query: How many people died in the Cenepa War?

title: Cenepa War

text: Figures given for losses during the Cenepa War vary widely, especially regarding human casualties. Ecuadorian military sources put the casualties at 34 killed recognized by Comando Conjunto de las FFAA del Ecuador[5] and 154 killed and wounded recognized by Asociación de ex combatientes del Cenepa, Quito, Ecuador.[5] As of February 2005, an Ecuadorian Cenepa war veterans' association had a membership of 131 ex-combatants, some of them with long-term health disorders caused by the war. ALDHU, a human rights NGO, has put the total number of mortal casualties for both sides at around 500. This figure was also given by Ecuadorian senior officers after the war,[24] reflecting the fact that Peruvians found themselves attacking well-protected Ecuadorian positions and subjected to continuous ambushes and well-aimed artillery and rocket fire from the heights of the Condor range.

title: El Cenepa District

text: El Cenepa is a district of the province of Condorcanqui in Peru. The district of El Cenepa, created on September 1, 1941 by Law Nº 9364, belongs to the province of Condorcanqui, department of Amazonas. It has an area of 5,558 km², which represents 24% of the territory of Alto Marañón. El Cenepa has 8,363 inhabitants, and a population density of 1.5 Hab/km².

title: Argentina–Peru relations

text: In 1995, Peru was involved in the Cenepa War, a brief thirty-three-day war with Ecuador over the Cenepa River sector of the Cordillera del Condor territory in the western Amazon basin. Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and the United States, as the guarantors of the 1942 Rio Protocol that had put an end to the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War earlier that century, worked with the governments of Peru and Ecuador to find a return to the status quo and end their border disputes once and for all. On 2005, General Víctor Manuel Bayas, former Chief of Staff of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces during the Cenepa War, made a series of declarations in regards to the armed conflict between Peru and Ecuador. On March 21, 2005, General Bayas was asked by the Ecuadorian newspaper "El Comercio" if Chile had sold armaments to Ecuador during the Cenepa War, to which he replied: “"Yes, it was a contract with the militaries during the conflict."" Furthermore, General Bayas revealed that Argentina and Russia had also sold weaponry to Ecuador during the conflict.

title: Cenepa War

text: The Cenepa War (January 26 – February 28, 1995), also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of an area in Peruvian territory (i.e. in the eastern side of the Cordillera del Cóndor, Province of Condorcanqui, Región Amazonas, Republic of Perú) near the border between the two countries (see map shown in the infobox). The two nations had signed a border treaty following the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941, but Ecuador later disagreed with the treaty as it applied to the Cenepa and Paquisha areas, and in 1960 Ecuador declared the treaty null and void.

title: Cenepa River

text: In early 1995, its headwaters were the site of a military conflict over a disputed boundary between Ecuador and Peru known as the Cenepa War, or the Battle of Tiwinza. Landmines from that conflict remain a problem in that area.

title: Cenepa War

text: Just as in the Paquisha Incident of 1981, the Cenepa War was caused by the installation by Ecuador, since 1994, of border outposts on the Cenepa River basin in eastern Cordillera del Condor (territory of Peru), with the names of Cueva de los Tayos, Base Sur and Tiwinza (see the map shown in infobox).

title: Cenepa War

text: The following days, the events unfolded in quick succession. Below is a complete chronological summary of the war.

title: Cenepa War

text: For the Peruvian military, the mobilization process was somewhat more problematic. The Cenepa valley area was devoid of any major roads, population centers, or helicopter bases on the Peruvian side. The Peruvian Army and the Peruvian Air Force (FAP), had to organize an air-bridge to get reinforcements to the zone. Troops, heavy weapons, ammunition and supplies had to be flown in first from the Peruvian hinterland and Lima to Bagua AFB, where they were transferred to light transport aircraft for the flight to the Ciro Alegría base. From this base, the final flight to the Peruvian forward bases in the Cenepa valley, mainly Observation Post 1 (PV-1), was made aboard Peru's Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-17 helicopter fleet, very often under poor weather conditions, with heavy rain and low cloud cover.[3]

title: Cenepa War

text: Then, at the end of 1994, a new crisis suddenly erupted, this time in the undemarcated border area proper, around the Condor range and the Cenepa headwaters.

title: History of the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute

text: In the aftermath of the incident, both sides increased their military presence along the Cordillera del Cóndor area and Cenepa Valley, starting an escalating spiral of tension and provocation that finally resulted in another military confrontation in 1995, the Cenepa War.

title: Cenepa River

text: The Cenepa River currently rises in the Cordillera del Cóndor mountain range in Peru, South America and has a length of 185 km. The Cenepa flows into the Marañón River at Orellana. Its drainage basin borders to the north on Ecuador, to the east on the districts of Río Santiago and Nieva, on the south with the district of Imaza, and on the west with Ecuador.

title: Mausala Parva

text: In days after the 18-day Kurukshetra war, Lord Krishna meets Gandhari, a meeting described in Stri Parva. In anger and grief over the death of her sons and the Kaurava soldiers, Gandhari curses Krishna with the destruction Yadavas in a manner similar to the death of her sons. She blames Krishna for his inaction and believes that he could have prevented the war and the slaughter of hundreds of millions people who died in the war. Krishna accepts the curse, explains how he had tried many times to mediate peace, how Duryodhana refused. He also explained how Duryodhana and the Kauravas had tried many times to kill the Pandavas.

title: Viet Thanh Nguyen

text: Nguyen has also released a non-fiction book published by the Harvard University Press in March 2016 entitled "Nothing Ever Dies: Vietnam and the Memory of War" described on his website as "the critical bookend to a creative project whose fictional bookend was "The Sympathizer"". According to Nguyen's website, the book "Nothing Ever Dies" "examines how the so-called Vietnam War has been remembered by many countries and people, from the US to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and South Korea." Kirkus Reviews has also called the book "a powerful reflection on how we choose to remember and forget." The book is a National Book Award finalist.

title: Cenepa War

text: The Ecuadorian stance had a symbolic meaning of its own: the Cenepa river was a small tributary of the Marañón river, in turn a tributary of the Amazon river, to which Ecuador had always claimed the right for a sovereign access.

title: Chile–Peru relations

text: However, the controversy was once again ignited when General Víctor Manuel Bayas, former Chief of Staff of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces during the Cenepa War, made a series of declarations in regards to the armed conflict between Peru and Ecuador. On March 21, 2005, General Bayas was asked by the Ecuadorian newspaper "El Comercio" if Chile had sold armaments to Ecuador during the Cenepa War, to which he replied: ""Yes, it was a contract with the militaries during the conflict."" Furthermore, General Bayas revealed that Argentina and Russia had also sold weaponry to Ecuador during the conflict. Later that same year, on April 11, Colonel Ernesto Checa, Ecuador's military representative in Chile during the Cenepa War, stated that Chile provided Ecuador with ""ammunition, rifles and night vision devices"" during the war. Moreover, the Peruvian government revealed that it held knowledge that during the war at least a couple of Ecuadorian C-130 transport airplanes had landed in Chilean territory to pick up 9mm ammunition, and that the Ecuadorian Air Force had planned three more of those armament acquisition voyages to Chile. Nonetheless, the Peruvian government at that time regarded this as a minor incident due to the fact that the Chilean Sub-secretary of Foreign Relations told the Peruvian ambassador in Chile on February 2, 1995, that the Chilean government would take immediate measures to stop any other possible operations of this nature.

title: Cenepa War

text: It could be said that the Cenepa war had the same causes that brought about the Paquisha Incident of 1981, that is, the Peruvian discovery of Ecuadorian outposts on the eastern slopes of the Condor range, and below in the Cenepa valley, followed by the decision to dislodge the Ecuadorians from these locations by force.

title: Cenepa War

text: Most of the fighting of the Cenepa war was centered around the control of several outposts located on the headwaters of the Cenepa River (see map), a highland area covered with dense Amazonian jungle, inside a 78km-long strip of territory where the process of demarcation between Ecuador and Peru remained stalled since 1951.

title: Cenepa War

text: The Cenepa War was the most recent military clash between Ecuador and Peru over a long-standing territorial dispute that dated back to the first decades of the 19th century, when both countries came into being after the Wars of Independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.

title: Cenepa War

text: The Ecuadorian Army, evidently bent on preventing any repetition of the "Pachacútec" incident, and to forestall any Peruvian attempt to reach to crests of the Condor range, had gone on to establish a "defensive" perimeter on the area of Cenepa valley, with two outposts, "Tiwinza" and "Base Sur", on the Cenepa headwaters (i.e. in the eastern side of the Cordillera del Cóndor, in Peru's land), and a larger outpost, "Coangos", on the high ground overlooking them from the north (see map).

title: Ollanta Humala

text: In his military career, Humala was also involved in the two major Peruvian conflicts of the past 20 years, the battle against the insurgent organization Shining Path and the 1995 Cenepa War with Ecuador. In 1992 Humala served in Tingo María fighting the remnants of the Shining Path and in 1995 he served in the Cenepa War on the border with Ecuador.

title: Cenepa War

text: According to Ecuadorian accounts,[11] during the meeting the Peruvian officer called to the attention of his Ecuadorian counterpart that the presence of Ecuadorian outposts in the headwaters of the Cenepa river constituted a violation of Peruvian territory, and that therefore the posts had to be abandoned and the troops moved back to the line of the Condor range. The Ecuadorian account of the meeting also states that the Peruvian officer went on to deliver an ultimatum: if the Ecuadorians did not abandon the area by the end of the week, the Peruvians would dislodge them by force.

