query: What is the most famous example of Gothic architecture?

title: Gothic architecture

text: Sens Cathedral (begun between 1135 and 1140) was the first Cathedral to be built in the new style (St. Denis was an abbey, not a Cathedral). Other versions of the new style soon appeared in Noyon Cathedral (begun 1150); Laon Cathedral (begun 1165); and the most famous of all, Notre-Dame de Paris, where construction had begun in 1160.[7]

title: Architecture of Warsaw

text: Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle "Curia Maior" (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Zygmunt's Column (1644).

title: French Gothic architecture

text: French Gothic architecture also experienced a modest revival, largely confined to new churches. Neo-Gothic churches built in Paris included Sainte-Clothilde by Theodore Ballu (1841–57); and Saint-Laurent, Paris by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65). Jean=Baptiste Lassus became the most prolific neo-Gothic architect in France, constructing Saint-Nicolas de Nantes (1840), Sacré-Coeur de Moulins (1849), Saint-Pierre de Dijon (1850), Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville (1853) and the Église de Cusset (1855). The Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cécile in Paris by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Adrien-Louis Lasson (1854–55) was the most innovative example of neo-Gothic; it combined a traditional Gothic design with a modern iron framework. Jules Verne was married in the church in 1857.

title: Boston College

text: Designed by Charles Donagh Maginnis and his firm Maginnis & Walsh in 1908, the Boston College campus is a seminal example of Collegiate Gothic architecture. Combining Gothic Revival architecture with principles of Beaux-Arts planning, Maginnis proposed a vast complex of academic buildings set in a cruciform plan. Maginnis's design broke from the traditional Oxbridge models that had inspired it—and that had until then characterized Gothic architecture on American campuses. In its unprecedented scale, Gasson Tower was conceived not as the belfry of a singular building, but as the crowning campanile of Maginnis' new "city upon a hill". Although Maginnis' ambitious Gothic project never saw full completion, its central portion was built according to plan and forms the core of what is now BC's iconic middle campus. Among these, the Bapst Library has been called the "finest example of Collegiate Gothic architecture in America" and Devlin Hall won the Harleston Parker Medal for "most beautiful building in Boston". The 1895 Louis K. Liggett Estate was acquired in 1941 and developed into a Tudor-style upper campus, while an architecturally eclectic lower campus took shape on land acquired by filling in part of the Chestnut Hill Reservoir. Modernism had an enormous impact on development after the 1940s, though some of the modernist buildings at BC maintained non-modern rough stone facades in keeping with Maginnis's original designs.

title: Gothic architecture

text: A small but notable example of Gothic revival in Italy is the Pedrocchi Café in Padua, Italy (1837), by Giuseppe Jappelli. It borrowed the Venetian Gothic style plus the pinnacles of Milan Cathedral. It became famous as the meeting place of Italian patriots rebelling against Austrian rule in 1848.

title: Gothic Revival architecture in Canada

text: One of the most important examples of this style anywhere in the world were the Parliament Buildings designed by Thomas Fuller. While the style and design of the building is unquestionably Gothic, it resembles no building constructed during the Middle Ages. The forms were the same, but their arrangement was uniquely modern. The Parliament Buildings also departed from Medieval models by integrating a variety of eras and styles of Gothic architecture, including elements of Gothic architecture from Britain, France, the Low Countries, and Italy all in one building.

title: Gothic architecture

text: The Gothic revival in Italy focused on the completion of earlier Cathedrals, which had been largely left to crumble. The most striking example was Milan Cathedral, which received a new facade in 1806–1813 which almost completely covered the original; it was designed by Giuseppe Zanoia and Carlo Amati. In 1888 it received a Gothic crown on the front facade by Giuseppe Brentano. The famous spires and pinnacles of the building date to the 19th century.[67]

title: Architecture of Paris

text: Unlike the south of France, Paris has very few examples of Romanesque architecture; most churches and other buildings in that style were rebuilt in the Gothic style. The most remarkable example of Romanesque architecture in Paris is the church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, built between 990 and 1160 during the reign of Robert the Pious. An earlier church had been destroyed by the Vikings in the 9th century. The oldest elements of the original church existing today are the tower (the belfry at the top was added in the 12th century), and the chapel of Saint Symphorien, on the south flank of the bell tower, built in the 11th century. It is considered the earliest existing place of worship in Paris. The gothic choir, with its flying buttresses, was added in the mid-12th century, it was consecrated by Pope Alexander III, in 1163. It was one of the earliest gothic style elements to appear in a Paris church.

title: Notre Dame Law School

text: Notre Dame Law School is located in the heart of Notre Dame's campus. Eck and Biochini Halls, two buildings connected by a suspended walkway, house the Law School. The conjoined buildings were designed by famous architect Charles Donagh Maginnis and the buildings serve as a prominent example of collegiate Gothic architecture. The Kresge Law Library is located in Biochini Hall, while most of the classrooms are in Eck Hall. Funding for the law library was provided by businessman S.S. Kresge, the founder of what is now Sears Holding Corporation. The Law School also hosts a legal aid clinic in South Bend.

title: Bad Doberan

text: The classicist buildings characterizing the centres of Bad Doberan and Heiligendamm were all built between 1801 and 1836 by the architect, Carl Theodor Severin. However, the most famous building is the Doberan Minster ("Doberaner Münster", 1368), which was once the church of Doberan Abbey, and is one of the most impressive examples of Brick Gothic architecture in the Baltic Sea region. It is the most important religious sight at European Route of Brick Gothic. The monumental grave of King Albert of Sweden can be found there.

title: Architecture of Ireland

text: The architecture of the Republic of Ireland is one of the most visible features in the Irish countryside – with remains from all eras since the Stone Age abounding. Ireland is famous for its ruined and intact Norman and Anglo-Irish castles, small whitewashed thatched cottages and Georgian urban buildings. What are unaccountably somewhat less famous are the still complete Palladian and rococo country houses which can be favourably compared to anything similar in northern Europe, and the country's many Gothic and neo-Gothic cathedrals and buildings. Despite the ofttimes significant British and European influence, the fashion and trends of architecture have been adapted to suit the peculiarities of the particular location. In the late 20th century a new economic climate resulted in a renaissance of Irish culture and design, placing some of Ireland's cities, once again, at the cutting edge of modern architecture.

title: Gothic Revival architecture in Canada

text: Gothic Revival architecture in Canada is an historically influential style, with many prominent examples. The Gothic Revival was imported to Canada from Britain and the United States in the early 19th century, and rose to become the most popular style for major projects throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

title: Over-the-Rhine

text: Most of Over-the-Rhine's ornate brick buildings were built by German immigrants from 1865 to the 1880s. The architecture of Over-the-Rhine reflects the diverse styles of the late nineteenth century—simple vernacular, muted Greek Revival, Italianate and Queen Anne. Most of the buildings in Over-the-Rhine are one of these styles, but there are other odd balls as well. Art Deco is represented by the American Building on Central Parkway, the Germania Building at Twelfth and Walnut streets is ironically one of the few examples of German ornamentation in the neighborhood, Music Hall's mixture of styles is best described as Venetian Gothic, there are a handful of buildings with Gothic architecture, and the new SCPA on Central Parkway is the most notable example of Modern architecture in the neighborhood.

title: Architecture of Ottawa

text: In the years after Canadian Confederation, the Government of Canada constructed a series of monumental structures in Ottawa. The most important of these buildings was the Parliament of Canada, unquestionably Ottawa's most famous building and one also acclaimed by architectural critics. The parliamentary complex consists of a series of Neo-Gothic structures. They are one of the world's most prominent examples of Victorian High Gothic, with no attempts to ape medievalism, but rather a recombination of Gothic forms into a wholly original style of building. Early civil service buildings were built in similarly high style with the Second Empire Style Langevin Block and Baronial Connaught Building being two prominent examples.

title: Cistercian architecture

text: In Poland, the former Cistercian monastery of Pelplin Cathedral is an important example of Brick Gothic. Wąchock abbey is one of the most valuable examples of Polish Romanesque architecture. The largest Cistercian complex, the Abbatia Lubensis (Lubiąż, Poland), is a masterpiece of baroque architecture and the second largest Christian architectural complex in the world.

title: Gothic Revival architecture

text:
A younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for John Britton's series "Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain", which began appearing in 1807. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an "Attempt..." to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, "a text-book for the architectural student". Its long antique title is descriptive: "Attempt to discriminate the styles of English architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation; preceded by a sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, with notices of nearly five hundred English buildings". The categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions, was still being republished by 1881, and has been reissued in the 21st century.
Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, Gothic Revival was used across Europe, throughout the British Empire, and in the United States for public buildings and homes for the people who could afford the style, but the most common use for Gothic Revival architecture was in the building of churches. Churches all over in the countries that were influenced by the Gothic Revival, small and large, whether isolated in small settlements or in the big city, there is at least one church done in Gothic Revival style. Major examples of Gothic cathedrals in the U.S. include the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine in New York City and Washington National Cathedral (also known as "the Cathedral Church of Saints Peter and Paul") on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D.C.. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario.

