query: How big of a percentage of wages go towards Social Security?

title: Social Security Wage Base

text: In 2018, the Social Security Wage Base was $128,400 and the Social Security tax rate was 6.20% paid by the employee and 6.20% paid by the employer.[1] A person with $10,000 of gross income had $620.00 withheld as Social Security tax from his check and the employer sent an additional $620.00. A person with $130,000 of gross income in 2017 incurred Social Security tax of $7,886.40 (resulting in an effective rate of approximately 6.07% - the rate was lower because the income was more than the 2017 "wage base", see below), with $7,886.40 paid by the employer. A person who earned a million dollars in wages paid the same $7,886.40 in Social Security tax (resulting in an effective rate of approximately 0.79%), with equivalent employer matching. In the cases of the $130k and $1m earners, each paid the same amount into the social security system, and both will take the same out of the social security system.

title: Social Security (United States)

text: The provisions of Social Security have been changing since the 1930s, shifting in response to economic worries as well as coverage for the poor, dependent children, spouses, survivors and the disabled. By 1950, debates moved away from which occupational groups should be included to get enough taxpayers to fund Social Security to how to provide more benefits. Changes in Social Security have reflected a balance between promoting "equality" and efforts to provide "adequate" and affordable protection for low wage workers.

title: Social Security debate in the United States

text: Critics of the system, such as Nobel Laureate economist Milton Friedman, have said that Social Security redistributes wealth from the poor to the wealthy. Workers must pay 12.4%, including a 6.2% employer contribution, on their wages below the Social Security Wage Base ($102,000 in 2008), but no tax on income in excess of this amount. Therefore, high earners pay a lower percentage of their total income, resulting in a regressive tax. The benefit paid to each worker is also calculated using the wage base on which the tax was paid. Changing the system to tax all earnings without increasing the benefit wage base would result in the system being a progressive tax.

title: Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax

text: Some, including Third Way, argue that since Social Security taxes are eventually returned to taxpayers, with interest, in the form of Social Security benefits, the regressiveness of the tax is effectively negated. That is, the taxpayer gets back what he or she put into the Social Security system. Others, including "The Economist" and the Congressional Budget Office, point out that the Social Security system as a whole is progressive in the lower income brackets. Individuals with lower lifetime average wages receive a larger benefit (as both a percentage of their lifetime average wage income and a percentage of Social Security taxes paid) than do individuals with higher lifetime average wages; but for some lower earners, shorter lifetimes may negate the benefits.

title: Social Security (United States)

text:
Workers must pay 12.4 percent, including a 6.2 percent employer contribution, on their wages below the Social Security Wage Base ($110,100 in 2012), but no tax on income in excess of this amount. Therefore, high earners pay a lower percentage of their total income because of the income caps; because of this, and the fact there is no tax on unearned income, social security taxes are often viewed as being regressive. However, benefits are adjusted to be significantly more progressive, even when accounting for differences in life expectancy. According to the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, for people in the bottom fifth of the earnings distribution, the ratio of benefits to taxes is almost three times as high as it is for those in the top fifth.
Despite its regressive tax rate, Social Security benefits are calculated using a progressive benefit formula that replaces a much higher percentage of low-income workers' pre-retirement income than that of higher-income workers (although these low-income workers pay a higher percentage of their pre-retirement income). Supporters of the current system also point to numerous studies that show that, relative to high-income workers, Social Security disability and survivor benefits paid on behalf of low-income workers more than offset any retirement benefits that may be lost because of shorter life expectancy (this offset would only apply at a population level). Other research asserts that survivor benefits, allegedly an offset, actually exacerbate the problem because survivor benefits are denied to single individuals, including widow(er)s married fewer than nine months (except in certain situations), divorced widow(er)s married fewer than 10 years, and co-habiting or same-sex couples, unless they are legally married in their state of residence. Unmarried individuals and minorities tend to be less wealthy.

title: Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax

text: The employer is also liable for 6.2% Social Security and 1.45% Medicare taxes, making the total Social Security tax 12.4% of wages and the total Medicare tax 2.9%. (Self-employed people are responsible for the entire FICA percentage of 15.3% (= 12.4% + 2.9%), since they are in a sense both the employer and the employed; see the section on self-employed people for more details.)

title: Social Security Wage Base

text: When an employee works for several different companies during a tax year, his or her Social Security deductions could exceed the cap, because each employer may not know how much the employee has already paid in Social Security tax in other jobs. The Social Security tax coverage will be calculated on his or her personal return, and any excess is applied towards his or her Federal taxes. For example, in 2017 an employee works two jobs (either concurrently or consecutively) paying $70,000 each. Since each employer calculates the social security taxes independently, each employer will withhold 6.2% of the $70,000 employee’s salary, or $4,340, for a grand total of $8,680 -- which exceeds the cap of $7,886.40 by $739.60. The over-payment would be entered on the applicable line of Form 1040 and, assuming the employee did not owe any other Federal taxes, would be refunded to the employee. The employers who each paid $4,340 will not get a refund, since they are not aware that the employee overpaid in aggregate for the year. The government keeps the $818.40 overage. Even if the employers become aware of the overpayment, there is no method to claim the overpayment.

title: Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax

text: The Social Security component of the FICA tax is regressive. That is, the effective tax rate regresses, or decreases, as income increases beyond the compensation limit or wage base limit amount. The Social Security component is a flat tax for wage levels under the Social Security Wage Base (see "Regular" employees above). Because no tax is owed on wages above the wage base limit amount, the total tax rate declines as wages increase beyond that limit. In other words, for wage levels above the limit, the absolute dollar amount of tax owed remains constant.

text: According to a July 2015 Gallup poll, many Americans doubt they will get Social Security benefits, although the level of doubt is similar to readings going back to 1989. Over 50% of Americans "say they doubt the system will be able to pay them a benefit when they retire." The percentage has fluctuated since its initial reading at 47% in 1989 and peaked as high as 60% in 2010. The percentage is 30% for those aged 50–64, but is above 60% for those 18-49. This view runs contrary to the Social Security Trustees Reports, which indicate that since payroll taxes are dedicated to the program by law, even without reform Social Security will pay about 75% of promised benefits after the Trust Fund is exhausted in the early 2030s.

title: Progressivity in United States income tax

text: Discussions of income tax progressivity often do not factor the payroll taxes (FICA - social security and medicare taxes), which have a "ceiling". This is because these insurance benefits are directly determined by individual contributions over that individual's lifetime. Thus, since payroll taxes serve as direct individual premiums for direct individual benefits, most do not include these taxes in the calculation of the progressive nature of federal taxes, just as they do not include similar private automobile, homeowners, and life insurance policy premiums. Another factor is that the social benefits themselves are paid in a progressive nature; individuals with lower lifetime average wages receive a larger benefit (as a percentage of their lifetime average wage income) than do individuals with higher lifetime average wages. However, if one were to expand the tax distribution example to include social security insurance taxes:

title: Payroll tax

text: Payroll taxes are taxes imposed on employers or employees, and are usually calculated as a percentage of the salaries that employers pay their staff. Payroll taxes generally fall into two categories: deductions from an employee’s wages, and taxes paid by the employer based on the employee's wages. The first kind are taxes that employers are required to withhold from employees' wages, also known as withholding tax, pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE), or pay-as-you-go tax (PAYG) and often covering advance payment of income tax, social security contributions, and various insurances (e.g., unemployment and disability). The second kind is a tax that is paid from the employer's own funds and that is directly related to employing a worker. These can consist of fixed charges or be proportionally linked to an employee's pay. The charges paid by the employer usually cover the employer's funding of the social security system, medicare, and other insurance programs. The economic burden of the payroll tax falls almost entirely on the worker, regardless of whether the tax is remitted by the employer or the employee, as the employers’ share of payroll taxes is passed on to employees in the form of lower wages than would otherwise be paid. Because payroll taxes fall exclusively on wages and not on returns to financial or physical investments, payroll taxes may contribute to underinvestment in human capital such as higher education.

