query: Do smart thermostats require wifi connection?

title: Smart thermostat

text: Smart thermostats are thermostats that can be used with home automation and are responsible for controlling a home's heating and/or air conditioning. They perform similar functions as a Programmable thermostat as they allow the user to control the temperature of their home throughout the day using a schedule, but also contain additional features, such as sensors and WiFi connectivity[1][2], that improve upon the issues with programmable thermostats,

title: Smart thermostat

text: Since the release of smart thermostats, a number of third party studies have been conducted to determine if smart thermostats actually save energy and how they compare to manual and programmable thermostats with regards to savings. One study conducted an experiment in which 300 standard programmable thermostats were placed in homes and 300 Nest smart thermostats were placed in other homes. It is important to note that the homeowners involved in this study received proper training on how to properly use all of the thermostat functions. This effectively eliminated the issues regarding human error with programmable thermostats. All homes were located within one region of Indiana and had previously underwent home energy assessment. After 1 year of observation, the study concluded that Nest users reduced their heating gas consumption by 12.5% while users of a standard programmable thermostat reduced consumption by 5%. Additionally, it was concluded that Nest and standard programmable thermostat users reduced their cooling electric consumption by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. The major factors that allowed Nest to reduce consumption more than other thermostats was its ability to further reduce human error and set more efficient temperatures. The Nest thermostat used sensors and Wi-Fi connectivity to adjust the temperature on its own and provide more savings. This study helps to suggest that smart thermostats are in fact successful in reducing energy consumption. [21]

title: Smart thermostat

text: One of the main objectives of smart thermostats is to reduce the issues involved with using traditional programmable thermostats. In order to understand how smart thermostats take on this task, it is important to understand the issues regarding programmable thermostats and how they affect energy consumption. Between 2008-2009, Florida Power & Light (FPL) provided 400 home owners with programmable thermostats and monitored their heating and cooling patterns. Out of the 400 participants, 56% of users used the programming feature while the remaining participants did not program the thermostat and left it on “hold”. It was determined that the users who used the programming feature actually consumed 12% more energy than the non-programmers. This consumption increase resulted from higher overnight duty cycles associated with lower thermostat setpoints (i.e. lower temperature setting), due to confusion with setting the schedule. This study reveals that programmable thermostats will not necessarily save energy. The smart thermostat attempts to combat this issue by taking the user out of the picture and relying on sensors and computers to save energy.[7]

title: Smart thermostat

text: A Connected thermostat is one that can be controlled through an internet connection, but will not provide analytic information. In recent years WI-FI thermostats have risen in popularity, they combine the technology of thermometers and WI-FI. So now you can have a . This technology is being developed right now so it will be available for thermostats in machinery and cars. Google are involved in this push towards technology since a Wi-Fi temperature company called Nest.The market of smart thermostats is expected to reach around 3.5 Billion USD by the end of the year 2022[18].

title: Direct Energy

text: In early 2014, Direct Energy partnered with Nest Labs to create a plan that would include a smart thermostat. The Nest smart thermostat will increase home owners and renters ability to monitor the temperature of their homes for increased energy efficiency. In August 2014, Direct Energy increased their ability to provide services that increase the efficiency of the American and Canadian home when its announced its partnership with SmartThings. A SmartThing's Hub allows the user to connect with smart device, secure the home with sensors, and control certain electrical devices.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Manual thermostats (also known as analog thermostats) are the oldest and simplest type of thermostats. These thermostats are set to one temperature and do not change until the user manually adjusts the temperature.[5]

title: Smart thermostat

text: A similar study conducted in 2012 with the ecobee thermostat also concluded that smart thermostats are capable of saving energy. The goal of this pilot program was to determine the gas and electric savings of smart thermostats. This study provided 86 households with 123 ecobee thermostats and monitored the homes for 12 months. The study included 69 houses from Massachusetts and 17 from Rhode Island. The participants either had manual or programmable thermostats before the study was conducted. Gas and electric billing data were provided for 12 months before the study was conducted to use as a baseline. After the 12 months of observation, the study concluded that ecobee thermostats led to an average electricity savings of 16% and an average gas savings of 10%. The gas savings for manual thermostat replacements (10% per thermostat) was found to be larger than for programmable thermostat replacements (8% per thermostat). The difference in electricity savings between homes whose prior equipment was a manual thermostat or programmable thermostat was found to be minimal. [1]

title: Smart thermostat

text: One study attempted to address this issue by adding more sensors throughout the house. Instead of using just one sensor in the thermostat, this team experimented with placing motion sensors and door sensors throughout the house to gain better understanding of the occupant's sleeping and occupancy patterns. These sensors communicated with each other and used an algorithm to quickly determine whether the occupants were active, sleeping, or away. The system used historical data to estimate when occupants would be returning and would begin “preheating” the home before they arrived. Additionally, the system would drift further from the set point when it was certain that no one was home. The study compared a standard ("reactive") smart thermostat and the multiple sensor system to a manual thermostat. The study concluded that a reactive smart thermostat with just on sensor saves, on average, 6.8% of energy consumption, while the multiple sensor system saved an average of 28% of energy consumption. This study again shows that, on average, smart thermostats achieve their goal of saving energy. It also shows that smart thermostats are not as well developed as they could be, and the addition of more sensors could result in better performance and energy savings. [13]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Another study conducted on the issue determined that the biggest problem for programmable thermostats was the human using it. The technology inside a programmable thermostat is no doubt one of the most important factors in determining whether or not the thermostat will be successful in saving energy. But an equally important factor is the human who is using the thermostat. Unfortunately, many people who own programmable thermostats do not know how to use the thermostat or are not using all of the features that are offered. One study conducted a number of interviews, surveys, and observations to determine that the vast majority of programmable thermostat owners are not using the thermostats for their intended purpose. An online survey showed that 89% of respondents do not use the schedule feature on their programmable thermostat. Other results from the interviews and surveys show that a large number of people have misconceptions about heating/cooling and the use of programmable thermostats. One misconceptions is people believing that heating all of the time is more efficient than scheduling the heat to turn off. Another misconception noted in the study is that turning down the thermostat does not substantially reduce energy consumption. These misconceptions reaffirm the idea that the programmable thermostat itself could have all of the necessary tools, but if the user does not use them or uses them incorrectly, then these thermostats will fail at saving energy.[6]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Another major feature of smart thermostats is their ability to connect to the internet. Smart thermostats are designed with a WiFi module that allows the thermostat to connect to the users home or office network and interface with a web portal or smartphone application, allowing users to control the unit remotely.[14] The WiFi feature also has the ability to send reports on energy usage and HVAC system performance via the web portal, informing the user on their energy efficiency and how it compares to other smart thermostat users. It also alerts users when a problem arises with their HVAC system or when it is time for equipment maintenance. The thermostat also uses the WiFi connection to display current weather conditions and the weather forecast. [1]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Smart thermostats could be a solution to reducing energy consumption, as numerous studies have shown that these thermostats do in fact reduce home energy consumption.[1][19][20][21] Additionally, the technology within smart thermostats has proven to provide optimal occupant comfort, while still reducing energy consumption.[20] In addition to providing comfort, these technologies take the human out of the picture. Many sustainable devices rely heavily on how the user uses them. By relying on technology instead of human actions, smart thermostats reduce the amount of human error often experienced with other sustainable devices, such as the programmable thermostat. These factors suggest that installing a smart thermostat is one easy step than many people can take to reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately leading to a more sustainable future.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Like a connected thermostat, they are connected to the Internet. They allow users to adjust heating settings from other internet-connected devices, such as a laptop or smartphones. This allows users to control the thermostat remotely. This ease of use is essential for ensuring energy savings: studies have shown that households with programmable thermostats actually have higher energy consumption than those with simple thermostats, because residents program them incorrectly or disable them completely.[3][4]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Smart thermostats also record internal/external temperatures, time the HVAC system has been running and can even notify you if your air filter needs to be replaced. This information is typically displayed later on an internet-connected device.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Smart thermostats are similar to programmable thermostats in the sense that they have a scheduling feature that allows users to set different temperatures for different times of the day. In addition to this feature, smart thermostats implement other technologies to reduce the amount of human error involved with using programmable thermostats. Smart thermostats incorporate the use of sensors that determine whether or not the home is occupied and can suspend heating or cooling until the occupant returns. Additionally, smart thermostats utilize Wi-Fi connectivity to give the user access to the thermostat at all times. These additional technologies have proven to make smart thermostats successful in saving users energy and money.[5]

