query: What is the population of the Isle of Wight?

title: Isle of Wight

text: According to the 2011 census,[108] the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people.

title: Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area

text: Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area is a state wildlife management area (WMA) of Maryland located on the Isle of Wight, a small peninsula between the St. Martin's River and Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County. Although called Isle of Wight, a small strip of marsh and road connects it with the mainland.

title: List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight

text: This is a list of the Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) on the Isle of Wight, England. The Isle of Wight is an island and county three miles off the south coast of England in the English Channel. Its geology is complex, with a chalk downland ridge running east to west through its centre and important fossil beds from the Lower Cretaceous to the Lower Tertiary around the coast. This geology gives rise to many distinct habitats, with strong maritime influences, including chalk grassland, neutral meadows, and broad-leaved woodland. The Isle of Wight has a population of 140,000, making it one of the country's smaller counties in terms of population.

title: Isle of Wight NHS Trust

text: The Isle of Wight NHS Trust is unique in England as it provides physical, mental and ambulance services for the Isle of Wight within the same organisation. It was created in April 2012 following the separation of the provider and commissioner functions within the Isle of Wight PCT.

title: Isle of Wight Railway

text: Seven orginial IoWR carriage bodies have survived: 4w 4-comp second no. 5-8, built 1864, (not completely known) is preserved on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway and is currently inside their exhibition shed [17], awaiting restoration, 4w 3-comp composite no. 10, built 1864, has returned to operational condition on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway in 2017 as part of Channel 4's 'Great Rail Restorations with Peter Snow' [18], 4w 3-comp first no. 21, built 1864, is awaiting restoration on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway[19], 4w second no. 35 built in 1875 is awaiting restoration on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway[20], 4w composite no. 38, built 1882, is awaiting restoration on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway in their exhibition shed [21] and 4w 4-comp second no. 39, built 1882, is also awaiting restoration on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway[22]. These carriages are considered to be of the greatest significance for the IoWSR's collection, along with other carriages that previously ran on the original Isle of Wight Railway.

title: Isle of Wight

text: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town named Isle of Wight.

title: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970

text: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970, Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970, or Live at the Isle of Wight may refer to:"No album or film"

title: Easton, Isle of Wight

text: Easton is a village on the Isle of Wight. It is located close to Totland on the west side of the island., and forms part of the parish of Freshwater. (where the population at the 2011 Census was included)

title: Isle of Wight County, Virginia

text: Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight.

title: Politics of the Isle of Wight

text: As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country.

title: Little Atherfield

text: Little Atherfield is a small settlement on the Isle of Wight. It is near the coast in the Back of the Wight. The Isle of Wight is situated off the south coast of England. According to the Post Office the 2011 Census population of the village was listed in the civil parish of Niton and Whitwell.

title: Parkhurst, Isle of Wight

text: Parkhurst is a neighbourhood northwest of the town of Newport, Isle of Wight. It has few amenities, but a large residential population.

title: Education on the Isle of Wight

text: The Isle of Wight College provides a selection of courses, mostly offered on its campus in Newport. However, there are many other providers of adult education on the Isle of Wight including libraries, museums, Leisure Centres, West Wight Training Centre, Learning Links, Ventnor Community Projects, Quay Arts, Platform One and the Isle of Wight Council.

title: Politics of the Isle of Wight

text: A number of discussions about the status of the island have taken place over many years, with standpoints from the extreme of wanting full sovereignty for the Isle of Wight, to what could be described as the opposite extreme of merging the county back into Hampshire. The pro-independence lobby had a formal voice in the early 1970s with the Vectis National Party. Their main claim was that the sale of the island to the crown in 1293 was unconstitutional (see History of the Isle of Wight). However, this movement now has little serious support.

title: Old Isle of Wight Courthouse

text: The Old Isle of Wight Courthouse was built in 1750-51 and was used as the main courthouse for Isle of Wight County, Virginia until a new courthouse was built at Isle of Wight, Virginia in 1800. It is located in the Historic District in the town of Smithfield.

title: Fort Victoria (Isle of Wight)

text: What remains today is a fragment of the fort. The rear barracks blocks were demolished in 1969 to provide material for sea defences and Isle of Wight Council purchased what remained of the fort soon afterwards. The fort is now a Grade II Listed Building.

title: Isle of Wight official football team

text: The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part of The English FA who are part of FIFA and play at Wembley Stadium which has a capacity of 90,000.

title: Isle of Wight

text: List of civil parishes on the Isle of Wight List of places on the Isle of Wight List of current places of worship on the Isle of Wight List of High Sheriffs of the Isle of Wight List of Lord Lieutenants of the Isle of Wight List of Governors of the Isle of Wight List of hills of the Isle of Wight Isle of Wight gasification facility Isle of Wight NHS Trust Isle of Wight Rifles Yaverland Battery

title: Meonwara

text: Other peoples in early medieval southern England, are also generally believed to have Jutish origins: the "Cantaware" (later Kent), the "Wihtwara" (on what became known as the Isle of Wight), and the "Ytene" (in the area that became the New Forest). The "Anglo Saxon Chronicle" briefly mentions description of these peoples: "From the Jutes are descended the men of Kent, the Wightwarians (that is, the tribe that now dwelleth in the Isle of Wight), and that kindred in [neighbouring areas of Wessex] that men yet call the kindred of the Jutes." Another source of information comes from "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" by Bede: "From Jutish origin are descended the people of Kent and the Isle of Wight and those in the province of the West Saxons opposite the Isle of Wight who are called Jutes to this day."

title: Roud, Isle of Wight

text: Roud is a hamlet on the Isle of Wight in southern England.According to the Post Office the population of the hamlet as at the 2011 census was included in the civil parish of Godshill.

title: Isle of Wight Bus & Coach Museum

text: The Isle of Wight Bus & Coach Museum, also referred to as The Isle of Wight Bus Museum, was founded in 1997 in Newport on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom.

title: River Frome, Dorset

text: Prior to the end of the last ice age the Purbeck Hills were continuous with the Isle of Wight and the Frome would have continued east through what is now Poole Harbour and Poole Bay, into The Solent, collecting the Stour, Beaulieu, Test and Itchen, before flowing into the Channel east of what is now the Isle of Wight.

title: The Operators (band)

text:
The band formed on the Isle of Wight in 2006 and after coming in second in the Wight Noize Auditions in June, won the opportunity to play at the Isle of Wight Festival. Their debut album 'What You See Is What I Sell' was self-released at the end of 2007 and in April 2008 their song "Pictures of You" won the 'Fresh Meat' competition on the Zane Lowe show, and was played every night that week on BBC Radio One.
The band headlined The Band Stand on 12 June at the 2008 Isle of Wight Festival where they showcased material from their new album.

title: Isle of Wight, Virginia

text: Isle of Wight is an unincorporated community in and the county seat of Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. Originally, Isle of Wight County, was named Warrosquyoake Shire. This was changed to the current name of Isle of Wight in 1637.

title: Isle of Wight Festival 2012

text: The Isle of Wight Festival 2012 was the eleventh revived Isle of Wight Festival, held at Seaclose Park in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The event ran from 21–24 June 2012.

title: Isle of Wight Festival 2008

text: The Isle Of Wight Festival 2008 was the seventh revived Isle of Wight Festival held at Seaclose Park in Newport on the Isle Of Wight. The event took place between 13 June – 15 June 2008.

title: Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight

text: The coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was granted to the former Isle of Wight County Council in 1938. The arms were transferred to the new unitary Isle of Wight Council when the county council along with Medina and South Wight district councils were abolished in 1995.

