query: Where are you from if you are Danish?

title: Danish

text: Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane", see Demographics of Denmark Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity Danish language, a North Germanic language used mostly in Denmark and Northern Germany Danish cuisine Danish culture Danish pastry, often simply called a "Danish" Danish tongue or Old Norse, the parent language of all North Germanic languages A member of the Danes, a Germanic tribe Danish (name), a male given name

title: Christopher (singer)

text: Christopher Nissen (born January 31, 1992) is a Danish singer from Copenhagen, signed to EMI Denmark. In November 2012, he won an award at the Danish Music Awards 2012. He was awarded "New Thinker of the Year" (Årets nytænker), given by Spotify as an innovation prize. Christopher released three albums, the debut "Colours" (2012), followed by "Told You So" (2014) and "Closer" (2016). Christopher's songs include "Against the Odds, "Nothing in Common", "Told You So", "CPH Girls" and "I Won't Let You Down".

title: Kun for mig

text: "Kun for dig" (meaning "Just for you" in Danish) duo version of "Kun for mig" released by Medina with rapper L.O.C. (Liam O'Connor) also reached #1 in the Danish Singles chart for 1 more week in July 2009."Kun for dig" (meaning "Just for you" in Danish) was a version of "Kun for mig" (meaning "Just for me" in Danish) released by Medina with rapper L.O.C. (Liam O'Connor).

title: Park51

text: Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "Where does [the money] come from?' I don't know. Do you really want every time they pass the basket in your church, and you throw a buck in, they run over and say, ' ... where do you come from? ... Where did you get this money?' No." The TV news anchor Rick Sanchez said: "...if you start going into who is giving money to whom ... you have to go to my church. You have got to go to Rome and start asking where the money is going into Rome. And you have to go to the Mormons and ask them, well, what are they doing with their money?"

title: Ka' du se hva' jeg sa'?

text: "Ka' du se hva' jeg sa'?" ("Can you see, (that's) what I told you?", literally: "Do you see what I said?") was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988, performed in Danish by Kirsten & Søren (a duo who had previously entered as Hot Eyes).

title: Lenin, You Rascal, You

text: Lenin, You Rascal, You () is a 1972 Danish comedy film directed by Kirsten Stenbæk and starring Peter Steen.

title: Porkeri

text: If you don't come by car, you can take bus line 700 from Krambatangi port, where the ferry Smyril arrives from Tórshavn, and tell the driver where you want to go to and ask him to tell you when you are in Porkeri. If you come to Suðuroy by car, you should turn left at the main road, drive towards strait south, you will drive through a little village, which is called Øravík, than you come to a road tunnel and after that you pass by Hov, which is also a little village. After Hov you will drive above Porkeri.

title: Mogens Winkel Holm

text: Holm was a prolific composer in a wide range of genres, but ballet was his speciality. In collaboration with, among others, his brother the dancer and choreographer Eske Holm, he originated a long series of ballets, both at the Royal Danish Theater and on Danish and Swedish television between 1964 and 1984. His music has been described as dramatic and often very gestural. Paradoxically enough, it is experienced as a record of improvisation. At the same time, it is constructed on a framework, in a pre-established format. "The framework protects me from being completely absorbed by the material, but it also protects the material from being absorbed by me," the composer himself said. But he also said: "You see with your ears, you hear with your eyes. A spring day, a vision, a sound: A lark singing high in the dazzling sky, a dot. Hold on! If you look away for just a moment, you will never find it again."

title: Gustne Gensyn

text: In one of the sketches under the title "Lørdags Halløj" (Danish: "Saturday Fun"), they play a game called "Ved De hvor De er?" (Danish: "Do you know where you are?"; note that the formal singular version is used in Danish), where an actor playing a professor from the Odense University is hit in the head with a sledge hammer by the host, and forgets where he is.

title: Right Here Next to You

text: "Right Here Next to You" is the debut single by Danish singer Jon Nørgaard, from his debut album "This Side Up". It in 2002 and as a digital download on 15 September 2003. The song has peaked to number 1 on the Danish Singles Chart.

title: Burhan G

text: In the summer of 2008, Burhan G released his new single "Kun dig" ("Only you"). It was written in collaboration with Claus Seest and produced by Majid and Saqib. The song was Burhan G's first hit in Danish followed by a Danish-language album, the self-titled "Burhan G". This was followed by another successful single written in collaboration with Rasmus Seebach in Danish entitled "Jeg vil ha' dig for mig selv" ("I want you for myself") that heavily sampled Milli Vanilli's 1988 hit "Girl You Know It's True". Parts of the lyrics came from Nik & Jay's song "I Love Ya" and in November 2009, that version was released by Nik & Jay providing vocals.

title: Frances Baard

text: “A pass is this little book you must get when you are 16 and it says where you can work, and where you can be, and if you have got work. You can't get a job without this book. And you can only get a job where they stamp your pass to say 'Johannesburg' or 'Pretoria' and so on. You must carry it with you all the time because the police can ask you, 'Where is your pass?' any time, and then you must show them. If you haven't got your pass, they put you in jail for some days or else you must pay some money to get out." – Frances Baard, in "My Spirit is not Banned"

title: George F. Kennan

text: Anyone who has ever studied the history of American diplomacy, especially military diplomacy, knows that you might start in a war with certain things on your mind as a purpose of what you are doing, but in the end, you found yourself fighting for entirely different things that you had never thought of before  ... In other words, war has a momentum of its own and it carries you away from all thoughtful intentions when you get into it. Today, if we went into Iraq, like the president would like us to do, you know where you begin. You never know where you are going to end.

title: I Will Love You Monday (365)

text: "I Will Love You Monday (365)" is a song by Danish singer-songwriter Aura Dione from her debut album "Columbine". It was released as her debut single in Europe on November 10, 2009 by Island Records, except Denmark, where the original version, "I Will Love You Monday", was released as her third single in August 2008. The international version has another chorus and more instruments added compared to the original Danish version. Both versions are included on the German release.

title: Muzaik

text: The album contains the hit singles "Serengeti", "Sunrise" and "Muzaik" from the previous album, which all charted within the top 20 of the Danish Singles Chart, except for "Serengeti". Two singles where released from this album: "You Receive Me" and "Let Me Hear You Say Yeah", with the first being the theme song to the second season of the reality television show "Big Brother Denmark".

title: From All of Us to All of You

text: In Denmark the show is called Disneys Juleshow: Fra alle os til alle jer ("Disney's Christmas Show: From All of Us to All of You") and is broadcast every Christmas Eve at 4 PM on DR1. It is narrated by Danish actor Ove Sprogøe who does the Danish voice of Jiminy Cricket. Clips from feature films are voiced in Danish while shorts are in English with Danish subtitles.

title: Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones

text:
Black author James O. McHenry refers to Jones, accordingly:
Prez was one of the greatest men that I have ever met because he was right down here with you. He was a country boy himself, and he taught you everything. ... Prez knew where you came from and what you hadn't been exposed to ... He didn't impose upon you to do anything because he taught you what you were supposed to know. ... He would call us into meetings and talk to us like we were his children. He knew what his black people needed. ... He believed in taking you from where he found you and progressing from there. He would say "Don't tell me what you don't know. Just tell me that you want to learn." That's the kind of man Prez was. . ...

title: Hævi Mætal og Hass

text:
"Hævi Mætal og Hass" is not correct Danish spelling, but it is pronounced like that if you speak with Copenhagen accent. When you say "Heavy" in Danish the "ea" sounds like an "æ". In correct Danish the title would be "Heavy Metal og Hash".Aldi is a German supermarket. The song is in German.
"Ticeman" is a word made up by the band members. It is a faux-Anglicization of the word "tissemand", a colloquial term for penis.
This song is not in Danish, but in Swedish.

title: Wallball

text: Players stand a few feet away from the wall. They may only get three outs (no outs if you want the game to be endless). A player serves the ball by throwing directly at the wall. The ball then should return to another player. It is not an out if you get the ball again but is considered unfair if you intended to get the ball back (however, if the ball returns to you three times, it is formally known as a "tea party", and you are out). If the ball bounces first, it is an out. If you drop the ball or the ball hits you, you will have to get to the wall before someone else throws the ball and hits the wall or you will get an out. If you get the ball that is out-of-bounds, players are permitted to shout "challenge!" During challenges, you have to throw the ball from the same place where you picked up the ball. You may only take tiny steps then throw or move backwards. If you move anywhere else, you will get an out. These alternative rules are more common in the Midwest and Canada. In Australia however the rules are slightly different where there are rules for spiking. Spiking is when the ball hits another player on the full without bouncing and the player which is hit goes on the wall. Some versions are played using two walls adjacent to each other, called "cube ball" where the same rules apply except two walls are used instead of one. Another, called "Aceball", is similar to wallball except that the ball is hit on the wall without a bounce, then allowed to bounce once before a returning hit is required from the other player. Aceball can be played by kicking it as well, though it is no where near as prominent.