title: Smart thermostat

text: In 2011, Nest Labs developed the Nest Learning Thermostat. The Nest Thermostat attempted to reduce home energy consumption by addressing the problems with programmable thermostats through the use of better technology. This new technology included the implementation of sensors, algorithms, machine learning, and cloud computing. These technologies learn the behaviors and preferences of the occupants, and adjust the temperature up or down to make the occupant comfortable when they are home and to save energy when they are away. Additionally, the Nest Thermostat connects to the home Wi-Fi. This allows users to change the temperature, adjust the schedule, and check energy usage from a smartphone or laptop. All of these features were part of Nest's goal to create an easy to use thermostat that saves users energy and money. [11]

title: Smart thermostat

text: One of the issues with programmable thermostats that smart thermostats try to fix is the confusing user interface. Many owners of programmable thermostats found the controls and directions to be too confusing and opted out of using the scheduling feature completely. Others who used the feature used it incorrectly, due to the confusing directions, and saw an increase in energy usage.[6] Developers of smart thermostats have attempted to fix this issue by creating simple to use thermostats and providing proper direction. While this is an improvement on programmable thermostats, studies have shown that users desire more intense training from the installer of the thermostat on how to use the technical features. Additionally, many smart thermostats use a web portal where users can adjust the thermostat settings and look at their energy usage history. Again, studies have shown that users want this feature to be improved. Some complain that the web portal is not user friendly and they desire more training on how to use the web features during installation. [1]

title: IEEE 802.21

text:
Crossing different administrative connectivity domains will require agreements among different network operators. Currently, such agreements are still not in place. In smart phones today, a user can manually select to use WiFi or cellular LTE, but the connections are not automatically maintained should a
disconnection of one network occurs.

title: Hive Connected Home

text: The main devices offered include a smart thermostat, lightbulbs, motion sensors for doors and windows, and what the company refers to as a smart plug - all of which operate on an interconnected system that links to a central hub connected to the internet.

title: Smart thermostat

text: The programmable schedule feature on the smart thermostat is similar to that on standard programmable thermostats. Users are given the option to program a custom schedule to reduce energy usage when they are away from the home. Studies have shown, though, that manually creating a schedule may lead to more energy usage than just keeping the thermostat at a set temperature.[7] To avoid this problem, smart thermostats also provide an auto schedule feature. This feature requires the use of algorithms and pattern recognition to create a schedule that results in occupant comfort and energy savings. Upon creating a schedule, the thermostat will continue monitoring occupant behavior to make changes to the auto schedule. By taking the human error out of the scheduling, smart thermostats can create smart schedules that actually save energy.[12]

title: Smart thermostat

text: One issue with using a smart thermostat is the unreliability of the motion sensor. One of the main features of the smart thermostat is the ability to change the temperature when the sensor in the thermostat does not sense an occupant. The only sensor that is used though is the sensor in the thermostat. This means that if the home is occupied but no one walks passed the thermostat, the thermostat will think that the home is unoccupied and will change the temperature, potentially leading to occupant discomfort.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Some smart thermostats, such as the Nest thermostat, can learn when the house is likely to be occupied, and when it is likely to be empty. This allows automatic pre-heating or pre-cooling so the temperature is comfortable when a resident arrives. If the residents or lifestyles change, these smart thermostats will gradually adjust the schedule, maintaining energy savings and comfort.

title: Vivint

text: In 2017, Vivint announced a partnership with Airbnb. It also integrated its smart home suite with Google Home and Philips Hue smart lighting. In 2018, Vivint collaborated with Google to include two Google Home Mini devices in every starter kit. The company also integrated the Nest Thermostat E and Google Wifi to its smart-home suite.

title: Smart thermostat

text: Another popular way that utility companies promote switching to a smart thermostat is through monetary incentives. The San Diego Gas & Electric company currently runs a program that offers participants a $50 e-gift card after switching to a smart thermostat.[27] The Wisconsin Focus on Energy program partners with utility companies across Wisconsin to offer a $75 check to those who purchase a qualifying smart thermostat.[28] Austin Energy, a utility company providing electricity to the city of Austin, Texas, offers a $25 rebate for each eligible smart thermostat that is purchased and installed.[29] Many other companies across the United States offer similar programs to incentive smart thermostats and more sustainable heating and cooling.[30] [31][32]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Home automation List of home automation topics Internet of Things Web of Things Smart device Connected Device

title: Smart thermostat

text: Programmable thermostats, first introduced in the 1970s, are a type of thermostat that allows the user to set a schedule for different temperatures at different times. Most programmable thermostats also have a hold feature which suspends the schedule and effectively turns the thermostat into a manual thermostat.[5] The idea of the scheduling feature is that users will set a warmer or cooler temperature when the home is unoccupied to save energy and money. Due to this assumed energy savings, some building codes and government programs began requiring the use of programmable thermostats.[6] Unfortunately, due to human error in using these devices, many programmable thermostats result in more energy use than the basic manual thermostat. [7]

title: Smart thermostat

text: To show that their thermostats save energy and money, numerous smart thermostat producers have conducted models and studies to confirm their savings claims. One popular way that smart thermostat producers calculate energy usage is through energy modeling. In these models, the smart thermostat is compared to a thermostat set at a constant temperature, and savings are calculated. Using this method, ecobee calculated energy savings by correlating how long heating and cooling equipment run to local weather conditions. Energy savings were calculated relative to a constant temperature of 72°F. Upon conducting this model, ecobee determined a 23% savings on heating and cooling costs for those who switch to their smart thermostat.[19] Using a similar modeling method, Nest claimed a 20% energy savings for home owners who install a Nest Learning Thermostat. [20]

title: Linksys routers

text:
In previous Tomato builds (a popular 3rd-party firmware for Linksys routers), only the 2.4 GHz radio was properly supported. However, simultaneous dual-band radio can now be achieved using Tomato RAF, Tomato Shibby and Tomato Toastman's builds.
A dual-band gigabit model. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
A dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
A dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac dual-band model with USB storage link
An 802.11ac (advertised as AC900, actually AC1200) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC1200) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC1200) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC1600) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC1750) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC1750) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC1900) dual-band gigabit model with USB storage link. App enabled with Linksys Smart WiFi.
An 802.11ac (AC2400) dual-band MU-MIMO gigabit router.
An 802.11ac (AC2600) dual-band MU-MIMO gigabit router.
An 802.11ac (AC3200) tri-band MU-MIMO gigabit router.

title: Smart thermostat

text: As a result of these studies and others like them, energy star suspended its labelling of programmable thermostats in December 2009. It became the goal of smart thermostats to address these issues by taking the human out of the picture and creating a thermostat that uses smart computing to truly reduce energy usage and cost. [7][6]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Development of the smart thermostat began in 2007 with the creation of the ecobee thermostat. The founder of ecobee, Stuart Lombard, wanted to save energy and reduce his family's carbon footprint. After realizing that heating and cooling made up most of his home's energy usage[8], Lombard purchased a programmable thermostat in an attempt to reduce total energy usage. Lombard quickly discovered that the programmable thermostat was difficult to use and unreliable. Following difficulties with the programmable thermostat, he set out to create a smart thermostat that saved energy and was easy to use. With that goal, the ecobee company was created in attempt to offer users a thermostat that could truly save energy by fixing the issues with programmable thermostats.[9]

title: Smart thermostat

text: Another feature offered by some smart thermostats through the internet connection is geofencing. A geofence is a perimeter boundary created around the location of a smartphone or other device, based on GPS signals. The benefit of having a smart thermostat with geofencing capabilities is that it uses a users smartphone location to determine whether the home is occupied. Instead of using a schedule or sensor to determine occupancy, the smart thermostat can rely on the location of the geofence to tell the HVAC system whether it needs to be on or off.[15] Since most people carry their phones with them, geofencing can be an accurate way to determine occupancy patterns. [16]


query: How long is the Alberta Provincial Highway No. 2?