title: Isle of Wight County Press

text:
The Isle of Wight County Press is a local, compact newspaper published every Friday on the Isle of Wight.
It has an audited circulation of 23,006 copies, compared to a local population of 140,500. The paper has seen a drop in circulation of 13,657 between December 2009 and December 2017 (37.25%). The paper had been owned locally from its foundation until July 2017, when it was taken over by Newsquest Media Group.

title: Drill Hall Road Army Reserve Centre, Newport, Isle of Wight

text: The building was designed as the headquarters of the Isle of Wight Rifle Volunteers in 1860. This unit evolved to become the 5th (Isle of Wight, Princess Beatrice's) Volunteer Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment in 1885 and the 8th Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment in 1908. The battalion was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to India. The regiment converted to the Princess Beatrice's (Isle of Wight Rifles) Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1938, a unit which evolved to become the 530th The Princess Beatrice's (Isle of Wight Rifles) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1940 and the 428th The Princess Beatrice's (Isle of Wight Rifles) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1947.

title: Brook, Isle of Wight

text: Brook is a village on the Isle of Wight, England. According to the Post Office the 2011 census population was included in the civil parish of Brighstone.

title: Message to Love

text: In recent years, Lerner's copious 16mm concert footage has been repurposed to create a wealth of complete-performance DVD releases by Hendrix (""), Miles Davis ("Miles Electric - A Different Kind of Blue"), The Who ("Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970"), Jethro Tull (""), Emerson, Lake & Palmer ("The Birth Of A Band: Isle of Wight 1970"), The Moody Blues ("Threshold of a Dream: Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970"), Leonard Cohen ("Leonard Cohen Live at The Isle of Wight 1970"), Free ("Free Forever DVD"), Taste ("What's Going On Live At The Isle of Wight 1970"), The Doors ("Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970") and Joni Mitchell ("Both Sides Now. Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 ").


query: Who was the King of Poland during the 1100's?

title: Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)

text: Duke Bolesław III the Wrymouth, who reigned from 1102 to 1138, tried to end the repeated struggles between various claimants by setting the government of Poland on a more formal footing. In his testament, he divided his lands into five Duchies and distributed them among his sons.

title: List of Earls in the reign of Henry I of England

text: The following individuals were Earls during the reign of King Henry I of England who reigned from 1100 to 1135.

title: Hungary–Poland relations

text: Good relations between Poland and Hungary date back to the Middle Ages. The Polish and Hungarian noble houses (as Piast dynasty or House of Árpád) often intermarried with each other. Louis the Great was king of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and king of Poland from 1370 until his death in 1382. He was his father’s heir, Charles I of the House of Anjou-Sicily (King of Hungary and Croatia) and his uncle’s heir, Casimir III the Great (king of Poland - last of the Piast dynasty). King Casimir had no legitimate sons. Apparently, in order to provide a clear line of succession and avoid dynastic uncertainty, he arranged for his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, to be his successor in Poland. Louis' younger daughter Saint Jadwiga of Poland inherited the Polish throne, and became one of the most popular monarchs of Poland. In the 15th century, the two countries briefly shared the same king again, Poland's Władysław III of Varna, who perished, aged barely twenty, fighting the Turks at Varna, Bulgaria. In the 16th century, Poland elected as her king a Hungarian nobleman, Stephen Báthory, who is regarded as one of Poland's greatest rulers.

title: Georgian emigration in Poland

text:
The documented ties between Georgia and Poland reach back to the 15th century, when the Georgian (Kartlian) Constantine I sent a diplomatic mission to the Polish King Alexander Jagiellon. Later, Polish King Jan III Sobieski tried to establish contacts with Georgia. Many Georgians participated in military campaigns led by Poland in the 17th century.
Bogdan Gurdziecki, a Georgian, who was the greatest authority on all things Persian working in the Polish king's diplomatic service, made frequent diplomatic trips to Persia, on which he obtained, among other things, guarantees upholding earlier privileges for missionaries. Already during the rule of King Jan Kazimierz, he sent on missions to Isfahan, and King Jan III Sobieski availed himself of Gurdziecki's talents in like manner (in 1668, 1671, 1676–1678, in 1682–1684, and in 1687). Gurdziecki remained at the court of the shah for several years in the capacity of special resident and representative of the Polish king; it was he who delivered to the shah Suleiman news about the victory of the Christian forces at Vienna (1683).

title: National School of Public Administration (Poland)

text: There have been over 1100 graduates of KSAP so far. The most-well known alumnus of the School is Elżbieta Bieńkowska, the European Commissioner for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, who formerly served as Minister for Infrastructure and Development of Poland, as well as Deputy Prime Minister in Donald Tusk cabinet.

title: Clan Ostoja

text: Finally, it was coordinated politics of the Clan of Ostoja that made it powerful. It was also Szarlejski's own politics that in the end ruined family power in Slovakia. Although the Clan supported Poland against Teutonic Knights, they did not support the Jagiellon dynasty in the beginning as the kings of Poland. Clan members staying and living in Poland was however granted power by Jagiellon kings in return for their support. In many cases, the Clan was forced to raise funds from their own treasury in order to defend Polish borders. In the end, it was during the reign of the Jagiellon dynasty, the Clan of Ostoja lost its power and all doubts that the Clan had against those kings from the beginning, become very true. Also in Hungarian history, Jagiellon dynasty have been described as weak and incompetent, which was the result of the politics of the Lords of Lesser Poland as they were responsible of electing kings who would sign documents in favor of their financial ambitions rather than choosing strong kings with benefit for the kingdom.

title: Solothurn S-18/1100

text: The Solothurn S-18/1100 was a Swiss 20 mm anti-tank rifle used during the Second World War by a number of combatants.

title: History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

text: Władysław I the Elbow-high (r. 1305–1333), who began as an obscure Piast duke from Kuyavia, fought a lifelong, uphill battle with powerful adversaries with persistence and determination. When he died as the king of a partially reunited Poland, he left the kingdom in a precarious situation. Although the area under King Władysław's control was limited and many unresolved issues remained, he may have saved Poland's existence as a state.

title: William Cheever

text: It is not known whether Cheever married and left progeny, however his estates escheated to the crown during the reign of King Henry I (1100-1135), who granted them to his own illegitimate son William I de Tracy (died "circa" 1136).

title: Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland

text: The Bronze Age in Poland consisted of Period I (early), 2300 to 1600 BC; Period II (older), 1600 to 1350 BC; Period III (middle), 1350 to 1100 BC; Period IV (younger), 1100 to 900 BC; Period V (late), 900 to 700 BC. The Early Iron Age included Hallstatt Period C, 700 to 600 BC, and Hallstatt Period D, 600 to 450 BC.

title: Simon I de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton

text: In 1098 he was captured during the Vexin campaign of King William Rufus and was subsequently ransomed. He witnessed King Henry I’s Charter of Liberties issued at his coronation in 1100. He attested royal charters in England from 1100–03, 1106–07, and 1109–011. Sometime in the period, 1093–1100, he and his wife, Maud, founded the Priory of St Andrew's, Northampton. He witnessed a grant of King Henry I to Bath Abbey on 8 August 1111 at Bishop's Waltham, as the king was crossing to Normandy. Simon de Senlis subsequently went abroad and died at La Charité-sur-Loire, where he was buried in the new priory church. The date of his death is uncertain.

title: Eudo Dapifer

text: Eudo continued as a steward to King Henry I of England, William's younger brother who succeeded as king in 1100. Eudo was one of the witnesses to Henry's coronation charter, issued shortly after his coronation in August 1100. Eudo was also a royal witness to the treaty between Henry and his brother Robert Curthose in 1101. From his service to Henry, Eudo acquired more lands, including the town of Colchester and several manors. Eudo continued to be a frequent witness to the royal charters and writs, along with Urse and Haimo.

