query: When were athletic sneakers first used?

title: Sneakers

text: These shoes acquired the nickname 'plimsoll' in the 1870s, derived according to Nicholette Jones' book The Plimsoll Sensation, from the coloured horizontal band joining the upper to the sole, which resembled the Plimsoll line on a ship's hull. Alternatively, just like the Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, the wearer would get wet.[7]

title: Sneaker Pimps

text: In 2003, the band's website stated they had "decided to undergo a mutation" and announced the launch of Chris Corner's new project, IAMX. A fourth Sneaker Pimps album was demoed but shelved, and is referred to in fan circles as SP4. Many of the songs would be finalized and recorded by Corner on the first two IAMX albums. Although the band's website hinted through 2005 that new Sneaker Pimps material and 5.1 Surround Sound re-releases of the first two albums were on the way, these plans never materialized and band members focused instead on varying side projects.

title: Sneakers

text: During the interwar period, athletic shoes began to be marketed for different sports, and differentiated designs were made available for men and women. Athletic shoes were used by competing athletes at the Olympics, helping to popularise athletic shoes among the general public. In 1936, a French brand, Spring Court,[9] marketed the first canvas tennis shoe featuring signature eight ventilation channels on a vulcanised natural rubber sole.

title: Jack Purcell

text: Purcell designed a low, bleached-white canvas-and-rubber badminton sneaker for the B.F. Goodrich Company, known as PF Flyers in 1935. The shoe would provide better support on badminton courts because of a steel shank embedded in its heel. For most of the twentieth century, Jack Purcell's tennis sneaker was required wear on all grass and clay tennis courts in the United States and, at least for a time, on newer, all-weather asphalt courts as well. Unlike basketball sneakers (running shoes hadn't been invented yet), Jack Purcell sneakers had perfectly flat soles, unmarred by grooves that could tear up clay or grass and skew the elasticity of tennis ball bounces. Everyone from the youngest learner to professional and amateur tennis stars on the international tour wore Purcell sneakers; no other company made them. In 1972, Converse purchased PF Flyers (now owned by New Balance), along with the trademark rights of Jack Purcell sneakers. When Nike purchased Converse in 2003, Jack Purcell sneakers were kept in production, and is still manufactured today. Purcell-type basketball sneakers are now no different from Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars, except they have the trademark blue across their toes. Classic Purcell tennis sneakers are unchanged in appearance from their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, when they were first nicknamed "Blue Tips" and "Smilies", but they have risen in price from about $20 in 1965 to as much as $150 or more today. Converse "Jack Purcell" basketball sneakers are also popular, but more for their vintage fashion appeal than for athletic use.

title: Sneakers (short story)

text: Recording studio executive John Tell notices a pair of old dirty sneakers in an adjacent stall while using the restroom at work. He, at first, assumes that the shoes belong to a fellow employee or a delivery person. However, when he visits the bathroom again throughout the week, he notices that not only have the shoes not moved, they are now surrounded by the bodies of dead flies and other bugs. Eventually, Tell discovers that the shoes were the trademark of a dealer who supplied the local talent with cocaine, and who was killed in the bathroom stall during an apparent robbery. Tell finally confronts the man's ghost, who informs him that he was brutally killed by Jannings, Tell's boss, a drug addict who was heavily in debt to the dealer at the time. Jannings used the stolen cocaine to fund his rehabilitation and rise to executive management. This prompts Tell to quit his job, telling Jannings he is a "worthless bastard" before leaving. When he arrives home, he resolves to find other work, pulling out the want ads and reading them while doing his business on his own toilet.

title: Sneakers

text: During the 1990s, shoe companies perfected their fashion and marketing skills. Sports endorsements with famous athletes grew larger, and marketing budgets went through the roof. Sneakers became a fashion statement and were marketed as a definition of identity and personality rather than simply athletic aids.[12]

title: Adidas Stan Smith

text:
For some time, people have been drawing or painting on their sneakers using ink, markers or spray cans. Young people have made this kind of art with various motifs ranging from simple drawings to more complex graffiti paintings. Probably due to its often white color, the adidas stan smith has been used as an object for sneaker art. For example, many artists and design studios hand-paint Stan Smith sneakers and sell them as art.
Concerning signed adidas stan smith sneakers, it is possible to find them with Stan Smith's autograph with black marker ink on the white leather upper.

title: Sneaker Freaker

text: "Sneaker Freaker" is also used as a term for a sneaker enthusiast, the target audience of the magazine.

title: Nike Women's Advertising

text: Although Nike started aggressively advertising towards women in the 1990s, they were not the first athletic company to promote their products towards women. According to Shelly Lucas's article, "Nike's Commercial Solution: Girls, Sneakers, and Salvation", "In 1981, Reebok, one of Nike's competitors in the athletic shoe industry, chose to make women its primary target market." Because aerobics became popular among women, Reebok pursued that opportunity and advertised towards women. Nike executives, however, did not view aerobics as a sport, and as a result, they did not immediately take advantage of the opportunity.

title: Reebok Freestyle

text: Reebok Freestyle is an athletic shoe style introduced in 1982 by Reebok. The Freestyle was the first sneaker designed and marketed for women. It helped Reebok into the mainstream athletic wear market and fashion scene along with becoming one of the most popular athletic shoes of all time. In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of Reebok sales. The Reebok Freestyle was popular during the 1980s aerobics craze and is still in production and remodeled through various collections and style variations.

title: Dandelion Wine

text: Chapters 4–5 (Summer in the Air) — Douglas discovers that his feet will not move as fast as that of the other boys because his sneakers are worn out. He becomes entranced by a pair of brand-new Cream-Sponge Para Litefoot Shoes in a shop window, and thinks on how the need for a "magic" pair of sneakers to run in the green grass is something only boys can understand when his father argues against buying another. The local shoe seller, Mr. Sanderson, is initially resistant to selling the sneakers to Douglas, especially since he does not even have enough money to pay for them upfront. Douglas, however, convinces him to try on a pair of his own sneakers, which triggers memories in Mr. Sanderson of when he was a kid and ran like the antelopes and gazelles. He agrees to let Douglas have the sneakers in return for work done by him in the shop to pay off the bill. The story ends with Douglas speeding away in the distance and Mr. Sanderson picking up his discarded old sneakers.

title: Sneakers

text: Sneakers (also known as athletic shoes, tennis shoes, gym shoes, sport shoes, runners, or trainers) are shoes primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise, but which are now also widely used for everyday wear. The term generally describes a type of footwear with a flexible sole made of rubber or synthetic material and an upper part made of leather, synthetic substitutes or cloth.

title: Sneakers

text: Plimsolls were widely worn by vacationers and also began to be worn by sportsmen on the tennis and croquet courts for their comfort. Special soles with engraved patterns to increase the surface grip of the shoe were developed, and these were ordered in bulk for the use of the British Army. Athletic shoes were increasingly used for leisure and outdoor activities at the turn of the 20th century - plimsolls were even found with the ill-fated Scott Antarctic expedition of 1911. Plimsolls were commonly worn by pupils in schools' physical education lessons in the UK from the 1950s until the early 1970s .

title: Sneakers (1981 video game)

text:
Wave 1: Sneakers
The first wave pits the player against the innocuous "Sneakers", smiling, white-legged creatures that fly randomly around the screen. If one collides with the ship it will destroy it, but otherwise they do not pursue or fire upon it. Sneakers are blue when flying freely, but turn red when sitting on the ground or traveling vertically. Each is worth 10 points.

title: Justin Tuck

text: Tuck has participated in various philanthropic causes. Tuck and Giants teammate Michael Strahan teamed up with Nike to design their own exclusive pair of sneakers for ID studio in New York City. All proceeds of the sneakers were donated to Nike's Let Me Play global campaign. Tuck was also featured on the second season of "Cake Boss" when he ordered a cake shaped like a billiards table for the first annual celebrity billiards event for his charity "Tuck's Rush for Literacy."

title: De La Soul

text: In 2006, De La Soul released a mixtape of new and old songs titled "Hip-Hop Mixtape". This album was covermount into British dance magazine "Mixmag". The same year, De La Soul released another mixtape of new and old songs, this time titled "" on its AOI Records label. De La Soul collaborated with the athletic sneaker giant Nike to produce two versions of the Nike Dunk under their skateboarding division, Nike SB. The sneakers were an instant hit and sold out at most retail stores.

title: Sneakers

text: This style of footwear also became prominent in America at the turn of the 20th century, where they were called 'sneakers'. In 1892, the U.S. Rubber Company introduced the first rubber-soled shoes in the country, sparking a surge in demand and production. The first basketball shoes were designed by Spalding as early as 1907. The market for sneakers grew after World War I, when sports and athletics increasingly became a way to demonstrate moral fiber and patriotism. The U.S. market for sneakers grew steadily as young boys lined up to buy sneakers endorsed by football player Jim Thorpe and Converse All Stars endorsed by basketball player Chuck Taylor.