title: United States Consumer Price Index

text: In January of each year, Social Security recipients receive a cost of living adjustment (COLA) "to ensure that the purchasing power of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits is not eroded by inflation. It is based on the percentage increase in the consumer price index for urban wage earners and clerical workers (CPI-W)".

title: Healthcare in Belgium

text:
Workers are paid a daily or monthly wage their gross salary. From that gross salary, their employer has to deduct a certain amount (approx 13%) for social security and another (approx 20%) for taxes. The employer has to pay these amounts directly to the Social Security Services and the Inland Revenue Service (employers make these payments for the employee and deduct these payments from his wage). On top of the gross salary, the employer has to pay an employer's contribution for social security of approx 15%-22% to the Social Security Services. Failing to make these payments regularly and on-time is closely monitored and often causes failing businesses to be taken to court for failing to comply with their social security and fiscal obligations towards their workers. This reduces the risk for workers when they remain unpaid or when their contributions are not paid for them.
The Self-employed have a system in which they have to declare their earnings and based on their earnings a contribution is calculated which is roughly 20%-22%, but they are not covered like workers. People can opt into the system through this self-employed scheme.
The government forms its tax earnings finances in part the social security system. This is a wealth re-distribution mechanism, because the contributions are incremental, this means that the more someone earns the more this person will contribute. Moreover, for health services, the compulsory health insurance and the refund system is the same for everybody (corrected for the lowest incomes) : i.e. for a consultation at the GP everybody pays the same and gets the same refund (irrespective of their income).

title: Social Security (United States)

text: To calculate the total benefits a retiree is eligible for, the average indexed monthly salary (AIME) is then divided into three separate salary brackets—each multiplied by a different benefit percentage. The benefits receivable (the so-called Primary Insurance Amount, PIA) are the sum of the salary in each bracket times the benefit percentages that apply to each bracket. The benefit percentages are set by Congress and so can easily change in the future. The "bendpoints", where the brackets change, are adjusted for inflation each year by Social Security. For example, in 2013 the first bracket runs from $1 to $791/month and is multiplied by the benefit percentage of 90%, the second salary bracket extends from $791 to $4,781/month is multiplied by 32%, the third salary bracket of more than $4,781/month is multiplied by 15%. Any higher incomes than the ceiling income are not FICA covered and are not considered in the benefits calculation or in determining the average indexed monthly salary, AIME. At full retirement age the projected retirement income amount (PIA) is the sum of these three brackets of income multiplied by the appropriate benefit percentages—90%, 32% and 15%. Unlike income tax brackets, the Social Security benefits are heavily biased towards lower salaried workers. Social Security has always been primarily a retirement, disability and spousal insurance policy for low wage workers and a very poor retirement plan for higher salaried workers who hopefully have a supplemental retirement plan unless they want to live on significantly less after retirement than they used to earn.

title: Tax withholding in the United States

text: Social Security tax is withheld from wages at a flat rate of 6.2% (4.2% for 2011 and 2012). Wages paid above a fixed amount each year by any one employee are not subject to Social Security tax. For 2015, this wage maximum is $118,500. Medicare tax of 1.45% is withheld from wages, with no maximum. Employers are required to pay an additional equal amount of Medicare taxes, and a 6.2% rate of Social Security taxes.

title: Social Security Wage Base

text: As part of the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2008 enacted on December 17, 2010, the employee Social Security tax rate is reduced from 6.2% to 4.2% for wages paid during the year 2011 and 2012. The employer Social Security tax rate and the Social Security Wage Base were not directly impacted by this act, though they did change; only the employee's tax rate changes. This is reflected in the above table, showing the reduction from $6,621.60 to $4,485.60.

title: History of Social Security in the United States

text: After the 1977 amendments, the economic assumptions surrounding Social Security projections continued to be overly optimistic as the program moved toward a crisis. For example, COLAs were attached to increases in the CPI. This meant that they changed with prices, instead of wages. Before the 1970s, wage measurements exceeded changes in price. In the 1970s, however, this reversed and real wages decreased. This meant that FICA revenues could not keep up with the increasing benefits that were being given out. Continued high unemployment levels also lowered the amount of Social Security tax that could be collected. These two developments were decreasing the Social Security Trust Fund reserves. In 1982, projections indicated that the Social Security Trust Fund would run out of money by 1983, and there was talk of the system being unable to pay benefits.

title: Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States

text: The Social Security Administration has stated that it believes unauthorized work by non-citizens is a major cause of wage items being posted as erroneous wage reports instead of on an individual's earnings record. When Social Security numbers are already in use; names do not match the numbers or the numbers are fake, or the person of record is too old, young, dead etc., the earnings reported to the Social Security Agency are put in an Earnings Suspense file. The Social Security spends about $100 million a year and corrects all but about 2% of these. From tax years 1937 through 2003 the ESF had accumulated about 255 million mismatched wage reports, representing $520 billion in wages and about $75 billion in employment taxes paid into the over $1.5 trillion in the Social Security Trust funds. As of October 2005, approximately 8.8 million wage reports, representing $57.8 billion in wages remained unresolved in the suspense file for tax year 2003.

text: When an individual's Social Security benefit is calculated, income in excess of each year's Social Security Tax wage base amount is disregarded for purposes of the calculation of future benefits. Although some lower income individuals pay a proportionately higher share of payroll taxes than do higher income individuals in terms of the "effective tax rate", the lower income individuals also receive a proportionately higher share of Social Security benefits than do some higher income individuals, since the lower income individuals will receive a much higher income replacement percentage in retirement than higher income individuals affected by the Social Security tax wage base cap.

title: Payroll tax

text: In Brazil employers are required to withhold 11% of the employee's wages for Social Security and a certain percentage as Income Tax (according to the applicable tax bracket). The employer is required to contribute an additional 20% of the total payroll value to the Social Security system. Depending on the company's main activity, the employer must also contribute to federally funded insurance and educational programs.

title: Social Security (United States)

text: In the book "How Social Security Picks Your Pocket" other factors affecting Social Security net benefits are identified: Generally, people who work for more than 35 years get a lower net benefit – all other factors being equal. People who do not live long after retirement age get a much lower net benefit. Finally, people who derive a high percentage of income from non-wage sources get high Social Security net benefits because they appear to be poor, when they are not. The progressive benefit formula for Social Security is blind to the income a worker may have from non-wage sources, such as spousal support, dividends and interest, or rental income.

title: Ghosting (identity theft)

text: In the United States, it was formerly the case that citizens were not issued a Social Security number until their first paid employment. Thus, in the year 1975, a man ghoster aged 25 would acquire the birth certificate of a boy who was born circa 1950 (the same age as the ghoster) but who had died at age 15 or younger. An individual who died before adulthood would not be likely to possess a Social Security number; therefore, a ghoster claiming to be this person and applying for a first-time Social Security number at age 25 would not arouse suspicion if he could explain why he waited until age 25 to begin working for wages. But a ghoster who attempted this scheme in the year 2000 (or later) would arouse great suspicion because parents are now required to acquire a Social Security number for their offspring before the next annual income tax return is filed, and government computers can instantly retrieve any individual's entire history of employment and income-tax records. A ghoster who applies to a Social Security office for a replacement of a Social Security card issued to someone who died ten years earlier (who claims to be that individual, still living) will immediately be asked why he has not reported any wages for the past ten years and will be challenged to explain how he has supported himself for ten years without wages. There will also be a gap in the tax records, requiring the ghoster to explain why he hasn't filed tax returns for the intervening years.

title: Social Security Wage Base

text: For the Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI) tax or Social Security tax in the United States, the Social Security Wage Base (SSWB) is the maximum earned gross income or upper threshold on which a wage earner's Social Security tax may be imposed. The Social Security tax is one component of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) and Self-employment tax, the other component being the Medicare tax. It is also the maximum amount of covered wages that are taken into account when average earnings are calculated in order to determine a worker's Social Security benefit.