title: Architecture of Germany

text: Maulbronn Abbey is considered a significant example of Cistercian architecture. It was built between the 12th and 15th centuries, and therefore includes Gothic elements. In the 11th century there also began construction of numerous castles, including the famous castle of Wartburg, which was later expanded in the Gothic style.

title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: During the 19th century, Fort Wayne was dominated by Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate architecture. Examples of Greek Revival architecture remain in the city, with one being the Richardville House (1827), a National Historic Landmark. Gothic and Gothic Revival architecture can be found in some of the city's most prominent churches, including Trinity English Lutheran Church (1846), Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (1860), Trinity Episcopal Church (1865), and Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1889).

title: Gothic architecture

text: The middle of the 19th century was a period marked by the restoration, and in some cases modification, of ancient monuments and the construction of neo-Gothic edifices such as the nave of Cologne Cathedral and the Sainte-Clotilde of Paris as speculation of medieval architecture turned to technical consideration. London's Palace of Westminster, St. Pancras railway station, New York's Trinity Church and St. Patrick's Cathedral are also famous examples of Gothic Revival buildings.[60] Such style also reached the Far East in the period, for instance, the Anglican St. John's Cathedral which was located at the centre of Victoria City in Central, Hong Kong.

title: Warsaw

text: Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), a typical example of the so-called Masovian Gothic style; St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century); Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and the Royal Castle "Curia Maior" (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of Mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).

title: National Capital Region (Canada)

text: The NCR has numerous attractions, including world-famous festivals, national museums, famous buildings and architecture, sports and entertainment. Ottawa has some of the best examples of Gothic Revival architecture in North America.

title: Heiligenkreuz Abbey

text: The abbey church of Heiligenkreuz combines two styles of architecture. The façade, naves and the transept (dedicated 1187) are Romanesque, while the choir (13th century) is Gothic. The austere nave is a rare, and famous, example of Romanesque architecture in Austria. The 13th century window paintings in the choir are some of the most beautiful remnants of medieval art.

title: French Gothic architecture

text: The most famous examples of Gothic architecture are found in the Île-de-France and Champagne, but other French regions created their own original versions of the style. The Angevin Gothic style in the province of Anjou features a vaults with elegant decorative ribs, as well as very ornate columns. The style is found in the interior of Angers Cathedral (1032–1523), though many of the Gothic elements of the facade were replaced with Renaissance elements and towers. A very fine example of Angevin Gothic is found in the medieval Saint Jean Hospital in Angers, which now contains the Musée Jean-Lurçat, a museum of contemporary tapestries.

title: French Gothic architecture

text: In addition to these Gothic styles, there is another style called "Gothique méridional", Southern Gothic, as opposed to Gothique septentrional, Northern Gothic. This style is characterized by a large nave, and has no transept. Examples of this Gothic architecture are:

title: French Gothic architecture

text: French Gothic architecture was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of powerful French state centered in the Ile-de-France. During the reign of Louis VI of France (1081-1137), Paris was the principal residence of the Kings of France, Reims the place of coronation, and the Abbey of Saint-Denis became their ceremonial burial place. The Abbot of Saint-Denis, Suger, was a counselor of Louis VI and Louis VII, as well as an historian. He oversaw the reconstruction of the ambulatory of Saint-Denis, making it the first and most influential example of Gothic architecture in France.

title: History of college campuses and architecture in the United States

text: The interest in Classical architecture was met with equal interest, beginning in the 1830s, in Gothic architecture, leading to the Gothic Revival. The interest in Gothic design stemmed from the mistaken view that the style had originated in England, and the shift was predominantly led by Anglican colleges and their administrations, including that of Columbia University. Among the major uses of the Gothic in the United States, the two campuses designed by Philander Chase (that of Kenyon College and that of the now defunct Jubilee College) were some of the most notable, although Jubilee College's construction was never finished. Kenyon College's central building, Old Kenyon, was the first collegiate building in the United States to be designed in the Gothic style. The Gothic was not a monolithic style; the Ruskinian Gothic, for example, differed in coloration and overall aesthetic, enough that some consider it to be wholly distinct from other Gothic forms.

title: Christianity in India

text: Indian Christian art and architecture during the British Raj has expanded into several different styles as a result of extensive church building in different parts of the country. The style that was most patronised is generally referred to as the British Regency style which included Neo-Gothic and Gothic Revival architecture. Most Protestant cathedrals and churches in India conform to this style. St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata is a typical example of the Gothic Revival style. St. Mary's church, Chennai, the first Anglican Church built east of the Suez is one of the first examples of British colonial architecture in India. French and Danish influences on Christian art and architecture in India can be seen in their respective colonies. Today one can see a harmonious blending of the East and the West in the Christian art and architecture of India.

title: Architecture of Germany

text: Gothic architecture flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture. The first Gothic buildings in Germany were built from about 1230, for example the "Liebfrauenkirche" (German for "Church of Our dear Lady") ca. 1233-1283 in Trier, which is one of the most important early Gothic cathedrals in Germany and falls into the architectural tradition of the .

title: Gothic Revival architecture

text: There are many examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Canada. The first major Gothic Revival structure in Canada was Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal, Quebec, which was designed in 1824. During the War of 1812 many homesteads along the St. Lawrence River were destroyed. Most of the homes were built in the Georgian style; after their destruction they were rebuilt in the Gothic Revival or "Jigsaw Gothic" style. The capital city of Ottawa, Ontario is full of Gothic Revival architecture. The Parliament Hill buildings which were built in the last decades of the 19th century were built in the Gothic Revival style, as were many other buildings in the city and outlying areas, showing how popular the Gothic Revival movement had become. Other examples of Canadian Gothic Revival architecture are the Victoria Memorial Museum, (1905–08), the Royal Canadian Mint, (1905–08), and Connaught Building, (1913–16), all in Ottawa by David Ewart.

title: Gothic Revival architecture

text: Carpenter Gothic houses and small churches became common in North America and other places in the late 19th century. These structures adapted Gothic elements such as pointed arches, steep gables, and towers to traditional American light-frame construction. The invention of the scroll saw and mass-produced wood moldings allowed a few of these structures to mimic the florid fenestration of the High Gothic. But, in most cases, Carpenter Gothic buildings were relatively unadorned, retaining only the basic elements of pointed-arch windows and steep gables. Probably the best-known example of Carpenter Gothic is a house in Eldon, Iowa, that Grant Wood used for the background of his famous painting American Gothic.

title: Santarém, Portugal

text: Santarém city centre has several monuments, including the largest and most varied ensemble of gothic churches in Portugal. These include fine examples of transitional Romanesque–Gothic, mendicant (plain style derived from the mendicant orders) and late (flamboyant) Gothic. In addition, the city has nice examples of Manueline, Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque architecture.


query: Where was Stuart Syvret born?

