query: When was the first Super Sentai Series released?

title: Super Sentai

text: The series was created by Shotaro Ishinomori, then known for the 1971–1973 Kamen Rider TV series and the long-running manga Cyborg 009. He developed the first two Super Sentai Series Himitsu Sentai Gorenger, which ran from 1975 to 1977, and J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai, released in 1977. Toei Company put the franchise on hiatus in 1978, collaborating with Marvel Comics to produce a live action Spider-Man series, which added giant robots to the concept of tokusatsu shows. The giant robot concept was carried over to Toei and Marvel's next show, Battle Fever J, released in 1979, and was then used throughout the Super Sentai Series.

title: Super Sentai

text: The Super Sentai Series has been parodied and emulated in various ways throughout the world. The term "Sentai" is also occasionally used to describe shows with premises like the Super Sentai Series.

title: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

text: The film was released in theaters on January 21, 2012. This is the first "Vs. Series" crossover film that does not feature another Super Sentai team, but the hero of the first Metal Hero Series: "Space Sheriff Gavan". The heroes of "Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters" also make a cameo appearance in the film. The event of the movie takes place between episode 46 and 47.

title: Super Sentai

text: In the late 1970s, J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai was the first Sentai series to be shown in the Philippines. Choudenshi Bioman (the last tokusatsu dubbed in English on Philippine television) and Hikari Sentai Maskman (the first Super Sentai Series dubbed in Filipino on IBC) were broadcast in the Philippines in the 1980s. Choudenshi Bioman was so popular that many people from that generation came to associate all the Super Sentai Series as continuations of it, and Hikari Sentai Maskman was marketed as Bioman 2 Maskman on local TV. During the early 1990s, some other series were shown, such as Kousoku Sentai Turboranger, Chikyu Sentai Fiveman and Chōjin Sentai Jetman which became the last Sentai series to broadcast on ABC5 in 1994. Dai Sentai Goggle-V was also aired on RPN 9 in 1998 every Sunday morning. From 1995 to 1999 and 2004 to 2015, ABS-CBN aired the American-produced Power Rangers.

title: Choujuu Sentai Liveman

text: It was the first Super Sentai series that introduced animal-based mecha. It was also the first Super Sentai series that introduced a super-combined robot (that is 2 or more robots put together) and the first Super Sentai series to have three members from the start with two joining later on as well the last Super Sentai series that had its mechas transported to the battle through a flying fortress.

title: Denji Sentai Megaranger

text: Shout! Factory released ""Denji Sentai Megaranger": The Complete Series" on DVD on October 31, 2017. This is the 6th Super Sentai series to be released in North America on Region 1 DVD. In January 2018, Shout! streamed the series on their website.

title: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie

text: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (also known as Power Rangers: The Movie) is a 1995 American superhero film based on the television series "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers". It stars the ensemble cast of Karan Ashley, Johnny Yong Bosch, Steve Cardenas, Jason David Frank, Amy Jo Johnson, and David Yost alongside the villains cast from the original series and Paul Freeman as Ivan Ooze. Much like the television season that followed the release, it used concepts from the Japanese Super Sentai series "Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger, and Ninja Sentai Kakuranger". It is the first "Power Rangers" production from Saban Entertainment not to feature any archived footage from "Super Sentai".

title: Gekisou Sentai Carranger

text: On January 6, 2017, Amazon set to pre-order ""Gekisou Sentai Carranger": The Complete Series" on Region 1 DVD by Shout! Factory and it was released in North America on April 25, 2017. This is the fifth Super Sentai series to be released in North America. In June 2018, Shout! streamed the series on their website.

title: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

text: The series' ending theme "Super Sentai Hero Getter" lists off all of the Super Sentai series, making reference to their songs and motifs, with each of the three verses of the song being played in rotation. The first verse covers "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger" through "Choujuu Sentai Liveman", which all aired in the Shōwa period; the second covers "Kousoku Sentai Turboranger" through "Mirai Sentai Timeranger", which all aired through the remainder of the 20th century; and the last one covers "Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger" through "Tensou Sentai Goseiger", which were all broadcast in the 21st century.

title: Carddass

text: In 2006, a Super Sentai-based trading card game, "Rangers Strike", was released in commemoration of the Super Sentai Series' 30th Anniversary.

title: Chōjin Sentai Jetman

text: In 2018, Shout! Factory announced that it will release the series on DVD on September 25, 2018, in Japanese with English subtitles, marking it the 10th Super Sentai installment given an official DVD release in North America. It is the first pre-Mighty Morphin Sentai to be released in North America on DVD.

title: Gosei Sentai Dairanger

text: In July 2015, Shout! Factory announced that they would release ""Gosei Sentai Dairanger": The Complete Series" on DVD in North America. On November 10, 2015, "Dairanger" was released on DVD in North America. This is the second Super Sentai series to be released in North America. In addition on May 23, 2016, Shout! streamed the series on their website.

title: Super Ranger Kids

text: Super Ranger Kids is a Filipino series. Originally released in 1997, the series is a pastiche of the American television series "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", the first "Power Rangers" series, and, by extension, the Japanese "Super Sentai" series "Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger", which formed the basis for "Mighty Morphin".

title: Ami Kawai

text: Kawai is best known for her role as Lamie in the 1992 "Super Sentai" series Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger. While some people have distanced themselves from their role in the Super Sentai series, she appears to have fond memories of her role. As she appeared towards the middle of the series, she had a tough learning curve to overcome, but overcame it well. Kawai's official websites mentions several behind-the-scene experiences playing the role. These include confronting her fear of heights when she had to stand from the tip of a tall building the first time she appeared on screen and her embarrassment of turning into a monster when her character became a giant.

title: Kousoku Sentai Turboranger

text: During its initial run, "Turboranger" was the 11th Super Sentai and billed as the 10th anniversary title of the Super Sentai series (as "Battle Fever J" was originally designated as the first Super Sentai series). However, in 1995, "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger" and "J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai" officially became the first two Super Sentai series; thus making "Turboranger" the 13th in the franchise.

title: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

text: is the film commemorating the 35th anniversary of the "Super Sentai" Series. The film primarily featured the casts of "Gokaiger" and "Tensou Sentai Goseiger", among the 199 total heroes from the Super Sentai series to appear. The film was originally scheduled for release on May 21, 2011. However, due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, filming was affected and the film's release was postponed until June 11. The addition of Gokai Silver is revealed at the end of the movie and he goes on to appear in his TV debut in the episode "The Awesome Silver Man" released the following day. The event of the movie takes place between episode 16 and 17.

title: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

text: was released on April 27, 2013. It features the first crossover between characters of Toei's three main Tokusatsu franchises, Kamen Rider, Super Sentai, and the Metal Hero Series represented mainly by the Space Sheriff Series. The protagonists of "", "Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters", and "Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger" are featured, but the casts of "Kamen Rider Wizard", "Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger", and "Kamen Rider Fourze" also participate in the film. Junya Ikeda reprises his role as Gai Ikari, while Ryota Ozawa returns only to voice Gokai Red.

title: Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger

text: At the 2014 San Diego Comic Con, Shout! Factory announced that they would be releasing the entire "Zyuranger" series with English subtitles on DVD in North America. On February 17, 2015, ""Super Sentai Zyuranger": The Complete Series" was released on DVD in North America. This is the first Super Sentai Series to be released in North America. In addition on January 23, 2016, Shout Factory streamed the series on their website.

title: Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger

text: is a film that was released in Japan on April 27, 2013 which featured the first crossover between characters of Toei's three main Tokusatsu franchises, Kamen Rider, Super Sentai, and the Space Sheriff Series, including other heroes from the Metal Heroes series as well. The protagonists of "", "Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters", and "Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger" are featured, but the casts of "Kamen Rider Wizard", "Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger", and "Kamen Rider Fourze" also participate in the film. The event of the movie takes place between Brave 10 and 11.

title: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

text: A new version titled "Super Sentai Hero Getter 2016" was released in episodes 28 and 29 of "Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger" during the celebrations of the 2000th episode of the franchise, with two verses, including the first 40 Super Sentai Series. The first verse covers the 20 earlier series from "Gorenger" to "Gekisou Sentai Carranger" and the second one covers the 20 late entries, from "Denji Sentai Megaranger" to "Zyuohger".

title: Chouriki Sentai Ohranger

text: In May 2016, Shout! Factory announced that they would release ""Choriki Sentai Ohranger": The Complete Series" on DVD in North America in November, 2016. "Ohranger" was released on DVD in North America on November 1, 2016. This is the fourth Super Sentai set to be released in North America. In addition on September 8, 2017, Shout! streamed the series on their website.

