query: When are the Peace Prizes awarded?

title: Nobel Peace Prize

text: As per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–1989), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), and the Parliament (1901–1904).

title: Mahatma Gandhi

text: Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee, though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947. Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award. Gandhi was nominated in 1948 but was assassinated before nominations closed. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question". When the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".

title: Confucius Peace Prize

text: The Confucius Peace Prize () is a Chinese alternative to the Nobel Peace Prize established in 2010 by the Association of Chinese Indigenous Arts in the People's Republic of China (PRC), in response to a proposal by business person Liu Zhiqin on November 17, 2010. The chairman of the committee said that the award existed to "promote world peace from an Eastern perspective", and Confucian peace specifically. The winner purportedly receives a cash prize of ¥100,000 RMB (US$15,000). Despite an attempt by China's Ministry of Culture to ban the prize in September 2011, the original organizers re-established in Hong Kong as the "China International Peace Research Center", awarding the prize to Vladimir Putin in November 2011, to Kofi Annan and Yuan Longping in 2012, to Fidel Castro in 2014, to Robert Mugabe in 2015 and Hun Sen in 2017. The Chinese government has denied having any connections with the prize.

title: Nobel Prize

text: The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948. Later, members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee expressed regret that he was not given the prize. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006, said, "The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize. Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question". In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi". Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been missed out. "Foreign Policy" lists Eleanor Roosevelt, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh, and Corazon Aquino as people who "never won the prize, but should have".

title: Nobel Peace Prize

text: List of peace prizes List of Nobel laureates Nobel Foundation Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Peace Prize Concert Nobel Prize effect Nobel Women's Initiative World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates List of peace activists Ramon Magsaysay Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Confucius Peace Prize

title: Asia

text: Also, Mother Teresa of India and Shirin Ebadi of Iran were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children. Ebadi is the first Iranian and the first Muslim woman to receive the prize. Another Nobel Peace Prize winner is Aung San Suu Kyi from Burma for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a military dictatorship in Burma. She is a nonviolent pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma (Myanmar) and a noted prisoner of conscience. She is a Buddhist and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China" on 8 October 2010. He is the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China. In 2014, Kailash Satyarthi from India and Malala Yousafzai from Pakistan were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".

title: Peace Mala

text: Through the promotion of peace, tolerance and respect, Peace Mala has received numerous awards for their work, notably The Prince's Trust Millennium Award in 2003, the Co-op Community Dividend Award in 2003, the ChildLine Cymru CHIPS Friendship and Respect Award in 2003 (1st Prize), and the Carmarthenshire Police Community Challenge Award in 2004. In 2004 Peace Mala was also awarded First Prize in the CEWC-Cymru "Right-On" National Competition to promote Human Rights in Welsh schools. In 2006 Peace Mala was awarded a grant by Awards for All (Wales) in support of the Peace Mala Awards for Youth.

title: Australian Peace Prize

text: The Australian Peace Prize was an annual award presented from 2006 to 2009 to an Australian citizen or resident, or to a group based in Australia, for outstanding contributions towards peace. It was awarded by the Peace Organisation of Australia. The first prize was awarded in 2006 to Dr Helen Caldicott. The most recent prize was awarded in 2009.

title: Nobel Prize

text: Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies' are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), at the auditorium of the University of Oslo (1947–1989), and at Oslo City Hall (1990–present).

title: Peace

text:
[[File:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Dunant]] was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the [[International Red Cross]].]]
The highest honour awarded to peace maker is the [[Nobel Prize in Peace]], awarded since 1901 by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of [[Alfred Nobel]]. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "...shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."

title: Thorolf Rafto

text: By awarding the Rafto Prize, the Rafto Foundation for Human Rights seeks to bring attention to independent voices that due to oppressive and corrupt regimes are not always heard. In 1990, the Rafto Prize was awarded to a Burmese democratic leader, Aung San Suu Kyi who in the following year 1991 received the Nobel Peace Prize for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights. Four Rafto Laureates have subsequently received further international assistance and were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Aung San Suu Kyi, José Ramos-Horta, Kim Dae-jung and Shirin Ebadi were awarded the Rafto Prize prior to the Nobel Peace Prize.

title: Lenin Peace Prize

text: The International Lenin Peace Prize (, "mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya premiya mira)" was a Soviet Union award named in honor of Vladimir Lenin. It was awarded by a panel appointed by the Soviet government, to notable individuals whom the panel indicated had "strengthened peace among comrades". It was founded as the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples, but was renamed the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (, "Mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya premiya «za ukrepleniye mira mezhdu narodami»") as a result of de-Stalinization. Unlike the Nobel Prize, the Lenin Peace Prize was usually awarded to several people a year rather than to just one individual. The prize was mainly awarded to prominent Communists and supporters of the Soviet Union who were not Soviet citizens. Notable recipients include: W. E. B. Du Bois, Fidel Castro, Salvador Allende, Mikis Theodorakis, Seán MacBride, Angela Davis, Pablo Picasso, Oscar Niemeyer, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Abdul Sattar Edhi and Nelson Mandela.

title: List of Nobel laureates

text: Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.

title: List of Arab Nobel laureates

text:
People from the Arab countries have been the recipients in three of six award categories: Peace, Chemistry and Literature. The first Arab recipient, Anwar Sadat, was awarded the Peace Prize in 1978. The most recent recipient Tawakkol Karman was awarded to Peace prizes in 2011.
One Arab laureate —Anwar Sadat – was president of his country when he was awarded the prize.

title: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

text: Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.[6] At 17 years of age, Malala Yousafzai, the 2014 recipient, is the youngest to be awarded the Peace Prize.

title: Lenin Prize

text: The Lenin Prize is different from the Lenin Peace Prize, which was awarded to foreign citizens rather than to citizens of the Soviet Union, for their contributions to the peace cause. Also, the Lenin Prize should not be confused with the Stalin Prize or the later USSR State Prize. Some persons were awarded both the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize.

title: Muhammad Yunus

text: Hasina thought that the Norwegian Nobel Peace Prize Committee would give her the prize for signing a peace treaty, the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in 1997. On 9 March, Attorney General Mahbubey Alam revealed the government's attitude when he said, "Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina should have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize…" He went on to challenge the wisdom of the Nobel committee for not awarding the prize to his master, Hasina, for the CHT accord.

text: The Student Peace Prize is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to creating peace and promoting human rights. The prize is awarded on behalf of all Norwegian students, and is administered by the Student Peace Prize Secretariat in Trondheim, which is a part of the ISFiT-organization, and which appoints a national nominations committee with representatives from universities and colleges in Norway, as well as an independent Peace Prize Committee that awards the prize. The award ceremony takes place during ISFiT and is one of the main events of the festival.

title: Chico Xavier

text:
In 1981, appointed for the Nobel Peace Prize, when his name gathered 2 million signatures for submission. However, The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 was awarded to Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
In 1999, the Government of the State of Minas Gerais established the "Commendation of Peace Chico Xavier", award which is annually awarded to individuals or legal entities who work for peace and social well-being.

title: 2006 Nobel Peace Prize

title: Student Peace Prize

text: The Student Peace Prize is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to creating peace and promoting human rights. The prize is awarded on behalf of all Norwegian students, and is administrated by the Student Peace Prize Secretariat in Trondheim, which appoints a national nominations committee with representatives from universities and colleges in Norway, as well as an independent Peace Prize Committee that awards the prize. The award ceremony takes place during the International Student Festival in Trondheim (ISFiT).

title: International Peace Bureau

text: The organisation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910 ""[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"". In 1913 Henri La Fontaine was also awarded the Prize ""[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"". , eleven other Nobel Peace Prize laureates have been members of the IPB.