title: Cenepa War

text: The Cenepa war ended up producing far-reaching consequences for relations between Ecuador and Peru. The military outcome of the brief conflict, no vindicating the Ecuadorian armed forces after the disappointing results of the war of 1941, and by calling to the attention of the Peruvians the need for a resolution of a problem, paved the way for a definitive settlement of the border issues.

title: Marsha P. Johnson

text: In the 1980s Johnson continued her street activism as a respected organizer and marshal with ACT UP. In 1992, when George Segal's Stonewall memorial was moved to Christopher Street from Ohio to recognize the gay liberation movement, Johnson commented, "How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people? How many years does it take for people to see that we're all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race? I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we're all in this rat race together."

title: Cenepa War

text: Several explanations have been brought forward to explain the outcome of the Cenepa conflict. Some of these can be briefly summarized here:

title: Sixto Durán Ballén

text: In 1995, Ballén proved to be one of Ecuador's most successful war-time leaders when his determined leadership united a divided country under the theme "Ni un paso atras" which means "not a single step backwards" during the Cenepa War with Peru. His last years as president, he focused on the resolution of the Cenepa War with President of Peru Alberto Fujimori. The war ended with both nations withdrawing troops on December 28, 1995, a few months before Ballén left office.

title: Stri Parva

text: After Gandhari, the Pandava brothers meet Kunti and Draupadi, two women on the side of Pandavas, who express their own grief for the war. They grieve and suggest war is easy to start but war never ends, and its consequences are painfully long. Dhristarashtra asks Yudhishthira as to how many people died and escaped from the 18-day Kurukshetra War on the two sides. Yudhishthira replies 1,660,020,000 human beings died, while 240,165 people abandoned the Kurukshetra war. The two sides together perform passage rites in river Ganges, in the memory of those who gave their lives during the war.

text: The Cenepa War was a brief (January 26 – February 28, 1995) and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of a disputed area on the border between the two countries. The two nations had signed a border treaty following the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941, but Ecuador later disagreed with the treaty as it applied to the Cenepa and Paquisha areas, and in 1996 Ecuador declared the treaty null and void.

title: Cenepa War

text: The Ecuadorian high command had by then interpreted the failure of the Commander in Chief of the Peruvian armed forces, General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza, to respond to calls from his Ecuadorian counterpart as a signal that the Peruvian military, with or without the knowledge of Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, was preparing a military operation in the Cenepa valley.

title: Paquisha War

title: Cenepa War

text: During the second half of December both sides began to hastily reinforce their military presence in and around the Cenepa valley area, laying down new minefields, preparing supply bases, and intensifying the patrolling activity.


query: What has gluten in it?

title: Gluten

text: Gluten (from Latin gluten, "glue") is a composite of storage proteins termed prolamins and glutelins[1] that is stored together with starch in the endosperm (which nourishes the embryonic plant during germination) of various cereal (grass) grains. It is found in wheat, barley, rye, oats and related species and hybrids (such as spelt, khorasan, emmer, einkorn, triticale, etc.),[2] as well as products derived from these grains (such as breads and malts). Glutens, and most especially the Triticeae glutens, are appreciated for their viscoelastic properties,[3][4] which give dough its elasticity, helping it rise and keep its shape and often leaving the final product with a chewy texture.

title: Wheat gluten (food)

text: Oil-fried gluten (, "yóu miàn jīn") is raw gluten that has been torn into small bits, then deep-fried into small puffy balls of around 3–5 cm in diameter and sold as "imitation abalone". They are golden brown in color, and braised or boiled in a savory soup or stew before eating. They are frequently paired with "xiang gu" (black mushrooms). Larger fried balls of gluten, called "miàn jīn qiú" () or "miàn jīn pao" (面筋泡), which may be up to in diameter, are sometimes seen in Asian supermarkets. These are often stuffed with meat or tofu mixtures and served as a dish called "gluten meatballs" (, "Miàn jīn roù wán") or "gluten stuffed with meat" (, "miàn jīn saī roù").

title: Gluten-free diet

text: Healthcare professionals recommend against undertaking a gluten-free diet as a form of self-diagnosis, because tests for coeliac disease are reliable only if the person has been consuming gluten recently. There is a consensus in the medical community that people should consult a physician before going on a gluten-free diet, so that a medical professional can accurately test for coeliac disease or any other gluten-induced health issues.

title: Gluten

text: The Codex Alimentarius international standards for food labeling has a standard relating to the labeling of products as "gluten-free". It only applies to foods that would normally contain gluten.[63]

title: Corn gluten meal

text: Corn gluten meal (CGM) is the principal protein of corn (maize) endosperm consisting mainly of zein and glutelin. It is a byproduct of corn processing that has historically been used as an animal feed. Despite the name, "corn gluten" does not contain true gluten, which is formed by the interaction of gliadin and glutenin proteins.

title: Gluten-related disorders

text: For Europe, the "Commission Regulation (EC) No. 41/2009 of 20 January 2009 concerning the composition and labelling of foodstuffs suitable for people intolerant to gluten" has laid down harmonised rules on the content and labelling of these foodstuffs, setting out the conditions under which foods may be labelled as "gluten-free" or "very low gluten". Having entered into force on 10 February 2009 and taken effect on 1 January 2012, these rules have been repealed with effect as of 20 July 2016. The background is that, in line with the "Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 on food for specific groups", gluten-free foods shall, in future, be legislated for under the EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation (Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011). Furthermore, the "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 828/2014 of 30 July 2014 on the requirements for the provision of information to consumers on the absence or reduced presence of gluten in food" extends the rules of Regulation (EC) 41/2009 on "gluten-free" and "very low gluten" statements also to non pre-packed foods such as those served in restaurants. The implementing regulation also clarifies how consumers are to be informed of the difference between foods that are naturally free of gluten and products that are specially formulated for gluten-intolerant persons.

title: Gluten

text: Gluten forms when glutenin molecules cross-link via disulfide bonds to form a submicroscopic network attached to gliadin, which contributes viscosity (thickness) and extensibility to the mix.[3][12] If this dough is leavened with yeast, fermentation produces carbon dioxide bubbles, which, trapped by the gluten network, cause the dough to rise. Baking coagulates the gluten, which, along with starch, stabilizes the shape of the final product. Gluten content has been implicated as a factor in the staling of bread, possibly because it binds water through hydration.[13]

title: Coeliac disease

text: The term "gluten-free" is generally used to indicate a supposed harmless level of gluten rather than a complete absence. The exact level at which gluten is harmless is uncertain and controversial. A recent systematic review tentatively concluded that consumption of less than 10 mg of gluten per day is unlikely to cause histological abnormalities, although it noted that few reliable studies had been done. Regulation of the label "gluten-free" varies. In the European Union, the European Commission issued regulations in 2009 limiting the use of "gluten-free" labels for food products to those with less than 20 mg/kg of gluten, and "very low gluten" labels for those with less than 100 mg/kg. In the United States, the FDA issued regulations in 2013 limiting the use of "gluten-free" labels for food products to those with less than 20 ppm of gluten. The current international Codex Alimentarius standard allows for 20 ppm of gluten in so-called "gluten-free" foods. Several organisations, such as the Gluten-Free Certification Organization (GFCO), the Celiac Sprue Association (CSA), and the National Foundation for Celiac Awareness (NFCA), also certify products and companies as gluten-free.

title: Carol Kicinski

text: Kicinski has authored cookbooks including "Simply Gluten Free Desserts" (2011), "Simply Gluten Free Quick Meals" (2012),"Simply Gluten Free Cupcakes" (2013), and "Simply Gluten Free 5 Ingredient Cookbook" (2016).

title: Carol Kicinski

text: Carol Kicinski is a gluten-free advocate, TV chef, magazine founder and editor-in-chief, gluten-free recipe developer, cookbook author, and food writer. She is the founder of Simply Gluten Free Omnimedia, Inc. Kicinski is also the founder and editor-in-chief of "Simply Gluten Free" magazine. She is in her seventh season with monthly episodes as a gluten-free TV chef on "Daytime", a nationally syndicated morning television show produced by NBC-based WFLA-Tampa Bay. She has been gluten-free for more than 20 years.

title: Gluten-free diet

text:
Until 2012 anyone could use the gluten-free claim with no repercussion. In 2008, Wellshire Farms chicken nuggets labelled gluten-free were purchased and samples were sent to a food allergy laboratory where they were found to contain gluten. After this was reported in the "Chicago Tribune", the products continued to be sold. The manufacturer has since replaced the batter used in its chicken nuggets. The U.S. first addressed gluten-free labelling in the 2004 Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA). The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau published interim rules and proposed mandatory labelling for alcoholic products in 2006. The FDA issued their Final Rule on August 5, 2013.
When a food producer voluntarily chooses to use a gluten-free claim for a product, the food bearing the claim in its labelling may not contain:
Any food product that inherently does not contain gluten may use a gluten-free label where any unavoidable presence of gluten in the food bearing the claim in its labelling is below 20 ppm gluten.

title: Eucharist

text: The gluten in wheat bread is dangerous to people with celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders, such as non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. For the Catholic Church, this issue was addressed in the 24 July 2003 letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which summarized and clarified earlier declarations. The Catholic Church believes that the matter for the Eucharist must be wheaten bread and fermented wine from grapes: it holds that, if the gluten has been entirely removed, the result is not true wheaten bread. For celiacs, but not generally, it allows low-gluten bread. It also permits Holy Communion to be received under the form of either bread or wine alone, except by a priest who is celebrating Mass without other priests or as principal celebrant. Many Protestant churches offer communicants gluten-free alternatives to wheaten bread, usually in the form of a rice-based cracker or gluten-free bread.