title: Denshi Sentai Denziman

text:
Denshi Sentai Denziman was the first Super Sentai series being broadcast in Thailand. The series was aired on Channel 7 and proved to be very popular amongst viewers which led to more broadcasts of Super Sentai series later in the country.
Denziman was also broadcast dubbed in Italy, in some regional channels.

title: Super Sentai

text: Himitsu Sentai Gorenger (1975–1977); first series in the franchise and first series to be produced during the Shōwa period. J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai (1977); last series to be produced by Shotaro Ishinomori. Battle Fever J (1979–1980) Denshi Sentai Denziman (1980–1981) Taiyo Sentai Sun Vulcan (1981–1982) Dai Sentai Goggle-V (1982–1983) Kagaku Sentai Dynaman (1983–1984) Choudenshi Bioman (1984–1985) Dengeki Sentai Changeman (1985–1986) Choushinsei Flashman (1986–1987) Hikari Sentai Maskman (1987–1988) Choujuu Sentai Liveman (1988–1989); last series to be produced during the Shōwa period. Kousoku Sentai Turboranger (1989–1990); first series to be produced during the Heisei period. Chikyu Sentai Fiveman (1990–1991) Chōjin Sentai Jetman (1991–1992) Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992–1993); later adapted into Mighty Morphin Power Rangers for American audiences, starting the Power Rangers franchise. Gosei Sentai Dairanger (1993–1994) Ninja Sentai Kakuranger (1994–1995) Chouriki Sentai Ohranger (1995–1996) Gekisou Sentai Carranger (1996–1997) Denji Sentai Megaranger (1997–1998) Seijuu Sentai Gingaman (1998–1999) Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive (1999–2000) Mirai Sentai Timeranger (2000–2001) Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger (2001–2002) Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger (2002–2003) Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger (2003–2004) Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2004–2005) Mahou Sentai Magiranger (2005–2006) GoGo Sentai Boukenger (2006–2007) Juken Sentai Gekiranger (2007–2008) Engine Sentai Go-onger (2008–2009) Samurai Sentai Shinkenger (2009–2010) Tensou Sentai Goseiger (2010–2011) Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011–2012) Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters (2012–2013) Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger (2013–2014)[3] Ressha Sentai ToQger (2014–2015) Shuriken Sentai Ninninger (2015–2016) Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger (2016–2017) Uchu Sentai Kyuranger (2017–2018) Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger (2018–2019); first series to follow two distinct Sentai teams at the same time; last series of the Heisei period. Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger (2019-2020); first series of the new period.

title: Ninja Sentai Kakuranger

text: Action footage from the series was used in the third season of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" and "Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers". The core "Zyuranger" costumes from "Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger" and the Kiba Ranger costume from "Gosei Sentai Dairanger" were mainly used in the third season of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" while the core "Kakuranger" costumes were used in "Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers". In January 2016, Shout! Factory announced that they would release ""Ninja Sentai Kakuranger": The Complete Series" on DVD in North America. "Kakuranger" was released on DVD in North America on May 17, 2016. This is the third Super Sentai Series to be released in North America. In addition on May 22, 2017, Shout! streamed the series on their website.

title: Battle Fever J

text: "Battle Fever J" was the first series to use the term Super Sentai (unlike the previous two who were just called Sentai, without the “Super”) until Toei announced in 1995 that its predecessors "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger" and "J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai" were also part of the Super Sentai series, when "Chōriki Sentai Ohranger" was announced as the 19th Super Sentai team.

title: Super Sentai

text: Super Sentai has been broadcast in South Korea, dubbed in Korean. The first such series was Choushinsei Flashman which aired as Jigu Bangwidae Flash Man (Earth Defence Squadron Flashman), released in video format in 1989 by the Daeyung Panda video company; this was followed by Hikari Sentai Maskman and Chodenshi Bioman. Throughout the 1990s, Dai Sentai Goggle Five, Dengeki Sentai Changeman, Choujuu Sentai Liveman, and Kousoku Sentai Turboranger were also released in video format. In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tooniverse (formerly Orion Cartoon Network), JEI-TV (Jaeneung Television), Champ TV/Anione TV (Daewon Broadcasting), Cartoon Network South Korea, and Nickelodeon South Korea have broadcast Super Sentai Series a year following their original Japanese broadcast, but have changed the titles to "Power Rangers".[4][5][6] Recently, there have been broadcasts of Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger, Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger, Mahou Sentai Magiranger, GoGo Sentai Boukenger, Juken Sentai Gekiranger, Engine Sentai Go-onger, Tensou Sentai Goseiger, Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger, Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters, Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger, Ressha Sentai ToQger, Shuriken Sentai Ninninger, Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger, and Uchu Sentai Kyuranger under the titles of Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Power Rangers S.P.D., Power Rangers Magic Force, Power Rangers Treasure Force, Power Rangers Wild Spirits, Power Rangers Engine Force, Power Rangers Jungle Force, Power Rangers Miracle Force, Power Rangers Captain Force, Power Rangers Go-Busters, Power Rangers Dino Force, Power Rangers Train Force, Power Rangers Ninja Force, Power Rangers Animal Force, and Power Rangers Galaxy Force respectively. Furthermore, Power Rangers Dino Force has the South Korea-exclusive sequel called Power Rangers Dino Force Brave.

title: Search Guard Successor Foundation

text: Mister Voice is voiced by , the narrator of all previous anniversary Super Sentai Series: "Dengeki Sentai Changeman", "Kousoku Sentai Turboranger", "Chōriki Sentai Ohranger", as well as the first series "Himitsu Sentai Goranger". Leona, the identity of Mister Voice, is portrayed by .

title: Super Sentai

text: In Vietnam, most of the Super Sentai Series were fansubed into Vietnamese and posted on public Internet sites. Phuong Nam Film licensed Vietnamese distribution of Super Sentai Series, starting with Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger in 2003, which was the best-selling series in the country at that time. As of 2018, Phuong Nam Film continue to release the series a year or two after their Japanese premieres.

title: Super Sentai

text: The Super Sentai Series(スーパー戦隊シリーズ,Sūpā Sentai Shirīzu) is a Japanese superhero team metaseries of TV series produced by Toei Company, Toei Agency and Bandai, and aired by TV Asahi ("Sentai" is the Japanese word for "task force" or "fighting squadron"). The shows are of the tokusatsu genre, featuring live action characters and colorful special effects, and are aimed at children. Super Sentai airs alongside the Kamen Rider series in the Super Hero Time programming block on Sunday mornings. In North America, the Super Sentai Series is best known as the source material for the Power Rangers franchise.

title: Tensou Sentai Goseiger

text: is the film commemorating the 35th anniversary of the "Super Sentai" Series. The film will primarily feature the casts of "Goseiger" and "Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger", among the 199 total heroes from the Super Sentai series to appear. The film was originally scheduled for release on May 21, 2011. However, due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, filming was affected and the film's release was postponed to June 11.


query: When did the Crusades begin?

title: Crusades

text: The term crusade used in modern historiography at first referred to the wars in the Holy Land beginning in 1095, but the range of events to which the term has been applied has been greatly extended, so that its use can create a misleading impression of coherence, particularly regarding the early Crusades. The term used for the campaign of the First Crusade was iter "journey" or peregrinatio "pilgrimage".[1] The terminology of crusading remained largely indistinguishable from that of pilgrimage during the 12th century, reflecting the reality of the first century of crusading where not all armed pilgrims fought, and not all who fought had taken the cross. It was not until the late 12th to early 13th centuries that a more specific "language of crusading" emerged.[2] Pope Innocent III used the term negotium crucis "affair of the cross" for the Eastern Mediterranean crusade, but was reluctant to apply crusading terminology to the Albigensian crusade. The Song of the Albigensian Crusade from about 1213 contains the first recorded vernacular use of the Occitan crozada. This term was later adopted into French as croisade and in English as crusade.[3] The modern spelling crusade dates to c. 1760.[4] Sinibaldo Fieschi (the future pope Innocent IV) used the terms crux transmarina for crusades in Outremer against Muslims and crux cismarina for crusades in Europe against other enemies of the church.[5] Medieval Armenian term for Crusades — xacˇ‘e˘nkalk‘.[6]

title: Peter Bartholomew

text: The discovery of the Lance was at first considered to be a good omen, and it boosted the morale of the Crusaders when they were besieged by a Muslim army. The Lance was credited with ensuring the Crusader victory in this siege, just as Saint Andrew had promised. Nevertheless, Peter's reputation was tarnished because many of the nobles still did not believe him. Without the theological force of Adhemar to unify the Crusaders, their forces were split into groups with differing opinions, some of which supported the legitimacy of the miracles experienced on the way to the Holy Land and some who did not. In this time, charlatanry and false miracles were common. He later claimed Christ had visited him and instructed the Crusaders to march barefoot to Jerusalem, although this was largely ignored. Other visions, from Christ, Saint Andrew, Adhemar and others, revealed divine anger at the various sins and vices of the Crusaders.