title: John of Tours

text: John was one of the bishops that sided with King William against Anselm of Canterbury at the king's Whitsun council in 1097, one of early councils called during the Investiture Controversy in England. During the reign of King Henry I, who succeeded his brother King William in 1100, John along with Robert Bloet, the Bishop of Lincoln, consecrated abbots who had been invested in office by the king. John attended Anselm's reforming Council of London in 1102, which debated and passed decrees to reform the clergy.

title: History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty

text: The first king of the new dynasty was Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was known as Władysław II Jagiełło in Poland. He was elected king of Poland in 1386 after his marriage to Jadwiga of Anjou, the Queen of Poland in her own right, and his conversion to Roman Catholicism. The Christianization of Lithuania in the Latin Rite followed. Jogaila's rivalry in Lithuania with his cousin Vytautas the Great, who was opposed to Lithuania's domination by Poland, was settled in 1392 in the Ostrów Agreement and in 1401 in the Union of Vilnius and Radom: Vytautas became the Grand Duke of Lithuania for life under Jogaila's nominal supremacy. The agreement made possible a close cooperation between the two nations necessary to succeed in struggles with the Teutonic Order. The Union of Horodło of 1413 defined the relationship further and granted privileges to the Roman Catholic (as opposed to Eastern Orthodox) segment of the Lithuanian nobility.

title: History of Kathmandu

text: Khasa Mall kings ruled in western Nepal during 1100–1484. However, Arimalla, first monarch of the Malla Dynasty, ruled in Kathmandu Valley from 1200 to 1216. Other notable rulers of the Malla dynasty were Jayasthitimalla who ruled as king of united Malla kingdom from 1382 to 1395 and Yakshamalla reigned from 1428 to 1482 at the height of united Malla kingdom.

title: Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester

text: He and his brother Henry were members of the Royal hunting party in the New Forest in Hampshire when King William II "Rufus" (1087–1100) was shot dead accidentally by an arrow on 2 August 1100. He pledged allegiance to William II's brother, King Henry I (1100–1135), who created him Earl of Leicester in 1107.

title: Georgia–Poland relations

text:
Georgia–Poland relations refers to foreign relations between Georgia and Poland. Both countries established diplomatic relation on 28 April 1992. Georgia has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Tbilisi.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
The documented ties between Georgia and Poland reach back to the 15th century, when the Georgian (Kartlian) King Konstantin sent a diplomatic mission to the Polish King Alexander Jagiellon. Later, Polish King Jan III Sobieski tried to establish contacts with Georgia. Many Georgians participated in military campaigns led by Poland in the 17th century. Bogdan Gurdziecki, a Georgian, who was the greatest authority on all things Persian working in the Polish king's diplomatic service, made frequent diplomatic trips to Persia, on which he obtained, among other things, guarantees upholding earlier privileges for missionaries. Already during the rule of King Jan Kazimierz, he sent on missions to Isfahan, and King Jan III Sobieski availed himself of Gurdziecki's talents in like manner (in 1668, 1671, 1676–1678, in 1682–1684, and in 1687). Gurdziecki remained at the court of the shah for several years in the capacity of special resident and representative of the Polish king; it was he who delivered to the shah Suleiman news about the victory of the Christian forces at Vienna (1683).

title: Stibor of Stiboricz

text: Stibor descended from a Polish noble family of the Clan of Ostoja whose possessions were located around Bydgoszcz in Greater Poland; his father was Mościc, Voivode of Gniewkowo. Stibor arrived in the Kingdom of Hungary during the reign of King Louis I who also inherited the title of King of Poland (1370–1382). Following the king's death (10 September 1382), the Dowager Queen Elisabeth, who governed the two kingdoms in the name of his daughters, made Stibor the governor of Kuyavia and Łęczyca in Poland in 1383. Around this time, Stibor became the close friend of Margrave Sigismund of Brandenburg (the future king of Hungary, who later also became German Emperor), the fiancé of Queen Mary of Hungary, who had been living in the Hungarian court since 1379.

title: King Matt the First

text: The main Polish political figure of the time was Józef Piłsudski, then the elected leader, who later seized power in a coup in 1926. At the time of the partition of Poland, the last king of Poland was the reformer-king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who, among other acts, founded Poland's first newspaper, "Monitor".

title: Breguet 1100

text: The Breguet 1100 was built entirely from bonded alloy and included many honeycomb structures. Its swept wing was about 15% greater in span and 35% greater in area than that of the Taon, though it was intended that production Taons would share the 1100's wing. The 1100 had broad chord, short-span ailerons and narrow, long-span flaps with spoilers in front of them. The two types had similar side air intakes but the 1100's twin mid-fuselage engines and jet pipes meant that the fuselage was broader and lacked any area rule waisting, as well as being rather longer. They also shared similar swept, straight-edged tail surfaces, cockpits in the nose with narrow fairings running over the length of the upper fuselage and tricycle landing gear.

title: Albert II, Count of Tyrol

text: Albert inherited the Alpine lordships from his father, Count Albert I (d. about 1100), who descended from Eurasburg ("Iringsburg") in Upper Bavaria. He had been a loyal supporter of King Henry IV during the fierce Investiture Controversy, in opposition to Duke Welf of Bavaria. In turn, the king vested him with wide-ranging autonomy upon Welf's deposition in 1077.

text: In 1313–1314, Władysław conquered Greater Poland. In 1320, he became the first king of Poland crowned in Kraków's Wawel Cathedral instead of Gniezno. The coronation was hesitantly agreed to by Pope John XXII in spite of the opposition of King John of Bohemia, who had also claimed the Polish crown. John undertook an expedition aimed at Kraków in 1327, which he was compelled to abort; in 1328, he waged a crusade against Lithuania, during which he formalized an alliance with the Teutonic Order. The Order was in a state of war with Poland from 1327 to 1332 (see Battle of Płowce). As a result, the Knights captured Dobrzyń Land and Kujawy. Władysław was helped by his alliances with Hungary (his daughter Elizabeth was married to King Charles I in 1320) and Lithuania (in a pact of 1325 against the Teutonic State and the marriage of Władysław's son Casimir to Aldona, daughter of the Lithuanian ruler Gediminas). After 1329, a peace agreement with Brandenburg also assisted his efforts. A lasting achievement of King John of Bohemia (and a great loss to Poland) was his success in forcing most of the Piast Silesian principalities, often ambivalent about their loyalties, into allegiance between 1327 and 1329.

title: Avellino

text: In 1100, during the Norman rule of southern Italy, it was acquired by Riccardo dell'Aquila. Later, King Charles I of Anjou assigned it to the Montfort family, who were succeeded by the Del Balzo and the Filangieri.

title: BMC ADO16

text:
By this time, its original rival, the Ford Cortina, had long since grown larger, putting ADO16 into the small, rather than medium-sized class, which British Leyland was now competing in with the Austin Maxi, Morris Marina and Triumph Dolomite, as well as the long-running 1800 saloons. The ADO16's final key rivals were the Ford Escort, Vauxhall Viva and Hillman Avenger. Foreign cars were also becoming increasingly popular on the UK market during the early 1970s, with perhaps the biggest imported rival to the ADO16 being the Datsun Sunny from Japan.The range of models available in the United Kingdom more than doubled to twenty nine. Models available:
Austin two-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).
Austin four-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).
Austin Countryman estate: 1100 or 1300 (Super Deluxe) (2).
MG two-door: 1300 (1).
MG four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).
Morris two-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).
Morris four-door: 1100 or 1300, Deluxe or Super Deluxe (4).
Morris Traveller estate: 1100 or 1300 (Super Deluxe) (2).
Riley Kestrel four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).
Wolseley four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).
Vanden Plas Princess four-door: 1100 or 1300 (2).

