query: What is the name of the first Scooby-Doo episode?

title: Scooby-Doo

text: The first episode of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! "What a Night for a Knight" debuted on the CBS network Saturday, September 13, 1969. The original voice cast featured veteran voice actor Don Messick as Scooby-Doo, radio DJ Casey Kasem (later host of radio's syndicated American Top 40) as Shaggy, actor Frank Welker (later a veteran voice actor in his own right) as Fred, actress Nicole Jaffe as Velma, and musician Indira Stefanianna Christopherson as Daphne.[17] Scooby's speech patterns closely resembled an earlier cartoon dog, Astro from The Jetsons (1962–63), also voiced by Messick.[2] Seventeen episodes of Scooby-Doo Where are You! were produced in 1969–70. The series theme song was written by David Mook and Ben Raleigh, and performed by Larry Marks.

title: Scooby-Doo

text: The cult television and comic book series Buffy the Vampire Slayer features a group of characters that refer to themselves as the "Scooby Gang", who similarly battle supernatural forces and solve supernatural monster mysteries. The show contains obvious influences of Scooby-Doo, where "The Scoobies" use books to look up monsters. Sarah Michelle Gellar, the actress who plays Buffy Summers on the series, later went on to appear as Daphne Blake in the live-action films Scooby-Doo and Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed. Scooby-Doo and the Mystery Inc. gang (based on their classic 1972 incarnation as opposed to their more recent incarnations) appear in the second part of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases" in which they team up with Batman and Robin to rescue Weird Al who was kidnapped by The Joker and The Penguin. Scooby-Doo and the Snowmen Mystery, vinyl LP released 1972 in the United Kingdom, Stereo, 33 ⅓ RPM, LP, from the label Music for Pleasure – MFP 50086. The film Wayne's World includes an alternate ending called the "Scooby-Doo Ending" in which a character in the film is revealed to have been wearing a mask. It also includes a reference to the iconic line "Let's see who this really is" before removing the mask. Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back has a brief scene where the title characters hitch a ride in the Mystery Machine with Scooby and the gang. The filk band Ookla the Mok open their 2003 album Oh Okay LA with the song "W.W.S.D.?" ("What Would Scooby Do?"), which proposes a deontological system of moral philosophy based on the actions of Scooby-Doo. In October 1999, Cartoon Network made a Scooby-Doo spoof of The Blair Witch Project called The Scooby-Doo Project. A Scooby-Doo parody has appeared in the Mad episode "Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas / How I Met Your Mummy". Scooby-Doo has been parodied on Futurama episode "Saturday Morning Fun Pit", where the characters from Planet Express take on the roles of the gang (Bender as Scooby, Hermes as Fred, Leela as Daphne, Amy as Velma and Fry as Shaggy). The Venture Bros. episode "¡Viva los Muertos!" features a thinly parodied version of the gang as aging, gone-to-seed miscreants with the characters matched to corresponding serial killers and radical figures, e.g. Fred being mixed with Ted Bundy into the composite character "Ted". The series is parodied in the animated music video for the song "Ghost" by Mystery Skulls. The animated series Arthur has a parody of Scooby-Doo called "Spooky-Poo". In the South Park episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery", the nu metal band Korn, parodying Scooby and the gang, tackle an invasion of mysterious "Pirate Ghosts". They enlist the help of Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick, and after they solve the mystery they perform "Falling Away from Me" from their album Issues. Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law defends the gang against possession charges in the 2002 episode "Shaggy Busted". In the Teen Titans Go! episode "The Cruel Giggling Ghoul", each Titan assumes the role of a Scooby Gang member (with Beast Boy as Scooby) to investigate a mystery at a spooky amusement park, with the help of LeBron James. The novel Meddling Kids (2017) by Edgar Cantero parodies not only Scooby-Doo—starting with taking the title on the show's catchphrase—but also books by Enid Blyton, the Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew and teen-detective dramas in general. The CW's television series Supernatural crossed over with the Scooby-Doo franchise in the episode Scoobynatural, which aired March 29, 2018. The animated collaboration featured the three main characters of Supernatural (Sam, Dean, and Castiel) along with Scooby and the gang as they team up to solve a supernatural mystery.[74] The five girl ghouls from Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School made a return in the OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes episode "Monster Party", which was first released online on October 1, 2018, and aired on television October 21, 2018. Though Scooby and Shaggy do not appear, they are briefly referenced. While Taylor, Blu and Musick reprise their roles, Natalie Palamides and Kristen Li took over for Winnie and Tanis, respectively.

title: What's New, Scooby-Doo?

text: What's New, Scooby-Doo? is an American animated mystery comedy series produced by Warner Bros. Animation for The WB television network; it is the ninth incarnation of the "Scooby-Doo" franchise that began with Hanna-Barbera's "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" and the first of such since the previous incarnation, "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo", ended in 1991. The series revives the format of "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", in which the title character and his companions, Fred Jones; Daphne Blake; Velma Dinkley and Shaggy Rogers, travel to varying locations solving mysteries; this format is modernized for "What's New, Scooby-Doo?", in which the characters utilize technology that did not exist at the time "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" first aired. It is the first television series in the franchise in which Frank Welker, Grey DeLisle and Mindy Cohn respectively portrayed the voices of Scooby-Doo, Daphne and Velma, as well as the final one in which Casey Kasem portrayed Shaggy, having originally quit the role following a dispute regarding the portrayal of the character.

title: List of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! episodes

text: Only the first nine episodes of the sixteen episode 1978 season of "Scooby-Doo", listed below, were broadcast under the "Scooby-Doo, Where are You!" name. The revival series was canceled afterward, and the remaining seven episodes, that were intended for the revival, were instead broadcast during the "Scooby's All-Stars" block, and all sixteen were rerun during this block and later syndicated as part of "The Scooby-Doo Show". See List of "The Scooby-Doo Show" episodes for the entire season run and "The Scooby-Doo Show" for proper production credits.

title: Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!

text:
Shaggy and Scooby-Doo have a mission: armed with an updated Mystery Machine, a loyal robot servant named Robi, their new riches, and the new and improved Scooby Snacks, they must stop the evil plans of Phineas Phibes and save the world. In episode 2, Shaggy upgrades the Mystery Machine from its original form, to a high-tech transforming vehicle. However, it usually transforms into machines inappropriate for the tasks at hand (however, in episode 11, it does transform into vehicles appropriate to finish the Polar Bear 3000). In their spare time, Shaggy and Scooby are fans of the show "Chefs of Steel", and the famous mystery solver Chad Chaddington.
This is the first Scooby-Doo animated series since 1991 to make extensive use of the Castle Thunder sound effect, which Hanna-Barbera began to stop using around 1994, and was very rarely used on "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" and on none of the post-2003 direct-to-video Scooby-Doo movies, to be replaced with new digitally-recorded thunderclaps.

title: Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!

text: On July 4, 2002, Warner Home Video released four episodes from the series on a compilation DVD in Region 1 entitled "Scooby-Doo's Creepiest Capers". They later released all 25 episodes on DVD in Region 1 on March 16, 2004 under the title "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! The Complete First and Second Seasons". A DVD entitled "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! The Complete Third Season" was released on April 10, 2007, made up of episodes produced in 1978, added to the "Scooby's All-Stars" package, and later syndicated as part of "The Scooby-Doo Show".

title: Daphne Blake

text: Note: Frank Welker, Kath Soucie, and Jennifer Hale voice the Blakes in "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated" series, Vanessa Marshall voiced Danica in the "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" series and Grey DeLisle voiced Shannon in the film "Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster" (direct-to-DVD). Welker also voiced George on "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo". The late voice actor Don Messick voiced two of Daphne's uncles: Matthew "Matt" Blake on "The Scooby-Doo Show" and John Maxwell on "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!".

title: A Pup Named Scooby-Doo

text: The "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" episode "A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown" featured a flashback to Velma's fifth birthday, using the character designs from "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo", albeit with some modifications, such as Daphne wearing purple rather than pink. Fred and Velma were the only returning characters to speak in the flashback and were voiced by their normal voice actors Frank Welker and Mindy Cohn. The live-action film "Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins" establishes the team meeting in their teens. However, it can be seen as a prequel to the theatrical films.

title: Torch This Place

text: All songs by John Bunkley, except where indicated"Man with the Hex" saw use in multiple entries in the "Scooby-Doo" franchise, appearing in both "Big Scare in the Big Easy", the fourth episode of the first season of "What's New, Scooby-Doo?", as well as the 2002 feature-length film "Scooby-Doo" and its accompanying soundtrack album.

title: Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!

text: "Scooby-Doo" creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears served as the story supervisors on the series. Ruby, Spears, and Bill Lutz wrote all of the scripts for the seventeen first-season episodes, while Lutz, Larz Bourne, and Tom Dagenais wrote the eight second-season episodes with Ruby and Spears as story editors. The plot varied little from episode to episode. The main concept was as follows:The second season featured bubblegum "chase scene" songs produced by La La Productions (which had originally been contracted to create the music for "Josie and the Pussycats", the first of many animated series made from the same mold as "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!"). These songs were written by Danny Janssen and Austin Roberts, and were performed by Roberts, who also made a new recording of the "Scooby Doo, Where Are You!" theme song for the second season. The series' theme song has been covered by several subsequent artists, including Matthew Sweet for the 1995 TV special and album ""; Third Eye Blind for the 1998 film "Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island"; Billy Ray Cyrus for "Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost" (1999); Jennifer Love Hewitt for "Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders" (2000); the B-52's (Cindy, Kate and Fred) for "Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase" (2001); MxPx for the live-action "Scooby-Doo" film (2002); and Krystal Harris for "Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire" (2003).