title: André Shepherd

text: On February 7, 2009 André Shepherd was awarded the Peace Prize "Peace through Conviction" of the Munich American Peace Committee. The award was presented in the context of protest activities against the Munich Conference for Security Policy. The national newspaper The Tageszeitung awarded Shepherd its Tax-Panther-Preis Prize in 2010. He was also awarded the Human Rights Prize of Pro Asyl in 2015.

title: Nobel Prize controversies

text: In 1936, the Nobel Foundation offended Adolf Hitler when it awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to Carl von Ossietzky, a German writer who publicly opposed Hitler and Nazism. (The prize was awarded the following year.) Hitler reacted by issuing a decree on 31 January 1937 that forbade German nationals to accept any Nobel Prize. Awarding the peace prize to Ossietzky was itself considered controversial. While Fascism had few supporters outside Italy, Spain, and Germany, those who did not necessarily sympathize felt that it was wrong to (deliberately) offend Germany.

title: Baitul Futuh Mosque

text: The National Peace Symposium 2010 chose the location to award the first Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize to Lord Eric Avebury. The award was for lifetime contribution to global Human Rights. The Peace Prize is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual’s or an organisation’s contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize has since been awarded annually at the Peace Symposium hosted at the Baitul Futuh Mosque.

title: Lenin Peace Prize

text: The International Lenin Prize should not be confused with the International Peace Prize, awarded by the World Peace Council. In 1941 the Soviet Union created the Stalin Prize (later renamed the "USSR State Prize"), which was awarded annually to accomplished Soviet writers, composers, artists and scientists.

title: Gusi Peace Prize

text: The Gusi Peace Prize is a private award given by the Gusi Peace Prize Foundation, based in Manila, Philippines. The Gusi Peace Prize recognizes individuals and organizations who have contributed to global peace and progress through a wide variety of fields. The awards ceremonies are held yearly in Manila, Philippines, on the fourth Wednesday of November.

title: Muhammad Yunus

text:
Former US president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Yunus. He expressed this in "Rolling Stone" magazine as well as in his autobiography "My Life." In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton described Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [in Economics and] I'll keep saying that until they finally give it to him." Conversely, "The Economist" stated explicitly that while Yunus was doing excellent work to fight poverty, it was not appropriate to award him the Peace Prize, stating: "... the Nobel committee could have made a braver, more difficult, choice by declaring that there would be no recipient at all."
He is one of only seven persons to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Congressional Gold Medal. Other notable awards include the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1984, the World Food Prize, the International Simon Bolivar Prize (1996), the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord and the Sydney Peace Prize in 1998, and the Seoul Peace Prize in 2006. Additionally, Yunus has been awarded 50 honorary doctorate degrees from universities across 20 countries, and 113 international awards from 26 different countries including state honours from 10 countries. Bangladesh government brought out a commemorative stamp to honour his Nobel Award.

title: Confucius Peace Prize

text:
Officials from the Taiwanese government are reported to have found the award of the Confucius Peace Prize to Lien Chan "amusing".
When asked by a reporter about the prize, a spokesman for Vladimir Putin said that he had heard about the award through the press, but that "we do not know much about the prize."

title: Daniel Ellsberg

text: Ellsberg is the recipient of the Inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize, a prize established by The Nation Institute and the Fertel Foundation. In 1978 he accepted the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace. On September 28, 2006 he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award. He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016. He received the Olof Palme Prize in 2018.

title: Dayton Literary Peace Prize

text: The Dayton Literary Peace Prize is an annual United States literary award "recognizing the power of the written word to promote peace" that was first awarded in 2006. Awards are given for adult fiction and non-fiction books published at some point within the immediate past year that have led readers to a better understanding of other peoples, cultures, religions, and political views, with the winner in each category receiving a cash prize of $10,000. The award is an offshoot of the Dayton Peace Prize, which grew out of the 1995 peace accords ending the Bosnian War. In 2011, the former "Lifetime Achievement Award" was renamed the Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award with a $10,000 honorarium.


query: How long did the Tudor monarchy last?

title: House of Tudor

text: The House of Tudor was an English royal house of Welsh origin,[1] descended in the male line from the Tudors of Penmynydd. Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) from 1485 until 1603, with five monarchs in that period. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses, which left the House of Lancaster, to which the Tudors were aligned, extinct.

title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Among the lesser-known facets of Hundertwasser's personality is his commitment to constitutional monarchy: Austria needs something to look up to, consisting of perennial higher valuesof which one now hardly dares to speaksuch as beauty, culture, internal and external peace, faith, richness of heart [...] Austria needs an emperor, who is subservient to the people. A superior and radiant figure in whom everyone has confidence, because this great figure is a possession of all. The rationalist way of thinking has brought us, in this century, an ephemeral higher, American standard of living at the expense of nature and creation, which is now coming to an end, for it is destroying our heart, our quality of life, our longing, without which an Austrian does not want to live. It is outrageous that Austria has an emperor who did no evil to anyone but is still treated like a leper. Austria needs a crown! Long live Austria! Long live the constitutional monarchy! Long live Otto von Habsburg!- Friedensreich Hundertwasser, "Für die Wiederkehr der konstitutionellen Monarchie" (For the Return of the Constitutional Monarchy).Kaurinui, New Zealand, 28 March 1983; dedicated, on 14 May 1987, to Otto von Habsburg for his 75th birthday.

title: Julian Tudor Hart

text: He wrote many books and scientific articles. His last book, "The Political Economy of Health Care: A Clinical Perspective" explores how the NHS might be reconstituted as a humane service for all (rather than a profitable one for the few) and a civilising influence on society as a whole. The book provides 'a big picture' for students, academics, health professionals and NHS users that Tudor Hart hopes will inspire them to challenge received wisdoms about how the NHS should develop in the 21st century.

title: Ó hAnluain

text: The origins of the colonial O’Hanlons lay in two sons of Sean, The O’Hanlon (c. 1510–1575). In addition to Sir Eochaidh O’Hanlon, last of the Name, there was also his brother, Feidliminh, and his four sons. All supported the Tudor monarchy, more or less, during the Nine Years' War and were granted lands in south Armagh for their loyalty to the Crown.

title: Mock Tudor (album)

text: Widely regarded by critics and Thompson fans as one of his best works, "Mock Tudor" did not enjoy much popularity among the public, despite positive critical acclaim. This was the last album that Thompson recorded for Capitol and his last to date for a major record label. Subsequent Thompson studio albums would be self-financed and distributed by smaller independent labels.

title: Parliament of England

text: Parliament had not always submitted to the wishes of the Tudor monarchs. But parliamentary criticism of the monarchy reached new levels in the 17th century. When the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I, died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland came to power as King James I, founding the Stuart monarchy.

title: Black September

text: June 1970 became one of the most uncertain periods for the Hashemite monarchy in Jordan, as most foreign diplomats believed that events favored the fedayeen, and that the downfall of the monarchy was just a matter of time. Although Hussein was confident, members of his family started to wonder for how long the situation would last. 72-year old Prince Zeid bin Hussein – the only son of Hussein bin Ali (Sharif of Mecca) that did not become a king – was visiting Amman in June and stayed with Hussein in the royal palace. He saw Hussein's management of the affair, and before he left, told his son that he thought Hussein to be the "most genuine, able and courageous Hashemite he had ever met", as well as "the greatest leader among all the Hashemite kings."

title: Dual monarchy of England and France

text: There was another truce in 1396 when Richard II married Isabella of Valois, a daughter of King Charles VI of France, thus marking the end of the second phase. Peace did not last long however, as, in 1399, Henry IV usurped Richard's throne while Richard was away in Ireland, thus provoking French hostility in 1403 which marked the beginning of the third phase of the war.