title: Gluten-free diet

text: Gluten causes health problems for those with gluten-related disorders, including coeliac disease (CD), non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and wheat allergy. In these people, the gluten-free diet is demonstrated as an effective treatment, but several studies show that about 79% of the people with coeliac disease have an incomplete recovery of the small bowel, despite a strict gluten-free diet. This is mainly caused by inadvertent ingestion of gluten. People with poor basic education and understanding of gluten-free diet often believe that they are strictly following the diet, but are making regular errors.

title: Wheat flour

text: Wheat flour is a powder made from the grinding of wheat used for human consumption. Wheat varieties are called "soft" or "weak" if gluten content is low, and are called "hard" or "strong" if they have high gluten content. Hard flour, or "bread flour", is high in gluten, with 12% to 14% gluten content, and its dough has elastic toughness that holds its shape well once baked. Soft flour is comparatively low in gluten and thus results in a loaf with a finer, crumbly texture. Soft flour is usually divided into cake flour, which is the lowest in gluten, and pastry flour, which has slightly more gluten than cake flour.

title: Wheat gluten (food)

text: Steamed gluten (, "zhēng miàn jīn"), is raw gluten that has been wrapped around itself to form a long sausage shape which is then steamed. This type of gluten has a dense texture and ranges from off-white to light greenish grey in color. It is torn open into strips before being used as an ingredient in recipes. When this sausage-shaped gluten is thickly sliced into medallions, the resulting form is called "miàn lún" (麵輪, literally "gluten wheels"). Larger blocks of steamed gluten are sometimes colored pink and sold as vegetarian "mock ham."Baked spongy gluten (traditional ; simplified ; pinyin: "kǎo fū") is similar in texture to a sponge, "kao fu" (sometimes labeled in English as "bran puff") is made by leavening raw gluten, then baking or steaming it. These are sold as small blocks in Chinese markets and are then diced up and cooked. This type of gluten absorbs its cooking liquid like a sponge and is enjoyed for its "juicy" character. Chinese "kao fu" has a different texture than its Japanese counterpart, "yaki-fu", due to the relatively larger air bubbles it contains. "Kao fu" is available in fresh, frozen, dehydrated, and canned forms.

title: Gluten-free beer

text: The recent development of gluten-free ales and lagers has been seen as a positive move forward for those who suffer a variety of related gluten intolerant conditions; and there are a number of people working to produce gluten-free beer.

title: Gluten challenge test

text: It remains unclear what daily intake of gluten is adequate and how long the gluten challenge should last. Some protocols recommend eating a maximum of 10 g of gluten per day during 6 weeks. Nevertheless, recent studies have showed that 2 week challenge of 3 g of gluten per day may induce histological and serological abnormalities in most adults with proven coeliac disease. This new proposed protocol has shown higher tolerability and compliance, and it has been calculated that its application in secondary-care gastrointestinal practice would identify celiac disease in 7% patients referred for suspected non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, while in the remaining 93% would confirmate non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, but is not yet universally adopted. A double-blind placebo-controlled gluten challenge can be performed by means of capsules containing gluten powder (or wheat powder) or a placebo, respectively, although it is expensive and complicated in routine clinical ground, and therefore, is only performed in research studies.

title: Gluten-free diet

text: The popularity of the gluten-free diet is hurting people who actually need to eliminate gluten due to medical reasons. The servers are issuing judgments, believing that it is simply a fad, which is leading to them not taking the necessary precautions in the handling of the food to avoid gluten cross-contamination. "In other words, the customers who 'order gluten-free meals washed down with a gluten-filled beer' are essentially making a mockery of a serious issue". Even many professionals in the medical field think that the gluten-free diet is just a fad. On the other hand, the popularity of the gluten-free diet has increased the availability of commercial gluten-free replacement products and gluten-free grains.

title: Gluten

text: In the United States, gluten is not listed on labels unless added as a standalone ingredient. Wheat or other allergens are listed after the ingredient line. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has historically classified gluten as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). In August 2013, the FDA issued a final ruling, effective August 2014, that defined the term "gluten-free" for voluntary use in the labeling of foods as meaning that the amount of gluten contained in the food is below 20 parts per million.[69]

title: Gluten immunochemistry

text: The immunochemistry of "Triticeae" glutens is important in several inflammatory diseases. It can be subdivided into innate responses (direct stimulation of immune system), class II mediated presentation (HLA DQ), class I meditiated stimulation of killer cells, and antibody recognition. The responses to gluten proteins and polypeptide regions differs according to the type of gluten sensitivity. The response is also dependent on the genetic makeup of the human leukocyte antigen genes. In gluten sensitive enteropathy, there are 4 types of recognition, innate immunity (a form of cellular immunity priming), HLA-DQ, and antibody recognition of gliadin and transglutaminase. With idiopathic gluten sensitivity only antibody recognition to gliadin has been resolved. In wheat allergy, the response pathways are mediated through IgE against other wheat proteins and other forms of gliadin.

title: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: Research has also attempted to discern, by double-blind placebo-controlled trials, between a "fad component" to the recent popularity of the gluten-free diet and an actual sensitivity to gluten or other components of wheat. In a double-blind placebo cross-over trial, small amounts of purified wheat gluten triggered gastrointestinal symptoms (such as abdominal bloating and pain) and extra-intestinal manifestations (such as foggy mind, depression and aphthous stomatitis) in self-reported NCGS. Nevertheless, it remains elusive whether these findings specifically implicate gluten or proteins present in gluten-containing cereals.

title: Gluten Free Ebola

text: Cartman then has a dream of Aunt Jemima (a parody reference to Mother Abigail), who tells him the food pyramids are upside-down, but Cartman has no idea what she is talking about. As the gluten-free toppings at the Papa John's run out, the unnamed resident eats the pizza dough containing gluten, thinking it's all a setup, but he dies.

title: Benedictine Sisters of Perpetual Adoration

text: The Sisters produce low-gluten hosts safe for celiacs, which has been approved by the Catholic Church for use at Mass. The hosts are made and packaged in a dedicated wheat-free / gluten-free environment. Gluten content analysis found no detectable amount of gluten, though the reported gluten content is 0.01% as that was the lowest limit of detection possible with the utilized analysis technique. In an article from the "Catholic Review" (15 February 2004) gastroenterologist Alessio Fasano was quoted as declaring these hosts "perfectly safe for celiac sufferers."

title: Gluten-related disorders

text: Gluten-related disorders is the umbrella term for all diseases found to be triggered by gluten. Gluten-related disorders include celiac disease (CD), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy. "Gluten intolerance" and "gluten sensitivity" are sometimes used as synonyms for gluten-related disorders, though a multi-disciplinary physician-led study, based in part on the 2011 International Coeliac Disease Symposium, concluded that the use of these terms should be avoided due to a lack of specificity.

title: Flour

text: Wheat is the grain most commonly used to make flour. Certain varieties may be referred to as "clean" or "white". Flours contain differing levels of the protein gluten. "Strong flour" or "hard flour" has a higher gluten content than "weak" or "soft" flour. "Brown" and wholemeal flours may be made of hard or soft wheat.When gluten-free flours are free from contamination with gluten, they are suitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity or wheat allergy sufferers, among others. Contamination with gluten-containing cereals can occur during grain harvesting, transporting, milling, storing, processing, handling and/or cooking.

title: Protein adulteration in China

text: Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company (徐州安营生物技术开发有限公司), an agricultural products company based in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China, which U.S. officials believe was the source of the melamine-contaminated gluten, are maintaining innocence and assert that they are cooperating with officials. The general manager for Xuzhou Anying has denied that his company exported goods and says that they are researching who might have exported their product. They note that per Chinese law, all exported wheat gluten is tested and that they were simply a middle man for local producers. However, a truck driver who has carried goods for Xuzhou Anying contradicted this, saying "they have a factory that makes wheat gluten." Officials in the USDA and FDA believe that Xuzhou Anying labeled its wheat gluten as "nonfood" and exported through a third party, Suzhou Textiles Silk Light & Industrial Products. The nonfood designation would allow the gluten to be shipped without inspection, however a spokesman for Suzhou Textiles has denied that the company exported any wheat gluten.

title: Gluten

text: In the European Union, all prepackaged foods and non-prepacked foods from a restaurant, take-out food wrapped just before sale, or unpackaged food served in institutions must be identified if gluten-free.[67] "Gluten-free" is defined as 20 parts per million of gluten or less and "very low gluten" is 100 parts per million of gluten or less; only foods with cereal ingredients processed to remove gluten can claim "very low gluten" on labels.[67]

title: Wheat gluten (food)

text: Wheat gluten has been documented in China since the 6th century. It was widely consumed by the Chinese as a substitute for meat, especially among adherents of Buddhism. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the "Qimin Yaoshu", a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535. The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called "bo duo". Wheat gluten was known as "mian jin" by the Song dynasty (960–1279). Wheat gluten arrived in the West by the 18th century. "De Frumento", an Italian treatise on wheat from 1745, describes the process of washing wheat flour dough in order to extract the gluten. John Imison wrote an English-language definition of wheat gluten in his "Elements of Science and Art" published in 1803. By the 1830s, Western doctors were recommending wheat gluten in diets for diabetics. In the United States, the Seventh-day Adventists promoted the consumption of wheat gluten beginning in the late 19th century. Sanitarium Foods, a company affiliated with John Harvey Kellogg's Battle Creek Sanitarium, advertised wheat gluten in 1882.