title: Nike Blazers

text: The Nike Blazer is a basketball sneaker first made in 1973 by Nike and first worn by George "The Iceman" Gervin. However, it is no longer marketed as a basketball sneaker, it is now considered a retro/casual sneaker. The shoe is now marketed within the Nike Skateboarding sub-brand.

title: Boston Celtics

text: The team also had the tradition of wearing black sneakers through most of their history, except during the early 1980s when they wore green sneakers. According to legend, Celtics patriarch Red Auerbach had a problem with the white sneakers, claiming that the white sneakers can easily get dirty; hence starting a long tradition with the black sneakers. But prior to the 2003–04 season, current Celtics general manager Danny Ainge and captain Paul Pierce suggested wearing white sneakers, in due part to a growing number of teams wearing black sneakers. Auerbach gladly accepted and the white sneakers have remained since on home games. They still wore the black sneakers on away games, but in the 2008–09 season, they wore white sneakers with green and gold accents while wearing their St. Patrick's Day jerseys on the road. Most recently, when the Celtics play on Christmas Day, they wore white or green sneakers with red and gold accents. Since the 2009–10 season, the NBA relaxed its rules on specified sneaker colors, and Celtics players are now seen wearing custom-made and personalized sneakers at home and on the road, although for the most part they wear either green, white or black sneakers.

title: Sneaker (band)

text: Sneaker was a West Coast American rock band, active from 1973 to 1983. The band is best known for its "Billboard" Hot 100 Top 40 hit single, "More Than Just the Two of Us", from its first album, "Sneaker" (1981). They also had a minor hit with "Don't Let Me In", a song written by Donald Fagen and Walter Becker from Steely Dan.

title: Long Hard Road Out of Hell

text: The two bands became engaged in a brief dispute soon after the song's release. Ali complained that the Sneaker Pimps were not present during the song's final mixing, and that they were never issued a master tape. She went on to call the song "crap." Manson responded by calling the Sneaker Pimps' involvement "a bit of a favor, in a sense, because we had already written the song, and I was interested in finding a girl to sing back-up vocals on it, and [they] were asking to be involved. I wasn't that familiar with them. I thought the girl's voice was great. When we worked on the song, I think they were a little upset because there wasn't much for them to do. The song was already done." He also refuted claims that the Sneaker Pimps were never issued with a master recording, suggesting that they had created a remix for the song, but had refused permission for it to appear on the single when they were informed it would appear as a b-side, instead of being released as the main single version.

title: American handball

text: A typical outfit includes protective gloves, sneakers, athletic shorts and goggles. Eye protection is required in tournament handball, as the ball moves at high speeds and in close proximity to the players. It is rarely used in "street" handball, however, where a softer "big blue" ball is usually used.

title: Sneaker collecting

text: A sneakerhead is a person who collects, trades, or admires sneakers as a hobby. A sneakerhead may also be highly experienced in distinguishing between real and replica sneakers. Sneaker collecting is a hobby often manifested by the use and collection of shoes made for particular sports, particularly basketball and skateboarding.

title: Sagrada Reset

text: Yutaka Kōno published the novels, with illustrations by You Shiina, in Kadokawa Shoten's "The Sneaker" magazine. The first volume was then published under Kadokawa's Sneaker Bunko imprint in 2009. The series ran until 2012, during which time it was collected into seven volumes. Kōno also wrote six short stories for the series, four of which were collected in the fourth novel, while the other two were published on Kadokawa's "The Sneaker" website. A reprint of the novels was announced at the same time as the anime and live-action films. The first reprinted volume was released in September 2016, and further volumes were reprinted on a monthly schedule. A new novel adaptation is also due to accompany the anime and films.

title: Shoe

text: Athletic sneaker collection has also existed as a part of urban subculture in the United States for several decades. Recent decades have seen this trend spread to European nations such as the Czech Republic. A Sneakerhead is a person who owns multiple pairs of shoes as a form of collection and fashion. A contributor to the growth of sneaker collecting is the continued worldwide popularity of the Air Jordan line of sneakers designed by Nike for Basketball star Michael Jordan.

title: Sneakers

text: During the 1950s, leisure opportunities greatly expanded, and children and adolescents began to wear sneakers as school dress codes relaxed. Sneaker sales rose so high, they began to adversely impact on the sales of conventional leather shoes, leading to a fierce advertising war for market share in the late '50s. In the 1970s, jogging for exercise became increasingly popular, and trainers designed specifically for comfort while jogging sold well. Companies also started to target some of their products at the casual fashion market. Soon, shoes were available for football, jogging, basketball, running, etc. Many sports had their relevant shoe, made possible by podiatrist development of athletic shoe technology.

title: Lime (color)

text:
The color Volt is used by Nike in several of their athletic products, most notably their Air Max 90 Hyperfuse sneakers, which were introduced in 2011. This color is similar to Electric Lime below.
At right is displayed the color Electric lime.

title: Steve & Barry's

text: In 2006, the chain announced its partnership with NBA point guard Stephon Marbury, a joint venture in which the chain would produce Marbury's Starbury Collection, a 50-item line of discount clothing, athletic clothing, and sneakers. The centerpiece of the line was the Starbury One, a basketball sneaker that retailed for $14.98. The low price point for an authentic on-court NBA shoe was positioned as a social statement, including donations of thousands of pairs to public school basketball players, with publicity that caused lines and sold-out conditions at many Steve & Barry’s stores. Marbury liked the high-quality, low price-point promise, which, as he later said, meant "we can help teach kids to be responsible, earn their own money and buy these shoes without asking their parents for money." When the collection was unveiled in August 2006, Marbury committed his time and energy by handing out Starburys to high school athletes at basketball camps, on playground courts and in barber shops. He wore on-court exactly the same shoes that consumers got off the shelves. In March 2007, the company announced that then Chicago Bulls center, and 4-time NBA Defensive Player of the Year, Ben Wallace, would endorse the Starbury brand, wearing Starbury's during all his games and debuting his own Big Ben Starbury sneaker in the 2007-08 NBA season.

title: Sneakers

text: Plimsolls (British English) are "low tech" athletic shoes, and are also called 'sneakers' in American English. The word "sneaker" is often attributed to American Henry Nelson McKinney who was an advertising agent for N. W. Ayer & Son. In 1917, he used the term because the rubber sole made the shoe stealthy. The word was already in use at least as early as 1887, as The Boston Journal made reference to "sneakers" as "the name boys give to tennis shoes." The name "sneakers" originally referred to how quiet the rubber soles were on the ground, in contrast to noisy standard hard leather sole dress shoes. Someone wearing sneakers could "sneak up" on someone while someone wearing standards could not.[5]

title: History of the New York Giants

text: In the 1934 NFL Championship Game, the Giants defeated previously unbeaten Chicago 30–13 at the Polo Grounds on an icy field with temperatures peaking at 25 degrees. Before the game, team treasurer John Mara talked with Owen and team captain Flaherty about the field conditions. Flaherty suggested the Giants wear sneakers on the frozen field, as he had played in a game under similar circumstances at Gonzaga, and the sneakers proved to be effective. Mara dispatched equipment manager Abe Cohen to get as many sneakers as he could get. Due to traffic and the inability to find any athletic goods stores open on Sunday, Cohen was unable to return before the game started, and the Giants, wearing conventional footwear, trailed 10–3 at the end of the first half. Realizing time was short, Cohen went to Manhattan College — where he had a key to the equipment and locker rooms — and returned to the Polo Grounds at halftime with nine pairs of basketball sneakers, saying that "nine pairs was all I could get." Players donned the sneakers and New York, after allowing Chicago another field goal late in the 3rd quarter, responded with 27 unanswered points in the 4th quarter to win their first NFL Championship game. The game would come to be known as "The Sneakers Game", and the 27 points the Giants scored in the 4th quarter set a single–quarter championship game scoring record that stood for decades. After the game, offensive tackle Len Grant expressed his sincere gratitude by stating "God bless Abe Cohen."

title: 1934 NFL Championship Game

text: A freezing rain the night before the game froze the Polo Grounds field. After Giants end Ray Flaherty remarked to head coach Steve Owen that sneakers would provide better footing on the frozen playing surface, Owen sent his friend Abe Cohen, a tailor who assisted on the Giants sideline, to Manhattan College to get some sneakers. There, Brother Jasper, the athletic director (and the later namesake of the Manhattan Jaspers) emptied the lockers of the school's basketball team. Cohen arrived in the third quarter with nine pairs of basketball sneakers from the college.


query: What's a dissenting argument?

title: Dissenting opinion

text: A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion in a legal case in certain legal systems written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment. When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a minority report.[1][2]

title: Abrams v. United States

text: More recently, the Court has expressly rejected the reasoning of Holmes' "Abrams" dissent in two decisions. In "Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project" (2010) the facts were similar to those in "Abrams." Respondents had offered advice and other verbal assistance to organizations fighting established governments in Sri Lanka and Turkey, organizations that had been designated as terrorists, and were subject to prosecution for attempting to provide material support to terrorist organizations in violation of what is now the USA PATRIOT Act, section 2339B. The respondents argued, supported by three dissenting justices, that they lacked the specific intent to aid in terrorist acts, and therefore could not be prosecuted for a criminal attempt. The majority rejected this argument, however, and repeated without citing the majority opinion in "Abrams," that Congress had the power to determine that all such expressive conduct posed a threat to national security.