title: Savoyard crusade

text: On 31 March 1363, Good Friday, at Papal Avignon, the kings of France and Cyprus, John II and Peter I, took crusading vows to go to the Holy Land and received from Pope Urban V the sign of the cross ("signum crucis") to sew on their garments as a sign of their vow. This was the beginning of the Savoyard crusade, although John II would never fulfill his vow personally and Peter I did not ultimately cooperate with the count of Savoy in the venture. The latter did not make his crusading vow, also before Urban V, until probably 19 January 1364, when a council of regional magnates was held at Avignon to form a league ("colligatio") against the marauding free companies. This was certainly the occasion when the pope bestowed on Amadeus the Golden Rose, and the count founded the chivalric Order of the Collar to replace his earlier, and probably defunct, Order of the Black Swan. The original members of the Order of the Collar were devoted followers, and often relatives, of Amadeus and all were probably pledged to accompany him on crusade. In the event, all but two who could not go for reasons of health, travelled east. The Order, like the crusade, was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The deadline established for the departure of the crusade was 1 March 1365, although the pope expected both Peter of Cyprus and Amadeus of Savoy to depart earlier. The deadline was met by nobody, although on 27 June the king of Cyprus left Venice on the Alexandrian Crusade.

title: Mighty Crusaders

text: A spinoff, "Lost Crusade", was announced which would run every fifth week and fill in the gaps between the 1980s Red Circle comics & "New Crusaders". Ian Flynn expressed a desire to explore the gap between the 1980s series and "New Crusaders": "There were so many open endings when the '80s era series wrapped up that it's hard to choose. What happened to Darkling? Who was the traitor? Did Black Hood figure it out, or just make things worse? Did anyone mourn Doc Reeves? There's tons of stories and characters to explore, and it's honestly hard to choose." However, despite announcements for "New Crusaders: Dark Tomorrow" and "Lost Crusade" creative teams. The incoming Red Circle editor Alex Segura mentioned "[I] have a great fondness for New Crusaders and the stuff that book aimed to do" in a March 2014 interview but that Red Circle (later rebranded Dark Circle) would be taking a new path: "These won’t be all-ages superhero books that we hope will appeal to older readers. As much as I love New Crusaders, it won’t be a direct follow-up to that. If you want an idea of what we’re shooting for, Afterlife with Archie is your best example. We see the Red Circle expansion as a continuation of the success of Afterlife."

title: Byzantine–Seljuq wars

text: Meanwhile, the Crusader states in Palestine began to fall to Saladin resulting in the Third Crusade. This ended in a wasted opportunity for the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire to make substantial gains in the Middle East. The Byzantine Emperor Isaac II further demonstrated his incompetent rule by promising Saladin to keep the Third Crusade from crossing Anatolia (he had little military power to back up this agreement) and when he did allow the Third Crusade to pass due to Frederick I's threat, he failed to capitalize on the Crusader sacking of Iconium which had the potential to reverse the defeat at Myriokephalon.

title: Ninth Crusade

text: In 1275, Abaqa sent a messenger to Edward with a letter. Abaqa requested that Edward mobilize for another Crusade, saying he could offer more help this time. Edward wrote back the same year, thanking Abaqa for his help in the Ninth Crusade while also noting his affection for Christianity. He said he did not know when there would be another Crusade, but was eager to get back to the Holy Land, and would inform Abaqa if the Pope declared another. The letter was almost certainly a formality, as Edward made no preparations for another Crusade. In 1276, another envoy was sent to Edward with the same message, with an additional message of apology for not effectively intervening in 1271.

title: Savoyard crusade

text: Seeing that the Alexandrian Crusade had harmed its commercial relations with the Islamic powers, the Republic of Venice was disinclined to participate in the projected crusade or to provide it transportation east. A letter from Pope Urban in March 1365 did not convince them otherwise, but an embassy from Amadeus procured a promise of two galleys in light of the count's request for five (and two fustes). Urban, the architect of the crusade, negotiated with Genoa and Marseille to procure ships, but the promise of transportation from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV was never fulfilled. A large number of mercenaries from the free companies had joined the crusade and assembled at Tournus under Arnaud de Cervole, but when he was assassinated on 25 May 1366 near Mâcon, they abandoned the expedition.

title: Al-Afdal Shahanshah

text: When it became apparent that the Crusaders would not rest until they had control of the city, al-Afdal marched out from Cairo, but was too late to rescue Jerusalem, which fell on July 15, 1099. On August 12, the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon surprised al-Afdal at the Battle of Ascalon and completely defeated him. Al-Afdal would reassert Fatimid control of Ascalon, as the Crusaders did not attempt to retain it, and utilize it as a staging ground for later attacks on the crusader states.

title: Vought F-8 Crusader

text: The Crusader was not an easy aircraft to fly, and was often unforgiving in carrier landings, where it suffered from poor recovery from high sink rates, and the poorly designed, castoring nose undercarriage made it hard to steer on the deck. Safe landings required the carriers to steam at full speed to lower the relative landing speed for Crusader pilots. The stacks of the oil-burning carriers on which the Crusader served belched thick black smoke, sometimes obscuring the flight deck, forcing the Crusader's pilot to rely on the landing signal officer's radioed instructions. It earned a reputation as an "ensign eliminator" during its early service introduction. The nozzle and air intake were so low when the aircraft was on the ground or the flight deck that the crews called the aircraft "the Gator". Not surprisingly, the Crusader's mishap rate was relatively high compared to its contemporaries, the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and the F-4 Phantom II. However, the aircraft did possess some amazing capabilities, as proved when several Crusader pilots took off with the wings folded. One of these episodes took place on 23 August 1960; a Crusader with the wings folded took off from Napoli Capodichino in full afterburner, climbed to and then returned to land successfully. The pilot, absentminded but evidently a good "stick man," complained that the control forces were higher than normal. The Crusader was capable of flying in this state, though the pilot would be required to reduce aircraft weight by ejecting stores and fuel before landing. In all, 1,261 Crusaders were built. By the time it was withdrawn from the fleet, 1,106 had been involved in mishaps. Only a handful of them were lost to enemy fire in Vietnam.

title: Yağısıyan

text: Only after the beginning of the siege did Ridwan decide to leave Aleppo and challenge the crusaders. Ridwan's army was defeated in a battle fought on 8–9 February 1098. While the crusader army was away from the city fighting Ridwan, Yağısiyan marched out to attack the foot-soldiers left behind to defend the camp, but he too was pushed back when the victorious crusaders returned. In March Yağısiyan ambushed the crusaders who were bringing wood and other material back from the port of St. Simeon; when the crusader camp at Antioch heard that Raymond and Bohemund had been killed, there was mass confusion, and Yağısiyan attacked the rest of the army under Godfrey of Bouillon. Bohemund and Raymond soon returned and Yağısiyan was once more pushed back into the city.

title: War on Terror

text: On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, U.S. president George W. Bush used the phrase "war on terrorism" in an ostensibly unscripted comment when answering a journalist's question about the impact of enhanced law enforcement authority given to the U.S. surveillance agencies on Americans' civil liberties: "This is a new kind of—a new kind of evil. And we understand. And the American people are beginning to understand. This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while. And the American people must be patient. I'm going to be patient." Shortly after, the White House said the president regretted use of the term "crusade", as it might have been misunderstood as referring to the historical Crusades; the word "crusade" was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, George Bush said, "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."

title: Islamic views on the crusades

text:
The Partition of the Ottoman Empire was, at the time, popularly depicted as a final
triumph in the long history of the crusades against Islam: The London " Punch" magazine published a drawing of King Richard the Lionheart watching the post-WWI British army entering Jerusalem with the caption, “At last, my dream come true.” In a similar fashion, when the French General Henri Gouraud took command of Syria, he remarked, “Behold Saladin, we have returned.
Madden (1999) argued that this European romanticising connection of the crusades with contemporary colonialism
was what has "reshaped the Muslim memory" of the medieval crusades.
Beginning in the 1950s, following the influential "History of the Crusades" by Steven Runciman,
western intellectual mainstream tended to depict the crusades as a shameful episode of colonialism.
This, once again, tended to influence Muslim perception of the period, fuelling Arab nationalism and Islamist propagandistic depictions of westerners as hostile invaders:

title: Military drums

text: In early medieval Europe, the use of the drum for military purposes did not begin until the crusades. (p. 19) The European armies first encountered them used by the Islamic military forces, who used primarily their traditional kettledrums, and found that the sound would particularly affect the Crusader's horses, who had not previously encountered them. By the early 13th century the Crusaders used them also.