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Stuart Syvret was born in Jersey and educated at Halkett Place School, St Helier Boys School and Highlands College. He obtained City and Guilds Craft and Advanced Craft in carpentry and joinery and went on to become a Member of the Institute of Carpenters. He was a Cabinet maker before entering politics.[1]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: In February 2014, Google closed down the Stuart Syvret blog at the request of the Jersey authorities. A copy of the blog reappeared almost immediately on Blogger and later appeared, not hosted by Blogger.[64]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 10 April 2007 the Jersey Evening Post reported that Syvret had accused the Tax Justice Network of blackmailing him, an accusation strongly denied.[125] Senator Syvret complained to the police, but subsequently stated the matter was not worth pursuing.[126]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: When the case resumed in the Magistrate's Court in August 2010, Syvret told the court that he was suffering from clinical depression and sought an adjournment of the proceedings.[99]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 18 June 2009, Syvret appeared before at the Magistrate's Court charged with driving without a valid licence between September 2006 and April 2008.[86] On 9 July 2009, Syvret was charged with breaches of data protection laws relating to his blog article about "Nurse M".[87] Syvret pleaded not guilty and argued that his prosecution was an abuse of process and the charges should be struck out.[88] On 22 July 2009 the prosecuting advocate stated the case against Mr Syvret which included the allegation – "Mr. Syvret’s comments on the blog were to the effect that Nurse # was clearly a dangerous homicidal maniac and that investigation into him had been stopped for political or corrupt reasons, leaving the people of Jersey in danger. In fact the May 1999 report was followed by intensive police investigation authorised by the Attorney General. An extremely experienced police officer Mr. Faudemer led that investigation for the police, and the investigation concluded that there was insufficient evidence against Nurse #, and Nurse # was never charged. Mr. Syvret did not make any of this clear on his blog and does not appear to have troubled to find out the full facts in advance." [89]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Syvret's robust dealings with fellow States members continued in August 2008, when he compared a Jewish senator to a Nazi war criminal in an argument about General Sales Tax.[74] Syvret was at the receiving end of barbed comments in March 2009, when Senator Jim Perchard, the Health Minister, told Svyret to consider committing suicide – a comment that led to Perchard's resignation.[75]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: The following day, Syvret faced calls for his resignation as minister from the chair of the Jersey Child Protection Committee, who alleged that Syvret had breached data protection law relating to a child abuse victim (an allegation Syvret denied).[50] Walker, the Chief Minister, also told Syvret to resign.[51] In turn, Syvret dismissed the chair of the Jersey Child Protection Committee.[52] In August 2007, Syvret's assistant minister resigned and relations between Syvret and senior officials were reported as being "at breaking point".[53] Svyret wrote to 2,500 staff telling them they could "blow the whistle" on management anonymously.[54] On 22 August, the Data Protection Commissioner determined that Syvret had broken data protection law by releasing "personal and highly sensitive information about a child who has been subjected to sexual abuse", a finding that Syvret rejected.[55] The following day, the Council of Ministers announced that a former director of Devon County Social Services had been appointed to carry out a "wide ranging" inquiry into childcare and child protection in Jersey,[56] which Syvret dismissed as having "absolutely no chance whatsoever of truly digging out and exposing all this issues".[57]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Syvret's arrest was ordered on 23 October 2009 when he failed to attend court for the second time that week, having traveled to London where he said he was claiming "legal asylum".[97] He returned to Jersey more than six months later on 4 May 2010 and was arrested and bailed.[98]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 14 October 2010, Syvret was convicted by the Magistrate's Court of the motoring offences, when the Assistant Magistrate criticized the police as overreacting in the way they arrested Syvret.[103] On 17 November 2010, the court found Syvret guilty of the data protection offences and guilty of contempt of court on account of his non-attendance and words of disrespect. The prosecuting Attorney General made two charges against Syvret for the aforementioned blogging of the Faudemer Report. The charges came under the Data Protection (Jersey) Law, Articles 55, 17, and 21. The opinion on these two charges by Assistant Magistrate Mrs B. Shaw of the Magistrate's Court was published online.[104] Syvret refused the option of community service and was jailed for ten weeks, fined £4,200 and ordered to pay £10,000 in legal costs.[105] He was granted bail by the Royal Court the following day, pending an appeal. On 17 June 2011, Syvret made a further claim for judicial review to the Royal Court relating to the prosecution. The application was refused by Commissioner Pitchers and an appeal to the Jersey Court of Appeal (consisting of Michael Beloff QC, Clare Montgomery QC and Christopher Nugee QC) was dismissed.[106]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 27 September 2010 Syvret applied to the Royal Court for judicial review of the continuing prosecution; the application was refused.[101] (An appeal against this decision was refused in July 2011).[102]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: During his first nine years as a States member, Syvret held various positions including chairing a committee on Freedom of Information and membership of the House Committee, Establishment Committee, Public Services, Legislation Committee, and Employment and Social Security Committee.[16]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: In October 2006, Syvret openly clashed with ministerial colleagues in a debate about whether to exempt food, medicine and other household necessities from the new General Sales Tax.[37] In December 2006, he was reported to be disillusioned and considering stepping down from politics.[38] Relations with ministerial colleagues continued to deteriorate: in February 2007, the Chief Minister called an emergency meeting of the full Council of Ministers to discuss an open letter Syvret had sent to a property developer who had proposed a private hospital in Jersey, in which Svyret had been critical of many aspects of government policy.[39] The 3,000-word letter, which dealt with "environmental, taxation and social policies and the relationship between government and business", had initially been submitted to the Jersey Evening Post (JEP) for publication "but rejected because editorially unacceptable conditions were attached"–[40] though Syvret's letter was published in full by the JEP on 6 February 2007.[41] On 8 February 2007, Walker and Syvret issued a joint statement that Syvret would be remaining a minister.[42] The States Privileges and Procedure Committee commenced out an inquiry into whether Syvret had breached the code of conduct, prompting complaints about the way in which it was handling the case;[43] Syvret walked out of the committee's private hearing, arguing that the proceedings were a breach of his human rights.[44] On 2 March 2007, the committee cleared Syvret of breaching the members' code[45] but the chairman of the committee instigated a debate in the States of Jersey assembly to express disapproval of Syvret's actions in relation to the open letter.[46] Members (including Syvret himself) voted 29 to 8 to censure his actions.[47]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On his return from London in 2010, Syvret unsuccessfully fought a by-election in June 2010. He came second out of a field of nine candidates, polling 3,437 votes.[13]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 6 April 2009, ten police officers went to Syvret's home, where they arrested him and carried out an extensive search of the property.[78] Syvret was held in custody for seven hours and questioned about alleged breaches of Jersey data protection law in relation to his naming of "Nurse M".[79] The Jersey Evening Post criticized police tactics,[80] as did MPs in the UK Parliament.[81] An emergency sitting of the States assembly was called[82] – though the assembly subsequently voted against a proposition critical of the police's actions.[83] Svyret's lawyer complained that data protection laws were being used to restrict his freedom of expression, contrary to human rights.[84] In 2011, the police conceded that the arrest could have been handled better.[85]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 22 January 2008, Syvret launched a blog.[61] Material published on the blog prompted an investigation commissioned by the States of Jersey Employment Board following complaints from civil servants that they were harassed.[62] The report by Christopher Chapman found that Syvret had harassed States employees and that the Employment Board had not done enough to defend staff.[63]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: From 1999 to 2005, Syvret was President of the Health and Social Services Committee in the committee-based system of administration that existed at that time.

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Syvret indicated that he was now prepared to accept community service and was sentenced to 80 hours for contempt of the Magistrate's Court. The fine was reduced to £1,400 and legal costs to £5,000.[114] However, by early November 2011, Syvret had not carried out any of the community service sentence, and on 2 November 2011 he was re-sentenced by the Magistrate to eight weeks in prison;[115] Syvret's appeal to the Royal Court was dismissed,[116] as was a subsequent application to reopen the appeal.[117] The jail sentence was extended by a further month and six days for non-payment of the fine.[118] He was released from prison on 30 December 2011.[119]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 12 September 2007, the States assembly held a six-hour debate on Chief Minister Frank Walker's proposition to dismiss Syvret from ministerial office, which Walker said was prompted solely by Syvret's "reprehensible behaviour in recent weeks".[58] Members voted in favour of Syvret's dismissal by 35 to 15.[59]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: On 4 September 2010, Syvret appealed to the Jersey Court of Appeal against the Royal Court's ruling in August 2009. Miss Clare Montgomery QC, sitting as Court of Appeal judge, refused leave to appeal, holding that "the Commissioner was right not to recuse himself".[100]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: During 2008, an independent report by Alan Williamson commissioned by the States in response to Syvret's claims concluded that no children in care in Jersey were currently at risk,[68] while a review by the Howard League for Penal Reform was critical of the regime that had operated at Greenfields, one of the island's children's homes, during Syvret's time as minister.[69]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: From September 2007 to April 2010, Syvret was a backbencher in the States assembly. On 5 December 2007, as "Father of the House", Syvret was called on to make what is usually a short and uncontroversial speech to mark the last sitting of the assembly before Christmas; instead Syvret made an emotional plea to Chief Minister Frank Walker and other politicians for being, Syvret claimed, complicit in covering up "decades of child abuse".[60]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: In accordance with the States of Jersey Law 2005, Syvret was disqualified from his senatorial seat in April 2010 due to 6 months' absence from the island.[12] He had gone to live in London during his trial in Jersey for data protection and motoring offences.

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Other material posted on the blog by Syvret was to lead to his prosecution for breaches of the Jersey Data Protection Law over his naming of "Nurse M" (see below).

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Syvret was elected, at his third attempt, to the States of Jersey in 1990 for a three-year term as Deputy of Saint Helier District 3&4 as a member of the Jersey Green Party.

title: Stuart Syvret

text: At the outset of the proceedings, Syvret made an application to the Royal Court in August 2009, arguing that the Assistant Magistrate was biased against him, as was the Commissioner of the Royal Court hearing that application. Sir Richard Tucker rejected these submissions and ordered him to pay costs.[95] When the case resumed in the Magistrate's Court, Syvret sought to call the Attorney General, several senior civil servants, the suspended police chief Graham Power and other police officers, and Deputy Carolyn Labey (his former partner) as witnesses.[96]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: In June 2008 Syvret brought a vote of no confidence against the Council of Ministers in relation to the Waterfront (a major development in St Helier) – it was defeated by 41 votes to eight.[70]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: With the start of a new system of ministerial government in December 2005, Syvret was one of two candidates for the post of Chief Minister, along with Senator Frank Walker.[30] In a secret ballot on 5 December 2005, the States' assembly elected Walker to be the first Chief Minister in Jersey history by 38 votes to Syvret's 14.[31]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: The data protection charge was brought under Article 55 of the Data Protection (Jersey) Law 2005, which creates the offence of disclosing personal data but permits disclosure where it is "necessary for the purposing preventing crime" or is "justified as being in the public interest".[92] During the lengthy proceedings, Sir Christopher Pitcher sitting as a Commissioner of the Royal Court explained the legal issues at stake: Syvret was, the Commissioner said,[93]

title: Stuart Syvret

text: Syvret's appeal against conviction to the Royal Court, Commissioner Sir Christopher Pitchers presiding, started on 1 August 2011.[107] Syvret maintained that he was protecting the public by naming "Nurse M" on his blog[108] and argued that the motive of the police in searching his home when he was arrested was to find evidence to discredit former police chief Graham Power and former deputy police chief Lenny Harper.[109] The Royal Court repeated criticisms of the police actions in raiding Syvrets' home, arresting him and keeping him in custody.[110] The court also held that in the Magistrate's Court the prosecution "lead some evidence which went further than was necessary in supporting the robustness of the 1999 enquiry" but found that the Assistant Magistrate's conclusions had not been influenced by this.[111] The court rejected Syvret's submissions that disclosure of the nurses' names was justified as being in the public interest.[112] The court added that "The public interest is served by measured, responsible and accurate reporting. The way that the appellant dealt with the information that he had was none of these".[113] The court dismissed Syvret's appeal on the data protection offences but allowed his appeal in relation to two counts of contempt of court.