title: Alberta Highway 2

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No.2, commonly referred to as Highway2 or the Queen ElizabethII Highway,[lower-alpha 2] is a major highway in Alberta, Canada that stretches from the Canada–United States border through Calgary and Edmonton to Grande Prairie. Running primarily north to south for approximately 1,273 kilometres (791mi), it is the longest and busiest highway in the province carrying nearly 170,000 vehicles per day in central Calgary. Between Edmonton and Fort Macleod, the highway forms a portion of Alberta's Export Highway and the CANAMEX Corridor. More than half of Alberta's 4million residents live in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor created by Highway2.

title: Alberta Highway 2A

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 2A is the designation of six alternate routes off Highway 2 in Alberta, Canada. In general, these are original sections of Highway 2, such as the southern portion of Macleod Trail in Calgary. They passed through communities before limited-access freeways were built to shorten driving distance, accommodate heavier volumes and to bypass city traffic. Portions of the alignment of Highway 2A follow the route of the former Calgary and Edmonton Trail.

title: Alberta Highway 7

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 7, commonly referred to as Highway 7, is an east-west highway in the Calgary Region of Alberta, Canada. It spans approximately from Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail) to Highway 2.

title: Highway 17 (Alberta–Saskatchewan)

text: The highway first enters Alberta before reaching Dillberry Lake Provincial Park. A short distance later, it intersects with Alberta Highway 610 and Saskatchewan Highway 680 before reaching Alberta Highway 14, which becomes Saskatchewan Highway 40. For , Highway 17 runs east concurrently with Alberta Highway 14. The concurrency ends shy of the provincial border.

title: Alberta Highway 1A

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 1A is the designation of two alternate routes off the Alberta portion of the Trans-Canada Highway. However, it is not the only name used for spurs off Highway 1 - Highway 1X is another such designation. These highways, however, are not part of the Trans-Canada Highway network, and only have Alberta's provincial primary highway shields instead of the ones used for the Trans-Canada Highway.

title: Queen Elizabeth Provincial Park

text: Queen Elizabeth Provincial Park is a provincial park in Alberta, Canada, located north-west of Grimshaw in northern Alberta, west of the junction of Highway 2 and Mackenzie Highway.

title: Long Lake Provincial Park (Alberta)

text:
Long Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park located in Alberta, Canada.
Long Lake is located one and one half hours from Edmonton along Highway 831, south of the village of Boyle and northeast of the hamlet of Newbrook, within Thorhild County.

title: Alberta Highway 30

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 30, commonly referred to as Highway 30, was a long north–south highway in central Alberta, Canada that existed between the 1950s and mid-1980s, connecting the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) with the Summer Village of Kapasiwin.

title: Alberta Highway 12

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 12, commonly referred to as Highway 12, is an east-west highway through central Alberta. It runs from Highway 22, through Lacombe and Stettler, to the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. It generally runs parallel to Highway 13 to the north. Highway 12 is about long.

title: Alberta Highway 22

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 22, commonly referred to as Highway 22 and officially named Cowboy Trail, is a highway in the Canadian province of Alberta. It generally parallels Highway 2, beginning in the foothills of southern Alberta at Highway 3 near Lundbreck Falls. It proceeds north along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains passing through the foothills and ranch country to the aspen parkland of northern Alberta, ending at Highway 18 near Mayerthorpe.

title: Alberta Highway 13

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 13, commonly referred to as Highway 13, is an east–west highway through central Alberta. It spans from Alder Flats, west of Highway 22, to the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. Highway 13 is about long. East of the City of Wetaskiwin, it generally parallels a Canadian Pacific rail line.

title: Saskatchewan Highway 3

text: Highway 3 is a major provincial paved undivided highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from the Alberta border, where it continues west as Alberta Highway 45, to the Manitoba border, and then continues east as Highway 77. Highway 3 is about 615 km (382 mi.) long. The CanAm Highway comprises Saskatchewan Highways 35, 39, 6, 2, as well as 2. of Saskatchewan Highway 3 contribute to the CanAm Highway between Melfort and Prince Albert.

title: List of Alberta provincial highways

text: Highways 1, 2, 3, 4, 16, and 43 are considered Alberta’s most important interprovincial and international highways and are divided highways (expressways) or freeways for much or all of their length. Speed limits are generally except on some divided highways and freeways that are or segments of Highway 1 and Highway 16 through the national parks within Alberta's Rockies that can be or .

title: Alberta Highway 519

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 519, commonly referred to as Highway 519, is an east-west highway in southern Alberta, Canada, stretching from Highway 2 near Granum through Picture Butte to Highway 845. In tandem with Highway 23, Highway 519 is often used by traffic in the CANAMEX Corridor to bypass Fort Macleod on the route between Calgary and Lethbridge.

title: Alberta Highway 54

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 54, commonly referred to as Highway 54, is an east–west highway located in central Alberta. It is in length, starting at Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail), west of the Village of Caroline, and ending at exit 365 of Highway 2 (Queen Elizabeth II Highway) at the south end of the Town of Innisfail.

title: Alberta Highway 39

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 39, commonly referred to as Highway 39, is an east–west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It extends from Highway 22, approximately east of Drayton Valley, to Leduc where it ends at Highway 2. Highway 39 is about long.

title: Alberta Highway 55

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 55, commonly referred to as Highway 55, is a long east–west highway in northeast Alberta, Canada. It extends from the Saskatchewan border in the east through the Cold Lake, Lac La Biche, and Athabasca where it ends at Highway 2. In Saskatchewan, it continues as Saskatchewan Highway 55.

title: Alberta Highway 19

text: The present-day alignment of Highway 19 was originally constructed as an all-weather gravel road (Township Road 504) that appeared on a 1956 Alberta road map linking Devon to Highway 2. In the 1960s, the preferred route to connecting Beaumont to Highway 2 and Highway 21 was Township Road 510, located north of Beaumont; however, as access was later consolidated and became more limited, Township Road 504 was selected as the preferred route. In , the numbered secondary highway system appeared, which at the time was under the jurisdiction of the local rural municipality. The section of Township Road 504 between Highway 2 and Highway 21 being designated as "Secondary Highway 625", while the section between Highway 2 and Devon was designated as "Secondary Highway 919", indicating a future upgrade to a provincially maintained, primary highway. The interchange at Nisku was opened in 1978, and in 1982, Highway 919 was renumbered to Highway 19. With the 2000 absorption of the secondary highways, Highway 625 became under provincial control.

title: List of Alberta provincial highways

text: Alberta’s 1 to 216 series of provincial highways are Alberta’s main highways. They are numbered from 1 to 100, with the exception of the ring roads around Calgary and Edmonton, which are numbered 201 and 216 respectively. The numbers applied to these highways are derived from compounding the assigned numbers of the core north-south and east-west highways that intersect with the rings roads. In Calgary, Highway 201 is derived from the north-south Highway 2 and the east-west Highway 1. In Edmonton, Highway 216 is derived from the same north-south Highway 2 and the east-west Highway 16.

title: Alberta Highway 64

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 64 is an east-west highway in northern Alberta, Canada. In the west, Highway 64 begins at the Alberta/British Columbia border and ends at Highway 2 southwest of the Town of Fairview.

title: British Columbia Highway 2

text:
Highway 2 of the present day is long. It starts in Dawson Creek at its junction with Highway 97, and proceeds southeast for past the small settlement of Pouce Coupe, to its junction with Highway 52 near Tupper. Highway 2 connects with Alberta Highway 43 at the provincial border, southeast of Tupper.
From west to east. The entire route is in the Peace River Regional District.