title: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Although the crusaders came upon an ancient urban society, Ellenblum argues that they neither completely abandoned their rural European lifestyle, nor was European society completely rural to begin with. Crusader settlement in the Levant resembled the types of colonization and settlement that were already being practiced in Europe, a mixture of urban and rural civilization centred around fortresses. The crusaders were neither totally integrated with the native population, nor did they segregate themselves in the cities away from the rural natives, but rather that they settled in both urban and rural areas; specifically, they settled in areas that had traditionally been inhabited by the eastern Christians. Areas that were traditionally Muslim had very little crusader settlement, just as they already had very few native Christian inhabitants.

title: Saladin the Victorious

text: The movie also has a subplot involving the Christian Issa (Salah Zulfikar), and the Crusader Louisa (Nadia Lutfi). At the beginning, both first meet when Issa accidentally comes upon her when she's taking a bath, and after he turns away waiting for her to get dressed before he takes her prisoner due to being a Crusader, she shoots an arrow at him and escapes. Eventually, after Issa in turns spares her life twice, Louisa chooses to give up her arms as a Crusader and becomes a nurse. This leads to the two falling in love and marrying each other, with Louisa choosing to remain in Jerusalem with him.

title: Fifth Crusade

text: King Andrew's well-mounted army defeated sultan Al-Adil I at Bethsaida on the Jordan River on 10 November 1217. Muslim forces retreated in their fortresses and towns. In Jerusalem, the walls and fortifications were demolished to prevent the Christians from being able to defend the city, if they did manage to reach it and take it. Muslims fled the city, afraid that there would be a repeat of the bloodbath of the First Crusade in 1099. The crusaders' catapults and trebuchets did not arrive in time, so they had fruitless assaults on the fortresses of the Lebanon and on Mount Tabor. Afterwards, Andrew spent his time collecting alleged relics. At the beginning of 1218 Andrew, who was very sick, decided to return to Hungary.

title: Trials of the Knights Templar

text: The Knights Templar trace their beginnings to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in when nine Christian knights, under the auspices of King Baldwin II and the Patriarch Warmund, were given the task of protecting pilgrims on the roads to Jerusalem, which they did for nine years until elevated to a military order at the Council of Troyes in 1129. They became an elite fighting force in the Crusades known for their propensity not to retreat or surrender.

title: Alfred Pennyworth

text: In this alternate reality, Nightwing ends an ongoing feud between superpowered beings by activating a device that depowers ninety percent of the super powered population. This builds to a future where super powers are outlawed and any super powered being must take inhibitor medications or be contained and studied should the medications not work on them. As Bruce was killed during the feud, Alfred was left with his estate and moved to Arizona while allowing Dick Grayson and his son stay in Wayne Manor. Though Alfred did not approve of Grayson's crusade against superhumans after the death of Bruce, Alfred would sometimes pay visits to the former hero. When Grayson discovered that his son Jake was beginning to develop powers, his house was invaded by his own police force the Crusaders to take Jake away. Alfred, refusing to stay idly by like he did when everyone lost their powers, attempted to strike one of the police members and was killed in response.

title: Kilij Arslan I

text: Because of this easy first victory he did not consider the main crusader army, led by various nobles of western Europe, to be a serious threat. He resumed his war with the Danishmends, and was away from Nicaea when these new Crusaders besieged Nicaea in May 1097. He hurried back to his capital to find it surrounded by the Crusaders, and was defeated in battle with them on May 21. The city then surrendered to the Byzantines and his wife and children were captured. When the crusaders sent the Sultana to Constantinople, to their dismay she was later returned without ransom in 1097 because of the relationship between Kilij Arslan and Alexius Comnenus.

title: Crusader (horse)

text: Crusader began his stud career at Colonel Phil T. Chinn's Himyar Stud in 1929, but returned to Riddle's own Faraway Farm stud to stand at a fee of $1,500 when Chinn was declared bankrupt a year later. He was not a great success as a stallion, attracting a disappointingly small number of mares and siring only six stakes winners. He did get Crossbow II (Sanford Stakes) and Royal Crusader (Del Mar Handicap). In 1938 Riddle leased Crusader to the Rancho Casitas, at Ventura, California, where he died in 1940.

title: Dark Circle Comics

text: In 2012, New Crusaders was followed up with "Lost Crusade: Prelude", a free one-shot focusing on the lives of the original Mighty Crusaders which debuted on August 29 through the Red Circle Comics app at RedCircleComics.com. Ian Flynn had pitched the idea as "I was really excited by all the prospective stories to be told between the end of the '80s series and our relaunch... There were so many open endings when the '80s era series wrapped up that it's hard to choose. What happened to Darkling? Who was the traitor? Did Black Hood figure it out, or just make things worse? Did anyone mourn Doc Reeves?" The first arc of New Crusaders was also printed.

title: William of Tyre

text: Despite his quotations from Christian authors and from the Bible, William did not place much emphasis on the intervention of God in human affairs, resulting in a somewhat "secular" history. Nevertheless, he included much information that is clearly legendary, especially when referring to the First Crusade, which even in his own day was already considered an age of great Christian heroes. Expanding on the accounts of Albert of Aix, Peter the Hermit is given prominence in the preaching of the First Crusade, to the point that it was he, not Pope Urban II, who originally conceived the crusade. Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of crusader Jerusalem, was also depicted as the leader of the crusade from the beginning, and William attributed to him legendary strength and virtue. This reflected the almost mythological status that Godfrey and the other first crusaders held for the inhabitants of Jerusalem in the late twelfth century.

title: Vernon Fredericks

text: Fredericks made his debut for the in 2017 when the played the Crusaders in Suva, Fiji. He came into the squad as a replacement for injured Matt Todd and became Crusader #213 with just seven minutes remaining in the match with the having just scored a try. The Crusaders however did win the match 24-31.

title: Lido di Venezia

text: In 1202, at the beginning of the Fourth Crusade, it was used as a camp by tens of thousands of crusaders, who were blockaded there by the Venetians when they could not pay for the Venetian ships they needed for transport.

title: Western Force

text: On 21 April a crowd of 32,231 saw the Force nearly pull off the upset of the year, drawing 23-all with the undefeated defending champion Crusaders. Though the Force were leading 7–0 after several minutes the feeling was still that the Crusaders would win, especially after they scored a try seconds later to make it 7–5. Only when the Force had blown the score out to 17–5 did anyone begin to talk of an upset. Leading 20–8 at half time the Force did not hold on for the win after the Crusaders scored two tries and a penalty within the closing half. At 23-all with seconds left the Force crashed over the line but were denied by the television match official.

title: Christian forces of the First Crusade

text: The following is an overview of the armies of First Crusade, including the armies of the European noblemen of the "Princes' Crusade", the Byzantine army, a number of independent crusaders as well as the preceding People’s Crusade and the subsequent Crusade of 1101 and other European campaigns prior to the Second Crusade beginning in 1147.

title: Crusade of 1197

text: Overshadowed by Henry's death, the Crusade did not realize his high-flying ambitions. Nevertheless, the weakening of the Byzantine Empire persisted and established a basis for the Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople in 1204. At the same time the originally intended reconquest of Jerusalem was abandoned, when the armistice with the Ayyubid dynasty was renewed for another six years.

title: Frisian participation in the Crusades

text: Frisian participation in the Crusades is attested from the very beginning of the First Crusade, but their presence is only felt substantially during the Fifth Crusade. They participated in almost all the major Crusades and the Reconquista. The Frisians are almost always referred to collectively by contemporary chroniclers of the Crusades and few names of individual Frisian crusaders have come down to us. They generally composed a naval force in conjunction with other larger bodies of crusaders.

title: Mongol invasion of Europe

text: In the 1240s the efforts of Christendom were already divided between five Crusades, only one of which was aimed against the Mongols. Initially when Bela sent messengers to the Pope to request a Crusade against the Mongols, the Pope tried to convince them to instead join his Crusade against the Holy Roman Emperor. Eventually Pope Gregory did promise a Crusade and the Church finally helped sanction a small Crusade against the Mongols in mid-1241, but it was diverted when he died in August 1241. Instead of fighting the Mongols, the resources gathered by the Crusade was used to fight a Crusade against the Hohenstaufen Dynasty after the German barons revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor's son Conrad in September 1241.