title: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: NCGS has been a topic of popular interest. Gluten has been named "the new diet villain". Since the beginning of the 21st century, the gluten-free diet has become the most popular trendy fad diet in the United States and other countries. Clinicians worldwide have been challenged by an increasing number of people who do not have celiac disease nor wheat allergy, with digestive or extra-digestive symptoms which improved removing wheat / gluten from the diet. Many of these persons began a gluten-free diet on their own, without having been previously evaluated. Another reason that contributed to this trend was the publication of several books that demonize gluten and point to it as a cause of type 2 diabetes, weight gain and obesity, and a broad list of diseases ranging from depression and anxiety to arthritis and autism. The book that has had the most impact is ""Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar - Your Brain's Silent Killers"", by the American neurologist David Perlmutter, published on September 2013. Another book that has had great impact is ""Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health"", by the cardiologist William Davis. The gluten-free diet has been advocated and followed by many celebrities to lose weight, such as Miley Cyrus and Gwyneth Paltrow, and some elite athletes to improve performance.

title: Corn wet-milling

text:
The slurry containing just the protein (gluten) and starch is called millstarch. Water is removed from the millstarch in a thickener before moving it into a separator. Centrifugal forces are applied to separate starch and gluten which differ in density. The heavier starch slurry is then washed multiple times in hydrocyclones with fresh water. The starch stream typically has 90% starch and the gluten stream consists of 60% protein. The lighter gluten, separated out from the top, is thickened and the heavy gluten is further sent for dewatering into vacuum rotary filter. This corn gluten meal consist of approximately 60% protein, 1% fat and 3% fiber. The process water from both the processes are either added to steepwater or removed.
Use of Gluten Meal: Since it has around 60% protein, it is used as Animal feed and zein products.

title: Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: It remains unclear what daily intake of gluten is adequate and how long the gluten challenge should last. Some protocols recommend eating a maximum of 10 g of gluten per day for 6 weeks. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that a 2-week challenge of 3 g of gluten per day may induce histological and serological abnormalities in most adults with proven celiac disease. This new proposed protocol has shown higher tolerability and compliance. It has been calculated that its application in secondary-care gastrointestinal practice would identify celiac disease in 7% of patients referred for suspected NCGS, while the remaining 93% would be confirmed as NCGS; this is not yet universally adopted.


query: When was Maharashtra founded?

title: History of Maharashtra

text: Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is India's second-most populous state and third-largest state by area.Although the present day state in India was only formed in 1960,the region that comprises the state has a long history dating back to the 4th century BCE.

title: Maharashtra Communist Party

text: Maharashtra Communist Party was a splinter faction of Central Reorganisation Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) in Maharashtra when its leader K. Venu decided to denounce of the Naxalism and disband the party in 1991.

title: Bharbhunja (Hindu)

text: The Bharbhunja are a largely Hindu caste found in North India and Maharashtra. They are also known as Kalenra in Maharashtra, Mehra in Punjab and Madhesiya Halwai the upper most halwai in Uttar Pradesh. A small number are also found in the Terai region of Nepal.

text: Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research (MIMER) is a medical college located in Talegaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India. The institute is recognised by the Medical Council of India and is under Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. It was founded in 1994 with a hospital named Dr. Bhausaheb Sardesai Rural Talegaon Hospital. The Talegaon General Hospital was visited by Mahatma Gandhi in 1945. It is also listed under International Medical Education Directory.

title: Architecture of India

text: Maharashtra is famous for its caves and rock-cut architectures. It is said that the varieties found in Maharashtra are wider than the caves and rock-cut architectures found in the rock-cut areas of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, and Greece. The Buddhist monks first started these caves in the 2nd century BC, in search of serene and peaceful environment for meditation, and they found these caves on the hillsides.

text:
Food and Drug Administration, Maharashtra State, is Maharashtra's primary instrument of consumer protection. It is a law enforcement agency. In 1970, the Government of Maharashtra entrusted the responsibility of enforcement of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 to FDA which is when it got its present name.
The regulations are implemented by the following
independent section :-
(A) Drug Section
(B) Food Section
(C) Food and Drug Control Laboratories
(A) Drugs Section :–

title: Bhoite

text: Bhoite is a surname found amongst the Maratha caste, mainly in the state of Maharashtra in India but it also appears in Indian states bordering Maharashtra.

title: Pinjara

text: In Maharashtra, the community is found mainly in the districts of Bhandara, Nagpur, Amravati and Wardha. They speak Marathi, although most also speak Dakhani. Unlike the Rajasthan Pinjara, the Maharashtra Pinjara do not practice clan ￼￼exogamy￼￼. ￼Most of them abandoned their traditional occupation of cotton gining and the manufacture of quilts and pillows. A process that began in the 19th Century, when many members of the community took to agriculture has accelerated. Most Pinjara are now small and medium sized farmers. Most live in multi-caste villages which they share with the Maratha, Mang, Gond and Bandha communities.

title: Narendra Dabholkar

text: Narendra Achyut Dabholkar (1 November 1945 – 20 August 2013) was an Indian medical doctor, social activist, rationalist and author from Maharashtra, India. In 1989 he founded and became president of the Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti (MANS), (the Committee to Eradicate Superstition in Maharashtra). Triggered by his murder on 20 August 2013, the pending Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Ordinance was promulgated in the state of Maharashtra, four days later. The next year, in 2014, he was posthumously awarded the Padma Shri for social work.

text: Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti (MANS; or Committee for Eradication of Blind Faith, CEBF) is an organisation dedicated to fighting superstition in India, particularly in the province of Maharashtra. It was founded by Narendra Dabholkar in 1989. It is currently headed by Avinash Patil after Dabholkar's assassination.

title: Fishing communities in Maharashtra

text:
Bhoi is a fishing community in this area. Bhoi are traditionally dependent upon the river Adan for their subsistence. Due to depleting fish resources their lives are in danger.
Bhoi's the traditional fishermen community in Maharashtra state are mostly found in shoreline areas of the west coast of Maharashtra as well as near rivers, reservoirs, dams.
Rrom the ancient times these people used to be called as the "Palkhiche Bhoi" the tribe which wander all over carrying the Palkhi of ancient king and their families as the loyal ones. Diminishing the rule of king's and kingdom these loyal people have returned to their traditional business – fishing.
This community/tribe is mostly found in District of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurga, Raigad, Mumbai and in mostly all districts of Maharashtra where the fishing occupation is traditional carried out.

title: Architecture of Maharashtra

text: Maharashtra, India is famous for its caves and rock cut architecture. It is said that the varieties found in Maharashtra are wider than the caves and rock-cut architecture found in the rock cut areas of Egypt, Assyria, Persia and Greece. The Buddhist monks first started these caves in the 2nd century BC, in search of serene and peaceful environment for meditation, and they found these caves on the hillsides.

title: Vidarbha movement

text: Under these circumstances, the Maharashtra Government appointed a committee, to study regional imbalances in Maharashtra. The committee found that:

title: Jayant Patil

text: He was finance minister of Maharashtra from October 1999 to December 2008 in Congress and Nationalist Congress Party government. he has a record of presenting budget continuously 9 times in state assembly.During 2003-04 when economy of Maharashtra was deteriorating, Patil stabilised the economy of Maharashtra.

title: Cultural activities of Maharashtra

text: Maharashtra has a large number of hills, land and sea forts. Forts have played an important role in the history of Maharashtra since the time of the Peshwas. Some of the important forts in Maharashtra are Raigad, Vijaydurg, Pratapgad, Sinhagad. Majority of the forts in Maharashtra are found along the coastal region of Konkan.

title: Maharashtra Udayagiri Institute of Management & Technology Somnathpur

text: Maharashtra Udayagiri Institute of Management and Technology Somnathpur is an engineering college based in Udgir, India. It was founded in 2009 and is a part of the Maharashtra Udaygiri Education Society's group of educational institutions.

title: Society Tea

text: Society Tea is an Indian tea brand, headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is part of a group founded in 1933. The company is the largest tea-seller in the state of Maharashtra, with a 40% market share within the state. Besides Maharashtra, the brand is also present in other Indian states like Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

title: 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra

text: There was resentment among the Dalit in Maharashtra, due to murder of four Dalits, allegedly by a mob of Kunbis in Kherlanji village in September 2006. On 28 November 2006, the brewing resentment in the Dalit community in Maharashtra took form of violent protests, when a statue of Dalit icon B. R. Ambedkar was desecrated by a vandal in Kanpur. Several people remarked that the protests were fueled by the Khairlanji killings, including the Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh, and the Mumbai Police Commissioner A. N. Roy. According to The Hindu, the political parties had not responded appropriately to the outrage over the Kherjlanji killings, resulting in heightened tensions. Later, the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) chief Raj Thackeray claimed that the protests were stoked by certain political parties in their bid to oust Maharashtra Home Minister R. R. Patil.

title: Prabodhankar Thackeray

text: Keshav Thackeray played an important role in the Samyukta Maharashtra movement aimed at establishing the linguistic state of Maharashtra. He joined the movement in 1951, demanding the inclusion of the Dang district in Maharashtra instead of neighbouring Gujarat state. He was one of the founding members of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, which campaigned for the formation of Maharashtra and the inclusion of Belgaum and Mumbai in it.

title: Medhekar

text: Medhekar is a less known surname found mostly among people of Maharashtra and Goa in India. The name follows the format of other common Brahmin surnames found in the Konkan region of Maharashtra and Goa - "Village name" concatenated with the suffix "kar".

title: Fishing communities in Maharashtra

text: Gabit are a community found in the Konkan regions of the Indian states of Goa. Karnataka and Maharashtra.

title: Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti

text: The Samyukta Maharashtra Movement achieved its aim when the present state of Maharashtra was created on 1 May 1960. The state reorganization left Marathi-speaking areas in Northern Karnataka, such as Belgaon, outside Maharashtra. The newly liberated people of Goa in a 1967 referendum rejected merger with Maharashtra.