title: Alberta Highway 23

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 23, commonly referred to as Highway 23, is a highway in southern Alberta, Canada, east of Highway 2 that serves as an alternate route between Calgary and Lethbridge.

title: Alberta Highway 59

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 59, commonly referred to as Highway 59, is an east–west highway in northwest Alberta, Canada. It runs from Highway 2 north of Sexsmith to Highway 43 northwest of Hythe.

title: Alberta Highway 663

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 663 is a highway in the province of Alberta, Canada. It runs west-east from Highway 44 near Fawcett, runs concurrent with Highway 2 and Highway 63 to Boyle. Then to a concurrency with Highway 55 (Northern Woods and Water Route) in Lac La Biche before extending north around Lakeland Provincial Park to Torchwood Lake. It is also known as Taylor Road in Boyle, and 88 Avenue in Lac La Biche.

title: Highway 17 (Alberta–Saskatchewan)

text: Highway 17 is a highway in Canada that straddles and criss-crosses the Alberta–Saskatchewan provincial border. The portion from the provincial border at Dillberry Lake Provincial Park to the provincial border north of the North Saskatchewan River is designated as Alberta Provincial Highway No. 17 by Alberta Transportation, commonly referred to as Highway 17.

title: Alberta Highway 44

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 44, commonly referred to as Highway 44, is a highway in northern Alberta, Canada that extends from Hondo to Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway) east of Spruce Grove. It is the primary route between the Edmonton area and the Lesser Slave Lake region. The stretch between Highway 16 and Westlock was formerly Secondary Highway 794, but due to a large increase in traffic it was upgraded to Highway 44 in 1999. Highway 44 is approximately long.

title: Alberta Highway 20

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 20, commonly referred to as Highway 20, is a highway in central Alberta, Canada, west of Highway 2.

title: List of Alberta provincial highways

text: All of Alberta's provincial highways are maintained by Alberta Transportation (AT), a department of the Government of Alberta. The network includes two distinct series of highways. The "1 - 216" series of numbered provincial highways, formerly known as primary highways, makes up Alberta's core highway network. Highways within this series typically have the highest traffic volume and are mostly paved. The "500 - 986" series of numbered provincial highways provide more local access and include a higher proportion of gravel highways.

title: Alberta Highway 35

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 35, commonly referred to as Highway 35, is a north–south highway in northwest Alberta, Canada that forms a portion of the Mackenzie Highway. Highway 35 is about long.

title: Alberta Highway 14

text: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 14, commonly referred to as Highway 14, is an east-west highway in central Alberta, Canada. It stretches from Edmonton through Wainwright to the Alberta–Saskatchewan border, running parallel to the more northern Highway 16. Highway 14 is about long.


query: Which Egyptian god has a cat head?

title: Bastet

text: Bastet first appears in the third millennium BC, where she is depicted as either a fierce lioness or a woman with the head of a lioness.[12] Two thousand years later, during the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1070–712 BC), Bastet began to be depicted as a domestic cat or a cat-headed woman.[19]

title: Egyptian Mau

text: EMRO's cats are not pedigreed Egyptian Maus; they are Egyptian and Arabian street cats of unrecorded pedigree that come from the Mau's region of landrace origin. Breed registries will not consider these cats and their immediate offspring as Egyptian Maus. Establishing later offspring as pedigreed Egyptian Maus requires detailed record-keeping to verify parentage, and examination of the cats to ensure they meet a number of exacting breed standard conformation requirements to rule out disqualifying physical traits. For example, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) will consider the first generation of imported cats to be "native" Maus; their second- and third-generation offspring (derived from the same imported stock and/or bred to CFA-pedigreed Egyptian Maus – they must not be out-bred to any other breed) are considered "domestic" Maus. Finally, the fourth generation cats are eligible for placement on the active registry as formal Egyptian Mau breed specimens, provided they have been evaluated fully and approved by a designated representative of the Egyptian Mau Breed Council as conformant.

title: Waiting for God (Red Dwarf)

text: Lister learns more about the Cat people's god, "Cloister the Stupid" who was "frozen in time" to save the Cat race, and informs the skeptical Cat that he is their God. He later learns that the entire Cat race destroyed itself in holy wars over minor details of 'Fuchal' — the Cat heaven, really based on Lister's plans to open a hot dog and doughnut shop on Fiji — and that they lived their lives according to five sacred laws of which Lister himself has broken four (he says that he would have broken the fifth, except that there was not a sheep on board). Later, the Cat, recently returned from what he describes as "investigating", leaves again. Lister follows him, deep into the cargo hold. There Lister discovers an old blind cat priest, the only one of their race left other than Cat, who is dying and proclaims that he has lost his faith, feeling that he has wasted his life following Cloister. The priest takes his hat off, asking Cat to burn it. Lister shows up and convinces the priest that he has led an admirable life and has served Cloister well, and as such will reach 'Fuchal'. Lister takes the hat back from Cat and puts it back on the priest's head. Convinced by this "miracle", the Cat Priest joyously exclaims that this is the happiest day of his life and dies.

title: Artapanus of Alexandria

text: One of the most striking aspects of Artapanus' works is the ease with which he syncretizes Jewish and Egyptian culture and religion. Artapanus also writes that Moses is responsible for appointing "for each of the [36] nomes the god to be worshipped, and that they should be cats and dogs and ibises." There is no doubt that Artapanus was familiar with the animal cults of Egypt and many cult centers for the worship of cats, such as Tell el-Bubastis, and ibises, such as Tuna el-Gebel (outside of Hermopolis), were flourishing in the time Artapanus was writing. Unfortunately, the mention of "cats and dogs and ibises" does not give us enough knowledge about the various cult centers that might be used for dating the work. However, we cannot know from only Artapanus' account the extent to which this religious syncretism existed in the minds of other Jews or Egyptians writing or living at this time. Although Artapanus credits Moses with the foundation of the animal cults, he also claims that the "consecrated animals" were destroyed during the crossing of the Red Sea. This suggests that, according to Artapanus, Moses' contributions to Egyptian society were ultimately less important than the original purpose of this folk hero: to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.

title: Bo (parsha)

text: A Midrash interpreted the words of "Lo, if we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, will they not stone us?" to teach that the Egyptians saw the lamb as a god. Thus, when God told Moses to slay the paschal lamb (as reflected in ), Moses asked God how he could possibly do so, when the lamb was as Egyptian god. God replied that the Israelites would not depart from Egypt until they slaughtered the Egyptian gods before the Egyptians' eyes, so that God might teach them that their gods were really nothing at all. And thus God did so, for on the same night that God slew the Egyptian firstborn, the Israelites slaughtered their paschal lambs and ate them. When the Egyptians saw their firstborn slain and their gods slaughtered, they could do nothing, as reports, "While the Egyptians were burying them whom the Lord had smitten among them, even all their firstborn; upon their gods also the Lord executed judgment."

title: Carreras Cigarette Factory

text: The building's distinctive Egyptian-style ornamentation originally included a solar disc to the Sun-god Ra, two gigantic effigies of black cats flanking the entrance and colourful painted details. When the factory was converted into offices in 1961 the Egyptian detailing was lost, but it was restored during a renovation in the late 1990s and replicas of the cats were placed outside the entrance.

title: Cats in ancient Egypt

text:
Cats in ancient Egypt were represented in social and religious practices of Ancient Egypt for more than 30 centuries. Several Ancient Egyptian deities were depicted and sculptured with cat-like heads such as Mafdet, Bastet and Sekhmet, representing justice, fertility and power.
The deity Mut was also depicted as a cat and in the company of a cat.

title: Milwaukee Press Club

text: One of the most interesting elements of the Newsroom Pub is Anubis, the club’s mascot encased in an elaborate frame above the bar. Anubis, named after an Egyptian god, is a petrified cat that came into the Press Club’s hands through means that remain murky. One story has it that two reporters in the 1890s came across the cat at the State Historical Society in Madison, where it was taken after being found between the walls of a building being demolished in Darlington, Wis. The two stole the cat – an act that apparently did not upset the Historical Society.