title: The Scooby-Doo Show

text: The Scooby-Doo Show is an American animated mystery comedy series. The title of the series is an umbrella term for episodes of the third incarnation of Hanna-Barbera's "Scooby-Doo" franchise. A total of 40 episodes ran for three seasons, from 1976 to 1978, on ABC, marking the first "Scooby" series to appear on the network. Sixteen episodes were produced as segments of "The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour" in 1976, eight episodes were produced as segments of "Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics" in 1977 and sixteen episodes were produced in 1978, with nine of them running by themselves under the "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" name and the final seven as segments of "Scooby's All-Stars".

title: List of A Pup Named Scooby-Doo episodes

text:
The following contains a list of episodes from the American animated television series "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo" which ran on ABC from 1988 until 1991. This is the eighth incarnation of the long running "Scooby-Doo" Saturday morning series following the "Scooby-Doo Detective Agency's" adventures as adolescents.
Season one began on September 10, 1988 and ended on December 10, 1988. With 13 episodes, this is the longest season to date.

title: Scooby-Doo

text: Beginning in 1980, a half-hour of reruns from previous incarnations of Scooby-Doo were broadcast on ABC Saturday mornings in addition to first-run episodes. Airing under the titles Scooby-Doo Classics, Scary Scooby Funnies, The Best of Scooby-Doo, and Scooby's Mystery Funhouse, the rerun package remained on the air until the end of the 1986 season.[23]

title: Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King

text: Some monsters from "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", "The New Scooby-Doo Movies", "The Scooby-Doo Show", "Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo", "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" and "Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire" are sighted in this movie:

title: The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show

text: The second season of this format, broadcast as "The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries" in 1984, continued the same format, and included six two-part episodes featuring original "Scooby-Doo" characters Fred Jones and Velma Dinkley, both absent from the series for five years. Fred's last name is given as "Rogers" initially in his return appearance to the series in the episode "Happy Birthday, Scooby-Doo," although later in the same episode it is corrected as "Jones"; Rogers had been established as Shaggy's surname the previous season. "The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries" theme song is performed in the style of "Thriller"-era Michael Jackson. The accompanying opening credits feature shots of a row of monsters dancing like the zombies in Jackson's "Thriller" music video.While no plans for a complete season have been announced, Warner Home Video has begun releasing the episodes in new Scooby-Doo compilation sets. "A Halloween Hassle at Dracula's Castle" was announced for release on 13 Spooky Tales: Run for Your Rife, but it was replaced with rereleased episodes for unknown reasons.

title: Scooby-Doo

text: This version of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo first aired from 1980 to 1982 as part of The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show, an hour-long program also featuring episodes of Hanna-Barbera's new Richie Rich cartoon, adapted from the Harvey Comics character. From 1982 to 1983, Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo were part of The Scooby-Doo/Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour, a co-production with Ruby-Spears Productions which featured two Scooby and Scrappy shorts, a Scrappy and Yabba-Doo short featuring Scrappy-Doo and his Western deputy uncle Yabba-Doo, and The Puppy's New Adventures, based on characters from a 1977 Ruby-Spears TV special.

text: Scooby-Doo's Snack Tracks: The Ultimate Collection is the first and only soundtrack to the popular Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning cartoon franchise, "Scooby-Doo". The soundtrack consist of songs and theme songs from the incarnations produced from 1969 to 1985, from "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" to "The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo". Three songs, "Move Over", "Ruby Cool Guy" and "Gotta Have Time", were taken from the 1979 animated telefilm "Scooby Goes Hollywood". A bonus track, called "Scooby's Mystery Mix", takes a majority of the sound bites included on the soundtrack as a musical mix. The sound bites featured on the soundtrack were heavily taken from the second season of "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", as well as a few episodes from "The New Scooby-Doo Movies", and features the entire cast from both series. Two guest stars, Jerry Reed and Davy Jones, from "The New Scooby-Doo Movies", appeared on the soundtrack singing the songs they performed in their guest appearance episodes. The soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape on September 15, 1998. It was later discontinued.

title: Scooby Gang (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: The group was first referred to as the Scooby Gang by Xander Harris in the Season Two episode "What's My Line, Part One" as a reference to the group of monster-hunting teenagers from the Hanna-Barbera animated series "Scooby-Doo" that is otherwise known as Mystery Inc., who investigate and solve supernatural/occult monsters mysteries much like The Scoobies in Buffy. The first visible sign was in Season 1, Episode 11, where Willow is seen wearing a Scooby Doo T-shirt, Buffy sports the Daphne trademark neck scarf, and later Xander responds, "Can you say, 'Gulp'?" as Shaggy often does. Sarah Michelle Gellar, the actress who plays Buffy, would later also appear as Daphne Blake in the films "Scooby-Doo" and "".

title: The Scooby-Doo Show

text: In 1977, ABC had a programming block called "Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics". The "Scooby-Doo" segment of this two-hour block included 8 new episodes of "Scooby-Doo" (two of which featured Scooby-Dum and one of which, "The Chiller Diller Movie Thriller", guest-starred Scooby-Doo and Scooby-Dum's distant female cousin, Scooby-Dee), plus reruns from the 1976–1977 season. The name of the block was changed to "Scooby's All-Stars" for the 1978–1979 season, when the program was shortened to an hour and a half, after the cancellation of "Dynomutt". 16 half-hours of "Scooby-Doo" (featuring just the original five characters) were produced this season, and began airing earlier in the morning before the "Scooby's All-Stars" block as a third season of "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" in September. "Scooby's All-Stars" instead aired reruns of the 1976 and 1977 episodes for the first nine weeks of the 1978–79 season. By November, the early-morning airing of "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" had been cancelled, and the new 1978 episodes began airing during the "Scooby-Doo" segment of "Scooby's All-Stars".

title: Scooby-Doo

text: Scooby's All-Star Laff-a-Lympics was retitled Scooby's All Stars for the 1978–79 season, reduced to 90 minutes when Dynomutt was spun off into its own half-hour and the 1969 reruns were dropped. Scooby's All-Stars continued broadcasting reruns of Scooby-Doo from 1976 and 1977, while new episodes of Scooby-Doo aired during a separate half-hour under the Scooby-Doo, Where are You! banner. After nine weeks, the separate Where are You! broadcast was cancelled, and the remainder of the 16 new 1978 episodes debuted during the Scooby's All-Stars block.[21] The 40 total Scooby-Doo episodes produced from 1976 to 1978 were later packaged together for syndication as The Scooby-Doo Show, under which title they continue to air.

title: Scooby-Doo (character)

text: Don Messick originated the character's speech patterns and provided Scooby-Doo's voice in every "Scooby-Doo" production from 1969 until 1994's "Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights". Voice actor Hadley Kay voiced the character for a brief period in 1997, for two episodes of "Johnny Bravo", and a few television commercials. Scott Innes (also the then-voice of Shaggy) voiced Scooby-Doo in four late 1990s/early 2000s direct-to-video films and continued to voice the character regularly for toys and video games (such as "Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights") until 2008. Neil Fanning provided the voice of the computer-generated Scooby-Doo in the 2002 live-action film and its . Frank Welker (also the voice of Fred since 1969) has voiced Scooby since 2002, taking over beginning with "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" and other spin-offs including the live-action prequels "Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins" and "Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster". Dave Coulier and Seth Green have both voiced the character in "Robot Chicken".

title: Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)

text: Fred Jones has been given two different first names. In "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated" and "Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays", he is called Frederick, while in "", he is called Fredward. In "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", it was revealed that Fred's father Fred Jones Sr. was not, in fact, his biological father, but instead a man who kidnapped him as a child and raised him as his own son. His biological parents Brad Chiles and Judy Reeves later returned, but Fred continued to use the last name of Jones. In the series finale, when the universe is restarted to where Fred was never raised by Fred Jones Sr., but rather his biological parents, it is never stated what his last name is in the new reality. In "Aloha, Scooby-Doo!", his middle name is stated to be Herman.Relatives of Fred's shown or mentioned during the series include:Members of the fanbase of the "Scooby-Doo" series speculated that Fred and Daphne Blake had a romantic attraction to one another. The makers of the "Scooby-Doo" film originally planned to refer to the rumor by including a scene where Fred asks to stay with Daphne, using a toothbrush to imply that he wanted to stay with Daphne for the night. The scene was not included in the final version of the film. In "Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost", Daphne and Velma both inquire as to why Fred always wants to split up with Daphne, and Daphne visibly becomes jealous when Fred is enamored by Thorn, the lead singer of The Hex Girls. In "Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster", the two are caught kissing at the beginning of the film, it is later stated by Daphne that they are better off just as friends for the sake of Mystery Incorporated. In "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", Daphne is in love with Fred, and in the episode "Dead Justice" they have their first kiss and Fred asks her to marry him. In later episodes, the engagement is broken off and their relationship continues to evolve. It is never revealed if they became married or not. In the episode "When the Cicada Calls," they have their first date at the Trap Exhibit 3000.