title: Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax

text: Since 1990, the employee's share of the Social Security portion of the FICA tax has been 6.2% of gross compensation up to a limit that adjusts with inflation. The taxation limit in 2017 was $127,200 of gross compensation, resulting in a maximum Social Security tax for 2017 of $7,886.40. This limit, known as the Social Security Wage Base, goes up each year based on average national wages and, in general, at a faster rate than the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The employee's share of the Medicare portion of the tax is 1.45% of wages, with no limit on the amount of wages subject to the Medicare portion of the tax. Because some payroll compensation may be subject to federal and state income tax withholding in addition to Social Security tax withholding and Medicare tax withholding, the Social Security and Medicare taxes often account for only a portion of the total an employee pays.

title: Wade Dokken

text: Wade Dokken is the author of "New Century, New Deal: How to Turn Your Wages into Wealth through Social Security Choice". The book criticizes the Social Security system for being unsustainable and suggests individuals invest in private accounts such as annuities, stocks, and bonds.

title: Taxation in the United States

text:
Federal social insurance taxes are imposed equally on employers and employees, consisting of a tax of 6.2% of wages up to an annual wage maximum ($118,500 in 2015) for Social Security plus a tax of 1.45% of total wages for Medicare. For 2011, the employee's contribution was reduced to 4.2%, while the employer's portion remained at 6.2%. To the extent an employee's portion of the 6.2% tax exceeds the maximum by reason of multiple employers (each of whom will collect up to the annual wage maximum), the employee is entitled to a refundable tax credit upon filing an income tax return for the year.
Employers are subject to unemployment taxes by the federal and all state governments. The tax is a percentage of taxable wages with a cap. The tax rate and cap vary by jurisdiction and by employer's industry and experience rating. For 2009, the typical maximum tax per employee was under $1,000. Some states also impose unemployment, disability insurance, or similar taxes on employees.

title: Social Security (United States)

text: To calculate a person's Average Indexed Monthly salary (AIME) earnings, the records of their covered salaries may be obtained from the Social Security Administration by applying for them and paying a fee ranging from $15.00 for one year's covered wages to $80.00 for 40 years of wages. The adjusted wage indexes are available at Social Security's "Benefit Calculation Examples For Workers Retiring In 2013".

title: Social Security (United States)

text: The "Federal Insurance Contributions Act" (FICA) (codified in the Internal Revenue Code) imposes a Social Security withholding tax equal to 6.20% of the gross wage amount, up to but not exceeding the "Social Security Wage Base" ($97,500 for 2007; $102,000 for 2008; and $106,800 for 2009, 2010, and 2011). The same 6.20% tax is imposed on employers. For 2011 and 2012, the employee's contribution was reduced to 4.2%, while the employer's portion remained at 6.2%. In 2012, the wage base increased to $110,100. In 2013, the wage base increased to $113,700. For each calendar year for which the worker is assessed the FICA contribution, the SSA credits those wages as that year's covered wages. The income cutoff is adjusted yearly for inflation and other factors.

title: Social Security Trust Fund

text: However, even right-leaning politicians have been inconsistent with the language they use when referencing Social Security. For example, Bush has referred to the system going "broke" in 2042. That date arises from the anticipated depletion of the Trust Fund, so Bush's language "seem[s] to suggest that there's "something" there that goes away in 2042." Specifically, in 2042 and for many decades thereafter, the Social Security system can continue to pay benefits, but benefit payments will be constrained by the revenue base from the 12.4% FICA (Social Security payroll) tax on wages. According to the Social Security trustees, continuing payroll tax revenues at the rate of 12.4% will enable Social Security to pay about 74% of promised benefits during the 2040s, with this ratio falling to about 70% by the end of the forecast period in 2080.

title: Social VAT

text: Several countries have switched social security funding from payroll taxation or social security contributions on salaries and wages towards consumption taxation funding.


query: What was the first language spoken in the Bible?

title: Biblical languages

text: The Hebrew Bible, also known as the Tanakh (Hebrew: תנ"ך), consists of 39 books. "Hebrew" in "Hebrew Bible" may refer to either the Hebrew language or to the Hebrew people who historically used Hebrew as a spoken language, and have continuously used the language in prayer and study, or both. The texts were mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Biblical Aramaic. Biblical Hebrew, sometimes called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language.

title: Bible translations into the languages of China

text: The Bible has been translated into many of the languages of China besides Chinese. These include major minority languages with their own literary history, including Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Russian and Uyghur. The other languages of China are mainly tribal languages, mainly spoken in Yunnan in Southwest China.

title: Bible translations into Romani

text: The first Gospel to be translated into a Romani language was the Gospel of Luke into the Caló language, spoken in Spain and Portugal. It was translated by George Borrow. This was printed by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1837 and a revision was printed in 1872.

title: Bible translations into Berber languages

text: The history of Bible translation into the Berber language is fairly recent. The six major Berber language/dialects are spoken by 90% of the total Berber-speaking population: Tashelhit Berber, Kabyle Berber, Central Atlas Tamazight, Riffian Berber, Shawiya Berber, and Tuareg Berber.

title: Micah 1

text: Micah 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Micah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Micah, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: Malachi 1

text: Malachi 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Malachi in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Malachi, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: Bible translations into Uto-Aztecan languages

text: The Bible is being translated into the Pipil or Nawat language, spoken by a minority in El Salvador. This translation is being done by Alan R. King, a linguist with "Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat". The Bible is being translated from the original languages. The New Testament is complete, and work is ongoing on the Old Testament.The New Testament in the O'odham language (Uto-Aztecan family) of the O'odham of the Sonoran Desert of southeastern Arizona and northwest Mexico was translated by Dean and Lucille Saxton of Wycliffe Bible Translators. It was published by The World Home Bible League and The Canadian Home Bible League in 1975. Work is being done on the Old Testament.

title: Languages of Ethiopia

text: There are 88 individual languages of Ethiopia according to Ethnologue, with the 1994 Ethiopian census indicating that some 77 tongues were spoken locally. Most of these languages belong to the Afroasiatic family (Semitic and Cushitic languages; Omotic languages are also spoken, though their classification is uncertain). Additionally, Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by what the government calls the "Nilotic" people, though scholars distinguish Nilotic from the Surmic languages, Gumuz languages, and Koman languages and spoken in Ethiopia.

title: Haggai 1

text: Haggai 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Haggai in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Haggai, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: Twi

text: Twi (; also known as Akan Kasa) is a dialect of the Akan language spoken in southern and central Ghana by several million people, mainly of the Akan tribe, the biggest of the about 17 major tribes in Ghana and forms some 70% of the Ghanaian population as a first and second language. Twi is a common name for two former literary dialects of the Akan language; Asante (Ashanti) and Akuapem, which are mutually intelligible. There are about 9 million Twi speakers, mainly originating from the Ashanti Region and about a total of 17–18 million Ghanaians as either first or second languages. Akuapem Twi was the first Akan dialect to be used for Bible translation, and became the prestige dialect as a result. It is also spoken by the Southeastern people of Cote D'Ivoire.

title: Bible translations into the languages of Northeast India

text: The List below gives the date-wise listing of the translations of the full Holy Bible into the major spoken languages in the states of North East India.

title: Bible translations into the languages of Africa

text:
The first translation of parts of the Bible into Swahili was accomplished by 1868, with a complete New Testament translation following in 1879 and a translation of the whole Bible in 1890. Since that time, there have been several translations into different dialects of Swahili as spoken in different regions of East Africa; these include the "Union Translation" published by the Bible Society of Tanzania in 1950 and the "Swahili Common Language" version.
Henry Hare Dugmore, a Methodist, translated into Xhosa language. Tiyo Soga (1829–1871) was ordained the first African Presbyterian minister in 1856 and also translated.
"Ndandililo ni Kutyoka" is a translation of the books of Genesis and Exodus from the Old Testament into the Yao language published by The Bible Society of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi 2004.