title: Stuart Syvret

text: In February 2008, a States of Jersey Police investigation into historic child abuse began to be widely reported in the news media around the world. Syvret and others called on the UK Home Secretary Jack Straw to appoint English prosecutors and judges to deal with what Syvret called "the child protection crisis".[65] Syvret himself was criticized for declining assistance from a former head of New Scotland Yard's paedophile unit during his tenure as health minister.[66] In May 2008, Syvret made a formal complaint to the police claiming that senior civil servants had perverted the course of justice by covering up abuse of children in care homes.[67]


query: What years did Le Corbusier live?

title: Le Corbusier

text: Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier (French:[lə kɔʁbyˈzje]), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America.

title: Le Corbusier in the USSR

text: Le Corbusier had a short relationship with the Soviet Union, starting with his first trip to Moscow in 1928, and ending with the rejection of his proposal for the Palace of the Soviets in 1932. Nevertheless, the short-lived relationship had consequences that went beyond Le Corbusier’s time in the USSR. Before his trip to Moscow, Le Corbusier was already an influential figure within the Soviet field of architecture. In 1922, Moisei Ginzburg, founder of the Constructivist movement, published materials from Le Corbusier’s “Towards a New Architecture,” and in 1924 published his own book, similar to Le Corbusier’s, titled "Style and Epoch", which became to a central text to the Constructivist movement. Likewise, Corbusier’s projects were frequently published and analyzed as examples for the young generation of Soviet architects to use as inspiration. When Le Corbusier died in 1965, the official newspaper of the Soviet Union, Pravda, stated in its obituary, “Modern architecture has lost its greatest master.” This statement suggests the importance of Le Corbusier’s architecture and urbanism in the Soviet Union.

title: Chandigarh

text: Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High Court, the Palace of Assembly and the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier also designed the general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors. Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's many "Open Hand" sculptures, standing 26 metres high. "The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte)" is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive." It represents what Le Corbusier called the "Second Machine Age". Two of the six monuments planned in the Capitol Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly and the Secretariat, remain incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and Martyrs Memorial; drawings were made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed.

title: Le Thoronet Abbey

text: Thoronet Abbey had a significant influence upon the Swiss architect Le Corbusier Following the Second World War, Father Couturier, a Dominican priest and artist, who had contacts with contemporary artists Marc Chagall, Fernand Léger, Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard, invited Le Corbusier to design a convent at La Tourette, close to Lyon. Father Coutourier wrote to Le Corbusier in 1953: "I hope that you can go to Le Thoronet, and that you will like that place. It seems to me that there you will find the essence of what a monastery must have been like at the time it was built; a place where men lived by a vow of silence, devoted themselves to reflection and meditation and a communal life which has not changed very much over time." Le Corbusier visited Thoronet, and wrote an article about his visit, including the observation, "the light and the shadow are the loudspeakers of this architecture of truth." The convent that he eventually built has a number of features inspired by Thoronet, including the tower and the simple volumes, and the alternating full and empty spaces created by bright light falling on the walls.

title: Le Corbusier in the USSR

text: Le Corbusier left Moscow in 1928 with a positive view of the Soviet Union. Indeed, his time there would prove influential in the development of his own theories on architecture and urban planning. In 1930, in his "Precisions on the Present: State of Architecture and City Planning", Le Corbusier included a report on his observations of Moscow, written en route back to Paris from Moscow. In this report, Le Corbusier reflects on the "Five Year Plan" and the “green city” plan that the Constructivist architects had developed.

title: Constantine Andreou

text: A major impact on Andreou's method of expression and in the development of his personal "language" was his friendship with Le Corbusier. They first met in 1947 and worked together on and off until 1953. At one time Le Corbusier asked Andreou, "Where did you learn how to work?" to which Andreou responded "I'm Greek, I carry the knowledge within me." This friendship instilled in Andreou Le Corbusier's view of architecture as monumental sculpture and, conversely, sculpture subject to the laws of architecture.

title: Pavillon Le Corbusier

text: The Pavillon Le Corbusier is a Swiss art museum in Zürich-Seefeld at Zürichhorn dedicated to the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. In 1960 Heidi Weber had the vision to establish a museum designed by Le Corbusier – this building should exhibit his works of art in an ideal environment created by the architect himself in the then Centre Le Corbusier or Heidi Weber Museum. In April 2014 the building and museum went over to the city of Zürich, and was renamed in May 2016.

title: Palais de la musique et des congrès

text: In 1962, the historic venue of the philharmonic orchestra, the Palais des Fêtes, was starting to get old. The city also did not have a proper convention center. The mayor, Pierre Pflimlin turned to famed architect, Le Corbusier for a project. Le Corbusier started working on the commission and made drafts and a wooden model but died before he could provide definitive plans. This was the second time Le Corbusier had unsuccessfully tried to build in Strasbourg, after a failed housing project in 1951.

title: Le Corbusier

text: In 1960, Le Corbusier began a third religious building, the Church of Saint Pierre in the new town of Firminy-Vert, where he had built a Unité d'Habitation and a cultural and sports centre. While he made the original design, construction did not begin until five years after his death, and work continued under different architects until it was completed in 2006. The most spectacular feature of the church is the sloping concrete tower that covers the entire interior. similar to that in the Assembly Building in his complex at Chandigarh. Windows high in the tower illuminate the interior. Le Corbusier originally proposed that tiny windows also project the form of a constellation on the walls. Later architects designed the church to project the constellation Orion.[55]

title: Toward an Architecture

text: Toward an Architecture consists of seven essays, three of which are further subdivided into three sections. Before each section, Le Corbusier placed aphoristic arguments, all of which appear in a list at the front of the book, as a sort of rhetorical aid. Le Corbusier rearranged the essays from chronological sequence of their original publication in "L'Espirit Nouveau" to focus on architects and clients, academic ideas and practical ones. Le Corbusier did this because the book targeted architects and professors, rather than the wealthy clientele who received "L'Espirit Nouveau."

title: Figure-ground diagram

text: Beginning in 1920s, urbanists such as Tony Garnier, Le Corbusier, and Walter Gropius wished to build new and rid culture of “dead forms”. Le Corbusier’s "Ville Contemporaine pour trois million habitants" in 1922 featured high-density living concentrated in towers, maximizing open space and fresh air. The proposed city created a field of figural objects based on Le Corbusier’s ‘tower in the park,’ a theory that would pervade architectural theory through the mid-century Urban Renewal.

title: Le Corbusier

text: Le Corbusier has been accused of anti-semitism. He wrote to his mother in October 1940, prior to a referendum held by the Vichy government: "The Jews are having a bad time. I occasionally feel sorry. But it appears their blind lust for money has rotted the country". He was also accused of belittling the Muslim population of Algeria, then part of France. When Le Corbusier proposed a plan for the rebuilding of Algiers, he condemned the existing housing for European Algerians, complaining that it was inferior to that inhabited by indigenous Algerians: "the civilized live like rats in holes", while "the barbarians live in solitude, in well-being."[80] His plan for rebuilding Algiers was rejected, and thereafter Le Corbusier mostly avoided politics.[81]

title: Richard Meier

text: Much of Meier's work builds on the work of architects of the early to mid-20th century, especially that of Le Corbusier and, in particular, Le Corbusier's early phase. Meier has built more using Corbusier's ideas than anyone, including Le Corbusier himself. Meier expanded many ideas evident in Le Corbusier's work, particularly the Villa Savoye and the Swiss Pavilion.

title: Le Corbusier

text: Place Le Corbusier, Paris, near the site of his atelier on the Rue de Sèvres Le Corbusier Boulevard, Laval, Quebec, Canada Place Le Corbusier in his hometown of La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland Le Corbusier Street in the partido of Malvinas Argentinas, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina Le Corbusier Street in Le Village Parisien of Brossard, Quebec, Canada Le Corbusier Promenade, a promenade along the water at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin Le Corbusier Museum, Sector- 19 Chandigarh, India Le Corbusier Museum in Stuttgart am Weissenhof

title: Le Corbusier in the USSR

text: Le Corbusier submitted designs for the competition for the Palace of the Soviets in 1931, which he lost and in effect would end his relationship with the Soviet Union. After he submitted his design for the first entry, Le Corbusier was informed that his submission had caused considerable stir. No winner was announced for this first round, but he was notified that as a formidable contestant in first entry his project would go on to the second round of the competition. With this, Le Corbusier had reasonable grounds to believe that his project would be among the finalists, if not the winner. But on February 28, 1932, when Boris Iofan’s neo-classical entry was announced as the winner of the second public competition by the Soviet judges, Le Corbusier was unprepared. Le Corbusier was outraged by the decision, and wrote letters illustrating such feelings, in effect only showing to the Soviet judges his great egotism. But, with the winner announced, it was evident that Le Corbusier’s modernist style was losing ground in the Soviet Union. Even national newspaper, which only a few years earlier heralded his first visit to the city of Moscow, now mocked his design entry as a “congress hangar.” The high modernism that young Soviet architects aspired to only a few years earlier was being replaced by a socialist realism best illustrated by neo-classical architecture. Le Corbusier’s failure in this project, which in the eyes of the world marked a spectacular reversal in soviet architectural style, would prove to be his final dream and ultimate humiliation in his Moscow adventure. In the end, Le Corbusier’s relationship with Russia would end in disappointment.