title: The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour

text: The first half-hour consisted of a 7-minute "Scrappy & Yabba-Doo" episode placed between two 7-minute "Scooby-Doo & Scrappy-Doo" episodes followed by a 30-minute episode of "The Puppy's New Adventures" in the second half-hour. The Scooby/Scrappy-related shorts were written, storyboarded and voiced at Hanna-Barbera, but animated and edited by Ruby-Spears.

title: Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1980 TV series)

text: The Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo shorts represents the fifth incarnation of the Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning cartoon "Scooby-Doo" series. A total of 33 half-hour episodes, each of which included three 7-minute shorts, were produced over three seasons, from 1980 to 1982 on ABC. Thirteen episodes were produced for the 1980–81 season, and seven more for the 1981–82 as segments of "The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show". The remaining thirteen episodes were produced as segments of "The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour" for the 1982–83 season. Out of the 99 shorts that were produced, 86 of them feature Scooby-Doo, his nephew Scrappy-Doo and Shaggy without the rest of the Mystery Inc gang, and the other 13 only feature Scrappy-Doo and Yabba-Doo.

title: List of Scooby-Doo characters

text: In the "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated" episode "The Siren's Song", Fred and Daphne come across a statue of Flim Flam in the Crystal Cove Haunted Museum among the statues of their defeated foes. Daphne remarks that Flim Flam was arrested and received a harsh sentence of 25 years to life for being a juvenile con-artist (this was an inside joke; 25 years had passed between "13 Ghosts" in 1985 and "Mystery Incorporated" in 2010). It is also referenced that Fred was away at trapping camp during the events of "The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo".Bogel is a fat, dimwitted ghost while Weerd is a tall, skinny ghost. Weerd is the mastermind of the two. They both are recurring characters in the "13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo" and are first seen in the episode "To All the Ghouls I've Loved Before". Weerd comes up with a scheme to lure Shaggy and Scooby to open the Chest of Demons so he and Bogel can gain some glory with the 13 ghosts. In nearly every episode, Weerd and Bogel attempt to help out one of the chest escapees in fulfilling their master plan. Throughout the series, Weerd and Bogel try to get into S.A.P.S., a legion of high honor for the most terrifying ghosts and ghouls.The Hex Girls are an eco-goth rock band consisting of members Thorn (Sally McKnight), Dusk, and Luna. Thorn is voiced by Jennifer Hale, Dusk is voiced by Jane Wiedlin and Luna is voiced by Kimberly Brooks. They are first seen as suspects of the mystery that is going on in their hometown, Oakhaven, later becoming the gang's friends. They first appeared in "Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost", and reappeared in "Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire", "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" and "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated".

title: Scooby-Doo

text: Beginning in 2012, Warner Bros. Animation began producing direct-to-video special episodes in the style of the concurrently produced films for inclusion on Scooby-Doo compilation DVD sets otherwise including episodes from previous Scooby series. These include Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games, included on the July 2012 release Scooby-Doo! Laff-A-Lympics: Spooky Games,[44][45] Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays, from the October 2012 release Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Holiday Chills and Thrills, and Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow and Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace, from the September 2013 DVD releases Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Run for Your 'Rife![46] and Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Ruh-Roh Robot!.[47] On May 13, 2014, another episode, Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals was released on the Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Field of Screams DVD.[48] On May 5, 2015, Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie, the sixth direct-to-video special, was released on the Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Surf's Up Scooby-Doo DVD.[49]

title: The Scooby-Doo Show

text: "Scooby-Doo" creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, by 1976 working at ABC for Silverman as production supervisors for the Saturday morning lineup, were involved in the development and production of the 1976–77 and 1977–78 episodes (in 1977, they formed their own animation studio, Ruby-Spears Productions, as a competitor to Hanna-Barbera).The 1976 episodes were released on DVD by Warner Home Video (via Hanna-Barbera Productions and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) with the Dynomutt episodes they originally aired with as "The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour: The Complete Series" on March 7, 2006. The 1977 season has not been released in a season set, but some episodes have appeared on DVD. This leaves five of the eight 1977 episodes that ran as part of "Scooby's All-Star Laff-a-Lympics" as the only episodes not yet released on DVD from this 40-episode incarnation. The 1978 episodes were released on DVD as "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! - The Complete Third Season" from Warner Home Video, H-B Cartoons and WBFE on April 10, 2007, although only nine of those originally aired under the title "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" in their initial run, and none of the 1978 episodes were presented under the "Where are You!" title for twenty-eight years following their broadcast debuts (the cartoons on the DVD set still feature the syndicated "Scooby-Doo Show" opening and closing credits). All forty "Scooby-Doo Show" episodes are available for purchase and download from the iTunes Store, as either individual episodes or a season set. The 1976 and 1977 episodes are grouped under "The Scooby-Doo Show", while the 1978 episodes are listed under "Scooby-Doo, Where are You!"

title: List of Scooby-Doo characters

text:
Scooby-Dee is a female Great Dane, with white fur, first appearing in "The Scooby-Doo Show". She was a character in the episode titled "The Chiller Diller Movie Thriller", as a distant cousin of Scooby's, who helped them solve the mystery. She also has a cameo appearances in the second-season episode of "What's New, Scooby-Doo?", "Homeward Hound", where she is one of many dogs seen at the dog show the gang is attending. She is seen walking past the screen in two separate scenes in the beginning.
Scooby-Dee was meant to return to "The Scooby-Doo Show" as a girlfriend to Scooby-Doo, but the show ended before that could happen.

title: Velma Dinkley

text: Relatives of Velma shown during the series' run include:Velma has been voiced by several actresses. From 1969 to 1973, Nicole Jaffe voiced Velma; from 1976 to 1979, Pat Stevens voiced the character. From 1979 to 1980, Marla Frumkin provided her voice. Velma did not speak in the "Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo" final episode, "The Ransom of Scooby Chief". After the character's absence from 1980 to 1983 series, Marla Frumkin reprised the role of Velma as a guest star in "The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries". Velma was absent again until "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo" when Christina Lange voiced the role. B.J. Ward voiced Velma in a Johnny Bravo crossover episode. From the animated movie, "Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island" on, B.J. Ward reprised her role in all movies through "Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase", as well as an episode of the Adult Swim animated series, "Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law". Nicole Jaffe returned temporarily to voice Velma in the direct-to-video movies "Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire" and "Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico".

title: List of What's New, Scooby-Doo? episodes

text: "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" is an American animated mystery-comedy series. The show was broadcast from September 14, 2002 to July 21, 2006 on Kids' WB, a Saturday morning children's programming block on The WB Television Network. This is the ninth incarnation of the "Scooby-Doo" franchise, and features the main characters - Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Shaggy Rogers and Scooby-Doo - investigating appearances of supernatural creatures.


query: When did the legend of the Excalibur sword originate?

title: Excalibur

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Historia Regum Britanniae (The History of the Kings of Britain, c. 1136), Latinised the name of Arthur's sword as Caliburnus (potentially influenced by the Medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs, from Greek chályps [χάλυψ] "steel"). Most Celticists consider Geoffrey's Caliburnus to be derivative of a lost Old Welsh text in which bwlch (Old Welsh bulc[h]) had not yet been lenited to fwlch (Middle Welsh vwlch or uwlch).[3][4][1] In the late 15th/early 16th-century Middle Cornish play Beunans Ke, Arthur's sword is called Calesvol, which is etymologically an exact Middle Cornish cognate of the Welsh Caledfwlch. It is unclear if the name was borrowed from the Welsh (if so, it must have been an early loan, for phonological reasons), or represents an early, pan-Brittonic traditional name for Arthur's sword.[5]

title: Caladbolg

text: Caladbolg ("hard cleft", cognate with in medieval Welsh literature and Excalibur in the Matter of Britain; the name appears in the plural as a generic word for "great swords" in the 10th-century Irish translation of the classical tale The Destruction of Troy, "Togail Troí"), sometimes written Caladcholg ("hard blade"), is the sword of Fergus mac Róich from the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. Spelled "Caladcholg", it is also associated with the more obscure Ulster hero Fergus mac Léti, suggesting a conflation of two legends. It was said to be a two-handed sword that made a circle like an arc of rainbow when swung, and to have the power to slice the tops off hills and slaughter an entire army.

title: The Legend of Zelda

text: The Master Sword was inspired by the Arthurian legend, first mentioned in Welsh mythology; Mabinogion as; 'Caledfwlch' Excalibur.[15][16] The similarities lay with the swords being kept in stone until the chosen one 'hero' takes it out to save the land.

title: Excalibur

text: Geoffrey's Historia is the first non-Welsh source to speak of the sword. Geoffrey says the sword was forged in Avalon and Latinises the name "Caledfwlch" as Caliburnus. When his influential pseudo-history made it to Continental Europe, writers altered the name further until it finally took on the popular form Excalibur (various spellings in the medieval Arthurian romance and chronicle tradition include: Calabrun, Calabrum, Calibourne, Callibourc, Calliborc, Calibourch, Escaliborc, and Escalibor[22]). The legend was expanded upon in the Vulgate Cycle, also known as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, and in the Post-Vulgate Cycle which emerged in its wake. Both included the work known as the Prose Merlin, but the Post-Vulgate authors left out the Merlin continuation from the earlier cycle, choosing to add an original account of Arthur's early days including a new origin for Excalibur.