title: Desh, Maharashtra

text: Some of the prominent surnames based on Desh include:The historical context behind the surname 'Desale' is interesting. After the death of Aurangazeb, when Maratha Empire started growing north-wards, some Maratha families move towards north from the 'Desh' region. The Bhosale families, who left 'Desh', adapted surname as 'Desale'. The 'Desale' surname is found mostly in North-Maharashtra's Khandesh region.

title: Culture of Maharashtra

text: Maharashtra has a large number of hill, land and sea forts. Forts have played an important role in the history of Maharashtra since the time of the Shivaji Maharaj. Some of the important forts in Maharashtra are Shivneri, Raigad, Vijaydurg, Pratapgad, Sinhagad. The majority of the forts in Maharashtra are found along the coastal region of Konkan and the adjoining Sahyadri ranges.

title: Pisal

text: Pisal is surname mainly found amongst the 96 Maratha clansThey predominate in Maharashtra states and bordering states. Prominent people like Former Maharashtra minister Mr Madanrao Pisal and Rahul Pisal Chairman of Aadhar one of the largest Procurement company of sugar and other groceries belong to Pisal Community in Maharashtra.

title: Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti

text: The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti achieved its goal on 1 May 1960, when the State of Bombay was partitioned into the Marathi-speaking State of Maharashtra and the Gujarati-speaking State of Gujarat. However Goa (then a Portuguese colony), Belgaum, Karwar and adjoining areas, which were also part of the Maharashtra envisaged by the Samiti, were not included in Maharashtra state. The prominent leaders of sanyukt maharashtra samiti decided to quit samiti after 1 May 1960, but the then chairman of the samiti Bhai Uddhavrao Patil continued his fight for the 862 Marathi-speaking villages of Karnataka that were excluded in 1960.

title: Hutatma Chowk

text: Hutatma Chowk is located in the busy financial district of Fort. It derives its present name from an incident in 1960 when a peaceful demonstration by the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti (United Maharashtra Committee) was fired upon by the police resulting in 105 deaths. The incident was part of ongoing struggles of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, amongst others, for the creation of the State of Maharashtra. The shooting proved to be a major impetus for the creation of Maharashtra on 1 May 1960.

title: History of Aurangabad, Maharashtra

text: The history of Aurangabad, a city in Maharashtra, India, dates to 1610, when it was founded by Malik Ambar, the Prime Minister of Murtaza Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar, on the site of a village called Kharki. In 1653 when Prince Aurangzeb was appointed the viceroy of the Deccan for the second time, he made Fatehnagar his capital and called it Aurangabad. Aurangabad is sometimes referred to as Khujista Bunyad by the Chroniclers of Aurangzeb's reign.

title: Shivaji

text: Commemorations of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra. Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra as well as in different places across India. Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's ship the INS Shivaji, numerous postage stamps, and the main airport and railway headquarters in Mumbai. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of Diwali in memory of Shivaji.

title: Gambhir

text: Gambhir is the Marathi meaning to serious. Gambhir is a Punjabi Arora surname found in North India. It also used as a surname in many of the Brahmin. Families in Maharashtra yet.Today, they can be found in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi as well as Maharashtra.

title: Kanhoji Jedhe

text: In the 20th century, the descendants of Kanhoji Jedhe also played a leading role in the establishment of the State of Maharashtra; Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, founded by Keshavrao Jedhe, led the demand for a Marathi-speaking state. Maharashtra was formed as a direct result of this Samiti; the Hutatma Chowk and Maharashtra Day commemorate the relentless efforts of the Jedhes.


query: Who played the Corpse in Corpse Bride?

title: Corpse Bride

text: Corpse Bride (also known as Tim Burton's Corpse Bride) is a 2005 British-American stop-motion animated musical dark comedy film directed by Mike Johnson and Tim Burton with a screenplay by John August, Caroline Thompson and Pamela Pettler based on characters created by Burton and Carlos Grangel. The plot is set in a fictional Victorian era village in Europe. Johnny Depp leads the cast as the voice of Victor, while Helena Bonham Carter voices Emily, the titular bride. Corpse Bride is the third stop-motion feature film produced by Burton and the first directed by him (the previous two films, The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach, were directed by Henry Selick). This is also the first stop-motion feature from Burton that was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was dedicated to executive producer Joe Ranft, who died in a car accident during production.

title: Harpans kraft

text: There exist Danish, Norwegian and Swedish variants where the water spirit restores the bride's two other sisters (or however many) who had been previously taken by the creature. The Icelandic version has a tragic ending, and the hero only recovers his bride's corpse.

title: Three Corpses

text: The usual English translation of "sanshi" is "three corpses" or "Three Corpses". However, this Daoist term does not literally refer to "corpses; dead bodies" within the human body, but is linguistically causative meaning the eventual "death; mortality" produced by these demonic agents (Arthur 2013). Compare the English slang verb "corpse" meaning "to make a corpse of, to kill" ("Oxford English Dictionary" 2009). More accurate translations of "sanshi" are "Three Deathbringers" (Kohn 1993), "Three Death-bringers" (Komjathy 2007) [cf. the video game Death Bringer], "three corpse-demons" (Strickmann 2002), or "three corpse [evils]" (Zhang & Unschuld 2014).

title: Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It

text: The play is about Amédée, a playwright, and his wife Madeleine, a switchboard operator. They discuss how to deal with a continually growing corpse in the other room. The corpse is causing mushrooms to sprout all over the apartment and is apparently arousing suspicion among the neighbors. The audience is given no clear reason why the corpse is there. Madeleine suggests he was the lover Amédée murdered; Amédée gives several alternate explanations. At the end of the play Amédée attempts to drag the corpse away to dump it in the river. He is seen by many passers-by; one of the witnesses is referred to as "Eugene" and is likely the author himself. When Amédée becomes tangled in the legs, the corpse floats away with Amédée attached.

title: Bride of the Monster

text: The story could almost be a sequel to an earlier Bela Lugosi movie, "The Corpse Vanishes" (Each bride at her wedding was given an orchid, which she sniffed before passing out. In "The Corpse Vanishes", Bela played a doctor who captured the brides and took some kind of liquid from each bride's body and injected it into his wife to make her temporarily young again. Characters included his wife, an old woman, the old woman's grown son, and a dwarf.) In "Bride of the Monster", Bela again plays a doctor doing experiments, but his only housemate/assistant is Lobo, and when his experiment fails to turn someone into an "atomic-powered superman", he throws the dead subject to an octopus or an alligator, similar to what Bela did in "Murders in the Rue Morgue".

title: The Corpse Vanishes

text: The Corpse Vanishes is a 1942 American mystery and horror film starring Bela Lugosi, directed by Wallace Fox, and written by Harvey Gates. Lugosi portrays a mad scientist who injects his aging wife (played by Elizabeth Russell) with fluids from virginal young brides in order to preserve her beauty. Luana Walters as a journalist and Tristram Coffin as a small town doctor investigate and solve the disappearances of the brides.

title: The Corpse Vanishes

text: On the day of Alice Wentworth's wedding, mad scientist Dr. Lorenz sends the young bride an unusual orchid, the scent of which places the young woman in a state of suspended animation resembling death. He then spirits her body away to the basement laboratory of his isolated mansion and extracts glandular fluid from behind her ears to inject into his vain and aged wife in order to renew her youth and beauty. This is only the latest in a series of brides who appear to die at the altar and whose corpses subsequently vanish en route to the hospital or mortuary, and the police are thoroughly stymied.

title: Three Corpses

text: The "Wufuxu" uses both "sanchong" "Three Worms" and "fushi" "Concealed Corpses" as interchangeable names for the malevolent beings residing in the human body, interpreted as either the reconciliation of regional varieties of Chinese names or the conflation of common names with religious terms. Among the 11 "Wufuxu" recipes for expelling corpse-worms, 6 mention "sanchong fushi" 三蟲伏尸 integrating two previously separate names for similar ideas, which allows the text to address both readers familiar with the Three Worms concept as well as those who knew of the Concealed, or Three, Corpses (Campany 2005, 43). "The Immortal's Method for Expelling the Three Worms and Concealed Corpses" (tr. Arthur 2013: 80) explicates the worm/corpse synonymy: "[T]he Concealed Corpses which live in people's abdomens limit the powers of medicines. [ ... ] This is all caused by the Three Worms. [ ... ] Simple commoners laugh at these things; therefore after people die they become 'Corpse' bones. This is the nickname of the Three Worms."

title: Pamela Pettler

text: In film, her credits include the animated films "Monster House", "Corpse Bride" and "9". The latter two films involved Tim Burton, who directed and produced "Corpse Bride" and produced "9", which was directed by Shane Acker. In 2003, Pettler was hired to do a rewrite of Burton's 2005 film adaptation of the book "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". In 2008, Pettler was hired to write a film adaptation of the board game "Monopoly", with Ridley Scott attached as director, however the film has since been stuck in development hell. She also cowrote the screenplay for the upcoming computer-animated "The Addams Family" film, based off the comics by Charles Addams.

title: Chinese ghost marriage

text: Danica Novgorodoff's graphic novel "The Undertaking of Lily Chen", set in contemporary northern China, features a younger brother trying to obtain a corpse bride for his recently deceased older brother. When he cannot find a suitable female corpse, and he meets Lily Chen, who is both single and alive, he must wrestle with his family obligations versus his own growing feelings for Lily.