title: The Danish Poet

text: Kove's first ideas for "The Danish Poet" began when she went through a period of self-assessment; she wanted to write a story about what she described as when "you reach a turning point or a milestone and you look back and you think 'how in the heck did I get here?' [...] And you realize that the answer lies somewhere in a complex web of all kinds of stuff, like genetic make-up, upbringing, coincidences, choices you made along the way, missed opportunities, [and] lucky breaks." She felt that it was a natural choice to centre on a relationship between two people, "because relationships, and especially the romantic ones, play a huge role in shaping our lives, and also, obviously, in creating new ones."

title: I See Right Through to You

text: "I See Right Through to You" is a song by the Danish eurodance producer DJ Encore featuring the vocals of Danish singer Engelina. It was released as the lead single from DJ Encore's debut album, "Intuition", in 2001.

title: Told You So (Christopher album)

text: Told You So is the second studio album of Danish singer Christopher released by EMI Denmark on 24 March 2014. The album peaked at number 2 on the Danish Albums Chart. Four singles had been released from the album: "Told You So", "Crazy", "Mama" and "Nympho". The first three singles reached the top ten on the Danish Singles Chart, peaking at number four, two and nine, respectively. The album sold 1,500 copies the first day in Denmark and 500 in Norway.

title: You and I (Medina song)

text: "You and I" is a song by Danish electropop singer Medina. It was released in the United Kingdom on September 21, 2009 and in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on May 3, 2010. The song is an English version of the Danish song, "Kun for mig", released in late 2008 in Denmark, where it spent 52 weeks on the singles chart; six weeks at number one. Produced by hip hop producers Providers, "Kun for mig" was the best selling single of 2009 in Denmark. Originally written by Medina, Jeppe Federspiel and Rasmus Stabell it was translated into English by Adam Powers and Julie Steincke, and released as Medina's debut single from her international studio album, "Welcome to Medina".

title: Universe (Danish amusement park)

text: A new feature in 2014 is the outdoor Pixelineland, where you can meet the popular Danish children's games character Pixeline. Here you explore the city, Pixelineland (En:Country of Pixeline)), which offers interactive games with Pixeline's friends, as well as a large playground. Also new in 2014 is the park's Science Circus, where you can experience a good mix of fire, explosions and liquid nitrogen. In addition you can ride Segways, lift a car using you hands, test yourself in the many experiments that are found in Explorama, dig excavations, experience the wild forces of nature in the Blue Cube and lots more. Besides the park, there is also a museum that shows how Danfoss founder Mads Clausen lived and invented Danfoss.

title: You Disappear (novel)

text: You Disappear (Danish: Du Forsvinder") is a novel written by Danish author Christian Jungersen and first published in 2012. It was adapted into a feature film by the same name in 2017.

title: Let me tell you (Abrahamsen)

text: Let me tell you is a song cycle for soprano and orchestra by the Danish composer Hans Abrahamsen. The work was commissioned by the Berlin Philharmonic with support from the Danish Arts Foundation. It is based on the eponymous 2008 novel "let me tell you" by the writer Paul Griffiths. Its world premiere was given by the soprano Barbara Hannigan and the Berlin Philharmonic under the direction of Andris Nelsons on December 20, 2013.

title: EV7 The Sun Route

text: In Denmark, the EV7 follows Danish National Cycle Routes numbers 5, 8 and 9 crossing the country via small islands, ferries and panorama landscapes. The route will take you from Padborg to Copenhagen, where you will see lots of small fishing villages, while from Copenhagen the EV7 follows the Berlin-Copenhagen Cycle Route to Gedser from where a ferry takes the traveller to the German port of Rostock.

title: The Way You Are (Anti Social Media song)

text:
"The Way You Are" is a song performed by Danish pop rock band Anti Social Media from their debut EP "The Way". The song represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. It was released as a digital download in Denmark on 26 January 2015. The song peaked at number 38 on the Danish Singles Chart. It was the first Danish entry not to qualify for the final since 2007.
A music video to accompany the release of "The Way You Are" was first released on YouTube on 31 January 2015 at a total length of three minutes and nineteen seconds.

title: Where You Lead

text: "Sweet Inspiration/ Where You Lead" was released 25 May 1972 as the first advance single from the "Live Concert at the Forum" (the album would be released October 1972): a left-field choice for single release due to its six minute playing time - also in that Streisand's studio take on "Where You Lead" had been her last-but-two single release with neither interim single proving high-profile - , "Sweet Inspiration/ Where You Lead" would approximate the chart impact of the "Where You Lead" single off "Barbra Joan Streisand", as the "Sweet Inspiration/ Where You Lead" single peaked at #37 on the Top 40.

title: Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)

text: In September 2010, the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version, called "Ved du hvem du er?".

title: I'itoi

text: But in real life ... when you look at the maze you start from the top and go into the maze ... your life, you go down and then you reach a place where you have to turn around ... maybe in your own life you fall, something happens in your home, you are sad, you pick yourself up and you go on through the maze ... you go on and on and on ... so many places in there you might ... maybe your child died ... or maybe somebody died, or you stop, you fall and you feel bad ... you get up, turn around and go again ... when you reach that middle of the maze ... that's when you see the Sun God and the Sun God blesses you and say you have made it ... that's where you die.


query: What hormone is responsible for human growth?

title: Growth hormone

text: Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, also known as human growth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus important in human development. It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to certain kinds of cells. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland.

title: Psychosocial short stature

text: An environment of constant and extreme stress causes PSS. Stress releases hormones in the body such as epinephrine and norepinephrine engage what is known as the 'fight or flight' response. The heart speeds up and the body diverts resources away from processes that are not immediately important; in PSS, the production of growth hormone (GH) is thus affected. As well as lacking growth hormone, children with PSS exhibit gastrointestinal problems due to the large amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine, resulting in their bodies lacking proper digestion of nutrients and further affecting development.

title: Cyril Y. Bowers

text: 1. Mericq V, Cassorla F, Garcia H, Avila A, Bowers CY, Merriam G. Growth Hormone Responses to Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide (GHRP) and to Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in Growth Hormone Deficient Children (GHD). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1681-4.

title: NCAA banned substances

text: Human growth hormone is a naturally occurring hormone that is responsible for general body growth in both men and women. hGH helps the body protein while breaking down fat deposits. Too much hGH results in increased muscle mass. (Santella 45)

title: Waist–hip ratio

text: In general, adults with growth hormone deficiencies also have increased WHRs.[18][19] Adults with untreated congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency have increased WHRs, possibly from increased cortisone:cortisol ratios and insulin sensitivities.[19] Since these individuals have increased visceral obesity, it has been suggested that a minimal growth hormone secretion would theoretically increase insulin resistance.[19] However, because of the growth hormone deficiency, this insulin resistance point cannot be reached and these individuals are more sensitive to insulin. Increased adipose deposits are therefore more likely to form in these individuals, causing the high WHR. Growth hormone deficiencies have also been correlated with WHRs in prepubertal children; the specific baseline body statistics, such as WHRs, of pre-pubertal children with growth hormone deficiencies can predict growth response effectiveness to artificial growth hormone therapies, such as rhGH treatments.[20]

title: Human height

text: If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiency can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.

title: Growth hormone

text: Genes for human growth hormone, known as growth hormone 1 (somatotropin; pituitary growth hormone) and growth hormone 2 (placental growth hormone; growth hormone variant), are localized in the q22-24 region of chromosome 17[6][7] and are closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen) genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin belong to a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity.

title: Growth hormone therapy

text: Growth hormone therapy refers to the use of growth hormone (GH) as a prescription medication—it is one form of hormone therapy. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. In the past, growth hormone was extracted from human pituitary glands. Growth hormone is now produced by recombinant DNA technology and is prescribed for a variety of reasons. GH therapy has been a focus of social and ethical controversies for 50 years.

title: Growth hormone

text: The identification, purification and later synthesis of growth hormone is associated with Choh Hao Li. Genentech pioneered the first use of recombinant human growth hormone for human therapy in 1981.