title: Pope Innocent III

text: At the onset of the crusade, the intended destination was Egypt, as the Christians and Muslims were under a truce at the time. An agreement was made between the French Crusaders and the Venetians. The Venetians would supply vessels and supplies for the crusaders and in return, the crusaders would pay 85,000 marks (£200,000). Innocent gave his approval of this agreement under two conditions: a representative of the pope must accompany the crusade, and the attack of any other Christians was strictly forbidden. The French failed to raise sufficient funds for payment of the Venetians. As a result, the Crusaders diverted the crusade to the Christian city of Zara at the will of the Venetians to subsidize the debt. This diversion was adopted without the consent of Innocent III, who threatened excommunication to any who took part in the attack. A majority of the French ignored the threat and attacked Zara, and were excommunicated by Innocent III, but soon were forgiven so as to continue the crusade. A second diversion then occurred when the crusaders decided to conquer Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This diversion was taken without any knowledge by Innocent III, and he did not learn of it until after the city had been captured.

title: Crusaders (rugby union)

text: The Crusaders' management proposed playing a 2005 regular season match in Melbourne when Jade Stadium was unavailable. Although five of the seven unions within the Crusaders region supported having the regular season game in Melbourne, the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) vetoed the proposal. In 2006, the Crusaders did play a pre-season match in Melbourne against the Western Force at Olympic Park Stadium. They did the same in the 2008 preseason as well, also against the Force.


query: When did The Young and the Restless first start airing?

title: The Young and the Restless

text: The Young and the Restless (often abbreviated as Y&R) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City, Wisconsin.[2] First broadcast on March 26, 1973, The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week.[3][4] The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4, 1980.[5] In 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet[6] until 2013, when it moved to TVGN (now Pop). As of July 1, 2013, Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights.[7][8] The series is also syndicated internationally.[9]

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Australia, The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena. It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1, 1974 to February 23, 2007, before joining the W line-up on April 2, 2007, to August 17, 2012, On July 20, 2012, it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20, 2012, after W rebranded as SoHo. Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present.

title: William J. Bell

text: Doug Williams (Days of Our Lives) - 1970-1984, 1986–1987, 1993–1996, 1999–present (played by Bill Hayes) Jill Foster Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1973–present (currently played by Jess Walton) Maggie Horton (Days of Our Lives) - 1973-1984, 1985–present (played by Suzanne Rogers) Hope Brady (Days of Our Lives) - 1974–present (currently played by Kristian Alfonso) Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (played by Doug Davidson) Nikki Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (currently played by Melody Thomas Scott) Victor Newman (The Young and the Restless - 1980-2009, 2010–present (played by Eric Braeden) Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1980–present (currently played by Peter Bergman) Esther Valentine (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (played by Kate Linder) Ashley Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1995, 1996-2007, 2008-2012, 2013–present (played by Eileen Davidson) Traci Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1996, 1999, 2001–02, 2006, 2007–present (played by Beth Maitland) Victoria Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (currently played by Amelia Heinle) Lauren Fenmore (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1995, 2000, 2001–present (played by Tracey E. Bregman) Dina Mergeron (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1986, 1991, 1996, 2008, 2017–present (played by Marla Adams) Christine Blair (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-2001, 2002-2006, 2009–present (played by Lauralee Bell) Eric Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by John McCook) Ridge Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-2012, 2013–present (currently played by Thorsten Kaye) Thorne Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1994, 1996-2016, 2017–present (currently played by Ingo Rademacher) Brooke Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by Katherine Kelly Lang) Donna Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-94, 1996–98, 2000–01, 2004, 2006–present (currently played by Jennifer Gareis) Katie Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1989, 1991–2004, 2007–present (currently played by Heather Tom) Nicholas Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1989–present (currently played by Joshua Morrow) Rick Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1990-2006, 2007–present (currently played by Jacob Young) Neil Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1991–present (played by Kristoff St. John) Michael Baldwin (The Young and the Restless) - 1991-1993, 1997–present (played by Christian LeBlanc) Billy Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1993-2003, 2006, 2008–present (currently played by Jason Thompson) Sharon Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1994–present (currently played by Sharon Case) Phyllis Newman - 1994-1998, 2000-2013, 2014-present (currently played by Gina Tognoni) Lily Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1995-1998, 2002–present (currently played by Christel Khalil)

title: Prism (band)

text: The group's next record, "Young and Restless", was released in August 1980. This was the first Prism album written without any credited contributions from Vallance/Higgs: all songs were written by Mitchell, Harlow or Norton. (Vallance claims he did participate in the making of the album as an arranger, and as an uncredited co-writer of one track, but admits that his participation in "Young and Restless" was "minimal".) The album spun off Prism's highest charting single, also called "Young and Restless", which peaked at #14 on the Canadian charts.

title: The Price Is Right models

text: Occasionally, there is a crossover with other shows airing on, owned or distributed by CBS featuring actors of those shows modeling prizes. These crossovers have included "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The Amazing Race", "Let's Make a Deal", "The Bold and the Beautiful", and "The Young and the Restless". Tiffany Coyne (from "Let's Make a Deal") filled in as the fifth model on some episodes which aired in March 2011. Daniel Goddard (Cane Ashby from "The Young and the Restless") frequently crosses over as a guest model, especially when a Showcase skit necessitates, and when needed, for "masculine" prizes (motorcycles, trucks, "et al."). Goddard's use as a crossover model resulted in the show standardizing the use of a male model.

title: Screening of soap operas in Australia

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American soap opera that first aired in Australia on the Nine Network from 1 April 1974 to 23 February 2007. Nine paired "The Young and the Restless" with "Days of Our Lives", with the two shows airing one after the other. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States (varying slightly between states), due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. As was the case with "Days of Our Lives", Nine aired a one-hour special on 14 September 2004 titled, "The Young and the Restless: The Next Chapter", which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: Unlike other soaps in the 1980s or 1990s, "The Young and the Restless" avoided preachy social issues. When they did touch on such issues as abortion or the homeless crisis or AIDS, it was only as a plot device with a few facts and statistics thrown in for effect. For example, when Ashley aborted Victor's child in the 1980s, any viewers or scholars who may have looked for a serious story on the pros and cons of abortion would have been disappointed. Ashley only aborted her baby because Victor's wife Nikki was then presumed to be terminally ill, and Ashley did not want to cause her pain. After learning of her abortion, Victor ripped her to shreds, causing a devastated Ashley to lose her mind and wind up in an insane asylum.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Canada, the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast. Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late-afternoon lead-in for their local newscasts, but times vary by market. It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same-day-as-CBS basis.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Trinidad, the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s. In 1988, 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless, a series that emphasized family problems, sexual intrigue, and gossip.[109]

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2013)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2013, by order of first appearance. All characters through October are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writer Josh Griffith; characters after October are introduced by Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2015)

text:
"The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2015, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and co-executive producer/head writer Charles Pratt, Jr.
Marco Annicelli was a primary antagonist in Victor Newman's plan to bring down his rival, Jack Abbott. He was portrayed by Peter Bergman, who portrayed Jack at the same time.

title: Edward J. Scott

text:
for: "Days of our Lives"
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senor executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
William J. Bell (executive producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: One highly publicised story was the culmination of a months-long storyline involving the construction of a casino and resort at the fictional city of Clear Springs; this story ended in the so-called "Clear Springs Explosion." This event was marketed as "The Young and the Restless: Out of the Ashes", which aired from October 19 to October 26, 2007, in which a building collapsed due to the aforementioned explosion and many central characters were injured somehow. The "Out of the Ashes" storyline is notable for being the first time "The Young and the Restless" has used a special title sequence for a particular storyline. However, the extra budget dollars expended on "Out of the Ashes" - approximately US$2,000,000 - produced little or no bump upward in the ratings.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2011)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2011, by order of appearance. All characters were introduced to the series by its head writer that year, Maria Arena Bell. Lucy Romalotti, Primrose DeVille and Caleb Atkinson all debuted in January, while Angelo Veneziano first appeared in February. Davis Holloway debuted in July while Moses Winters debuted in October.

title: No More Drama (song)

text: The song famously samples "Nadia's Theme", currently used as the theme music for the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless". In the song, Blige calls herself "young and restless" in a further nod to the music sample. The video for the song won Blige her first MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video. The song was also used as a background theme for both Tyler Perry's "Why Did I Get Married?" and "Why Did I Get Married Too?".