title: Rosenberger v. University of Virginia

text: Thomas argued in the process that "Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, Madison's objection to the assessment bill did not rest on the premise that religious entities may never participate on equal terms in neutral government programs. Nor did Madison embrace the argument that forms the linchpin of the dissent: that monetary subsidies are constitutionally different from other neutral benefits programs. Instead, Madison's comments are more consistent with the neutrality principle that the dissent inexplicably discards. According to Madison, the Virginia assessment was flawed because it 'violate[d] that equality which ought to be the basis of every law.'"

title: Schenck v. United States

text: In 2010, the Supreme Court rejected the argument of Holmes's "Abrams" dissent. The facts in "Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project" were similar to those in "Abrams": persons who planned to advocate the causes of Sri Lankan and Kurdish organizations, designated terrorist groups, had a reasonable fear of prosecution under the USA PATRIOT Act, 18 U.S.C. Section 2339B, for providing material support for terrorist organizations. The Supreme Court held that such prosecutions were not barred by the First Amendment, expressly rejecting the argument that a "specific intent" to assist terrorist acts was required, rejecting also the claim of the dissenting justices that the case was governed by the concurrence in "Whitney," or by the standard stated in "Brandenburg". Finally, in "Citizens United v. FEC", the majority of the Court rejected the argument made by the dissenters that the First Amendment was premised on the value of democratic deliberation in the "marketplace of ideas." Instead, they held that First Amendment rights are individual, not based on communitarian considerations.

title: 14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett

text: In Justice Souter's dissent, he disputes what he refers to as the majority's "bald assertion that "[n]othing in the law suggests a distinction between the status of arbitration agreements signed by an individual employee and those agreed to by a union representative." The "applicability of the "Gardner-Denver" rule" to this case, he writes, is "unquestionable" and that "[o]nce we have construed a statute, stability is the rule and… [t]here is no argument for abandoning precedent here."

title: Organizational dissent

text: Kassing and Avtgis (1999) demonstrated that an individual's verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness influence the manner in which an individual will approach expressing dissent. Verbal aggressiveness involves attacking another person's self concept. This may include character attacks, competence attacks, ridicule, and threats. Argumentativeness, on the other hand, is when an individual argues about controversial issues.

title: Organizational dissent

text: The perceptions of supervisors and coworkers can be used to further determine an individual's choice of dissent strategy. Employees will take notice of other dissenters and the consequences of their actions and will use this information to refine their "sense of organizational tolerance for dissent, to determine what issues merit dissent, and to inform their future dissent strategy choices" (Kassing, 2001).

title: National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

text: A similar argument was made by the joint dissent, although the dissenters did not join this section (or any section) of the Chief Justice's opinion. Thus a majority of the justices held that the individual mandate did not fall within Congress's powers under the Commerce Clause.

title: Organizational dissent

text: Individuals will choose their strategy for expressing dissent based on the strength of their arguments. Kassing and Avtgis (1999) found an individual who is more argumentative and less verbally aggressive is prone to use articulated dissent. On the other hand, an individual who lacks argumentative skills will resort to using a less direct and more aggressive strategy, latent dissent.

title: Dissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality

text: Dissenters from the official position make the general argument that the Catholic Church's line on homosexuality emphasises the physical dimension of the act at the expense of higher moral, personal, and spiritual goals. Gay and lesbian Catholics also feel that the practice of total, life-long sexual denial risks personal isolation.

title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Part of the majority's decision referenced "Korematsu v. United States", , which upheld constitutionality of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order to put Japanese American citizens into internment camps during World War II. The dissenting opinions in "Trump" had raised the case among their arguments, leading Roberts to write for the majority "The dissent's reference to "Korematsu", however, affords this Court the opportunity to make express what is already obvious: Korematsu was gravely wrong the day it was decided, has been overruled in the court of history, and—to be clear—'has no place in law under the Constitution'" (citing Justice Robert H. Jackson's dissent from "Korematsu"). Scholars disagree on whether this statement "constitutes an actual overturning of "Korematsu" or merely disapproving dictum" of the decision.

title: Obiter dictum

text: The arguments and reasoning of a dissenting judgment (as that term is used in the United Kingdom and Australia) or dissenting opinion (the term used in courts in the United States) also constitute "obiter dicta". These, however, might also be cited should a court determine that its previous decision was in error, as when the United States Supreme Court cited Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.'s dissent in "Hammer v. Dagenhart" when it overturned "Hammer" in "United States v. Darby Lumber Co."

title: Joseph Priestley and Dissent

text: Priestley claimed throughout his life that politics did not interest him and that he did not participate in it. What appeared to others as political arguments were for Priestley always, at their root, religious arguments. Many of what we would call Priestley's political writings were aimed at supporting the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, a political issue that had its foundation in religion.

title: Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy

text: Although he had also joined Justice Breyer's dissent, Justice Souter dissented separately to write that certain GAO studies authorized by IDEA give weight to Breyer's arguments and distinguish this case from those the majority cites.

title: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

text: As is common in opinions to which there are dissents, Stevens' opinion addressed the major arguments in dissent. For example:

title: Political satire

text: Political satire is satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politics; it has also been used with subversive intent where political speech and dissent are forbidden by a regime, as a method of advancing political arguments where such arguments are expressly forbidden.

title: Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe

text: Following the oral argument, the Chief Justice assigned Justice John Paul Stevens to write the majority opinion and Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. asked Justice Thurgood Marshall to write the minority or dissenting opinion, based on the initial count of the justices' views. Since Justice Potter Stewart did not participate in the case, it would take a 5-3 vote to overturn the decision of the Circuit Court. Stevens circulated a memorandum stating that his decision would be to invalidate the tax - Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justice William Rehnquist immediately stated they would join his opinion. Justice Byron White stated that he would wait and see what the dissent said, and then indicated he would join the dissent in part. It also appeared that Justice Harry Blackmun was also going to write a separate dissent, but he also stated that he would wait to see Marshall's opinion. At this point, the tribe had the votes to win on a 4-4 vote, but the Court was close to being adjourned for the summer recess. On July 3, 1981, the Court notified the parties to reargue the case on November 4, 1981.

title: Roe v. Wade

text: After a first round of arguments, all seven justices tentatively agreed that the Texas law should be struck down, but on varying grounds. Burger assigned the role of writing the Court's opinion in "Roe" (as well as "Doe") to Blackmun, who began drafting a preliminary opinion that emphasized what he saw as the Texas law's vagueness. (At this point, Black and Harlan had been replaced by Justices William Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell Jr., but they arrived too late to hear the first round of arguments.) But Blackmun felt that his opinion did not adequately reflect his liberal colleagues' views. In May 1972, he proposed that the case be reargued. Justice William O. Douglas threatened to write a dissent from the reargument order (he and the other liberal justices were suspicious that Rehnquist and Powell would vote to uphold the statute), but was coaxed out of the action by his colleagues, and his dissent was merely mentioned in the reargument order without further statement or opinion. The case was reargued on October 11, 1972. Weddington continued to represent "Roe", and Texas Assistant Attorney General Robert C. Flowers replaced Jay Floyd for Texas.

title: Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court

text: Justices Smith Thompson and Joseph Story dissented on the jurisdictional question, and thus reached the merits, siding with the Cherokee. According to Richard Peters, the court reporter, this dissent was written with the explicit encouragement and assistance of Marshall. Moreover, Marshall "encourage[d] Peters to publish a separate report" that included the dissents, oral arguments, treaties, and the opinion of James Kent for the Cherokees.

title: Amdocs (Israel) Ltd. v. Openet Telecom, Inc.

text: In summarizing its ruling and responding to the dissent, the panel majority said that "[f]or argument's sake we accepted the district court's view of the disqualifying abstract ideas, and in each instance we then explained why, in our view, the claims seen in their entirety are not disqualified. The "Alice/Mayo" framework does not require more." The panel majority said that it and the dissent were in agreement that the specification disclosed a patent-eligible system. "Unlike the dissent, however, we find the claims at issue, understood in light of that written description [specification], to be eligible for patenting."

title: Buck v. Bell

text: Holmes concluded his argument by declaring that "Three generations of imbeciles are enough". The sole dissenter in the court, Justice Pierce Butler, a devout Catholic, did not write a dissenting opinion.

title: Organizational dissent

text: Organizational dissent begins with a triggering event. This triggering event is what propels individuals to speak out and share their opinions about organizational practices or politics. An individual will consider the issue of dissent and whom it concerns before deciding what dissent strategy to use. The types of issues that cause employees to dissent vary. The majority of employees expressed dissent due to resistance of organizational change. Other factors include employee treatment, decision making tactics, inefficiency, role/responsibility, resources, ethics, performance evaluations, and preventing harm (Kassing, 2002).