title: Growth hormone 2

text: Growth hormone 2 (GH2), also known more commonly as placental growth hormone (PGH) or as growth hormone variant (GH-V), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "GH2" gene. It is produced by and secreted from the placenta during pregnancy, and becomes the predominant form of growth hormone (GH) in the body during this time. Its cogener is growth hormone 1 (GH1), or "pituitary growth hormone".

title: Growth hormone in sports

text: Growth hormone in sports are one of the few legal steroids in 2018. It refers to the use of growth hormones (GH or HGH) for athletic enhancement, as opposed to growth hormone treatment for medical therapy. Human Growth Hormone is a prescription medication, meaning that its distribution and use without a prescription is illegal. There is limited evidence that GH doping improves athletic performance, although the perception that it does is common in the sporting community. Potential side effects of long term GH doping could mirror the symptoms found in sufferers of acromegaly, a disease in which the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone.

title: Growth hormone in sports

text: Human growth hormone occurs naturally in the human body. Use of exogenous human growth hormone (HGH), via injection, was originally for medical purposes until athletes began abusing HGH with the goal of increasing their abilities. Before recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) was developed in 1981, HGH was only available from cadavers. The arrival of rHGH combined with other peptide hormone advancements has increased the availability of HGH on both the legitimate and black markets. The first description of the use of GM as a doping agent was Dan Duchaine’s “Underground Steroid handbook” which emerged from California in 1982; it is not known where and when GM was first used this way. In 1989 the International Olympic Committee became the first to brand human growth hormone a banned substance. Although abuse of human growth hormone for athletic purposes is illegal in the U.S., over the past decade it appears that abuse of HGH is present in all levels of sport. This is fueled at least in part by the fact that HGH is more difficult to detect than most other performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids. Athletes competing in power sports, bodybuilding, professional wrestling, mixed martial arts, swimming, baseball, strength sports, track and field, cycling, soccer, weight lifting, skiing and endurance sports have been said to abuse human growth hormone, including in combination with other performance-enhancing drugs such as androgenic anabolic steroids including testosterone, certain products which claim to enhance HGH, and erythropoietin (among others).

title: Dwarfism

text: Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an appropriate diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via injections of human growth hormone (HGH) during early life.

title: Bovine somatotropin

text: IGF-1 is a hormone found in humans that is responsible for growth promotion, protein synthesis, and insulin actions over the lifecycle. The hormone has been shown to influence the growth of tumors in some studies and may be linked to the development of prostate, colorectal, breast, and other cancers.

title: Growth hormone therapy

text: Despite the price, the 1990s became an era of experimentation to see what else growth hormone could help. The medical literature of the decade contains hundreds of reports of small trials of GH use in nearly every type of growth failure and shortness imaginable. In most cases, the growth responses were modest. For conditions with a large enough potential market, more rigorous trials were sponsored by pharmaceutical companies that were making growth hormone to achieve approval to market for those specific indications. Turner syndrome and chronic renal failure were the first of these “nonGH-deficient causes of shortness” to receive FDA approval for GH treatment, and Prader-Willi syndrome and intrauterine growth retardation followed. Similar expansion of use occurred in Europe.

title: Growth hormone therapy

text: Growth hormone (GH l) is also called somatotropin (British: somatotrophin). The human form of growth hormone is known as human growth hormone, or hGH (ovine growth hormone, or sheep growth hormone, is abbreviated oGH). GH can refer either to the natural hormone produced by the pituitary (somatotropin), or biosynthetic GH for therapy.

title: Growth hormone

text: In 1985, biosynthetic human growth hormone replaced pituitary-derived human growth hormone for therapeutic use in the U.S. and elsewhere.

title: Growth hormone

text: Prior to its production by recombinant DNA technology, growth hormone used to treat deficiencies was extracted from the pituitary glands of cadavers. Attempts to create a wholly synthetic HGH failed. Limited supplies of HGH resulted in the restriction of HGH therapy to the treatment of idiopathic short stature.[69] Very limited clinical studies of growth hormone derived from an Old World monkey, the rhesus macaque, were conducted by John C. Beck and colleagues in Montreal, in the late 1950s.[70] The study published in 1957, which was conducted on "a 13-year-old male with well-documented hypopituitarism secondary to a crainiophyaryngioma," found that: "Human and monkey growth hormone resulted in a significant enhancement of nitrogen storage... (and) there was a retention of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and sodium.... There was a gain in body weight during both periods.... There was a significant increase in urinary excretion of aldosterone during both periods of administration of growth hormone. This was most marked with the human growth hormone.... Impairment of the glucose tolerance curve was evident after 10 days of administration of the human growth hormone. No change in glucose tolerance was demonstrable on the fifth day of administration of monkey growth hormone."[70] The other study, published in 1958, was conducted on six people: the same subject as the Science paper; an 18-year-old male with statural and sexual retardation and a skeletal age of between 13 and 14 years; a 15-year-old female with well-documented hypopituitarism secondary to a craniopharyngioma; a 53-year-old female with carcinoma of the breast and widespread skeletal metastases; a 68-year-old female with advanced postmenopausal osteoporosis; and a healthy 24-year-old medical student without any clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic disease.[71]

title: Cattle feeding

text: The use of supplemental growth hormones is controversial. The benefits of using growth hormones includes improved feed efficiency, carcass quality, and rate of muscle development. The cattle industry takes the position that the use of growth hormones allows plentiful meats to be sold for affordable prices. Conversely, there exists customer concern about growth hormone use being linked to a number of human health problems. However, there have been insufficient studies to prove or disprove these concerns. Growth hormones are synthetically created but testing cannot distinguish between artificial hormones and those naturally produced by the animal itself. Using hormones in beef cattle costs $1.50 and adds between to the weight of a steer at slaughter, for a return of at least $25.

title: Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing

text: Prior to the use of recombinant DNA technology to modify bacteria to produce human growth hormone, the hormone was manufactured by extraction from the pituitary glands of cadavers, as animal growth hormones have no therapeutic value in humans. Production of a single year's supply of human growth hormone required up to fifty pituitary glands, creating significant shortages of the hormone. In 1979, scientists at Genentech produced human growth hormone by inserting DNA coding for human growth hormone into a plasmid that was implanted in Escherichia coli bacteria. The gene that was inserted into the plasmid was created by reverse transcription of the mRNA found in pituitary glands to complementary DNA. HaeIII, a type of restriction enzyme which acts at restriction sites "in the 3' noncoding region" and at the 23rd codon in complementary DNA for human growth hormone, was used to produce "a DNA fragment of 551 base pairs which includes coding sequences for amino acids 24–191 of HGH." Then "a chemically synthesized DNA 'adaptor' fragment containing an ATG initiation codon..." was produced with the codons for the first through 23rd amino acids in human growth hormone. The "two DNA fragments... [were] combined to form a synthetic-natural 'hybrid' gene." The use of entirely synthetic methods of DNA production to produce a gene that would be translated to human growth hormone in escherichia coli would have been exceedingly laborious due to the significant length of the amino acid sequence in human growth hormone. However, if the cDNA reverse transcribed from the mRNA for human growth hormone were inserted directly into the plasmid inserted into the escherichia coli, the bacteria would translate regions of the gene that are not translated in humans, thereby producing a "pre-hormone containing an extra 26 amino acids" which might be difficult to remove.

title: Examorelin

text: Examorelin substantially and dose-dependently increases plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) in animals and humans. In addition, similarly to pralmorelin (GHRP-2) and GHRP-6, it slightly and dose-dependently stimulates the release of prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol in humans. There are conflicting reports on the ability of examorelin to elevate insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) levels in humans, with some studies finding no increase and others finding a slight yet statistically significant increase. Examorelin does not affect plasma levels of glucose, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in humans.

title: James Mourilyan Tanner

text: Tanner did early research on the use of human growth hormone to address children whose growth was significantly delayed and was responsible for selecting the small handful of children in the UK who would be treated with the limited supply of HGH extracted from human cadavers. After a number of patients worldwide died in 1985 due to an infectious brain disease spread by the HGH treatments, Tanner immediately stopped the therapy, but had patients who insisted that they were willing to take the risk to address their child's delayed growth. Treatments resumed in the 1990s following the introduction of genetically engineered human growth hormone.

title: Human placental lactogen

text: Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placental hormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. It was identified in 1963.

title: Saizen

text: Individuals with inadequate secretion of growth hormone sometimes experience fasting hypoglycemia that is improved by treatment with growth hormone. Using Saizen may decrease glucose tolerance. Because human growth hormone may induce a state of insulin resistance, patients should be observed for evidence of glucose intolerance. As with all human growth hormone supplementation, Saizen should be used with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus or a family history of diabetes mellitus.

