at his home on Bermuda.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Fessenden contracted with General Electric (GE) to help design and produce a series of high-frequency alternator-transmitters. In 1903, Charles Proteus Steinmetz of GE delivered a 10kHz version which proved of limited use and could not be directly used as a radio transmitter. Fessenden's request for a faster, more powerful unit was assigned to Ernst F. W. Alexanderson, who in August 1906 delivered an improved model which operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: After settling his lawsuit with RCA, Fessenden purchased a small estate called "Wistowe" in Bermuda. He died there on July 22, 1932 and was interred in the cemetery of St. Mark's Church on the island. On the occasion of his death, an editorial in the New York Herald Tribune, "Fessenden Against the World", said:

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: In 1928, as part of a lecture reviewing "The Early History of Radio in the United States", H. P. Davis, commenting on entertainment offerings, asserted that "Reginald Fessenden, probably the first to attempt this, broadcast a program Christmas Eve 1906",[33] but didn't provide any additional details, and his comment was little noticed at the time.

title: List of Reginald Fessenden patents

text: The list of Reginald Fessenden patents contains the innovation of his pioneering experiments. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden received hundreds of patents for devices in fields such as high-powered transmitting, sonar, and television.

title: Telecommunications Hall of Fame

text: Nortel, the Communications Research Centre, Alexander Graham Bell, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, Edward S. Rogers, Sr., Edward Samuel Rogers (Ted Rogers), Donald Hings, Robert W. (Bob) Jones, and Michael Kedar are among those honoured.

title: Machrihanish

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Reginald Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in East-Bolton, Quebec, the eldest of the Reverend Elisha Joseph Fessenden and Clementina Trenholme's four children. Elisha Fessenden was a Church of England in Canada minister, and the family moved to a number of postings throughout the province of Ontario.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Reginald Fessenden patents Alexanderson alternator: used by Fessenden for his first radio broadcast. Sonar

title: Reginald A. Fessenden House

text: Reginald A. Fessenden was born Quebec in 1866, and entered Bishop's University as a precocious young mathematical prodigy, but left in 1884 without graduating. In 1886, he took a position at the Edison Machine Works, working for inventor Thomas Edison. During an academic period teaching at Purdue University and at the University of Pittsburgh, Fessenden engaged in research on the nascent subject of wireless telegraphy. Much of the rest of his life he was employed in industry, either directly or as a consultant, but was often living near poverty, and produced a stream of inventions. In 1904 he invented the rotary spark-gap transmitter, and in 1906 he built a large transmitter in Massachusetts from which he successfully made a voice transmission. He also discovered the means to recombine separate frequencies to form a coherent audible sound. At his death he was described by inventor and businessman Elihu Thomson as "the greatest wireless inventor of the age, greater than Marconi."

title: Lee de Forest

text: The original "responder" receiver (also known as the "goo anti-coherer") proved to be too crude to be commercialized, and de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing device for receiving radio signals. In 1903, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated an electrolytic detector, and de Forest developed a variation, which he called the "spade detector", claiming it did not infringe on Fessenden's patents. Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not agree, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest from using the device.

title: Reginald A. Fessenden House

text: The house was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 7, 1976, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in recognition that it is one of the few places with a long-term association with Fessenden.

title: Reginald A. Fessenden House

text: The Reginald A. Fessenden House is a historic house at 45 Waban Hill Road in the village of Chestnut Hill in Newton, Massachusetts. It was the residence from 1919 to his death in 1932 of the inventor Reginald A. Fessenden (1866–1932), called "the father of radio broadcasting," because he was the first to broadcast the human voice and music by radio. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 in recognition of Fessenden's accomplishments.