title: Bible translations into the languages of Russia

text: Shor is a Turkic language spoken by about 10,000 people in the Kemerovo Province in south-central Siberia. The Institute for Bible Translation published the first Bible portion in Shor language, Luke 2:1-20 in 2000. In 2004 they published Mark, and in 2008 John 1:1-17. The full gospel of John was published in 2011.

title: Standard written English

text:
John H. Fisher, author of "The Emergence of Standard English", observes that in Spanish, Italian, French, and English, the written languages became standardised before the spoken languages, and that these provide frames of reference for what is considered standard speech. He said, in an interview for the Children of the Code project:
I came to the conclusion that all of the discussion of standardisation of language was a discussion of the written forms of language. It had nothing to do with spoken language. We don't have the spoken language standardised yet. When we say that we're speaking Standard English, what we're doing is transferring into our spoken vocabulary and syntax the elements of the written language. What is standard in what you and I are talking now is what we get from our writing.
There are grammatical constructions and words that one uses in speech that one generally avoids in written compositions. Even in the most colloquial of online chats, interjections such as "like" are rarer than in speech.

title: 1614 Low German Bible

text: Martin Luther (1483–1546) was the first one to translate the Bible into German from the original languages in which it was written. Before Luther, any German translations of the Bible had been made mainly from Latin. Luther came to believe that salvation came by grace through faith in Christ as taught in the Bible, and he wanted to bring the Bible to the German people. Martin Luther was born in 1483 at Eisleben in Saxony. Luther began working on his translation in 1522 at Eisenach in Saxony. Martin Luther's six-part translation of the Bible was first published in 1534. At this time, Saxony was one of many separate states making up the land of Germany. Variant dialects of two basic languages were spoken in Germany: High German in the highlands to the south and Low German in the lowlands to the north. Luther translated the Bible into a dialect of High German that was spoken in Saxony. As each part of his High German translation was published, a Low German translation was soon prepared and published by his associates, among whom was Johannes Bugenhagen. Martin Luther's last translation of the Bible was made in 1545. The 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated Luther Bible.

title: Zechariah 1

text: Zechariah 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Zechariah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Zechariah, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: Samoan language

text: Encounters with Europeans began in the 1700s, followed by the era of colonialism in the Pacific. Samoan was only a spoken language until the early to mid-1800s when Christian missionaries began documenting the spoken language for religious texts and introducing the Latin script for writing. In 1834, an orthography of the language was distributed by the London Missionary Society, which also set up a printing press by 1839. The first complete Bible ("Tusi Pa'ia", Sacred Book) in Samoan was completed and published in 1862.

title: Christianity in Indonesia

text: The first translation of the Bible ("Alkitab") in Indonesian language was Albert Corneliszoon Ruyl's translation of the book of Matthew (1629). Between then and now at least 22 other translations exist, excluding the translations to local languages of Indonesia (out of more than 700 local languages of Indonesia, more than 100 languages have portions or whole Bible translated, while some, like Javanese and Batak, have more than one version). In 1820, Gottlob Brückner (1783–1857) translated the Bible into Javanese, the most widely spoken language of Indonesia.

title: 'Are'are language

text: The 'Are'are language is spoken by the 'Are'are people of the Solomon Islands. It is spoken by about 18,000 people, making it the second-largest Oceanic language in the Solomons after the Kwara'ae (also from Malaita). The literacy rate for 'Are'are is somewhere between 30% and 60% for first language speakers, and 25%–50% for second language learners. There are also translated Bible portions into the language from 1957–2008.

title: Bora language

text: The written form of Bora was developed by Wycliffe Bible Translators Wesley and Eva Thiesen with the help of the natives of the village of Brillo Nuevo on the Yaguasyacu river. Wesley and Eva Thiesen's daughter Ruth is also the first recorded non-native to learn the language. First, Bora to Spanish school books were developed. Then the New Testament Bible was translated. Finally, a comprehensive dictionary and grammar book was developed to document and preserve the language's grammar rules. This has since facilitated more text books so that speakers can be taught to read and write in their own language, rescuing it from extinction due to the prevalence of Spanish and Portuguese in the regions where it is spoken.

title: Joel 1

text: Joel 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Joel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Joel, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: Camaldolese Bible

text: Camaldolese Bible () is the first known complete transaltion of Bible into Slovak language. The Bible was translated from Vulgate by Camaldolese monks at Červený Kláštor monastery. The completed translation had been rewrittten in 1756-1759. The translation is characterized by the effort to use forms and expressions of common Slovak spoken language, with distinctive Western-Slovak elements and some literary linguistic elements of Czech origin.

title: Zephaniah 1

text: Zephaniah 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Zephaniah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Zephaniah, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: The Tailenders

text: The film follows Gospel Recordings, an evangelical Christian missionary group founded by Joy Ridderhof in California in 1939 to make audio recordings of Bible stories in every language on Earth. The group is part of the umbrella network GRN - Global Recordings Network which has sister offices in over 30 countries. The film claims there are over 8,000 languages and dialects in the world and, as of the making of the film, Global Recordings Network has recorded Bible stories in 5,485 of them. It is mentioned in the film that their archive houses more spoken languages in one place than any other single area in the world. The significance of this lies in the notion that the Bible is not only the most published book around the world, passages from it are also translated into the most spoken languages as well. Many of the languages utilized by Gospel Recordings do not have written counterparts, and even if they did, most who spoke the languages would not be able to read it anyway. A benefit of this group's work is the growing set of unspoken languages that are catalogued over the years, which act as a strong counterpart to historical records of various cultures. "The Tailenders" claim that half of all languages occur in eight countries.

title: Bible translations into Tibetan

text: There are advantages and disadvantages of translating into each different register. A translation into one of the varieties of the low register will be easily understood in one specific region but its geographical reach will be limited, and it will be seen as less prestigious than the high and mid registers. Mid Literary is more difficult to understand than the spoken language but has a wider geographical reach. The high literary register can reach even further geographically but it requires people first to learn a literary language in order to understand what is written in it.

title: Bible translations into Persian

text: Dari (Persian: , "Darī," pronounced ) refers to the version of Persian language spoken in Afghanistan, and hence known as Afghan Persian in some western sources. As defined in the Constitution of Afghanistan, Dari is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. Spoken by almost half of the population as first language, it also serves as the lingua franca in Afghanistan. The Iranian and Afghan dialects of Persian are mutually intelligible to a relatively high degree. Differences are found primarily in the vocabulary and phonology.

title: Bible translations into Tibetan

text: Ladakhi is a language spoken in India in regions bordering both China and Pakistan; its neighbouring languages are Purik, Balti, Zanskari, Nubra, and the more divergent Changthang (see map). All these languages are part of the Western Tibetan language grouping and quite distinct from the Central, Amdo and Khams Tibetan spoken varieties.

title: Jonah 1

text: Jonah 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Jonah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Jonah, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

title: Chewa language

text: The first grammar, "A Grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja vocabulary", was written by Alexander Riddel in 1880. Further early grammars and vocabularies include "A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa" by George Henry (1891) and M.E. Woodward's "A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa" (1895). The whole Bible was translated into the Likoma Island dialect of Nyanja by William Percival Johnson and published as "Chikalakala choyera: ndicho Malangano ya Kale ndi Malangano ya Chapano" in 1912. Another Bible translation, known as the "Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu", was made in a more standard Central Region dialect about 1900-1922 by missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland with the help of some Malawians. This has recently (2016) been reissued in a revised and slightly modernised version.

title: Bible translations into the languages of India

text: Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 75% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 20% of Indians. Other languages belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates. India has the world's second-highest number of languages (780), after Papua New Guinea (839).A Gujarati translation of the Bible had been issued by the Serampore Mission Press in 1820, and William Carey had contributed to it. James Skinner and William Fyvie of the London Missionary Society continued the work. These were all superseded by J. V. S. Taylor's 1861 "Old Version" which remains the standard version today.