title: Dwarfism

text: Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency, once called "pituitary dwarfism". Two disorders, achondroplasia and growth hormone deficiency, are responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases.

title: Growth hormone–releasing hormone

text: GHRH first appears in the human hypothalamus between 18 and 29 weeks of gestation, which corresponds to the start of production of growth hormone and other somatotropes in fetuses.GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland, where it stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion by stimulating the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. GHRH is released in a pulsatile manner, stimulating similar pulsatile release of GH. In addition, GHRH also promotes slow-wave sleep directly. Growth hormone is required for normal postnatal growth, bone growth, regulatory effects on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

title: Reactive hypoglycemia

text: Several other hormones are responsible for modulating the body's response to insulin, including cortisol, growth hormone and sex hormones. Untreated or under-treated hormonal disorders such as adrenal insufficiency (see also Addison's disease[11]) or growth hormone deficiency[12][12] can therefore sometimes cause insulin hypersensitivity, and reactive hypoglycemia.

title: Growth hormone

text: The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22,124 daltons. The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor. It appears that, in structure, GH is evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin. Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and Old World monkey growth hormones have significant effects on the human growth hormone receptor.[8]

title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: GH deficiency is treated by replacing GH with daily injections under the skin or into muscle. Until 1985, growth hormone for treatment was obtained by extraction from human pituitary glands collected at autopsy. Since 1985, recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) is a recombinant form of human GH produced by genetically engineered bacteria, manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. In both children and adults, costs of treatment in terms of money, effort, and the impact on day-to-day life, are substantial.

title: Growth hormone 1

text: Growth hormone 1, also known as pituitary growth hormone or simply as growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "GH1" gene.


query: Which English monarch has had the longest reign?

title: List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign

text: Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria.[1][2] On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.

title: List of English royal consorts

text: The English royal consorts were the spouses of the reigning monarchs of the Kingdom of England who were not themselves monarchs of England: spouses of some English monarchs who were themselves English monarchs are not listed, comprising Mary I and Philip who reigned together in the 16th century, and William III and Mary II who reigned together in the 17th century.

title: Hirohito

text: At the time of his death he was both the longest-lived and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the longest-reigning monarch in the world at that time. The latter distinction would pass to king Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

title: Sobhuza II

text: Sobhuza's official incumbency of 82 years and 254 days is the longest precisely dated monarchical reign on record and the world's longest documented reign of any sovereign since antiquity. Only Pepi II Neferkare of Ancient Egypt and Taejo of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo are claimed to have reigned longer, though these claims are disputed.

text: Current reigning monarchs by length of reign List of British monarchs by longevity List of British monarchy records List of longest-reigning monarchs Line of succession to the British throne Monarchy of the United Kingdom

title: List of longest-reigning monarchs

text: The monarchs in the table below were not fully sovereign over their territory for at least part of their reign.These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a pure ranking of monarchs. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the table above.

text: These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in the British Isles for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.

title: Monarchies in the Americas

text: The Caribs who occupied the island of Saint Lucia in pre-Columbian times had a complex society, with hereditary kings and shamans. The present monarchy has its roots in the Dutch, French, and English monarchies, under the authority of which the island was first colonised in 1605, and later the British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 22 February 1979, the country gained independence from the United Kingdom, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly created monarchy of Saint Lucia. The monarch is represented in the country by the Governor-General of Saint Lucia, currently Dame Pearlette Louisy.

title: Emblem of Kerala

text: In addition, the Travancore had a western styled coat of arms, awarded by British Government during Delhi Durbar as well as individual Royal Cypher during reigns of each monarch, which will abbreviation of name of the reigning monarch in English with emblem of Shanku on top of it.

title: Records of heads of state

text: The longest-reigning male monarch ever known is disputed between the following candidates: The longest undisputed reigning male monarch known is Sobhuza II, who ruled the Kingdom of Swaziland as an absolute monarch under the title of Paramount Chief of Swaziland and later King of Swaziland. He ruled for 82 years, 8 months, 11 days.

title: Elizabeth II

text: The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[175][176][177] She is also the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era".[178] (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.[179]) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[180][181] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[182][183] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe on 21 November 2017.[184][185] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee,[186] and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[187] Prince Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August.[188]

title: The Icemark Chronicles

text: Prior to King Redrought's reign, The Icemark had a violent history. Of the previous eight monarchs, only two died in their bed. King Redrought's reign lasted the longest. His majesty ruled for more than twenty years.

title: List of shortest-reigning monarchs

text: A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, usually reigning for life, or until abdication or deposition. The reign of some monarchs has been notably short. Many of these monarchs acceded to the throne as a result of being first in an order of succession, while other monarchs claimed the throne as a result of some conflict.

title: Queen regnant

text: In 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history. In 2016, she became the longest currently serving head of state and longest currently reigning monarch.

title: Hirohito

text: Following the Iranian Revolution and the end of the short-lived Central African Empire, both in 1979, Hirohito found himself the last monarch in the world to bear any variation of the highest royal title "emperor". By pure coincidence he was also the longest-reigning monarch in the world at by this time, which meant that he was ranked first in the diplomatic order of precedence, which distinguishes monarchs only by time in office and not by title.

title: Bhumibol Adulyadej

text: Bhumibol Adulyadej (; ; ; see full title below; 5 December 1927 – 13 October 2016), conferred with the title King Bhumibol the Great in 1987, was the ninth monarch of Thailand from the Chakri dynasty as Rama IX. Reigning since 9 June 1946 he was, at the time of his death, the world's longest-reigning head of state, the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history and the longest-reigning monarch having reigned only as an adult, reigning for 70 years, 126 days. During his reign, he was served by a total of 30 prime ministers beginning with Pridi Banomyong and ending with Prayut Chan-o-cha.

title: Records of heads of state

text: The longest reigning female monarch ever is Elizabeth II, who is currently the Queen of the United Kingdom and other commonwealth realms, and is a constitutional monarch. She has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, since February 6, 1952, but all of the other countries she is at present queen of had yet to gain independence at the time of her accession.

title: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II

text: On 6 February 2017, the Sapphire Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, marking sixty-five years of her reign, occurred. The longest-reigning monarch in British history, Queen Elizabeth II is the first British monarch to have a sapphire jubilee.

title: List of longest-living members of the British royal family

text: The longest-living member of the British royal family has been Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (1901–2004), who lived 102 years and 309 days. Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester became the oldest ever member of the royal family when she surpassed the age of 101 years and 238 days in 2003, the age at which Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900–2002) died in 2002. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother had previously set the record of being the longest-living British royal in 1998 when she surpassed the age of 97 years and 313 days, the age of Princess Alice of Albany (1883–1981) when she died in 1981. Princess Alice of Albany is also the longest-living member by blood and was the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria (1819–1901) and Albert, Prince Consort (1819–1861). The current oldest living member of the British royal family is Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born 1921), who is the fourth longest-living British royal and the longest-living male British royal. Prince Philip became the longest-serving royal consort in 2009. The United Kingdom’s current reigning monarch, Elizabeth II (born 1926), is presently the sixth longest ever living British royal family member, the longest-living British monarch, and, since September 2015, the longest ever reigning British monarch.

title: List of longest-reigning monarchs

text: This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs of all time, detailing the 100 monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history, sorted by length of reign. Currently reigning monarchs are highlighted.

title: List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign

text: Elizabeth II is the current longest-reigning monarch, having been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. She is also the monarch of 12 other Commonwealth realms which have become independent states since 1952 and is therefore listed multiple times in the table below.

title: Records of heads of state

text: The longest current reigning female monarch is Elizabeth II, who is the Queen of the United Kingdom and other commonwealth realms, and is a constitutional monarch. She has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, since February 6, 1952, but all of the other countries she is at present queen of had yet to gain independence at the time of her accession.

text: On 9 September 2015 (at the age of 89years, 141days), Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history.[3][4] On 23 May 2016 (at the age of 90years, 32days), her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender").[5] On 13 October 2016 (at the age of 90years, 175days), she became the world's longest-reigning current monarch (and the world's longest-serving current head of state) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand.[6][7]

title: Oman

text: The Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of the country, an absolute monarchy, since 1970. Sultan Qaboos is the longest-serving current ruler in the Middle East, and third-longest current reigning monarch in the world.

title: Elizabeth II

text: When her father died in February 1952, she became head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon. She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and realms, including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka), became republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes. Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012 respectively. In 2017, she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee. She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch as well as the world's longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state, the oldest and longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state.