title: Le Corbusier

text: In the 1930s, Le Corbusier expanded and reformulated his ideas on urbanism, eventually publishing them in La Ville radieuse (The Radiant City) in 1935. Perhaps the most significant difference between the Contemporary City and the Radiant City is that the latter abandoned the class-based stratification of the former; housing was now assigned according to family size, not economic position.[65] Some have read dark overtones into The Radiant City: from the "astonishingly beautiful assemblage of buildings" that was Stockholm, for example, Le Corbusier saw only "frightening chaos and saddening monotony." He dreamed of "cleaning and purging" the city, bringing "a calm and powerful architecture"—referring to steel, plate glass, and reinforced concrete. Although Le Corbusier's designs for Stockholm did not succeed, later architects took his ideas and partly "destroyed" the city with them.[66]

title: Le Corbusier

text: Le Corbusier revolutionized urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). One of the first to realize how the automobile would change human society, Le Corbusier conceived the city of the future with large apartment buildings isolated in a park-like setting on pilotis. Le Corbusier's plans were adopted by builders of public housing in Europe and the United States. In Great Britain urban planners turned to Le Corbusier's "Cities in the Sky" as a cheaper method of building public housing from the late 1950s.[86] Le Corbusier criticized any effort at ornamentation of the buildings. The large spartan structures in cities, but not 'of' cities, have been criticized for being boring and unfriendly to pedestrians.

title: Le Corbusier

text: The second major religious project undertaken by Le Corbusier was the Convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette in L'Arbresle in the Rhone Department (1953–1960). Once again it was Father Couturier who engaged Le Corbusier in the project. He invited Le Corbusier to visit the starkly simple and imposing 12th–13th century Le Thoronet Abbey in Provence, and also used his memories of his youthful visit to the Erna Charterhouse in Florence. This project involved not only a chapel, but a library, refectory, rooms for meetings and reflection, and dormitories for the nuns. For the living space he used the same Modulor concept for measuring the ideal living space that he had used in the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille; height under the ceiling of 2.26 metres (7feet 5inches); and width 1.83 metres (6feet 0inches).[52]

title: Immeuble Molitor

text: Immeuble Molitor is an apartment building designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret and built between 1931 and 1934. Located at the border between the city of Paris and the commune of Boulogne-Billancourt in France, it has been listed along with 16 other architectural works by Le Corbusier as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Le Corbusier lived in the building from its completion until his death in 1965.

title: Le Corbusier's Furniture

text: Le Corbusier's Furniture is a classic furniture line created by Le Corbusier. The line was introduced in 1928 at the Salon d‘Autumne in Paris by Le Corbusier and his team of designers.

title: Le Corbusier

text: The political views of Le Corbusier were rather vague and variable over time. In the 1920s, he co-founded and contributed articles about urbanism to the fascist journals Plans, Prélude and L'Homme Réel.[76][77] He also allegedly penned pieces in favour of Nazi anti-semitism for those journals, as well as "hateful editorials".[78] Between 1925 and 1928, Le Corbusier had connections to Le Faisceau, a short-lived French fascist party led by Georges Valois. Valois later became an anti-fascist.[79] Le Corbusier knew another former member of Faisceau, Hubert Lagardelle, a former labor leader and syndicalist who had become disaffected with the political left. In 1934, after Lagardelle had obtained a position at the French embassy in Rome, he arranged for Le Corbusier to lecture on architecture in Italy. Lagardelle later served as minister of labor in the pro-Axis Vichy regime. While Le Corbusier sought commissions from the Vichy regime, particularly the redesign of Marseille after its Jewish population had been forcefully removed,[77] he was unsuccessful, and the only appointment he received from it was membership of a committee studying urbanism. Alexis Carrel, a eugenicist surgeon, appointed Le Corbusier to the Department of Bio-Sociology of the Foundation for the Study of Human Problems, an institute promoting eugenics policies under the Vichy regime.[77]

title: Antonin Raymond

text:
Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in the work of Swiss architect Le Corbusier. He acknowledged that further contribution of Corbusier's ideas to the practice came in 1930, when Kunio Maekawa (who had just returned from two years working for Le Corbusier in his Paris Office) joined. He later applied Le Corbusier's ideas to vernacular Japanese architecture. Based upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt residential scheme for Mr. Errazuris in Chile, he designed a summer house for himself in Karuizawa, Nagano. Where Corbusier had used rough masonry and a tiled butterfly roof, Raymond used cedar with larch thatch. Although the design was criticised by an American reviewer for being a copy of Le Corbusier's design, the Frenchman was so flattered and surprised that he included a photo of it in the third volume of his "Oeuvre complète":
Please be assured that there is no bitterness between us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, that is you neglected to send me a note when you published the images of your Tokyo house, which is very pretty, by the way.

title: Martín Domínguez Esteban

text:
In 1928, Le Corbusier visited the Residencia de Estudiantes, Martin Domínguez spoke with him about the values of Spanish vernacular architecture and
motivated Le Corbusier to visit the south of Spain in the summer. The following year, both architects dined with Pierre Jeanneret, cousin and close collaborator of Le Corbusier, and the painter Fernand Léger.

title: Le Corbusier

text: Sarbjit Bahga, Surinder Bahga (2014) Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret: The Indian Architecture, CreateSpace, ISBN978-1495906251. Behrens, Roy R. (2005). Cook Book: Gertrude Stein, William Cook and Le Corbusier. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books. ISBN0-9713244-1-7. Brooks, H. Allen (1999) Le Corbusier's Formative Years: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret at La Chaux-de-Fonds, Paperback Edition, University of Chicago Press, ISBN0-226-07582-6. Eliel, Carol S. (2002). L'Esprit Nouveau: Purism in Paris, 1918–1925. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN0-8109-6727-8. Curtis, William J.R. (1994) Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms, Phaidon, ISBN978-0-7148-2790-2. Frampton, Kenneth. (2001). Le Corbusier, London, Thames and Hudson. Jencks, Charles (2000) Le Corbusier and the Continual Revolution in Architecture, The Monacelli Press, ISBN978-1-58093-077-2. Jornod, Naïma and Jornod, Jean-Pierre (2005) Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), catalogue raisonné de l'oeuvre peint, Skira, ISBN88-7624-203-1. Korolija Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. (2015) 'Transgression and Ekphrasis in Le Corbusier's Journey to the East' in Transgression: Towards the Expanded Field in Architecture, edited by Louis Rice and David Littlefield, London: Routledge, 57–75, ISBN978-1-13-881892-7. Solitaire, Marc (2016) Au retour de La Chaux-de-Fonds: Le Corbusier & Froebel, editions Wiking, ISBN978-2-9545239-1-0. Von Moos, Stanislaus (2009) Le Corbusier: Elements of A Synthesis, Rotterdam, 010 Publishers. Weber, Nicholas Fox (2008) Le Corbusier: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN0-375-41043-0.

title: Le Corbusier

text: Le Corbusier had submitted his plan for the Secretariat, called Plan 23 of the 58 submitted. In Le Corbusier's plan, where offices, council chambers and General Assembly hall were in a single block in the center of the site. He lobbied hard for his project, and asked the younger Brazilian architect, Niemeyer, to support and assist him on his plan. Niemeyer, to help Le Corbusier, refused to submit his own design and did not attend the meetings until the Director, Harrison, insisted. Niemeyer then submitted his plan, Plan 32, with the office building and councils and General Assembly in separate buildings. After much discussion, the Committee chose Niemeyer's plan, but suggested that he collaborate with Le Corbusier on the final project. Le Corbusier urged Niemeyer to put the General Assembly Hall in the center of the site, though this would eliminate Niemeyer's plan to have a large plaza in the center. Niemeyer agreed with Le Corbusier's suggestion, and the headquarters was built, with minor modifications, according to their joint plan.[50]

title: Le Corbusier

text: Le Corbusier was concerned by problems he saw in industrial cities at the turn of the 20th century. He thought that industrial housing techniques led to crowding, dirtiness, and a lack of a moral landscape. He was a leader of the modernist movement to create better living conditions and a better society through housing. Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities of Tomorrow heavily influenced Le Corbusier and his contemporaries.

