query: When did the Marlboro Man first appear in Marlboro ad campaigns?

title: Marlboro Man

text: The Marlboro Man is a figure used in tobacco advertising campaigns for Marlboro cigarettes. In the United States, where the campaign originated, it was used from 1954 to 1999. The Marlboro Man was first conceived by Leo Burnett in 1954. The images initially featured rugged men portrayed in a variety of roles[1] but later primarily featured a rugged cowboy or cowboys, in picturesque wild terrain.[2] The advertisements were originally conceived as a way to popularize filtered cigarettes, which at the time were considered feminine.

title: Marlboro Friday

text: Since the Marlboro man was an image that stood since 1954, it was considered one of the biggest marketing icons, investors reasoned that to see the Marlboro icon give in to a price war, the marketing itself must be ineffective. As a result of plummeting stock value in major American brands, 1993 marked a slight decrease in U.S. ad expenditures.

title: Marlboro Man

text: Wayne McLaren testified in favor of anti-smoking legislation at the age of 51. During the time of McLaren's anti-smoking activism, Philip Morris denied that McLaren ever appeared in a Marlboro ad, a position it later amended to maintain that while he did appear in ads, he was not the Marlboro Man; Winfield held that title. In response, McLaren produced an affidavit from a talent agency that had represented him, along with a pay check stub, asserting he had been paid for work on a 'Marlboro print' job.[25] McLaren died before his 52nd birthday in 1992.[26][27]

title: Marlboro Man

text: Cowboys proved to be popular, which led to the "Marlboro Cowboy" and "Marlboro Country" campaigns.[9] The slogan "Come to Marlboro Country" promised every ordinary man the prospect of transforming himself into, or at least associating himself with, a rugged and macho cowboy merely by lighting up this Philip Morris product. A satirical reference to the advertisement was made in the Rolling Stones's 1965 song Satisfaction: "When I'm watchin' my TV and a man comes on and tells me how white my shirts can be, but he can't be a man 'cause he doesn't smoke the same cigarettes as me".

title: Marlboro Man

text: In many countries, the Marlboro Man is an icon of the past due to increasing pressure on tobacco advertising for health reasons, especially where the practice of smoking appears to be celebrated or glorified. The deaths described above may also have made it more difficult to use the campaign without attracting negative comment. The Marlboro Man image continued until at least the early 2000s, in countries such as Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic.[33] It still continues in the United States, and Japan (on tobacco vending machines, for example), where smoking is widespread in the male population.

title: DJ Marlboro

text: DJ Marlboro is the host and producer of the radio show "Big Mix in Rio". DJ Marlboro was introduced to a worldwide audience In 2004 when German journalist, record label owner and fellow DJ, Daniel Haaksman formed Man Recordings and recruited both DJ Marlboro and Edu-K and DJ Marlboro - creating a link between South American and European artists.

title: Marlboro Man

text: Eric Lawson, who appeared in Marlboro print ads from 1978 to 1981, died at the age of 72 on January 10, 2014, of respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. A smoker since age 14, Lawson later appeared in an anti-smoking commercial that parodied the Marlboro Man, and also in an Entertainment Tonight segment to discuss the negative effects of smoking.[29]

title: Marlboro Man

text: In Robert Altman's 1973 film The Long Goodbye, Roger Wade (Sterling Hayden) nicknames P.I. Phillip Marlowe (Elliott Gould) the Marlboro Man due to his heavy smoking. In the film Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man (1991), Don Johnson portrays the Marlboro Man. In the film in Thank You for Smoking (2005), Sam Elliott plays Lorne Lutch, a cancer stricken former Marlboro Man. In the film Fargo (1996), a reference to the Marlboro Man is made in an interview by police chief Marge Gunderson (Frances McDormand) with two prostitutes about an encounter with Gaear Grimsrud (Peter Stormare).

title: Don Tennant

text: He worked at the Leo Burnett agency in Chicago, Illinois. The agency placed anthropomorphic faces of 'critters' on packaged goods. He was the first to draw Tony the Tiger for the Kellogg's Sugar Frosted Flakes advertising campaign in 1952. Tennant was also in charge of the Marlboro account and invented the Marlboro Man.

title: Marlboro Man

text: The most famous of the 'Marlboro Men' lived a long life after fading from the public limelight. Darrell Winfield, a resident of Riverton, Wyoming, was the longest living Marlboro Man to appear on billboards and in advertisements. Leo Burnett Ad Agency discovered him in 1968 while he was working on the Quarter Circle 5 Ranch in Wyoming. Winfield's chiseled rugged good looks made him the macho face of Marlboro cigarettes on television, in newspapers, magazines and on billboards, from the 1968 to 1989. Winfield was survived by his wife, a son, five daughters, and grandchildren.[32]

title: Darrell Winfield

text: Darrell H. Winfield (July 30, 1929 – January 12, 2015) was an American rancher and model best known as "The Marlboro Man" in television commercials and magazine advertisements for Marlboro cigarettes. Winfield was born in Kansas, Oklahoma. His family relocated to California's San Joaquin Valley when he was 6 years old. This move was inspired by the "Okie migration" that was prominent in the 1930s where many mid-west farmers, devastated by the Dust Bowl, headed west to California to start over. He was the Marlboro man from 1968 until 1989. He is also credited with being the most portrayed man in the world by some. Philip Morris has used many cowboys for their ads but has declared that Winfield was "really the Marlboro man."

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: The "Marlboro chevron" livery first appeared on the car of Emerson Fittipaldi during the 1986 CART season and 1986 Indianapolis 500. Patrick Racing expanded the sponsorship to two cars in 1987, and in 1990, it moved to the Penske Team. The white and red Marlboro livery became one of the most recognized in the sport, and Marlboro increased their participation by providing title sponsorship for individual races (Marlboro 500, Marlboro Grand Prix, and Marlboro Challenge), contingency and ancillary sponsorships, and bonus awards programs (Marlboro Million). The company also provided extensive ticket promotions and hosted large hospitality engagements at races.

title: Marlboro Man

text: Initially, cowboy commercials involving the Marlboro Man featured paid models, such as William Thourlby,[17] pretending to carry out cowboy tasks. However, Burnett felt that the commercials lacked authenticity, as it was apparent that the subjects were not real cowboys and did not have the desired rugged look. One of the finest was a non-smoking rodeo cowboy, Max Bryan "Turk" Robinson, who was recruited at a rodeo. Leo Burnett was not satisfied with the cowboy actors found. Broadway and MGM movie actor Christian Haren won the role as the first Marlboro Man in the early 1960s as he looked the part. Burnett then came across Darrell Winfield, who worked on a ranch, after a Cattle Rancher by the name Keith Alexander declined the role because he did not believe in smoking. Leo Burnett’s creative director was awed when he first saw Winfield: "I had seen cowboys, but I had never seen one that just really, like, he sort of scared the hell out of me (as he was so much a real cowboy)." Winfield’s immediate authenticity led to his 20-year run as the Marlboro Man, which lasted until the late 1980s. Upon Winfield’s retirement, Philip Morris reportedly spent $300 million searching for a new Marlboro Man.[18][19]

title: Marlboro Man

text: When the new Marlboro Country theme opened in late 1963, the actors utilized as Marlboro Man were replaced, for the most part, with real working cowboys. In the same year the campaign began to use Elmer Bernstein's 1960 theme music from The Magnificent Seven. "In 1963, at the 6 6 6 6 Ranch in Guthrie, Texas, they discovered Carl "Big-un" Bradley. He was the first real cowboy they used, and from then on the lead Marlboro men were real cowboys, rodeo riders, stuntmen."[15][16] Another of this new breed of real cowboys was Max Bryan "Turk" Robinson, of Hugo, Oklahoma; Turk says that he was recruited for the role while at a rodeo simply standing around behind the chutes, as was the custom for cowboys who had not yet ridden their event. It took only a few years for the results to register. By 1972, the new Marlboro Man would have so much market appeal that Marlboro cigarettes were catapulted to the top of the tobacco industry.

title: Marlboro Man

text: The Marlboro advertising campaign, created by Leo Burnett Worldwide, is said to be one of the most brilliant advertisement campaigns of all time.[3] It transformed a feminine campaign, with the slogan "Mild as May", into one that was masculine, in a matter of months. The first models were a Navy Lieutenant and Andy Armstrong, the ad agency’s art supervisor.[4][5][6] Other early models were sales promotion director of Philip Morris, Robert Larking, and others from the Leo Burnett ad agency, Lee Stanley and Owen Smith.[7] A number of models who have portrayed the Marlboro Man have died of smoking-related diseases.[8]

title: William Thourlby

text: William Leo Thourlby (January 22, 1924 – April 15, 2013) was an American actor, model and writer. He was known for his rugged, cowboy look, when he appeared as the face of the Marlboro Man campaign in the 1950s. This ad campaign was one of the 20th century's most famous, redefining the Marlboro brand image from a cigarette for women to one for men.

title: Wayne McLaren

text: McLaren worked as a stuntman and rodeo rider before being hired to appear in ads for Marlboro. McLaren competed in bronc riding and bull riding events. In 1976, he did promotional work for the famous Marlboro cigarette advertising campaign as the "Marlboro Man".