title: Excalibur (Arizona)

text: Excalibur is a formation on the north rim of the Grand Canyon in Coconino County, Arizona. It was named by cartographer and geologist François E. Matthes in 1908 for Excalibur, the legendary sword of King Arthur which was given to him by the Lady of the Lake. Other features in the area include the Holy Grail, Guinevere Castle, Elaine Castle, and Galahad Point whose names refer to the Arthurian legend. The name probably refers to a spire near the summit of the promontory which might resemble the handle of Excalibur.

title: Excalibur (film)

text: The sword Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone are presented as the same thing; in some versions of the legends they are separate. In Le Morte d'Arthur, Sir Galahad, the illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine of Carbonek, is actually the Knight who is worthy of the Holy Grail. Boorman follows the earlier version of the tale as told by Chrétien de Troyes, making Perceval the grail winner.

title: Lochmaben Stone

text: A local legend associates the Lochmaben Stone with the stone from which King Arthur pulled the sword Excalibur. However, this only agrees with some versions of the Arthurian legend. In other versions of the Arthurian legend, Excalibur was a sword that came from the water, and the sword in the stone does not have a name.

title: Excalibur (comic book)

text: In 2001, a four-issue limited series titled "Excalibur" was published, written by Raab. Originally solicited as "Excalibur: Sword of Power", the subtitle was absent from the published issues, and, due to an error, the indicia described it as "Excalibur" volume 1. In addition, the solicited cover to issue #1 was unused.

title: Claíomh Solais

text: Unsurprisingly, some have seen parallels with this to Excalibur, due to some of the descriptions regarding how it shone. When Excalibur was first drawn, in the first battle testing King Arthur's sovereignty, its blade blinded his enemies. Thomas Malory writes: "thenne he drewe his swerd Excalibur, but it was so breyght in his enemyes eyen that it gaf light lyke thirty torchys." Other commentators have equated the Sword of Light to the Grail sword.

title: The Legend of Prince Valiant

text: The characters of King Arthur, Queen Guinevere, Merlin, Sir Gawain, Sir Mordred, Lady Morgana, and Sir Kay are all major characters with origins in Arthurian legend. Also pulled from traditional lore are Camelot, the Knights of the Round Table, and Arthur's sword Excalibur. The general chivalric principles Camelot is famous for have been codified on this series as the New Order. In addition, the second-season episode "The Black Rose" features the characters of King Lot, King Uther, and Queen Igraine in a flashback episode that retells the famous "sword in the stone" legend.

title: Operation Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur

text: The sacred sword "Excalibur". A sword that was created to judge a person's ability to be king of England. Those whom the sword accepts will be called "Arthur" and will obtain great power. However, there was not a single Arthur, but many more. Due to this massive creation of legendary humans, the world and its history began to be distorted. Now, with the aim of restoring the history of the world to its original course, six Arthur, a master of the sword, a fighter, a sniper, a puncher, an alchemist and a shooter, will go to this place, England. Their mission is to defeat all those who have managed to obtain a power from the sacred sword Excalibur and who are distorting the world, which are around a million people.

title: Lady of the Lake

text: The Post-Vulgate's first Lady of the Lake is called Niniane, and her story is nearly identical to the one in the Lancelot-Grail. Another, unnamed Lady of the Lake appears to bestow the magic sword Excalibur to Arthur. Sir Thomas Malory also uses both Ladies of the Lake in his "Le Morte d'Arthur"; he leaves the first one unnamed and calls the second one Nimue. Following the Post-Vulgate, Malory's original Lady is presented as an early benefactor of King Arthur who grants him Excalibur when his original sword is damaged. In medieval tradition, she is later beheaded by Sir Balin as a result of a kin feud between them (she blames him for the death of her brother, while he blames her for the death of his mother who had been burned at the stake, in addition to for how, as he says, "by enchantment and sorcery she has been the destroyer of many good knights") and a dispute over an enchanted sword. Modern retellings often omit that episode.

title: Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw

text: Whopper is taking his niece and nephew to the museum. Along the way, he tells them the origin of Puppy Power, the ability of humankind to understand the Pound Puppies and Purries. In the Dark Ages (specifically 958 AD), a young boy named Arthur and his dog Digalot came across a stone which contained both the mythical sword Excalibur and the magical Bone of Scone. While Arthur pulled the sword from the stone, Arthur's dog Digalot pulled the Bone of Scone from the same stone, and soon afterward Arthur discovered that the dog could talk. Sir McNasty, who had witnessed the withdrawal of Excalibur and the Bone and Arthur's coronation as King of England, planned to conquer the world by retrieving the Bone. However, it was kept hidden by the giant guardian, Big Paw.

title: Excalibur

text: However, in what is called the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Excalibur was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign. In the Vulgate Mort Artu, Arthur is at the brink of death and so orders Griflet to throw the sword into the enchanted lake; after two failed attempts (as he felt such a great sword should not be thrown away), Griflet finally complies with the wounded king's request and a hand emerges from the lake to catch it. This tale becomes attached to Bedivere instead of Griflet in Malory and the English tradition.[16] Malory records both versions of the legend in his Le Morte d'Arthur, naming both swords as Excalibur.[17][18]

title: HMS Excalibur

text: HMS "Excalibur" was the sister ship of , the two submarines being the only high-test peroxide (HTP) powered submarines to be constructed for the Royal Navy. She is the only ship to be named as such, in honour of the sword of Arthurian legend.

title: Legion: The Legend of Excalibur

text: "Legion: The Legend of Excalibur" begins with the dark sorceress Queen Morgan le Fay attacking and slaying her father Uther Pendragon to take over the Kingdom of Camelot. Her good young half-brother King Arthur claims the right to the throne by pulling the magic sword Excalibur out of the stone and sets off to gather the forces of good (including the warrior Lady Gwenevere, the wizard Merlin, the sorceress Nimue, and the knights Sir Lancelot, Sir Percival and Sir Galahad), defeat Morgan's supernatural armies (led by the Red Knight, the Green Knight, and the Black Knight, and King Lot), and eventually to avenge his father.

title: The Last Legion

text: The sword in the film bears the inscription CAI • IVL • CAES • ENSIS CALIBVRNVS. The characters "CAI. IVL. CAES." are an abbreviated form of "Caius" (or Gaius) "Julius Caesar". Manfredi loosely translates "ensis caliburnus" as "sword of steel". "Ensis" is one of the Latin words for "sword". While in reality Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latinization "Caliburn" eventually developed into the form "Excalibur", the film explains the origin of the name "Excalibur" by having the inscription obscured by moss; the remaining letters spell out E S CALIBVR.

title: Magic sword

text: In the legend of King Arthur, the king himself is related to two magical swords, in most variants. The first is the Sword In the Stone. Only Arthur could draw it out, thereby proving that he is the rightful king. In some tales, this is his only sword. In most variants, this sword was then broken, and he receives from The Lady of the Lake a new sword called Excalibur, arguably the most famous of magic swords. However, in other variants Excalibur itself is the sword in the stone. It is not clear from the various accounts of the Arthur legend whether Excalibur itself was possessed of magical powers or merely had a magical origin, though its scabbard protected its bearer from physical harm. Many interpretations of the legend appear to endow Excalibur with a cutting strength and durability beyond that of ordinary weapons.

title: Excalibur (film)

text: List of American films of 1981 Excalibur, King Arthur's sword, the central symbol of kingship for Malory and the film List of films based on Arthurian legend List of sword and sorcery films

title: Tomb Raider: Legend

text: Retrieving the fragment left with Arthur, she escapes the tomb and its guardian Sea Serpent. Back home, the group realise that the Ghalali Key was found in Ghana by Richard and given to Amelia to replace the pendant she lost; it now lies with the crashed plane in Nepal. During a talk with Winston, Lara reveals her determination to salvage her father's ruined reputation by using Excalibur to prove his theories about the daises. Returning to Nepal, Lara recovers the Ghalali Key, then travels to the monastery holding the original dais and reforges Excalibur. The broken dais splinters when she tries to use it, forcing her to return to the intact dais in Bolivia. On reaching it she is forced to kill Rutland during a fight with his mercenaries and destroys the Entity when Amanda summons and merges with it. Placing the sword in the dais, Lara activates a portal and sees a vision of Amelia. Realising that the portal is a time rift, Lara tries to warn Amelia, but Amanda panics and shouts to remove the sword before the dais explodes, triggering the events of Amelia's apparent death. An enraged Lara almost shoots Amanda, but Amanda says that Amelia was transported to Avalon. Lara knocks Amanda unconscious and sets out to find Amelia.

title: Avalon (Marvel Comics)

text: One of the Celtic Gods, the Lady of the Lake safeguarded Excalibur, King Arthur's sword. She became a close ally of the Black Knight and even gave him Excalibur when he lost his weapon, the Ebony Sword. Years later, the Lady of the Lake gave the Black Knight his new weapons: the "Sword of Light" and the "Shield of Night". In return the Black Knight became her protector. The Black Knight would often travel between Earth and Avalon and seek the Lady of the Lake for advice.