title: Ogden v. Saunders

text: Chief Justice John Marshall authored the dissenting opinion. He maintained that the Contract Clause gave the federal legislature the exclusive power over bankruptcy laws, rejecting the argument that state laws became part of contracts signed within the state thereafter. Marshall was joined in his dissent by Associate Justices Gabriel Duvall and Joseph Story.

title: The Mercoid Cases

text: Justice Black, joined by Justice Murphy, concurred specially "to add a few remarks in order that silence may not be understood as acquiescence in the views expressed in the dissenting opinion" of Justice Frankfurter. First, he said, the Court's ruling involved no dicta; what was said was necessary to resolve the case. More important, he condemned the dissent's "error of interpreting legislative enactments on the basis of a court's preconceived views on 'morals' and 'ethics.' " Nothing in the federal patent statute refers to contributory infringement. The basis of the dissent's arguments is "the writer's personal views on 'morals' and 'ethics.' ":

title: Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne

text: The majority upheld the Maryland Court of Appeals' ruling on the grounds of stare decisis, stating that "our existing dormant Commerce Clause cases all but dictate the result reached in this case." Three previous cases were "particularly instructive" in deciding the case; the cases all involved taxes on gross receipts that the Supreme Court struck down for posing the risk of multiple taxation. The majority rejected arguments that those cases involved gross receipts rather than net income and corporations rather than individuals. The majority also rejected the Comptroller's argument that individuals should be distinguished from corporations for the purposes of this case because individuals can vote to change the discriminatory tax scheme. In the majority's view, "the notion that the victims of such discrimination have a complete remedy at the polls is fanciful" and that "it is even more farfetched to suggest that natural persons with out-of-state income are better able to influence state." They also found "no merit" in the Comptroller's argument that the statute is constitutional because it was not intended to discriminate against interstate commerce because the Commerce Clause "regulates effects, not motives, and it does not require courts to inquire into voters' or legislators' reasons for enacting a law that has a discriminatory effect." The majority also criticized the primary dissent's arguments—that the Dormant Commerce Clause does not limit the States' sovereign power to tax income of their residents, wherever earned—as "confus[ing] what a State may do without violating the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment with what it may do without violating the Commerce Clause."

title: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

text: Next Jackson denied Frankfurter's argument that flag-saluting ceremonies were an appropriate way to build the "cohesive sentiment" that Frankfurter believed national unity depended on. Jackson rejected Frankfurter's argument, citing the Roman effort to drive out Christianity, the Spanish Inquisition of the Jews and the Siberian exile of Soviet dissidents as evidence of the "ultimate futility" of efforts to coerce unanimous sentiment out of a populace. Jackson warned that who begin coercive elimination of dissent soon find themselves exterminating dissenters. Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard."

text: James Alison, a priest formerly a member of the Dominican Order and in the United Kingdom, has also argued that the teaching of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith "On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons" regarding gay people is incompatible with the Gospel, and states that "it cannot in fact be the teaching of the Church." In "A Question of Truth", the Dominican priest Gareth Moore states that "there are no good arguments, from either Scripture or natural law, against what have come to be known as homosexual relationships. The arguments put forward to show that such relationships are immoral are bad."

title: Scientific dissent

text: Inmaculada de Melo-Martín and Kristen Intemann criticize three major strategies in battling allegedly dangerous scientific dissent: masking the dissent, silencing the dissent, and discrediting the dissenters. Melo-Martin and Intermann argue that these strategies come from a misdiagnosis: the real problem is not dissent, but public scientific illiteracy. Rather than focusing on dissent, scientists must concentrate on educating the general public, so that people could make educated opinions and recognize false claims and invalid arguments. They further argue that silencing dissent rather than promoting literacy incurs the risk of undermining the public trust in science.

title: Electronic Privacy Information Center v. Department of Justice

text: The portions redacted are believed to include dissenting arguments, as well as the arguments that explicitly lay out justifications for undermining the American peoples' civil liberties.

title: The Shortest Way with the Dissenters

text: In the same year, hostility towards Dissenters increased. A Bill against occasional conformity was passed through the House of Commons and debated in the Lords. Figures such as Henry Sacheverell, a High church clergyman, warned against Dissenters assuming positions of political power. His lead was followed by the Tory press, who published a number of sermons and pamphlets making similar arguments. In December, Defoe published his own pamphlet, "The Shortest Way", assuming the same stylistic conventions as the Sacheverell and the Tory publications.

title: The Shortest Way with the Dissenters

text: The major section comprises a series of arguments for why the Dissenters should be treated favourably ("They are very numerous", "That this is a time of war"). The speaker denounces each in turn and offers several counter-arguments, each gradually escalating in their severity. A vision is given of what will happen to the Church of England if it is not defended against the Dissenters. The pamphlet ends with a rallying call to action against the Dissenters in defence of the church ("Now let us Crutcifie the Thieves.")


query: Who is currently in number 1 for Formula 1?

title: List of Formula One driver numbers

text: The reigning Formula One World Drivers' Champion can elect to use their allocated permanent number or car number 1 during the year following their title. The number 1 was most recently used by Sebastian Vettel in 2014.

title: Jarosław Wierczuk

text: He participated in tests for the Formula 1 Forti Corse team. Wierczuk appeared as a Formula 1 expert on Canal+ and also on other Polish television racing programmes. Currently he also writes commentaries on Formula 1 for popular Polish websites.

title: United States congressional apportionment

text: The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest priority number. Thus, the 51st seat would go to the most populous state (currently California). The priority number is determined by a formula that is mathematically computed to be the ratio of the state population to the geometric mean of the number of seats it currently holds in the assignment process, n (initially 1), and the number of seats it would hold if the seat were assigned to it, n+1.

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: For the Australian Senate, each State constitutes one multi-member electorate. Currently, 12 senators are elected from each State, one half every three years, except in the case of double dissolution when elections for all 12 senators in each State take place. The number of senators to be elected determines the 'quota' required to be achieved for election by quota-preferential voting. For a half-Senate election of 6 places to be filled, the quota in each State is 14.28% (calculated using the formula 1/(6+1)), while after a double dissolution the quota is 7.69% (calculated using the formula 1/(12+1)).

title: BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars World Championship

text: The World Championship is an annual competition started in 1955 for BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars. It is the premier championship of the formula and the winner is granted the honour of racing with a gold roof and wing until the next World Final, and if desired they can race under number 1.

title: IMDb

text: The IMDb Top 250 is a list of the top rated 250 films, based on ratings by the registered users of the website using the methods described. , "The Shawshank Redemption" is #1 on the list. The "Top 250" rating is based on only the ratings of "regular voters". The number of votes a registered user would have to make to be considered as a user who votes regularly has been kept secret. IMDb has stated that to maintain the effectiveness of the Top 250 list they ""deliberately do not disclose the criteria used for a person to be counted as a regular voter"". In addition to other weightings, the Top 250 films are also based on a weighted rating formula referred to in actuarial science as a "credibility formula". This label arises because a statistic is taken to be more credible the greater the number of individual pieces of information; in this case from eligible users who submit ratings. Although the current formula is not disclosed, IMDb originally used the following formula to calculate their weighted rating:

title: Formula, Vol. 1

text: The RIAA certified the album triple platinum (Latin field) for shipping 300,000 copies. By February 2014, "Formula Vol. 1" had sold over 328,000 copies in the U.S. The album peaked at number thirteen in Argentina and number seventy-seven in Spain and certified gold in Venezuela. In Mexico, it peaked at number twenty-six on the Top 100 Mexico albums chart and was certified gold by AMPROFON.

title: Georges Martin (engineer)

text: Martin joined Matra at the end of 1966, thanks to his former colleague at Simca, Philippe Guédon, who later became CEO of Matra. Arriving at Matra, he did not really know what was expected of him. It was Jean-Luc Lagardère who told him that he would work for Formula 1. The objective was to design an engine that would develop 150 hp per liter. The result of Martin's efforts was the V12 Matra Sports engine for Formula 1 which supported Matra in its victories at Le Mans from 1972 to 1974 as well as a number of Formula One Grand Prix victories.

title: Formula 1 Powerboat World Championship

text: From 1987 to 1989, there was no official Formula 1 championship. The FONDA World Grand Prix Series continued to operate with title sponsorship from Budweiser and benefitted from F1's demise in Europe as drivers moved back over. In simple terms Mercury's two litre formula had outlasted OMC's monster 3.5-litre V8s but the reality was far more complex than that. In the United States, Formula 1 lived on, but as far as the world stage was concerned, the powerboat community once again turned to David Parkinson, who having established the Canon Trophy back in 1978, was still at the helm of the FONDA series into which it had evolved. With no other challenger unlike ten years previously, the UIM reinstated the Formula 1 category to World Championship status and in 1990 the FONDA World Grand Prix Series became the Formula 1 World Championship.

title: Australian Formula 1

text: Australian Formula 1 (AF1) was a motor sport category for open-wheeler racing cars which was current in Australia from 1970 to 1983.

title: Ramanujan's sum

text: "r"′("n") is the number of ways "n" can be represented as the sum of 2"s" triangular numbers (i.e. the numbers 1, 3 = 1 + 2, 6 = 1 + 2 + 3, 10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, 15, ...; the "n"-th triangular number is given by the formula "n"("n" + 1)/2.)