title: List of British monarchy records

text: The longest reign of a British monarch is that of the current monarch, Elizabeth II ( since 6 February 1952). The second longest reign is the 63 years 216 days of Victoria between 1837 and 1901. Queen Elizabeth II's reign became longer than Queen Victoria's on 9 September 2015. The third longest reign (and longest of a King) was that of George III, who reigned for 59 years 96 days between 1760 and 1820.

title: Queen Victoria

text: With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and successor Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

title: Wall box

text: Coming to the throne in 1952, Queen Elizabeth II has had the longest reign of any British monarch since the invention of the post box. (Queen Victoria reigned for nearly as long, but post boxes only appeared halfway through her reign.) Hence there are more EIIR boxes on the streets of the UK and Commonwealth countries than of any other monarch. Wall box manufacture at the time of her accession was with W.T. Allen & Co. Ltd.

title: House of Lippe

text: The House of Lippe descends from Jobst Herman, Count of Lippe (died c. 1056), whose descendant Bernhard I was the founder of the state of Lippe in 1123. The family has produced several of the longest-reigning monarchs in Europe, including the longest reigning, Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe.

title: Monarchy of the United Kingdom

text: If only one monarch has used a particular name, no ordinal is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I", and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of "Elizabeth II", on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I" in Scotland. In "MacCormick v Lord Advocate", the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal. The prime minister confirmed this practice, but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors". Future monarchs will apply this policy.


query: Where was The Little Albert experiment conducted?

title: Little Albert experiment

text: The Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: In further experiments, Little Albert seemed to generalize his response to the white rat. He became distressed at the sight of several other furry objects, such as a rabbit, a furry dog, and a seal-skin coat, and even a Santa Claus mask with white cotton balls in the beard. However, this stimulus generalization did not extend to everything with hair.[4]

title: The Honest Truth about Dishonesty

text: The author has conducted lab and public experiments to determine under what conditions people will cheat and by how much. Under circumstances where cheating is made possible, people cheat almost always, but only by a little amount of reward. People cheat up to the level where they start to feel bad about their own internal sense of integrity.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: In 2009, psychologists Hall P. Beck and Sharman Levinson published an article in which they claimed to have discovered the true identity of "Albert B."[9] After reviewing Watson's correspondence and publications, as well as research in public documents (such as the 1920 United States Census and state birth and death records), Beck argued that "Albert B." was a pseudonym for Douglas Merritte, the son of Arvilla Merritte, then a woman who appears to have been a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home.[9] Recent research has shown, however, that Douglas Merritte may not have been "Little Albert",[10] who may in fact have been young William Barger.

title: John B. Watson

text: One might consider the experiment Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner carried out to be one of the most controversial in psychology in 1920. It has become immortalized in introductory psychology textbooks as the Little Albert experiment. The goal of the experiment was to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered, classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", a 9-month-old boy. Watson and Rayner conditioned "Little Albert" by clanging an iron rod when a white rat was presented. First, they presented to the boy a white rat and observed that he was not afraid of it. Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod. "Little Albert" responded by crying. This second presentation was repeated several times. Finally, Watson and Rayner presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear. Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented Albert with a rabbit, a dog, and a fur coat. He cried at the sight of all of them. This study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses. As the story of "Little Albert" has made the rounds, inaccuracies and inconsistencies have crept in, some of them even due to Watson himself. Analyses of Watson's film footage of Albert suggest that the infant was mentally and developmentally disabled. An ethical problem of this study is that Watson and Rayner did not uncondition "Little Albert". In 2009, Beck and Levinson found records of a child, Douglas Merritte, who seemed to have been Little Albert. They found that he had died from congenital hydrocephalus at the age of 6. Thus, it cannot be concluded to what extent this study had an effect on "Little Albert"'s life. On 25 January 2012, Tom Bartlett of "The Chronicle of Higher Education" published a report that questions whether John Watson knew of cognitive abnormalities in Little Albert that would greatly skew the results of the experiment. In 2014, however, the journals that initially endorsed Beck and Fridlund's claims about Albert and Watson (the "American Psychologist" and "History of Psychology") published articles debunking those claims

title: Little Albert experiment

text: For the experiment proper, Albert was put on a mattress on a table in the middle of a room. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert and he was allowed to play with it. At this point, Watson and Rayner made a loud sound behind Albert's back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer each time the baby touched the rat. Albert responded to the noise by crying and showing fear. After several such pairings of the two stimuli, Albert was presented with only the rat. Upon seeing the rat, Albert got very distressed, crying and crawling away. Apparently, the infant associated the white rat with the noise. The rat, originally a neutral stimulus, had become a conditioned stimulus, and it was eliciting an emotional response (conditioned response) similar to the distress (unconditioned response) originally given to the noise (unconditioned stimulus).[4]

title: Albert Wolff (conductor)

text: In 1906 Wolff joined the staff of the Opéra-Comique, the theatre which became the centre of his career, while leading ensembles elsewhere in the city of Paris. He made his conducting debut at an opera gala in Strasbourg (then under German control) on 9 May 1909, following this by getting as much experience as possible with many short engagements in all operatic genres around France. Meanwhile, in 1908, Wolff was appointed chorus master at the Opéra-Comique. This was his first experience with any form of stage work. He remained in that position for three years before being given an opportunity to conduct the premiere of Laparra's "La jota". Impressed with his performance, the Opéra-Comique took him with them to Argentina in 1911 where he conducted the Buenos Aires premiere of "Pelléas et Mélisande" at the Teatro Colón. He later conducted the opera again in its premieres in Naples, Copenhagen, Kristiania (now Oslo) and Stockholm. In August 1910 Wolff conducted Fauré’s incidental music in Georgette Leblanc’s production of the play "Pelléas and Mélisande" in the cloisters and gardens of Saint-Wandrille abbey.

title: Rosalie Rayner

text: Rayner and Watson claimed to have studied over 500 children, with the Little Albert experiment being their only attempt at a psychological experiment (it would not be categorised as an experiment today). The basis of their study was conditioning a 9-month old baby, referred to as "Albert", to fear a white rat, which had previously been a neutral stimulus. The fear was generalized to other white, furry stimuli, such as fur coats, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask. The results of the study were published in the "Journal of Experimental Psychology". Despite its prominence, the "Little Albert" study would be deemed highly unethical by modern standards.

title: Case Western Reserve University

text: The famous Michelson–Morley interferometer experiment was conducted in 1887 in the basement of a campus dormitory by Albert A. Michelson of Case School of Applied Science and Edward W. Morley of Western Reserve University. This experiment proved the non-existence of the luminiferous ether and was later understood as convincing evidence in support of special relativity as proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. Michelson became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science. The commemorative Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain as well as an Ohio Historical Marker are located on campus, near where the actual experiment was performed.

title: Charles Albert Browne Jr.

text: Charles Albert Browne Jr. was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on August 12, 1870, the eldest of five children. His father, Charles Albert Browne Sr., was an inventor and held several patents dealing with explosive technologies including electric fuses. His father helped to apply these technologies during the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel near North Adams, where Charles grew up. In his youth, Charles assisted his father in conducting experiments which naturally aroused the boy's interest in chemistry.

title: Rudolf Tomaschek

text: From 1921, he conducted several aether drift experiments, repetitions of the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Trouton–Noble experiment, whose negative outcome further supported Albert Einstein's special relativity – although Tomaschek was a critic of that theory.

title: Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain

text: The Michelson–Morley experiment was conducted in 1887 by physicist Albert A. Michelson of Case School of Applied Science and chemist Edward W. Morley of Western Reserve University. This experiment proved the non-existence of the luminiferous ether and was later cited as circumstantial evidence in support of special relativity as proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. Michelson became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: According to some textbooks, Albert's mother worked in the same building as Watson and didn't know the tests were being conducted. When she found out, she took Albert and moved away, letting no one know where they were going. A 2009 report, however, disputes that.[8] The original report had stated that the baby's mother was a wet nurse at the hospital, who may have felt coerced and unable to turn down a request for her baby to be used in Watson's experiment.

title: Conditioned emotional response

text: In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment. They started with a 9-month boy called “Albert”, who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, he cried and tried to escape the rat, showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear. Although the Watson and Rayner work with Little Albert clearly falls under the broad umbrella of "conditioned fear" they did not use the term CER and thought they were applying more general conditioning principles to human behavior.