title: Fessenden oscillator

text: A Fessenden oscillator is an electro-acoustic transducer invented by Reginald Fessenden, with development starting in 1912 at the Submarine Signal Company of Boston. It was the first successful acoustical echo ranging device. Similar in operating principle to a dynamic voice coil loudspeaker, it was an early kind of transducer, capable of creating underwater sounds and of picking up their echoes.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: While growing up, Fessenden attended a number of educational institutions. At the age of nine, he was enrolled in the DeVeaux Military school for a year. He next attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, from 1877 until the summer of 1879. He also spent a year working for the Imperial Bank at Woodstock, because he had not yet reached the age of 16 needed to enroll in college. At the age of fourteen, Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec, which was a feeder school for Bishop's College and shared the same campus and buildings, granted him a mathematics mastership.[2] Thus, while Fessenden was still a teenager, he taught mathematics to the younger students (some older than himself) at the School, while simultaneously studying with older students at the College.[3][4] At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, although he had "done substantially all the work necessary", in order to accept a position at the Whitney Institute in Bermuda, where for the next two years he worked as the principal and sole teacher. (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities. When McGill University in Montreal established an electrical engineering department, his application to become its chairman was turned down.) While in Bermuda, he became engaged to Helen Trott.[5] They married in September 1890 and later had a son, Reginald Kennelly Fessenden.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Beginning in 1961, the Society of Exploration Geophysicists has annually awarded its Reginald Fessenden Award to "a person who has made a specific technical contribution to exploration geophysics".[54] In 1980, a Fessenden-Trott Scholarship was established at Purdue University's School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, in memory of Reginald Fessenden and his wife.[55]

title: History of radio

text: The invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so that more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of the spectrum) is attributed to Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest. On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing "O Holy Night" on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: In 1925, Radio News, saluting Fessenden as "one of the greatest American radio inventors", began a monthly autobiographical series titled "The Inventions of Reginald A. Fessenden", with the intention of publishing the completed installments as a book. However, instead of reviewing his radio work, Fessenden immediately went on a series of tangents, including discussions of which races he believed were the most capable of producing inventions, and the proper approach that government institutions should be taking in order to support inventors. (At the close of the seventh installment, Radio News included a disclaimer that it was "not responsible for any opinions expressed in Dr. Fessenden's article".)[49] After eleven installments Fessenden had only covered his life up to 1893, having discussed virtually nothing about radio, and the series was quietly terminated at this point.

title: Broadcasting in the United States

text:
In 1901 Reginald Aubrey Fessenden made a significant step toward the possibility of broadcasting when he succeeded in superimposing a human voice onto a continuous Hertzian wave. Success in this experiment created a need for more advanced equipment, including an alternating-current generator large enough to produce the necessary power to carry his transmissions. Fessenden received the backing of T.H. Given and Hay Walker Jr. who contributed money to purchase a powerful generator from General Electric. He had it installed at Brant Rock, MA, and at 9pm local time on December 24, 1906, he began a broadcast that could be heard by several United Fruit Company ships at sea. After an introduction, the program consisted of the following:
The broadcast with Christmas greetings and a request for listeners to write him and report on the broadcast wherever they were. Fessenden received letters from many of his listeners who heard him from as far away as the West Indies.

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: The first widely publicized information about Fessenden's early broadcasts did not appear until 1932, when an article prepared by former Fessenden associate Samuel M. Kintner, "Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio", appeared in the December 1932 issue of The Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.[34] This reviewed information included in a January 29, 1932 letter sent by Fessenden to Kintner. (Fessenden subsequently died five months before Kintner's article appeared). In this account, Fessenden reported that on the evening of December 24, 1906 (Christmas Eve), he had made the first of two radio broadcasts of music and entertainment to a general audience, using the alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock. Fessenden remembered producing a short program that included a phonograph record of Ombra mai fu (Largo) by George Frideric Handel, followed by Fessenden playing Adolphe Adam's carol O Holy Night on the violin and singing Adore and be Still by Gounod, and closing with a biblical passage: "Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will" (Luke 2:14). He also stated that a second short program was broadcast on December 31 (New Year's Eve). The intended audience for both of these transmissions was primarily shipboard radio operators along the Atlantic seaboard. Fessenden claimed that the two programs had been widely publicized in advance, and the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" as Norfolk, Virginia, while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached listeners in the West Indies.[35]

title: Reginald Fessenden

text: Hugh G. J. Aitken, The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 1985. Ira Brodsky, "The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses" (Telescope Books, 2008) Susan J. Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899-1922. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 1987. Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., Radio's 100 Men of Science, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden entry, p.137-141. Harper & Brothers Publishers. New York. 1944. Helen M. Fessenden, . Coward-McCann, Inc. New York. 1940. Reginald A. Fessenden, Radio News, 11 part series beginning with the January 1925 issue. Reginald A. Fessenden, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, XXXVII (1908): 553-629. Gary L. Frost, "Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator," Technology and Culture 42, no. 3 (July 2001): 462-488. S. M. Kintner, "Pittsburgh's Contributions to Radio," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, (December 1932): 1849-1862. David W. Kraeuter, "The U. S. Patents of Reginald A. Fessenden." Pittsburgh Antique Radio Society, Inc., Washington Pennsylvania. 1990. OCLC record 20785626. William M. McBride, "Strategic Determinism in Technology Selection: The Electric Battleship and U.S. Naval-Industrial Relations," Technology and Culture 33, no. 2 (April 1992): 248-277.