title: Formula for primes

text: is prime for the 40 integers "n" = 0, 1, 2, ..., 39. The primes for "n" = 0, 1, 2, ..., 39 are 41, 43, 47, 53, 61, 71, ..., 1601. The differences between the terms are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10... For "n" = 40, it produces a square number, 1681, which is equal to 41×41, the smallest composite number for this formula for "n" ≥ 0. If 41 divides "n", it divides "P(n)" too. Furthermore, since "P"("n") can be written as "n"("n" + 1) + 41, if 41 divides "n" + 1 instead, it also divides "P"("n"). The phenomenon is related to the Ulam spiral, which is also implicitly quadratic, and the class number; this polynomial is related to the Heegner number formula_53. There are analogous polynomials for formula_54 (the lucky numbers of Euler), corresponding to other Heegner numbers.

title: Perrin number

text: From the Binet formula, we can obtain a formula for "G"("kn") in terms of "G"("n"−1), "G"("n") and "G"("n"+1); we know

title: Smith–Minkowski–Siegel mass formula

text:
Tamagawa showed that the mass formula was equivalent to the statement that the Tamagawa number of
the orthogonal group is 2, which is equivalent to saying that the Tamagawa number of its simply connected cover the spin group is 1. André Weil conjectured more generally that the Tamagawa number of any simply connected semisimple group is 1, and this conjecture was proved by Kottwitz in 1988.

title: Afro Samurai

text:
In a feudal yet futuristic Japan, it is said that the one who wields the Number 1 headband is the best swordsman in the world and shall possess god-like powers. Some believe that the Number 1 headband grants immortality. Others believe that the headband had been sent down by gods. The only way to obtain the Number 1 headband is to challenge and defeat the current wearer in combat. However, only the Number 2 can challenge the Number 1 whereas anyone can challenge the Number 2. Thus, whoever wears the Number 2 headband risks constant attack. The Number 2 headband's current owner Justice fights and kills Rokutaro, Afro's father and owner of the Number 1 headband. Afro Samurai witnesses the fight and vows revenge against Justice who tells him to seek him out when he is "ready to duel a god."
Years later, Afro is the Number 2 master swordsman. He kills the Empty Seven Clan and various assassins, recalls his past memory, and goes to Mount Shumi. He also confronts his vengeful childhood friend Jinno. Afro discovers that there are other headbands in existence, ranging to an unspecified higher number and sees that the corpses of those who wore them are skewered throughout Justice's safe house. Afro kills Justice and takes the Number 1 headband, and all of the headbands disappear. Afro returns and lives in the mountains to confront Jinno, who is adorned with every headband in existence and seeking revenge. The final scene shows that Justice has returned from the dead.

title: List of Formula One driver numbers

text: Since the start of the 2014 Formula One season, drivers have to choose an available starting number before entering their first Grand Prix.[1] Drivers carry this number throughout their Formula One career.

title: Mahāvīra (mathematician)

text: He discovered algebraic identities like "a" = "a" ("a" + "b") ("a" − "b") + "b" ("a" − "b") + "b". He also found out the formula for C as ["n" ("n" − 1) ("n" − 2) ... ("n" − "r" + 1)] / ["r" ("r" − 1) ("r" − 2) ... 2 * 1]. He devised a formula which approximated the area and perimeters of ellipses and found methods to calculate the square of a number and cube roots of a number. He asserted that the square root of a negative number did not exist.

title: Pontiac Firebird (third generation)

text: Beginning in 1991, SLP (Street Legal Performance) modified a factory-built Formula into what they called the "Firehawk". Once a Formula had been ordered or purchased, this limited-availability option (RPO code B4U) could be specified, and the vehicle was sent to SLP to be modified. No two cars SLP produced were alike; they all were special orders. SLP had anticipated making 250 of these special Firebird Formulas, but in fact, only 27 were ordered; and of those, only 25 were ever built (numbered 1–25 for hardtops – with numbers 18 and 23 never being built – and the only Firehawk Convertible was numbered 27 which was the only non-formula). Of those 25 Firehawks, 21 were "Mandatory" Red, 1 Aqua, 1 White, 1 Blue, and 1 Green; 11 had the Competition Package, 3 came with Aluminum Engine Blocks, 1 had T-Tops, and 1 was a Convertible.

title: Group 7 (racing)

text: From 1976 the FIA used the Group 7 designation for "international formula racing cars". The new Group 7 encompassed International Formulae Nos 1, 2 and 3, better known as Formula 1, Formula 2 and Formula 3 respectively. It remained current through to 1981.

title: Robert Wickens

text: In November 2009 Wickens revealed that he had held "off the record" talks with several Formula 1 teams, and believe that his chances of driving in Formula 1 were increased by the fact that he is the only potential rookie North American driver who currently holds a valid FIA superlicence.

title: Prime number

text: If the definition of a prime number were changed to call 1 a prime, many statements involving prime numbers would need to be reworded in a more awkward way. For example, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic would need to be rephrased in terms of factorizations into primes greater than 1, because every number would have multiple factorizations with different numbers of copies of 1. Similarly, the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if it handled 1 as a prime, because it would eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and output only the single number 1. Some other more technical properties of prime numbers also do not hold for the number 1: for instance, the formulas for Euler's totient function or for the sum of divisors function are different for prime numbers than they are for 1. By the early 20th century, mathematicians began to agree that 1 should not be listed as prime, but rather in its own special category as a "unit".

title: Healthcare shortage area

text:
Depending on the type of designation requested, PCOs may also need to provide additional health and demographic data for which standard national data sets with the sensitivity and specificity required for shortage designation do not currently exist.
As of September 8, 2016 there are 6,450 Primary Care HPSAs. The percent of need met is computed by dividing the number of physicians available to serve the population of the area, group, or facility by the number of physicians that would be necessary to eliminate the primary care HPSA (based on a ratio of 3,500 to 1 (3,000 to 1 where high needs are indicated)). The number of additional primary care physicians needed to achieve a population-to-primary care physician ratio of 3,500 to 1 (3,000 to 1 where high needs are indicated) in all designated primary care HPSAs, resulting in their removal from designation. Applying this formula, it would take approximately 8,200 additional primary care physicians to eliminate the current primary care HPSA designations. While the 1:3,500 ratio has been a long-standing ratio used to identify high need areas, it is important to note that there is no generally accepted ratio of physician to population ratio. Furthermore, primary care needs of an individual community will vary by a number of factors such as the age of the community's population. Additionally, the formula used to designate primary care HPSAs does not take into account the availability of additional primary care services provided by Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants in an area. Other sources describing primary care supply use other ratios; for example, a ratio of 1 physician to 2,000 population. To meet this ratio, approximately 16,000 more primary care physicians would need to be added to the current supply in HPSAs.The formula used to designate primary care HPSAs does not take into account the availability of additional primary care services provided by nurse practitioners andDental HPSAsssistants in an area.

title: Complex number

text: At first glance this looks like nonsense. However formal calculations with complex numbers show that the equation z3 = i has solutions −i, 3 2 + 1 2 i {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}i} and − 3 2 + 1 2 i {\displaystyle {\tfrac {-{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}i} . Substituting these in turn for − 1 1 / 3 {\displaystyle {{\sqrt {-1}}^{1/3}}} in Tartaglia's cubic formula and simplifying, one gets 0, 1 and −1 as the solutions of x3 − x = 0. Of course this particular equation can be solved at sight but it does illustrate that when general formulas are used to solve cubic equations with real roots then, as later mathematicians showed rigorously, the use of complex numbers is unavoidable. Rafael Bombelli was the first to explicitly address these seemingly paradoxical solutions of cubic equations and developed the rules for complex arithmetic trying to resolve these issues.

title: ELSV formula

text: Example A. The number formula_14 is 1/"k"! times the number of lists of transpositions formula_15 whose product is a "k"-cycle. In other words, formula_16 is 1/"k" times the number of factorizations of a given "k"-cycle into a product of "k" + 2"g" − 1 transpositions.

title: John Lund (racing driver)

text: John Lund (born 12 January 1954) is a BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars racing driver from Rimington, Lancashire who races under number 53. Lund is one of the most successful stock car drivers of all time and holds the current record for the most World Championship wins.

title: Australian 1½ Litre Formula

text: The Australian 1½ Litre Formula was a motor racing category which was current in Australia from 1964 to 1968. The formula specified racing cars with four-cylinder unsupercharged engines using commercially available fuel and limited to 1500cc capacity. It occupied the second tier in Australian formula car racing, below the Australian National Formula (which specified a 2500cc engine capacity limit) and above Australian Formula 2 (1100cc) and Australian Formula 3 (1000cc).

title: Smith–Minkowski–Siegel mass formula

text: In the (trivial) cases of dimension 0 or 1 the mass formula needs some modifications. The factor of 2 in front represents the Tamagawa number of the special orthogonal group, which is only 1 in dimensions 0 and 1. Also the factor of 2 in front of "m"("f") represents the index of the special orthogonal group in the orthogonal group, which is only 1 in 0 dimensions.