title: Gothic Bible

text: The Gothic Bible or Wulfila Bible is the Christian Bible in the Gothic language spoken by the Eastern Germanic (Gothic) tribes in the early Middle Ages.


query: Who played the character Paul Williams on The Young and the Restless?

text: Paul Williams is a fictional character on the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Paul was introduced to the show on May 23, 1978, and has been portrayed by Doug Davidson ever since.[1] Initially Paul was a "bad boy", who had a romance with Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott), giving her an STD. The relationship ultimately ended, but the two have remained friends since. After a year on the series, Bell gave the character a proper backstory, surname and family. This included his notoriously unstable sister Patty Williams (Stacey Haiduk). After a failed marriage to April Stevens (Cynthia Eilbacher)—who gave birth to his daughter Heather Stevens (Jennifer Landon)—focus turned towards Paul's career as a private investigator, as well as his relationship and eventual marriage to and later divorce from Lauren Fenmore (Tracey Bregman). Paul's string of unsuccessful romances with women—including his ill-fated bride Cindy Lake (DeAnna Robbins), and Cassandra Rawlins (Nina Arvesen), the wife of one of his clients—continued. Over the years, Paul continued to become heavily involved in various storylines as a private investigator.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: In late 2006, "The Young and the Restless" recast the role of popular daytime villainess, Sheila Carter. Originally played by Kimberlin Brown on both "The Young and the Restless" and "The Bold and the Beautiful", the character was later handed over to Michelle Stafford, who also plays Phyllis. Although this recast was mainly storyline-directed, since Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis, fans of Sheila have expressed mixed opinions regarding Brown's absence in the role.

title: Ricky Williams (The Young and the Restless)

text: Ricky Williams is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless". The character was created as the son of Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Isabella Braña (Eva Longoria), born onscreen on May 10, 2002. After being portrayed by a series of unidentified infant child actors, the character was raised by Isabella's parents in Los Angeles, California. In 2011, Ricky was rapidly aged to an adult, with Peter Porte being cast to play the character. Zap2it described Ricky as "a one-dimensional villain with daddy and mommy issues".

text: The character's most prominent love story occurred when he married attorney Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell). The couple faced various challenges together, with their first marriage ending as a result of his affair with the psychotic Isabella Braña (Eva Longoria). The affair produced Paul's son Ricky Williams (Pete Porte); Isabella was admitted to a mental institution and Ricky grew up away from his father. Years later, Paul established a relationship with his daughter Heather, who returned to Genoa City (now an adult) as a lawyer. After years away, Paul's adult son Ricky returned to town and it was revealed that he, like his mother, was mentally unstable. In a controversial storyline, Paul was forced to shoot and kill Ricky to prevent him from killing Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap). Paul has since assumed the role of police chief for the GCPD and remarried Christine.

text: Global Regina describes Paul, a detective, as always doing "his best to see that justice is done".[2] CBS created him as a "charismatic" private investigator[14] who was compassionate and attractive.[11][15] Canyon News described Paul as a "sexy private eye who many Genoa City citizens have called upon to save their lives and their companies".[16] Bell had introduced Paul as a "bad boy" who would be a rival for Nikki Reed's (Melody Thomas Scott) affections (which he won),[11] and "too green to know anything".[5] Only after an estimated 450 episodes, according to The Age, was Paul given a surname, family and backstory.[11] Davidson said: "Bill brought in my family and the show went to an hour and that was a huge transition for my character".[17] In 1989, he described coping with the ever-changing storylines as "mental": "Just when you think you know everything...you get fooled by complacency. I've been playing Paul Williams for a long time and I have to keep my performance fresh and new". In an interview with The Gadsden Times, the actor said he treats himself as an "open vessel" and has a "childlike frame of mind" when undertaking a variety of storylines.[5]

title: William J. Bell

text: Doug Williams (Days of Our Lives) - 1970-1984, 1986–1987, 1993–1996, 1999–present (played by Bill Hayes) Jill Foster Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1973–present (currently played by Jess Walton) Maggie Horton (Days of Our Lives) - 1973-1984, 1985–present (played by Suzanne Rogers) Hope Brady (Days of Our Lives) - 1974–present (currently played by Kristian Alfonso) Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (played by Doug Davidson) Nikki Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (currently played by Melody Thomas Scott) Victor Newman (The Young and the Restless - 1980-2009, 2010–present (played by Eric Braeden) Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1980–present (currently played by Peter Bergman) Esther Valentine (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (played by Kate Linder) Ashley Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1995, 1996-2007, 2008-2012, 2013–present (played by Eileen Davidson) Traci Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1996, 1999, 2001–02, 2006, 2007–present (played by Beth Maitland) Victoria Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (currently played by Amelia Heinle) Lauren Fenmore (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1995, 2000, 2001–present (played by Tracey E. Bregman) Dina Mergeron (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1986, 1991, 1996, 2008, 2017–present (played by Marla Adams) Christine Blair (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-2001, 2002-2006, 2009–present (played by Lauralee Bell) Eric Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by John McCook) Ridge Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-2012, 2013–present (currently played by Thorsten Kaye) Thorne Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1994, 1996-2016, 2017–present (currently played by Ingo Rademacher) Brooke Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by Katherine Kelly Lang) Donna Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-94, 1996–98, 2000–01, 2004, 2006–present (currently played by Jennifer Gareis) Katie Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1989, 1991–2004, 2007–present (currently played by Heather Tom) Nicholas Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1989–present (currently played by Joshua Morrow) Rick Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1990-2006, 2007–present (currently played by Jacob Young) Neil Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1991–present (played by Kristoff St. John) Michael Baldwin (The Young and the Restless) - 1991-1993, 1997–present (played by Christian LeBlanc) Billy Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1993-2003, 2006, 2008–present (currently played by Jason Thompson) Sharon Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1994–present (currently played by Sharon Case) Phyllis Newman - 1994-1998, 2000-2013, 2014-present (currently played by Gina Tognoni) Lily Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1995-1998, 2002–present (currently played by Christel Khalil)

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: While heavy recasting is considered to have doomed some series such as "Ryan's Hope" and "Love Is a Many Splendored Thing", "The Young and the Restless"' has been successful at replacing some of its lead characters with other actors. Most often, major characters are played by the same actor for decades; if they left the show, the characters left with them. But in the case of "The Young and the Restless", their replacements were often popular and remade the character in their own image. When William Grey Espy left the show in 1975, the role of Snapper Foster was given to then-unknown actor David Hasselhoff. Peter Bergman has won three Emmy Awards after replacing Lester as Jack Abbott. And Jess Walton, who took over the role of Jill Foster Abbott after original cast member Brenda Dickson was fired in 1987 after a fallout with producers, has earned two Emmys.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (1990s)

text:
History
In July 1994, he was found living in the jungles of Vietnam by Christine Blair and Paul Williams when they went to Hong Kong to locate him to bring him to his mother Luan Volien, who had been shot by robbers at her restaurant in Genoa City.

text: For years Paul has been romantically involved with Christine Blair, played by Lauralee Bell (daughter of the show's creator, William J. Bell).[27][28] In 2013, the couple were married for a second time during the memorial service for their friend Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper). Davidson felt that the couple never fell out of love, although they were driven apart by characters such as Isabella Braña (Eva Longoria) and Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc). The actor said, "The fact that they have such a strong foundation and relationship beyond husband and wife, is the reason it’s probably going to last forever."[27]

title: The Young and the Restless

text: CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest-serving soap opera actors

text: —Davidson, on distinguishing himself from Paul

title: Matt Clark (The Young and the Restless)

text: Matt Clark is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". The role was originated by Eddie Cibrian in May 1994, who left the show in 1996. After Russell Lawrence briefly playing the character in 2000, Rick Hearst took over the role that year, departing in 2001 after the character was killed off. Hearst returned for several appearances as an apparition. Matt was known as an antagonistic villain who created problems for Nick and Sharon Newman, beginning when they were teens in high school. He raped both Sharon Collins and Amy Wilson, and framed Nicholas Newman for multiple crimes.