title: Acquired characteristic

text: Little Albert experiment

title: Thermoelectric materials

text: G. A. Slack proposed that in order to optimize the figure of merit, phonons, which are responsible for thermal conductivity must experience the material as a glass (experiencing a high degree of phonon scattering—lowering thermal conductivity) while electrons must experience it as a crystal (experiencing very little scattering—maintaining electrical conductivity). The figure of merit can be improved through the independent adjustment of these properties.

title: Georg Solti

text: The faculty of the Franz Liszt Academy included some of the most eminent Hungarian musicians, including Béla Bartók, Leó Weiner, Ernő Dohnányi and Zoltán Kodály. Solti studied under the first three, for piano, chamber music and composition respectively. Some sources state that he also studied with Kodály, but in his memoirs Solti recalled that Kodály, whom he would have preferred, turned him down, leaving him to study composition first with Albert Siklós and then with Dohnányi. Not all the Academy's tutors were equally distinguished: Solti remembered with little pleasure the conducting classes run by Ernö Unger, "who instructed his pupils to use rigid little wrist motions. I attended the class for only two years, but I needed five years of practical conducting experience before I managed to unlearn what he had taught me".

title: Albert Kligman

text: Despite his significant scientific contributions, Kligman is best known for conducting human experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia. Stemming from early testing of treatments for ringworm, his work there started with an effort to control athlete's foot at the invitation of prison officials. He found the environment fraught with possibilities, and undertook dozens of experiments on prisoners there for pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. Between 1951 and 1974, Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to high doses of dioxin, the contaminant responsible for Agent Orange's toxicity. Dow Chemical paid Kligman $10,000 to conduct the experiments on the toxicity effects of this chemical warfare agent. While the prisoners were paid for their participation, little effort was taken to assure the safety of the test subjects, some of whom were intentionally exposed to pathogens causing infections, including herpes, staphylococcus, and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's payment of subjects had other unintended consequences: the economic power gained by subjects was used by some of them to "coerce sexual favors from other inmates".

title: Little Albert experiment

text: Watson later gave a series of weekend lectures describing the Little Albert study. One of these lectures was attended by Mary Cover Jones, which sparked her interest in pursuing graduate work in psychology. Jones conducted an experiment to figure out how to eliminate fear responses in children and studied a boy named Peter, who was two years old. Peter shared similar fears of white rabbits and furry objects to Little Albert. Jones was able to increase Peter's tolerance of white rabbits by exposing him to the animal, known as direct conditioning, and having Peter interact with children who were not afraid of the rabbit. Mary Cover Jones was the first psychologist to desensitize or uncondition a fear response and become known as the "Mother of Behavior Therapy". [7]

title: Yarrow boiler

text: Alfred Yarrow conducted a famous experiment where he disproved this assumption. Sources are unclear as to whether he discovered this during the experiment, or conducted the experiment merely to demonstrate a theory that he already held.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: The aim of Watson and Rayner was to condition a phobia in an emotionally stable child.[1] For this study they chose a nine-month old infant from a hospital referred to as "Albert" for the experiment.[2] Watson followed the procedures which Pavlov had used in his experiments with dogs.[3]

title: John B. Watson

text: John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it", which was given at Columbia University in 1913. Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment and the Kerplunk experiment. Watson popularized the use of the scientific theory with behaviorism. He was also editor of "Psychological Review" from 1910 to 1915. A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Watson as the 17th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

title: Spring Grove Experiment

text: The Spring Grove Experiment is a series of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) studies performed from 1963 to 1976 on patients with psychotic illnesses at the Spring Grove Clinic in Catonsville, Maryland. These patients were sponsored by a federal agency called the National Institute of Mental Health to be part of the first study conducted on the effects of psychedelic drugs on schizophrenics. Then, the Spring Grove Experiments were adapted to study the effect of LSD and psychotherapy on patients including alcoholics, heroin addicts, neurotics, and terminally-ill cancer patients. The research done was largely conducted by the members of the Research Unit of Spring Grove State Hospital. Significant contributors to the experiments included Walter Pahnke, Albert Kurland, Sanford Unger, Richard Yensen, Stanislav Grof, William Richards, Francesco Di Leo and Oliver Lee McCabe. Later, Spring Grove was rebuilt into the Maryland Psychiatric Center, where studies continued to be performed for the advancement of psychiatric research. This study on LSD is the largest study on psychedelic drugs to date.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: Before the experiment, Albert was given a battery of baseline emotional tests: the infant was exposed, briefly and for the first time, to a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, masks (with and without hair), cotton, wool, burning newspapers, and other stimuli. Albert showed no fear of any of these items during the baseline tests.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: Albert was about one year old at the end of the experiment, and he reportedly left the hospital shortly thereafter.[5] Though Watson had discussed what might be done to remove Albert's conditioned fears, he had no time to attempt such desensitization with Albert, and it is likely that the infant's fear of furry things continued post-experimentally.[6]

title: Little Albert experiment

text: The identity claimed by Beck, Levinson, and Irons has been contested by psychology researchers, Russ Powell and Nancy Digdon, as well as Watson scholar, Ben Harris, who offer an alternative identity based on available data.[10][11] William Barger had been born within a day of Merritte, was known by friends and family as "Albert" (even though his given name was William), and his mother had also worked at the hospital where the experiment was conducted. In addition, his size and developmental condition much more closely matched the experiment's documentation of the subject baby's condition.[12] Through the use of a professional genealogist, the researchers learned Barger had died in 2007 at age 87 and identified one close living relative, a niece. In an interview, Barger's niece stated that she and her uncle had been quite close throughout his life, acknowledged Barger's antipathy toward dogs as a well-known fact that family members would tease him about (the researchers noted there was no way to determine whether or not this behavior was linked to Watson's experiment), and stated that she did not recall any other phobias. The researchers concluded that Barger would have been unaware of his role as an infant test subject.[13]

title: Little Albert experiment

text: It should be noted that Watson's experiment had many failings by modern standards. For example, it had only a single subject and no control subjects. Furthermore, such an experiment could be hard to conduct in compliance with current law and regulations, given the expected risks to the subject.

title: Little Albert experiment

text: It is difficult to be certain exactly what happened during the Little Albert Experiment since concrete evidence and scientific records are lacking. Though a film was shot during the experiment, textbooks interpret the movie differently. Various sources give contradicting accounts of events that took place, and they raise questions about exactly what stimuli were used, which stimuli the baby came to fear, and what happened to the child after the experiment. It was said that most textbooks "suffer from inaccuracies of various degrees" while referring to Watson and Rayner's study. Texts often misrepresent, exaggerate, or minimize the range of Albert's post-conditioning fears.[19]

title: Eddie Albert

text: Albert had his own daytime variety program, "The Eddie Albert Show", on CBS television in 1953. Singer Ellen Hanley was a regular on the show. A review in "Broadcasting" magazine panned the program, saying, "Mr. Albert with the help of Miss Hanley, conducts an interview, talks a little, sings a little and looks all-thumbs a lot."

title: Little Albert experiment

text: Critical reading of Watson and Rayner's (1920) report reveals little evidence either that Albert developed a rat phobia or even that animals consistently evoked his fear (or anxiety) during Watson and Rayner's experiment. It may be useful for modern learning theorists to see how the Albert study prompted subsequent research [...] but it seems time, finally, to place the Watson and Rayner data in the category of "interesting but uninterpretable" results.


query: Which Boston radio station broadcasts the Red Sox games?

title: Boston Red Sox Radio Network

text: The Boston Red Sox Radio Network consists of 61 stations (39 A.M., 22 F.M. and 7 F.M. translators) in the 6 New England states, along with New Mexico, New York, and Wyoming.[1] The primary English-language announcers are Joe Castiglione and Tim Neverett, who alternate play-by-play and color commentary.[2] In 2015, Rob Bradford and Lou Merloni filled in for former announcer Dave O'Brien when he called Monday Night Baseball for ESPN.[3] Mike Mutnansky serves as pre- and post-game host.

title: Pawsox Radio Network

text: The Pawsox Radio Network is the radio network of the Pawtucket Red Sox, a Triple-A minor league affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. There are 11 stations (10 A.M. & 1 F.M.) & 2 F.M. translators in the network, including the flagship & part-time stations.Several Pawsox broadcasters have gone on to careers with major-league baseball teams. Those announcers are:

title: 1948 Boston Red Sox season

text: The 1948 Boston Red Sox season was the 48th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished second in the American League (AL) with a record of 96 wins and 59 losses, including the loss of a one-game playoff to the Cleveland Indians after both teams had finished the regular schedule with identical 96–58 records. The first Red Sox season to be broadcast on television, broadcasts were then alternated between WBZ-TV and WNAC-TV but with the same broadcast team regardless of broadcasting station.