title: Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur

text: The player assumes the role of a young Arthur, before the legendary days of Camelot. The "sword in the stone" (which in the legends was not Excalibur, but is often confused with Excalibur by people unfamiliar with the legends) that would signify Arthur's destiny to rule, has been stolen by the evil King Lot. In the quest to regain the sword, the player must prove to Merlin that he has the qualities needed to be a great king: chivalry, experience, and wisdom. Merlin assists Arthur by giving him periodic advice as well as the power to transform into animals, but also tells Arthur that unless Excalibur is recovered within three days, Lot will usurp his destiny as a king of legendary stature.

title: The Last Legion

text: One of the movie's taglines is "Before King Arthur, there was Excalibur". The last shots of the film establish the sword of Caesar as the legendary blade (also the Sword in the Stone, originally a different weapon). A supernaturally powerful sword of Caesar's called Crocea Mors ("Yellow Death"), was supposed to have been buried in Britain with the body of Nennius of Britain, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth. The film merges this myth with that of Excalibur.

title: Lê Lợi

text: Many legends and stories were told about Lê Lợi. The most famous story concerns his magical sword. Much like King Arthur and his sword Excalibur, Lê Lợi was said to have a magic sword of wondrous power. One story tells that he obtained the sword, inscribed with the words 'The Will of Heaven' (Thuận Thiên) from the Dragon King (Vietnamese: Long Vương), a demi-god to the local people, who decided to lend his sword to Lê Lợi. But there was a catch: the sword did not come straight to him in one piece.

title: Excalibur

text: Excalibur (/ɛkˈskælɪbər/), or Caliburn, is the legendary sword of King Arthur, sometimes also attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Britain. Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone (the proof of Arthur's lineage) are sometimes said to be the same weapon, but in most versions they are considered separate. Excalibur was associated with the Arthurian legend very early on. In Welsh, it is called Caledfwlch; in Cornish, Calesvol; in Breton, Kaledvoulc'h; and in Latin, Caliburnus.

title: Artus-Excalibur

text: Artus - Excalibur is a musical loosely based on the legends of the 5th/6th-century British monarch, King Arthur and his fabled sword, Excalibur. The score is by Frank Wildhorn, with lyrics by Robin Lerner and book by Ivan Menchell. Arrangements and orchestrations by Koen Schoots. The musical had its world premiere at the Theater St. Gallen in St. Gallen, Switzerland on March 15, 2014

title: List of High School DxD characters

text: Xenovia uses the Holy Sword ; however, during the battle against Kokabiel, she brings out the Holy Sword Durandal, allowing her to cut through anything. A natural Holy Sword user, she possesses the genes that enable her to wield a Holy Sword instead of having them implanted as with Freed and Irina. she has her Durandal sword fused with some of the Excalibur fragments to create , which is able to transform into one of the seven Excaliburs. When Cao Cao shatters Ex-Durandal, she repairs with the final Excalibur fragment from Arthur Pendragon, and masters the powers of six of the seven Excaliburs.. Following Sona's graduation, Xenovia is eventually appointed to the student council as its president. Ishibumi describes Xenovia as "a troublesome girl because she does things she doesn't understand herself which she regrets afterwards." and that Issei calls her a girl who a person cannot “grasp a hold of”.

title: Singing Sword

text: On October 20, 1991, the animated television series "The Legend of Prince Valiant" offered its own telling of the Singing Sword's origins. In an episode entitled "The Singing Sword," Valiant follows his best friends Arn and Rowanne to Bridgeford, where he learns they have been captured by the ruthless Baron Duncan Draconarius. They are sentenced to death as part of the Baron's plot to keep Camelot a secret from his subjects. Rowanne's father Cedric lends Valiant the Singing Sword to aid him in overthrowing the Baron. According to Cedric, the sword was forged from the same metal as Excalibur and will be safeguarded by his family until its true owner appears. The sword "sings" during Valiant's duel with Draconarius, indicating that Valiant is a just, pure-hearted man and the sword's destined owner. It sings a second time when Arn wields it while liberating a monastery. Valiant sees this as a sign that Arn is ready for knighthood and uses the sword to dub his friend Sir Arn of Camelot.

title: King Arthur Carrousel

text: Inspired by the legend of Excalibur from "The Sword in the Stone", Merlin used to host a ceremony nearby to determine which guest could pull the sword from the stone to become king for a day. The final ceremony was in 2006.

title: Excalibur (film)

text: Boorman had planned a film adaptation of the Merlin legend as early as 1969, but when submitting the three-hour script written with Rospo Pallenberg to United Artists, they rejected it deeming it too costly and offered him J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord Of The Rings instead. Boorman was allowed to shop the script elsewhere, but no studio would commit to it. Returning to his original idea of the Merlin legend, Boorman was eventually able to secure deals that would help him do Excalibur. Much of the imagery and set designs were created with his original vision of The Lord Of The Rings in mind, and it has been noted that certain scenes are reminiscent of Monty Python's 1975 comedy film, Monty Python And The Holy Grail.[10]

title: Excalibur: Morgana's Revenge

text: The game's story expands on the legend of King Arthur and involves the Sword of Power, Excalibur; the wizard Merlin; the sorceress Morgana; and the future United Earth Federation (UEF). The story takes places across three time periods. According to the game, Morgana uses the Charm of Making to imprison Merlin in ice during the fall of Arthur's kingdom. Merlin then disappears from Camelot in an electrical storm during the battle for Camelot.


query: What is blight in tomatoes?

title: Blight

text: Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs.[1] Accordingly, many diseases that primarily exhibit this symptom are called blights. Several notable examples are:

title: Forever Evil: Blight

text: Arriving in New York, the group is attacked by Blight. The Phantom Stranger realizes Blight is using his friend Chris as a host. Nightmare Nurse teleports the group away to regroup. As they teleport, they get a glimpse of two people talking about a "project" that involves a captured Sargon being used as a test subject. Only able to teleport to Central Park, the group tries to free Chris from Blight. Just as they are about to destroy it, Blight knocks back the group. Pandora sees Blight heading for Constantine, and she is able to jump in front of it and extract Chris from the Blight. Pandora fights off the Sins while Blight joins with Chris once again. Blight breathes fire at the Justice League Dark, who are able to resist it, before he does the same to the buildings in New York. Swamp Thing, Phantom Stranger and Nightmare Nurse rescue the people in the affected buildings and move them to safety. Constantine realizes they have been on the defensive, and they should move to the offensive. He asks Nightmare Nurse to mark the group with the Mark of Dun-Kon-Wen. Pandora begins shooting at Blight, only for Blight to start killing each member, killing Pandora last. As she dies, she is approached by Nightmare Nurse in her subconscious, letting her know this is the result of the Dun-Kon-Wen, and they have a plan so they all remain sane. It is shown that the group's bodies have ended up in Doctor Thirteen's apartment.

title: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

text: 1969: EPIDEM, the first computer simulation for development of a disease epidemic, was developed by P. E. Waggoner and J. G. Horsfall for early blight on tomato and potato.

title: Stemphylium solani

text: Stemphylium solani is a plant pathogen fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is the causal pathogen for grey leaf spot in tomatoes and leaf blight in alliums and cotton, though a wide range of additional species can serve as hosts. Symptoms include white spots on leaves and stems that progress to sunken red or purple lesions and finally leaf necrosis. "S. solani" reproduces and spreads through the formation of conidia on conidiophores. The teleomorph name of "Stemphyllium" is Pleospora though there are no naturally known occurrences of sexual reproduction. Resistant varieties of tomato and cotton are common, though the pathogen remains an important disease in Chinese garlic cultivation.

title: Beta-Aminobutyric acid

text: BABA was first found to increase the resistance of plants to disease in 1960, when it was observed that it decreased late blight of tomato. Further tests were made in the 1960s, but it was not until the 1990s that interest in the compound was renewed. Since then, it has been shown to be effective in many different pathosystems under controlled conditions. Both perennial and annual plants have been shown to respond, as well as both monocot and dicot plants in the Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Compositae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Graminae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae, and Vitaceae families. Pathogen groups that have shown a response include viruses, bacteria, nematodes, fungi and oomycetes. It has also been shown to be effective in the field at protecting potato and tomato plants from late blight, grape vines from "Plasmopara viticola" and melons from "Monosporascus cannonballus".

title: Alternaria alternata

text: AAL’s main symptom is cankers in the stem. It resides in seeds and seedlings, and is often spread by spores as they become airborne and land on plants. It can also spread throughout other plants. Under severe infection, lesions enlarge and become coalesced causing blighting of the leaves. This symptom progression occurred in research done in Pakistan: the symptoms on affected tomatoes started with yellowing and browning of the lower leaves, then began developing on the leaf tips and along the margins of the leaf petiole. This progression continued until the entire leaves were covered in diseased tissue and then fell off. In addition under to necrotic leaves and petioles, plants are found to have severe defoliation, with considerable yield losses when it occurs before flowering. The tomato fruit can also be infected as well, with brown cankers dotting them and making them inedible. Once the disease has spread to a certain point, little can be done to save the tomato plant.

title: Twig blight

text: Twig blights appear in the adventure "Lost Mine of Phandelver", included in the 5th edition "Dungeons & Dragons Starter Set" (2014). They reappear in the Sunless Citadel, as part of "Tales from the Yawning Portal", as well as the 5th edition "Monster Manual" alongside the needle blight and the vine blight, the only blight capable of speech. The Tree Blight appears in "Curse of Strahd".