title: Nefertem

text:
Nefertem (; possibly "beautiful one who closes" or "one who does not close"; also spelled Nefertum or Nefer-temu) was, in Egyptian mythology, originally a lotus flower at the creation of the world, who had arisen from the primal waters.
Nefertem represented both the first sunlight and the delightful smell of the Egyptian blue lotus flower, having arisen from the primal waters within an Egyptian blue water-lily, "Nymphaea caerulea". Some of the titles of Nefertem were "He Who is Beautiful" and "Water-Lily of the Sun", and a version of the "Book of the Dead" says:
Nefertem was eventually seen as the son of the creator god Ptah, and the goddesses Sekhmet and Bast were sometimes called his mother. In art, Nefertem is usually depicted as a beautiful young man having blue water-lily flowers around his head. As the son of Bastet, he also sometimes has the head of a lion or is a lion or cat reclining. The ancient Egyptians often carried small statuettes of him as good-luck charms.

title: Cultural depictions of cats

text: The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. In Ovid's "Metamorphoses", when the gods flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana (the Roman equivalent of Artemis) turns into a cat. Cats eventually displaced ferrets as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice.

title: Islam and cats

text: The American poet and travel author Bayard Taylor (1825–1878) was astonished when he discovered a Syrian hospital where cats roamed freely. The institution, in which domestic felines were sheltered and nourished, was funded by a waqf, along with caretakers' wages, veterinary care and cat food. Edward William Lane (1801–1876), a British Orientalist who resided in Cairo, described a cat garden originally endowed by the 13th-century Egyptian sultan Baibars, whose European contemporaries held a very different attitude towards cats, eating them or killing them under papal decrees. Wilfred Thesiger, in his book "The Marsh Arabs", notes that cats were allowed free entry to community buildings in villages in the Mesopotamian Marshes, and even fed, though dogs and other animals were driven out. Aside from protecting granaries and food stores from pests, cats were valued by the paper-based Arab-Islamic cultures for preying on mice that destroyed books. For that reason, cats are often depicted in paintings alongside Islamic scholars and bibliophiles. The medieval Egyptian zoologist Al-Damiri (1344–1405) wrote that the first cat was created when God caused a lion to sneeze, after animals on Noah's Ark complained of mice.

title: Van cat

text: Turkish folklore has it that a Van cat was aboard Noah's Ark, and that as the flood waters receded, Allah (God) blessed the cat with a ruddy patch of fur on its head when it left the ark, after which it made its way to the city of Van via Mount Ararat. Many Van cats are all-white, however.

title: Va'eira

text: A Midrash interpreted the words of ( in the KJV), "Lo, if we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, will they not stone us?" to teach that the Egyptians saw the lamb as a god. Thus, when God told Moses to slay the paschal lamb (as reflected in ), Moses asked God how he could possibly do so, when the lamb was as Egyptian god. God replied that the Israelites would not depart from Egypt until they slaughtered the Egyptian gods before the Egyptians' eyes, so that God might teach them that their gods were really nothing at all. And thus God did so, for on the same night that God slew the Egyptian firstborn, the Israelites slaughtered their paschal lambs and ate them. When the Egyptians saw their firstborn slain and their gods slaughtered, they could do nothing, as reports, "While the Egyptians were burying them whom the Lord had smitten among them, even all their firstborn; upon their gods also the Lord executed judgment."

title: Teenage Catgirls in Heat

text: The film is set in a small town, where an Egyptian cat god manifests in the form of a cheap statue. He turns cats into human women, and directs them to procreate with and thereafter kill human men, and take over the world. Ralph, a bumbling hitchhiker, and Warren, a "cat exterminator", join forces against the cats, but Ralph inadvertently falls for Cleo, one of the cats turned into human form.

title: Va'eira

text: It was taught in a Baraita that Rabbi Judah the Prince (or others say Rabbi Meir) used to say that Providence repays a person measure for measure. Thus, a Midrash taught that God sent the plagues against Pharaoh measure for measure. God changed the Egyptians' water into blood because the Egyptians prevented the Israelites from using the ritual bath (, "mikveh") so as to prevent the Israelite women from having marital relations with their husbands. God brought frogs because the Egyptians had ordered the Israelites to bring them reptiles and creeping creatures (which were an abomination to the Israelites). God sent lice because the Egyptians had made the Israelites clean the dirty streets and marketplaces. God sent swarms of wild animals because the Egyptians had demanded that the Israelites catch bears, lions, and leopards so as to separate the Israelite men from their wives. God brought the pestilence upon the Egyptians' cattle because they had forced the Israelites to serve as shepherds so as to keep the Israelite men away from their wives. God sent boils because the Egyptians had demanded that the Israelites warm things for them. God sent hail to destroy the Egyptians' crops because the Egyptians had sent the Israelites into the fields to plow and sow. God brought the locusts to destroy the Egyptians' grain because the Egyptians had forced the Israelites to plant wheat and barley for them. God brought darkness because among the Israelites were transgressors who had Egyptian patrons and lived in affluence and honor in Egypt and did not want to leave Egypt, and so God brought darkness so that God could kill these transgressors without the Egyptians' seeing.

title: Bo (parsha)

title: Ancient Egyptian deities

text:
Most deities were depicted in several ways. Hathor could be a cow, cobra, lioness, or a woman with bovine horns or ears. By depicting a given god in different ways, the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature. The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms, so they can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies. These forms include men and women (anthropomorphism), animals (zoomorphism), and, more rarely, inanimate objects. Combinations of forms, such as deities with human bodies and animal heads, are common. New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history, with the most surreal forms often found among the demons of the underworld. Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing, as with Isis and Hathor. Because of the close connection between these goddesses, they could both wear the cow-horn headdress that was originally Hathor's alone.
Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god's identity. The head of a given divine image is particularly significant. In a hybrid image, the head represents the original form of the being depicted, so that, as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it, "a lion-headed goddess is a lion-goddess in human form, while a royal sphinx, conversely, is a man who has assumed the form of a lion." Divine headdresses, which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods' heads, are another important indicator. In contrast, the objects held in gods' hands tend to be generic. Male deities hold "was" staffs, goddesses hold stalks of papyrus, and both sexes carry "ankh" signs, representing the Egyptian word for "life", to symbolize their life-giving power.

title: Animal mummy

text:
Animal mummification originated in ancient Egypt. They mummified various animals. It was an enormous part of Egyptian culture, not only in their role as food and pets, but also for religious reasons. They were typically mummified for four main purposes—to allow beloved pets to go on to the afterlife, to provide food in the afterlife, to act as offerings to a particular god, and because some were seen as physical manifestations of specific gods that the Egyptians worshipped. Bast, the cat goddess is an example of one such deity.
In 1888, an Egyptian farmer digging in the sand near Istabl Antar discovered a mass grave of felines, ancient cats that were mummified and buried in pits at great numbers.

title: Egyptian Mau

text: Egyptian Maus are typically slender and muscular and they are thought to be one of the progenitor breeds of the modern domestic cat. They have anatomical, metabolic, and behavioural differences from other cat breeds which could be considered evidence of antiquity or at least uniqueness from other cat breeds. Some anatomical differences are their legs, which are slightly shorter in the front than in the back. They also have a skin fold under the belly, resembling that of the cheetah, which assists in running by allowing the legs to stretch back farther. Also one of the most important recognizable "traits" of this particular animal is a long, dark, dorsal stripe that runs from its head to its tail along its spine.

title: Animal mummy

text: Ancient Egyptian religion was characterized by polytheism, the belief in multiple gods. Prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, there were a tremendous number of these gods, each representative of a different element of the natural world. After the great unification, a more limited list of gods developed. These gods were usually depicted as having a human body and an animal head, further emphasizing the importance of animals in Egyptian religion. Over time, religious cults emerged for the worship of each specific god. Two main types of worship distinguished the cults—the first choosing to worship the god through mass mummified animal offerings and the second selecting a totem animal to represent the god, which was mummified at the time of its death.