title: Golden Age of Radio

text: On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden is said to have broadcast the first radio program, consisting of some violin playing and passages from the Bible. While Fessenden's role as an inventor and early radio experimenter is not in dispute, several contemporary radio researchers have questioned whether the Christmas Eve broadcast took place, or whether the date was in fact several weeks earlier. The first apparent published reference to the event was made in 1928 by H.P. Davis, Vice President of Westinghouse, in a lecture given at Harvard University. In 1932 Fessenden cited the Christmas Eve 1906 broadcast event in a letter he wrote to Vice President S.M. Kinter of Westinghouse. Fessenden's wife Helen recounts the broadcast in her book "Fessenden: Builder of Tomorrows" (1940), eight years after Fessenden's death. The issue of whether the 1906 Fessenden broadcast actually happened is discussed in Donna Halper's article "In Search of the Truth About Fessenden" and also in James O'Neal's essays. An annotated argument supporting Fessenden as the world's first radio broadcaster was offered in 2006 by Dr. John S. Belrose, Radioscientist Emeritus at the Communications Research Centre Canada, in his essay "Fessenden's 1906 Christmas Eve broadcast."


query: What is Galați known for?

title: Galați

text: Galați (Romanian pronunciation:[ɡaˈlat͡sʲ](listen); also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County, in the historical region of Moldavia, eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the Danube River.[4][5] In 2011, the Romanian census recorded 249,432 residents,[1] making it the 8th most populous city in Romania. Galați is an economic centre based around the port of Galați and the naval shipyard.

title: Galați County

text: Galați () is a county (județ) of Romania, in Moldavia region, with the capital city at Galați.

title: Galați County Prefecture

text: The Galați County Prefecture () is a building in Galați, Romania, housing the offices of the Galați County prefect. It is located at Strada Domnească, nr. 56.

title: Galați

text: In 1919, a high school for Jewish students opened. A first air race between Galați and Bucharest was held in 1926. The 1930 Romanian census recorded 100,000 residents in Galați. After Bucharest, Chișinău, Iași and Cernăuți, Galați was Romania's fifth city. In 1938, the Ținutul Dunării de Jos (Lower Danube Land) was established.

title: Gloria CFR Galați

text: Gloria CFR Galați was a football club based in Galaţi, Galați County, Romania. It was founded in 1932 and dissolved in 1970.

title: FC Metalosport Galați

text: Fotbal Club Metalosport Galați, commonly known as Metalosport Galați, was a Romanian professional football club based in Galați, Romania.

title: ASC Oțelul Galați

text:
Oțelul has many supporters in Galați and Galați County, but also in the region of southern Moldavia. Oțelul Galați has many ultras groups such as: Steel Boys, Ultra Sud, Sidexplozia, SCOG and New Order. Regular fans that are not affiliated to any ultras groups can join the Liga Suporterilor Gălăţeni 1993 (The Galați Supporters League 1993) organization. After the 2016 dissolution of the club, Oțelul fans from the aforementioned groups founded Suporter Club Oțelul Galați and enrolled the team in the Liga IV; this action saved the club from a final disappearance, and their actions proved the attachment of the fans to "the red, white and blue" side.
The bitter rivals of Oțelul Galați are Dacia Unirea Brăila, who they face in a competition known as "Derby-ul Dunării de Jos" ("The Lower Danube Derby"). Any Galați–Brăila match is considered a derby, taking this term from a regional derby in the early years of football. Another important local rivalry is against Dunărea Galați, a club born from the breakup of Oțelul. A much newer rivalry is one against FC Vaslui. At a national level Oțelul had important rivals over time, but most of them were conjuncture rivals such as: Steaua București, Dinamo București or Rapid București, especially in the 1990s, with later isolated episodes and Politehnica Timișoara between 2010 and 2011, when the two teams were fighting for the national title.