title: Red Sox Song

text: The recording was pressed into 45 rpm records and released as a single. It was played occasionally on many radio stations around New England, and appeared in many juke boxes in night clubs at the time. Boston TV channel 38 (WSBK) was broadcasting the Red Sox home games that year, and used The Red Sox Song (A Day In Fenway Park) as a theme song for their promotional video about upcoming game broadcasts. It was also played occasionally at Fenway Park by organist John Kiley.

title: WTIC-TV

text: Since Fox began airing sports programming in 1994, WTIC has had to deal with issues regarding Major League Baseball and NFL coverage. Connecticut is split between the traditional home territories for Boston and New York City teams. The football issue is not typically as stark because the New York Giants and New England Patriots play in separate conferences, each with their own network television deals, so there is little overlap. However, it used to be a source of frustration during baseball season. On occasion, Fox will pick both the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox for its baseball broadcast windows. Usually, MLB limits Fox to a single game and does not allow any other station to broadcast baseball in that window (from 3:30 to 7 p.m., and since 2012, alternately from 7 to 10:30 p.m.), including the cable channels that usually air Yankees and Red Sox games: YES and NESN. This historically resulted in numerous complaints among Connecticut baseball fans when WTIC would only be able to broadcast either the Yankees or the Red Sox. The network has since relented, and now allows WCCT to broadcast the other game in the case of a Yankees/Red Sox conflict, as well as in the case of a Red Sox/Mets conflict. Beginning with the 2008 season to alleviate coverage issues, game broadcasts of the New York Mets from sister station WPIX have alternated between WTIC and WCCT.

title: Tim Neverett

text: For the 2016 through 2018 seasons, Neverett worked with Joe Castiglione to broadcast Boston Red Sox games on the Red Sox Radio Network; during this time, Neverett was an employee of WEEI-FM. On December 11, 2018, Neverett advised that he allowed his contract with WEEI-FM to run out and that he would no longer be part of the Red Sox radio broadcast team.

title: Bob DeLaney (sportscaster)

text: A 1942 graduate of Elmira Free Academy, DeLaney served in the United States Army in the Pacific theater during World War II. After returning to the States, he attended Syracuse University and worked with radio station WFBL in Syracuse. When the Boston Red Sox and Boston Braves decided to separate their radio coverage in 1951, Curt Gowdy, Tom Hussey and DeLaney were hired to call Red Sox games on WHDH. At the end of the 1954 season, DeLaney was hired to replace Ernie Harwell on New York Giants broadcasts. When the Giants moved to San Francisco in 1958, DeLaney was replaced by local announcer Lon Simmons.

title: The Jimmy Fund

text: The Red Sox formed a partnership with the Jimmy Fund on April 10, 1953, after the Braves left Boston for Milwaukee, and has continued to support the organization since. The anniversary of the partnership generally falls just before the Red Sox Home Opener. It is celebrated with the display of the Boston Red Sox/Jimmy Fund logo on the "Green Monster" in Fenway Park. In addition, the Red Sox team along with radio station WEEI-FM and TV station NESN hold a 36-hour radio-telethon at Fenway Park in August, which is Jimmy Fund month at the park.

title: WSBK-TV

text: In terms of sports, WSBK was the longtime television home of the Boston Red Sox and Boston Bruins. WSBK became the Red Sox's over-air flagship station in 1975 and remained so for 20 years, until it lost the broadcast rights to WABU (channel 68, now WBPX-TV) in 1996. After a seven-season hiatus, WSBK (in partnership with sister station WBZ-TV) resumed its role as the Red Sox flagship station, replacing WFXT, in 2003; however, channel 38 only broadcast the team's Friday night games. Most games were carried by the New England Sports Network (NESN), which aired the Friday night games outside of the Boston television market, effectively blacking out WSBK in these areas (the Red Sox hold an 80% ownership interest in NESN). Among the nationally prominent announcers that have performed play-by-play duties for the station's Red Sox games include Dick Stockton and Sean McDonough. WBZ stopped broadcasting the games after the 2004 season, and WSBK would cease airing games itself following the 2005 season, rendering the team's game telecasts cable-exclusive.

title: Boston Red Sox Radio Network

text: Shaw's and Star Market Supermarkets, a grocery store chain which serves much of New England, is the primary promotional sponsor of Red Sox' English-language radio broadcasts. Thus, the announcers refer to the "Shaw's and Star Market WEEI Red Sox Radio Network" when entering into commercial spot breaks during the broadcast.

title: Sean McDonough

text: Four years after graduating from Syracuse, he began broadcasting Boston Red Sox games on WSBK-TV (Channel 38) in Boston with former Red Sox catcher Bob Montgomery and later former Red Sox second baseman Jerry Remy. McDonough announced Red Sox games until 2005.

title: John Shepard III

text: In May 1925, Shepard expanded further, acquiring a second Boston station, WNAB. In late January 1927, that station became WASN (Air Shopping News), an early experiment with home shopping by radio. The experiment was unsuccessful, however. By July 1927, the station had become known as WBIS. Meanwhile, by April 1926, John Shepard III began providing Boston's baseball fans with regular broadcasts of home games: "Boston Traveler" sportswriter Gus Rooney aired the play-by-play of a Boston Red Sox game, and subsequently announced a Boston Braves home game. Later that year, Rooney was replaced at the microphone by sportswriter Fred Hoey.

title: Jon Rish

text: From 2006 to 2012, Rish hosted the Boston Red Sox pre and post game show on the Boston Red Sox Radio Network. Rish served in the Red Sox broadcast booth alongside Joe Castiglione since 2008, sharing time with Dale Arnold and Dave O'Brien. Arnold and Rish replaced Glenn Geffner, who left after the 2007 season for the Florida Marlins radio booth. Rish primarily announced games when O'Brien was away on assignment for ESPN.

title: WBOQ

text: The station began broadcasting from a new transmitter site in Topsfield on January 10, 2013, with a 6,000–watt signal which has increased coverage to other areas such as the Merrimack Valley and the Route 1 corridor. The station now identifies as "WBOQ Gloucester-Boston". On December 26, 2017, WBOQ dropped oldies for adult contemporary. From 2006 until 2016 it carried Boston Red Sox baseball as part of the Red Sox Radio Network but dropped the games with the adoption of its new format.

title: Boston Red Sox Radio Network

text: List of XM Satellite Radio channels List of Sirius Satellite Radio stations List of Boston Red Sox broadcasters

title: New England Sports Network

text: NESN also broadcasts tape-delayed matches of select Premier League games televised by Fox Soccer Plus (most of which feature Liverpool F.C., which is owned by NESN parent holding company New England Sports Ventures). NESN also airs various soccer and tennis matches.Each year since 2002, NESN and WEEI have partnered to hold a "radio-telethon" to raise money for the Jimmy Fund. The 36-hour NESN/WEEI Jimmy Fund Radio-Telethon is held for two days annually each August, and is simulcast on both outlets. WEEI radio programs are seen on NESN, featuring interviews by the hosts with cancer patients and survivors, doctors and athletes and celebrities (some of which have included Terry Francona, Mike Lowell, Denis Leary, Jimmy Fallon, Donald Trump and the late George Steinbrenner). Many other Red Sox players and Boston athletes take part in the Radio-Telethon and in pre-game ceremonies at Fenway Park. Since 2002, this event has raised over $37 million for the Jimmy Fund and has received donations from all 50 states.NESN HD is a high definition simulcast feed of NESN that broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format. It is available to cable providers throughout New England, AT&T U-verse (in Connecticut), Comcast (in most of New England), Verizon FiOS and nationally on DirecTV and Dish Network. When the HD feed launched in April 2006, promotions for NESN's Red Sox game telecasts used the tagline "Red Sox Tradition in High Definition" to promote its high definition broadcasts. The feed broadcasts Red Sox and Bruins games, and other original programming in HD.

title: WEEI-FM

text: During game broadcasts, WEEI-FM is also made available through the Major League Baseball web site (for a fee), and (for home games) on XM Satellite Radio (as part of the standard service) for those outside the Boston listening area. The entire 162-game Red Sox schedule also may be heard on an extensive radio network throughout the 6 New England states. Many of the smaller stations have always aired the Red Sox Network regardless of what Boston station originated those broadcasts.