title: John Reinhard Weguelin

text: In "The Obsequies of an Egyptian Cat" (1886, 32 x 49"), a priestess kneels before an altar upon which is placed the mummy of a cat. She is burning incense, and has presented offerings of flowers and food to the cat's spirit, together with a plate of milk. On the wall behind the priestess is an Egyptian fresco, and a statue of the goddess Sekhmet or Bastet enthroned guards the entrance to the temple. Stairs lead up to the doorway, through which a view of the sky and other buildings are visible.

title: Dream (comics)

text: Morpheus' appearance ranges widely: People generally perceive him in a style of dress appropriate to their region and era. In the Dreaming, he is often seen wearing a grey T-shirt and dark pants. He appears to be light-skinned when interacting with similar characters, but the people of "Tales in the Sand"'s primordial African city see him as dark. Morpheus appears as a huge black cat when speaking to the lonely cat-pilgrim of "Dream of a Thousand Cats" and as a cat-headed god when addressing the Egyptian feline goddess Bast. The Martian Manhunter sees Morpheus in the shape of a flaming Martian skull and identifies him as Lord L'Zoril; but Mister Miracle, looking at him simultaneously, sees Morpheus as a man. In "", he appears in the same form to all the Gods (Bast comments: "I much prefer you in cat form, Dream old friend"). In "", set in ancient Japan, Morpheus appears as a Japanese man to a Buddhist monk and as a fox to a fox spirit.

title: Funerary cult

text: Funerary cults are especially associated with ancient Egypt, where it was common for royalty, those associated with royalty, cats, and the wealthy to be mummified. This practice was done so as to preserve their bodies for the journey to the afterlife. The deity Osiris, who was the dying and reviving god and Lord of the Egyptian afterlife, was usually depicted as a mummy in Egyptian art. Also at Bubastis, where Bast was worshiped, there was a massive cat cemetery. Cats were also thought to journey to the afterlife, usually to join their owners. These needed their own material goods for this journey, such as food.

title: Aani

text: In Ancient Egyptian religion, Aani is the dog-headed ape sacred to the Egyptian god Thoth. "One of the Egyptian names of the Cynocephalus Baboon, which was sacred to the god Thoth."

title: Va'eira

text: The Zohar taught that the “mixed multitude” (, "erev rav") mentioned in consisted entirely of Egyptian sorcerers and magicians, who sought to oppose God’s works, as reports, “And the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.” When they beheld the signs and the wonders that Moses performed, they came to Moses to be converted. God advised Moses not to accept them, but Moses argued that now that they had seen God’s power, they desired to accept the Israelites’ Faith, and if they saw God’s power every day, they would learn that there is no God like God. So Moses accepted them. called them a “mixed multitude” because they consisted of all the grades of Egyptian magicians, at their head being Jannes and Jambres. During the day, these wizards practiced their enchantments, and after sunset, they made observations of the heavens until the middle of the ninth hour, which was called the “great evening” (, "erev rav", which means both “great multitude” and “great evening”). The lesser magicians then made observation after that until midnight. The Egyptians, who had great faith in the chief wizards, thus called them the “great evening” (, "erev rav").

title: Cynocephaly

text: Cynocephaly was familiar to the ancient Greeks from representations of the Egyptian gods, Duamutef (Son of Horus), Wepwawet (The opener of the ways), and Anubis (the Egyptian god of the dead). The Greek word "()" "dog-head" also identified a sacred Egyptian baboon with the face of a dog.

title: Ancient Egyptian deities

text: Prayer and private offerings are generally called "personal piety": acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god. Evidence of personal piety is scant before the New Kingdom. Votive offerings and personal names, many of which are theophoric, suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods. But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom, reaching a peak late in that era. Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change—whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions. Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples. They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae. They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to, or that symbolized the result they desired; thus a relief image of Hathor and a statuette of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility. Occasionally, a person took a particular god as a patron, dedicating his or her property or labor to the god's cult. These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history. These later eras saw more religious innovations, including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form, such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess Bastet. Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship, but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition.

title: Bo (parsha)

text: The "Zohar" taught that the “mixed multitude” (, "erev rav") mentioned in consisted entirely of Egyptian sorcerers and magicians, who sought to oppose God's works, as reports, “And the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments.” When they beheld the signs and the wonders that Moses performed, they came to Moses to be converted. God advised Moses not to accept them, but Moses argued that now that they had seen God's power, they desired to accept the Israelites’ Faith, and if they saw God's power every day, they would learn that there is no God like God. So Moses accepted them. called them a “mixed multitude” because they consisted of all the grades of Egyptian magicians, at their head being Jannes and Jambres. During the day, these wizards practiced their enchantments, and after sunset, they made observations of the heavens until the middle of the ninth hour, which was called the “great evening” (, "erev rav", which means both “great multitude” and “great evening”). The lesser magicians then made observation after that until midnight. The Egyptians, who had great faith in the chief wizards, thus called them the “great evening” (, "erev rav").

title: The Battle Cats

text: Back in the year 20XX, the Cats have now built the rocket (mentioned in the ITF ending) to travel to different planets. These planets and universes can be anything, ranging from just Earth to even The Big Bang. The narrator states that the most popular holiday destination at this point seems to be outer space and that everyone is using alien fashion. It is also said that the aliens aren't actually as bad as they thought and that they're just normal people. And so, the cats have to invade somewhere, and head to space. After completing it, the Cat Empire achieved total domination of the entire universe. The cats achieved unlimited cat food. Once again, no one's life really changed. Only the constellations looked more like cats. The cats and aliens began to talk about time travel, mind control, and other obscure, technical topics. One Tuesday, the narrator was free and joined the cats on the battlefield, which later revealed the narrator to be Cat God, implying that the 'joining on the battlefield' statement, relates to the Big Bang boss fight, in which the boss was God Cat. He says that the cats will finally have their wishes granted.

title: Ancient Egyptian religion

text: At many sacred sites, the Egyptians worshipped individual animals which they believed to be manifestations of particular deities. These animals were selected based on specific sacred markings which were believed to indicate their fitness for the role. Some of these cult animals retained their positions for the rest of their lives, as with the Apis bull worshipped in Memphis as a manifestation of Ptah. Other animals were selected for much shorter periods. These cults grew more popular in later times, and many temples began raising stocks of such animals from which to choose a new divine manifestation. A separate practice developed in the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, when people began mummifying any member of a particular animal species as an offering to the god whom the species represented. Millions of mummified cats, birds, and other creatures were buried at temples honoring Egyptian deities. Worshippers paid the priests of a particular deity to obtain and mummify an animal associated with that deity, and the mummy was placed in a cemetery near the god's cult center.

title: Dried cat

text: Cats in ancient Egypt were valued very highly and were seen to be very close to the gods. They believed the cats were an embodiment of the goddess Bastet. Harming a cat in ancient Egypt was an offense punishable by death. When a cat died the Egyptians would mummify and bury their cats as an offering to the gods.


query: How many Transformers films have there been?

title: Transformers (film series)

text: Transformers is a series of American science fiction action films based on the franchise of the same name which began in the 1980s.[note 1] Michael Bay has directed the first five films: Transformers (2007), Revenge of the Fallen (2009), Dark of the Moon (2011), Age of Extinction (2014) and The Last Knight (2017).[1][2][3] A spin-off, Bumblebee, directed by Travis Knight and produced by Bay, was released on December 21, 2018. The series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks.