title: University of Galați

text: In 1955, the Institute for Food Industry of Bucharest was also transferred at Galați. This higher education institutions was to become in 1957 the Polytechnical Institute of Galați. The College of Education, founded in 1959 consisted of five faculties: Languages, Mathematics, Physics-Chemistry, Natural Sciences and Sports. The two higher education institutions, the Polytechnical Institute and the College of Education, merged in 1974 and formed the University of Galați. In 1991, the University was renamed "Dunărea de Jos" ("Lower Danube") University, after the historical name of the area around the city of Galați.

title: ASC Oțelul Galați

text: Asociația Suporter Club Oțelul Galați (; "Galați Steel"), commonly known as Oțelul Galați, or simply as Oțelul, is a Romanian football club based in the city of Galați, Galați County, currently playing in the Liga III.

title: Galați steel works

text: The Galați steel works (), formally ArcelorMittal Galați and formerly Sidex Galați, is a steel mill in Galaţi, Romania, the country's largest.

title: CS Arcada Galați

text: CS Arcada Galați, is a volleyball club based in Galați, Romania, that competes in the CEV Cup.

title: Galați

text: Paul Paltanea, History of Galați, Ed Porto Franco, Galați, 1994 Neagu Djuvara, between West and East – Romanian Countries in the early modern era, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2007 Ștefan Zeletin, Romanian bourgeoisie, Bucharest, 1991 Galați City Hall about the city's geography and history Galați Prefecture, the official site Manual of Romania, 2008, NeswIn & The Money Channel, No.1

title: Galați-class cargo ship

text: The "Galați"-class cargo ship is a class of cargo ship built at the Galați shipyard in Galați, Romania that entered service with People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in the early 1970s. A total of two ships were delivered to China and both are capable of carrying 3750 tons of cargo and 250 tons of fuel.

title: Galați shipyard

text: Shipbuilding is a longstanding practice at Galați: by the late 18th century, longboats, canoes, sailboats and kayaks were being built there for both commercial and military use. Due to Moldavia's being a vassal state, most war vessel production was on behalf of the Ottoman Navy through the 1820s. The wood, of high quality, came from forests upstream and was brought by raft. It was not until the late 1830s, following the establishment of a free port at Galați, that the bulk of its ships started being used domestically: seven vessels were built there in 1839, followed by ten in 1840. In 1893, a local resident named Fernic purchased the arsenal of the fleet stationed there and the Naval Mechanical Factory, beginning ship production at what was called "Șantierul Naval Fernic Galați" ("Fernic Shipyard Galați"). Four river monitors (NMS "Ion C. Brătianu", "Mihail Kogălniceanu", "Alexandru Lahovari" and "Lascăr Catargiu") were commissioned for the Romanian Navy in 1907. Built in sections in the Austro-Hungarian port of Trieste, they were assembled in Galați. In 1911, under the Premiership of Petre P. Carp, the area suffered some structural collapse, allegedly as a result of bad workmanship and political corruption (investigated by Nicolae Fleva on behalf of the Opposition).

title: Alin Pânzaru

text: Alin Cristinel Pânzaru (born 18 January 1976) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Pânzaru made his Liga I debut on 4 December 1993, for Oțelul Galați in a 1-1 draw against Inter Sibiu. In his first 9 years of career Pânzaru played mainly for teams from Galați such as: Oțelul Galați, Dunărea Galați or Constant CFR Galați. In 2003 he signed a contract with FC Vaslui, then playing for Gloria Buzău and the Moldovan side Zimbru Chișinău. In 2007 he moved to Oțelul Galați and Dunărea Galați bitter rival, Dacia Unirea Brăila, named CF Brăila at that time, and played there in more than 100 matches, until his retirement in 2012.

title: University of Galați

text: The University of Galați, as it was named at first, was founded in July 1974 by merging the Polytechnical Institute and the College of Education. The Polytechnical Institute of Galați had at its origins the Naval and Mechanical Engineering Institute which has been founded in 1951. In 1953, the Institute of Fish Breeding and Fishing Technology located in the city of Constanța merged with the Naval Institute of Galați under the name of Technical Institute of Galați.

title: ASC Oțelul Galați

text: After the dissolution of the club, Oțelul supporters founded a new association called Asociația Suporter Club Oțelul Galați and registered it to compete in Liga IV. On 19 July 2016, ASC Oțelul Galați was officially born with the objective of continuing the tradition of Oțelul and of football in Galați.