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2016)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2016, by order of first appearance. In the first half of the year, characters were introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps until her replacement in the summer of 2016 by supervising producer Mal Young Young was first credited as executive producer on July 13, 2016. Co-executive producer and head writer Charles Pratt Jr. oversaw the creation and introduction of the characters until his replacement by Sally Sussman Morina. Sussman's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20, 2016, and is aired on December 7, 2016.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In the United Kingdom, The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990, when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot. When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990, the soap moved to Sky's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11:00 weekdays until the end of 1992. When BSB's original three-year contract to air the soap expired, Sky chose not to renew it. In 1993, Y&R was picked up by UK Living (then known as simply Living, now Sky Living) in a primetime timeslot, picking up where Sky left off. This lasted until late 1995. In 2007, Zone Romantica, now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays [four years behind US]. In 2009, when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day [in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime]. It was attracting around 18–20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010.

title: Sunset Beach (TV series)

text: To date, "Sunset Beach" is the last regularly-scheduled NBC network program to air at 12:00 p.m. Some NBC affiliates did not air "Sunset Beach" at its scheduled time due to the affiliates' longstanding practice of airing local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the noon hour; this resulted in some affiliates airing the show in a different spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all. In some media markets (especially in Detroit and Houston), "Sunset Beach" aired on affiliates of other networks or independent stations. In most markets that did air the show at its regular time, its second half-hour went up against the first half-hour of "The Young and the Restless" on CBS and "Port Charles" on ABC. After the series ended, NBC returned the 12:00 p.m. time slot to its affiliates.

title: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series

text: The award was first presented to "The Doctors", which first aired in 1963. "General Hospital" holds the record for the most awards, winning on thirteen occasions. In 2007, "Guiding Light" and "The Young and the Restless" tied, which was the first tie in this category. "The Young and the Restless" has also received the most nominations, with a total of thirty-three. ABC has been the most successful network, with a total of twenty-one wins. As of the 2017 ceremony, "General Hospital" became the most recent recipient of the award.

title: Mal Young

text: On 31 December 2015, Young cryptically said on his Twitter about what is next for him in 2016, "This year I'm going to be Young and I'm going to be Restless." A few days later, Young sent several other tweets to the Twitter account of the American soap opera, "The Young and the Restless", announcing his hiring on the show. It was confirmed by CBS Daytime that Young had been hired as a producer. Young's first episode as a supervising producer aired on 1 February 2016 and his last episode aired on 12 July 2016.

title: Eileen Davidson

text: After a year-long vacation from acting, she returned to her role on "The Young and the Restless" in March 1999. After a successful return as Ashley Abbott, which included Davidson's second Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress, Davidson was fired from the show. In December 2006, Davidson told "TV Guide" that she was fired from "The Young and the Restless" due to lack of storyline. Her last airdate as Ashley was January 11, 2007. According to co-star Melody Thomas Scott, the firing was protested behind the scenes of "The Young and the Restless" and was seen as unfair. Scott said: "That was so heartbreaking. We're still upset about that. That was a blow. Terrible. Eileen Davidson was such a part of the core of the show and such a brilliant actress; beautiful and always prepared. It was crazy. I'm not the only one who feels that way." In a surprise move a few months later, Davidson signed a three-year contract with "The Young and the Restless"'s sister soap "The Bold and the Beautiful" to once again play her "The Young and the Restless" character Ashley Abbott at the request of "The Bold and the Beautiful" executive producer Bradley Bell. She first aired on March 9, 2007. Ken Corday called Davidson about a week before she was fired from "The Young and the Restless" to get permission to use a picture of her on "Days of Our Lives". The picture, which featured Davidson as Susan, was shown in December 2006.

title: Sam Gibson (The Young and the Restless)

text: Sam Gibson is a fictional character from the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless", portrayed by Sean Patrick Flanery. He made his first on-screen appearance on April 18, 2011. Introduced by head writer Maria Arena Bell, Sam was created as a love interest for long-running Sharon Newman while she was a fugitive. A rural veterinarian, Sam takes Sharon, posing under the alias Sheri Coleman, into his barn. They eventually fall in love; but she is located and arrested. Although they remained friends, the relationship ended when she returned to Genoa City. Flanery was let go after a few months, last airing on November 4, 2011.

title: Teen drama

text: The first teen-oriented shows did not call themselves teen dramas. One of the earliest was the single-season soap opera "Never Too Young", which aired from 1965 to 1966. As the late 1960s and early 1970s progressed, younger viewers began to find relatable characters on more daytime soaps. In 1967, "Love is a Many Splendored Thing" premiered and quickly became a hit with teenage audiences. It was soon followed by "All My Children" in 1970 and "The Young and the Restless" in 1973.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2000s)

text: By November 2010, it was speculated that Skye was to leave "The Young and the Restless" permanently. Skye fell into a volcano and died; the character's last air date was December 29, 2010.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2017)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Mal Young and co-executive producer/head writer Sally Sussman. In October 2017, Sussman departed as co-executive producer and head writer; Young remained as executive producer and was promoted as head writer.

title: Young and Restless (Young and Restless album)

text: Young and Restless is the debut album by band of the same name Young and Restless. It was released on July 14, 2007.

title: Caesars Challenge

text: "Caesars Challenge" replaced "Scattergories" on NBC's daytime schedule when it premiered on June 14, 1993 and inherited its timeslot of 12:30 pm Eastern. Some affiliates did not air "Caesars Challenge" at its scheduled time due to the affiliates' longstanding practice of preempting programs that the networks aired in the noon hour in favor of news or syndicated programming; this resulted in some stations airing "Caesars Challenge" in another spot on their schedule while others did not air it at all. In the markets that did air the show at its normal time, "Caesars Challenge" faced off against CBS' "The Young and the Restless", and did not perform well enough against either that series or ABC's "Loving", its other competition. NBC cancelled "Caesars Challenge" after 31 weeks of episodes, and returned the 12:00 pm hour to its affiliates on January 17, 1994. However, NBC would take back the noon hour from its affiliates when "Sunset Beach" premiered in January 1997. "Caesars Challenge" was NBC's last daytime game show.

title: Larry Weir

text: With Michael Damian Weir as a regular on The Young and the Restless, Weir was writing songs for Damian to perform as an artist and also as the Danny Romalotti character on the television show. In a Los Angeles Times interview, Damian explains the dynamics, "My character was a starving singer who was working as a waiter--which was what I was doing at the time," he recalled. "As my recording career developed, so did my role on 'The Young and the Restless.' When Michael Damian had a No. 1 single, so did Danny Romalotti."

title: The Young and the Restless

text: Taped at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26, 1973,[52] the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television, which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television.[4][53] The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half-hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production, creating "a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre."[3][4] Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them, soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue, characters, and story, with details like sets as secondary concerns.[3] The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles, similar to Hollywood-style productions.[53][54] The style of videotaping included using out-of-the-ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close-ups with bright lighting on the actors' faces.[3][53][54][55] Conboy said he used lighting to create "artistic effects".[54] Those effects made the series look dark, shadowy, and moody.[3][54] The Young and the Restless' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas.[3] When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer, he balanced the lighting of the scenes.[55]


query: Does Canada have universal health care?

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: Canada (with the exception of the province of Quebec) is one of the few countries with a universal healthcare system that does not include coverage of prescription medication (other such countries are Russia and some of the former USSR republics even though Russia is considering a switch to full coverage of many prescription medications in the near future[11]). Residents of Quebec who are covered by the province's public prescription drug plan pay an annual premium of $0 to $660 when they file their Quebec income tax return.[12][13] Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds in some provinces for the elderly or indigent,[14] or through employment-based private insurance or paid for out-of-pocket. Most drug prices are negotiated with suppliers by each provincial government to control costs but more recently, the Council of the Federation announced an initiative for select provinces to work together to create a larger buying block for more leverage to control costs of pharmaceutical drugs.[15] More than 60 percent of prescription medications are paid for privately in Canada.[4] Family physicians (often known as general practitioners or GPs in Canada) are chosen by individuals. If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counselled to see a specialist by their GP, a referral is made by a GP in the local community. Preventive care and early detection are considered critical and yearly checkups are recommended for everyone.

title: Health care in the United States

text: Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses. 58% of US community hospitals are non-profit, 21% are government owned, and 21% are for-profit. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States spent $9,403 on health care per capita, and 17.1% on health care as percentage of its GDP in 2014. Healthcare coverage is provided through a combination of private health insurance and public health coverage (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid). The United States does not have a universal healthcare program, unlike other advanced industrialized countries.

title: Social inequality

text: In countries that have a universal health care system, health inequalities have been reduced. In Canada, for example, equity in the availability of health services has been improved dramatically through Medicare. People don't have to worry about how they will pay health care, or rely on emergency rooms for care, since health care is provided for the entire population. However, inequality issues still remain. For example, not everyone has the same level of access to services. Inequalities in health are not, however, only related to access to health care. Even if everyone had the same level of access, inequalities may still remain. This is because health status is a product of more than just how much medical care people have available to them. While Medicare has equalized access to health care by removing the need for direct payments at the time of services, which improved the health of low status people, inequities in health are still prevalent in Canada. This may be due to the state of the current social system, which bear other types of inequalities such as economic, racial and gender inequality.

title: Minister of Health (Canada)

text: The Minister of Health () is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for overseeing health-focused government agencies including Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada, as well as enforcing the "Canada Health Act" (the law governing Canada's universal health care system). The current Minister of Health is Ginette Petitpas Taylor, MP for Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe.