title: Cladosporium oxysporum

text: It is also found in multiple studies suggesting that "C. oxysporum" is pathogenic to many vegetables and fruits. A study performed by Lamboy et al. studied the pathogenic effects of "C. oxysporum" to tomatoes. The fungus creates dark brown, angular lesions on the tomato foliage known as "leaf spots", ultimately reducing the ability for the plant to survive. The study also described "C. oxysporum" As a the causal agent of a leaf spot disease of pepper and also a storage disease of ripe tomato fruit. Due to the high prevalence of this fungi in warm climax, they reproduce extremely well in a green house setting, which they were able to spread to healthy tomato plants in vicinity within three weeks. Other studies also provided insight on the pathogenic effect of "C. oxysporum" on other vegetation; it causes the formation of scabs on the surface of passion-fruits, and it also causes severe leaf blight in "Prunus napaulensis", especially affecting the seedlings.

title: Phytophthora capsici

text: "Solanum lycopersicum": "P. capsici" can cause crown infections, leaf spot, and foliar blight in tomato. The plant may eventually topple over from the crown rot. Fruit rot with patterns of concentric rings is another possible symptom.

title: Phytophthora infestans

text: Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, caused by "Alternaria solani", is also often called "potato blight".) Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish, and the 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12–18 °C in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below 15 °C. Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24 °C.

title: American chestnut

text: Once an important hardwood timber tree, the American chestnut suffered a substantial population collapse due to the chestnut blight, a disease caused by an Asian bark fungus ("Cryphonectria parasitica", formerly "Endothia parasitica"). This disease was accidentally introduced into North America on imported Asiatic chestnut trees. Chestnut blight was first noticed on American chestnut trees in what was then the New York Zoological Park, now known as the Bronx Zoo, in the borough of The Bronx, New York City, in 1904, by chief forester Hermann Merkel. Merkel estimated that by 1906 blight had infected 98 percent of the chestnut trees in the borough. While Chinese chestnut evolved with the blight and developed a strong resistance, the American chestnut had little resistance. The airborne bark fungus spread a year and in a few decades girdled and killed up to three billion American chestnut trees. Salvage logging during the early years of the blight may have unwittingly destroyed trees which had high levels of resistance to this disease and thus aggravated the calamity. New shoots often sprout from the roots when the main stem dies, so the species has not yet become extinct. However, the stump sprouts rarely reach more than in height before blight infection returns.

title: Qualia

text: RoboMary can examine the computer brain of similar non-color-locked robots when they look at a red tomato, and see exactly how they react and what kinds of impulses occur. RoboMary can also construct a simulation of her own brain, unlock the simulation's color-lock and, with reference to the other robots, simulate exactly how this simulation of herself reacts to seeing a red tomato. RoboMary naturally has control over all of her internal states except for the color-lock. With the knowledge of her simulation's internal states upon seeing a red tomato, RoboMary can put her own internal states directly into the states they would be in upon seeing a red tomato. In this way, without ever seeing a red tomato through her cameras, she will know exactly what it is like to see a red tomato.

title: Phytophthora infestans

text: Potato and tomato varieties vary in their susceptibility to blight. Most early varieties are very vulnerable; they should be planted early so that the crop matures before blight starts (usually in July in the Northern Hemisphere). Many old crop varieties, such as King Edward potato are also very susceptible but are grown because they are wanted commercially. Maincrop varieties which are very slow to develop blight include Cara, Stirling, Teena, Torridon, Remarka, and Romano. Some so-called resistant varieties can resist some strains of blight and not others, so their performance may vary depending on which are around. These crops have had polygenic resistance bred into them, and are known as "field resistant". New varieties such as Sarpo Mira and Sarpo Axona show great resistance to blight even in areas of heavy infestation. Defender is an American cultivar whose parentage includes Ranger Russet and Polish potatoes resistant to late blight. It is a long white-skinned cultivar with both foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Defender was released in 2004.

title: A Fire Upon the Deep

text: Recognizing the danger of what they have awakened, the researchers at High Lab attempt to flee in two ships, one carrying all the adults and the second carrying all the children in "coldsleep boxes". Suspicious, the Blight discovers that the first ship contains a data storage device in its cargo manifest; assuming it contains information that could harm it, the Blight destroys the ship. The second ship escapes. The Blight assumes that it is no threat, but later realizes that it is actually carrying away a "countermeasure" against it.

title: Redcliffe N. Salaman

text: Working in his private garden, he initially set out to cross two potato varieties and establish which traits were dominant and recessive in a similar manner to Gregor Mendel's work on peas, but he soon broadened into other areas. In 1908, he decided to include wild potatoes in his experiments and requested that Kew Gardens provide him with "Solanum maglia". Kew's stocks had been incorrectly labelled however and Salaman was sent "Solanum edinense" instead. In 1909, Salaman grew 40 self-fertilised crosses of "S. edinense" and found that seven of them did not succumb to late blight ("Phytophthora infestans"). Convinced that resistance to late blight existed in wild species he began to study other species and found that "Solanum demissum" was also resistant to blight. Salaman started to cross "S. demissum" with domesticated varieties of potato in 1911 to produce high yielding lines that were also resistant to late blight. By 1914, he had successfully created hybrids and in 1926 he remarked that he had produced varieties with "reasonably good economic characteristics which, no matter what their maturity, appeared to be immune to late blight. Salaman was the first to identify genetic resistance to late blight and "S. demissum" was still used as a source of resistance in the 1950s. In "The Propitious Esculent", John Reader called Salaman's discovery "an important breakthrough, offering real promise ... that it was possible to breed blight-resistant potato varieties". In 1987, it was thought that half of the potato varieties cultivated in Europe contained genes from "S. demissum".

title: Tomato pomace

text:
Tomato pomace is an inexpensive by-product of tomato manufacturing. Effectively, it is what is left over after processing tomatoes for juice, ketchup, soup, etc. It is sometimes used in pet and livestock food manufacturing as a source of dietary fiber, as well as B vitamins, Lycopene and (to a lesser extent) vitamin A. As the primary component of tomato pomace is the tomato skin, it has the potential for higher amounts of pesticide residues than tomatoes themselves. As tomato pomace tends to be about 75% water, the cost of shipping tends to be very high (due to weight). In California, where 95% of the processing tomatoes in the United States are grown, most of the pomace goes to dairies and is added to cattle feed. In the Midwest, the majority ends up in landfills.
the moisture content in the tomato pomace ranges from 45% to 80% depending on the processing technology.

title: Tolylfluanid

text: Tolylfluanid is used on fruit and ornamental plants against gray mold ("Botrytis"), against late blight on tomatoes and against powdery mildew on cucumbers.

title: Derek Powers

text: Blight makes his only appearance after his apparent death in "Batman Beyond" #18. Powers survives the submarine explosion and swims to shore, only to become the new target of the hunter Stalker. After injecting Batman with a non-lethal radiation poison, Stalker attempts to use him as bait to lure out Blight, who has been hiding in the Gotham sewer system, after the hunter had apparently tried to capture and kill him. Blight has by now gone completely insane and forgotten his original identity as Derek Powers, referring to himself only as Blight. He blames Batman for all that has happened to him. After a long fight in a steel mill, Blight is engulfed in melted steel and apparently killed, leaving only his corpse as a magma-covered statue. Stalker subjects Terry to a powerful electrical shock, causing him to pass out. When he awakes, both the hunter and Blight’s remains are gone. At the end of the comic, Terry questions Bruce as to what Stalker was going to do with Blight; a cut to one last panel reveals Stalker in a cave alone, with all the trophies of the captured targets he has killed.

title: Tamaran

text: Tamaran suddenly came under attack by the Blight, a parasitic alien race, causing the Tamaranean starship "Starfire" to seek out its commander, the Princess Koriand'r, also known as Starfire. Koriand'r is hesitant to save the planet due to the people and her sister allowing her to be enslaved. It's revealed that Komand'r is working alongside the blight, but to what end is unknown.

title: Buckeye rot of tomato

text: Buckeye rot of tomato affects tomato plants, although there are many other plants that are affected, including pepper, potato, tobacco, pineapple, and various other hosts. Upon infection, brown and greyish-green water soaked spots appear on the fruit. These spots develop into lesions that resemble the markings of a bull's eye with alternating dark and light brown concentric rings. These are very smooth lesions, barely raised, unlike the rough lesions found in late blight "(Phytophthora infestans)", which is a similar pathogen. Finally, a white fungal-like growth may appear within the lesion. While fruit rot is the most common symptom, damping off and stem cankers are possible. The disease does not affect the foliage of the plant, which further helps separate it from late blight .

title: Phytophthora infestans

text: Blight can be controlled by limiting the source of inoculum. Only good-quality seed potatoes and tomatoes obtained from certified suppliers should be planted. Often discarded potatoes from the previous season and self-sown tubers can act as sources of inoculum.

title: A Fire Upon the Deep

text: Before the mission is launched, the Blight attacks Relay and concurrently kills Old One. As Old One dies, it downloads what information it can into Pham to defeat the Blight, and Pham, Ravna and the Skroderiders barely escape Relay's destruction in the "Out of Band II".

title: Blight

text: Chestnut blight Brown felt blight Potato late blight Fire blight appletree fruit

title: Alternaria solani

text: Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen, that produces a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight. The pathogen produces distinctive "bullseye" patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Despite the name "early," foliar symptoms usually occur on older leaves. If uncontrolled, early blight can cause significant yield reductions. Primary methods of controlling this disease include preventing long periods of wetness on leaf surfaces and applying fungicides.