title: Paul Birch (actor)

text: In the mid 1950s he appeared in magazine and TV ads as the first widely publicized "Cowboy" Marlboro Man.

title: Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man

text: The duo bribe Alexander's helicopter pilot into taking them to Wilder's office. They give Wilder his money back and demand he change the lease on the bar. Wilder is unwilling to do so and orders his men to kill them when the pilot, paid off by Harley and Marlboro, appears hovering in his chopper outside. He opens fire on the office with the chopper's cannon, killing Wilder's thugs. Wilder insults Marlboro's dead father; Marlboro begins to beat him up until Wilder dangles out the window of his office, holding onto Marlboro's disintegrating cowboy boot. Harley helps him out, the boot comes apart and Wilder falls to the street.

title: Louis Cheskin

text: Perhaps Cheskin's most famous achievement was turning Marlboro cigarettes into a 'man's' cigarette from its original appeal to women. Because more men than women were smokers, Cheskin convinced Phillip Morris that they would have more success by appealing to men. At the time its unique product differentiation was a red wrapper, to hide lipstick marks. Cheskin's recommendations were to redesign the package to denote masculinity, while keeping the red color. His recommendations underlie everything from the 'Man-Sized Flavor' advertising campaign and the now iconic packaging (resembling a medal), to the masculine and virile Marlboro Man himself. The Marlboro Man sported tattoos to give him a rugged backstory and often appeared as a cowboy on horseback (the predominant image that has survived today).

title: Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man

text: Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man is a 1991 action biker film starring Mickey Rourke and Don Johnson, with a supporting cast including Chelsea Field, Daniel Baldwin, Giancarlo Esposito, Tom Sizemore, and Vanessa Williams. It is directed by Simon Wincer from a screenplay by Don Michael Paul. The film provides a notable example of the "biker" stereotype. Four characters in the film are named after different brands and manufacturers; Rourke's character is named after the motorcycle manufacturer Harley-Davidson, Field's character is named after the cigarette brand Virginia Slims, Big John Studd's character is named after the whiskey brand Jack Daniel's and Eloy Casados's character is named after the tequilla brand Jose Cuervo. Johnson's character is the Marlboro Man, who appeared in commercials advertising Marlboro cigarettes from 1954 to 1999.

title: Marlboro Man

text: In the Seinfeld episode "The Abstinence" (airdate November 21, 1996), Cosmo Kramer sues a tobacco company but settles out of court. His settlement is the placement of his face as that of the Marlboro Man's on a billboard in Times Square. In the Futurama episode "Where the Buggalo Roam", a barbeque attendee resembles the Marlboro Man. An episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver featured "Jeff the Diseased Lung in a Cowboy Hat", a cartoon character parodying the Marlboro Man, which was suggested as a new replacement mascot for Marlboro. In the second season Welcome Back, Kotter episode "Sweathog Clinic for the Cure of Smoking" (airdate December 16, 1976), Gabe Kotter (Gabe Kaplan) reminisced that he wanted to take up smoking, "but I couldn't picture myself living in Marlboro Country."

title: Marlboro Man

text: The immediate success of the Marlboro Man campaign led to heavy imitation. Old Golds adopted the tagline marking it a cigarette for "independent thinkers". Chesterfield depicted cowboy and other masculine occupations to match their tagline: "Men of America" smoke Chesterfields.[22]

title: Marlboro Man

text: The Paula Cole song "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" features the verse "Where is my Marlboro Man?". The Harvey Danger song "Sad Sweetheart of the Rodeo" features the sarcastic verse: "The Marlboro Man died of cancer/And he wasn't a rocket scientist when he was healthy/ha ha ha". The Jason Aldean song "Dirt Road Anthem" references "The king in the can and the Marlboro man" Rolling Stones's 1965 song Satisfaction: "When I'm watchin' my TV and a man comes on and tells me how white my shirts can be, but he can't be a man 'cause he doesn't smoke the same cigarettes as me". The World Entertainment War song "Marlboro Man, Jr." begins, "The Marlboro Man is dead Long live the Marlboro Man! In our dreams he remains the hero Of a thousand billboards The ultimate salesman..."

title: Marlboro (cigarette)

text: Marlboro sponsorship in IndyCar dates back to 1986 when the livery appeared on the Emerson Fittipaldi's car entered by Patrick Racing. In 1990 Penske Racing hired Fittipaldi and started a 20 years-long association with Marlboro and its distinctive red and white livery. However, in the 2007 season Marlboro logos were replaced with 'Team Penske' but the team retained the color scheme as Philip Morris USA was still Penske's main sponsor. 2009 was the last year of the Penske-Marlboro association.[82]

title: Marlboro Man

text: Five men who claimed to have appeared in Marlboro-related advertisements — Wayne McLaren, David McLean, Dick Hammer, Eric Lawson[23] and Jerome Edward Jackson, aka Tobin Jackson — died of smoking-related diseases, thus earning Marlboro cigarettes, specifically Marlboro Reds, the nickname "Cowboy killers".[24]

title: Marlboro Man

text: The use of the Marlboro Man campaign had very significant and immediate effects on sales. In 1955, when the Marlboro Man campaign was started, sales were at $5 billion. By 1957, sales were at $20 billion, representing a 300% increase within two years. Philip Morris easily overcame growing health concerns through the Marlboro Man campaign, highlighting the success as well as the tobacco industry’s strong ability to use mass marketing to influence the public.[21]

title: Marlboro Man

text: Marlboro television and print ads used several real-life cowboys.

title: Clint Roberts (politician)

text: Roberts auditioned for the cigarette commercial The Marlboro Man and was nicknamed "the Marlboro Man." He also was in several commercials and movies starring as a cowboy. He also did tourist promotions for South Dakota.

title: Marlboro Man

text: The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series.[12] Burnett's inspiration for the exceedingly masculine "Marlboro Man" icon came in 1949 from an issue of Life magazine, whose photograph (shot by Leonard McCombe) and story of Texas cowboy Clarence Hailey Long caught his attention.[13] Within a year, Marlboro's market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy.[12] In the mid fifties, the cowboy image was popularized by actor Paul Birch in 3 page magazine ads and in TV ads.


query: Who was the lead male character in American Pie?

title: List of American Pie characters

text: This is a list of characters from the film series American Pie consisting of American Pie (1999), American Pie 2 (2001), American Wedding (2003), American Pie Presents: Band Camp (2005), American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile (2006), American Pie Presents: Beta House (2007), American Pie Presents: The Book of Love (2009), and American Reunion (2012).[1] Only one character, Noah Levenstein played by Eugene Levy, has appeared in all eight released films. Biggs, Hannigan, Scott, Nicholas, Thomas, Coolidge, Cho, Isfield, Cheek, and Owen all play their characters in four films each; other characters appear in fewer films.

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Thomas Ian Nicholas Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Bull is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films. He is a friend of Dwight and appears in the sequel.

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Shannon Elizabeth Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Natasha Lyonne Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Chris Klein Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Tara Reid Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, and American Reunion

title: Seann William Scott

text: Scott's first commercial success came with the 1999 film "American Pie", as Steve Stifler, a role he reprised in three sequels, "American Pie 2" (2001), "American Wedding" (2003), and "American Reunion" (2012). For his supporting role in the first film, Scott was paid only $8,000. Scott was granted the lead role in "American Wedding", though he only received second billing, and the character propelled him into the public consciousness. Scott's fear of typecasting led him to play different types of characters post-"American Pie", such as a hapless nerd in the horror film "Final Destination" and a friendly stoner in "Dude, Where's My Car?". He also appeared in the film "Bulletproof Monk".

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Seann William Scott Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by John Cho and Justin Isfield Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: He reappears in American Pie Presents: Band Camp when Matt Stifler plays a prank on the school band. Sherman, who is now the school's guidance counselor, decides that a worthwhile punishment would be for Stifler to attend band camp.

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Christopher McDonald Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Dan Petronijevic Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Eugene Levy Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, American Pie Presents: Band Camp, American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile, American Pie Presents: Beta House, American Pie Presents: The Book of Love, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Jason Biggs Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Noah Levenstein, also known as "Jim's dad", is the only character to appear in all eight films to date. At the 2000 American Comedy Award, Levy was nominated for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture although he didn't win. At the 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Award he was nominated for Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy which he won. At the 2002 Canadian Comedy Awards he was nominated for Pretty Funny Male Performance for his role in American Pie 2 and won the award.

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Jake Siegel Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Eddie Kaye Thomas Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Mena Suvari Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Steve Talley Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Jordan Prentice Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Michelle Annabeth Flaherty first appears in American Pie in which she is a considerably minor character and ended up being a popular character. Jim asks her to the prom as she pretends to be the only person in the school who has not seen the video of Jim prematurely ejaculating. After the prom Jim loses his virginity to Michelle who becomes aggressive and later leaves him to wake up alone, which amused him in the end rather than angering him.

title: American Pie (film series)

text: Several films set in the "American Pie" continuity were released. The films featured mostly new characters. Aside from the raunchy humor, the common elements among the "American Pie Presents" films are the continued presence of Jim's Dad and members of the Stifler clan. Other than Jim's Dad, the only other returning characters are Matt Stifler, who takes center stage for the first spin-off, albeit played by a new actor, and Chuck Sherman, who is the guidance counselor for East Great Falls High School in the first spin-off.