title: Siege of Danzig (1734)

text: Augustus II of Saxony, who had also ruled as King of Poland for most of the years since 1697, died on February 1, 1733, sparking a struggle over his successor to the Polish throne. Stanisław I Leszczyński, who had briefly ruled as king during the Great Northern War (his reign was from 1705 to 1709), was elected king by an election sejm held on September 10, 1733, with broad support from the Polish nobility and population, as well as support from France (where his daughter was married to Louis XV), and Sweden (where Charles XII had supported him during his earlier reign). Russia, the Habsburgs, and Saxony, desiring a monarch over whom they would have more influence, opposed his election. Russia sent troops into Poland in August 1733, at first in an attempt to influence the election, but then forcing Stanisław, who had only 2,000 troops in Warsaw, to retreat to Danzig, where he entrenched with his partisans (including the Primate of Poland Teodor Potocki and the French and Swedish ministers) to await support that had been promised by France. On September 30 a Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacy arrived in Warsaw, and on October 6 a second sejm (composed of a smaller number of electors who had dissented from the previous election) proclaimed Augustus III king.

title: Travancore

text: The Chera empire had dissolved by around 1100 and thereafter the territory comprised numerous small kingdoms until the time of Marthanda Varma who, as king of Venad from 1729, employed brutal methods to unify them. During his reign, Thiruvithamcode or Travancore became the official name.

title: SIPA S.1100

text: Ten SE.1100 prototypes were ordered but then cancelled before the SE.1100's first flight, flown on 24 April 1958 by Pierre Ponthus. Less than three months later, Ponthus and his colleague André Bouthonnet were killed and the aircraft destroyed when it crashed at Villacoublay during a low level demonstration. The unfinished second prototype was then abandoned.

title: Namiestnik of Poland

text: The Namiestnik (or Viceroy) of the Kingdom of Poland (, ) was the deputy of the King of Poland (Tsar of Poland)—i.e., the deputy of the Emperor of Russia who, under Congress Poland (1815–74), styled himself "King of Poland." Between 1874 and 1914, when the former Congress Poland was known as the Vistula Country, the title "Namiestnik" was replaced by that of Governor-General of Warsaw ().

title: Amphibious helicopter

text: The Sikorsky S-62 Seaguard was the first amphibious helicopter made with a flying boat hull—the prototype flew in 1958. Utilizing many components of the earlier S-55, the S-62 proved the idea, and Sikorsky flew their S-61 Sea King prototype in 1959 for the U.S. Navy, a model intended for anti-submarine warfare. Both the S-62 and S-61 were ready for delivery in 1961. Sikorsky produced 1100 S-61s, including some that were not watertight: a longer cargo-carrying version was given rear doors and a ramp. Sikorsky licensed other manufacturers such as Agusta, Mitsubishi and Westland to produce variants of the S-61.

title: Lesser Poland

text: Unlike other Polish provinces, especially Silesia, Lesser Poland did not undergo further fragmentation, and in the early 14th century became the core of the reunited nation (together with Greater Poland). The period of nation's fragmentation came to a symbolic end on 30 January 1320, when Władysław I the Elbow-high was crowned as King of Poland. The ceremony took place in Kraków's Wawel Cathedral, and the king of the reunited country decided to choose Kraków as the capital. Through 14th and 15th centuries, Lesser Poland's position as the most important province of the nation was cemented. It became visible during the reign of Casimir III the Great, who favored less known Lesser Poland's noble families, at the expense of Greater Poland's nobility. The reign of Casimir the Great was a period of growing prosperity of Lesser Poland. With high density of population, fertile soils and rich deposits of minerals (especially salt in Bochnia and Wieliczka, as well as lead in Olkusz), the province was the richest part of Poland. After annexation of Red Ruthenia, Lesser Poland lost its status of the borderland, and both regions created an economic bridge between Poland and the ports of the Black Sea. The king, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe to his country, built several castles along western border of Lesser Poland, with the most notable ones in Skawina, Pieskowa Skała, Będzin, Lanckorona, Olkusz, Lelów, Bobolice, Krzepice, Ogrodzieniec, Ojców, Olsztyn, Bobolice, Mirów (see also Eagle Nests Trail). Furthermore, he built or strengthened castles in other parts of the province, such as Szydlow, Chęciny, Wiślica, Radom, Niedzica, Opoczno, Lublin, Sandomierz, as well as the Wawel Castle. Also, during his reign (1333–1370), Casimir the Great founded on Magdeburg rights several cities, urbanizing hitherto rural province. Among major Lesser Poland's cities founded by the King, there are:

title: John I Albert

text: John was the third son of Casimir IV, King of Poland, and Elisabeth, daughter of the elected king of Germany, King Albert of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, who died when she was two years old. As the granddaughter of the late Emperor Sigismund, she was raised by Emperor Frederick III. As crown prince, John distinguished himself by his brilliant victory over the Tatars at Kopystrzyń (1487). In 1490, the Hungarian nobility proclaimed John King of Hungary at the Rákos diet. He was, however, defeated by his brother, King Vladislaus II of Hungary. In 1492, John succeeded his father as King of Poland thanks to the key intervention of his brother Friedrich Jagiellon, archbishop of Kraków and archbishop of Gniezno. Friedrich achieved the coronation of John. However, losses of revenue due to the secession of Lithuania placed John at the mercy of the Polish "sejmik"s, or local diets, where the "szlachta", or local nobles, made their subsidies dependent on the king's subservience.


query: What does transplant rejection mean?

title: Transplant rejection

text: Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant.[1]

title: Sherani District

text: Overseas employment has improved the standard of living without prejudice to the inbred unwritten tribal code and tenacious adherence to it. Development for them does not mean a wholesale rejection of traditions. Wholesale transplanting of innovations into a tribal society could not overcome the ferocious power of tradition; it is essential to graft these innovations only after first making the environment congenial and receptive.

title: Organ transplantation

text: Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.

title: Lung transplantation

text:
Chronic rejection, meaning repeated bouts of rejection symptoms beyond the first year after the transplant surgery, occurs in approximately 50% of patients. Such chronic rejection presents itself as bronchiolitis obliterans, or less frequently, atherosclerosis.
These statistics are based on data from 2008. The source data made no distinction between living and deceased donor organs, nor was any distinction made between lobar, single, and double lung transplants.

title: Kent Bach

text: In his paper, "Content Ex Machina" Bach argues against over-interpreting what he labels the "contextualist platitude" which he defines as: “Generally what a speaker means in uttering a sentence, even if the sentence is devoid of ambiguity, vagueness, or indexicality, goes beyond what the sentence means.” Bach asserts that context does not establish meaning but is merely one of several conversational principles. He states that “context does not determine (in the sense of constitute), but merely enables the hearer to determine (in the sense of ascertain) what the speaker means.” Context provides constraints on what a speaker can reasonably mean and on what a hearer can reasonably interpret a speaker to mean. “contextualist platitude” does not preclude the “older picture of language and communication” and “a fairly standard semantic-pragmatic distinction.” Pragmatic considerations and context do not contribute to the content of what is said. Bach admits that there is meaning in utterances beyond the semantic content of a sentence, but he maintains that context does not determine speaker meaning but rather constrains how a speaker can expect to be understood and helps the hearer understand what is said. “We need the level of locutionary act and, correlatively, a strict, semantic notion of what is said in order to account for (the content of) what a speaker does in uttering a sentence independently of whatever communicative intention (if any) he has in uttering it and regardless of how the content of that intention may depart from the semantic content of the sentence.”