title: ASC Oțelul Galați

text: In the late 1920s, economic hardships (affected by the economic crisis) led to the dissolution of most of the 20 clubs that had existed. At one time only three clubs took part in the district championship: DVA, Gloria, and Șoimii. In 1927, these latter two clubs, which had been founded as neighbourhood teams in Galați, merged as Gloria Şoimii. In 1932, at the initiative of the railroad workers, Gloria Şoimii and CFR Galați (the Galați railway football club) merged as Gloria CFR Galați.

title: Eximprod Galați Wind Farm

text: The Eximprod Galați Wind Farm is a proposed wind power project in Galați, Galați County, Romania. It will have 35 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2 MW which will deliver up to 70 MW of power, enough to power over 44,253 homes, with a capital investment required of approximately US$80 million.

title: FCM Dunărea Galați

text: Dunărea Galați was a Romanian professional football club from Galați, Galați county, south-east Romania, founded in 1970. The club was dissolved in 2014.

title: Galați railway station

text: Galați is a railway station located in Galați, Galați County, Romania. The station is located on the Galați – Bucharest, Galați – Giurgiulești, Galați – Bârlad, and Galați – Tecuci lines.

title: 1982–83 Divizia B

text: FCM Galați and CSU Galați merged, the second one being absorbed by the first one. After the merge FCM Galați was renamed as Dunărea CSU Galați.

title: FC Universitatea Galați

text: Fotbal Club Universitatea Galați, commonly known as Universitatea Galați, or simply U Galați, is a Romanian women's football club based in Galați, Galați County, Romania. The team was founded in 2015 and promoted to Liga I at the end of the 2017–18 season, as the winner of the first series of the Liga II.

title: Galați shipyard

text: The Galați shipyard (), formally Damen Shipyards Galați, is a shipyard located on the Danube in Galați, a city located in the Moldavia region of Romania.

title: Galați County

text:
Historically Galați is part of Moldavia. In 1858, it was represented by Alexandru Ioan Cuza at the "ad hoc Divan" at Iași, in the wake of the Crimean War.
Prior to 1938 what is now eastern Galați was the separate Covurlui County (Județul Covurlui).
From 1938 to 1945 Galați was part of Ținutul Dunării (Megacounty Dunării).

title: Galați

text: After World War II, Galați was rebuilt along communist lines. The town's population was about 80,000. In 1956, a proposal to join Brăila and Galați was made and the building of a speed tram pier was proposed with a Swiss company. The plans never materialized. Construction of the Galați steel works began in 1960 and the plant opened in 1966. The population at this time was 151,000. In 1971, the Făurei – Galați railway capacity was increased, and, in 1982, it was electrified.

title: Galați River (Ampoi)

text: The Galați River is a right tributary of the river Ampoi in Romania. It discharges into the Ampoi in Galați.

title: Galați

text: The name "Galați" is derived from the Cuman word galat. This word is borrowed from the Arabic word قَلْعَةٌ qalʿat, "fortress". Other etymologies have been suggested, such as the Serbian galac. However, the galat root appears in nearby toponyms, some of which show clearly a Cuman origin, for example Gălățui Lake, which has the typical Cuman -ui suffix for "water". Another toponym in the region is Galicia, with its town of Halych, locally associated with the jackdaw (Kawka, Halka). Before the Mongol invasion of Rus, Galați was known as Malyi Halych (Little Halych) as part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.[6][7] Other similar place names are Galich, Russia and Galatia in Turkey. Galați has several exonyms: Greek: Γαλάτσι (Galatsi); German: Galatz; Hungarian: Galac; Polish: Gałacz; Turkish: Kalas; Bulgarian: Галац (Galats); Ukrainian: Галац (Halats) and Russian: Галац (Galats).

title: Constructorul Galați

text: Constructorul Galați was a football team from Galați, Galați County, Romania.

title: Siderurgistul Galați

text: Siderurgistul Galați was a football club based in Galaţi, Galați County, Romania. It was founded in 1955 and dissolved in 1967.


query: Did Rubén Darío have a wife?

title: Rubén Darío

text: The newly attained fame allowed Darío to obtain the position of newspaper correspondent for La Nación of Buenos Aires, which was at the time the most heavily circulated periodical in Hispanic America. A little after sending his first article to La Nacion, he set off on a trip back to Nicaragua. During a brief stop in Lima he met the writer Ricardo Palma. He arrived at the port in Corinto on March 7, 1889. In León, he was received as a guest of honor, but his stay in Nicaragua was brief, and he moved to San Salvador where he was named director of the periodical La Unión which was in favor of creating a unified Central American state. In San Salvador, he was married by law to Rafaela Contreras, daughter of a famous Honduran orator, Álvaro Contreras, on June 21, 1890. One day after the wedding there was a coup d'état against president (and general) Menéndez. The coup was mainly engineered by general Carlos Ezeta, who had been a guest at Darío's wedding, which ended with the death of his wife, which led him to remarry for a brief period, only for him to separate very shortly thereafter.