title: Alternaria solani

text: Because "A. solani" is one of numerous tomato/potato pathogens that are typically controlled with the same products, accurately estimating both the total economic loss and the total expenditure on fungicides for control of early blight is difficult. Best estimates suggest that total annual global expenditures on fungicide control of "A. solani" is approximately $77 million: $32 million for tomatoes and $45 million for potatoes.

title: Tomato

text: Various forms of mildew and blight are common tomato afflictions, which is why tomato cultivars are often marked with a combination of letters that refer to specific disease resistance. The most common letters are: LB – late blight,[45] V – verticillium wilt, F – fusarium wilt strain I, FF – fusarium wilt strain I and II, N – nematodes, T – tobacco mosaic virus, and A – alternaria.

title: Blight

text: Late blight of potato, caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the disease which led to the Great Irish Famine Southern corn leaf blight, caused by the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) Drechs, anamorph Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado & Miyake) Shoemaker, incited a severe loss of corn in the United States in 1970.[2] Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr, has nearly completely eradicated mature American chestnuts in North America. Fire blight of pome fruits, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., is the most severe disease of pear and also is found in apple and raspberry, among others. Bacterial leaf blight of rice, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda & Ishiyama) Dowson.[3] Early blight of potato and tomato, caused by species of the ubiquitous fungal genus Alternaria Leaf blight of the grasses Bur oak blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Tubakia iowensis.

title: Forever Evil: Blight

text: Zauriel proceeds to attack Blight, before being defeated as well. He joins Phantom Stranger and Pandora in the collective unconscious, as both created the illusion that they died. The group finds the human, Chris, located within Blight's heart. When Pandora tries to free him as a way to weaken Blight, she is stopped by Zauriel. Telling the two that there are bigger plans for Chris, Zauriel continues to fight a part of Blight as the Phantom Stranger and Pandora work to help Chris. Back in the material world, Deadman and Swamp Thing distract Blight as Constantine and Nightmare Nurse conjure the Blackmare Curse, to unleash their personal "blights". In doing so, they attempt to fight evil with evil and are able to weaken Blight before Nightmare Nurse stops Constantine from killing Blight to save Chris, reverting to their normal selves. As Blight begins to merge the conscious with the unconscious, a bright light envelops him and he disappears. In his place, a transformed Chris appears in his true nature - the embodied spirit of redemption. He states that with the help of Constantine's group, he was able to lock Blight back in the collective unconscious, and sets out to begin redeeming the world. With Blight gone, so is the psychic static that originally prevented Constantine from finding Zatanna and the others, and he is able to locate them.

title: Decline of Detroit

text: Other investors, such as John Hantz, are attempting to revitalize Detroit using through another approach: urban agriculture. Unlike Gilbert, Hantz has turned his focus to the blighted neighborhoods in Detroit's residential zones. In 2008, Hantz approached Detroit's city government to propose a plan to remove urban blight by demolishing blighted homes and planting trees to establish a large urban farm. Despite fervent criticisms on behalf of city residents claiming that Hantz's proposal amounted to nothing more than a "land grab," the city government eventually approved Hantz's proposal, granting him nearly of land. As of 2017, Hantz farms has planted over 24,000 saplings and demolished 62 blighted structures. Still, it remains uncertain what Hantz's long-term ambitions are for the project, and many residents speculate future developments on his land.

title: Intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition

text: Solanapyrone A is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase β and λ, repair type DNA polymerase. The compound was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungi "Alternaria solani", the cause of early blight in tomato and potato plants.

title: Forever Evil: Blight

text: At the border of Heaven, the group is confronted by the Spectre and Zauriel. The Spectre begins attacking the group before being stopped by the Presence. The Presence begins to show them the understanding they each seek. After refusing and declining to continue to see his understanding, the Presence shows Constantine the rest of the groups'. Constantine then flees, making Zauriel chase after him. They arrive at the House of Mystery, where Constantine traps Zauriel in a celestial circle, in hopes he will help them fight Blight. He tells the others that the trip was a waste, as he only saw why he could not trust any of the group. The others, however, saw the truth or good remaining in their hearts, which Zauriel confirms, as he agrees to help them fight. The House of Mystery travels to Blight's location, where the group prepares to fight him once more. Before the fight, Pandora recalls what she heard in Heaven from the Presence, that it was the question "What are you?" Thinking about it, she realizes she does not know, as she is no longer like the person she was. Remembering her past, she recalls all the "lights" she witnessed while searching for the sins of the world, and realizes she is one of them. Pandora heads straight for Blight and engages him directly, knowing she has the light and hope to defeat him. After a large explosion, Pandora emerges, having now been embodied by the light, realizes her true purpose, and uses the light to destroy Blight and once again free Chris. Phantom Stranger catches him, only for Chris to once again reembody Blight and kill the Phantom Stranger. Pandora engages Blight once more and pushes him back to the bottom of the ocean.


query: When was Ohio State University founded?

title: History of Ohio State University

text: The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862 under the name of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College.[1][2] The school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 18, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year.[3] In 1900, in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar "The Ohio State University". Ohio State began accepting graduate students in the 1880s, with the university awarding its first master's and doctoral degrees in 1886 and 1890 respectively. 1891 saw the founding of Ohio State's law school. Presently, the university has reached the ranking of becoming a Public Ivy, as well as receiving high rankings and awards from many institutions, including U.S. News, Academic Ranking of World Universities.

title: William Oxley Thompson

text: His extensive service at The Ohio State University (26 years) is honored with a larger-than-life bronze statue by Erwin Frey of President Thompson in academic dress, positioned in front of the eponymous William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library on "The Oval" (the central green space on the Ohio State University campus). He is known for being involved in students education and social lives, presiding over the Ohio State win over Oxford University on October 10, 1924 in intercollegiate debate. Thompson's tenure at Ohio State was marked by two seminal events. The first occurred in 1906 with the passage by the Ohio Legislature of the Eagleson Bill, which formalized and legally locked in Ohio State's flagship role in the state's public system of higher education. The Eagleson law mandated that only Ohio State, among Ohio's public universities, would be allowed to offer doctoral education or conduct basic research. The second event, and the culmination of both the raison d'être for Ohio State's founding in 1870 and the aim of the Eagleson Bill in 1906, occurred in 1916 with Ohio State's election into the Association of American Universities. Thompson also served as President of the University during World War One, which saw a massive drop in student attendance for 1917-1918 as many left to join the military or other war-related activities.

title: History of Ohio University

text: On 9 January 1802, the Northwest Territory’s version of the charter further incorporated the university, by the name “American Western University.” The next charter was on 18 February 1804, establishing “Ohio University,” this time by the new legislature of the State of Ohio. All three legal charters placed Ohio University as the first institution of higher education founded and nourished by an act of Congress in America; the first in the territory northwest of the Ohio River; and the first in Ohio. As the flagship for the nation, Midwest, and state, the university’s current state flagship right has been defended several times. General Washington stated “the settlement of southeastern Ohio was not accidental, but the result of the careful deliberation of wise, prudent, and patriotic men.”

title: Butler County, Ohio

text: Butler County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 368,130. Its county seat is Hamilton. It is named for General Richard Butler, who died in 1791 during St. Clair's Defeat. Located along the Miami River, it is home to Miami University, an Ohio public university that was founded in 1809 as the second university in the State of Ohio.

title: List of Ohio University alumni

text: Ohio University is a major public university located in the Midwestern United States in Athens, Ohio, situated on an campus. Founded in 1804, it is the oldest university in the Northwest Territory and ninth oldest public university in the United States. Ohio University has 197,000 living alumni, of whom approximately 105,000 stay in the state. Many have gone on to achieve success in a variety of fields, including athletics, journalism, and government.

text: The Michael E. Moritz College of Law (or Ohio State University Moritz College of Law) is a public law school founded in 1891 and located in Drinko Hall on the main campus of the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a charter member of the Association of American Law Schools.

title: The Ohio State University Crew Club

text: The Ohio State University Crew is the rowing club of Ohio State University, located in Columbus, Ohio, in the United States. It was founded in 1978. Open to both men and women, it is an official university club sport.

title: Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio

text: Dozens of institutions of higher education can be found in the area, the largest of which is The Ohio State University in Columbus. Three of the prestigious Five Colleges of Ohio are located in the metro. They include Ohio Wesleyan University, located in Delaware, Denison University, in Granville (near Newark) and Kenyon College in Gambier. Other schools include Otterbein University in Westerville, OSU Newark (a branch campus of The Ohio State University), Central Ohio Technical College (also in Newark), OU Lancaster (a branch campus of Ohio University), Capital University in Bexley, Franklin University, Columbus State Community College, the Pontifical College Josephinum, the Methodist Theological School in Delaware, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus College of Art & Design, and Mount Vernon Nazarene University.

title: History of Ohio State University

text: 1912 saw the formation of Ohio State's Graduate School to coordinate the university's burgeoning master's and doctoral enrollments. In 1914, Ohio State's college of medicine was formed through a merger with Starling Medical College. That year also saw the founding of Ohio State's School of Dentistry. In 1916, the board of trustees approved the formation of a College of Commerce and Journalism.