title: Kostka number

text: In general, there are no nice formulas known for the Kostka numbers. However, some special cases are known. For example, if μ = (1, 1, 1, ..., 1) is the partition whose parts are all 1 then a semistandard Young tableau of weight μ is a standard Young tableau; the number of standard Young tableaux of a given shape λ is given by the hook-length formula.

title: Composition (combinatorics)

text: For weak compositions, the number is formula_4, since each "k"-composition of "n" + "k" corresponds to a weak one of "n" by the rule ["a" + "b" + ... + "c" = "n" + "k"] → [("a" − 1) + ("b" − 1) + ... + ("c" − 1) = "n"]. It follows from this formula that the number of weak compositions of "n" into exactly "k" parts equals the number of weak compositions of "k" − 1 into exactly "n" + 1 parts.

title: Bohr model

text: In 1913 Henry Moseley found an empirical relationship between the strongest X-ray line emitted by atoms under electron bombardment (then known as the K-alpha line), and their atomic number . Moseley's empiric formula was found to be derivable from Rydberg and Bohr's formula (Moseley actually mentions only Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek in terms of models). The two additional assumptions that [1] this X-ray line came from a transition between energy levels with quantum numbers 1 and 2, and [2], that the atomic number when used in the formula for atoms heavier than hydrogen, should be diminished by 1, to .


query: When was Brown v. Board of Education?

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision, which was partially influenced by Mendez v. Westminster, stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement,[2] and a model for many future impact litigation cases.[3] However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II (349U.S.(1955)) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".

title: Multicultural education

text: It was the equal protection clause within the Fourteenth Amendment that stirred the debate of racial equality in 1954. The unanimous 9-0 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education ruled that separate schools for black and white students was, in fact unequal, thus overturning the 60-year-old Plessy v. Ferguson decision. It was this victory that widened the path towards multicultural education and laid the course for nationwide integration, as well as a tremendous boost for the civil rights movement. Multicultural education considers an equal opportunity for learning beyond the simple trappings of race and gender. It includes students from varying social classes, ethnic groups, sexual identities, and additional cultural characteristics. On the other hand, there are other views that show the contrary. The fame of Brown v. Board of Education was to undercover all the issues on segregation that were still happening in schools. No matter how much everyone talked or used Brown v. Board of Education as a source to show a positive impact on integration, the reality was that students were still being treated unequally and separated from the rest.

title: Sumner Elementary School

text: The Sumner Elementary School in Topeka, Kansas was involved in the "Brown v. Board of Education" case of Topeka in 1954. Linda Brown's attempted enrollment to the Sumner School was rejected by the Topeka Board of Education, thus forcing her to attend the all-black Monroe School, which was farther away from her home. Oliver Brown, Linda's father, then joined the class action lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education that was eventually heard before the Supreme Court.

title: Prince Edward County High School

text: Prince Edward County High School is known for the landmark cases "Davis v. The Prince Edward County Board of Education" and "Griffin v. the Prince Edward County Board of Education". In 1951 the school, which was then called Moton High School, was all black and very impoverished. At the time, white students would attend public all white schools. "Davis v. The Prince Edward County Board of Education" became one of five others forming the foundation of the landmark case, "Brown Versus The Board of Education". By 1959, when the county schools were finally forced to integrate, Prince Edward County reacted by closing their public schools to both white and black students. Moton High School remained closed for several years, and black students who wanted an education, were forced out of the county. Moton High was eventually reopened as Prince Edward High School and later renamed Prince Edward County High School.

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: Keppel, Ben. Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture (LSU Press, 2016). xiv, 225 pp.

text: Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ordered immediate desegregation of public schools in the American South. It followed 15 years of delays to integrate by most Southern school boards after the Court's ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision. In Virginia, Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them.[43] See, for example, The Southern Manifesto. For more implications of the Brown decision, see School integration in the United States.

title: Topeka, Kansas

text: Monroe Elementary, a segregated school that figured in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision, through the efforts of The Brown Foundation working with the Kansas Congressional delegation place in the early 1990s, is now Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site. The Brown Foundation is largely responsible for the content of the interpretive exhibits at the Historic Site. The National Historic Site was opened by President George W. Bush on May 17, 2004.

text: Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U.S. 528 (1899), ("Richmond") was a class action suit decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. It is a landmark case, in that it sanctioned "de jure" segregation of races in American schools. The decision was overruled by "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954).

text: Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education, Trenton, NJ, also known as the Hedgepeth–Williams case, was a 1944 New Jersey Supreme Court decision in a legal action brought by two mothers, Gladys Hedgepeth and Berline Williams, who sued the Trenton, New Jersey, Board of Education over racial discrimination against their children, Leon Williams and Janet Hedgepeth. It was a precursor to the "Brown v. Board of Education" case that prohibited racial segregation of school systems throughout the United States. Throughout the US this change made a huge difference in the integration of school.

title: Chevene Bowers King

text: Cases that he won include "Gaines v. Dougherty County Board of Education", "Lockett v. Board of Education of Muscogee County", and "Harrington v. Colquitt County Board of Education" (involving multiple appeals over a period of time to gain full compliance with "Brown v. Board of Education" in those communities, accelerating the pace of desegregation in other areas); "Anderson v. City of Albany" and "Kelly v. Page" (reaffirming the right of citizens to peaceably assemble); "Bell v. Southwell" (ending the use of segregated polling booths, voiding an election where separate booths were used); "Brown v. Culpepper", "Foster v. Sparks", "Thompson v. Sheppard", "Pullum v. Greene", "Broadway v. Culpepper", and "Rabinowitz v. United States" (prohibiting use of jury selection lists on which blacks were underrepresented and ending the exclusion of blacks on juries on the basis of race); and "Johnson v. City of Albany" (ending discriminatory practices in local government employment).

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: Works related to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (347 U.S. 483) at Wikisource Text of Brown v. Board of Education, 347U.S. 483(1954) is available from: (US Park Service) Made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida. curated by Michigan State University's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression , Civil Rights Digital Library. from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases: Brown itself, Briggs v. Elliott (filed in South Carolina), Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (filed in Virginia), Gebhart v. Belton (filed in Delaware), and Bolling v. Sharpe (filed in Washington, D.C.).

title: Institutional racism

text: The 1954 "Brown vs. Board of Education" decision was the beginning of the process of desegregation and the elimination of de jure discrimination. However, it was hard to determine the challenges that the process would present and the obstacles that would continue to exist.While the concept of "separate but equal" had been overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, it was clear that the racial divide had not yet been gapped. As the years since Brown v. Board of Education passed, both verbal and physical abuse continued. After Brown v. Board of Education, the desegregated environment proved to be strenuous and was going to require some work. The increase of racial tension and racial incidents in institutes of higher education is said to be due to the "lack of knowledge, experience, and contact with diverse peers; peer-group influence; increased competition and stress; the influence of off-campus groups and the media; alcohol use; changing values; fear of diversity; and the perception of unfair treatment". Although Brown v. Board of Education was ruled in 1954, actual integration did not completely occur until many years later; the U.S. Supreme Court held multiple hearings on the desegregation of schools, continuously they maintained that Brown v. Board of Education must be followed by schools, colleges, and universities. The manner in which Brown v. Board of Education was drawn out years after the decision helped instill racism in education by illustrating the extraordinary lengths some educational institutions would go to in order to avoid integration.

title: Chris Buttars

text: In an interview with radio hosts Tom Grover & Ryan Yonk, Buttars said that he "[doesn't] know of an example where the minority is being jeopardized by legislative action." When Grover mentioned "Brown v. Board of Education," which desegregated American schools, Buttars responded that he thought ""Brown v. Board of Education" is wrong to begin with." In response to public reaction to his statements and accusations of racism, Buttars responded, "I don't think there's a racial [sic] bone in my body..." and "I don't see black and white. I see people. I always have."

title: Vivian Burey Marshall

text: In the 1950s, Burey was diagnosed with flu or pleurisy, but was sick for months. She eventually learned that she had lung cancer. She hid her sickness from Marshall for months, as he was leading the case of "Brown v. Board of Education" at the US Supreme Court. After it ruled on May 17, 1954, she told Marshall about her illness. Richard Kluger credits Burey with being one of two people who had been indirectly active but important influencers of the "Brown v. Board of Education" decision, in his book, "Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality" (2011). Burey died of lung cancer on February 11, 1955, her 44th birthday, after 25 years of marriage.