title: Rubén Darío (Madrid Metro)

text: The station was named after nearby Rubén Darío Plaza, which was named after the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío.

title: Rubén Darío National Theatre

text: The Rubén Darío National Theatre () is the national theatre of Nicaragua. It is located in the capital, Managua, and was named in honor of Nicaragua's (and one of Latin America's) most renowned poets, Rubén Darío.

text: The National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío is the national library of Nicaragua, located in the city of Managua. It was founded in 1880, and damaged in the 1931 earthquake. Another earthquake in 1972 caused further damage, furthermore, it was looted. One of its librarians was the poet Rubén Darío, in whose honour it was renamed.

title: Atlético Semu

text: Current Equatoguinean international footballer Rubén Darío played for Atlético during the 2015 and 2015–2016 Equatoguinean Premier League seasons. Rubén Darío was part of the national side which participated in the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.

title: Ciudad Darío

text: Ciudad Darío () is a municipality in the Matagalpa department of Nicaragua. It is the birthplace of poet Rubén Darío.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Rubén Darío. Biografía/Julio Chiappini, 2012 Miradas críticas sobre Rubén Darío/Nicasio Urbina, 2005 La poesía de Rubén Darío: ensayo sobre el tema y los temas del poeta/Pedro Salinas, 2005 Luis Cernuda y Rubén Darío: modernismo e ironía/James Valender, 2004 Rubén Darío visto por Juan de Dios Vanegas/Juan de Dios Vanegas, 2003 Rubén Darío, puente hacia el siglo XXI y otros escritos/Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim, 2003 Rubén Darío y su vigencia en el siglo XXI/Jorge Eduardo Arellano, 2003 Paralelismo entre Rubén Darío y Salomón de la Selva/Nicolás Navas, 2002 Bases para una interpretación de Rubén Darío/Mario Vargas Llosa, 2001 La angustia existencial en la poesía de Rubén Darío/Roque Ochoa Hidalgo, 2001 Rubén Darío, addenda/José María Martínez Domingo, 2000 Aproximación a Rubén Darío/Teodosio Muñoz Molina, 2000 (NOTE: freely, openly available with page images and full text from the )

title: Ciudad Darío

text: On 1867, Felix Rubén García, later known as Rubén Darío, one of the greatest poets of the Spanish language, was born in Metapa to Rosa Sarmiento. In 1883 Jorge Choiseul Praslin, widely believed to be the Duke Theobald de Choiseul Praslin, who escaped from France in 1847, died in Metapa. On February 20, 1920, Metapa changed its name to Ciudad Darío by a Decree of the Government of President Emiliano Chamorro.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Acereda, Alberto and Rigoberto Guevara. "Modernism, Rubén Darío, and the Poetics of Despair". Orringer, Nelson R. (2002). "Introduction to Hispanic Modernisms", Bulletin of Spanish Studies LXXIX: 133–148. Ramos, Julio (2001). Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America trans. John D. Blanco, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, ISBN0822319810 Mapes, Edwin K. (1925). L'influence française dans l'oeuvre of Rubén Darío Paris, republished in 1966 by Comisión Nacional para la Celebración del Centenario del Nacimiento de Rubén Darío, Managua, Nicaragua OCLC Rivera-Rodas, Oscar (1989). "El discurso modernista y la dialéctica del erotismo y la castidad" Revista Iberoamericana 146–147: 45–62 Rivera-Rodas, Oscar (2000). "'La crisis referencial' y la modernidad hispanoamericana" Hispania 83(4): 779–90 Schulman, Iván A. (1969). "Reflexiones en torno a la definición del modernismo" In Schulman, Iván A. and Gonzalez, Manuel Pedro (1969) OCLC Martí, Darío y el modernismo Editorial Gredos, Madrid Ward, Thomas (1989). "El pensamiento religioso de Rubén Darío: Un estudio de Prosas profanas y Cantos de vida y esperanza" Revista Iberoamericana 55: 363–375. Ward, Thomas (2002). Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. 50(2): 489–515. Crow, John A. (1992). The Epic of Latin America. London: University of California Press Skidmore, Thomas E. & Smith, Peter H. (2005). Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press