title: Prem Nath Thapar

text: On the recommendation of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, who were eventually hired to design housing for the city, they went to Paris to interview Le Corbusier in November 1950. Although Le Corbusier initially rejected their proposal, he sent them to visit the Masion d' Unite as an example of his work. Thapar's initial reaction to the design was negative, because the high-rise structure and reliance on elevators was incompatible with the typical Indian style of living. When Le Corbusier eventually accepted the project, Thapar ensured that the avoidance of high rise structures was part of Corbusier's design contract.

title: Pavillon Le Corbusier

text: In 1960 Le Corbusier was mandated by Heidi Weber, a Swiss art collector and patron, to conceive a public exhibition building. One year later, the first drawings for a building to be constructed in concrete were presented, in 1962 the concept was changed to a steel building. Two years later the construction was started. In 1965 Le Corbusier died, and on 15 July 1967, the Centre Le Corbusier was officially inaugurated. On 13 May 1964 the city government presented the plot of land for the museum in construction law for 50 years free of charge. Therefore, on 13 May 2014 the building became the property of the city of Zürich represented by the newly created public "Heidi Weber Foundation – Centre Le Corbusier". The board of trustees is represented by the city as well as by Mrs Heidi Weber: "I welcome this solution. It helps me to be able to enter the house in new hands".

title: Le Corbusier

text: Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities, Le Corbusier was influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier prepared the master plan for the city of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there.

title: Le Corbusier

text: Le Corbusier's grand ambitions collided with the ideas and budget of his client, and led to bitter conflicts. Schwob went to court and denied Le Corbusier access to site, or the right to claim to be the architect. Le Corbusier responded, "Whether you like it or not, my presence is inscribed in every corner of your house." Le Corbusier took great pride in the house, and reproduced pictures in several of his books.[20]

title: Le Corbusier

text: Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier did not build anything, concentrating his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, he and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres.[14] His theoretical studies soon advanced into several different single-family house models. Among these was the Maison "Citrohan", a pun on the name of the French Citroën automaker, for the modern industrial methods and materials Le Corbusier advocated using for the house. Here, Le Corbusier proposed a three-floor structure, with a double-height living room, bedrooms on the second floor, and a kitchen on the third floor. The roof would be occupied by a sun terrace. On the exterior Le Corbusier installed a stairway to provide second-floor access from ground level. Here, as in other projects from this period, he also designed the façades to include large uninterrupted banks of windows. The house used a rectangular plan, with exterior walls that were not filled by windows but left as white, stuccoed spaces. Le Corbusier and Jeanneret left the interior aesthetically spare, with any movable furniture made of tubular metal frames. Light fixtures usually comprised single, bare bulbs. Interior walls also were left white.


query: What is polarization?

title: Polarization (waves)

text: Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.[1][2][3][4][5] In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave.[4] A simple example of a polarized transverse wave is vibrations traveling along a taut string (see image); for example, in a musical instrument like a guitar string. Depending on how the string is plucked, the vibrations can be in a vertical direction, horizontal direction, or at any angle perpendicular to the string. In contrast, in longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in a liquid or gas, the displacement of the particles in the oscillation is always in the direction of propagation, so these waves do not exhibit polarization. Transverse waves that exhibit polarization include electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational waves,[6] and transverse sound waves (shear waves) in solids. In some types of transverse waves, the wave displacement is limited to a single direction, so these also do not exhibit polarization; for example, in surface waves in liquids (gravity waves), the wave displacement of the particles is always in a vertical plane.

text: This is a companion book to "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?", published by Carle and Martin in 1967, replacing the earlier text's colours and common animals with sounds and less common creatures.

title: Polar bear

text: According to the World Wildlife Fund, the polar bear is important as an indicator of Arctic ecosystem health. Polar bears are studied to gain understanding of what is happening throughout the Arctic, because at-risk polar bears are often a sign of something wrong with the Arctic marine ecosystem.

title: Gwyneth Paltrow

text: In 2009, Paltrow narrated the audiobook "The Brown Bear & Friends" by Bill Martin Jr., the first of a series of children's audiobooks that she narrated. "The Brown Bear & Friends" audiobook earned Paltrow a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album for Children. Since, she has also narrated Bill Martin's "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?", "Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?", "Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?", and "Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?".

title: Polar climate

text: There have been several attempts at quantifying what constitutes a polar climate.

title: Polarization (politics)

text: Political scientists have shown politicians have an incentive to advance and support polarized positions. These argue that during the early 1990s, the Republican Party used polarizing tactics to become the majority party in the United States House of Representatives—which political scientists Thomas E. Mann and Norman Ornstein refer to as Newt Gingrich's "guerrilla war." What political scientists have found is that moderates are less likely to run than are candidates who are in line with party doctrine, otherwise known as "party fit."Other theories state politicians who cater to more extreme groups within their party tend to be more successful, helping them stay in office while simultaneously pulling their constituency toward a polar extreme. A study by Nicholson (2012) found voters are more polarized by contentious statements from leaders of the opposing party than from the leaders of their own party. As a result, political leaders may be more likely to take polarized stances.

text: The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children.

title: Alfred Binet

text: Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization. Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance. After investigations by many, the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization. Basically, their patients had known what was expected, what was supposed to happen, and so they simply assented. Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results, and this failure took a toll on him.

title: Bill Martin Jr.

text: William Ivan Martin Jr. (March 20, 1916 – August 11, 2004) was an American educator, publishing executive, and author of more than 300 children's books including "The Sounds of Mystery," "Chicka Chicka Boom Boom" (co-authored with John Archambault), "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?", "Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?", "Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?", and "Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?" The Bill Martin Jr. Award, which is the Kansas state award for best children's picture book, was established in his honor in 1996.

title: Second solar spectrum

text: The continuum in the spectrum is the light with wavelengths between the lines. Polarization in the continuum is due to Rayleigh scattering by neutral hydrogen atoms (H I) and Thomson scattering by free electrons. Most of the opacity in the sun is due to the hydride ion, H which however does not alter polarization. In 1950 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar came up with a solution for the degree of polarization due to scattering, and predicted 11.7% polarization at the limb of the Sun. But nowhere near this level is observed. What happens at the limb is that there is a forest of spicules poking out from the edge, so it is not possible to get parallel to such a rough surface.

title: Solvent

text: The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and hydrogen bonding of a solvent determines what type of compounds it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquid compounds it is miscible. Generally, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best: "like dissolves like". Strongly polar compounds like sugars (e.g. sucrose) or ionic compounds, like inorganic salts (e.g. table salt) dissolve only in very polar solvents like water, while strongly non-polar compounds like oils or waxes dissolve only in very non-polar organic solvents like hexane. Similarly, water and hexane (or vinegar and vegetable oil) are not miscible with each other and will quickly separate into two layers even after being shaken well.

title: Plane of polarization

text: As the new electromagnetic theory further emphasized the "electric" vibrations (because of their interactions with matter), whereas the old "plane of polarization" contained the "magnetic" vectors, the new theory would have tended to reinforce the convention that the plane of vibration was normal to the plane of polarization — but only if one was familiar with the historical definition of the plane of polarization. If one was influenced by physical considerations "alone", then, as Feynman and the "Britannica" illustrate, one would pay attention to the electric vectors, assume that the "plane" of polarization (if one needed such a concept) contained those vectors, and not bother to define a separate "plane of vibration". Moreover, it is not clear that a "plane of polarization" is needed at all: knowing what field vectors are involved, we can specify the polarization by specifying the orientation of a particular vector.

title: Polarization mixing

text: The angle, formula_4, defines the rotation of the polarization axes between those defined for the Fresnel equations versus those of the detector. It can be used to correct for polarization mixing caused by a rotated detector, or to predict what the detector "sees", especially in the third Stokes component. See Stokes parameters#Relation to the polarization ellipse.

text: Carle and Martin published three spin-off books: "Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?" (1991) uses zoo animals and sounds; "Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?" (2003), endangered species; and "Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?" (2007), North American animals.

title: International Polar Year

text: In order to provide a platform for a continued focus on the polar regions, the IPY International Programme Office organised Polar Weeks with the theme “What Happens at the Poles Affects Us All” in October 2009 and March 2010.

title: Log-polar coordinates

text: In order to get a good discrete model of the Dirichlet problem, it would be useful to find a graph in the unit disc whose (discrete) Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator has the same property. Even though polar coordinates don't give us any answer, this is approximate/assymptoticaly, what the rotationally symmetric network given by log-polar coordinates provides us with.

title: Jack Hoeksema

text: Hoeksema has been instrumental in the study of negative polarity, and his work is part of the Dutch school of generalized quantifier theory. He is especially known for applying results from the study of monotonicity to polarity phenomena, and in criticizing too narrow construals of what counts as a polarity licensor. He has also worked extensively on the historical development of various aspects of grammar, mostly from corpora of Dutch and English, including documenting the changes in polarity items and in quantifiers.

title: What Happened (Clinton book)

text: "What Happened" polarized book critics.

title: Polar regions of Earth

text: The axial tilt of the Earth has a major effect on climate of the polar regions. Since the polar regions are the farthest from the equator, they receive the least amount of sunlight and are therefore frigid. The large amount of ice and snow also reflects a large part of what little sunlight the Polar regions receive, contributing to the cold. Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.