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: The Constitution did not mention any of the provisions of the October Manifesto. While it did enact the provisions laid out previously, its sole purpose seems again to be the propaganda for the monarchy and to simply not fall back on prior promises. The provisions and the new constitutional monarchy did not satisfy Russians and Lenin. The Constitution lasted until the fall of the empire in 1917.

title: What the Tudors Did for Us

text: What the Tudors Did for Us is a 2002 BBC documentary series that examines the impact of the Tudor period on modern society.

title: Tudor Vianu National College of Computer Science

text: The Tudor Vianu National High School of Computer Science has a long list of excellent students that participated in many International Science Olympiads and other contests. In the last decade only, the students won 30 gold medals, 53 silver medals and 36 bronze medals in different kind of competitions.

title: Charles II of Spain

text: However, the 17th century was a period of crisis for many European states and Spain was not alone in facing these problems. Feuds between those who ruled in Charles' name did little to help but it is debatable how far they or he can be held responsible for long-term trends predating his reign; the Monarchy proved remarkably resilient and when Charles died was largely intact.

title: House of Tudor

text: Guy, John (ed). The Tudor Monarchy. St Martin’s Press, 1997. Jones, Michael K. and Malcolm G. Underwood, , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 27 August 2007. Thomas, R. S. , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 27 August 2007. Turton, Godfrey. The Dragon’s Breed: The Story of the Tudors from Earliest Times to 1603. Peter Davies, 1970. This realm of England, 1399 to 1688 OCLC

title: How Long, How Long Blues

text: In 1988, Carr's "How Long, How Long Blues" was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in the category "Classics of Blues Recordings – Singles or Album Tracks". In 2012, the song received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, which "honor[s] recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance".

title: Avro Tudor

text: The engines on the second prototype were changed to Bristol Hercules radials and the aircraft became the prototype Tudor 7, which did not go into production. Unimpressed by the type's performance during further tropical trials, BOAC did not operate the Tudor II and only three production Tudor IIs were built. Six aircraft were built for British South American Airways (BSAA) as the Tudor V.

title: Mock Tudor (album)

text: Thematically, "Mock Tudor" is split into three sections: "Metroland"—comprising the first five songs, "Cooksferry Queen" to "Hard on Me", "Heroes In The Suburbs"—covering "Crawl Back (Under My Stone)" through "Walking the Long Miles Home", and concluding with "Street Cries And Stage Whispers"—encompassing the last three songs (on the original release).

title: Tudors of Penmynydd

text: After the battle, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of King Edward IV, granddaughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and the eldest surviving heir of the House of York and sister of the Princes in the Tower, Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York. Henry and Elizabeth would have a long and happy marriage, having two sons who survived infancy, Arthur, Prince of Wales, who died in 1502 at the age of fifteen, and Henry, perhaps the most famed of Tudor monarchs. Henry VII and Elizabeth also had daughters, Margaret, queen consort of Scotland, and Mary, wife of Louis XII of France. Queen Elizabeth of York died in 1503 after giving birth to their last child Katherine, who did not survive. Henry VII died in 1509; his son Henry took the throne as King Henry VIII.

title: Black Books (Jung)

text: Do you still know me? How long the separation lasted! Everything has become so different. And how did I find you? How strange my journey was! What words should I use to tell you on what twisted paths a good star has guided me to you? Give me your hand, my almost forgotten soul. How warm the joy at seeing you again, you long disavowed soul. Life has led me back to you. ... My soul, my journey should continue with you. I will wander with you and ascend to my solitude.

title: Francisco da Veiga Beirão

text: In 1909, on December 22, he was named President of the Ministry (Prime Minister) by young king Manuel II of Portugal. However, his government did not last long as it was followed by a political scandal related to the "Crédito Predial" Bank that implicated several of his ministers. He resigned on June 26, 1910. He was followed by António Teixeira de Sousa, the last Prime Minister of the constitutional monarchy.

title: Tudor Place

text: On September 28, 1811, Martha Peter's mother, Eleanor Calvert, age 56, a prominent member of the Calvert family of Maryland, Martha Washington's daughter-in-law, and George Washington's stepdaughter-in-law, died at Tudor Place. Martha Peter noted in a February 15, 1812 letter to a friend, Eliza Susan Quincy (1798–1884), how important it was to Martha that she was able to spend the last fortnight of her mother's life with her mother at Tudor Place to render attentions that could not be paid elsewhere.

title: History of the formation of the United Kingdom

text: In August 1503 James IV, King of Scots, married Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII of England. Almost 100 years later, when Elizabeth I was in the last decade of her reign, it was clear to all that James VI of Scotland, the great-grandson of James IV and Margaret Tudor, was the only generally acceptable heir to the English throne. From 1601, Elizabeth I's chief minister Sir Robert Cecil maintained a secret correspondence with James in order to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. Elizabeth died on 24 March 1603, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day. Despite sharing a monarchy, Scotland and England continued as separate countries with separate parliaments for over one hundred more years.

title: Buddy Tudor

text: Treen's long-time Louisiana rival, Edwin Washington Edwards, a Democrat, appearing at the Central Louisiana Press Club gridiron show, once poked fun at Tudor by saying how happy he was to be in "Tudorville", his epithet for the Alexandria-Pineville community.

title: Parliament of England

text: During the reign of the Tudor monarchs the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created. The Tudor monarchy was powerful, and there were often periods of several years when parliament did not sit at all. However the Tudor monarchs were astute enough to realise that they needed parliament to legitimise many of their decisions, mostly out of a need to raise money through taxation legitimately without causing discontent. Thus they consolidated the state of affairs whereby monarchs would call and close parliament as and when they needed it.

title: Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula

text: Appian wrote: "With only 8,000 men when the war began, how many and what terrible reverses they bring upon the Romans! How many treaties did they make on equal terms with the Romans, which the latter would not consent to make with any other people! How often did they challenge to open battle the last commander sent against them, who had an army of 60,000 men!" He noted "their small numbers and great sufferings, their valiant deeds and long endurance."

title: The Man Without Qualities

text: The novel is a "story of ideas", which takes place in the time of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy's last days, and the plot often veers into allegorical dissections on a wide range of existential themes concerning humanity and feelings. It has a particular concern with the values of truth and opinion and how society organizes ideas about life and society, though the book is well over a thousand pages long in its entirety, and so no one single theme dominates.

title: 1840s

text:
The uprisings were led by ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe (Spain, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).
Queen Victoria was on the throne 20 June 1837 until her death 22 January, 1901.

title: What the Tudors Did for Us

text: Hart-Davis travels around Britain to introduce the idea and inventions of the Tudor Age in art, optics and exploration.Hart-Davis travels around Britain to introduce the idea and inventions of the Tudor Age in science, literature and education.Hart-Davis travels around Britain showing how domestic life developed during Tudor times.

title: Army

text: In many countries, the resolution of this conflict was the rise of absolute monarchy. Only in England and the Netherlands did representative government evolve as an alternative. From the late 17th century, states learned how to finance wars through long term low interest loans from national banking institutions. The first state to master this process was the Dutch Republic. This transformation in the armies of Europe had great social impact. The defense of the state now rested on the commoners, not on the aristocrats.

title: Tudor batteries

text: In October 1994, Exide Technologies took over the “Societad Española del Accumulador Tudor”. The Spanish company was, with Tudor India and Tudor Swedish, one of the last social reasons to keep using Tudor brand. In 1995 Exide Technologies also took C.E.A.C. The Florival site became a distribution center.

title: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

text: The uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. The start was in France, where large crowds forced king Louis Philippe I to abdicate. Across Europe came the sudden realization that it was indeed possible to destroy a monarchy. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, the states of the German Confederation, Italy, and the Austrian Empire.