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Jennifer Coolidge Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Wedding, and American Reunion

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by John White Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: AJ is a high school senior who is Kara's boyfriend, who's sexually frustrated and is ready to have sex with Kara, who's holding out until the "right time". He is arrogant, selfish, hostile, and extremely paranoid, thinking Jim is trying to steal Kara from him. He is similar to Steve Stifler in the American Pie series. Throughout the film, he harasses the gang (especially Jim and Stifler), which ultimately leads to a big fight between the teens (AJ and his crew), and the '99 gang (consisting of Jim, Oz, Finch, Stifler, Kevin, John, and Michelle). He serves as the main antagonist out of the three villains.

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Jaclyn A. Smith Appeared in: American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents: Beta House

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Eli Marienthal in American Pie and American Pie 2, and Tad Hilgenbrink in American Pie Presents Band Camp Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2 and American Pie Presents Band Camp

title: List of American Pie characters

text: Portrayed by Chris Owen Appeared in: American Pie, American Pie 2, American Pie Presents Band Camp, and American Reunion


query: How many people in America identify as liberals?

title: Political ideologies in the United States

text: The size of ideological groups varies slightly depending on the poll. Gallup/USA Today polling in June 2010 revealed that 42% of those surveyed identify as conservative, 35% as moderate, and 20% as liberal.[3] In another polling in June 2010, 40% of American voters identify themselves as conservatives, 36% as moderates and 22% as liberals, with a strong majority of both liberals and conservatives describing themselves as closer to the center than to the extremes.[4] As of 2013, self-identified conservatives stand at 38%, moderates at 34%, and liberals at 23%.[5]

title: Linda Evans (radical)

text:
Along with her partner, Eve Goldberg, Evans travels around the United States advocating for lesbian and female inmates' rights. Evans is involved with the activist organization the Center for Third World Organizing. In March 2002 she helped convened a conference with other formerly incarcerated people, entitled "Tear Down the Walls," in an attempt to gain support for giving amnesty to people she identified as political prisoners, claiming that "These political prisoners of war are women and men incarcerated because of their involvement in political activities which challenged the unjust nature of the U.S socioeconomic system."
In 2003 Evans gave an interview in which she identified her sexuality as an influence for her political activities, stating that "Being a lesbian has always been an important part of the reasons why I am a revolutionary – even before I was self-conscious about how important this is to me" and "Because I experience real oppression as a lesbian and as a women, I am personally committed from the very core of being to winning liberation for women, lesbians, and all oppressed people."
Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion, (Lanham, 2003)

title: Liberalism by country

text: Many liberal parties are members of the Liberal International and/or one of its regional partners, such as the ALDE Party in Europe, the Liberal Network for Latin America and the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. Generally, membership in these international organizations is an indication that that party is indeed liberal. However, other international organisations, such as the International Democrat Union and the Centrist Democrat International, and regional organisations, such as the European People's Party, the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists, the European Democratic Party and the Christian Democrat Organization of America, also have liberal or liberal leaning parties as significant proportions of their membership.

title: Top Secret America

text: Published July 19, 2010, this first installment focuses on the U.S. intelligence system's growth and redundancies. It questions its manageability, as it has become "so large, so unwieldy, and so secretive that no one knows how much money it costs, how many people it employs, how many programs exist within it, or exactly how many agencies do the same work." The report states that "An estimated 854,000 people, nearly 1.5 times as many people as live in Washington, D.C., hold top-secret security clearances."

title: Demonic: How the Liberal Mob Is Endangering America

text: Demonic: How the Liberal Mob is Endangering America is a book by best-selling author and conservative columnist Ann Coulter, published in 2011.

title: Biracial and multiracial identity development

text:
Renn conducted several qualitative studies across higher education institutions in the eastern and midwestern United States in 2000 and 2004. From the analysis of written responses, observations, focus groups, and archival sources, Renn identified five non-exclusive patterns of identity among multiracial college students. The five identity patterns recognized by Renn include the following:
Like Root's resolutions, Renn's theory accounted for the fluidity of identity development. Each of the stages represented above are non-linear. Renn explained that some students from her studies self-identified with more than one identity pattern. This is why the total percentage of these identity patterns are more than 100 percent. For example, a participant of European and African-American descent may have identified as multiracial initially, but also as Monoracial or Multiple Monoracial depending on the context of their environment or interactions with other individuals.
For many multiracial individuals, there is a lot of bouncing around between racial categories. Hitlin, Brown, and Elder Jr. (2006) studies concluded that people who identified as biracial are more likely to change how they identify than people who identified with one race their whole life. Biracial people seem to be very fluid in how they identify, but there are certain factors that make it more likely for them to identify a certain way. People who grew up with a higher social and economic status were less likely to race switch than someone who grew up in a lower status. Being around a racially charged environment can also drastically alter how much a multi-racial individual race switches. Sanchez, Shih & Garcia (2009) concluded in a study that people who were more fluid with their racial identification had worse mental health, not necessarily due to their own identity crisis but due to outsiders pressure to classify the individual. This can cause lots of stress and frustration for the multiracial individual affecting their mental health.

title: Hardball with Chris Matthews

text: On October 17, 2008, Minnesota representative Michele Bachmann gave an interview on MSNBC's "Hardball with Chris Matthews" in support of the presidential campaign of Senator John McCain. In speaking of Senator Barack Obama Bachmann said: "we know that he is the most liberal Senator in the United States Senate and that's just after one year of being there ... [with Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid ] you have a Troika of the most leftist administration in the history of our country." In reference to Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin's comment about "pro-America areas of this great nation", Bachmann was asked which areas are anti-American and responded "I don’t think it's geography. I think it is people who don’t like America, who detest America ... you’ll find them in all walks of life all throughout America." When asked by Matthews about the Democratic Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader, Bachmann said "I am not going to say if they are anti-American or pro-American." When asked "How many people in the Congress of the United States do you suspect as being anti-American?" she replied "What I would say is that the news media should do a penetrating expose and take a look. I wish they would. I wish the American media would take a great look at the views of the people in Congress and find out, are they pro-America or anti-America? I think people would love to see an expose like that."

title: Decolonization of higher education in South Africa

text: In the collection of his writings in "I write what I like", Steve Biko discusses the ideas of liberation, decolonization, pride and black consciousness. He notes that how during Apartheid, Africans and all things African have been given an inferior status. He explains how this devaluation and oppression of black people have contributed to an environment in which black people live in “denigration and derision”. This manifests in black people living in a demoralized state as they have internalized their oppression. He advocates on behalf of black consciousness as a means of promoting black pride, equality and value. He identifies two stages in the Black Conscious Movement, “Psychological Liberation” and “Physical Liberation”. Psychological liberation refers to the empowerment black people would experience out of a positive change in mindset regarding their blackness. Biko wrote that “we cannot be conscious of ourselves and yet remain in bondage. We want to attain the envisioned self which is a free self.”

title: Racism in the Dominican Republic

text: In Latin America, the mechanism used for racial categorization differs quite significantly from that in North America. In North America, the one-drop rule applies in such that if a person has even the slightest degree of African blood in them then they are considered black. However, in Latin America including the Dominican Republic, there is a bit more flexibility in how people racially categorize themselves. In Latin America people identify themselves mostly based on skin color and not so much their ancestry, hence this allows for more "racial fluidity". For example, a person who has one black can identify as non-black if appearance wise they can pass of as being another racial category or racially ambiguous. Socio-economic status also heavily influences race classification in Latin America and tends to be associated with whiteness. In the Dominican Republic, those of higher social status tend to use lighter color terminology such as 'blanco/a', 'trigueño/a', indio/a, and claro/a to classify themselves.

title: Initiation (Theosophy)

text: Alice A. Bailey identified as Masters the Master P., who is said to help "St. Germain" bring about the Age of Aquarius in the Americas, and two different "English Masters" (English Master #1 and English Master #2), one of which is said to have inspired the labor movement. In addition to these three, she identified the three "Lords of Liberation" – (Lord of Liberation #1, Lord of Liberation #2, and Lord of Liberation #3). According to Alice A. Bailey, the three "Lords of Liberation" formulated the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". Finally, Alice A. Bailey also identified the three "Lords of Karma" (Lord of Karma #1, Lord of Karma #2, and Lord of Karma #3). These three beings are said to live in Shamballah and help "Sanat Kumara" decide where and when souls are going to incarnate in their next life.

title: Eastern Orthodoxy in North America

text: There may be as many as seven million people in the United States who self-identify as Orthodox due to ethnicity or being baptized as children. They may also be married in the church and baptize their children in the church, but they remain unknown to parishes and do not participate in church life. Many recent immigrants who have come to America also self-identify as Orthodox, but never participate in church life. The table below does not include either of these categories, limiting itself to those Orthodox believers who attend parish churches at least often enough to be counted in the official parish statistics. They are listed as "adherents." The "regular attendees" are the number of people who attend church on a typical Sunday.