title: Allahabad Address

text: Within his address, Iqbal also touched on his fear that Islam may have a similar fate as Christianity. "To Islam, matter is spirit realising itself in space and time" whereas Europe had "accepted the separation of Church and State and disliked the fact that their leaders were "indirectly forcing the world to accept it as unquestionable dogma [...] I do not know what will be the final fate of the national idea in the world of Islam. Whether Islam will assimilate and transform it as it has before assimilated and transformed many ideas expressive of a different spirit, or allow a radical transformation of its own structure by the force of this idea, is hard to predict. Professor Wensinck of Leiden (Holland) wrote to me the other day: "It seems to me that Islam is entering upon a crisis through which Christianity has been passing for more than a century. The great difficulty is how to save the foundations of religion when many antiquated notions have to be given up.

title: Daniel Reynaud

text: Other films unearthed during his research include a British compilation For the Honour of Australia, which worked together two Australian films about the Sydney-Emden battle of December 1914, "For Australia" (1915) and "How We Beat the Emden" (1915). The film, now available at the NFSA, is historically important for preserving actual footage of the wrecked Emden, filmed for a feature documentary in 1915. The last film was the 1928 production The Exploits of the Emden, which Reynaud re-edited together after it had been split into two films. Reynaud has published extensively on Anzac cinema, showing how the representation of the Great War has shifted over time to reflect national interests and concerns, helping to buttress popular perceptions of the Anzac legacy. Representations have changed over time, particularly in showing the ideal Australian soldier, who has transformed from a well-to-do city boy in many Great War movies to a larrikin but good-hearted boy from the bush in films from the 1930s onwards. Similarly, the representation of the British in Australian war films has shifted from the idealized man of the Great War years to the antithesis of the noble bushman Anzac, a shift that began in the 1970s.

title: M-Theory (learning framework)

text: Invariant representations has been incorporated into several learning architectures, such as neocognitrons. Most of these architectures, however, provided invariance through custom-designed features or properties of architecture itself. While it helps to take into account some sorts of transformations, such as translations, it is very nontrivial to accommodate for other sorts of transformations, such as 3D rotations and changing facial expressions. M-Theory provides a framework of how such transformations can be learned. In addition to higher flexibility, this theory also suggests how human brain may have similar capabilities.

title: Demons (1985 film)

text: Rosemary feels ill and goes to the bathroom, where the scratch on her face bursts open and spews out pus, she then transforms into a bloodthirsty, red-eyed demon like the one in the film. Rosemary attacks her friend, Carmen, who then rips through the screen and transforms into a demon in front of the rest of the cinema-goers. The group of uninfected people race to any exit they can find, only to find that they have all been bricked up making escape impossible. Although they attempt to barricade themselves in the balcony, many are attacked and infected by the demons. One of the demons escapes into the city when four punks break into the building through a back entrance; the punks are soon transformed into demons as well.

title: Transformers (film)

text: "Transformers" fans were initially divided over the film due to the radical redesigns of many characters, although the casting of Peter Cullen was warmly received. "Transformers" comic book writer Simon Furman and "Beast Wars" script consultant Benson Yee both considered the film to be spectacular fun, although Furman also argued that there were too many human storylines. Yee felt that being the first in a series, the film had to establish much of the fictional universe and therefore did not have time to focus on the Decepticons. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

title: Meijer G-function

text: Again, the restrictions under which the integral exists have been omitted here. Note how the Mellin transform of the result merely assembles the gamma factors from the Mellin transforms of the two functions in the integrand. Many of the amazing definite integrals listed in tables or produced by computer algebra systems are nothing but special cases of this formula.

title: Transformers: Dark of the Moon

text: In a hidden extra for the Blu-ray version of "Revenge of the Fallen", Bay expressed his intention to make "Transformers 3" not necessarily larger than "Revenge of the Fallen", but instead deeper into the mythology, to give it more character development, and to make it darker and more emotional. Unicron is briefly shown in a secret "Transformers 3" preview feature in the "Revenge of the Fallen" Blu-ray disc. Ultimately, the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet-eating Transformer, and no further comments were ever made on the subject. Having been called "Transformers 3" up to that point, the film's final title was revealed to be "Dark of the Moon" in October 2010. After "Revenge of the Fallen" was almost universally panned by critics, Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script, having blamed the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems. Bay promised to not have the "dorky comedy" from the last film. On March 19, 2010, the script was said to be finished.

title: Clinical lycanthropy

text: It also seems that lycanthropy is not specific to an experience of human-to-wolf transformation; a wide variety of creatures have been reported as part of the shape-shifting experience. A review of the medical literature from early 2004 lists over thirty published cases of lycanthropy, only the minority of which have wolf or dog themes. Canines are certainly not uncommon, although the experience of being transformed into a hyena, cat, horse, bird or tiger has been reported on more than one occasion. Transformation into frogs, and even bees, has been reported in some instances. In Japan, transformation into foxes and dogs was usual (, ). A 1989 case study described how one individual reported a serial transformation, experiencing a change from human to dog, to horse, and then finally cat, before returning to the reality of human existence after treatment. There are also reports of people who experienced transformation into an animal only listed as "unspecified".

title: One for the Road (Pinter play)

text: When Nicolas confronts Gila, he refers to sexual torture of her that has taken and will continue to take place off stage: "Have they [my soldiers] been raping you? […] How many times? How many times have you been raped? "Pause". How many times?" […] "How many times have you been raped?"

title: Transformers (film series)

text: In a hidden extra for the Blu-ray release of Revenge of the Fallen, Bay expressed his intention to make Transformers3 not necessarily larger than Revenge of the Fallen, but instead deeper into the mythology, to give it more character development, and to make it darker and more emotional.[67] Unicron is briefly shown in a secret Transformers 3 preview feature in the Revenge of the Fallen Blu-ray Disc. Ultimately, the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet-eating Transformer, and no further comments were ever made on the subject.[67] Having been called Transformers 3 up to that point, the film's final title was revealed to be Dark of the Moon in October 2010.[68] After Revenge of the Fallen was almost universally panned by critics, Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script, having blamed the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems. Bay promised to not have the "dorky comedy" from the last film.[69] On March 19, 2010, the script was said to be finished.[70]

title: Transformers: Animated

text: The show's continuity is separate from any other previous "Transformers" continuities, despite using footage from the first series ("The Transformers") in its first episode as a historical film, and having many references to the other Transformers continuities in the Transformers franchise. The Japanese version of the cartoon was slightly rewritten to tie into Michael Bay's "Transformers" film series. Despite being a Cartoon Network original series, the show was aired on Nicktoons in the UK since February 2008, Jetix/Disney XD in the rest of Europe from September 10, 2008, and, finally, back in the U.S. on The Hub, now known as Discovery Family in high definition until 2014.

title: The Crow (1994 film)

text: Lee's death was alleged to have a melancholic effect on viewers; Desson Howe of "The Washington Post" wrote that Lee "haunts every frame" and James Berardinelli called the film "a case of 'art imitating death', and that specter will always hang over "The Crow"". Berardinelli called it an appropriate epitaph to Lee, Howe called it an appropriate sendoff, and Ebert stated that not only was this Lee's best film, but it was better than any of his father's (Bruce Lee). Critics generally thought that this would have been a breakthrough film for Lee, although James disagreed. The changes made to the film after Lee's death were noted by reviewers, most of whom saw them as an improvement. Howe said that it had been transformed into something compelling. James, although terming it a genre film, said that it had become more mainstream because of the changes.

title: Frederick Marx

text: The film will show us how historically all major cultures and religions have had their own rites of passage. The film will show us the price we pay as a society for not initiating our teens. Communities are answering the call by co-creating their own functional rites of passage today. We will see real families who’ve been struck by the horrors and crimes of youth and how they’re repairing themselves and their neighborhoods. Finally, it will not only show us teens themselves who’ve been transformed by rites of passage, but how their metamorphosis has revolutionized their relations with family and friends, teachers and bosses, creating positive changes rippling across homes, schools, neighborhoods, workplaces, cities and farms across the planet.