title: Tudor Crown

text: After the death of Elizabeth I and the end of the Tudor dynasty, the Stuarts came to power in England. Both James I and Charles I are known to have worn the crown. Following the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Tudor Crown was broken up and its valuable components sold for £1,100. According to an inventory drawn up for the sale of the king's goods, it weighed .


query: Who directed the Star Wars Rebels TV series?

title: Star Wars Rebels

text: Dave Filoni, Simon Kinberg and Greg Weisman served as executive producers of season one. Weisman left the show after season one.[8] Filoni was also the Supervising Director for the first two seasons, a role he relinquished after accepting a promotion that expanded his creative role into overseeing all Lucasfilm Animation projects; he chose Justin Ridge to succeed him for season three.[9]

title: Blue hair

text: Ezra Bridger, one of the main characters of the TV series "Star Wars Rebels", is described to have "dark-blue hair", according to the novel "Star Wars Rebels: Servants of the Empire - Rebel in the Ranks".

title: Love and War (Iraqi TV series)

text: Love and War (Arabic:حب و حرب) is an Iraqi TV series directed by Jamal Abed jassim and starring Iraqi actors Qasim Al-malak and Naghem Alsultany

title: Walker (Star Wars)

text: An AT-AT makes a brief appearance in "Return of the Jedi", where one walks up alongside a landing platform on Endor, delivering Luke to Darth Vader, but is not seen in the upcoming battle. The first appearance of an AT-AT in the "Star Wars Rebels" TV series occurs in the second-season episode "Relics of the Old Republic", when Agent Kallus (thanks to Captain Rex's tactics against him) unsuccessfully confronts the rebels while on Seelos, with a trio of the four-legged walkers challenging Captain Rex's retired clone cohorts and their own much-modified AT-TE six-legged walker, where the rebels are hiding out. A ruined AT-AT appears in "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" as the makeshift home of the scavenger Rey on the planet Jakku.

title: Star Wars Resistance

text: On April 26, 2018, the series was officially announced and scheduled for a Fall 2018 debut. The show was created by Dave Filoni, veteran Lucasfilm animation worker, who previously directed the 2008 film "", developed , created, developed, and executive produced "Star Wars Rebels", and in 2017 became the head of Lucasfilm Animation. Filoni said the show was influenced by anime, and by his grandfather's experiences in World War II. By August 1, 2018, Polygon Pictures was selected as the animation production company.

title: Emma (novel)

text: 1948: Emma, live BBC TV broadcast, starring Judy Campbell (who also wrote the screenplay) as Emma, and directed and produced by Michael Barry[71] 1954: Emma, live NBC TV broadcast, starring Felicia Montealegre as Emma[71] 1957: Emma, another live NBC TV broadcast in their Matinee Theater series, starring Sarah Churchill as Emma[71] 1960: Emma, live BBC TV serial in six parts, starring Diana Fairfax as Emma and directed by Campbell Logan[71] 1960: Emma, live CBS TV broadcast in their Camera Three series, starring Nancy Wickwire as Emma.[71] 1972: Emma, a six-part BBC miniseries, starring Doran Godwin as Emma 1996: Emma, an ITV TV film, starring Kate Beckinsale as Emma 2009: Emma, a four-part BBC miniseries, starring Romola Garai as Emma

title: List of Star Wars species (P–T)

text: In "Star Wars Rebels" Hera Syndulla is a Twi'lek who pilots the "Ghost". She is the daughter of Cham Syndulla, a character who first appeared in "The Clone Wars" animated series.

title: The Adventures of Champion (TV series)

text: The series starred Barry Curtis as 12-year-old Ricky North, who lived on his uncle's ranch in the American Southwest. Ricky's uncle, Sandy North, was played by Jim Bannon. Ricky's companions were a wild Mustang stallion, Champion, and a German Shepherd, Rebel, played by Blaze. (Ken Beck and Jim Clark, in their book, "The Encyclopedia of TV Pets: A Complete History of Television's Greatest Animal Stars", quote animal trainer Bob Blair as identifying the dog as J.R., the canine that had the title role in "The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin" TV program. "Rebel was played by J.R. and was owned by Frank Barnes. He was the best-trained dog in the business," Blair said.)

title: Rebel Love

text: The film was a finalist in the 1985 USA Film Festival in Dallas. Despite a modest theatrical run, Rebel Love enjoyed a cable release on Showtime and was later distributed on video by Vestron. Rose, who started on television in the series Falcon Crest, went on to star in her own 1980s crime drama series, "Lady Blue". Knox, who first gained fame as the villainous Dr. Peter White on the series St. Elsewhere, later starred for three years as the lead character on the popular series Tour of Duty, a Vietnam War drama.

title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)

text: Anthony Daniels, who portrayed C-3PO in all seven films as well as the "Star Wars Holiday Special", "Star Wars" radio adaptations, "" and "", confirmed in June 2006 that he had been contracted for the series.

title: Parul Gulati

text:
After a successful stint in Punjabi films, Gulati made her Television debut with a finite TV Series, "P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke" for Star Plus, directed by Nikkhil Advani. The show is an official adaption of an Israeli TV series, "Hatufim".
She plays the role of a Pakistani girl Afreen, who is married to a P.O.W, Parul got lot of praise and appreciation for her portrayal of the Pakistani Urdu speaking girl, who despite being a woman in a burqa is very headstrong. In 2018, she appeared in a web series, helmed by ALTBalaji; "Haq Se", directed by Ken Ghosh. She is playing the role of the fiery no-nonsense journalist Jannat Mirza, who is almost like a rebel against the society's age-old norms. She is fighting for justice and to uphold the dignity of women in the state of Kashmir. This web series is based on the classic novel little women by Louisa May Alcott into modern day tale of Kashmir & Parul has essayed the role of Jo March . . In 2018, Gulati starred in Netflix production "Selection Day" is an Indian Netflix Original Sports web television series, based on Aravind Adiga's 2016 novel of the same name and Girls Hostel for "The Viral Fever" "Girliyapa which gained her popularity amongst youngsters and has received rave reviews and high numbers of views and likes on Youtube. .

title: Star Wars: Bloodline

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film "Star Wars" were rebranded as "Star Wars Legends" and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014. A new series of novels, aligned with the continuity of the films and the canon TV series "" and "Star Wars Rebels", began publication in September 2014. "Bloodline" was announced as "Star Wars: New Republic: Bloodline" in October 2015 at the New York Comic Con panel for the publishing initiative. An excerpt was released on February 4, 2016, and the novel was published by Del Rey Books on May 3, 2016.

title: Henry Gilroy

text: As of 2016, Henry Gilroy is the co-executive producer of the "Star Wars Rebels" TV series.

title: Star Wars Rebels

text: The Complete Season One of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on September 1, 2015, in America,[46] and in Germany on September 10, 2015. The Season 1 collection contains the expanded version of Spark of Rebellion with the Darth Vader/Grand Inquisitor prologue shown on ABC-TV. The Complete Season Two of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2016, in North America. The Complete Season Three of Star Wars Rebels was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on August 29, 2017.[47] The Complete Season Four is announced to be released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 15, 2018, in Germany,[48] and July 31, 2018, in the United States.[49]

title: The Rebel (TV series)

text: The Rebel was a ratings success for ABC, commanding 35 per cent share of the Sunday evening audience in its time slot, and was actually scheduled to be renewed for a third season, as part of a new hour-long series entitled "The Rebel and The Yank", which would have again starred Nick Adams as the Rebel, and future "The Virginian" star James Drury starring as "the Yank", a former Union soldier working as a doctor in the South. However, despite the show's success, ABC decided to pass on the series due to two factors: first, its violence (at a time when the network was trying to withdraw from violent programming), and second, the network's new "counter-programming" format, in which a different type of show was scheduled against the network competition in that time slot, such as a comedy or variety show against an action-adventure show. Thus, "The Rebel" was cancelled, "The Rebel and The Yank" project never came to fruition, and the series was replaced by a new variety show starring Steve Allen. This program was not a success, lasting less than four months.