title: Transplant glomerulopathy

text: Transplant glomerulopathy, abbreviated TG, is a disease of the glomeruli in transplanted kidneys. It is a type of renal injury often associated with chronic antibody-mediated rejection. However, transplant glomerulopathy is not specific for chronic antibody-mediated rejection; it may be the result of a number of disease processes affecting the glomerular endothelium.

title: Organ transplantation

text:
Many other new drugs are under development for transplantation.
The emerging field of regenerative medicine promises to solve the problem of organ transplant rejection by regrowing organs in the lab, using person's own cells (stem cells or healthy cells extracted from the donor site).From year 2000 and forward, there have been approximately 2,200 lung transplants performed each year worldwide. From between 2000 and 2006, the median survival period for lung transplant patients has been 5-and-a-half years, meaning half the patients survived for a shorter time period and half survived for a longer period.

title: Kidney transplantation

text: Acute rejection occurs in 10–25% of people after transplant during the first 60 days. Rejection does not necessarily mean loss of the organ, but it may necessitate additional treatment and medication adjustments.

title: Kidney transplantation

text: Some studies seem to suggest that the longer a patient is on dialysis before the transplant, the less time the kidney will last. It is not clear why this occurs, but it underscores the need for rapid referral to a transplant program. Ideally, a kidney transplant should be pre-emptive, i.e., take place before the patient begins dialysis. The reason why kidneys fail over time after transplantation has been elucidated in recent years. Apart from recurrence of the original kidney disease, also rejection (mainly antibody-mediated rejection) and progressive scarring (multifactorial) play a decisive role. Avoiding rejection by strict medication adherence is of utmost importance to avoid failure of the kidney transplant.

title: Alloimmunity

text: Acute rejection is caused by antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They recognize transplanted tissue because of expression of alloantigens. A transplant is rejected during first several days or weeks after transplantation.

title: Heart transplantation

text: Post-operative complications include infection, sepsis, organ rejection as well as the side-effects of the immunosuppressive medication. Since the transplanted heart originates from another organism, the recipient's immune system typically attempts to reject it. The risk of rejection never fully goes away, and the patient will be on immunosuppressive drugs for the rest of their life, but these may cause unwanted side effects, such as increased likelihood of infections or development of certain cancers. Recipients can acquire kidney disease from a heart transplant due to side effects of immunosuppressant medications. Many recent advances in reducing complications due to tissue rejection stem from mouse heart transplant procedures. The surgery death rate was 5–10% in 2011.

title: Affirmative action in the United States

text: Let me be clear about what affirmative action must not mean and what I won't allow it to be. It does not mean – and I don't favor – the unjustified preference of the unqualified over the qualified of any race or gender. It doesn't mean – and I don't favor – numerical quotas. It doesn't mean – and I don't favor – rejection or selection of any employee or student solely on the basis of race or gender without regard to merit…

title: Organ transplantation

text: An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical members of the same species. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the recipient's immune system will identify the organ as foreign and attempt to destroy it, causing transplant rejection. The risk of transplant rejection can be estimated by measuring the Panel reactive antibody level.

title: Histocompatibility

text: The discovery of the MHC and role of histocompatibility in transplantation was a combined effort of many scientists in the 20th century. A genetic basis for transplantation rejection was proposed in a 1914 Nature paper by C.C. Little and Ernest Tyyzer, which showed that tumors transplanted between genetically identical mice grew normally, but tumors transplanted between non-identical mice were rejected and failed to grow. The role of the immune system in transplant reject was proposed by Peter Medawar, whose skin graft transplants in world war two victims showed that skin transplants between individuals had much higher rejection rates then self-transplants within an individual, and that suppressing the immune system delayed skin transplant rejection. Medawar shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in part for this work.

title: Mycophenolic acid

text: Mycophenolate is used for the prevention of organ transplant rejection. Mycophenolate mofetil is indicated for the prevention of organ transplant rejection in adults and renal transplant rejection in children over 2 years; whereas mycophenolate sodium is indicated for the prevention of renal transplant rejection in adults. Mycophenolate sodium has also been used for the prevention of rejection in liver, heart, or lung transplants in children older than two years. It is also used for retroperitoneal fibrosis along with a number of other medications.

title: Brain transplant

text: The brain was thought to be an immunologically privileged organ, so rejection would not be a problem. (When other organs are transplanted, aggressive rejection can occur; this is a major difficulty with kidney and liver transplants. Immune cells of the CNS contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood, so the transplanted brain would not be unhindered from the transplant.)

title: Head transplant

text: Of these challenges, dealing with blood supply and transplant rejection have been addressed in the field of transplant medicine generally, making transplantation of several types of organs fairly routine; however in a field as common as liver transplantation around a quarter of organs are rejected within the first year and overall mortality is still much higher than the general population. The challenge of grafting the nervous system remained in early stages of research .

title: Transplant rejection

text: Hyperacute rejection manifests severely and within minutes, and so treatment is immediate: removal of the tissue. Chronic rejection is generally considered irreversible and poorly amenable to treatment—only retransplant generally indicated if feasible—though inhaled ciclosporin is being investigated to delay or prevent chronic rejection of lung transplants. Acute rejection is treated with one or several of a few strategies. Despite treatment, rejection remains a major cause of transplant failure.[26]

title: Samuel L. Kountz

text: Kountz completed a master's degree in chemistry in 1956; two years later he received his M.D. He spent the next year as an intern with the highly competitive Stanford Service of San Francisco General Hospital, and, in 1959, he began his surgical training at the Stanford University School of Medicine. It was at Stanford that he studied the field of organ transplantation, and decided to make transplant surgery his life's work. He was still a resident in 1961, when he made medical history by performing the first kidney transplant using a non-twin donor. Among Kountz's other contributions were the discovery that large doses of the steroid drug methylprednisolone could reverse acute rejection of a transplanted kidney, and that re-implantation (the implantation of a second donor kidney at the earliest indication that the first might be rejected) could mean the difference between the death and survival for transplant patients. A tireless proponent of organ donation, he once performed a kidney transplant on live television, The Today Show, in 1976, inspiring some 20,000 viewers to offer their kidneys to patients who needed them. In addition, his groundbreaking research in the area of tissue typing helped improve the results of kidney transplantation and led to the increased use of kidneys from unrelated donors.

title: ABO-incompatible transplantation

text: ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation is a method of allocation in organ transplantation that permits more efficient use of available organs regardless of ABO blood type, which would otherwise be unavailable due to hyperacute rejection. Primarily in use in infants and young toddlers, research is ongoing to allow for increased use of this capability in adult transplants. Normal ABO-compatibility rules may be observed for all recipients. This means that anyone may receive a transplant of a type-O organ, and consequently, type-O recipients are one of the biggest beneficiaries of ABO-incompatible transplants. While focus has been on infant heart transplants, the principles generally apply to other forms of solid organ transplantation.

title: Sarah Hyland

text: Hyland was diagnosed with kidney dysplasia as a young child and received a kidney transplant from her father in April 2012. That kidney failed after a few years, leading to a second kidney transplant in September 2017, donated by her younger brother, Ian. Hyland is on regular anti-rejection medicines and steroids to ensure that her body does not reject her donated kidney. Consequently, Hyland has difficulty maintaining weight and muscle mass, and has been put on bed-rest several times, sometimes continuing to film "Modern Family" simultaneously.

title: Lung transplantation

text: Transplant rejection is a primary concern, both immediately after the surgery and continuing throughout the patient's life. Because the transplanted lung or lungs come from another person, the recipient's immune system will see it as an invader and attempt to neutralize it. Transplant rejection is a serious condition and must be treated as soon as possible.