title: Chukat

text:
The Mishnah taught that there are cases where two things can be rendered impure in succession by a corpse, one of those things being rendered impure with a seven-day impurity and the other thing being rendered impure with an impurity lasting until the evening. There are cases where three things can be rendered impure in succession by a corpse, two of those things being rendered impure with a seven-day impurity and the remaining thing with an impurity lasting until the evening. And there are cases where four things can be rendered impure in succession by a corpse, three of those things being rendered impure with a seven-day impurity and the remaining thing with an impurity lasting until the evening.
The Mishnah taught that a case of corpse contamination of two things in succession (where one is rendered impure with a seven-day impurity and one being rendered impure with an impurity until the evening) occurs when a person who touches a corpse is rendered impure with a seven-day impurity, as says, "He who touches the corpse of any human being shall be unclean for seven days." The Rabbis considered a corpse to have the highest power to defile, and regarded a corpse as an originating source of impurity, a "father of fathers of impurity" (, "avi avot ha-tumah"). Thus the Mishnah taught that a corpse can confer a generating impurity, a "father of impurity" (, "av ha-tumah"), on a person with whom it comes in contact. A "father of impurity" (, "av ha-tumah") requires a seven-day cleansing period. And then a second person who touches the first person who touched the corpse is rendered impure with an impurity lasting until the evening, as says, "the person who touches him shall be unclean until evening." The "father of impurity" (, "av ha-tumah") — in this case, the person who first touched the corpse — can, in turn, confer a first-grade impurity (, "rishon l'tumah"), which requires a cleansing period lasting only until sundown. In sum, in this case, the first person acquired a "father of impurity" (, "av ha-tumah") from the corpse, and the second person acquired a first-grade impurity (, "rishon l'tumah") from the first person.

title: Shijie (corpse liberation)

text:
The "Xiang'er" commentary refers to those who lose faith in the Dao as "xíngshī" (行尸, "mobile corpses"). While received texts of Chapter 7 have "Is it not just because he does not strive for any personal end that all his personal ends are fulfilled?" (tr. Watson, 非以其無私耶故能成其私), the commentary has "shi" (尸, "corpse") instead of "si" (私, "self-interest; selfish concerns"), thus, "Because he is without a corpse, he is able to perfect his [mortal] corpse."
The bodies of those who do not know the Dao of long life are but mobile corpses. It is not the Dao that they practice, but merely the way of the corpses. The reason the people of the Dao are able to achieve the longevity of Transcendents is that they do not practice the way of the corpses. They differ from the vulgar and thus are able to perfect their corpses, allowing them to enter the ranks of the Transcendent nobility. (tr. Bokenkamp 1997: 85)

title: Three Corpses

text: Synonyms for "sanshi" include "fúshī" 伏尸 "hidden corpse", "shīchóng" 尸虫 "corpse worms", "shīguǐ" 尸鬼 "corpse ghosts", and in reference to the three corpses named Peng (see "Baoshengjing" below), "shīpéng" 尸彭 "corpse Pengs" or "sānpéng" 三彭 "three Pengs". "Sānshīshén" 三尸神 "Lord Three Corpses" is an honorific alternate with "shen" "spirit; god; deity"

title: Corpse Bride

text: Corpse Bride grossed $53,359,111 in North America, and $63,835,950 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $117,195,061.[3]

title: Daksha

text: The story continues with the act of Vishnu pacifying Shiva, who was in deep grief in seeing the half burned corpse of his beloved wife. Vishnu embraced Shiva to pacify him. Shiva unable to part with Sati took her corpse and wandered. Vishnu helped him get rid of this attachment by severing the corpse with his divine discus. The body parts of the corpse of Sati Devi fell in the places Shiva travelled. The places where the body parts Sati Devi's corpse fell came to be known as Shakti Peethas.

title: Corpse paint

text: In the 1980s, Hellhammer and King Diamond of Mercyful Fate (who used corpse paint as early as 1978 in his band Black Rose) were among the early metal groups to use corpse paint. Per "Dead" Ohlin was the first to explicitly associate stylized face paint with an attempt to look like a corpse according to Mayhem drummer Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg. Other groups soon followed suit, including Hellhammer's later incarnation Celtic Frost. Brazilian band Sarcófago also pioneered the look, being dubbed by "Metal Storm" magazine as the first band with "true" corpse paint. However, Necrobutcher insists that his band Mayhem was the first to use corpse paint and credits the band's singer Per "Dead" Ohlin with coining the term. Early corpse paint was meant simply to highlight an individual's features and make them look "dead."

title: Mah Nà Mah Nà

text: A sketch in the final episode of "Jam" in 2000 features a scene where two strangely dressed characters, one carrying a clarinet, sing the song where and when police are trying to find a dead body. When the police find the corpse and are still examining it, the two characters continue to sing the song at the corpse, whilst the clarinet carrier puts the clarinet into the corpse's mouth, who "plays" it out of key.

title: Shava sadhana

text:
In Shakta ritual as described in the "Tantrasara", the corpse is worshipped with flowers and invoked as a form of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and the seat of the Goddess and requested to awaken to please the Goddess.
The corpse is washed and placed on tiger or deer skin or a bed of kusha grass. The hair and feet of the corpse may be tied. The corpse is believed to be a vessel of power while the rite is performed and tying the hair ensures that the energy does not escape. Another interpretation states that the bondage reflects the practitioner's desire to control the spirit of the corpse. Then, the sadhaka will sit on the corpse for meditation. In Shakta narratives, betel nut is put into the corpse's mouth and it is turned on its back and smeared with sandalwood paste. Shakta sandhakas draw a yantra on the back of the corpse and sit on it. The 64 yoginis and the guardians of the directions are worshipped with vegetarian offerings. The corpse-seat is again worshipped and the practitioner mounts the corpse like one sits on a horse. Another tradition says that the practitioner is expected to sit in Virasana ("the heroic pose"). The "Tantrasara" narrates that the practitioner should get off the corpse to draw a triangle or protective circle around him and the corpse or again to scatter mustard or sesame seeds in all directions.

title: Corpse Bride

text: Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer gave the film a negative review, saying "Corpse Bride turns out to be a ponderous mixture of puppetry and animation that is far too technologically complex and laborious for this hopelessly Luddite reviewer."[18] Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "A sweet and visually lovely tale of love lost."[24] Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars, saying "The sweetness, the visual flourishes and inspired pieces of casting carry the Corpse Bride, if not all the way down the primrose path, then at least across the threshold."[25] Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "If Nightmare Before Christmas was a jazzy pop number, Corpse Bride is a waltz--an elegant, deadly funny bit of macabre matrimony."[26] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film two out of five stars, saying "The film does have a fairy-tale aspect, but, like many of its characters, it is more dead and buried than fully alive."[18] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Corpse Bride is an unexpectedly touching celebration of love told in a quirky and inventive style."[27] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying "In the guise of a family film, Burton evokes a darkly erotic obsession that recalls Edgar Allan Poe and Hitchcock's Vertigo. It would be a test for any filmmaker, and Burton aces it."[18]

title: Corpse Bride

text: Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Ghoulishness and innocence walk hand-in-hand in Tim Burton's Corpse Bride, a movie that digs into Hollywood's past to resurrect the antique art of stop-motion animation and create a fabulous bauble of a movie."[18] Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Stop-motion animation may be the hardest and most tedious job in Hollywood, but the makers of Tim Burton's Corpse Bride deserve a couple of years in Tahiti celebrating their effort."[18] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Tim Burton's Corpse Bride is an instant classic."[18] Lisa Rose of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Corpse Bride offers unclassifiable enchantment."[18] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars, saying "As animated films go, this is easily the best of a weak year."[23] Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film four out of four stars, saying "If his The Nightmare Before Christmas from a dozen years back was a treat for the eyes and mind, Tim Burton's Corpse Bride goes double or nothing by being a delight for the ears and also the heart."[18] Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film a B+, saying "Beneath the bone pile of allusions, Corpse Bride is a darkly enchanting fable in its own right."[18]

title: Corpse Bride

text: Corpse Bride was released on DVD and HD DVD on January 16, 2006.[30] It was released on Blu-ray on September 26, 2006.[31] As of February3,2015, the film has sold 2,777,736 DVDs and 40,411 Blu-ray Discs totaling a gross of $53,359,111 and $61,411,543 respectively for a total gross of $114,770,654 in North America.[32]

title: After Sundown (2006 film)

text: After a female corpse in perfect condition is exhumed, two funeral home employees remove a wooden stake from it. The corpse instantly revives and reveals itself as a vampire. Sensing the return of his bride, the vampire who created her, an Old West gunslinger, comes to the town and begins to turn the people into zombies that serve his will.Lionsgate Home Entertainment released "After Sundown" on DVD on July 11, 2006.

title: List of Hack/Slash story arcs

text: In the middle of the woods a pair of campers are frightened away by the Jersey Devil, who in turn is sent home by the Living Corpse. After encountering the fleeing campers Cassie and Vlad go looking for the Jersey Devil, finding it in an abandoned house and dispatching of it with surprising ease, enraging the creature's witch parent Mother Leeds. On the way back to the van Vlad runs into and briefly fights Corpse, but the two are broken up by Cassie (who is acquainted with Corpse). As Cassie and Corpse exchange pleasantries Mother Leeds attacks, wanting revenge for the death of her son (who Corpse states was actually harmless and the only thing keeping the unstable Mother Leeds in check). Producing a never ending stream of ferocious demon "children" Mother Leeds is killed when Vlad stops her spawn from exiting her body by forcibly cramming Corpse up inside her, causing the witch to explode from the pressure.

title: Yanashallash

text: Yanashallash, Yanashalla, or Yanashayash (in the regional Quechua spellings, "yana" black, "salla" large cliff of gravel; bride, girlfriend, lover, "aya" corpse, "black cliff of gravel", "black bride" or "black corpse") is a mountain in the north of the Wallanka mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about ) high.