title: Star Wars: Force Arena

text: Early versions of "Force Arena" were set in the Rebellion era of the "Star Wars" storyline, until an update on August 14, 2017 added content from the Clone Wars era and a November 9, 2017 update included the New Republic era. Players control customized squads of characters and vehicles in a card-powered multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) environment in the vein of "Clash Royale", where the goal is to destroy the enemy squad's automatic defense turrets and shield generator to open their base to an airstrike. The myriad of playable squad leaders and unique assistants not only include characters that appear in the films, but also characters who appear in spin-off films, TV series, and Marvel-published comic books, like "Rogue One", "Star Wars Rebels" and "", as well as "" and the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy.

title: R2-D2

text: R2-D2 appears in the 2008 animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars, and the subsequent TV series of the same name. In the film, he accompanies Anakin and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano on a mission to rescue Jabba the Hutt’s son Rotta. In the series, he helps them fight the Separatists. R2-D2 appears in Star Wars Rebels in the episodes "Droids in Distress" and "Blood Sisters". R2-D2 appears in Marvel's Star Wars comic series, which is set between A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back. He also appears briefly in the miniseries Star Wars: Shattered Empire.

text: On March 11, 2013, it was announced that "The Clone Wars" would be "winding down" to focus on the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy and a new series, "Star Wars Rebels". On February 13, 2014, Netflix announced that starting on March 7, 2014 they would begin the US distribution of the entire TV series, including some previously unreleased director's cuts, and the previously unaired new season dubbed "The Lost Missions". The latter also became available for purchase on digital video stores, such as iTunes, in .

title: Servants of the Empire

text: Servants of the Empire is a young adult science fiction novel series by Jason Fry. Set in the "Star Wars" universe, the novels are affiliated with the television series "Star Wars Rebels" and follow the "Rebels" character Zare Leonis.

title: Speeder bike

text: Speeder bikes (also known as "jumpspeeders" or "hover bikes") and swoop bikes (or just "swoops") are small, fast transports that use repulsorlift engines in the fictional "Star Wars" universe. "Return of the Jedi" includes a prominent speeder bike chase; speeders and swoops also appear in "", "", "", "", the animated "Star Wars Rebels" TV series, and the "Star Wars" expanded universe's books, comics, and games.

title: List of Star Wars creatures

text: The Loth-wolf is a near-legendary, Force-sensitive large canid native to Lothal, known since prehistoric times on that world by its inhabitants. A white-furred one occasionally assisted Ezra Bridger on Lothal in the "Star Wars Rebels" TV series.

title: Star Wars

text: Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company, Lucasfilm Animation, and used it to create his first in-house "Star Wars" CGI-animated series. "" (2008–2014) was introduced through a . Both were accepted to the highest level canon in 2014; all series released afterwards would also be canon. In 2014, Disney XD began airing "Star Wars Rebels", the first CGI-animated series produced in the new era. Set between "Revenge of the Sith" and "A New Hope", it follows a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and helped close some of the arcs in "The Clone Wars". The animated microseries "Star Wars Forces of Destiny" debuted in 2017, focusing on the female characters of the franchise. The animated series "Star Wars Resistance" debuted in late 2018, is anime-inspired, and focuses on a young Resistance pilot shortly before "The Force Awakens".

title: Tantive IV

text: The Tantive IV (also referred to as the Rebel blockade runner) is a fictional spaceship in the "Star Wars" film series. It was used by Leia Organa in "" and was the first vessel audiences saw when "Star Wars" premiered in 1977. Other Corellian corvettes, which share the "Tantive IV"'s design, appear in "Return of the Jedi" and in the "Star Wars" expanded universe's books, comics, TV series, and games.

title: Star Wars expanded to other media

text: In April 2014 Lucasfilm officially decreed prior expanded universe content non-canonical, and christened it "Star Wars Legends", with a new company division, Lucasfilm Story Group, ensuring that all forthcoming comics, books, games and other media were non-contradictory and true to one another, other canonical media, and the story of the films themselves. From that point onward the official "Star Wars" canon was clarified to include the "Star Wars" theatrical films and "The Clone Wars" animated film and TV series. Works which have since been produced include the "Rebels" animated TV series, the 2015 film "" and its 2017 sequel "", the 2016 anthology film "Rogue One", the 2017 video game "Star Wars Battlefront II", the 2018 film "", and a number of novels and comic book series.

title: Y-wing

text: The "Y-wing" assault starfighter/light bomber is a fictional starfighter in the "Star Wars" franchise. They are depicted as the primary fighter-bombers of the Galactic Republic, Rebel Alliance and New Republic; being ideally suited for ground attack missions and close air support. They appear in "", "Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back", "Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi", "Rogue One", , "Star Wars Rebels" TV series and the "Star Wars" expanded universe's books, comics, and games.

title: Lucasfilm Animation

text: Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion (2014) for Disney Channel and Disney XD Star Wars Rebels: The Siege of Lothal (2015) for Disney XD Star Wars Rebels: Steps into Shadow (2016) for Disney XD Star Wars Rebels: Heroes of Mandalore (2017) for Disney XD Star Wars Rebels: In the Name of the Rebellion (2017) for Disney XD Star Wars Rebels: Family Reunion – and Farewell (2018) for Disney XD

title: The Rebel (TV series)

text: The Rebel is a 76-episode American western television series starring Nick Adams that debuted on the ABC network from 1959 to 1961. "The Rebel" was one of the few Goodson-Todman Productions outside of their game show ventures. Beginning in December 2011, "The Rebel" reruns began to air Saturday mornings on Me-TV.

title: Art Carney

text:
In 1978, Carney appeared in "Star Wars Holiday Special", a made-for-TV movie that was linked to the "Star Wars" film series. In it, he played Trader Saun Dann, a member of the Rebel Alliance who helped Chewbacca and his family evade an Imperial blockade. The same year, he appeared as the father of Ringo Starr's alter ego "Ognir Rrats" in the made for television special "Ringo".
In 1980, he starred in the TV film "". In 1984, he portrayed Santa Claus in the made-for-TV holiday film "The Night They Saved Christmas".
Among his final television roles were a series of commercials for Diet Coke in which he played a man enjoying a day out with his grandson.

title: Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)

text: Star Wars: Clone Wars is an American animated television micro-series set in the "Star Wars" universe and adapted, directed, produced and by Genndy Tartakovsky. Produced and released between the films "" and "", it is the first of many works to explore the conflict set between the two known as the Clone Wars, and directly leads to the events of "Revenge of the Sith". The show follows the actions of various characters from the "Star Wars" prequel trilogy, notably Jedi Knights and clone troopers, in their war against the battle droid armies of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Sith. The series is notable for introducing the character of General Grievous to the "Star Wars" universe.

title: Zhang Li (director)

text: In 2008, Zhang directed "The Road We Have Taken", the series stars Sun Honglei, Huang Zhizhong, Ke Lan, Rolling Zhang, Zhang Zhijian, and Guo Guangping. He won numerous awards, including the Outstanding TV series at 25th China TV Golden Eagle Award, the Best Television Series at the 16th Shanghai TV Festival, the First Prize of the Flying Apsaras Awards, and the Best Director at the 16th Shanghai TV Festival. That same year, he shot the epic war film "Red Cliff" with Lü Yue. The film was directed by John Woo and stars Tony Leung, Takeshi Kaneshiro, Zhang Fengyi, Chang Chen, Zhao Wei, Hu Jun and Lin Chi-ling.