title: Edward J. Scott

text:
for: "Days of our Lives"
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senor executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
William J. Bell (executive producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2012)

text: Mason Wilder first appeared on December 12, 2012 as the nephew of Sarge Wilder (Darnell Williams). His casting in the recurring role was announced in October 2012 by "Entertainment Weekly". In January 2014, Archey finished his stint with "The Young and the Restless".

title: Christopher Paul Stelling

text: There is a fearless quality to the music of Christopher Paul Stelling. A voice that sounds both old and young, an effortless yet intricate finger-picking guitar style and lyrics that are both dramatic, and intensely confessional. It’s a sound that channels the restless spirit of a young man who left home to travel the country, haunting and impassioned songs formed by endless nights alone on stage with a guitar, playing to packed houses, other times to nearly empty rooms. Stelling estimates that he’s played over four hundred shows in just the past three years. It places him within a longstanding tradition that serves to nurture ones character and art.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: The Williams family was introduced in 1978. Police Detective Carl Williams (Brett Hadley) and his wife Mary (Carolyn Conwell) had their hands full with their promiscuous teenage son Paul (Doug Davidson). Paul had a fling with Nikki Reed (Melody Thomas Scott) and gave her a sexually transmitted disease. He then went on to romance prostitute Cindy Lake, as well as April Stevens (Cynthia Eilbacher), who mothered his daughter, Heather, before marrying Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) and opening a private investigations agency with Andy Richards (Steven Ford). Paul's older brother Steven (David Winn) was a reporter who dated Peggy Brooks and eventually moved to Washington D.C. Meanwhile, Carl and Mary's daughter Patty (Lilibet Stern/Andrea Evans) married Jack, but due to his frequent infidelities, she eventually lost control and shot Jack in the back three times. After being cleared of any charges, Patty divorced Jack and left town to join her brother Steven in Washington. The Williams' oldest son Todd was an unseen character who served as a priest (he eventually made an on-screen appearance in 2004 with Corbin Bernsen playing the role in a cameo appearance).

title: Scott Page

text: As a young adult, Page was cast in "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" and in "The Young and the Restless". Page was featured in the April 10th, 1977 "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" episode titled "The Mystery of the Flying Courier," playing the part of a musician in character Joe Hardy's band. On "The Young and the Restless" he played a musician, a member of characters Lauren Fenmore and Danny Romalotti's band; the episode aired on May 14, 1986.

title: Greg Foster (The Young and the Restless)

text: Greg Foster is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". A string of different actors played the role from 1973 to 1982, most notably James Houghton and Wings Hauser, who both reprised their roles as Greg in 2003 and 2010.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: As a response, Tonya Lee Williams and Victoria Rowell joined "The Young and the Restless" in the early 1990s as the Barber sisters, Olivia and Drucilla, nieces of the Abbott's maid Mamie Johnson (Veronica Redd). They proved to be very successful and they interacted fairly well with the established characters. Nathan Hastings (Nathan Purdee/Randy Brooks/Adam Lazarre-White), the only other remaining black character on the show before 1990, was married off to Olivia, before dying in a hit and run car accident in 1996. Two more black characters, Neil Winters, played by former "Generations" alum Kristoff St. John and his brother Malcolm played by Shemar Moore, would be introduced in 1991 and 1994 respectively.

text: The storyline in which Peter Porte joined the show as Paul's psychotic son Ricky was praised. Adam Hughes of Yahoo! described the possibilities stemming from his return: "Ricky will undoubtedly open up many old wounds and many new story line possibilities. Will he angrily confront Paul? Will Isabella manage to return home, as well, to see her big boy?"[50] After Paul was forced to shoot (and kill) Ricky, Michael Logan of TV Guide wrote that "the actor tackled his toughest story yet when his character unintentionally killed his own son and nearly went to the slammer. Davidson's performance was so beautiful and poignant it made our souls ache".[42] Zap2it placed Davidson on a list of "Top 10 Male Entertainers" by the end of 2012: "For the better part of a decade, daytime's best male crier, Doug Davidson rode the bench on The Young and the Restless. This was strange, since his popular, P.I. character Paul Williams had previously and consistently driven story on the soap throughout the late 70s, 80s, 90s and early 00s". The website was pleased with Paul's new storylines, saying that the "harrowing image" before Paul shot and killed his son "will stay with us for a while".[51] Dave Masko of the website Huliq called "turning the character of Paul from a mainstay on the series for 30 years, into someone who murders his own son" one of the stops pulled out by The Young and the Restless to boost "slipping" ratings.[52]

title: Heather Stevens

text: Heather Stevens is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Created by William J. Bell, she was born onscreen in 1979 as the daughter of Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and April Stevens (Cindy Eilbacher). She was first portrayed by a series of child actors for her first three-year period, followed by Conci Nelson as a teenager. In 2007, the character was reintroduced by former head writer Lynn Marie Latham as an adult, portrayed by Vail Bloom. At first, she is unaware that she is Paul's daughter, but they develop a father-daughter relationship. She becomes district attorney and later a high-profile lawyer.

title: Victor Newman

text: In 1997, The Museum of Television and Radio wrote that with the arrival of the character, who was an "enigmatic stranger popular with women", "the show's revived tableau was complete", saying it was an "amazingly seamless transition" and praised William J. Bell for the character's introduction. Deanna Barnert of MSN Entertainment wrote of Braeden's tenure: "Eric Braeden first signed onto "The Young and the Restless" in 1980 for a mini-stint as a baddy, but stayed on to change the game in Genoa City forever, becoming one of daytime's most recognizable forces on and off screen." In 2010, Global News wrote that, "From the early days of "The Young and the Restless", Victor Newman has been a symbol of power in Genoa City."

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In the 1990s, core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families. Victoria Rowell (Drucilla Barber) and Tonya Lee Williams (Dr. Olivia Barber) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott's maid, Mamie Johnson, in 1990.[65] The brothers Neil (Kristoff St. John) and Malcolm Winters (Shemar Moore) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla.[11] The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers, which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters.[11][66][67] "I play a CEO at a major corporation, that's something we don't see that often," St. John said. "And the show doesn't use the old African-American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV, like the hustler, the pimp, the drug dealer. We have come a long way."[66] Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City, they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs.[68]

title: Lauren Fenmore

text: Lauren's first love interest on "The Young and the Restless" was Paul Williams (Doug Davidson). Davidson describes the relationship as Paul's "first non-drama fling", and stated that William J. Bell made the decision to pair the characters together spontaneously in the "spur of the moment", wanting to see the outcome. The actor enjoys the dynamics between the characters of Lauren and Paul, stating: "I always am excited whenever I get to work with her. We’ve played friends, husband and wife, enemies, you name it. She is a dynamic actress and a wonderful friend and person." The couple faced various challenges, including constant disapproval from Paul's mother Mary Williams (Carolyn Conwell), and Lauren's crazed stalker, Shawn Garrett (Grant Cramer). Lauren and Paul divorced, with Lynda Hirsch of the "Sun Sentinel" noting: "The marriage didn't work out, since Lauren desperately wanted a career in music and Paul wanted her to be a stay-at-home wife and eventually a mom." Among other marriages, Lauren is recognized for her long-running marriage to Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc). Michael and Lauren have been described as one of the show's "most enduring couples". LeBlanc said "If it weren't for Lauren, Michael would have been off the deep end long before this." He further told "TV Guide" about the pairing, "What's great about Lauren and Michael is that these are people who are not saints, who were adults when they met and have pasts they are not proud of. And they found each other."