title: Keratoconus

text: In the USA, corneal transplants (also known as corneal grafts) for keratoconus are usually performed under sedation as outpatient surgery. In other countries, such as Australia and the UK, the operation is commonly performed with the person undergoing a general anaesthetic. All cases require a careful follow-up with an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist) for a number of years. Frequently, vision is greatly improved after the surgery, but even if the actual visual acuity does not improve, because the cornea is a more normal shape after the healing is completed, people can more easily be fitted with corrective lenses. Complications of corneal transplants are mostly related to vascularization of the corneal tissue and rejection of the donor cornea. Vision loss is very rare, though difficult-to-correct vision is possible. When rejection is severe, repeat transplants are often attempted, and are frequently successful. Keratoconus will not normally reoccur in the transplanted cornea; incidences of this have been observed, but are usually attributed to incomplete excision of the original cornea or inadequate screening of the donor tissue. The long-term outlook for corneal transplants performed for keratoconus is usually favorable once the initial healing period is completed and a few years have elapsed without problems.

title: Transplant rejection

text: The term chronic rejection initially described long-term loss of function in transplanted organs via fibrosis of the transplanted tissue's blood vessels. This is now chronic allograft vasculopathy, however, leaving chronic rejection referring to rejection due to more patent aspects of immunity.

title: Transplant rejection

text: Developing with formation of cellular immunity, acute rejection occurs to some degree in all transplants, except between identical twins, unless immunosuppression is achieved (usually through drugs). Acute rejection begins as early as one week after transplant, the risk being highest in the first three months, though it can occur months to years later. Highly vascular tissues such as kidney or liver often host the earliest signs—particularly at endothelial cells lining blood vessels—though it eventually occurs in roughly 10 to 30% of liver transplants, and 10 to 20% of kidney transplants. A single episode of acute rejection can be recognized and promptly treated, usually preventing organ failure, but recurrent episodes lead to chronic rejection. It is believed that the process of acute rejection is mediated by the cell mediated pathway, specifically by mononuclear macrophages and T-lymphocytes.

title: Terence English

text: A clinical moratorium on heart transplants in the UK was announced by Sir George Godber, Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom) in February 1973. This was a result of poor results in most units around the world during the years following Christiaan Barnard's first transplant in December 1967 apart from Stanford University's in California where Norman Shumway had pioneered heart transplantation and Barnard's unit in Cape Town. It was felt at the time that cardiac transplantation required more research into the management of rejection, more donors and a change in public opinion. Three months after the moratorium on heart transplantation, English became inspired by a visit to his friend Philip Caves, at Stanford University, who had developed the technique of transvenous myocardial biopsy to detect acute organ rejection at an early stage, and was then Chief Resident in Shumway's unit. Caves had been working with pathologist Margaret Billingham, who devised the scoring system for early rejection. This advance and better knowledge of how to use drugs for immunosuppression had led to significant improvement in results at Stanford he decided that it was time for the UK to have its own programme of heart transplantation, based on what he had seen there. So in October 1973 formal meetings began between surgical colleagues at Papworth and Sir Roy Calne at Addenbrooke's where there was already an active programme of kidney and liver transplantation. In preparation for this English did some open heart surgery at Addenbrooke's Hospital and also became involved with Roy Calne's pig heart transplant research.

title: Michael Woodruff

text: After passing his exam, Woodruff entered his position at Sheffield, where he trained in emergency and elective surgery. Originally, he had planned to do surgical research, but Sheffield had no space for him in its surgical lab. Instead, Woodruff was given a place in the pathology laboratory where he studied transplant rejection, a process in which the immune system of a transplant recipient attacks the transplanted tissue. Woodruff was particularly interested in thyroid allografts to the anterior chamber of the eye because they did not appear to meet with rejection. Woodruff's work with the allografts gave him a solid basis to work in the developing field of transplantion and rejection. To further himself in these areas, Woodruff arranged to meet Peter Medawar, an eminent zoologist and important pioneer in the study of rejection. The two men discussed transplantation and rejection, beginning a lasting professional relationship. Despite his achievements at Sheffield, Woodruff was rejected upon applying for a post at the Royal Melbourne Hospital.

title: National Organ Transplant Act of 1984

text: Before NOTA was put in place, there was no clear jurisdiction on what property rights were for a human corpse. Instead, America applied a "quasi-right" to a corpse. This meant that the relatives of a deceased person had a possessory right long enough to decide how to bury or dispose of the corpse. This does not mean a property right which means they do not have a right to transfer, devise, possess, and lease the human organs and tissues.

title: Organ transplantation

text: Recently, researchers have been looking into means of reducing the general burden of immunosuppression. Common approaches include avoidance of steroids, reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitors, and other means of weaning drugs based on patient outcome and function. While short-term outcomes appear promising, long-term outcomes are still unknown, and in general, reduced immunosuppression increases the risk of rejection and decreases the risk of infection. The risk of early rejection is increased if corticosteroid immunosuppression are avoided or withdrawn after renal transplantation.

title: René Küss

text: René Küss (3 May 1913 – 2006) was a French pioneering urologist and transplant surgeon who made ground-breaking contributions in renal tract surgery and kidney transplantation with the establishment of transplant programs. At a time of unavoidable transplant rejection, he was involved in two particularly historic transplant operations. The first was a human-to-human extraperitoneal kidney transplant procedure in 1951 and later a pig-to-human kidney transplant in 1966, both of which ended in abrupt rejection. He later introduced kidney transplantation schedules involving at first irradiation, later immunosuppressants, living-related and unrelated donors and later organs from deceased donors.


query: When was William O'Brien born?

title: William O'Brien

text: William O'Brien (2 October 1852 – 25 February 1928) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher, author and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was particularly associated with the campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as his conciliatory approach to attaining Irish Home Rule.

title: Willie O'Brien

text: William O'Brien (born 26 January 1929) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Darlington. A centre half born in Middlesbrough, O'Brien began his football career as a junior with his hometown club, Middlesbrough F.C., and was on the books of Leicester City for the 1947–48 season before serving in the Army. He joined Darlington in February 1950, but did not make his first-team debut for more than a year, when he replaced the injured Geoff Stone on 17 March 1951 for a 4–1 defeat at home to Bradford City. He kept his place for the next Third Division North matchan even heavier defeat, this time away to Hartlepools Unitedbut that was his final appearance.

title: Kerry O'Brien (politician)

text: Kerry Williams Kelso O'Brien (born 19 July 1951), was an Australian politician. O'Brien was a member of the Australian Senate for the state of Tasmania from September 1996 until June 2011, representing the Australian Labor Party.

title: Lucius O'Brien, 15th Baron Inchiquin

text: Lucius William O'Brien, 15th Baron Inchiquin (21 June 1864 – 9 December 1929) was the England-born holder of a hereditary peerage in the Peerage of Ireland, as well as Chief of the Name of O'Brien and Prince of Thomond in the Gaelic Irish nobility.

title: Frances O'Brien

text: Frances Marcella O'Brien was born at Peafield near Ennis, County Clare, on 24 June 1840. Her parents were William O'Brien, a farmer, and his wife Marcella (née Burke-Browne) of Newgrove, County Clare. She was the second youngest child of three sons and two daughters. Marcella O'Brien died at age 30, when her children were still young, and William married again to a Miss Taylor of Mulpit, County Galway. Due to financial hardship, the O'Brien family emigrated to New York City in 1849. Due to O'Brien's asthma she was unable to join them, and remained in Ireland with her mother's family at Newgrove. As she was in poor health, she didn't receive a formal education. She was widely read and got direction from her aunt and the parish priest. She became friends with Timothy Daniel Sullivan and the editor of the "Irish Monthly", Fr Matthew Russell. It was in the "Irish Monthly" that O'Brien published poetry and fiction, firstly under "A. O'B." and then under her nickname "Attie O'Brien". One of the first poems of note by O'Brien was published in 1877, "Probatica". In 1878 she published 6 more poems.