title: Healthcare in Kosovo

text:
Nowadays the situation has changed and health care system in Kosovo is organized in three sectors including, primary, secondary and tertiary health care.
Primary health care in Prishtina is organized in thirteen Family Medicine Centers and fifteen Ambulantory Care Units. Secondary health care is decentralized in seven Regional Hospitals. Though Prishtina does not have any Regional Hospital and instead uses University Clinical Center of Kosovo for health care services. University Clinical Center of Kosovo provides its health care services in twelve clinics, where 642 doctors are employed. At a lower level, home services are provided for several vulnerable groups which are not able to reach health care premises. Kosovo health care services are now focused on patient's safety, quality control and assisted health.

title: HealthForceOntario

text: HealthForceOntario is a collaborative initiative, announced May 3, 2006, involving two Ontario Canada ministries: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (Ontario) and the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. The goal of the HealthForceOntario strategy is to ensure that Ontarians have access to the right number and mix of qualified health care providers, now and in the future. Its mandate is to identify and address Ontario’s health human resource needs; engage partners in education and health care to develop skilled, knowledgeable providers and create the health care delivery teams that will make the most of their abilities; introduce new and expanded provider roles to increase the number of providers working in health care and develop the skills of those already in the system; and to make Ontario the employer-of-choice for all health care providers.

title: Universal health care

text: Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all health care costs. Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations (as is the case in Canada) or own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as was the case in England before the introduction of the Health and Social Care Act). "Single-payer" thus describes only the funding mechanism and refers to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund and does not specify the type of delivery or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system.

title: Chin State

text:
Chin state does not have any secular colleges or universities. Students have leave to pursue higher education. The majority attend university in Tahan-Kalay, Sagaing Division. However, there are private theological colleges in Chin state:
The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. The following is a summary of the public health system in the state.

title: Political positions of Donald Trump

text: In 1999, during his abortive 2000 Reform Party presidential campaign, Trump told TV interviewer Larry King, "I believe in universal health care." In his 2000 book, "The America We Deserve", Trump reiterated his call for universal health care and focused on a Canadian-style single-payer health care system as a means to achieve it. Though he characterized the Canadian health-care system as "catastrophic in certain ways" in October 2016 during the second presidential debate, the Trump campaign website wrote in June 2015 about his support for "a system that would mirror Canada's government-run healthcare service" under the title "What does Donald Trump believe? Where the candidate stands on 10 issues". In 2015, Trump also expressed admiration for the Scottish health-care system, which is single payer.

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: The Canada Health Act, which sets the conditions with which provincial/territorial health insurance plans must comply if they wish to receive their full transfer payments from the federal government, does not allow charges to insured persons for insured services (defined as medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians). Most provinces have responded through various prohibitions on such payments. This does not constitute a ban on privately funded care; indeed, about 30% of Canadian health expenditures come from private sources, both insurance and out-of-pocket payments.[91] The Canada Health Act does not address delivery. Private clinics are therefore permitted, albeit subject to provincial/territorial regulations, but they cannot charge above the agreed-upon fee schedule unless they are treating non-insured persons (which may include those eligible under automobile insurance or worker's compensation, in addition to those who are not Canadian residents), or providing non-insured services. This provision has been controversial among those seeking a greater role for private funding.

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: The government ensures the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician.[4] Canada's provincially based Medicare systems are cost-effective because of their administrative simplicity. In each province, each doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim at all. Private health expenditure accounts for 30% of health care financing.[5] The Canada Health Act does not cover prescription drugs, home care or long-term care or dental care, which means most Canadians rely on private insurance from their employers or the government to pay for those costs.[4] Provinces provide partial coverage for children, those living in poverty and seniors.[4]

title: Health care sharing ministry

text: A health care sharing ministry is an organization in the United States that facilitates sharing of health care costs among individual members, in the United States, who have common ethical or religious beliefs. A health care sharing ministry does not use actuaries, does not accept risk or make guarantees, and does not purchase reinsurance policies on behalf of its members. Members of health care sharing ministries are exempt from the individual mandate requirement of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often referred to as Obamacare (the individual shared responsibility provision was repealed in December 2017, effective in 2019). This means members of health care sharing ministries are not required to have insurance as outlined in the individual mandate.

title: Healthcare and the LGBT community

text: Depending on where they live, some transgender people are able to access gender-specific health care through public health insurance programs. Medicaid does not have a federal policy on transgender health care and leaves the regulation of the coverage of gender-confirming health care up to each state. While Medicaid does not fund sex reassignment surgery in forty states, several, like New York and Oregon, now require Medicaid to cover (most) transgender care.

title: Kosovo

text:
Nowadays the situation has changed, and the health care system in Kosovo is organised into three sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary health care.
Primary health care in Pristina is organised into thirteen family medicine centres and fifteen ambulantory care units. Secondary health care is decentralised in seven regional hospitals. Pristina does not have any regional hospital and instead uses University Clinical Center of Kosovo for health care services. University Clinical Center of Kosovo provides its health care services in twelve clinics, where 642 doctors are employed. At a lower level, home services are provided for several vulnerable groups which are not able to reach health care premises. Kosovo health care services are now focused on patient safety, quality control and assisted health.

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: The Canada Health Act covers the services of psychiatrists, medical doctors with additional training in psychiatry. In Canada, psychiatrists tend to focus on the treatment of mental illness with medication.[113] However, the Canada Health Act excludes care provided in a "hospital or institution primarily for the mentally disordered."[114] Some institutional care is provided by provinces. The Canada Health Act does not cover treatment by a psychologist[115][116] or psychotherapist unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor. Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax (depending on the province) applies to the services of psychotherapists.[117] Some coverage for mental health care and substance abuse treatment may be available under other government programs. For example, in Alberta, the province provides funding for mental health care through Alberta Health Services.[118] Most or all provinces and territories offer government-funded drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation, although waiting lists may exist.[119] The cost of treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist in Canada has been cited as a contributing factor in the high suicide rate among first responders such as police officers, EMTs and paramedics. According to a CBC report, some police forces "offer benefits plans that cover only a handful of sessions with community psychologists, forcing those seeking help to join lengthy waiting lists to seek free psychiatric assistance."[120]

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: Canada Health Act Canada Health Transfer Canada Health and Social Transfer Canada's Health Care providers, 2007 Canadian and American health care systems compared Health care compared - tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above. EvidenceNetwork.ca Evidence Network of Canadian Health Policy Indian Health Transfer Policy (Canada) Medicare (Canada) Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: There is evidence of inequality in health care for refugees that seek asylum in Canada. The health care needs of refugees is unique in that these people often require additional care than normal immigrants due to conditions in their home country[71]. Despite the uniqueness of this situation, there appears to be a lack of information on whether refugees experience barriers in receiving health care. Additionally, there is a lack of public perception about the health care needs of refugees in Canada which causes public policies to sometimes overlook the wants of this societal group.[72] Furthermore, the passing of the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act in 2012 created inequalities in health care for refugees. The act formed a two-tiered system that separated care based on certain characteristics of the refugees under it. Differing levels of care are seen to be provided to refugees based off how the refugee came to Canada, the refugee's home country, and many other factors. Another impacts on refugees that the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act had was on the levels of health care coverage for refugees provided by the Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP). The reforms of 2012 saw cuts to coverage for refugees by the IFHP which represents another unequal divide in health care between the general populace and refugees.[73] Some of the results of the changes in the health care programs for refugees is that there appears to be a rise in emergency room visits due to lack of provisions of health care to refugees. This effect worries many people in Canada as they believe that the cost of health care will rise due to an increase in ER visits from refugees that have health concerns not cared for under IFHP. A study by Evans, Caudarella, Ratnapalan, and Chan on the consequences of cuts to IFHP for refugees suggests that another problem created by these changes is that there is great uncertainty over funding for programs that help pay for ER costs that recipients of care cannot afford.[74] These problems spawned from the 2012 reforms and suggest that refugees receive a much lower level of care than the general populace in Canada.

title: James Orbinski

text: Orbinski was a co-founder of McMaster University's Health Reach Program that investigates and promotes the health of children in war zones, and he was a founding member of MSF Canada in 1990. In 2004, he co-founded Dignitas International, a hybrid medical/research non-government organization focusing on transforming global health for the most vulnerable. Dignitas remains at the forefront of addressing chronic and extreme humanitarian vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. It is also committed to continuing to improve health systems and the quality of patient care, and to the transformational power of research. Through a 12 year partnership with the Malawi Ministry of Health, more than 1.4 million people have been tested for HIV infection, and more than 270,000 people have been started on treatment for AIDS in three hospitals and in 165 remote village based clinics in the southern region of Malawi. Dignitas trains more than 500 Malawian health care workers a year, and maintains an extensive and ongoing research platform. It has published more than fifty major research papers, many of which have transformed patient care, health systems, and health policy. As of 2014 and in partnership with the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, and the Sioux Lookout First Nations Health Authority, Dignitas has also established an Aboriginal Health Partners Program focused on the health needs of First Nations Communities in Northern Ontario, Canada. Since 2017, Dignitas has committed to exploring, defining and participating in a research collaboration on the health impacts of climate change.