title: List of Star Wars Rebels characters

text: "Star Wars Rebels" is an American 3D CGI animated television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation. Set fourteen years after the events of "" and five years before "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope", the series follows a motley group of rebels conducting covert operations to thwart the sinister Galactic Empire.


query: Is Catalonia an independent nation?

title: Catalan declaration of independence

text: The Catalan declaration of independence (Catalan: Declaració d'independència de Catalunya; Spanish: Declaración de Independencia de Cataluña) was a resolution that was passed by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 October 2017, which declared the independence of Catalonia from Spain and the founding of an independent Catalan Republic. The Act was immediately suspended by the Parliament. The declaration did not receive recognition from the international community. The declaration and proceeding vote were declared illegal as it was done on a simple majority and not the two-thirds requirement of the Catalan constitution.

text: Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (, ERC–CatSí) is a Catalan pro-independence electoral coalition. The alliance is formed by Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalonia Yes and independents, and in the 2015 and 2016 Spanish general elections it was led by Gabriel Rufián.

title: Marta Rovira

text: Rovira has been a member of Republican Left of Catalonia since 2005, and during the 25th National Congress celebrated in 2005, she was chosen as National Secretary of International and European Politics and Cooperation. During the 26th National Congress (2011) she was elected general secretary. Rovira won a seat in the Parliament of Catalonia during the elections of 2012 and in 2015 stood in the elections to the Parliament of Catalonia with the pro-independence coalition Together for Yes.

title: 2017 Catalan independence referendum

text: The Catalan independence referendum of 2017, also known by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October") in Spanish media, was an independence referendum held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya. It was declared illegal on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution. Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent it, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation. Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process as well as to the use of force by the National Police and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.

title: Reagrupament

text: Reagrupament or Reagrupament Independentista ("Realignment for Independence" or "Independence Rally") is a political party in Catalonia, Spain, formally constituted on 3 October 2009. It is an umbrella group for various supporters of Catalan independence and the creation of a sovereign state for Catalonia. It has no representation in the Catalan Parliament. It is the most important extra-parliamentary independentist party in Catalonia.

title: History of Catalonia

text: On 23 January 2013, parliament approved a Declaration on the Sovereignty and right to decide of the people of Catalonia asserting that Catalonia is a sovereign entity and calls for a referendum on independence.[129][130] After the impediments of Spanish institutions, on 9 November 2014 the Government of Catalonia organized the independence referendum, in which 1.6 million out of potential 5.4 million voters or 80.8% of the 2.25 million cast votes supported the independence option.[131][132]

title: Catalan nationalism

text: Currently, the main political parties which define themselves as being Catalan nationalists are "Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya", "Unió Democràtica de Catalunya". The "Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya", although deriving from nationalism, refuses the term "nationalism" and prefers to describe itself as pro-independence; so does "Soldaritat Catalana". These parties obtained 50.03% of the votes in the 2010 election. Within these parties, there is much divergence of opinion. More radical elements are only content with the establishment of a separate Catalan state. In contrast, more moderate elements do not necessarily identify with the belief that protection of Catalan identity is incompatible within Spain. Others vote for these parties simply as a protest and do not necessarily identify with the overall party platform (for example, some people may vote for ERC because they are simply tired of CiU, even though they do not actually desire a leftist Catalan republic). The other way around also occurs: some voters may vote for non-nationalist parties (especially the Initiative for Catalonia Greens, ICV, and the Socialists' Party of Catalonia, PSC) for reasons of policy, ideology or personal preference, although they share a nationalist viewpoint regarding Catalonia's status within Spain. Some polls, conducted in 2010, show that more than a third of PSC and more than half of ICV voters support Catalonia's independence (in the latter case, the percentage is even higher than among Convergence and Union voters); according to these polls, even 15% of the pro-Spanish Partido Popular voters in Catalonia support the region's independence.

title: Catalan nationalism

text: Furthermore, Barcelona's industrial elite wanted Catalonia to stay part of Spain since Catalonia's industrial markets relied on consumption from other Spanish regions which, little by little, started to join some sort of development. In fact, part of the industrialists’ desire to remain part of Spain was their desire for protectionism, hegemony in domestic markets and the push to "influence Madrid's political choices by intervening in central Spanish affairs" (Conversi 1997: 18-20), thus, it made no economic sense to promote any secession from Spain. On the contrary, Catalonia's prominent industrialists acted as the Spanish leading economic heads. As Stanley Payne observes: "The modern Catalan élite had played a major role in what there was of economic industrialization in the nineteenth century, and had tended to view Catalonia not as the antagonist but to some degree the leader of a freer, more prosperous Spain" (482). Barcelona's bourgeois industrialists even claimed that protectionism and leadership served the interests of the "‘national market’ or of ‘developing the national economy’ (national meaning Spanish here)" (Balcells 19). The inclusion of Spain was instrumental to Catalonia's success, meaning that industrialists would not tolerate any secessionist movement. Claiming that independence would have assured nothing but weak markets, an internal enemy and strengthened anarchist movements. And hence, though manufacturers funded the "Renaixença"—and Catalan nationalism—they demanded that Catalonia stayed part of Spain to ensure economic stability.

title: 2012 Catalan independence demonstration

text: At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the "Associació de Municipis per la Independència" ("Association of Municipalities for Independence"), an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in Vic which brings local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination.