title: Athens, Ohio

text: Ohio University is a public university located in Athens (30,000+ students) that is situated on an campus. Founded in 1804, it is the oldest university in Ohio, oldest in the Northwest Territory, and ninth oldest public university in the United States. Known as the Bobcats, Ohio University hosts over 250 academic programs, 5,300 employees, and has been recognized by the John Templeton Foundation as one of the top character building institutions in the country. In addition to its main campus in Athens, Ohio University also operates regional campuses in Chilicothe, Cleveland, Dublin, Ironton (Ohio University - Southern), Lancaster, Pickerington, Proctorville, St. Clairsville (Ohio University - Eastern), and Zanesville.

title: Ohio

text: 13 state universities Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green) Central State University (Wilberforce) Cleveland State University (Cleveland) Kent State University (Kent) Miami University (Oxford) The Ohio State University (Columbus) Ohio University (Athens) Shawnee State University (Portsmouth) University of Akron (Akron) University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati) University of Toledo (Toledo) Wright State University (Dayton/Fairborn) Youngstown State University (Youngstown) 24 state university branch and regional campuses 46 private colleges and universities 6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools Boonshoft School of Medicine (formerly known as The Wright State University School of Medicine) Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University Northeast Ohio Medical University The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health University of Cincinnati College of Medicine University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio) 15 community colleges 8 technical colleges 24 independent non-profit colleges

title: History of Ohio

text: Original universities and colleges in the state included the Ohio University, founded in Athens, in 1804, the first university in the old Northwest Territory and ninth-oldest in the United States. Miami University in Oxford, Ohio was founded in 1809, the University of Cincinnati in 1819, Kenyon College in Gambier in 1824, Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1826, Xavier University in Cincinnati and Denison University in Granville in 1831, Oberlin College in 1833, Marietta College in 1835, the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware in 1842, and the University of Dayton in 1850. Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 and the University of Akron and Ohio State University followed in 1870, with the University of Toledo in 1872.

title: Ohio State University Golf Club

text: The Ohio State University Golf Club is located at 3605 Tremont Road, Upper Arlington, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus. It was founded by L.W. St. John, (Ohio State University Athletic Director, 1912-1947). The golf club has two classical golf courses called Scarlet and Gray. The Scarlet was completed in 1938 and the Gray was finished later in 1940. The dedication ceremony was held on May 18, 1940, when Bob Kepler (golf coach from 1938-1965), Chick Evans, Blanche Sohl, and Patty Berg played 18 holes on the Scarlet course.

title: Ohio State University

text: The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (Mech). The college began with a focus on training students in various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor (later, President) Rutherford B. Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to "The Ohio State University". It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States. Along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster.

title: History of Ohio State University

text: Two factors in Ohio State's formative years would hinder the university's immediate development: hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Miami University and Ohio University. The first arose from the curriculum debate. Fueled by the agriculture interests and the Springfield business community that supplied them, the attitude of Ohio farmers towards the university had turned from one of indifference to one of outright hostility. By 1880, this hostility had begun to make its presence felt in the state legislature. The second hindrance came in the form of competition for state allocations from Ohio's two older public institutions. At the time of Ohio State's creation, these institutions had been derided by then Governor Hayes as borderline sectarian colleges that, in over sixty years of history, had failed to provide Ohio with a real state university. It was this view that was fundamental in the decision to found a new university as recipient for the Morrill Act funds, making Ohio unique among Great Lakes states in founding a new university for this purpose, as well as considerably strengthening the hand of those who advocated a broad based curriculum. However, the founding of this new university combined with their own precarious financial positions (Miami would close for a dozen years due to a lack of enrollment) had awakened the older institutions to compete vigorously for the attention of the state legislature. The first of these issues would be resolved by the end of the decade. Resolution of the second would not occur until 1906. Even then, the inherent tension of agricultural interests within the larger context of a comprehensive research university and the competition among state universities in a decentralized higher education system would, to varying degrees, remain permanent issues with which Ohio State would be forced to contend.

title: History of Ohio State University

text: The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862 under the name of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. Initially, it was thought that one of Ohio's two existing public universities (Ohio University and Miami University) would be designated as the land-grant institution, and each engaged in a vigorous competition to win over the state legislature. At the strong urging of Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, however, it was ultimately decided to establish a new university to be located near the legislature in Columbus. Hayes' role in founding the university is recognized in Hayes Hall (named after Rutherford, not Woody), the oldest building still standing on the campus.[1] Hayes later noted that the founding of Ohio State was one of his two greatest achievements—the other being Ohio's ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment.[1][2]

title: History of Ohio State University

title: University of Northwestern Ohio

text: The University of Northwestern Ohio (UNOH) is a private, coeducational, open admissions, not-for-profit university in Lima, Ohio, United States, that was founded as a college in 1920. The campus is and has had students from all 50 states and 16 foreign countries. The university is authorized by the Ohio Board of Regents and the Higher Learning Commission to grant master's degrees, baccalaureate and associate degrees.

title: Ohio State University Press

text: The Ohio State University Press, founded in 1957, is the university press of The Ohio State University.

title: Ohio State University, Marion Campus

text: The Ohio State University at Marion, often referred to as OSU Marion or OSUM, is a regional campus of The Ohio State University located in Marion, Ohio, USA. The campus was founded in 1957. Its campus is located north of Columbus and is shared with Marion Technical College. There are eight buildings on the campus.

title: Ohio Northern University

text: Henry Solomon Lehr founded the Northwestern Ohio Normal School in August 1871. When the college's curriculum grew to include pharmacy, engineering, law and business programs, its name was changed to Ohio Normal University and, eventually, in 1903, Ohio Northern University. In 1899, the university affiliated with the United Methodist Church.

title: Ohio University – Chillicothe

text: Ohio University – Chillicothe (OU-C) is a non-residential regional campus of the University System of Ohio located in Chillicothe. Founded in 1946, OU-C is the first of Ohio University's regional campuses and the first regional campus in the state. It is located south of the state capital of Columbus. It has an enrollment of more than 2,500 students.

title: Ohio State University, Mansfield Campus

text: The Ohio State University at Mansfield was founded in 1958 as a land-grant college and was created through a partnership between Mansfield-area citizens and the state of Ohio. Soon after the Ohio Board of Regents designated Mansfield as the site for an Ohio State regional campus, Mansfield-area citizens mounted a major campaign to acquire land for the campus.

title: Shawnee State University

text: Although its roots date back to 1945, when Ohio University established an academic center in Portsmouth, the university was actually conceived in 1985 when Vern Riffe, the speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives, introduced legislation to create Shawnee State University. The legislation passed both Ohio houses and was signed into law by Governor Richard Celeste in 1986.

title: Ohio State University

text: The proposal of a manufacturing and agriculture university in central Ohio was initially met in the 1870s with hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Ohio University, which was chartered by the Northwest Ordinance, and Miami University. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a farming community on the northern edge of Columbus. While some interests in the state had hoped the new university would focus on matriculating students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines, Hayes manipulated both the university's location and its initial board of trustees towards a more comprehensive end. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year. Also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to "The Ohio State University", with "The" as part of its official name.

title: Ohio University Press

text: Ohio University Press (OUP), founded in 1947, is the largest scholarly press in the state of Ohio. It is a department of Ohio University that publishes under its own name and the imprint Swallow Press. The press publishes 50 books annually and has a back catalog of over 1,200 titles. Ohio University Press entered into a licensing agreement with Swallow Press in 1979, eventually acquiring the imprint and its back catalog of 276 titles in 2008. The Hollis Summers Poetry Prize, named for the former Ohio University faculty member and poet, is awarded annually by Ohio University Press.

title: Capital University

text: Capital University was founded on June 3, 1830, as the "Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio" in nearby Canton, Ohio, 40 years before what would become The Ohio State University, securing its title as the oldest university in Central Ohio. It was renamed as Capital University on March 2, 1850, when the seminary was reformed as the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary of Columbus, Ohio, (ELTS), (and occasionally still known by the misnomer of "Capital Seminary") when the denomination was renamed as the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States and grew into a nationwide church body. In 1930, the Joint Synod was merged with two other smaller German language groups, the Iowa Synod (formed 1854) and the Buffalo Synod (founded 1845) into a major nationwide grouping entitled the American Lutheran Church (ALC), headquartered in Columbus. The ALC existed only three decades, until 1960, when it in turn participated in a larger merger with several other groups of Lutherans in the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish traditions and was renamed The American Lutheran Church. The second ALC lasted until the formation of the current Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in 1988, with offices in Chicago, Illinois.

title: Ohio

text: Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of over 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

text: This List of Presidents of Ohio State University includes all who have served as university presidents of Ohio State University since its founding in 1870. Ohio State University is a public research university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870, as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. In 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to The Ohio State University.

title: Ohio State University, Mansfield Campus

text: The Ohio State University at Mansfield is a regional campus of The Ohio State University located in Mansfield, Ohio. It was founded in 1958 as a land-grant college. Its campus is situated in the western foothills of the Allegheny Plateau, the North Central Ohio region, with easy access to Columbus and Cleveland. The campus offers ten bachelor degree programs and graduate level coursework in education. The campus practices open admissions. Students can start at Mansfield and finish their degrees at The Ohio State University, Columbus, with one or more of Ohio State’s 200+ majors. The Bromfield Library of the Ohio State Mansfield campus provides access to all the resources of The Ohio State University and Ohio Link.