title: Yamaha Pacifica

text:
PAC - Identifies the series the guitar belongs to: PAC = Pacifica
112 - Identifies how “high end” the guitar is: 1 indicates basic parts, but an alder body
112 - Identifies how many humbuckers the guitar has (one by the bridge)
112 - Identifies how many single coils the guitar has (one at the neck; one in the middle)
V - Indicates other features: V suggests an alnico V magnet

title: Parkinson's disease clinical research

text: Though there are many types of clinical research, the two most common are interventional and observational. For example, researchers trying to identify causes of PD may conduct an observational study to examine genetic or environmental factors that may have triggered the disease in an individual. Natural history studies that evaluate how Parkinson's affects different people and how it changes over time are another example of observational research. Diagnostic accuracy studies are used to investigate how well a test, or a series of tests, are able to correctly identify diseased patients.

title: Robert De Niro

text: A day later, in front of a crowd in Toronto, he apologized to Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for President Trump's "idiotic behavior". He has said that Trump is a racist, and that like many white liberals he was “naive” about Obama's two election wins and their implication of a post-racial America. “I felt we were on a new thing. I didn’t realise how against him certain people were – racially against him, offended that he was there.”

title: Matthew Levendusky

text: "The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans", is a book on the phenomenon of growing political polarization in the United States. Levendusky finds that while a small number have become more extreme over time, most contemporary Americans maintain relatively similar views to those in previous generations. What has changed is the way people sort themselves into parties. Previously, many liberals identified as Republicans and many conservatives identified as Democrats. More recently, the parties have become more ideologically pure and encouraged people to think of themselves in that way as well. Thus, voters have been "sorting" into Democrats and Republicans and eliminated much of the middle ground that existed in previous generations.

title: Sappony

text: Colonial and early United States governments generally failed to recognize how people identified culturally. The problem grew more severe at the turn of the 19th century, resulting in records that are biased toward classifying all free people of color as African American, when some identified culturally and by descent as members of specific Native American tribes. There have been many academic disagreements about the cultural identity of numerous people recorded simply as free blacks or free people of color.

title: Michael S. Piazza

text: In August 1999, "The Advocate" magazine named Piazza one of the most influential people in the gay and lesbian rights movement and he was honored by Pacific School of Religion with its "Leading Voice" award for his social justice work on behalf of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. His published books include "Liberating the Gospel"; "Liberating Word, A Daily Reflection for Liberals, Volume One: The First Testament"; "Gay by God: How to be Lesbian or Gay and Christian" (formerly "Holy Homosexuals"); "Queeries: Questions Lesbians and Gays have for God"; "The Real antiChrist: How America Sold its Soul"; "Prophetic Renewal: Hope for the Liberal Church," designed to help restore vitality to liberal congregations; and "Liberating Hope: Daring to Renew the Mainline Church" co-written with the Rev. Cameron Trimble. Trimble is co-director with Piazza of the Center for Progressive Renewal.

title: Third World Socialism

text: Many Latin American thinkers argued that the United States used Latin American countries as "peripheral economies" at the expense of Latin American social and economic development, which many saw as an extension of neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism. This shift in thinking led to a surge of dialogue related to how Latin America could assert its social and economic independence from the United States. Many scholars argued that a shift to socialism could help liberate Latin America from this conflict.

title: Hispanic–Latino naming dispute

text: Despite this, debates regarding the proper name of the perceived homogeneous population of US citizens with Latin American or Spanish background still abound, and are even more acute. To find out how much people agree or disagree with either term, many polls have been conducted. According to a December 2000 poll by Hispanic Trends, 65% of the registered voters preferred the word "Hispanic", while 30% chose to identify themselves as "Latino". Daniel David Arreola, in his book "Hispanic spaces, Latino places: community and cultural diversity in contemporary America", points out that many Latin Americans feel more comfortable identifying themselves with their country of origin:

title: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

text: While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus, estimates range from a low of 2.1 million to 7 million people to a high of 18 million.

title: American Indian Wars

text: The 2010 United States Census found 2,932,248 Americans who identified themselves as being American Indian or Alaskan Native, about 0.9% of the US population. The Canada 2011 Census found 1,836,035 Canadians who identified themselves as being First Nations (or Inuit or Métis), about 4.3% of the Canadian population. No consensus exists on how many people lived in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, but extensive research continues to be conducted. Contemporary estimates range from 2.1 million to 18 million people living on the North American continent prior to European colonization, but the US Census Bureau stated in 1894 that North America was an almost empty continent in 1492 and that Indian populations "could not have exceeded much over 500,000."

text: Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World is a 1988 non-fiction book by American author Jack Weatherford. The book explains the many ways in which the various peoples native to North and South America contributed to the modern world's culture, manufacturing, medicine, markets, and other aspects of modern life.

title: Marsha P. Johnson

text: In the 1980s Johnson continued her street activism as a respected organizer and marshal with ACT UP. In 1992, when George Segal's Stonewall memorial was moved to Christopher Street from Ohio to recognize the gay liberation movement, Johnson commented, "How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people? How many years does it take for people to see that we're all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race? I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we're all in this rat race together."

title: Bill Gertz

text: Gertz's 2000 book, "The China Threat: How the People's Republic Targets America", presented the case that China's military was more modern and powerful than was its reputation in the United States military and intelligence communities. His 2002 book, "Breakdown: How America's Intelligence Failures Led to Sept. 11", examined the activities of United States intelligence agencies prior to the 2001 terrorist attacks. His 2004 book, "Treachery: How America’s Friends and Foes Are Secretly Arming Our Enemies", accused United States allies, including France and Germany of helping to arm terrorists. His 2008 book, "The Failure Factory: How Unelected Bureaucrats, Liberal Democrats, and Big Government Republicans Are Undermining America's Security and Leading Us to War", said that many federal bureaucrats hold liberal views on foreign policy.

title: Bernard Goldberg

text: Goldberg followed "Bias" with two books – "Arrogance: Rescuing America from the Media Elite" in 2003 and "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America" in 2005. "Boston Globe" journalist Cathy Young—praised by Goldberg in "100 People"—criticized the book for listing mostly liberal or liberal-leaning individuals and only "a Few Token Right-Wingers". There were also many favorable comments about the book including one from Jonah Goldberg (no relation) who said, "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America is a rollicking and revealing look at 100 of the most egregious obstacles on the path of our nation's return to glory" and Brent Bozell, who commented: "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America is out, and it's a wonderful read for anyone not on that list."

title: Transsexual

text: The difference between prevalence and incidence in this context can be summarized thus: prevalence answers "How many people are transsexual right now?" and incidence answers "How many people were identified as transsexual this year?"

title: Thomas Robinson (Stretford MP)

text: Robinson was mostly identified with the Liberal Party, but was successful in Parliamentary politics through a Liberal-Conservative pact and stood under the title Independent Free Trade and Anti-Socialist. He was always identified by the Liberal Party as a representative of the party, even at the 1924 general election, when he chose to describe himself as a Constitutionalist. The Constitutionalist label was one used by a number of candidates; many were Liberals or ex-Liberals like Winston Churchill. The Constitutionalists did not function as a party but fielded candidates in 1924 in constituencies where local Conservative and Liberal Associations collaborated against socialism. Many ended up in the Conservative Party, but Robinson preferred to continue to receive the Liberal whip up until the 1929 general election, when he stood formally as an Independent.

title: Race (human categorization)

text: The immigrants to the Americas came from every region of Europe, Africa, and Asia. They mixed among themselves and with the indigenous inhabitants of the continent. In the United States most people who self-identify as African–American have some European ancestors, while many people who identify as European American have some African or Amerindian ancestors.

title: Melungeon

text: There were questions about which ethnic culture individuals identified with and often there were differences between how people identified themselves and how others identified them. Because of slavery, colonial and state laws were biased toward identifying multiracial people of partial African origin as African or 'black,' although persons of mixed African and Native American descent might identify and live culturally as Native Americans. Many Native American tribes were organized into matrilineal kinship systems, in which children were considered born into the mother's clan and took their social status from her people; inheritance and descent was figured through the maternal lines.

title: Radio Sawa

text: The station's emphasis on popular music has led critics to question if music alone is enough to convey America's message. Some critics point out that what matters is "not just how many people are tuning in, but how many people are affected by a broadcast's content."

title: Chapo Trap House

text: Menaker, Christman, and Biederman identify with left-wing politics and frequently deride conservative, neoliberal, moderate, and liberal pundits. Writing for "The New York Times", Nikil Saval called "Chapo Trap House" and its hosts "prime originators of the left’s liberal-bashing". The "Pacific Standard" noted that: Contemporary conservatism is the butt of many jokes on "Chapo", but the harshest critiques are often saved for the Democratic Party (and for contemporary liberalism more generally). Chapo has managed to strip away the layers standard of political discourse to highlight the brutality behind policies like triple-tap airstrikes and for-profit health care. Biederman has said the show's intended audience are those seeking alternatives to existing leftist media, which he characterizes as "the dominion of either upper middle class smugness when it's even the least bit funny and insufferable self-righteousness when it's even the least bit conscious." Similarly, Christman said that leftist perspectives in media tend toward either the "smug above-it-all snark of "The Daily Show" or the quaver-voiced earnestness of, like Chris Hedges or something. Neither of those models offer the visceral thrill of listening to people who actually give a shit (as opposed to the wan liberalism of people who are mostly interested in showing how much smarter they are than Republicans)." Menaker has said that their perspective is meant to be in "marked contrast to the utterly humorless and bloodless path that leads many people with liberal or leftist proclivities into the trap of living in constant fear of offending some group that you're not a part of, up to and including the ruling class."