title: Corpse Bride

text: Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Tim Burton's Corpse Bride is easily the best stop-motion animated necrophiliac musical romantic comedy of all time. It is also just simply, wonderful: a morbid, merry tale of true love that dazzles the eyes and delights the soul."[18] Bill Muller of The Arizona Republic gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Corpse Bride is a delightful mix of strange goings-on and imaginatively crafted puppetry, a wild ride through Burton's chaotic, splendidly original world."[18] Michael Booth of The Denver Post gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Corpse Bride will win your heart, if it doesn't rip it out of your chest first."[28] Terry Lawson of the Detroit Free Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "There's a happy Halloween in store even for children who aren't allowed to trick or treat, and it's courtesy of Tim Burton's animated Corpse Bride."[18] Bruce Westbrook of The Houston Chronicle gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Amazingly fluid and drop-dead gorgeous, Tim Burton's Corpse Bride is the best-looking, stop-motion animation film ever."[29] Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Corpse Bride suffers from the same problem that has plagued Burton's recent live-action films: for all its formidable razzle-dazzle, it doesn't engage the heart."[18] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "This vibrantly imaginative mix of horror and humor puts the f-u-n in funeral."[18]

title: Corpse Bride

text: Corpse Bride premiered on September 7, 2005 at the Venice International Film Festival. The film was released on September 23, 2005 in United States and on October 13, 2005 in the United Kingdom.[9]

title: Vince Welnick

text: Welnick played a small part in the 1981 film "Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains". Fee Waybill of the Tubes played Lou Corpse, the washed-up front man of a band called The Metal Corpses. Welnick played Jerry Jervey, the guitar player (though the reporter calls him the bass player) with the Corpses, who dies of an overdose in a backstage bathroom.

title: Corpse Bride

text: Corpse Bride received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 84% approval rating with an average rating of 7.2/10 based on 189 reviews.[13] The site's consensus reads: "As can be expected from a Tim Burton movie, Corpse Bride is whimsically macabre, visually imaginative, and emotionally bittersweet."[13] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 83 based on 35 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[14] The film was nominated for the 78th Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, but lost to Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit.[15] In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list.[16]

title: Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox (If I Die)

text: The music video for the song begins with two men smuggling a fully dressed male corpse out of a funeral home. They proceed to take it out for a night on the town. The night of fun ends with the now-abandoned corpse (wearing sunglasses and a party hat) propped up next to the jukebox. Diffie (who plays the song at the bar) walks up to the corpse afterwards, thinking it's a living person, and tells him that, since the bar is closing, he needs to leave... adding "you don't have to go home, but you can't stay here". Diffie then claps the corpse on his shoulder and leaves. The corpse begins to sway and collapses next to the jukebox. The video has been described as ""Weekend at Bernie's" goes country" (The second edition of the film had been released during the summer of the song's release.).

title: The Abominable Bride

text: Victorian Holmes awakens, with an awareness of events of the present as a seeming hallucination induced by cocaine. Holmes receives a telegram from Mrs Watson saying she has found Emelia's co-conspirators at a desanctified church. There, Holmes and Watson discover and interrupt a secret group of the Women's Rights Movement (similar to the Suffragette movement in the late 19th century), whose members include Dr. Hooper, Janine Hawkins, and Watson's maidservant. Holmes explains that they used a double to fake Emelia's death, allowing her to kill her husband and create the persona of the avenging ghost bride. Already dying, she was later killed at her request by being shot through the mouth; the duplicate corpse was replaced by her actual corpse, the one Holmes and Watson saw at the morgue, for a positive identification. Since then, the women have used the persona of the bride to murder men who wronged them. Sherlock surmises that Lady Carmichael, being a member of the society, killed her husband. He makes his accusation to the approaching bride, assuming that it is Lady Carmichael. When he lifts the bride's veil, however, he finds that the "bride" is actually Moriarty.


query: Is there a cure for human herpesvirus 6?

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: There are no pharmaceuticals approved specifically for treating HHV-6 infection, although the usage of Cytomegalovirus treatments (valganciclovir, ganciclovir,[88] cidofovir, and foscarnet) have shown some success.[7] These drugs are given with the intent of inhibiting proper DNA polymerization by competing with deoxy triphosphate nucleotides[88] or specifically inactivating viral DNA polymerases.[2]

title: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions

text: During the progression of the DRESS syndrome certain viruses which previously infected an individual and then became latent are reactivated and proliferate. Viruses known to do so include certain members of the Herpesviridae family of Herpes viruses viz., Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, and cytomegalovirus. Individuals suffering the DRESS syndrome may exhibit sequential reactivation of these four virus, typically in the order just given. Reactivation of these viruses is associated with sequential flare-ups in symptoms, a prolonged course, and increased disease severity which includes significant organ involvement and the development of certain autoimmune diseases viz., systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. While these viral reactivations, particularly of human herpes virus 6, have been suggested to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the DRESS syndrome, studies to date have not clearly determined if they are a cause or merely a consequence of T cell-mediated tissue injury. Rare case reports have associated the SJS/TEN spectrum of SCARs with reactivation of human herpesvirus 6; reactivation of cytomegalovirus has also been proposed to be associated with AGEP although a large study failed to observe the latter association. In all cases, the relationships of viral reactivation to the development and severity of any SCARs disorder is uncertain and requires further study.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is the common collective name for human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). These closely related viruses are two of the nine herpesviruses known to have humans as their primary host.[1]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: A variety of tests are used in the detection HHV-6, some of which do not differentiate the two species.[7]

title: Human herpesvirus 7

text: Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is one of nine known members of the Herpesviridae family that infects humans. HHV-7 is a member of Betaherpesviridae, a subfamily of the Herpesviridae that also includes HHV-6 and "cytomegalovirus" (HHV-5 or HCMV). HHV-7 often acts together with HHV-6, and the viruses together are sometimes referred to by their genus, "Roseolovirus". HHV-7 was first isolated in 1990 from CD4+ T cells taken from peripheral blood lymphocytes.

title: Herpesviridae

text: Family: Herpesviridae Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae Genus: Iltovirus Gallid herpesvirus 1 Psittacid herpesvirus 1 Genus: Mardivirus Anatid herpesvirus 1 Columbid herpesvirus 1 Gallid herpesvirus 2 Gallid herpesvirus 3 Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 Genus: Scutavirus Chelonid herpesvirus 5 Genus: Simplexvirus Ateline herpesvirus 1 Bovine herpesvirus 2 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 Human herpesvirus 1 Human herpesvirus 2 Leporid herpesvirus 4 Macacine herpesvirus 1 Macropodid herpesvirus 1 Macropodid herpesvirus 2 Papiine herpesvirus 2 Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 Genus: Unassigned Chelonid herpesvirus 6 Genus: Varicellovirus Bovine herpesvirus 1 Bovine herpesvirus 5 Bubaline herpesvirus 1 Canid herpesvirus 1 Caprine herpesvirus 1 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 Cervid herpesvirus 1 Cervid herpesvirus 2 Equid herpesvirus 1 Equid herpesvirus 3 Equid herpesvirus 4 Equid herpesvirus 8 Equid herpesvirus 9 Felid herpesvirus 1 Human herpesvirus 3 Phocid herpesvirus 1 Suid herpesvirus 1 Sub-Family: Betaherpesvirinae Genus: Cytomegalovirus Aotine herpesvirus 1 Cebine herpesvirus 1 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 Human herpesvirus 5 Macacine herpesvirus 3 Panine herpesvirus 2 Papiine herpesvirus 3 Saimiriine herpesvirus 4 Genus: Muromegalovirus Murid herpesvirus 1 Murid herpesvirus 2 Murid herpesvirus 8 Genus: Proboscivirus Elephantid herpesvirus 1 Genus: Roseolovirus Human herpesvirus 7 Human herpesvirus 6A Human herpesvirus 6B Genus: Unassigned Caviid herpesvirus 2 Suid herpesvirus 2 Tupaiid herpesvirus 1 Sub-Family: Gammaherpesvirinae Genus: Lymphocryptovirus Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 14 Gorilline herpesvirus 1 Human herpesvirus 4 Macacine herpesvirus 4 Panine herpesvirus 1 Papiine herpesvirus 1 Pongine herpesvirus 2 Genus: Macavirus Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 Bovine herpesvirus 6 Caprine herpesvirus 2 Hippotragine herpesvirus 1 Ovine herpesvirus 2 Suid herpesvirus 3 Suid herpesvirus 4 Suid herpesvirus 5 Genus: Percavirus Equid herpesvirus 2 Equid herpesvirus 5 Mustelid herpesvirus 1 Genus: Rhadinovirus Ateline herpesvirus 2 Ateline herpesvirus 3 Bovine herpesvirus 4 Cricetid herpesvirus 2 Human herpesvirus 8 Macacine herpesvirus 5 Murid herpesvirus 4 Murid herpesvirus 7 Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 Genus: Unassigned Equid herpesvirus 7 Phocid herpesvirus 2 Saguinine herpesvirus 1

title: Herpesviridae

text: Nine herpesvirus types are known to infect humans: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, also known as HHV1 and HHV2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV, which may also be called by its ICTV name, HHV-3), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5), human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8).[10] In total, more than 130 herpesviruses are known,[11] some of them from mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mollusks.[10]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: The role of HHV-6 during pregnancy leading to inflammation in the amniotic cavity has been studied.[77]

title: Eosinophilic myocarditis

text: The DRESS syndrome is a severe immunological drug reaction. It differs from other drug reactions in that it: a) is caused by a particular set of drugs; b) typically occurs after a delay of 2 to 8 weeks following intake of an offending drug; c) presents with a specific set of signs and symptoms (i.e. modest or extreme elevations in blood eosinophil and atypical lymphocyte counts; acute onset of a skin rash; lymphadenopathy; fever; neuralgia; and involvement of at least one internal organ such as the liver, lung, or heart; d) develops in individuals with particular genetic predispositions; and e) involves reactivation of latent viruses, most commonly human herpesvirus 6 or more rarely human herpes virus 5 (i.e. human cytomegalovirus), human herpesvirus 7, and human herpesvirus 4 (i.e. Epstein–Barr virus). These virus usually become dormant after infecting humans but under special circumstances, such as drug intake, are reactivated and may contribute to serious diseases such as the DRESS syndrome.