title: Catalan declaration of independence

text: Andorra – Government of Andorra considers that Catalonia continues to be an integral part of Spain and appeals for dialogue to resolve the situation.[51] Argentina – The Argentine Government, through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship, does not recognize and rejects the declaration of independence proclaimed by the Parliament of Catalonia.[52] Belgium – Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel stated, "A political crisis can only be resolved through dialogue. We demand a peaceful solution that respects national and international order."[53] Brazil – Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Saturday, 28 October 2017, rejected Catalonia's unilateral declaration of independence, calling for the "preservation of unity in the Kingdom of Spain."[54] Bulgaria – Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that "respects the constitutional order of the Kingdom of Spain, the rule of law and the principles of the rule of law as fundamental values of the European Union (EU) and all its members. We support the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Spain, which is our strategic partner".[55] Canada – Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated that Canada only recognises one united Spain and called for talks to be held in a peaceful fashion.[56] Chile – Chile's Foreign Minister Heraldo Muñoz has assured that his country will support the territorial integrity of Spain.[57] Colombia – Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos ratified his country's support for the territorial integrity of Spain and the Spanish Government, before the declaration of independence of Catalonia.[58] Croatia – Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs stated that "Croatia regards the events in Catalonia as a matter of Spain's internal affairs, and supports democratic and peaceful solutions in accordance with European values".[59] Ecuador – Ecuadorian Chancellery stated: "Ecuador calls for a solution to the situation in Catalonia through dialogue, within the framework of the Constitution, the law and the Spanish rule of law, with full respect for the freedoms and rights of all the Spanish citizens."[60] Estonia – Estonian prime minister Jüri Ratas stated "Estonia supports the territorial integrity and unity of Spain. Internal affairs must be solved according to their constitution and laws."[61] Germany – the German government stated, "The Federal Government does not recognise the unilateral declaration of independence" of the Catalan parliament and expressed concern about the declaration causing "renewed aggravation of the situation."[62] Georgia – The President of Georgia stated "Georgia fully supports the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Spain and stands in solidarity [with] the Spanish Government," in response to the declaration of independence.[63] Hungary – Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó stated Catalonia's declaration of independence is a "matter of Spanish internal affairs". He added the Government of Hungary "hopes that the situation is resolved as soon as possible in accordance with Spain’s constitutional regulations".[64] India – The Government of India stated that "Catalonia should address issues of identity and culture within Spain's constitutional framework & respect national integrity"[65] Indonesia – Indonesia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Indonesia does not recognize the unilateral declaration of independence by Catalonia."[66] Ireland – The Department of Foreign Affairs issued a statement "We are all concerned about the crisis in Catalonia. Ireland respects the constitutional and territorial integrity of Spain and we do not accept or recognise the Catalan Unilateral Declaration of Independence."[67] Italy – The foreign minister Angelino Alfano declared that Italy has not and will not recognise an independent Catalonia.[68] Israel - Israel reportedly initially considered refusing to support Spain against Catalan independence, but ultimately issued a statement saying "Israel hopes that the internal crisis in Spain will be resolved quickly and peacefully and through broad national consensus."[69][70][71] Jamaica – The Jamaican Government has declared that it does not recognise the declaration of independence of Catalonia as it supports a united Spain. The Government made its position known through the release of a statement by Foreign Affairs Minister Senator Kamina Johnson Smith.[72] Japan – The Government of Japan has expressed its support for the application of article 155 of the Spanish Constitution before the crisis in Catalonia, and has relied on the situation to be resolved "in a peaceful manner" and in accordance with the Spanish national legislation.[73] Lithuania – Foreign Minister Linas Antanas Linkevičius stated in a radio interview that Lithuania supports Spain's territorial integrity and called for dialogue.[74] Malaysia – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs tweeted on 1 November that "Malaysia does not recognise Catalonia's unilateral declaration of independence and respects the territorial integrity of Spain".[75] Malta – Malta does not recognise Catalonia's declaration of independence and will continue to respect the territorial integrity of Spain, the Foreign Affairs Ministry said.[76] Morocco – Morocco rejects the unilateral process of the independence of Catalonia, and expresses its attachment to Spain's "sovereignty and territorial integrity"[77] (despite the fact that Morocco claims a few minor parts of Spain). Mexico – President Enrique Peña Nieto has stated that Mexico will not recognize the unilateral declaration of independence of Catalonia. Mexico hopes for a peaceful and political solution.[78] Norway - Foreign Minister Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide tweeted "Norway will not recognize unilateral declaration of Catalan independence. Re-establish legality as basis for dialogue".[79] Paraguay – Paraguayan Chancellery stated: "Paraguay advocates respect for the constitutional order and the rule of law in Spain." "In view of the new events in Catalonia, Kingdom of Spain, the Government of the Republic of Paraguay, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, urges respect and unrestricted adherence to the rule of law, as it is enshrined in the Spanish Constitution, guarantor of the unity and the democratic rights."[80] Peru – Peruvian Chancellery stated: "In view of the events that occurred in Catalonia, the Government of Peru reiterates its rejection of any act or unilateral declaration of independence, as it is an action contrary to the Spanish Constitution and laws."[81] Poland – The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that "Poland fully respects the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity of the Kingdom of Spain. We believe that solving the dispute between the government of the Kingdom of Spain and Catalonia, just like any disputes between the Kingdom of Spain and its autonomous regions, including separatist tendencies, are an internal affair of the Kingdom of Spain. We hope that the situation in Catalonia will stabilise quickly in observance of the constitution of the Kingdom of Spain".[82] Portugal – The Portuguese government asserted that Portugal will not recognize the unilateral Declaration of Independence issued by the government of Catalonia.[83] Romania – In a press statement, the Romanian Foreign Ministry reaffirmed the country's strong support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Spain, rejecting firmly Catalonia's "unilateral declaration of independence", and stressing that "Romania is in favor of the respect of the international law, which does not allow for territorial changes without the consent of the state concerned".[84] Serbia – Foreign Minister Ivica Dačić stated, "Serbia supports the territorial integrity of Spain and this act contradicts the Spanish constitutional system. Unlike how other countries have reacted to the Kosovo unilateral declaration of independence – Serbia firmly rejects any similar acts anywhere in the world, including Catalonia."[85] Slovenia – The foreign ministry issued a statement "reiterating its position in saying that it advocated the right of nations for self-determination, which must be expressed and executed democratically, in a lawful way, and in accordance with the Spanish legislation and international law."[86] Sri Lanka – Sri Lanka's Foreign Affairs Ministry said that Sri Lanka unequivocally supports the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Spain, and considers Catalonia as an integral part of Spain.[87] Turkey – In a statement, the Turkish Foreign Ministry says that the unilateral declaration of independence "does not represent a step in the right direction" and "does not reflect the will of the people of Spain and the region." "We consider fundamental to respect the territorial integrity of Spain, together with the Constitution and the will of the Spanish people," the text added.[88] Ukraine – Ukraine's Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin stated, "Ukraine supports the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Spain within its internationally recognized borders."[89] Vietnam – Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Lê Thị Thu Hằng stated: "This is the internal work of Spain and should be resolved on the basis of respect for the constitution and the law, for the unity and stability of Spain".[90]

title: History of Catalonia

text: The initial acceptance of the Dictatorship by the conservative League made the Catalan nationalism progressively more leftist (with the rise of parties as Acció Catalana, Catalan Republican Party or the Socialist Union of Catalonia) and, some of them, also pro-independence (Estat Català). Despite this tolerance, Primo de Rivera abolished the Commonwealth of Catalonia in 1925 and started a policy of repression against the Catalan nationalism, Catalan language and labour movement (especially anarchism and communism). In 1926, Estat Català tried to liberate Catalonia with a little army (established in the town of Prats de Molló in Roussillon, France), led by Francesc Macià, and proclaim the independent Catalan Republic, but the complot was discovered by the French police. Macià and the Catalan issue gained popularity all over the world.[96]

title: Yes Campaign

text: The campaign is promoted by the Catalan National Assembly and includes Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Catalan European Democratic Party, Republican Left of Catalonia, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement and Catalan Solidarity for Independence.

title: 2012 Catalan independence demonstration

text: The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration was a protest march which occurred in central Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, on 11 September 2012 during the National Day of Catalonia. The protestors demanded the independence of Catalonia and its establishment as a sovereign state under the slogan "Catalonia, new state in Europe" (). It was organized by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and headed together with the Association of Municipalities for Independence as the final and the most prominent of a series of events known as "March towards Independence" () which began on 30 June 2012 in Lleida.

text: The Advisory Council for the National Transition (in Catalan: "Consell Assessor per a la Transició Nacional") is a body created by the Government of Catalonia in 2013 to advise the government on the national transition of Catalonia and achieving Catalan self-determination referendum. The main task of this body is to analyze the different factors to consider in the process of transition to an independent Catalonia.

title: Republican Left of Catalonia

text: The Republican Left of Catalonia is the oldest and only political party in Catalan politics that has supported the idea of an independent Catalan nation for the entirety of its existence. From the inception of The Republican Left of Catalonia in 1931, they have always been in favor of a state independent from Spain.

title: Catalan independence movement

text: In 2017 the concept of 'Tabarnia' became viral on social media and received widespread media attention. Tabarnia is a fictional region covering urban coastal Catalonia demanding independence from the wider region should it proceed with independence. Arguments in favor of Tabarnia satirically mirror those in favor of Catalan independence from Spain. Numerous separatists were critical of the concept and responded that the parody unfairly trivializes Catalonia's independence movement, which is based in part on Catalonia's distinct culture and identity. This proposal, from a platform created in 2011, was shown to map the electoral results of the Catalan regional election of 21 December 2017, which provoked renewed interest. The word 'Tabarnia' went viral on 26 December 2017, reaching worldwide top-trending status with over 648,000 mentions. The first major demonstration in favour of Tabarnia's autonomy from Catalonia took place in Barcelona on the 4th of February 2017, with 15,000 participants according to the Guàrdia Urbana and 200,000 according to organizers.One study found that support for independence is a function of grievances rooted in the desire for Catalonia to assume responsibility for taxation and spending policy. This suggests that Spain might be able to stave off Catalonia's separatist bid through some form of political and taxation policy reconfiguration.