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled "A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases" when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952, during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. In his memo, Rehnquist argued: "I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position, for which I have been excoriated by 'liberal' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed." Rehnquist continued, "To the argument ... that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right, the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory, in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are."[62] Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks.[63]

title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

text: Powell also played an important role in local community affairs. He served on the Richmond School Board from 1951 and was Chairman from 1952 to 1961. Powell presided over the school board at a time when the Commonwealth of Virginia was locked in a campaign of defiance against the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education". Powell's law firm had represented one of the defendant school districts in the case that was decided by the Supreme Court under the "Brown" label. Powell did not take any part in his law firm's representation of that client school district. The lawsuit, "Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County", later became one of the five cases decided under the caption "Brown v. Board of Education" before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954.

text: The Hedgepeth–Williams case was cited in the Supreme Court decision in the "Brown v. Board of Education" case on May 17, 1954. Ten years later, the Honorable Thurgood Marshall and his team of NAACP attorneys applied the Hedgepeth and Williams decision (the only state anti-segregation legal precedent in the Nation) to the successful litigation strategy used in the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court's "Brown v. Board of Education", Topeka KS decision, which overturned the doctrine of "Separate but Equal" across the land.

title: Education segregation in Wisconsin

text: After "Brown v. Board of Education", the state still needed a legal push. " Amos, et al. v. Board of School Directors of the City of Milwaukee" (1965) was the beginning in Wisconsin.

title: American Educational Research Association

text: AERA also hosts the annual "Brown" Lecture in Education Research, which highlights the role of research in advancing equality in education. The first "Brown" Lecture was held in 2004 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the "Brown v. Board of Education" decision.

title: School integration in the United States

text: Prominent black newspapers such as the Chicago Defender and the Atlanta Daily World praised the Brown decision for upholding racial equality and civil rights. The editors of these newspapers recognized the momentous nature and symbolic importance of the decision. Immediately, "Brown v. Board of Education" proved to be a catalyst in inciting the push for equal rights in southern communities, just as Charles Houston and Thurgood Marshall had hoped when they devised the legal strategy behind it. Less than a year after the Brown decision, the Montgomery bus boycott began—another important step in the fight for African-American civil rights. Today, "Brown v. Board of Education" is largely viewed as the starting point of the Civil Rights Movement.

title: Inez Smith Reid

text:
When she graduated from high school, Reid studied at Howard University and then Tufts University, where she was exposed for the first time to students from different racial, ethnic and geographical backgrounds. When she started at Tufts as a sophomore, her intention was not to become a lawyer but rather gain a well-rounded education. Reid and her twin, who was studying at Yale, were majorly influenced by the 1954 major historic moment in American history for educational equity, Brown v Board of Education. Reid and her brother traveled to the Supreme Court in September 1958 to watch a decision related to Brown v Board, in which a case in Arkansas had been climbing the courts to prevent integration of schools in Little Rock. The case of Aaron v Cooper went to the supreme court, and Reid and her brother were able to witness Thurgood Marshall’s argument and the historic decision that continued the implementation of Brown v Board in all states.
Reid graduated magna cum laude from Tufts in 1962.

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: Patterson, James T., and William W. Freehling. Brown v. Board of Education: A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy (Oxford University Press, 2001).

title: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

text: Judge John J. Parker of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, like many in the South, interpreted Brown as a charge not to segregate rather than an order to integrate. In 1963, the Court ruled in "McNeese v. Board of Education and Goss v. Board of Education" in favor of integration, and showed impatience with efforts to end segregation. In 1968 the Warren Court ruled in "Green v. County School Board" that freedom of choice plans were insufficient to eliminate segregation; thus, it was necessary to take proactive steps to integrate schools. In "United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education" (1969), Judge Frank Johnson’s desegregation order for teachers was upheld, allowing an approximate ratio of the races to be established by a district judge.

text: Justice Felix Frankfurter demanded that the opinion in 1955's "Brown v. Board of Education II" order desegregation with the phrase of "all deliberate speed".

title: Civil rights movement

text: The following year, in the case known as "Brown II", the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time, "with all deliberate speed". "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" (1954) did not overturn "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1896). "Plessy v. Ferguson" was segregation in transportation modes. "Brown v. Board of Education" dealt with segregation in education. "Brown v. Board of Education" did set in motion the future overturning of 'separate but equal'.

title: Lum v. Rice

text: "Lum" was effectively overruled by the Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools. However, an important part of the decision still stands. The power of the state to make racial distinctions in its school system, and to determine the race of its students, has not been overturned because it was not an issue in "Brown v. Board of Education".

title: Richmond Public Schools

text:
This school division contains public schools serving the independent city of Richmond, Virginia. It is occasionally described locally as Richmond City Public Schools to emphasize its connection to the independent city rather than the Richmond-Petersburg region at large or the rural Richmond County which is located in a different region northeast of the city.
Richmond Career Education and Employment AcademyFrom 1952 to 1961, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. was Chairman of the Richmond School Board. Powell presided over the school board at a time when the Commonwealth of Virginia was locked in a campaign of defiance against the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education". Powell's law firm had represented one of the defendant school districts in the case that was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court under the "Brown" label. Powell did not take any part in his law firm's representation of that client school district. The lawsuit, "Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County", later became one of the five cases decided under the caption "Brown v. Board of Education" before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954. The Richmond School Board had no authority at the time to force integration, however, as control over attendance policies had been transferred to the state government. Powell later became president of the American Bar Association and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

title: Brown v. Board of Education

text: In an article in Townhall, Thomas Sowell argued that When Chief Justice Earl Warren declared in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education that racially separate schools were "inherently unequal," Dunbar High School was a living refutation of that assumption. And it was within walking distance of the Supreme Court."[78]

title: V

text: v, v., and vs can also be used as an abbreviation for the word versus when between two or more competing items (Ex: Brown v. Board of Education).


query: When was JP Morgan Chase established?

title: JPMorgan Chase

text: JPMorgan Chase, in its current structure, is the result of the combination of several large U.S. banking companies since 1996, including Chase Manhattan Bank, J.P. Morgan & Co., Bank One, Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual. Going back further, its predecessors include major banking firms among which are Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover, First Chicago Bank, National Bank of Detroit, Texas Commerce Bank, Providian Financial and Great Western Bank. The company's oldest predecessor institution, the Bank of the Manhattan Company, was the third oldest banking corporation in the United States, and the 31st oldest bank in the world, having been established on September 1, 1799, by Aaron Burr.

title: CCMP Capital

text: Following Chemical's acquisition of Chase Manhattan Bank in 1996, Chemical adopted the Chase name and Chemical Venture Partners changed its name to Chase Capital Partners. Similarly, following the 2000 acquisition of J.P. Morgan & Co. and the formation of JPMorgan Chase, the group changed its name yet again to JP Morgan Partners. Over this time, the platform grew through its integration of the private equity organizations of Manufacturers Hanover, Chase Manhattan, Hambrecht & Quist, Robert Fleming & Co., The Beacon Group and J.P. Morgan & Co.

title: Steven Black (businessman)

text: Steven "Steve" D. Black is the former Vice-Chairman of JP Morgan Chase & Co.. He previously served as the Co-Chief Executive Officer of JP Morgan, the investment banking subsidiary of JP Morgan Chase. He is a 1974 graduate of Duke University, and has served on the New York Development Council. In October 2009 he was succeeded by Jes Staley.

title: JPMorgan European Fledgling Investment Trust

text: JP Morgan European Smaller Companies Trust (), formerly the JP Morgan European Fledgling Investment Trust, is a large British investment trust dedicated to investments in European companies. It was established in 1990. The Chairman is Liz Airey.

title: Frederick Ferris Thompson

text: In 1873 John and Samuel Thompson left the 1st National Bank to form the Chase National Bank, named after their friend and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase. The bank survives as part of JP Morgan Chase.

title: NES Financial

text: In November 2008, JP Morgan Property Exchange (JPEX) from JP Morgan Chase.

title: JPMorgan Chase

text: In December 2017, JP Morgan was sued by the Nigerian government for $875 million, which Nigeria alleges was transferred by JP Morgan to a corrupt former minister.[43] Nigeria accused JP Morgan of being "grossly negligient".[44]

title: Gayle Jennings-O'Byrne

text: Gayle Jennings-O'Byrne worked for Sun Microsystems in Northern California. She moved to New York and spent seventeen years with JP Morgan Chase. She left JP Morgan Chase and founded Harriet Capital and the Harriet Fund, an investment management firm that aims to fund startups led by women of color.

title: CCMP Capital

text: CCMP Capital is an American private equity investment firm that focuses on leveraged buyout and growth capital transactions. Formerly known as JP Morgan Partners, the investment professionals of JP Morgan Partners separated from JPMorgan Chase on July 31, 2006. CCMP has invested approximately $12 billion in leveraged buyout and growth capital transactions since inception. In 2007, CCMP was ranked #17 among World's largest private equity funds.

title: Alan Fleischmann

text: Fleischmann was Maryland State chief of staff to the Honorable Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, a staff director of the U.S. Congress Committee on Foreign Affairs, and served as a senior associate of JP Morgan Chase Bank (formerly Chase Manhattan Bank).

title: UBS

text: UBS's main competitors in this division are Bank of America, Credit Suisse, Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo and Charles Schwab.

title: Bank failure

text: No advance notice is given to the public when a bank fails. Under ideal circumstances, a bank failure can occur without customers losing access to their funds at any point. For example, in the 2008 failure of Washington Mutual the FDIC was able to broker a deal in which JP Morgan Chase bought the assets of Washington Mutual for $1.9 billion. Existing customers were immediately turned into JP Morgan Chase customers, without disruption in their ability to use their ATM cards or do banking at branches. Such policies are designed to discourage bank runs that might cause economic damage on a wider scale.