title: Rubén Darío Velázquez

text: Rubén Darío Velázquez Bermúdez (born December 18, 1975) is a retired Colombian footballer.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Roberto González Echevarría considers him the beginning of the modern era in Spanish language poetry: "In Spanish, there is poetry before and after Rubén Darío. ... the first major poet in the language since the 17th century ... He ushered Spanish-language poetry into the modern era by incorporating the aesthetic ideals and modern anxieties of Parnassiens and Symbolism, as Garcilaso had infused Castilian verse with Italianate forms and spirit in the 16th century, transforming it forever.[17] Darío led one of the most profound poetic revolutions in Spanish according to Latin American poets Octavio Paz, who wrote a prologue to a translation of Darío's selected poems, and Giannina Braschi, who features Darío as a character in her works.[18][19]

title: Róger Pérez de la Rocha

text: In 1990 he was honoured with the "Orden de la Independencia Cultural Rubén Darío", conferred by the Government of Nicaragua. A retrospective of his work took place at the Rubén Darío National Theatre in 1994.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Rubén Darío was born in Metapa, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Although, according to his baptism, Rubén's true surname was García, his paternal family had been known by the surname Darío for many years. Rubén Darío explained it as follows in his autobiography:

title: Rubén Darío Acosta

text: Rubén Darío Acosta Ospina (born 20 August 1996) is a Colombian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Professional Continental team .

title: María Teresa Sánchez

text: In 1945, Sánchez was awarded the Rubén Darío Prize for her poetry. In the 1980s, she received the Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence.

title: Rubén Darío Bustos

text: Rubén Darío Bustos (born August 18, 1981, in Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander) is a Colombian retired football player, He played as a defender

title: Rubén Darío

text: Fiore, Dolores Ackel. Rubén Darío in Search of Inspiration: Graeco-Roman Mythology in His Stories and Poetry. New York: La Amėricas Publishing Co., 1963. Morrow, John Andrew. Amerindian Elements in the Poetry of Rubén Darío: The Alter Ego as the Indigenous Other." Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008. O'Connor-Bates, Kathleen, translator. 2015. A Bilingual Anthology of Poems by Ruben Dario 1867–1916: Annotations and Facing Page Translations. Edwin Mellen Press.

title: Rubén Darío Aguilera

text: Rubén Darío Aguilera (born 26 January 1978 in Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay) is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing for General Caballero ZC of the Primera División in Paraguay.

title: Alberto Acereda

text: He has made important scholarly contributions to Hispanic literary modernism and has done extensive research on the end of the 19th century Hispanic. In this area, Acereda has studied the figure of the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, writing several scholarly books such as "Ruben Dario and the Poetics of Despair" and "Rubén Darío, poeta trágico". He has also coordinated and compiled several papers on this modernist author, such as his work "The Other Centennial" (El otro centenario): Rubén Darío y “Cantos de vida y esperanza” (Rubén Darío and "Songs of Life and Hope"), published in 2005 or "Homenaje a Rubén Darío." He also wrote two volumes of English translations of the poetry of Rubén Darío, prepared with U.S. researcher Professor Will Derusha: "Songs of Life and Hope. Rubén Darío", and "Selected Poems of Rubén Darío. A Bilingual Anthology". In 2005 he received the "International Rubén Darío Research Award" from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua and he was also honored with the "Distinguished Research Recognition" by the "Nicaraguan Institute of Hispanic Culture" at the Embassy of Spain in Nicaragua, and by the “Nicaraguan Royal Academy of the Spanish Language”.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Poet-errant: a biography of Rubén Darío/Charles Dunton Watland., 1965 Rubén Darío centennial studies/Miguel Gonzalez-Gerth, 1970 Critical approaches to Rubén Darío/Keith Ellis, 1974 "Rubén Darío and the romantic search for unity"/Cathy Login Jrade., 1983[28] Beyond the glitter: the language of gems in modernista writers/Rosemary C. LoDato, 1999 An art alienated from itself: studies in Spanish American modernism/Priscilla Pearsall, 1984 Modernism, Rubén Darío, and the poetics of despair/Alberto Acereda, 2004 Darío, Borges, Neruda and the ancient quarrel between poets and philosophers/Jason Wilson, 2000 The meaning and function of music in Ruben Dario a comparative approach/Raymond Skyrme, 1969 Selected Poems of Rubén Darío/Lysander Kemp, trans., 1965. ISBN978-0-292-77615-9