title: Sabotage (1936 film)

text:
Bennett liberally adapted Joseph Conrad's novel, transforming the highly political Tsarist-era agents provocateurs into foreign agents without any obvious political leanings. Verloc's shop is transformed into a cinema, with the films being shown echoing the story, and the policeman investigating the case is an undercover officer posing as a greengrocer. Since the film was produced in the years immediately preceding World War II, the unnamed hostile power behind the bombings has been assumed by many viewers to be Nazi Germany.
However, the film does not specify this, and indeed, Verloc's first name has been changed, presumably because his name in the novel, Adolf, had too many connotations by the time the film was made.

title: Transformers (film)

text: The film created a greater awareness of the franchise and drew in many new fans. "Transformers" box office success led to the active development of films based on "Voltron" and "Robotech", as well as a "Knight Rider" remake. When filming the sequel, Bay was told by soldiers the film helped their children understand what their work was like, and that many had christened their Buffalos – the vehicle used for Bonecrusher – after various Transformer characters.

title: Park Extension

text: The documentary, "Cricket & Parc Ex: A Love Story" (2016), by director Garry Beitel and producer Barry Lazar (reFrame Films), profiled the more recently arrived immigrant South Asian communities which have moved into Park Extension and how their love for the game of cricket brings them together. It is also a film about how recreational sport can transform a neighborhood.

title: Discrete Hartley transform

text: Number theoretic transforms have also been used for solving the MD-DHT, since they perform extremely fast convolutions. In Boussakta (1988), it was shown how to decompose the MD-DHT transform into a form consisting of convolutions:

title: Skids (Transformers)

text:
Skids and Mudflap were originally set to appear in , but were cut from the final film due to many fans considering them to be racist and due to time restraints. Despite this, he and Mudflap do appear in vehicle form at the end of two Autobot convoys at the beginning of the film. They have been upgraded into black Chevrolet Sparks with a stripe of their original color, thus making Skids black and green. As they do not appear in any subsequent Transformers film, it is generally accepted that Skids and Mudflap either met their end from Sentinel Prime or were killed by Cemetery Wind in between Transformers: Dark of the Moon and Transformers: Age of Extinction.
There has been a strong negative reaction to Mudflap and Skids in "" as the pair were received by some as racist stereotypes. The characters speak in street-slang dialogue, confess to not doing much reading, and have been perceived by some critics to have been designed with the body proportions of monkeys. Skids also sports a gold tooth. Manohla Dargis of the "New York Times" said that "the characters [...] indicate that minstrelsy remains as much in fashion in Hollywood as when, well, Jar Jar Binks was set loose by George Lucas." Critic Scott Mendelson of "The Huffington Post", who perceived the characters to resemble monkeys, said, "To say that these two are the most astonishingly racist caricatures that I've ever seen in a mainstream motion picture would be an understatement." Harry Knowles, founder of Ain't It Cool News, asked his readers not to support the film, telling them, "you'll be taking [your children] to see a film with the lowest forms of humor, stereotypes and racism around." Director Michael Bay has defended the characters, explaining that the characters' mannerisms were chosen by the actors who voiced them, and that they did so in fun.

title: Reconciliation ecology

text: While it is difficult to measure exactly how much land has been transformed by human use, estimates range from 39 to 50%. This includes agricultural land, pastureland, urban areas, and heavily harvested forest systems. An estimated 50% of arable land is already under cultivation. Land transformation has increased rapidly over the last fifty years, and is likely to continue to increase. Beyond direct transformation of land area, humans have impacted the global biogeochemical cycles, leading to human caused change in even the most remote areas. These include addition of nutrients such nitrogen and phosphorus, acid rain, ocean acidification, redistribution of water resources, and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Humans have also changed species compositions of many landscapes that they do not dominate directly by introducing new species or harvesting native species. This new assemblage of species has been compared to previous mass extinctions and speciation events caused by formation of land bridges and colliding of continents.

title: British Independent Film Awards

text: All entered films must be seen by a minimum number of voters and discussed at a voter meeting before being marked as having been given fair consideration. Once all entered films have been given fair consideration, votes are cast privately in two rounds: once to reduce all entries to long lists of around 15 films in each category, and again to reduce the long lists to the 5 final nominees. In calculating the results, BIFA takes into account the number of voters who have seen each film as well as how many voted for it.

title: How It Should Have Ended

text: How It Should Have Ended (HISHE) is an animated webseries that parodies popular films by creating alternate endings and pointing out various flaws. Endings for many major movies have been presented, using the tagline ‘sometimes movies don't finish the way we'd like’.

title: Klaus Ferdinand Hempfling

text: Hempfling has been demonstrating these techniques for most of his career, often working with difficult, fearful or apparently aggressive horses and appearing to transform their behaviour within minutes. Many of these encounters have been filmed and included in movie documentaries and on YouTube. Hempfling has written several books in German documenting his evolving methods and outlook on horses, people and life. Several of these works have been translated into English.

title: Warrior Films

text: Rites of Passage will show how historically all major cultures and religions have had their own rites of passage. The film will also show the price society pays for not initiating teens and how communities are answering the call by co-creating their own functional rites of passage today. Rites of Passage will show real families who have been struck by the horrors and crimes of youth and how they are repairing themselves and their neighborhoods. Finally, the film will not only show teens who have been transformed by rites of passage, but also how their metamorphosis has revolutionized their relations with family, friends, teachers, and bosses, thereby creating positive changes rippling across homes, schools, neighborhoods, workplaces, cities and farms across the planet.

title: Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World

text: Jack Weatherford explains how the peoples of the Americas have been forgotten for their contributions to the modern world. He also explains how the Europeans learned how to deal with excess.

title: A Florida Enchantment

text: In the film, Lillian Travers, a wealthy Northern woman about to be married, takes a magical seed which transforms its user into the opposite gender. Lillian's transformation into Lawrence Talbot has also sometimes been read as a transformation into a butch lesbian. This reading is bolstered by the later transformation of Lillian's fiancé into what could be an effeminate gay man. However, as Lillian and her fiancé are shown attracted both to each other and to the same sex (albeit at different times), the film has also been considered to have the first documented appearance of bisexual characters in an American motion picture.The film is also known for its use of blackface antics; an aspect carefully dissected in Siobhan Somerville's "Queering the Color Line." Since its inclusion in Vito Russo's "The Celluloid Closet", the film has increasingly been seen as one of the earliest film representations of homosexuality and cross-dressing in American culture.

title: Frank Capra

text: Film author Richard Glazer speculates that the film may have been autobiographical, "reflecting Capra's own uncertainties." Glazer describes how, "John's accidental transformation from drifter to national figure parallels Capra's own early drifting experience and subsequent involvement in movie making ... "Meet John Doe", then, was an attempt to work out his own fears and questions."

title: How Molly Made Good

text: How Molly Made Good (aka: How Molly Malone Made Good) is a 1915 silent drama film which is one of the first films to feature cameo appearances by major celebrities. It survives in the Library of Congress and is available on DVD. The writer of the film, Burns Mantle, may have been influenced by the globe-trotting adventure of Nellie Bly in 1889, when the reporter circumnavigated the globe in a specified amount of time using several means of conveyance and visiting as many famous cities as possible.

title: Chinese nationalism

text: The vast variation in how Chinese nationalism has been expressed has been noted by commentator Lucian Pye who argues that this reveals a lack of content in the Chinese identity. However, others have argued that the ability of Chinese nationalism to manifest itself in many forms is a positive trait in that it allows the ideology to transform itself in response to internal crises and external events.

title: Megatron

text: The Hasbro toys predate the film and animation versions of the Transformers. Through the years, there have been many toys representing the original "Generation 1" incarnation of Megatron; some of which have appeared in fiction, others of which have not. Additionally, some toy makers have made unlicensed toys in his image, or accessories for the existing toys.

title: Color balance

text: There is a large literature on how one might estimate the ambient lighting from the camera data and then use this information to transform the image data. A variety of algorithms have been proposed, and the quality of these has been debated. A few examples and examination of the references therein will lead the reader to many others. Examples are Retinex, an artificial neural network or a Bayesian method.