query: When did Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel take the name "Coco"?

title: Coco Chanel

text: Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress.[12] When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a cafe-concert (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, La Rotonde. She was a poseuse, a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name "Coco" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, "Who Has Seen Coco?" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father.[13] Others believe "Coco" came from Ko Ko Ri Ko, and Qui qu'a vu Coco, or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, cocotte.[14] As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitués of the cabaret.[6]

title: Chanel No. 5

text: Chanel No. 5 was the first perfume launched by French couturier Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel. The chemical formula for the fragrance was compounded by French-Russian chemist and perfumer Ernest Beaux. The design of its bottle has been an important part of the product's allure.

title: Chris Greenhalgh

text: Greenhalgh has written a screenplay adapting his novel "Coco and Igor". The film "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky", directed by Jan Kounen and starring Anna Mouglalis and Mads Mikkelsen held the prestigious closing slot at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival selected "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky" to be shown in its prestigious closing slot, on 24 May 2009.

title: Bois des Îles

text: Bois des Îles () is a fragrance produced by Parisian couturier Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel. The name is French for "Island Wood" or, more literally, "Wood of the Islands".

title: Chanel

text: Wisely, Pierre Wertheimer settled his business- and commercial-rights quarrel with Chanel, and, in May 1947, they renegotiated the 1924 contract that had established Parfums Chanel — she was paid $400,000 in cash (wartime profits from the sales of perfume No. 5 de Chanel); assigned a 2.0 per cent running royalty from the sales of No. 5 "parfumerie"; assigned limited commercial rights to sell "her" "Chanel perfumes" in Switzerland; and granted a perpetual monthly stipend that paid all of her expenses. In exchange, Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss "parfumerie" enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name "Coco Chanel".

title: Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge

text: Vera Bate Lombardi, Coco Chanel's muse and PR representative, was rumoured to be Adolphus' illegitimate daughter. Hal Vaughan, in his 2012 biography of Coco Chanel ('Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War', p. 42), describes Vera Bate Lombardi as a 'cousin and childhood friend' of Edward, Prince of Wales.

title: Sam Roddick

text: In December 2001, Roddick opened Coco de Mer in Covent Garden's Monmouth Street with an evening hosted by Dave Stewart, and a fly-poster campaign by Saatchi and Saatchi. In 2004 Roddick was prevented from registering the Coco de Mer name as a trade mark by French fashion designer Coco Chanel, the lawsuit citing the similarity in product range and name.

title: Chanel

text: The success of the No. 5 encouraged Coco Chanel to expand perfume sales beyond France and Europe and to develop other perfumes — for which she required investment capital, business acumen, and access to the North American market. To that end, the businessman Théophile Bader (founder of Galeries Lafayette) introduced the venture capitalist Pierre Wertheimer to Coco Chanel. Their business deal established the Parfums Chanel company, a "parfumerie" of which Wertheimer owned 70 per cent, Bader owned 20 per cent, and Chanel owned 10 per cent; commercial success of the joint enterprise was assured by the Chanel name, and by the cachet of la "Maison Chanel", which remained the sole business province of Coco Chanel.

title: Gabrielle Dorziat

text: Gabrielle Dorziat (1880–1979) was a French stage and film actress. Dorziat was a fashion trend setter in Paris and helped popularize the designs of Coco Chanel. The Théâtre Gabrielle-Dorziat in Épernay, France is named for her.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Vaughan also addressed the discomfort many felt with the revelations provided in his book: "A lot of people in this world don't want the iconic figure of Gabrielle Coco Chanel, one of France's great cultural idols, destroyed. This is definitely something that a lot of people would have preferred to put aside, to forget, to just go on selling Chanel scarves and jewellery."[42]

title: Little black dress

text: In 1926 Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel published a picture of a short, simple black dress in American "Vogue". It was calf-length, straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines. "Vogue" called it "Chanel's Ford". Like the Model T, the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes. "Vogue" also said that the LBD would become "a sort of uniform for all women of taste". This, as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black from mourning, and reinvent it as the uniform of the high-class, wealthy, and chic. As Coco herself proclaimed, "I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around."

title: Chanel

text: In Switzerland, the news revived Coco Chanel's resentment at having been exploited by her business partner, for only ten per cent of the money. So she established a rival Swiss "parfumerie" to create, produce, and sell "her" "Chanel perfumes". In turn, Wertheimer, the majority capital stock owner of Parfums Chanel, saw his business interests threatened, and his commercial rights infringed because he did not possess legally exclusive rights to the Chanel name. Nonetheless, Wertheimer avoided a trademark infringement lawsuit against Coco Chanel, lest it damage the commercial reputation and the artistic credibility of "his" Chanel-brand "parfumerie".

title: Coco Before Chanel

text: Coco Before Chanel () is a 2009 biographical drama film directed and co-written by Anne Fontaine. The film stars Audrey Tautou and details the early life of French fashion designer Coco Chanel.

title: Coco Chanel

text: The first film about Chanel was Chanel Solitaire (1981), directed by George Kaczender and starring Marie-France Pisier, Timothy Dalton, and Rutger Hauer. Coco Chanel (2008) was a television movie starring Shirley MacLaine as the 70-year-old Chanel. Directed by Christian Duguay, the film also starred Barbora Bobuľová as the young Chanel and Olivier Sitruk as Boy Capel. Coco avant Chanel (Coco Before Chanel) (2009) was a French-language biographical film starring Audrey Tautou as the young Chanel, with Benoît Poelvoorde as Étienne Balsan and Alessandro Nivola as Boy Capel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2009) was a French-language film directed by Jan Kounen. Anna Mouglalis played Chanel, and Mads Mikkelsen played Igor Stravinsky. The film was based on the 2002 novel Coco and Igor by Chris Greenhalgh, which concerns a purported affair between Chanel and Stravinsky. It was chosen to close the Cannes Film Festival of 2009.[65]

title: Chanel No. 22

text: Chanel No. 22 is one of several well-known fragrances from Parisian couturier, Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel.

title: Spring 2009 Chanel couture collection

text: The show continued in the tradition of Coco Chanel’s use of white. Coco Chanel often wore white, and in 1933 presented an all-white collection.

title: Chanel

text: Chanel S.A. (, ) is a French privately held company owned by Alain Wertheimer and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the "couturière" Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S.A. is a high fashion house that specializes only in women's haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods, and fashion accessories. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname "Coco" from her time as a chanteuse. As a fashion designer, Coco Chanel catered to women's taste for elegance in dress, with blouses and suits, trousers and dresses, and jewellery (gemstone and bijouterie) of simple design, that replaced the opulent, over-designed, and constrictive clothes and accessories of 19th-century fashion. The Chanel product brands have been personified by fashion models and actresses, including Inès de La Fressange, Catherine Deneuve, Carole Bouquet, Vanessa Paradis, Nicole Kidman, Anna Mouglalis, Audrey Tautou, Keira Knightley, Kristen Stewart and Marilyn Monroe.

title: Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky

text: "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky" is based on the 2002 fictional novel "Coco and Igor" by Chris Greenhalgh and traces a rumoured affair between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky in Paris in 1920, the year that Chanel No. 5 was created. Greenhalgh also wrote the screenplay for the film. Chanel and its current chief designer Karl Lagerfeld lent their support to the production; they granted access to the company's archives and to Coco Chanel's apartment at 31, rue Cambon, Paris. The film was released very soon after Anne Fontaine's film "Coco avant Chanel" starring Audrey Tautou.

title: Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky

text: An introductory scene takes place in Paris in 1913, where Coco Chanel attends the first, scandalous performance of Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring". The rhythmic dissonance of the score and the surprising choreography of the piece result in heckling and outrage among much of the audience. But Chanel is impressed by Stravinsky and his music.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (19 August 1883[1] – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and business woman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the "corseted silhouette" and popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her design aesthetic in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product. She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[2] Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.[3]:211

title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: One of the first women to wear trousers, cut her hair, and reject the corset was Coco Chanel. Probably the most influential woman in fashion of the 20th century, Coco Chanel did much to further the emancipation and freedom of women's fashion.

title: Coco Before Chanel

text: Several years after leaving the orphanage where her father abandoned her, a young Gabrielle Chanel finds herself working in a provincial bar. She is both a seamstress for the performers and a singer, earning the nickname 'Coco' from the song she sings nightly with her sister. A liaison with the charismatic Baron Balsan (Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde) gives her an entry into French high society, and a chance to develop her gift for designing increasingly popular hats.

title: Chanel

text: Coco Chanel thus could sell to them the hats she designed and made; she thus earned a living, independent of her financial sponsor, the socialite Balsan. In the course of those salons Coco Chanel befriended Arthur 'Boy' Capel, an English socialite and polo player friend of Étienne Balsan; per the upper class social custom, Chanel also became mistress to Boy Capel. Despite that social circumstance, Boy Capel perceived the businesswoman innate to Coco Chanel, and, in 1910, financed her first independent millinery shop, "Chanel Modes", at 21 rue Cambon, Paris. Because that locale already housed a dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture. Two years later, in 1913, the Deauville and Biarritz couture shops of Coco Chanel offered for sale "prêt-à-porter" sports clothes for women, the practical designs of which allowed the wearer to play sport.