title: Universal health care

text: Following World War II, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal National Health Service. Universal health care was next introduced in the Nordic countries of Sweden (1955), Iceland (1956), Norway (1956), Denmark (1961), and Finland (1964). Universal health insurance was then introduced in Japan (1961), and in Canada through stages, starting with the province of Saskatchewan in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969. Italy introduced its "Servizio Sanitario Nazionale" (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in Australia beginning with the "Medibank" system which led to universal coverage under the Medicare system.

title: Medicare (Canada)

text: According to Canada's constitution, the provinces have responsibility for health care, education and welfare. However, the federal Canada Health Act sets standards for all the provinces. The Canada Health Act requires coverage for all medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians; this explicitly includes diagnostic, treatment and preventive services. Coverage is universal for qualifying Canadian residents, regardless of income level.

title: Democratic Party of Hawaii

text: The party platform supports a public health care system with development long-term financing solutions for individual care. The party has expressed support towards single payer universal health care coverage with the inclusion of a public option in this plan. The party does not support the denial of coverage towards women for abortion services. Democrats have been involved with healthcare issues and supportive of non-profit healthcare providers. They are also responsible for the Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act.

title: Medicare (Canada)

text:
Polling data in the last few years have consistently cited Canadian Health Care as among the most important political issues in the minds of Canadian voters. Along with peacekeeping, Canadian Health Care was found, based on a CBC poll, to be among the foremost defining characteristics of Canada.
It has increasingly become a source of controversy in Canadian politics. As a recent report from the Health Council of Canada has noted
"Herein lies one of the puzzles of Canadian health care: Canadians increasingly view the health care system as unsustainable and under threat, even as their own experiences with the system are mostly positive."

title: David Butler-Jones

text:
In recognition of his work in the field of public health, York University's Faculty of Health, and Carleton University have awarded him honorary Doctor of Laws degrees. The University of Waterloo conferred a Doctor of Science Degree on him in 2017. He is also a recipient of The Canadian Public Health Association R D Defries Award, its highest honour.
The College of Family Physicians, ScotiaBank Family Medicine Lectureship,
The Medal of Service, from The Canadian Medical Association for, "his outstanding and exceptional contribution to health care in Canada" as well as the President's Award of the Public Health Physicians of Canada.

title: Health insurance coverage in the United States

text: Some people think that not having health insurance will have adverse consequences for the health of the uninsured. On the other hand, some people believe that children and adults without health insurance have access to needed health care services at hospital emergency rooms, community health centers, or other safety net facilities offering charity care. Some observers note that there is a solid body of evidence showing that a substantial proportion of U.S. health care expenditures is directed toward care that is not effective and may sometimes even be harmful. At least for the insured population, spending more and using more health care services does not always yield better health outcomes or increase life expectancy.

title: Medicare (Canada)

text: Medicare () is an unofficial designation used to refer to the publicly funded, single-payer health care system of Canada. Canada does not have a unified national health care system; instead, the system consists of 13 provincial and territorial health insurance plans that provides universal health care coverage to Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and certain temporary residents. These systems are individually administered on a provincial or territorial basis, within guidelines set by the federal government. The formal terminology for the insurance system is provided by the "Canada Health Act" and the health insurance legislation of the individual provinces and territories.

title: Health care in Spain

text: Although Spain does have universal health care, it is not the only source of protection available to the Spanish people. In fact, there are three alternatives to relying solely on the provided universal health care: substitutive voluntary health insurance, complementary voluntary health insurance, and supplementary voluntary health insurance. People who work in Spain's public sector are free to opt out of universal health care entirely if they agree to utilize the alternative: a government-subsidized health insurance called MUFACE. This selection of using different health insurance instead of Spain's universal health care is an example of substitutive voluntary health insurance.

title: Refugee health care in Canada

text: In defending the changes, the government explained its rationale as being to ensure equality between the health care received by refugees and that afforded to Canadians such that refugees would not receive superior benefits. Former Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney emphasized the generosity of Canadians and Canada's immigration system, stating that the government did “not want to ask Canadians to pay for benefits for protected persons and refugee claimants that are more generous than what they are entitled to themselves.” In a related case, Nell Toussaint v. Attorney General of Canada, the Supreme Court cautioned that by extending universal health care regardless of immigration status, Canada “could become a health-care safe haven”.

title: Universal health care

text: Universal health care does not imply coverage for all people for everything. Universal health care can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered. It is described by the World Health Organization as a situation where citizens can access health services without incurring financial hardship. The Director General of WHO describes universal health coverage as the “single most powerful concept that public health has to offer” since it unifies “services and delivers them in a comprehensive and integrated way”. One of the goals with universal healthcare is to create a system of protection which provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the highest possible level of health.

title: List of countries with universal health care

text: The United States as a whole does not have a fully implemented universal health care system, but about 92% of its citizens have health insurance coverage as of 2017.[128] Furthermore, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance in 2006.[129] Furthermore, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, sought to have expanded insurance coverage to legal residents by 2014.[130] The act provides for federally mandated health insurance to be implemented in the United States during the 2010–2019 decade with the Federal government subsidizing legal resident households with income up to 400% of the Federal poverty level.[131] This threshold varies according to State and household size, but for an average family of four, subsidies would be available for families whose income was about $88,000 or lower.[132] In June 2010 adults with pre-existing conditions became eligible to join a temporary high-risk pool.[133] In 2014, applicants of the same age began to be able to obtain health insurance at the same published rate regardless of health status— the first time in U.S. history that insurers no longer had the right to load the premium or deny coverage prior to contract, or cancel a policy after contract due to an adverse health condition, or test result indicating that one may be imminent. The law prohibits insurers from capping their liability for a person's health care needs, a move expected to rectify medically induced bankruptcy. As of October 7, 2016, the U.S. uninsured rate fell to 10.9% from the 14.6% recorded when President Obama came into office. During the debates about proposed Obamacare, more and more Americans dropped their existing insurance and the uninsured rate peaked at 17.1% just before Obamacare, the Affordable Care Act, started its "exchanges" and made the new plans available. 85.4% of Americans had insurance when Obama entered office; 89.1% had insurance by the time he left office.[130] The Congressional Budget Office and related government agencies scored the cost of a universal health care system several times since 1991, and have uniformly predicted cost savings,[134] partly from the elimination of insurance company overhead costs.[135] In 2009, a universal health care proposal was pending in Congress, the United States National Health Care Act (H.R. 676, formerly the "Medicare for All Act").

text: The Canada Health Act of 1984 "does not directly bar private delivery or private insurance for publicly insured services," but provides financial disincentives for doing so. "Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces, they can be changed," according to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine.[118][119] The legality of the ban was considered in a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled in Chaoulli v. Quebec that "the prohibition on obtaining private health insurance, while it might be constitutional in circumstances where health care services are reasonable as to both quality and timeliness, is not constitutional where the public system fails to deliver reasonable services." The appellant contended that waiting times in Quebec violated a right to life and security in the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Court agreed, but acknowledged the importance and validity of the Canada Health Act, and at least four of the seven judges explicitly recognized the right of governments to enact laws and policies that favour the public over the private system and preserve the integrity of the public system.

title: Health insurance

text: As per the Constitution of Canada, health care is mainly a provincial government responsibility in Canada (the main exceptions being federal government responsibility for services provided to aboriginal peoples covered by treaties, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the armed forces, and Members of Parliament). Consequently, each province administers its own health insurance program. The federal government influences health insurance by virtue of its fiscal powers – it transfers cash and tax points to the provinces to help cover the costs of the universal health insurance programs. Under the Canada Health Act, the federal government mandates and enforces the requirement that all people have free access to what are termed "medically necessary services," defined primarily as care delivered by physicians or in hospitals, and the nursing component of long-term residential care. If provinces allow doctors or institutions to charge patients for medically necessary services, the federal government reduces its payments to the provinces by the amount of the prohibited charges. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. This public insurance is tax-funded out of general government revenues, although British Columbia and Ontario levy a mandatory premium with flat rates for individuals and families to generate additional revenues - in essence, a surtax. Private health insurance is allowed, but in six provincial governments only for services that the public health plans do not cover (for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans). Four provinces allow insurance for services also mandated by the Canada Health Act, but in practice there is no market for it. All Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers. Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.