text: The White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia is a white paper that analyzes the different aspects to consider in the process of transition towards an independent Catalonia. The book, published by the Government of Catalonia in 2014, includes all of the reports prepared by the Advisory Council for the National Transition and a summary of those made by the Secretary of the Council.

title: Catalan Way

text: The Catalan Way (), also known as the Catalan Way towards Independence (), was a human chain in support of Catalan independence from Spain. It was organized by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (ANC), and took place in Catalonia on 11 September 2013, which is the National Day of Catalonia. Catalonia's Department of the Interior estimated the number of participants at about 1.6 million. The protest was supported by 14 nongovernmental groups The human chain followed the ancient Via Augusta, from Le Perthus (France, Vallespir) up to Alcanar (Spain, Montsià). According to Carme Forcadell, president of the ANC, it was "a symbol of the unity of Catalan people to achieve national sovereignty".

title: National and regional identity in Spain

text: Catalonia is among the top 10 regions in Europe on a "regionalism index". According to another survey carried out in 2002, 16% of residents in Catalonia "did not consider themselves Spanish at all" and another 24% identified more strongly with Catalonia than with Spain. The overwhelming majorities for independence in the 2014 and 2017 referendums are dubious as a reflection of overall opinion, owing to low turnout and, in 2017, to police action during the poll. Extensive opinion polling on the issue of independence has taken place in Catalonia. One series of such polls shows that support for independence increased markedly after 2011, and settled around 40% between 2015 and 2017.

title: Catalan declaration of independence

text: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis Catalan general strike Catalan independence Catalan independence referendum, 2017 Catalan nationalism History of Catalonia Politics of Catalonia Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic

title: Fem la República Catalana

text: Let's build the Catalan Republic! () was a gathering in Barcelona on 11 September 2018, the National Day of Catalonia, in support of Catalan independence and the Catalan Republic passed by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 October 2017. It was organized by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC), the main civil society organisations behind the massive pro-independence demonstrations held since 2012.

title: Catalonia Yes

text: Catalonia Yes (, CatSí) is a Catalan independence political platform founded in 2011 meant to bring together people from civil society and various personalities in favour of independence for Catalonia.

title: Mireia Boya Busquet

text: Boya is a founder and former coordinator of the Assemblea Nacional Catalana in Val d'Aran and councilor in the city of Les for the Corròp party, framed in Occitan nationalism. In the 2015 elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, she was a candidate of the CUP for the district of Lleida, after a vote in primaries. Boya, who was second in the list in her constituency, was not elected, but on 18 December 2015, during the tense negotiations between the CUP and the pro-independence coalition Junts pel Sí, the CUP's number one, Ramon Usall, resigned for personal reasons. In this way, Boya occupied the post of regional parliamentarian. She participated in the plenary sessions of the Parliament that voted for the roadmap to independence for Catalonia, and voted the Unilateral declaration of Independence of Catalonia.

title: 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis

text: One effect of the financial crisis is an increase in support for independence in Catalonia. The Statute of Autonomy included a package of laws that gave more power to the region and would have recognized Catalonia as a nation, although one still within Spain. As with the rest of Spain, Catalonia has had high levels of unemployment. As many as 22% of the economically active population, which is still lower than Spain's national jobless rate, yet higher than Madrid. In 2010, Spain's Constitutional Court weakened the Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia, which further irritated Catalan secessionist organization.

title: Catalan independence movement

text: Other individuals include:All of the Spanish national political parties in Catalonia reject the idea of independence. Together they represent a majority of votes yet a minority of seats in the Catalan parliament. Of these, only Podemos is prepared to hold a referendum on the issue in Catalonia; others such as Ciutadans, and the People's Party of Catalonia, which had 25.4% and 4.2% of the vote respectively in the 2017 Catalan regional election, have always opposed the notion of Catalan self-determination. The Socialists' Party (13.9% of vote) opposes independence as well. While some of its members supported the idea of a self-determination referendum up until 2012, the official position as of 2015 is that the Spanish Constitution should be reformed in order to better accommodate Catalonia. A majority of voters of left-wing platform Catalonia Yes We Can (8.94%) reject independence although the party favours a referendum in which it would campaign for Catalonia remaining part of Spain. CDC's Catalanist former-partner Unió came out against independence and fared badly in every subsequent election, eventually disbanding due to bankruptcy in 2017.

title: Catalan independence movement

text: The beginnings of separatism in Catalonia can be traced back to the mid–19th century. The Renaixença (cultural renaissance), which aimed at the revival of the Catalan language and Catalan traditions, led to the development of Catalan nationalism and a desire for independence. Between the 1850s and the 1910s, some individuals, organisations and political parties started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain.

title: 2015 Catalan regional election

text: Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Democrats of Catalonia (DC) and Left Movement (MES) agreed by mid-July 2015 to run together under the Junts pel Sí () joint separatist list, with support from the pro-independence Catalan National Assembly (ANC), Òmnium and the also separatist Municipalities' Association for Independence (AMI). Artur Mas was named as the agreed presidential candidate, even though, as a result of balance of power negotiations between ERC and CDC, he was placed 4th in the electoral ticket. Instead, the list was to be headed by three independent figures: Raül Romeva, former European MP for ICV who had left the party for not supporting independence; Carme Forcadell, former ANC president and Muriel Casals, Òmnium chairwoman. Oriol Junqueras would follow in 5th place.

title: Catalan Way

text:
Catalonia saw several local referenda for independence take place in hundreds of villages between 13 September 2009 and April 2011, with an overwhelming number of "yes" votes being cast.
The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration, organized by the Catalan National Assembly, argued that Catalonia should become an independent state within the European Union, under the slogan "Catalonia, new state in Europe". The number of participants was estimated at about 1.5 million according to Barcelona's Municipal Police and Catalonia's Department of the Interior, about 2 million according to the organizers, and about 600,000 according to the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia.

title: Catalan declaration of independence

text: After Puigdemont's speech, a document titled "Declaration from the representatives of Catalonia" declaring Catalonia's independence was signed publicly[18] by the members of parliament of the pro-independence political parties in the auditorium of the Parliament. The document, titled "Declaration from the representatives of Catalonia", sought to establish Catalonia as an independent state, and called on the international community to recognize it. It was read publicly, but it was not voted or published on the Catalan government's official journal.[19]

title: Junts pel Sí

text: Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Democrats of Catalonia (DC) and Left Movement (MES) agreed by mid-July 2015 to run together under the Junts pel Sí () joint separatist list, with support from the pro-independence Catalan National Assembly (ANC), Òmnium Cultural and the Association of Municipalities for Independence (AMI). Artur Mas was appointed as JxSí presidential candidate, even though he would be placed in fourth place in the electoral ticket as a result of balance of power negotiations between ERC and CDC. Instead, the first three positions in the list were to be filled by three independent figures: Raül Romeva, a former European MP for Initiative for Catalonia Greens who had left the party for not supporting independence; Carme Forcadell, former ANC president; and Muriel Casals, Òmnium chairwoman. Oriol Junqueras would follow after Mas, in fifth place.

title: Politics of Catalonia

text: It would be difficult to understand the current politics of Catalonia without the issue of independence or self-determination. The law does not recognize a "right of self-determination" in spite of a politically relevant pro independence movement in Catalonia. According to the governmental Sociology Studies Center (CIS) CIS official poll in 2001 there were 33.9% of Catalans in favor of an independent Catalonia, 48.1% against, 13.3 undecided and 2.8% did not answer. If the individual was Catalan speaker and was less than 44 years of age then 75% was in favor of independence. CIS has not repeated this poll to date.