title: George O'Brien (painter)

text: George O'Brien was born at Dromoland Castle County Clare, Ireland in 1821 he was the fifth son of Admiral Robert O'Brien, a direct descendant of Murrough O'Brien, 57th King of Thomond Baron Inchiquin, and of Brian Boroimhe, Monarch of Ireland (?-1014). George O'Brien was a first cousin of William Smith O'Brien (1803–1864) deported to Tasmania for his part in the 1848 'Young Ireland' uprising, and a cousin too of James FitzGerald, at one time Superintendent of the Canterbury Province in New Zealand.

title: Catherine Amelia O'Brien

text: Catherine Amelia O'Brien was born in Durra House, Spancill Hill, County Clare on 19 June 1881. She was one of five children of Pierce O'Brien, a gentleman landowner, and Sophia Angel St John O'Brien. Her first cousin was woodcarver Sophia St John Whitty. O'Brien attended the Mercy Convent in Ennis, going on to win a scholarship to the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art. Whilst there she studied under William Orpen, and Alfred E. Child who taught her the art of stained glass.

title: Joan O'Brien

text: Joan Marie O'Brien was born to David and Rita O'Brien on Valentine's Day 1936, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The family moved to California when O'Brien was a child, and enrolled O'Brien in dance classes when she was eight years old. She graduated from Chaffey Union High School in Ontario, California.

title: William David O'Brien

text: William O'Brien was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Charles D. and Alice M. (née O'Hara) O'Brien. He received his early education at Kinzie Grade School and at the Christian Brothers' school at Holy Name Cathedral. In 1899, he became one of the first two graduates of St. Vincent's College (later DePaul University) in Chicago. He then studied for the priesthood at Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri. O'Brien was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Edward Quigley on July 11, 1903.

title: James O'Brien, 3rd Marquess of Thomond

text: O'Brien, born in 1769, was third son of Edward Dominic O'Brien, captain in the army (d. 1801). His mother was Mary Carrick, and his uncle, Murrough O'Brien, was first Marquess of Thomond. He inherited his title on the death of his brother William O'Brien, 2nd Marquess of Thomond

title: Jack O'Brien (jazz pianist)

text: John Roger O'Brien was born October 16, 1903, in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, to the marriage of Charles William O'Brien (1879–1960) and Anna Lena Fetherolf (1878–1967). He was raised in nearby Allentown. In 1921, O'Brien graduated from Bethlehem Preparatory School in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He went on to Muhlenberg College, where he was in a fraternity, and then to Columbia University, where he studied organ with David McK. Williams "(né" David McKinley Williams; 1887–1978).

title: Daniel Pitt O'Brien

text: O'Brien was born at Buckhannon, Upshur County, West Virginia. His father was judge and politician William S. O'Brien and his mother Emma (White) O'Brien.

title: William O'Brien (Rhode Island politician)

text: William W. O'Brien (born July 27, 1969) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives representing District 54 since January 1, 2013.

title: Dermod O'Brien

text: O'Brien was the son of Edward William O'Brien and Hon. Mary Spring Rice, granddaughter of Lord Monteagle of Brandon. He was born at Mount Trenchard House near Foynes in County Limerick. For a time after his mother's death, he was raised by his aunt Charlotte Grace O'Brien, along with his sisters, Nelly and Lucy. His father subsequently remarried in 1880. He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

title: William L. O'Brien

text: William L. "Bill" O'Brien (born July 20, 1951) is a lawyer and Republican legislator from Mont Vernon, New Hampshire who has been a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives since 2004, representing district Hillsborough-4. O'Brien was elected the Speaker of the House on December 1, 2010, when Republicans took control of the House. When Democrats regained control of the House in the 2012 election, O'Brien did not run for a leadership position.

title: James O'Brien (1695–1771)

text: James O'Brien was the son of William O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Inchiquin, and his wife, Mary Villiers, daughter of Sir Edward Villiers. He was born in 1701 at Inchiquin, County Clare. Not long after his birth, his family relocated to Charleville, County Cork. He married Mary Jephson, the daughter of the Very Reverend William Jephson, Dean of Kilmore, and Anne Barry.

title: USS O'Brien (DD-51)

text: "O'Brien" was authorized in March 1913 as the lead ship of the , which was an improved version of the s authorized in 1911. Construction of the vessel was awarded to William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia which laid down her keel on 8 September 1913. On 20 July 1914, "O'Brien" was launched by sponsor Miss Marcia Bradbury Campbell, great-great-granddaughter of Gideon O'Brien, one of the ship's namesakes. Gideon and his four brothers—John, William, Dennis, and Joseph—were crewmen aboard sloop "Unity", under the command of their brother Jeremiah O'Brien, when that vessel captured on 12 June 1775 during the American Revolutionary War; the destroyer "O'Brien" was named after all six brothers, and was the second US Navy vessel named in their honor. As built, the destroyer was in length, abeam, and drew . The ship had a standard displacement of and displaced when fully loaded.

title: William O'Shaughnessy

text: William O'Shaughnessy was a member of the Uí Seachnasaigh (O'Shaughnessy) of Cenél Áeda na hEchtge in south County Galway. His father was The Ó Seachnasaigh, Roger O'Shaughnessy, while his mother was Helen O'Brien, daughter of Conor mac Donogh O'Brien, a son of Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond. He was born at the family home in the town of Gort.

text: William O'Brien, 2nd Marquess of Thomond, 6th Earl of Inchiquin KP PC (I) (176521 August 1846) was an Irish peer. He was born in Ennistymon, County Clare, to Capt. Edward Dominic O'Brien and Mary Carrick. He succeeded by special remainder as Marquess of Thomond in 1808 on the death of his uncle Murrough O'Brien, 1st Marquess of Thomond and was appointed a Privy Councillor and Knight of the Order of St Patrick on 11 November 1809. He was created Baron Tadcaster in the British Peerage in 1826.

title: Nelly O'Brien

text:
Nelly O'Brien was born Ellen Lucy O'Brien on 4 June 1864, at Cahirmoyle, County Limerick. She was the eldest child Edward William O'Brien and Mary O'Brien (née Spring Rice). Her siblings were Lucy and Dermod, with Dermod also becoming an artist. Her father was a landowner, and her mother was a sculptor and painter and sister of Thomas Spring Rice. O'Brien's grandfather was William Smith O'Brien. Whilst a young child, O'Brien spent two years living on the French Riviera from 1866 to 1868. Her mother later died of tuberculosis, and the three children were raised by their aunt, the writer and nationalist, Charlotte Grace O'Brien. Their father remarried in 1880, to Julia Marshall, with whom he had two sons and two daughters. O'Brien attended school in England from 1879, and later enrolled to study painting at the Slade School of Art. O'Brien met Walter Osborne through her brother Dermod, and considered herself engaged to him, but Osborne died in 1903. A portrait of O'Brien by Osborne is held in the Hugh Lane Gallery. O'Brien died suddenly on 1 April 1925 whilst visiting Dermod at 66 Elm Park Gardens, London. She is buried at the family plot in Cahirmoyle.
O'Brien returned to Ireland, and began to paint miniatures on ivory using a magnifying glass. She also painted watercolour landscapes. Her first exhibition with the Royal Hibernian Academy (RHA) was in 1896, where she showed three works including "Sketch near Malahide". She would exhibit with them on and off until 1922. During some of her time in Dublin, she lived with her half-brother, Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien, on Mount Street. As part of an exhibition of Irish painters, O'Brien exhibited a number of portrait miniatures at the London Guildhall in 1904. The 1906 Oireachtas na Gaeilge featured a number of her paintings, and in the same year she became honorary secretary of a newly established art committee. At the Munster–Connacht exhibition in Limerick of 1906, she exhibited a miniature of William Smith O'Brien amongst her 12 works on show. O'Brien produced many portraits, including one of Douglas Hyde, which was exhibited by the RHA in 1916.