title: Rubén Darío Paredes

text: Rubén Darío Paredes del Río (born 1931) was a Panamanian army officer and the military ruler of Panama from 1982 to 1983.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (January 18, 1867 – February 6, 1916), known as Rubén Darío (Spanish pronunciation:[ruˈβen daˈɾi.o]), was a Nicaraguan poet who initiated the Spanish-American literary movement known as modernismo (modernism) that flourished at the end of the 19th century. Darío has had a great and lasting influence on 20th-century Spanish literature and journalism. He has been praised as the "Prince of Castilian Letters" and undisputed father of the modernismo literary movement.[1]

title: Rubén Darío (disambiguation)

text: Rubén Darío primarily refers to the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío.

title: Nicaraguan one hundred-cordoba note

text: This series 2002 note is Blue. On the obverse is Rubén Darío and on the reverse is the Rubén Darío Theatre located in Managua.

title: Rubén Darío

text: According to what some of the old people in that town of my childhood have referred to me, my great-grandfather had Darío as his nickname or first name. In this small town he was known by everyone as "Don Darío" and his entire family as the Daríos. It was in this way that his and all his family last name began to disappear to the point where my paternal great-grandmother already replaced it when she signed documents as Rita Darío; becoming patronymic and acquiring legal stand and validity since my father, who was a merchant, carried out all his businesses as Manuel Darío...[2]

title: Rubén Darío Rossi

text: Rubén Darío Rossi, (born October 28, 1973) is an Argentine footballer, who played as a Forward.

title: Rubén Darío (Madrid Metro)

text: Rubén Darío is a station on Line 5 of the Madrid Metro. It is located in Zone A.

title: Modernismo

text: Modernismo is a literary movement that took place primarily during the end of the Nineteenth and early Twentieth-century in Spanish-America, best exemplified by Rubén Darío who is also known as the father of "Modernismo". The term "Modernismo" specifically refers to the literary movement that took place primarily in poetry. This literary movement began in 1888 after the publication of Rubén Darío's "Azul". The movement died around 1920, four years after the death of Rubén Darío. The book, "Azul", gave "Modernismo" a new meaning. In "Aspects of Spanish-American Literature", the author writes (1963),

title: Dulce Beatriz

text: The couple emigrated to the United States in 1960 and settled in Florida. Since that time, she has exhibited widely in Florida and Spain. October 1963: Works by Dulce Beatriz are exhibited at the "Loft on the Mile" Gallery of Art, Coral Gables, Florida. In 1971: Dulce inaugurated her gallery of paintings for the first time in Managua, Nicaragua at the Rubén Darío National Theatre (Spanish: Teatro Nacional Rubén Darío)Rubén Darío National Theatre#History. In 1972: Jean Tiroche, internationally known art dealer, collector and curator, hosts an exhibition of works by Dulce Beatriz at the 'Gallerie Jean Tiroche', Palm Beach, Florida;. On the exhibition program Mr. Tiroche wrote: "For the first time this gallery has made an exception in presenting a painter from the Spanish School since we have always been known for representing the most noteworthy Impressionists and Post-Impressionists of the Paris School.

title: Rubén Darío

text: In honor of the centenary of Darío's birth in 1867, the government of Nicaragua struck a 50 cordoba gold medal and issued a set of postage stamps. The commemorative set consists of eight airmail stamps (20 centavos depicted) and two souvenir sheets. There is a Rubén Darío street and a Rubén Darío museum, and his face appears on statues, paintings, and lottery tickets in his homeland of Nicaragua.[24] The National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío was renamed in his honour. There is a Rubén Darío Plaza and a Rubén Darío metro station in Madrid, Spain. The Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) by Giannina Braschi features an argument about Rubén Darío's genius versus that of other Spanish language poets Quevedo, Góngora, Pablo Neruda, and Federico García Lorca.[25] The postcolonial novel United States of Banana (2011) by Giannina Braschi features Rubén Darío as a character and credits him with inspiring the book which begins with an epigraph by him: “If Hamlet grieves, Segismundo feels it.”[26][27]

title: Rubén Darío Gigena

text: Rubén Darío Gigena (born 2 October 1980 in Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires) is an Argentine football striker currently playing for Tiro Federal BB.