title: Coco Chanel

text: Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to mother, Eugénie Jeanne Devolle—known as Jeanne—a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, France.[7]:14[8] She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, was born less than a year earlier.[8] Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments,[9]:27 living a nomadic life, traveling to and from market towns. The family resided in rundown lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle,[7]:16 persuaded to do so by her family who had "united, effectively, to pay Albert to marry her."[7]:16

title: Coco Chanel

text: In September 1944, Chanel was interrogated by the Free French Purge Committee, the épuration. The committee had no documented evidence of her collaborative activities and was obliged to release her. According to Chanel's grand-niece, Gabrielle Palasse Labrunie, when Chanel returned home she said, "Churchill had me freed".[6]:186-187

title: Gabrielle Diana

text: On September 27, 2015, Gladu received the message that her name had been legally changed to Gabrielle Diana Gladu. Gladu uploaded a video to her Twitter, which was filmed by her cousin. Gabrielle's mom surprised her with a cake that revealed that her name was legally changed. Gabrielle revealed that her forename Gabrielle, was inspired by Coco Chanel, and her middle name, Diana, was an tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales, who Gladu became influenced and inspired by.

title: Audrey Tautou

text: Tautou played the lead role in the biopic of fashion designer Coco Chanel, titled "Coco avant Chanel", and directed by Anne Fontaine. Filming began in Paris in September 2008, and released in France on 22 April 2009. The script is partially based on Edmonde Charles-Roux's book "L'Irrégulière" ("The Non-Conformist"). Instead of releasing "Coco Before Chanel" in the United States itself, Warner Bros. let Sony Pictures Classics handle the release there. The film grossed $6 million in the United States.

title: Coco Chanel

text: “Sleeping with the Enemy, Coco Chanel and the Secret War” written by Hal Vaughan further solidifies the consistencies of the French intelligent documents released by describing Coco as a “vicious anti-Semite” who praised Hitler.[36]

title: Étienne Balsan

text: Balsan was portrayed by actor Benoît Poelvoorde in the feature film "Coco avant Chanel" (2009), by Sagamore Stévenin in the television film Coco Chanel (2008), and by Rutger Hauer in the 1981 release "Chanel Solitaire".

title: Coco Chanel (film)

text: Coco Chanel is a 2008 made-for-television biographical film directed by Christian Duguay and written by Ron Hutchinson, Enrico Medioli and Lea Tafuri. It stars Shirley MacLaine as (the older) Coco Chanel, the pioneering French fashion designer. MacLaine was nominated for a Golden Globe award, an Emmy and a Screen Actors Guild award for her work in the film.


query: Did Kim Hong-il have kids?

title: Kim Jong-il

text: There is no official information available about Kim Jong-il's marital history, but he is believed to have been officially married twice and to have had three mistresses.[108] He had three known sons: Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-chul and Kim Jong-un. His two known daughters are Kim Sul-song and Kim Yo-jong.[1][109]

title: Kim Jong-un bibliography

text:
Kim did not deliver a traditional "New Year Address" in 2012 out of respect for Kim Jong-il who had died just a short time ago. He did, however, revive the tradition the following year; Kim Jong-il never spoke in public but chose to have new year's editorials published in newspapers. In an unofficial hierarchy of speeches by the leader of North Korea, these "New Year Address"es are second to only speeches made at major party events. Kim's "New Year Address"es, and other works, have largely phased out mentions of the "Juche" ideology.
Two collections have been published: "Towards Final Victory" includes works from 2012, and "For Building a Thriving Nation", covering the years 2013 and 2014.

title: North Korea

text:
Claims that the dynasty has been deified are contested by North Korea researcher B. R. Myers: "Divine powers have never been attributed to either of the two Kims. In fact, the propaganda apparatus in Pyongyang has generally been careful "not" to make claims that run directly counter to citizens' experience or common sense." He further explains that the state propaganda painted Kim Jong-il as someone whose expertise lay in military matters and that the famine of the 1990s was partially caused by natural disasters out of Kim Jong-il's control.
The song "No Motherland Without You", sung by the North Korean army choir, was created especially for Kim Jong-il and is one of the most popular tunes in the country. Kim Il-sung is still officially revered as the nation's "Eternal President". Several landmarks in North Korea are named for Kim Il-sung, including Kim Il-sung University, Kim Il-sung Stadium, and Kim Il-sung Square. Defectors have been quoted as saying that North Korean schools deify both father and son. Kim Il-sung rejected the notion that he had created a cult around himself, and accused those who suggested this of "factionalism". Following the death of Kim Il-sung, North Koreans were prostrating and weeping to a bronze statue of him in an organized event; similar scenes were broadcast by state television following the death of Kim Jong-il.

title: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il portraits

text: Visual depictions of Kim Il-sung have been commonplace in North Korea since the 1940s following the example of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong in China. The display of Kim Il-sung portraits was made mandatory at homes in the 1970s. Gradually, they have become mandatory in certain public places as well, such as factories, airports, railway stations, and rail and subway carriages. Portraits of Kim Jong-il have been hung next to Kim Il-sung since in the late 1970s. A portrait of Kim Jong-un was displayed for the first time in public in 2018.

title: Choe Hyon

text: Choe Hyon was a close associate of Kim Il-sung during their guerrilla years. Choe was older than Kim Il-sung. As such, Choe did not have to use honorifics when speaking to him, although according to Kim Il-sung's autobiography "With the Century" this was of Kim's insistence:

title: Kim Yo-jong

text: Kim Yo-jong was born the daughter of Kim Jong-il and his wife Ko Yong-hui on 26 September 1988. She and her brother, Kim Jong-un, are said to have a close relationship, due to shared isolated years while studying together in Switzerland from 1996 to 2000, and in North Korea, "where social and emotional isolation appears to have been a defining force in their early lives" possibly because their father Kim Jong-Il wanted to bring them up away from the influence of his father Kim Il-sung. She may have studied at the Kim Il-sung Military University after her return. She also studied computer science at Kim Il-sung University where she is said to have studied with Kim Eun-gyong, the daughter of Japanese abductee Megumi Yokota.

title: Kim Nam-il

text: Both Kim Bo-Min and Kim Nam-Il neither confirmed nor denied the allegation. In an interview with a women's magazine, the footballer's parents have stated that they have heard from their son that they are romantically involved, but did not hear about marriage. In June 2007, the couple secretly became engaged and revealed that they had met three years ago.they are married and they have a son

title: Kim Won-hong

text: Kim Won-hong rose to prominence in 2003, as he was appointed commander of the Military Security Command (the North Korean army's intelligence unit) following the death of General Won Ung-hui, who had been heading it since 1990. In April 2009, Kim was promoted to General and then migrated to the KPA General Political Bureau's Organisation Department, at the same time when Kim Jong-il reportedly put Kim Jong-un in charge of the Ministry of State Security to which the Military Security Command is affiliated. Kim was also made a member of the Party's Central Committee and Central Military Commission in September 2010 and was reported to having a role in ensuring Kim Jong-un's succession.

title: Hong Il-chon

text: Hong Il-chon held a degree in Russian Literature from Kim Il-sung University. After her divorce from Kim Jong-il, she was still active in politics and educational affairs. She became one of the members of the Supreme People's Assembly during the period between 1977 and 1991. After she withdrew from the Assembly, she was appointed as principal of Kim Hyong Jik University of Education in September 1991. She retired from that post in July 2012 at the age of 70.

title: Kim Hong-il

text: Kim Hong-il may refer to:

title: Shin Sang-ok

text:
In 1978, Shin's former wife, Choi Eun-hee, an actress who starred in many of his films, was kidnapped in Hong Kong and taken to North Korea. Shin himself came under suspicion of causing her disappearance, and when he traveled to Hong Kong to investigate, he was kidnapped as well. The kidnappings were on orders of future leader Kim Jong-il, who wanted to establish a film industry for his country to sway international opinion regarding the views of the Workers' Party of Korea. The North Korean authorities have denied the kidnapping accusations, claiming that Shin came to the country willingly. Shin and Choi made secret audiotapes of conversations with Kim Jong-il, which supported their story.
Shin was put in comfortable accommodation, but after two escape attempts was placed in a prison for over two years. Once his re-education in North Korean ideology was thought complete, he was taken to Pyongyang in 1983 to meet Kim Jong-il and learn why he had been abducted to North Korea. His ex-wife was brought to the same dinner party, where she first learned that Shin was also in North Korea. They remarried shortly afterwards, as suggested by Kim Jong-il.