title: François Arago

text: Arago warmly supported Augustin-Jean Fresnel's optical theories, helping to confirm Fresnel's wave theory of light by observing what is now known as the spot of Arago. The two philosophers conducted together those experiments on the polarization of light which led to the inference that the vibrations of the luminiferous ether were transverse to the direction of motion, and that polarization consisted of a resolution of rectilinear propagation into components at right angles to each other. The subsequent invention of the polariscope and discovery of Rotary polarization are due to Arago. He invented the first polarization filter in 1812. He was the first to perform a polarimetric observation of a comet when he discovered polarized light from the tail of the Great Comet of 1819.

title: Chandrasekhar polarization

text: Chandrasekhar published series of 26 papers in The Astrophysical Journal titled "On the Radiative Equilibrium of a Stellar Atmosphere" from 1944 to 1948. In the 10th paper, he predicted that the purely electron stellar atmosphere emits a polarized light using Thomson law of scattering. The theory predicted that 11 percent polarization could be observed at maximum. But when this is applied to a spherical star, the net polarization effect was found to be zero, because of the spherical symmetry. But it took another 20 years to explain under what conditions this polarization can be observed. J. Patrick Harrington and George W. Collins, II showed that this symmetry is broken if we consider a rapidly rotating star (or a binary star system), in which the star is not exactly spherical, but slightly oblate due to extreme rotation (or tidal distortion in the case of binary system). The symmetry is also broken in eclipsing binary star system.

title: Grizzly–polar bear hybrid

text: On 8 April 2010, David Kuptana, an Inuvialuit hunter from the community of Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island shot what he thought was a polar bear. After inspecting the bear and having its DNA tested, it was discovered that the bear's mother was a grizzly-polar hybrid and the father was a grizzly bear. The bear possesses physical characteristics intermediate between grizzlies and polar bears, such as brown fur on its paws, long claws, and a grizzly-like head.

title: NEXRAD

text: WSR-88D sites across the nation have been upgraded to polarimetric radar, which adds a vertical polarization to the traditional horizontally polarized radar waves, in order to more accurately discern what is reflecting the signal. This so-called dual polarization allows the radar to distinguish between rain, hail, and snow, something the horizontally polarized radars cannot accurately do. Early trials showed that rain, ice pellets, snow, hail, birds, insects, and ground clutter all have different signatures with dual polarization, which could mark a significant improvement in forecasting winter storms and severe thunderstorms. The deployment of the dual polarization capability (Build 12) to NEXRAD sites began in 2010 and was completed by the summer of 2013. The radar at Vance Air Force Base in Enid, Oklahoma is the first operational WSR-88D modified to utilize dual polarization technology. The modified radar went into operation on March 3, 2011.

title: Gorman polar form

text:
Inverting this formula gives the indirect utility function (utility as a function of price and income):
where formula_21 is the amount of income available to the individual and is equivalent to the expenditure (formula_22) in the previous equation. This is what Gorman called “the polar form of the underlying utility function.” Gorman's use of the term "polar" was in reference to the idea that the indirect utility function can be seen as using polar rather than Cartesian (as in direct utility functions) coordinates to describe the indifference curve. Here, income (formula_2) is analogous to the radius and prices (formula_10) to an angle.

text: Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle.

title: Polarizer

text:
In trying to appreciate how the quarter-wave plate transforms the linearly polarized light, it is important to realize that the two components discussed are not entities in and of themselves but are merely mental constructs one uses to help appreciate what is happening. In the case of linearly and circularly polarized light, at each point in space, there is always a single electric field with a distinct vector direction, the quarter-wave plate merely has the effect of transforming this single electric field.
Circular polarizers can also be used to selectively absorb or pass right-handed or left-handed circularly polarized light. It is this feature which is utilized by the 3D glasses in stereoscopic cinemas such as RealD Cinema. A given polarizer which creates one of the two polarizations of light will pass that same polarization of light when that light is sent through it in the other direction. In contrast it will block light of the opposite polarization.

title: Coleridge's theory of life

text:
For Coleridge the power of life lies in every seed as a potential to be unfolded as a result of interaction with the environment (heat, light, air, moisture, etc.), an insight which allowed him to see in the Brunonian system a dynamic polarity in excitation theory.
Coleridge also saw that there was a progressive movement through time and space of life or the law of polarity, from the level of physics (space and time) and the mineral or inert nature (law of gravity, operating through forces of attraction and repulsion), up to man, with his law of resonance in terms of his innate desire to be himself (force of individuation) and to also connect with like-minded (force of connection), as Goethe expressed in his novel "Elective Affinities" ("Wahlverwandschaften") as well as in his own life's experience.
Evolution occurred because the original polarity of creation, the very 'Law of Creation', itself gives birth to subsequent polarities, as each pole is itself a unity that can be further polarized (what Wilhelm Reich later termed 'orgonomic functionalism' and what at the biological level constitutes physiology), an insight that would later be taken up by the concept of emergent evolution, including the emergence of mind and consciousness.

title: Polarizing filter (photography)

text: Light reflected from a non-metallic surface becomes polarized; this effect is maximum at Brewster's angle, about 56° from the vertical for common glass. A polarizer rotated to pass only light polarized in the direction perpendicular to the reflected light will absorb much of it. This absorption allows glare reflected from, for example, a body of water or a road to be reduced. Reflections from shiny surfaces (e.g. vegetation, sweaty skin, water surfaces, glass) are also reduced. This allows the natural color and detail of what is beneath to come through. Reflections from a window into a dark interior can be much reduced, allowing it to be seen through. (The same effects are available for vision by using polarizing sunglasses.)

title: Kommune 1

text: The hedonistic attitude of the communards, who did only what they felt like doing, not only polarized the bourgeoisie but also polarized the political Left.

title: Faraday effect

text:
He summarized the results of his experiments on 30 Sept. 1845, in paragraph #7718, famously writing:
The linear polarized light that is seen to rotate in the Faraday effect can be seen as consisting of the superposition of a right- and a left- circularly polarized beam (this superposition principle is fundamental in many branches of physics). We can look at the effects of each component (right- or left polarized) separately, and see what effect this has on the result.

title: Photon polarization

text: To get an understanding of what a polarization state looks like, one can observe the orbit that is made if the polarization state is multiplied by a phase factor of formula_20 and then having the real parts of its components interpreted as x and y coordinates respectively. That is:


query: Who is UT's Cockrell School of Engineering named for?

title: Cockrell School of Engineering

text: Previously known as the College of Engineering, on July 11, 2007, the University of Texas at Austin renamed the College after 1936 graduate Ernest Cockrell Jr., whose family has over the past 30 years helped to build a $140 million endowment for the College.[7]

title: Ben G. Streetman

text: Ben G. Streetman is the former Dean of the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He earned a Ph.D in electrical engineering from Texas in 1966, and became a professor there in 1982. He founded the university's Microelectronics Research Center and holds the Dula D. Cockrell Centennial Chair Emeritus in Engineering. Streetman is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Electrochemical Society. He was awarded the IEEE Education Medal in 1989.

title: Cockrell School of Engineering

text: The Cockrell School of Engineering has formal organized research units that coordinate and promote faculty and student research. These units provide and maintain specialized research facilities for faculty within a designated field.[13]

title: Charles A. Sorber

text:
and in 2003 elected to the Academy of Distinguished Alumni, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering,Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin.
Charles Arthur "Chuck" Sorber died suddenly in New York City on Friday, October 18, 2013, at the age of 74. On February 6, 2014 the University of Texas System Board of Regents approved the posthumous appointment of Charles A. Sorber, Ph.D., as president emeritus of UT Permian Basin.

title: Alan Cockrell

text: On December 7, 2008, Cockrell was named hitting coach for the Seattle Mariners. On May 9, 2010, Cockrell the first of four coaches who were relieved of their duties alongside manager Don Wakamatsu. He was replaced by Alonzo Powell.

title: Alan Bovik

text: Alan Conrad Bovik (born June 25, 1958) is an American engineer and vision scientist. He is a Professor at The University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin), where he holds the Cockrell Family Regents Endowed Chair and is Director of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE). He is a faculty member in the UT-Austin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (UT ECE), the Institute for Neuroscience (INS), and the Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG).

title: Rex Tillerson

text: Rex Tillerson has been married twice. He divorced Jamie Lee Henry, his first wife, with whom he has twin boys. In 1986, Tillerson married Renda St. Clair, who has a son from her previous marriage. Tillerson also has a son, born in 1988, with St. Clair. Tillerson's twin sons are engineers and hold their bachelor's degrees from the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2006, Tillerson was named a Distinguished Engineering Graduate.

title: J. K. Aggarwal

text: J. K. Aggarwal (born 1936) is an American engineer, who is currently the Cullen Trust Endowed Emeritus Professor #2 in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the International Association for Pattern Recognition.