text: Paul has had several unsuccessful relationships, and has been described as "often luckless in love".[18] His main love interest during the 1980s was Lauren Fenmore (Tracey Bregman).[19][20] Davidson described the relationship as Paul's "first non-drama fling" and said that Bell decided to pair the characters on the "spur of the moment", uncertain of the outcome.[17] He enjoys the dynamics between Lauren and Paul: "I always am excited whenever I get to work with her. We’ve played friends, husband and wife, enemies, you name it. She is a dynamic actress and a wonderful friend and person".[21] The couple have faced a number of challenges, including Lauren's crazed stalker Shawn Garrett (Grant Cramer) and disapproval from Paul's mother, Mary Williams (Carolyn Conwell).[22][23] Lauren and Paul divorced: Lynda Hirsch of the Sun Sentinel wrote, "The marriage didn't work out, since Lauren desperately wanted a career in music and Paul wanted her to be a stay-at-home wife and eventually a mom".[18]

title: Kimberlin Brown

text: In early 2006, she was released from her contract on "The Young and the Restless", though her character was still mentioned, from time to time. When her character returned to "The Young and the Restless" later that year, however, she was not played by Brown.

title: Elizabeth Hendrickson

text: Hendrickson signed on to play the role of Chloe Mitchell, a fashionista who stirs up trouble on the daytime drama "The Young and the Restless" in early 2008. It was revealed on the August 29, 2008 episode that the character was actually Kate, daughter of Katherine Chancellor's maid, Esther Valentine. Hendrickson exited the program in spring 2014. In May 2016 it was announced that Hendrickson was returning to "The Young and the Restless".

title: The Young and the Restless

text: When the series lengthened from a half-hour to an hour in 1980, multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half-hour show.[3] A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors, Jaime Lyn Bauer, who portrayed Lorie Brooks, decided to leave. When she announced her intention not to renew her contract, Bell decided to replace the original core families.[3] "As I studied the remaining cast, I realized I had two characters- Paul Williams, played by Doug Davidson, and Jack Abbott, played by Terry Lester- both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show," Bell said. "They didn't have families. Hell, they didn't even have bedrooms. But these became the two characters I would build our two families around."[3]

title: Jon St. Elwood

text:
He landed an on-going role as Jazz Jackson in "Young & the Restless" that went from 1983 to 1986.
According to Connie Passalacqua's article in "The Northwest Arkansas Times". It was after two months of playing his role that his acting ability impressed the powers at "Young & the Restless" enough to expand his role.
Elwwood's character as Mob leg breaker, now a bad-guy-turned-good, Jazz Jackson was already established by the time Phil Morris came in to play his brother Tyrone Jackson. The character Jazz who originally got involved with a crime syndicate so he could put younger brother Tyrone through law school, ended up killing mobster Tony DiSalvo would end up working as an operative for PIs, Andy Richards and Paul Williams.

text: The character Paul Williams was born in May 1960, the son of police detective Carl Williams (Brett Hadley) and Mary Williams (Carolyn Conwell). He has three siblings: Todd, Steven and Patty.


query: What is the worlds tallest building?

title: List of tallest buildings

text: The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[3] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828m (2,717ft).[3] The CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete however, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.

title: List of tallest buildings in Frankfurt

text: The tallest structure in Frankfurt is the Europaturm, which rises however, the observation tower is not generally considered a high-rise building as it does not have successive floors that can be occupied. The tallest habitable building in Frankfurt is the Commerzbank Tower, which rises and 56 floors. As of October 2011, the structure is the 197th-tallest building in the world, the seventh-tallest building in Europe and the second-tallest building in the European Union. The second-tallest building in the city is the Messeturm, which rises tall and has 55 floors. The 10 tallest buildings in Germany are located in Frankfurt.

title: List of future tallest buildings

text: This list of future tallest buildings ranks the tallest buildings in the world which are planned or currently under construction. The Burj Khalifa with a roof height of is currently the world's tallest building.

title: List of tallest buildings in Toronto

text: The city then experienced a second, much larger building boom, which was at its peak between 1967 and 1976. This period saw the construction of Canada's three tallest buildings and 6 of its top 10 (at the time). When finished, the TD Tower was the 14th tallest building in the world (1967). The TD Tower would soon be followed by Commerce Court West, the 14th tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1972. Later, Canada's current tallest building, the First Canadian Place, became the 6th tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1975. After the mid-1970s, the pace of the boom slowed considerably but continued onto the early 1990s, culminating with the construction of the city's and Canada's second and third tallest buildings: Scotia Plaza and the TD Canada Trust Tower.

title: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou

text: This list of tallest buildings in Guangzhou lists skyscrapers in Guangzhou, China by height. The tallest building in Guangzhou is currently Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre, which stands tall. It is also the third-tallest building in China and the seventh-tallest in the world. Though generally not considered as a building, standing tall, Canton Tower is tallest structure in Guangzhou.

title: JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)

text: The JPMorgan Chase Tower, formerly Texas Commerce Tower, is a , , 75-story skyscraper at 600 Travis Street in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It is currently the tallest building in the city, the tallest building in Texas, the tallest five-sided building in the world, the 19th-tallest building in the United States, and the 107th-tallest building in the world.

text: However, though all of these are "structures", some are not "buildings" in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied. It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term "building" is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world's tallest building. The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings, defines a "building" as "(A) structure that is designed for residential, business or manufacturing purposes" and "has floors".

title: Oakland (Pittsburgh)

text: Some of the most impressive architecture in Oakland is on Pitt's campus. In 1925, work began on what was then the world's tallest educational building, the 42-story Cathedral of Learning. Although the Cathedral of Learning is now the fourth-tallest educationally purposed building in the world, it remains the world's second tallest university building, the tallest educational building in the Western Hemisphere, and the second tallest gothic-styled building in the world. Oakland is also home to the university's French-Gothic revival Heinz Memorial Chapel and St. Paul Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh. It is also home of the main branch of the Carnegie Library, the Carnegie Museum, and Phipps Conservatory.

title: List of tallest buildings in Dallas

text: List of tallest buildings in Texas / the United States / the world List of tallest buildings in Austin, Texas List of tallest buildings in Fort Worth List of tallest buildings in Houston List of tallest buildings in San Antonio

title: List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates

text: This list of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates ranks skyscrapers in the UAE based on official height. The tallest building in United Arab Emirates is Burj Khalifa, which rises and contains 163 floors. The tower has stood as both the tallest building in the world and the tallest man-made structure of any kind in the world since its completion in January 2010. The second-tallest building in United Arab Emirates is the Princess Tower, which also stands as the world's second tallest residential skyscraper after the 432 Park Avenue in New York City, NY. The skyscrapers of United Arab Emirates are mostly located in Dubai, and Abu Dhabi.

text:
It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever constructed, surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral.
* – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built.

text:
The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers, which excludes religious buildings, were:
The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), that of measuring to the highest architectural element. Other criteria would generate a different list. Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list, but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor. Using the criteria of highest tip (including antennae), the World Trade Center in New York City was the world's tallest building from 1972 to 2000, until the Sears Tower in Chicago (which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center) had its antenna extended to give that building the world's tallest tip; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa. Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world's tallest buildings by the highest–tip criteria.

title: List of future tallest buildings

text: This section lists the total number of skyscrapers in each country or city featured in the future world's 50 tallest buildings. Only cities with more than one building featured in the world's future 50 tallest buildings are included in the 'tallest by city' section. (Only at the list.)

title: List of tallest buildings in Ontario

text: The tallest building in the province of Ontario is First Canadian Place 298 meters (978 feet). Completed in 1976, it is also the tallest building in Canada and the 68th tallest building in the world. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest building in the world outside of Chicago and New York City.

text: The world's tallest artificial structure is the 829.8-metre-tall (2,722ft) Burj Khalifa in Dubai (of the United Arab Emirates). The building gained the official title of "Tallest Building in the World" and the tallest self-supported structure at its opening on January 9, 2010. The second-tallest self-supporting structure and the tallest tower is the Tokyo Skytree. The tallest guyed structure is the KVLY-TV mast.