title: 2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea

text: In his first confrontation with his rivals, Kim Il-sung managed to get the Soviet-Koreans to attack the domestic faction. The majority of cadres belonging to the domestic cadres still felt affinity with the party in Seoul and did not support Kim Il-sung's leadership. Cadres belonging to the Yanan faction did not speak out during the congress; with leading figures such as Kim Tu-bong and Choe Chang-ik remaining silent. O Ki-sop tried to get them involved, accusing Mu Chong of "individual heroism", but Mu Chong did not reply and Kim Il-sung condemned O Ki-sop for dragging Mu Chong into a discussion about himself. However, the fact is that it wasn't much the domestic faction could do to weaken Kim Il-sung's authority since he was supported by the Soviets, making him to a certain extent unremovable. At this congress, Kim Il-sung and his allies purged all those WPNK members who had collaborated with the Japanese in one way or another during the occupation—the majority of those who had belonged to the domestic faction since the other factions were headquartered abroad during the occupation.

title: 6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: The choice of Kim Jong-il as Kim Il-sung's successor met with considerable criticism. Critics accused Kim Il-sung of creating a dynasty, turning North Korea into a feudal state. An anonymous South Korean critic said, "Hereditary succession of power [was an] inevitable consequence of the elder Kim's irrevocable commitment to the dream of founding a dynasty of his own and of his family", adding that Kim Jong-il's rise to power was proof of the "degeneration" of the WPK into a "thoroughly personalized family affair built up around a personality cult." The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of China and other ruling parties of socialist states did not approve Kim Jong-il's appointment as heir apparent. Kim Il-sung's choice of successor arguably concerned the promotion of revolutionary zeal in the country (taking into account the negative treatment Joseph Stalin received from his successor).

title: 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: Kim Jong-un, Kim Yong-nam, Hwang Pyong-so, Choe Ryong-hae, Pak Pong-ju, Kim Ki-nam, Choe Thae-bok, Ri Yong-mu, O Kuk-ryol, Ri Myong-su, Kang Sok-ju, Kwak Pom-gi, O Su-yong, Kim Yong-chol, Yang Hyong-sop, Kim Won-hong, Kim Phyong-hae, Pak Yong-sik, Ro Tu-chol, Choe Pu-il, Jo Yon-jun, Kim Yong-jin, Im Chol-ung, Kim Tok-hun, Ri Mu-yong, Ri Chol-man, Ri Il-hwan, Ri Man-gon, An Jong-su, Choe Sang-gon, Ri Yong-rae, Kim Jong-im, Kim Jung-hyop, Kim Man-song, Hong In-bom, Kim Kyong-ok, Ri Jae-il, Choe Hwi, Ri Pyong-chol, Kim Yong-su, Jo Yong-won, Ri Yong-sik, Kim Yo-jong, Hong Sung-mu, Pak To-chun, Kim Yong-chun, Hyon Chol-hae, Ri Yong-gil, So Hong-chan, Kim Jong-gak, No Kwang-chol, Kim Jong-gwan, Yun Tong-hyon, Kim Hyong-ryong, Jo Nam-jin, Ryom Chol-song, Jo Kyong-chol, Pak Jong-chon, Yun Yong-sik, Kim Rak-gyom, Ri Yong-ju, Choe Yong-ho, Wi Song-il, Pang Tu-sop, Ri Song-guk, kYang Tong-hun, Ri Thae-sop, Pak Su-il, Kim Sang-ryong, Kim Kum-chol, Kim Yong-bok, Kim Myong-nam, Kim Song-chol, Ri Chang-han, Han Chang-sun, Yun Jong-rin, Kim Song-dok, Ri Yong-hwan, Ro Kyong-jun, Choe Yong-rim, Hong Son-ok, Kim Yong-ho, Jo Chun-ryong, Kim Chol-man, Ri Su-yong, Kim Man-su, Jang Hyok, Tong Jong-ho, Ri Ryong-nam, Kim Sung-du, Jang Ki-ho, Jang Chol, Kim Jong-suk, Kim Kye-gwan, Kim Tong-il, Jang Chang-ha, Ri Hong-sop, Ri Yong-ho, Ju Yong-sik, Jon Yong-nam, Jang Pyong-gyu, Jang Jong-nam, Kang Phil-hun, Kim Su-gil, Pak Thae-song, Kang Yang-mo, Kim Nung-o, Pak Yong-ho, Pak Thae-dok, Kim Jae-ryong, Pak Jong-nam, Jon Sung-hun, Kim Song-il, Ri Sang-won, Rim Kyong-man, Thae Jong-su, Ri Kwang-chol, Jon Kyong-son, O Mun-hyon, Pak Jong-gun, Choe Yong-dok, Ri Jong-sik, Ko Pyong-hyon, Ri Pong-dok, Jong In-guk, Choe Myong-chol, Thae Hyong-chol, Hong So-hon, Jon Il-ho

title: Hong Sung-mu

text: Hong's career took off in earnest after the 2011 death of Kim Jong-il, the country's leader, and the succession of Kim Jong-un. Hong was number 126 on the funeral committee list of Kim Jong-il. Since 2012, he has accompanied Kim on the occasion of various rocket test launches, and on on-the-spot guidance tours since the beginning of 2013. , Hong is an alternate member of the Central Committee of the WPK.

title: Hong Il-chon

text: Hong Il-chon (, born 1942) was the first wife of Kim Jong-il. She was the daughter of a soldier who died during the Korean War. In the early 1960s, Kim Il-sung, father of Kim Jong-il, introduced her to his son and handpicked her to marry him in 1966. Her only daughter is named Kim Hye-gyong, born in 1968, and is the first child of Kim Jong-il. They divorced in 1969.

title: Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: Similar to the Central Committee, the Politburo was dormant during much of Kim Jong-il's rule; however, the 3rd Conference elected new Politburo members. While many foreign observers believed it would signify a generational shift, it did not; the youngest member was 53 years old, and the average age was 74 (with 12 over age 80). The majority of new members were aides to Kim Jong-il or Kim family members. Kim Kyong-hui (Kim Jong-il's sister) and Jang Song-thaek (Kim Kyong-hui's husband) were appointed full and candidate member, respectively. Several of Jang's proteges were elected candidate members, including Ju Sang-song (Minister of People's Security), U Tong-chuk (First Deputy Director of the State Security Department) and Choe Ryong-hae (Secretary for Military Affairs). Pak Jong-su (First Deputy Head of the Organization and Guidance Department), a leading facilitator of Kim Jong-un's succession, was appointed a candidate member. Most of the new members were cabinet members, military officials, party secretaries or officials from the security establishment. Ten members from the National Defense Commission and three deputy premiers were appointed to the Politbüro. Leading economic experts (such as Hong Sok-yong and Tae Jong-su) and foreign experts (such as Kang Sok-ju, Kim Yong-il and Kim Yang-gon) became members. At the 4th Conference, one-third of the Politburo was dismissed in unannounced retirements and dismissals. Jang Song-thaek, Pak To-chun and Vice Marshal Kim Jong-gak were promoted from candidate to full membership; Hyon Chol-hae, Kim Won-hong and Ri Myong-su, all members of the Central Military Commission, were appointed to full Politburo membership. Kwak Pom-gi, O Kuk-ryol, Ro Tu-chol, Ri Pyong-sam and Jo Yon-jun were elected candidate members.