title: Cyclin D

text:
In viruses, like Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 ("Herpesvirus saimiri") and Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) cyclin D homologues have acquired new functions in order to manipulate the host cell’s metabolism to the viruses’ benefit.
Viral cyclin D binds human Cdk6 and inhibits Rb by phosphorylating it, resulting in free transcription factors which result in protein transcription that promotes passage through G1 phase of the cell cycle. Other than Rb, viral cyclin D-Cdk6 complex also targets p27, a Cdk inhibitor of cyclin E and A.
In addition, viral cyclin D-Cdk6 is resistant to Cdk inhibitors, such as p21 and p16 which in human cells inhibits Cdk4 by preventing it from forming an active complex with cyclin D.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Primary infection in adults tend to be more severe.[13]

title: Homologous recombination

text: Homologous recombination is the proposed mechanism whereby the DNA virus "human herpesvirus-6" integrates into human telomeres.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Several similar studies followed. A study from October 2014 supported the role of long-term HHV-6 infection with demyelination in progressive neurological diseases.[62]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Multiple sclerosis– direct cell damage and altered cytokines

title: Roseola

text: Roseola is caused by two human herpesviruses, "human herpesvirus 6" (HHV-6) and "human herpesvirus 7" (HHV-7), which are sometimes referred to collectively as Roseolovirus. There are two variants of HHV-6 (HHV-6a and HHV-6b) and studies in the US, Europe, Dubai and Japan have shown that exanthema subitum is caused by HHV-6b. This form of HHV-6 infects over 90% of infants by age 2.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Finding a treatment can be difficult when HHV-6 reactivation occurs following transplant surgery because transplant medications include immunosuppressants.[89]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: HHV-6 has also been demonstrated to transactivate Epstein–Barr virus.[31]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Examination of a series of tonsils with Western blotting gave a 100% detection rate for HHV-6.[45]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: When an extracellular HHV-6 virion comes across human cells, it encounters the human receptor protein cluster of differentiation 46 (CD46), which plays a role in regulating the complement system. The CD46 protein possesses a single variable region, as a result of alternative splicing. As such, at least fourteen isoforms of CD46 exist, all of which bind HHV-6a.[28]

title: Betaherpesvirinae

text: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, HHV-5) "seems to have a large impact on immune parameters in later life and may contribute to increased morbidity and eventual mortality." Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) has been described as more neurovirulent, and as such is more frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Both human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), as well as other viruses, can cause a skin condition in infants known as exanthema subitum, roseola infantum (rose rash of infants) or the sixth disease.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: The salivary glands have been described as an in vivo reservoir for HHV-6 infection.[23]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Researchers[30] have shown that T cells are highly infectable by HHV-6.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: HHV-6 reactivation has also been implicated in the exacerbation of MS via a shift in Th lymphocyte subsets.[64]

title: Murid herpesvirus 4

text: Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV 4) is a virus in the genus Rhadinovirus. It is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae in the family Herpesviridae. MuHV 4 infects mice via the nasal passages and causes an acute infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome with elevated levels of leukocytes, and shifts in the relative proportion of lymphocytes along with the appearance of atypical mononuclear cells. Murid herpesvirus 4 currently serves as a model for study of human gamma-herpesvirus pathogenesis.

title: Herpesviridae

text: Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Genus Simplexvirus Ateline herpesvirus 1, spider monkey herpesvirus. Bovine herpesvirus 2 causes bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, also known as Herpes B virus, causes a herpes simplex-like disease in macaques, usually fatal if symptomatic and untreated in humans. Fruit bat alphaherpesvirus 1 Leporid herpesvirus 4 Macacine herpesvirus 1 Macropodid herpesvirus 2 Papiine herpesvirus 2 Genus Varicellovirus Bovine herpesvirus 1 causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortion in cattle. Bovine herpesvirus 5 causes encephalitis in cattle. Bubaline herpesvirus 1 Caprine herpesvirus 1 causes conjunctivitis and respiratory disease in goats. Canine herpesvirus 1 causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in puppies. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 Cervid herpesvirus 1 Cervid herpesvirus 2 Elk herpesvirus 1 Equine herpesvirus 1 causes respiratory disease, neurological disease/paralysis, and spontaneous abortion in horses. Equine herpesvirus 3 causes coital exanthema in horses. Equine herpesvirus 4 causes rhinopneumonitis in horses. Equine herpesvirus 8 Equine herpesvirus 9 Feline herpesvirus 1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitis and keratitis in cats. Suid herpesvirus 1 causes Aujeszky's disease, also called pseudorabies. Genus Mardivirus Anatid herpesvirus 1 Columbiform herpesvirus 1 Gallid herpesvirus 2 causes Marek's disease. Gallid herpesvirus 3 (GaHV-3 or MDV-2) Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (HVT) Peacock herpesvirus 1 Genus Iltovirus Gallid herpesvirus 1 causes infectious laryngotracheitis in birds. Psittacid herpesvirus 1 causes Pacheco's disease in birds.

title: Herpesviridae

text: Caretta caretta herpesvirus Chelonid herpesvirus 1 Chelonid herpesvirus 2 Chelonid herpesvirus 3 Chelonid herpesvirus 4 Chelonia mydas herpesvirus Coober herpesvirus Emydid herpesvirus 1 Emydid herpesvirus 2 Fibropapilloma associated herpes virus Gerrhosaurid herpesvirus 1 Gerrhosaurid herpesvirus 2 Gerrhosaurid herpesvirus 3 Glyptemis herpesvirus 1 Glyptemys herpesvirus 2 Iguanid herpesvirus 1 Iguanid herpesvirus 2 Loggerhead orocutaneous herpesvirus Lung-eye-trachea associated herpesvirus Pelomedusid herpesvirus 1 Red eared slider herpes virus Terrapene herpesvirus 1 Terrapene herpesvirus 2 Testudinid herpesvirus 1 Testudinid herpesvirus 2 Testudinid herpesvirus 3 Testudinid herpesvirus 4 Varanid herpesvirus 1 Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Genus Proboscivirus Porcine herpesvirus 2 causes inclusion body rhinitis in swine. Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Phascolarctid gammaherpesvirus 1 Vombatid gammaherpesvirus 1 Genus Macavirus Genus Percavirus Genus Rhadinovirus Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 causes an antelope and hartebeest version of MCF Ateline herpesvirus 2 Bovine herpesvirus 4 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 17 Equine herpesvirus 2 causes equine cytomegalovirus infection. Equine herpesvirus 5[29] Equine herpesvirus 7 Japanese macaque rhadinovirus[30] Leporid herpesvirus 1 Murid herpesvirus 4 Also known as Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68)

title: Cytomegalovirus

text: Several species of "Cytomegalovirus" have been identified and classified for different mammals. The most studied is "Human cytomegalovirus" (HCMV), which is also known as "Human herpesvirus 5" (HHV-5). Other primate CMV species include "Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus" (CCMV) that infects chimpanzees and orangutans, and "Simian cytomegalovirus" (SCCMV) and "Rhesus cytomegalovirus" (RhCMV) that infect macaques; CCMV is known as both "Panine herpesvirus 2" (PaHV-2) and "Pongine herpesvirus-4" (PoHV-4). SCCMV is called "Cercopithecine herpesvirus-5" (CeHV-5) and RhCMV, "Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8" (CeHV-8). A further two viruses found in the night monkey are tentatively placed in the genus "Cytomegalovirus", and are called "Herpesvirus aotus 1" and "Herpesvirus aotus 3". Rodents also have viruses previously called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus "Muromegalovirus"; this genus contains "Mouse cytomegalovirus" (MCMV) is also known as "Murid herpesvirus 1" (MuHV-1) and the closely related "Murid herpesvirus 2" (MuHV-2) that is found in rats.

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: These were believed to have occurred as a result of a reactivation, as anti-HHV-6 IgM antibody levels were low.[83]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: Human herpesvirus 6 lives primarily on humans and, while variants of the virus can cause mild to fatal illnesses, can live commensally on its host.[13] It has been demonstrated that HHV-6 fosters the progression of HIV-1 upon coinfection in T cells.[37] HHV-6 upregulates the expression of the primary HIV receptor CD4, thus expanding the range of HIV susceptible cells. Several studies also have shown that HHV-6 infection increases production of inflammatory cytokines that enhance in vitro expression of HIV-1, such as TNF-alpha,[38] IL-1 beta, and IL-8.[39] A more recent in vivo study shows HHV-6A coinfection to dramatically accelerate the progression from HIV to AIDS in pigtailed macaques.[40]

title: Human herpesvirus 6

text: However, one group of researchers ultimately concluded that HHV-6 may not be involved in MTLE related to Mesial Temporal Sclerosis.[86]

title: CD46

text: The encoded protein can act as a receptor for the Edmonston strain of measles virus, "human herpesvirus-6" (HHV-6), and type IV pili of pathogenic "Neisseria".