title: Empire State Building

text: With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012. , it is the fourth-tallest building in New York City after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, and 30 Hudson Yards. It is the fifth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City, as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building is the 28th-tallest in the world , the tallest being Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the sixth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower.

title: List of tallest buildings

text: History of the world's tallest buildings List of tallest buildings by height to roof List of tallest twin buildings and structures List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of architects of supertall buildings List of cities with the most skyscrapers List of cities with the most high-rise buildings List of future tallest buildings List of tallest buildings in Asia List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia List of tallest buildings and structures List of largest buildings List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest hotels List of tallest residential buildings List of tallest structures List of tallest structures by country Skyscraper Index

title: List of tallest buildings

text: Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is the world's tallest building. Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, is the 2nd tallest building. The Abraj Al-Bait Towers in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the 3rd tallest building. Ping An Finance Centre, in Guangdong, China, is the 4th tallest building. Lotte World Tower in Seoul, South Korea, is the 5th tallest building. One World Trade Center in New York City, is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere. CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou, China, is the tied 7th tallest building. China Zun in Beijing, China, is the 9th tallest building. Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010; it is now 10th. The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 11th tallest building. The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004, and are still the tallest twin buildings. Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower, in Chicago, United States, was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998.

title: List of tallest buildings in Luanda

text: Luanda is the capital and largest city in Angola. Due to decades of civil war, Angola lacked significant development until very recently. Currently, there are 12 buildings that stand taller than . The tallest building in the city is the 25-storey, Intercontinental Hotel & Casino completed in 2011. The second-tallest building in the city is Edificio GES, standing at tall with 25 storeys. Several of the tallest buildings in the Angola are currently under construction in the city. If completed, Torre De Angola at will be the tallest building in Africa and in the top 100 tallest in the world. On the other hand, when they are finished, the Angola World Trade Center twin towers will be the tallest twin buildings in Africa at and tall.

title: List of tallest buildings in Taipei

text: This list of tallest buildings in Taipei ranks skyscrapers in the Taiwanese capital of Taipei by height. The tallest building in Taipei is currently the 101–story Taipei 101, which rises and was completed in 2004. It was officially classified as the world's tallest from 2004 to 2010. Now, it is still the tallest building in Taiwan, Asia's 6th tallest building and the world's 9th tallest building. There are currently several buildings over 200m under construction in Taipei, including the Gate of Taipei towers A and B, which are under planning and will reach and respectively, and the Taipei Sky Tower, which is under construction in Xinyi District and will reach .

text: The tallest building in the world, as of 2021, is Burj Khalifa. The title of "world's tallest building" has been borne by various buildings, such as the Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building.

title: List of tallest buildings in Kuwait

text: This list of tallest buildings in Kuwait ranks skyscrapers in Kuwait by height. The tallest building in Kuwait is currently the 80–story Al Hamra Firdous Tower, which rises and was completed in 2011, it is also the world's fifteenth-tallest building. Liberation Tower is currently the second-tallest completed tower in Kuwait, built in 1996 it rises . Should it be constructed, the Burj Mubarak Al Kabir would be tall, it would become the world's tallest building, standing one metre taller than the approved Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

title: List of tallest buildings in Chicago

text: Chicago, the third-largest city in the United States, is home to 1,315 completed high-rises, 44 of which stand taller than . The tallest building in the city is the 108-story Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), which rises in the Chicago Loop and was completed in 1974. Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world from its completion, and remained the tallest building in the United States until May 10, 2013 when it was overtaken by One World Trade Center in New York City. The second-, third- and fourth-tallest buildings in Chicago are the Trump International Hotel & Tower, the Aon Center and 875 North Michigan Avenue, respectively. Of the ten tallest buildings in the United States, four are located in Chicago. Due to the contributions of Jeanne Gang and Natalie de Blois, Chicago has several of the tallest women-designed towers in the world. , the entire city had 105 buildings at least tall.

title: U.S. Steel Tower

text: U.S. Steel Tower, also known as the Steel Building, or UPMC Building (the largest tenant), (formerly USX Tower), is a 64-story, skyscraper at 600 Grant Street in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219. It has with of leasable space. It is the tallest skyscraper in Pittsburgh, the fifth tallest building in Pennsylvania, the 52nd tallest in the United States, and the 200th+ tallest building in the world. It is the tallest building in the world with a completely flat roof. It held its opening dedication on September 30, 1971.

title: CN Tower

text: "Guinness World Records" has called the CN Tower "the world's tallest self-supporting tower" and "the world's tallest free-standing tower". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading "tallest building" at least once, it has also listed it under "tallest tower", omitting it from its list of "tallest buildings." In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to "World's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure". Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building, thereby awarding the title of world's tallest building to Taipei 101, which is shorter than the CN Tower. The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa, then under construction, exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 (see below).

title: List of tallest buildings in New York City

text: New York City, the most populous city in the United States, is home to over 6,486 completed high-rise buildings of at least 35 meters, of which at least 113 are taller than . The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, which rises . The 104-story skyscraper also stands as the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest building in the world. The second-tallest building in the city is 432 Park Avenue, standing at , and the third-tallest is the recently-topped-out 30 Hudson Yards. Not counting its antenna, the 4th-tallest is the 102-story Empire State Building in Midtown Manhattan, which was finished in 1931 and rises to , increased to by its antenna. It is the fifth-tallest building in the United States and the 37th-tallest building in the world.

text: From the 13th century until 1894, the world's tallest building was always a church or cathedral. Old St Paul's Cathedral with its spire was completed in the 13th century. The central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed Old St Paul's in the early 14th century. The Lincoln Cathedral's spire collapsed in 1549, beginning a long interval where the status of world's tallest building was borne by shorter buildings. St. Mary's Church in Stralsund became the world's tallest building after the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral's spire. The central tower of St. Pierre's Cathedral was tallest from 1569 until it collapsed in 1573, making St. Mary's the tallest once again. In 1647, the bell tower of St. Mary's burned down, making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world's tallest building.

title: List of tallest buildings in Taiwan

text: This list of skyscrapers in Taiwan ranks skyscrapers in Taiwan by height. The tallest building in Taiwan is currently the 101–story Taipei 101, which rises and was completed in 2004. It was officially classified as the world's tallest from 2004 to 2010. Now, it is still the tallest building in Taiwan, Asia's 6th tallest building and the world's 9th tallest building. There are currently six buildings over 200m under construction in Taiwan, including the Taipei Twin Tower 1, which is under planning and will reach and the Taipei Sky Tower, which is under construction in Taipei and will reach .

title: 432 Park Avenue

text: As completed, 432 Park Avenue is the third-tallest building in the United States and the tallest residential building in the world. It is the second-tallest building in New York City, behind One World Trade Center, and ahead of the Empire State Building. It is also the first, and so far only, building in New York City outside the World Trade Center Complex to be taller than the original Twin Towers. Upon completion, it became the tallest building in the world known by its street address.

title: List of tallest buildings in Melbourne

text: During the 2000s, over 20 high-rise structures were completed, including the Eureka Tower, which overtook 120 Collins Street as the tallest building in Melbourne, and further became the second-tallest in Australia (although tallest to its roof). Eureka Tower was also the tallest residential building in the world, until surpassed by Ocean Heights and the HHHR Tower in Dubai. It is currently the 15th-tallest apartment building in the world.

text: The Empire State Building stood as the tallest building in the world from its completion until 1972, when the 110-story North Tower of the original World Trade Center was completed. At , The World Trade Center held the title until the completion of the 108-story Willis Tower (formerly known as the Sears Tower) in Chicago in 1974. The World Trade Center towers were destroyed by terrorist attacks in 2001, and the Empire State Building regained the title of tallest building in the city. It remained the tallest until April 2012, when the construction on One World Trade Center surpassed it. The fifth-tallest building in New York is the Bank of America Tower, which rises to , including its spire. If the Twin Towers were still standing today, they would be the third- and fourth-tallest buildings in the city, or second and third assuming the new buildings would not have been built. Only 432 Park Avenue is taller.