title: Death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il

text: Kim Jong-un Kim Yong-nam Choe Yong-rim Ri Yong-ho Kim Yong-chun Jon Pyong-ho Kim Kuk-thae Kim Ki-nam Choe Thae-bok Yang Hyong-sop Kang Sok-ju Pyon Yong-rip Ri Yong-mu Kim Kyong-hui Kim Yang-gon Kim Yong-il Pak To-chun Choe Ryong-hae Jang Song-thaek Ju Kyu-chang Kim Rak-hui Thae Jong-su Kim Phyong-hae Kim Jong-gak U Tong-chuk Kim Chang-sop Mun Kyong-dok Ri Thae-nam O Kuk-ryol Kim Chol-man Ri Ul-sol Jon Ha-chol Kang Nung-su Ro Tu-chol Jo Pyong-ju Han Kwang-bok Paek Se-bong Ri Yong-su Choe Hui-jong O Il-jong Kim Jong-im Chae Hui-jong Kim Ki Ryong Jang Pyong-gyu Kim Pyong-ryul Hong In-bom Ri Man-gon Ju Yong-sik Kwak Pom-gi O Su-yong Ro Pae-gwon Pak Thae-dok Kim Hi-thaek Kang Yang-mo Rim Kyong-man Kim Kyong-ok Kim Myong-guk Kim Won-hong Hyon Chol-hae Han Tong-gun Jo Kyong-chol Pak Jae-gyong Pyon In-son Yun Jong-rin Jong Myong-do Ri Pyong-chol Choe Sang-ryo Kim Yong-chol Kang Phyo-yong Kim Hyong-ryong Ri Yong-hwan Kim Chun-sam Choe Kyong-song Ri Myong-su Jon Hui-jong Ri Yong-gil Hyon Yong-chol Choe Pu-il Yang Tong-hun Ri Pong-juk Kim Song-chol Pak Kwang-chol Ri Pyong-sam Jon Chang-bok O Kum-chol Kim In-sik Kim Song-dok Ryo Chun-sok Pak Sung-won Ri Yong-chol Pak Ui-chun Kim Hyong-sik Kim Thae-bong Jon Kil-su Ri Mu-yong An Jong-su Ri Ryong-nam Ryu Yong-sop Pak Myong-chol Kim Yong-jin Jang Chol Song Ja-rip Kim Jong-suk Kang Tong-yun Kim Pyong-ho Cha Sung-su Ryang Man-gil Yun Tong-hyon Ko Pyong-hyon Ri Pong-dok Pak Jong-gun Choe Yong-dok Jong In-guk Jon Ryong-guk Ri Hyong-gun Hwang Sun-hui Paek Kye-ryong Kim Tong-il Kim Tong-i Ri Jae-il Pak Pong-ju Jong Myong-hak Kang Kwan-il Hwang Pyong-so Kwon Hyok-bong Hong Sung-mu Kim U-ho Han Chang-sun Ri Chun-il Ri Thae-sop Jo Song-hwan Tong Yong-il Ri Chang-han Ko Su-il Ri Kuk-jun Sin Sung-hun Ri Thae-chol Yang In-guk Ri Hi-su Ri Chol Hyon Sang-ju Ri Myong-gil Ro Song-sil Tong Jong-ho Kang Min-chol Kim Hui-yong Jo Yong-chol Hwang Hak-won An Tong-chun Paek Ryong-chon Hong Kwan-sun Ri Su-yong Kim Yong-ho Pang Ri-sun Choe Chun-sik Ri Je-son Ri Sang-gun Ri Hong-sop Cha Yong-myong Kang Kwan-ju Thae Hyong-chol Kim Pyong-hun Kim Kye-gwan Han Chang-nam Kim Chang-myong Jon Chang-rim O Chol-san Son Chong-nam Jong Un-hak Cha Kyong-il Kang Ki-sop Choi Tae-il Choe Yong-do Ri Yong-ju Jon Kwang-rok Ri Chan-hwa So Tong-myong Jon Song-ung Ji Jae-ryong Kim Yong-jae Ri Yong-ho Hong So-hon Kim Tong-il Kim Tong-un Kim Pong-ryong Jo Jae-yong Choe Chan-gon Ryom In-yun Kim Chon-ho Jang Ho-chan Song Kwang-chol Ri Ki-su Ri Jong-sik Choe Hyon Jang Myong-hak Kang Hyong-bong Kim Chung-gol Kim Yong-gwang Choe Kwan-jun Jang Yong-gol Kim Myong-sik Ho Song-gil No Kwang-chol Jong Pong-gun Pak Chang-bom Choe Pong-ho Jong Mong-phil Jon Kyong-son Ri Song-gwon Choe Yong Kim Thae-mun Kim Yong-suk Cha Jin-sun Ri Min-chol Ri Il-nam Kim Chang-su Pak Myong-sun Choe Pae-jin Kim Chol Sim Chol-ho O Ryong-il Kye Yong-sam Ryu Hyon-sik Ko Myong-hui Pang Yong-uk Jang Jong-ju Ho Kwang-uk Ji Tong-sik Jong Pong-sok Choe Kwon-su Kim Yong-dae Ryu Mi-yong

title: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il portraits

text: Since the 1940s visual depictions of Kim Il-sung have been commonplace in North Korea. The practice was adopted from Stalin portraits in the Soviet Union and portraits of Mao Zedong in China. Displaying a portrait of Kim Il-sung in every house became mandatory in the 1970s. The state distributed such portraits and instructed people to display them in their living rooms. By Kim Il-sung's 60th birthday in 1972, North Korea had more leader portraits than the Soviet Union or China ever did. In 1972, the compulsory display of the portraits was extended to all factories, airports, and railway stations.

title: Kim dynasty (North Korea)

text:
Kim Jong-il had four partners, and at least five children with three of them. He fathered Kim Jong-nam in 1971 with film star Song Hye-rim, and Kim Sul-song in 1974 with his first wife, Kim Young-suk. His second mistress, Ko Yong-hui, was the ""de facto" First Lady of North Korea". She was born in Japan to a Korean father and Japanese mother. Their three children are Kim Jong-chul (born 1981), Kim Jong-un (born 1983), and Kim Yo-jong (born 1987). He did not have children with his fourth partner, Kim Ok. The two half-brothers Kim Jong-un and Kim Jong-nam never met, because of the ancient practice of raising potential successors separately.
From the early 1980s onward, Kim Jong-il dichotomized the Kim Family between its main, or central, branch ("won kaji") and its side, or extraneous, branch ("kyot kaji"). The main branch referred to Kim Il-sung’s family with Kim Jong-suk and publicly included Kim Jong-il and Kim Kyong-hui. The side branch referred to Kim Il-sung’s family with Kim Sung-ae and included the three children from their marriage.

title: Kim Il-sung

text: Kim Il-sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk (1919–1949), gave birth to two sons before her death in childbirth during the delivery of a stillborn girl. Kim Jong-il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a swimming accident. Kim married Kim Sung-ae in 1952, and it is believed he had three children with her: Kim Yŏng-il (not to be confused with the former Premier of North Korea of the same name), Kim Kyŏng-il and Kim Pyong-il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. Since 2015 Kim Pyong-il has been ambassador to the Czech Republic. Kim was reported to have other children with women he was not married to. They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).

title: Kim Yong-il

text: This Kim Yong-il should not be confused with another Kim Yong-il (1955–2000?), the son of the late Kim Il-sung and half-brother of Kim Jong-il, who is said to have died in Germany in 2000.

title: Kim Hong-il (footballer)

text: Kim Hong-il (Hangul: 김홍일; Hanja: 金弘一; born 29 September 1987) is a South Korean footballer who currently plays for Suwon FC in K League Challenge.

title: Kim Jong-il

text: Kim's first wife, Hong Il-chon, was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They have a girl called Kim Hye-kyung,[110] who was born in 1968. Soon, they divorced in 1969.

title: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il portraits

text: At the end of the decade, North Koreans were told to hang portraits of Kim Jong-il next to their portraits of Kim Il-sung. The regulation was put in place relatively late into Kim Jong-il's cult of personality. The reason was that he had little, an by 1980 virtually no, competition as the heir apparent. The order to do so became unofficially so that North Korean propaganda could claim that there was a spontaneous movement that supported Kim Jong-il. By around 1980, every office and home had the two portraits on display. In the 1980s, the rules on portraits were extended yet again to cover rail and subway carriages. Buses and trams were excluded for unknown reasons. Since the early 1990s, Kim Jong-il portraits have been the same size as those depicting Kim Il-sung, and their display has been standardized so that they are always displayed side-by-side. In the 1990s, a third kind of portrait was added that depicts Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung engaged in discussion about state management. High ranking officials were given yet another portrait, that of Kim Il-sung's first wife and mother of Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-suk. Offices, however, do not display this picture. In recent years, the portraits' societal importance has waned.

title: Kim Pyong-il

text: Kim Pyong-il's rivalry with half-brother Kim Jong-il goes back to the 1970s. In those days, Kim Pyong-il was known as a womaniser who threw raucous parties; sometimes, attendees at these parties would shout, "Long live Kim Pyong-il!". Kim Jong-il knew that this could be portrayed as a threat to the cult of personality surrounding their father Kim Il-sung, and reported the matter; Kim Il-sung was reportedly infuriated, and thus Kim Pyong-il fell out of favour with his father while Kim Jong-il strengthened his position.

title: Onwards Toward the Final Victory

text: "Onwards Toward the Final Victory" () is a North Korean propaganda hymn dedicated to the country's leader Kim Jong-un. It continues the tradition of North Korean supreme leaders having hymns dedicated to them, as was the case with Kim's grandfather Kim Il-sung ("Song of General Kim Il-sung") and Kim's father Kim Jong-il ("Song of General Kim Jong-il", "No Motherland Without You")

title: Kim Il-sung

text: There are over 500 statues of Kim Il-sung in North Korea, similar to the many statues and monuments put up by Eastern Bloc leaders to themselves. The most prominent are at Kim Il-sung University, Kim Il-sung Stadium, Mansudae Hill, Kim Il-sung Bridge and the Immortal Statue of Kim Il-sung. Some statues have reportedly been destroyed by explosions or damaged with graffiti by North Korean dissidents. "Yŏng Saeng" ("eternal life") monuments have been erected throughout the country, each dedicated to the departed "Eternal Leader".

title: North Korean cult of personality

text: Several large-scale bronze statues have been erected alongside statues of Kim Il-sung. They include a statue of Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung each riding a horse (the first large monument built after Kim Jong-il's death) and a tall statue at Mansudae, Pyongyang. The government has also been replacing statues of Kim Il-sung with updated versions along with new statues of Kim Jong-il beside the ones of his father in each of the provincial capitals and other sites.

title: Kim Il-sung bibliography

text: The English editions, published by the Foreign Languages Publishing House, as "Kim Il-sung Works", "Kim Il-sung Selected Works", and "Kim Il-sung Complete Works" have reached volume 50, eight, and four, respectively. Volumes 12 and 25 of "Kim Il-sung Works" and volume seven of "Selected Works" were never published in English.

title: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il badges

text: Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il badges are lapel pins with portraits of the eternal leaders of Juche Korea, Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. They have been made since the late 1960s. The badges are produced by the Mansudae Art Studio. There are more than 20 different designs, some of which are more sought-after than others. Ordinary North Koreans wear simple designs with a portrait of Kim Il-sung, whereas those higher up in the society prefer badges that have both Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il portrayed.