title: WDEV

text: WDEV features sports updates during all three of its newscasts. During the Morning News Service, Mal "The Sammie" Boright comes on to give the update, and during the Midday and Afternoon News Services Ken Squier delivers the sports report, joined by James Atherlay in the afternoons. Atherlay then goes on to host Score, Sports Talk and Rock from 9:00 until midnight, after which the station ends it's broadcast day. On Tuesday afternoons, Squier is joined by Jasper Goodman, who goes on to talk about local, regional, and national sports, including the Red Sox during the MLB season. WDEV is an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox Radio Network, which is based at WEEI-FM from Boston. WDEV carries all regular-season and postseason Red Sox games. The station also broadcasts Norwich University men's ice hockey and select Vermont high school basketball games. WDEV also airs auto racing from Thunder Road International SpeedBowl in Barre, Vermont, when there is no other programming conflict. WDEV's other Motorsports programming, when there is no conflict, includes Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series events. On Saturday and Sunday evenings, WDEV airs Fox Sports Radio.

title: WSNS-TV

text: WSNS obtained the rights to broadcast Major League Baseball games involving the Chicago White Sox in 1973, assuming the rights from WFLD. During this period, the station's White Sox game telecasts were announced by play-by-play announcer Harry Caray. Beginning in 1977, Caray was joined in the broadcast booth by former Boston Red Sox outfielder Jimmy Piersall as color commentator. The games were produced under an outsourcing agreement between WSNS and WGN-TV, the latter of which produced the telecasts (Caray also appeared on WGN's newscasts as a sports anchor during the 1970s, and was therefore employed with that station). WSNS carried White Sox games through the 1980 season, after which the telecasts began airing exclusively on WGN-TV for the 1981 season, before it lost the Sox television rights to WFLD.

title: WEEI (AM)

text: For 30 consecutive years (1946-75), WHDH was the flagship station of the Boston Red Sox, featuring play-by-play announcers such as Jim Britt, Ford C. Frick Award-winning Curt Gowdy, Ken Coleman and Ned Martin. From 1946 through 1949, it also broadcast the Boston Braves, the city's National League baseball club (the Red Sox and Braves then only broadcast home games, thus the teams shared the same announcers and did not have schedule conflicts). After the Braves left WHDH for WNAC (now WRKO) in 1950, WHDH began broadcasting all Red Sox games, home and away.

title: Blackout (broadcasting)

text: As an example, while Boston Red Sox radio flagship WHDH and St. Louis Cardinals flagship station KMOX both broadcast the 1967 World Series, both stations had to simulcast the NBC Radio Network broadcast along with Boston's WCOP and St. Louis's KSD, the nominal NBC Radio affiliates in those cities.

title: WCRN

text: From 2007 through 2009, and since 2011, WCRN has shared the Worcester affiliation of the Boston Red Sox radio network with WEEI/WEEI-FM satellite station WVEI, an arrangement made in order to take advantage of WCRN's then-new 50,000 watt night signal to serve areas of MetroWest that had difficulty receiving either WVEI itself or the team's then-flagship, WRKO, particularly at night (when most Red Sox games are played), with WVEI selling local advertising on both stations. The two stations replaced WTAG, which had carried Sox games for 40 years. WVEI became the sole Red Sox affiliate in Worcester in 2010, but WCRN returned to the Red Sox network in 2011.

title: Don Gillis (sportscaster)

text: WHDH at the time was the flagship station of the Boston Red Sox, and carried Boston Celtics basketball, Boston Bruins hockey and Harvard University football during the autumn and winter months. Gillis hosted pregame coverage of Red Sox games — his "Warmup Time" five-minute segment often revisited great moments in baseball history – and was a color commentator on Bruins and Celtics games. During the 1957 season, he joined the Red Sox' broadcast team when the primary announcer, Curt Gowdy, was sidelined for the year by a back injury. Gillis also called New England Patriots preseason games.

title: Major League Baseball on superstations

text: WSBK-TV (channel 38) in Boston is best known in the market for being the longtime television home of the Boston Red Sox. WSBK became the Red Sox's over-air flagship station in 1975 and continued to carry the team's games for 20 years, until it lost the rights in 1996 to independent station WABU (channel 68, now Ion Television owned-and-operated station WBPX-TV). After a seven-year hiatus, WSBK – in partnership with CBS owned-and-operated sister station WBZ-TV (channel 4) – reassumed over-the-air broadcast rights to the Red Sox in 2003, although its telecasts were limited to Friday night games. Most of the team's games were carried by cable and satellite regional sports network New England Sports Network, which aired the Friday night games outside of the Boston designated market area, effectively resulting in WSBK being blacked out in these areas (the Red Sox maintain an 80% ownership interest in NESN). Among the nationally prominent announcers that have called Red Sox games on the station include Dick Stockton and Sean McDonough. WBZ stopped broadcasting the games after the 2004 season; NESN later announced that WSBK would lose over-the-air rights in early 2006, resulting in the team's game telecasts becoming cable-exclusive.

title: Major League Baseball on the radio

text: Many owners were still wary. By the 1930s, the two-team cities of Boston, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Chicago had reached an agreement not to broadcast away games. In other words, if the Boston Braves were at home, listeners could hear that game on the radio, but could not listen to the Boston Red Sox away game. The owners' argument –"they won't come to the park if you give the game away"– was invalidated under this arrangement. The New York owners went one step further: in 1932 they agreed to ban all radio broadcasting –even of visitors' re-creations– from their parks. Larry MacPhail took over the Cincinnati Reds in 1933 and sold a controlling interest in the club to Powel Crosley, owner of two Cincinnati radio stations. It was a match made in economic heaven: MacPhail knew that broadcasting games would promote the team and Crosley could now boost his radio ratings. Their symbiosis is reminiscent of St. Louis beer-garden magnate Chris von der Ahe's takeover of the St. Louis team in order to sell more beer. When MacPhail moved to Brooklyn in 1938, he brought Reds announcer Red Barber with him and broke the New York radio ban. The next year was the first year that all the major league teams broadcast their games. Prophetically, it was also the year of the first televised baseball game.

title: WEEI-FM

text: In 2006, the Boston Red Sox signed a 10-year radio deal with sister WRKO (also owned by Entercom) for the broadcast rights for the 2007 through 2016 seasons, worth a reportedly $13 million a season. About 30 Red Sox games a season, including all games on Wednesday nights and all weekly day games were heard on WEEI as part of the deal. As of August 26, 2009, WEEI once again became the flagship station for the Red Sox. This occurred two weeks after the debut of competitor WBZ-FM "The Sports Hub" and was seen as a reaction, focusing all Red Sox games on one station, WEEI, rather than splitting them between the station and WRKO.

title: WSTJ

text: WSTJ (1340 AM) is a radio station broadcasting an Adult Standards/MOR format. Licensed to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, United States, the station is currently owned by Vermont Broadcast Associates, Inc. WSTJ has been broadcasting the Boston Red Sox Radio Network since the station signed on as WTWN in 1949. WSTJ also broadcasts the New England Patriots Radio Network.

title: WEEI-FM

text: WEEI-FM is the flagship station of the WEEI Red Sox Radio Network. In addition, WEEI broadcasts games of the Boston College football and basketball teams in season. When local programming is not on WEEI-FM, usually ESPN Radio or NBC Sports Radio will air.

title: Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox

text: The Red Sox hosted the 2006 All-Star Game, which was broadcast on National Public Radio on Cape Cod. The game was broadcast by the team's play-by-play announcer, Dan Rubin, and the League's Director of Public Relations, John Garner. The Red Sox hosted the All-Star Game in 2013, which was aired live across the country on Fox College Sports.

title: WCFR

text: WCFR is an AM Radio station licensed to Springfield, Vermont. It broadcasts hits from the 80's and 90's with 5,000 watts during the day. Programming is also simulcast on translator W293BH, 106.5 FM. The station carries Boston Red Sox baseball from the Red Sox Radio Network And Boston Bruins Hockey.

title: Curt Gowdy

text: Gowdy began his Major League Baseball broadcasting career working as the No. 2 announcer to Mel Allen for New York Yankees games on radio and television in 1949–50. There, he succeeded Russ Hodges, who departed to become the New York Giants' lead announcer when the Yankees and Giants decided to broadcast a full slate of 154 games, instead of sharing the same radio network and announcers for the 77 home games of each team that had been broadcast (no away games of either team were broadcast). Two years later, in Boston, the Red Sox and the Boston Braves followed a similar path, with each team opting for its own networks and announcers to allow each team to broadcast their full schedules, home and away. Jim Britt, who had called home games of both teams, decided to stay with the Braves, opening the top spot on the Red Sox broadcast team.