title: Cockrell School of Engineering

text: The Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin has more than 7,800 students enrolled in nine undergraduate degrees and thirteen graduate programs. The college is ranked fourth in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities[2] and eighth nationally by U.S. News & World Report,[3] while all graduate programs are ranked in the top twenty nationally.[4] Annual research expenditures are over $150 million and the school has the fourth-largest number of faculty in the National Academy of Engineering.[5][6]

title: Gregory L. Fenves

text: Gregory L. Fenves is a structural engineer, professor and college administrator who has served as the twenty-ninth president of the University of Texas at Austin since June 3, 2015. For his research and teaching, Fenves was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2014, the highest recognition for an engineer in the United States. He holds the Cockrell Family Chair in Engineering #15 and the Ed and Carolyn Hyman Presidential Leadership Chair at UT Austin.

title: Harvey Cragon

text: Harvey G. Cragon is an American engineer, who is currently the Ernest Cockrell, Jr. Centennial Chair Emeritus at the Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and is also a member of the IEEE Computer Society and the National Academy of Engineering.

title: University of Texas at Austin

text: The University of Texas at Austin is one of the most selective universities in the region. Relative to other universities in the state of Texas, UT Austin is second to Rice University in selectivity according to a "Business Journal" study weighing acceptance rates and the mid-range of the SAT and ACT. UT Austin was ranked as the 18th most selective in the South. As a state public university, UT Austin was subject to Texas House Bill 588, which guaranteed graduating Texas high school seniors in the top 10% of their class admission to any public Texas university. A new state law granting UT (but no other state university) a partial exemption from the top 10% rule, Senate Bill 175, was passed by the 81st Legislature in 2009. It modified this admissions policy by limiting automatically admitted freshmen to 75% of the entering in-state freshman class, starting in 2011. The university will admit the top one percent, the top two percent and so forth until the cap is reached; the university currently admits the top 6 percent. Furthermore, students admitted under Texas House Bill 588 are not guaranteed their choice of college or major, but rather only guaranteed admission to the university as a whole. Many colleges, such as the Cockrell School of Engineering, have secondary requirements that must be met for admission.

title: Ahmed Tewfik

text: Ahmed H. Tewfik is an Egyptian-American electrical engineer, professor and college administrator who currently serves as the chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin since October 1, 2010. He holds the Cockrell Family Chair in Engineering #1 at UT Austin. For his research and contributions to the field of Signal Processing he was awarded the 2017 IEEE Signal Processing Society Technical Achievement Award as well as the IEEE Third Millennium Award in 2000. He is the 2018–2019 IEEE Signal Processing Society President-Elect.

title: Herbert Woodson

text: Herbert Horace Woodson (April 25, 1925 – November 30, 2018) was an American engineer, who was the Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair Emeritus and Dean Emeritus at Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. He was a Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

title: Cockrell Hill, Texas

text: Dallas Independent School District serves students in Cockrell Hill. All of the schools serving Cockrell Hill are in the City of Dallas.

title: Kenneth Cockrell

text: Cockrell was born in Austin, Texas to Buford Dale Cockrell and Jewell Moorman. He graduated from Rockdale High School in nearby Rockdale, Texas in 1968. He earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1972 and received his commission in the United States Navy that same year. He also earned a master's in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida in 1974. He was trained as a pilot and was stationed from 1975 to 1978 aboard the aircraft . Cockrell then became a test pilot for several years before serving two tours of duty aboard . In 1987, Cockrell resigned from the Navy and joined the Aircraft Operations Division of Johnson Space Center as a research pilot.

title: UTHealth School of Dentistry

text: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, also known as the UTHealth School of Dentistry (formerly named the University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston), was founded in 1905. It is the oldest component unit of The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and began as the privately owned Texas Dental College, joining UT System in 1943 under the name, "University of Texas School of Dentistry." In 1955 the school was renamed "UT Dental Branch" to parallel the name of the UT Medical Branch in nearby Galveston, but the similarity of names sometimes led the public to confuse the two institutions. With the blessing of the UT System Board of Regents, the Dental Branch returned to the name "UT School of Dentistry" on June 1, 2011.

title: Francis Cockrell

text: Cockrell was born in Warrensburg, Missouri, the son of Nancy (Ellis) and Joseph Cockrell, the sheriff of Johnson County. His older brother was Jeremiah Vardaman Cockrell, who was a congressman from Texas in the 1890s. Francis Cockrell attended local schools and Chapel Hill College in Lafayette County, Missouri, graduating in July 1853; He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1855, practicing law in Warrensburg until the outbreak of the Civil War.

text: The Center for Transportation Research (CTR) is a research center affiliated with the Cockrell School of Engineering's Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. CTR is a research institution focused on transportation research and education.

title: Byron Lavoy Cockrell

text: Byron Cockrell was born on July 3, 1935 to Webster and Willa Cockrell of Lineville, Alabama. He was one of four children and grew up in Clay County, Alabama. He attended Clay County High School and later earned a degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Auburn University.

title: Jeremiah V. Cockrell

text: Cockrell was born near Warrensburg, Missouri, to Joseph Cockrell (the sheriff of Johnson County) and Nancy (Ellis) Cockrell, who had migrated there from the Upper South. He attended the common schools and Chapel Hill College in Lafayette County, Missouri. He was the older brother of Francis Marion Cockrell, who also served as a Confederate officer and later as a US Senator from Missouri.

title: University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture

text: In 1910, The University of Texas at Austin College of Engineering (now known as the Cockrell School of Engineering) began offering a professional degree in architecture. Two years later, the program had over 30 registered students. The school was expanded over the next two decades under the leadership of Frederick Giesecke and Goldwin Goldsmith. In 1925, the school became the first in Texas to be accepted for membership in the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. The program was accredited in 1935 by the National Architectural Accreditation Board. The school moved into its permanent home in the Architecture Building (Goldsmith Hall, named after Goldwin Goldsmith) in 1933 and became the School of Architecture in 1948. The school's first graduate was Bertram Ernst Giesecke, who was officially licensed as an architect in 1927.UTSOA is home to:

title: T. R. Viswanathan

text: T. R. Viswanathan is an American engineer, who is currently the Silicon Laboratories Endowed Chair in Electrical Engineering at the Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. He is formerly the Dean of the Indian Institute of Technology.

title: Kenneth Cockrel Jr.

text: Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. is the son of Kenneth Cockrel, Sr. (November 5, 1938 – April 25, 1989), a former Detroit city council member and attorney. He was a self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist who died from a heart attack. Ken's mother was Carol Cockrel, a schoolteacher. He is a graduate of the St. Florian Church (Hamtramck, Michigan) High School. He graduated , "cum laude" from Wayne State University and wrote for the "Detroit Free Press".

title: Adam Heller

text: Adam Heller (born June 25, 1933) is an Israeli-American engineer and Research Professor of the John J. McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He formerly held the Ernest Cockrell Sr. Chair in Engineering of the Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas. He consults to Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. of Alameda, California, the maker of the Freestyle line of products. He also serves as Chief Scientific Officer of Synagile Corporation, a venture developing continuous oral drug-infusion systems, particularly for managing advanced Parkinson's disease.

title: Cockrell School of Engineering

text: Advanced Manufacturing Center Center for Aeromechanics Research Center for Energy & Environmental Resources The Center for Energy Security Advanced Research in Software Engineering Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures & Materials Center for Petroleum & Geosystems Engineering Center for Research in Water Resources Center for Space Research Center for Transportation Research UT Austin Computer Engineering Research Center Construction Industry Institute Phil M. Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory Geotechnical Engineering Center Microelectronics Research Center Offshore Technology Research Center Texas Materials Institute

title: Cockrell School of Engineering

text: The Cockrell School of Engineering is home to over 80 student organizations under the supervision of the Engineering Student Life Office. These organizations offer a wide variety of student groups that provide academic, professional development, service, and social opportunities. The majority are student chapters of national and international professional engineering organizations. Among the organizations are:[14]

title: Utah Utes

text: The "Utes" nickname comes from the Ute tribe, from which the state of Utah derives its name. The Ute tribe gave the University of Utah explicit permission to use the name for all its athletic teams, which allowed the school to keep the name when the NCAA began pressuring member schools to drop Native American-themed names. The men's basketball team is known as the "Runnin' Utes"; the women's basketball team used to be called the "Lady Utes," but now prefers to be referred to as the "Utes"; and the women's gymnastics team is known as the "Red Rocks."

title: Gregory L. Fenves

text: Prior to his role as executive vice president and provost of UT Austin from 2013 to 2015, he was appointed as the eighth dean of the Cockrell School of Engineering at UT Austin in 2008 and served in that capacity for five years. In 2015, he was selected as the 29th president of UT Austin.

title: Cockrell School of Engineering

text: Joe H. Gill and his engineering friends thoughtfully considered how to make a holiday of April Fool's Day. After an unsuccessful attempt involving tying cans around dogs' tails and releasing them to disrupt class, the group of students saw a wooden statue about five feet high while getting refreshments, which they requested to borrow. The next day, Gill presented the statue as their patron saint and traced his ancestry back to ancient times between classes. The presentation successfully broke up classes, and led to his christening as Alexander Frederick Claire, patron saint of UT engineers, exactly one year later. Alec was at the center of a friendly rivalry between law and engineering students for many years, and was subject to numerous escapades such as kidnappings and amputations. Today, what is left of the original wooden statue is safely preserved in the engineering library.