title: Silver as an investment

text: In April 2010, Andrew Maguire, a former Goldman Sachs trader, went public with assertions of market manipulation by JPMorgan Chase and HSBC of the gold and silver markets, prompting a number of lawsuits. In response to allegations of market manipulation from silver investors such as Max Keiser, Blythe Masters, Head of Global Commodities for JP Morgan, told CNBC in April 2012 "often when customers have metal stored in their facility, they hedge it through JP Morgan on a forward basis who in turn hedges itself in the commodity markets. If you see only the hedges and our activity in the futures market, but you aren't aware of the underlying client position that we're hedging then it would suggest inaccurately that we are running a large directional position."

title: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration

text: Bush responded to the early signs of economic problems with lump-sum tax rebates and other stimulative measures in the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008. In March 2008, Bear Stearns, a major US investment bank heavily invested in subprime mortgage derivatives, began to go under. Rumors of low cash reserves dragged Bear's stock price down while lenders to Bear began to withdraw their cash. The Federal Reserve funneled an emergency loan to Bear through JP Morgan Chase. (As an investment bank, Bear could not borrow from the Fed but JP Morgan Chase, a commercial bank, could).

title: Stephen P. Murray

text: In 1984, Murray became part of the credit analyst training program at Manufacturers Hanover Corporation. In 1989, he joined MH Equity Corporation, which combined Manufacturers Hanover's private equity group with its leveraged finance unit. Manufacturers Hanovers was purchased by Chemical Bank in 1991, and MH Equity merged with Chemical Venture Partners. Chemical Bank merged with Chase Manhattan Corporation in 1996 and Chemical Venture Partners became Chase Capital Partners. In 2005, Murray became head of buyout business at JP Morgan Partners. Murray co-founded CCMP Capital, a spinout of JP Morgan Chase which contained the buyout and growth equity team of its private equity group, in August 2006. In 2007, he was named CEO of CCMP.

title: Chemical Bank

text: The bank continued to operate under the Chase brand until its acquisition of J.P. Morgan & Co. in December 2000 to form JPMorgan Chase & Co. Throughout all of these acquisitions, Chemical's original management team, led by Walter V. Shipley, remained in charge of the bank. When the combined bank purchased J.P. Morgan & Co., William B. Harrison, Jr., who had been a longtime Chemical executive, was named CEO of the combined firm. Additionally, many of Chemical's businesses remained intact through the various mergers. Chemical's private equity group for example, was renamed multiple times, ultimately becoming JP Morgan Partners before completing a spin-out from the bank, as CCMP Capital, after the bank's 2004 merger with Bank One. Additionally, JPMorgan Chase retains Chemical's pre-1996 stock price history, as well as Chemical's old headquarters at 270 Park Avenue.

title: William S. Demchak

text: Before PNC, Demchak held a variety of key executive positions at JP Morgan Chase. This includes: Global Head of Structured Finance and Credit Portfolio, involved in strategic agenda (before the JP Morgan-Chase Manhattan merger), member of the board of directors. He says JPMorgan Chase “wasn’t a terribly enjoyable place to work.” He was also a director of Hilliard Lyons Research Advisors.

title: Ken Froewiss

text: Prior to joining Stern in 1997, Froewiss was a Managing Director in the investment banking area of JP Morgan Chase, and was responsible for the firm’s relationships with insurance company and mutual fund clients in North America. He advised on many merger and restructuring transactions in the financial services industry, and was involved in public and private offerings of securities for a variety of companies. Earlier in his career, Professor Froewiss worked as an economist in the bond-trading area of JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs and as a member of the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. He is currently a member of the board of directors of a several mutual funds and of an insurance company.

title: Sony Bank

text: Upon the bank's founding in 2001, JP Morgan Chase owned a 4% stake in the company. JP Morgan had hoped to expand its asset and wealth management services in Japan. The company reduced its ownership to 3.2% by 2005. It sold off its entire stake in 2005, claiming to have discussed the move with Sony in advance.

title: Sony Bank

text: Upon the bank's founding in 2001, Sony owned 80% of the company. By 2005, its stake had risen to 84.2%. When JP Morgan Chase sold its stake, Sony increased its ownership to 87.4%.

title: CHARM Bank

text: Hambrecht & Quist was acquired by Chase Manhattan Bank in 1999 and was named Chase Securities West and is now a part of JP Morgan Chase following the merger of Chase Manhattan Bank with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000.

title: US Open (tennis)

text: In 2007, JP Morgan Chase renewed its sponsorship of the US Open and, as part of the arrangement, the replay system was renamed to "Chase Review" on in-stadium video and television.

title: Maria Elena Lagomasino

text: Lagomasino received her B.A from Manhattanville College and her M.B.A from Fordham University. Before 1983, Lagomasino was a vice president at Citibank, then joined Chase in 1983 as vice president, in charge of Latin America. In 1989, she was named head of the private bank for the Western Hemisphere, then became managing director in charge of its Global Private Banking Group in 1997. She was chairman and chief executive officer of JP Morgan Private Bank, a unit of JP Morgan Chase from 2001 to 2003, when she became a director of The Coca-Cola Company. She left Morgan to become CEO of Asset Management Advisors (AMA), an affiliate of SunTrust Banks, in November 2005. She sits on the board of directors of The Coca-Cola Company (where she was voted director in 2008), Avon Products, and the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Ms. Lagomasino has been a Director of The Walt Disney Company since 2015.

title: Max Keiser

text: Keiser has labeled JPMorgan Chase "the biggest financial terrorist on Wall Street" in relation to their alleged manipulation of the price of silver. Keiser created a campaign called "Crash JP Morgan—buy silver", whereby people buy silver bullion, thus raising its price and leaving JP Morgan with a huge short position to cover, the margin of which are collateralized by JPMorgan's own stock price, bankrupting itself. The campaign was introduced on the Alex Jones Radio show in November 2010. Writing in "The Guardian" in December 2010, Keiser suggested that the text "crash jp morgan buy silver" should be used as a googlebomb to virally promote the campaign.

title: Net capital rule

text: Bear Stearns was the first CSE Holding Company to collapse. It was "saved" through an "arranged" merger with JP Morgan Chase & Co. ("JP Morgan") announced on March 17, 2008, in connection with which the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY") made a $29 billion loan to a special purpose entity (Maiden Lane LLC) that took ownership of various assets of Bear Stearns with a quoted market value of $30 billion as of March 14, 2008.

title: JPMorgan Chase

text: JP Morgan Chase's PAC and its employees contributed $2.6 million to federal campaigns in 2014 and financed its lobbying team with $4.7 million in the first three quarters of 2014. JP Morgan's giving has been focused on Republicans, with 62 percent of its donations going to GOP recipients in 2014. Still, 78 House Democrats received campaign cash from JPMorgan's PAC in the 2014 cycle at an average of $5,200 and a total of 38 of the Democrats who voted for the 2015 spending bill took money from JPMorgan's PAC in 2014. JP Morgan Chase's PAC made maximum donations to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and the leadership PACs of Steny Hoyer and Jim Himes in 2014.[77]

title: Economics of bitcoin

text: On 12 September 2017, Jamie Dimon, CEO of JP Morgan Chase, called bitcoin a "fraud" and said he would fire anyone in his firm caught trading it. Zero Hedge claimed that the same day Dimon made his statement, JP Morgan also purchased a large amount of bitcoins for its clients.

title: Occupy movement in the United States

text: Occupy Houston is an ongoing occupation protest that stands in solidarity with Occupy Wall Street. The planned occupation officially started in Houston, Texas on Thursday October 6, 2011 when protesters returned from JP Morgan Chase Tower to establish an encampment at Hermann Square Plaza. During the JPMorgan Chase demonstration there were not any confrontations with the police and numerous different passerby were reported to have sympathized with the tone of the protesters. That same night the police were reported to have commented on how well behaved the protesters were.

title: Texas Commerce Bank

text: Through a series of mergers and acquisitions Chemical Bank bought Chase Manhattan Bank and then JP Morgan finally changed Texas Commerce to JPMorgan Chase & Co.

title: CCMP Capital

text: JP Morgan Partners announced the spinout in March 2005 and completed the separation from JPMorgan Chase effective July 31, 2006. The new firm adopted the CCMP acronym in reference to its predecessor entities (i.e., Chemical and Chase and JP Morgan Partners). In April 2006, JPMorgan Chase completed the sale of a $925 million interest in JP Morgan Partners Global Fund to a consortium of secondary investors.

title: History of Bournemouth

text: In recent years the town has attracted a high number of jobs in financial services, with JP Morgan Chase, Liverpool Victoria, Abbey Life and Portman Building Society all opening major offices. JP Morgan Chase has a large campus style office on the outskirts of the town in the Littledown area supplemented by further offices in the town centre, and employs over 4,000 people in the town. The financial sector is in fact the biggest source of income for Bournemouth, although a general misbelief is that the tourism sector is responsible for this.