title: William Smith O'Brien

text: The children of William Smith O'Brien and Lucy O'Brien were Edward William (Ned) (1831–1909), William Joseph (1839–1867), Lucy Josephine (1840–1907), Lucius Henry (1842–1913), Robert Donough (1844–1917), Charlotte Grace (1845–1909) and Charles Murrough (1849–1877). The elder daughter Lucy Josephine O'Brien married Rev John Gwynn and their children included writer and MP Stephen Gwynn, Lucy Gwynn who was the first woman registrar of Trinity College, Dublin, and Edward Gwynn who was Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. O'Brien's younger daughter Charlotte Grace O'Brien was a campaigner for the better treatment of Irish emigrants.

title: William O'Brien

text: William O'Brien was born at Bank Place in Mallow, County Cork, as second son of James O'Brien, a solicitor's clerk, and his wife Kate, the daughter of James Nagle, a local shopkeeper. On his mother's side he was descended from the distinguished Norman family of Nagles, long settled in the vicinity of Mallow giving their name to the nearby Nagle Mountains. He was also linked through his mother with the statesman Edmund Burke's mother's family, as well as with the poet Edmund Spencer's family. The Nagles however, no longer held the status or prosperity they once had. In the same month thirty-eight years earlier Thomas Davis was born in Mallow. O'Brien's advocacy of the cause of Irish Independence was to be in the same true tradition of his esteemed fellow-townsman. Following in his footsteps he acknowledged the existence of many strands of Irishness.[1]

title: Bill O'Brien (British politician)

text: Sir William O'Brien (born 25 January 1929) is a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

title: Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien

text: Edward Conor Marshall O'Brien was born in Limerick on 3 November 1880. His grandfather was William O'Brien who was a member of Young Ireland; his grandfather and his aunt Charlotte Grace O'Brien both played roles in social reform. Robert Donough, his uncle, was an architect, and the painter Dermod O'Brien was his brother. O'Brien was educated in England at Winchester College and Oxford, and in Ireland in Trinity College. After his education he came back to Ireland and starting practicing as an architect in 1903. According to the 1911 census he lived at 58 Mount Street, south County Dublin.

title: William O'Brien (actor)

text: William O'Brien was probably born in County Clare in about 1740 to a family which claimed a distant connection to the Viscounts Clare. His father was a fencing master in Dublin David Garrick brought O'Brien over to London from Dublin in 1758 to join his actor's company at Drury Lane. O'Brien was successful in a number of roles, particularly Shakespeare and contemporary comedies. O'Brien was an actor in the company of He eloped with Lady Susannah "Susan" Fox-Strangways, eldest daughter of Stephen Fox, the first Earl of Ilchester, whom he had met when they both performed in amateur theatricals at Holland House. Their marriage, which took place on 7 April 1764 at St. Paul's Church, Covent Gardens, was disapproved of by Lady Susan's family.

title: William O'Brien (judge)

text: Probably the fullest sketch of O'Brien's character is by Maurice Healy in his memoir "The Old Munster Circuit". Since Healy was extremely proud of the overall quality of the Irish judiciary, it is interesting that he made an exception for O'Brien, whom he called "a man who worked more injustice in his daily round that the reader would believe possible". Healy's description of O'Brien must however be treated with caution: he was only twelve when the judge died, and though as a schoolboy he would sometimes attend Court when O'Brien was sitting, he admits that most of what he knew of him was second-hand.

title: William Edward O'Brien

text: He was born in Thornhill, Upper Canada, the son of Edward G. O'Brien, an immigrant from Ireland, and was educated at Upper Canada College. In 1864, he married Elizabeth Loring, a descendant of United Empire Loyalist Joshua Loring. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1874. O'Brien was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the House of Commons in 1878. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the militia and commanded a regiment during the North-West Rebellion of 1885. In 1889, O'Brien introduced a motion in the House of Commons that the Jesuit Estates Act, which had been passed by the Quebec assembly, be struck down by the federal parliament; that motion was defeated. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1896.

title: William X. O'Brien

text: Born in Clonakilty, County Cork, and christened 'John William', O'Brien moved with his family to Dublin in 1897, and quickly became involved in the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP). O'Brien is described as "a very significant figure in the ISRP" by the historian of the ISRP, David Lynch. He was a member of the Socialist Party of Ireland, serving on its executive.

title: Liam O'Brien (footballer, born 1964)

text: William Francis "Liam" O'Brien (born 5 September 1964) is an Irish former footballer who played for Bohemians, Shamrock Rovers, Manchester United, Newcastle United, Tranmere Rovers and Cork City.

title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien was born Eamon Joseph O'Brien in Brooklyn, New York, the seventh and youngest child of Agnes (née Baldwin) and James O'Brien. His parents were natives of Tallow, County Waterford, Ireland. When he was four years old, O'Brien's father died.

title: Lucy Cane

text: Lucy Cane was born Mary O'Brien around 1866, probably in Cahirmoyle, County Limerick. She was the third and youngest child of Edward William and his wife Mary Spring O'Brien, her elder siblings were Dermod and Nelly. Her paternal grandfather was William Smith O'Brien, and maternal cousin was Mary Spring Rice. O'Brien was educated at home. Following the death of her mother from tuberculosis, the three siblings were raised by their aunt, Charlotte Grace O'Brien.


query: When did the Cretaceous period begin?

title: Cretaceous

text: The Cretaceous (/krɪˈteɪʃəs/, kri-TAY-shəs) is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period 145 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period 66 mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and the longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation Kreide (chalk, creta in Latin).

title: Late Cretaceous

text: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time, approximately (Ma). It is widely known as the "K–T extinction event" and is associated with a geological signature, usually a thin band dated to that time and found in various parts of the world, known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary). "K" is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period derived from the German name "Kreidezeit", and "T" is the abbreviation for the Tertiary Period (a historical term for the period of time now covered by the Paleogene and Neogene periods). The event marks the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. "Tertiary" being no longer recognized as a formal time or rock unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the K-T event is now called the Cretaceous—Paleogene (or K-Pg) extinction event by many researchers.

title: Placenticeratidae

text: The Placenticeratidae had their beginning in the Late Albian stage at the end of the Early Cretaceous, starting with "Hypengonoceras". The type genus, "Placenticeras", appears later and is known from the upper Santonian to the lower Campanian of the Upper Cretaceous. The family has the longest duration of the Hoplitaceae, extending well into the Maastrichtian, the final stage of the Cretaceous period with the genus "Hoplitoplacenticeras".

title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Despite the title of the film's referencing the Jurassic period, "Brachiosaurus" and "Dilophosaurus" are the only dinosaurs featured that actually lived during that time; the other species featured did not exist until the Cretaceous period. This is acknowledged in the film during a scene where Dr. Grant describes the ferocity of the "Velociraptor" to a young boy, saying: "Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period..."

title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The "Cretaceous Normal" (also called the "Cretaceous Superchron" or C34) lasted for almost 40million years, from about , including stages of the Cretaceous period from the Aptian through the Santonian. The frequency of magnetic reversals steadily decreased prior to the period, reaching its low point (no reversals) during the period. Between the Cretaceous Normal and the present, the frequency has generally increased slowly.

title: Olson Mountain

text: Like other mountains in Glacier National Park, Olson Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks thick, wide and long over younger rock of the cretaceous period.

title: T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous

text: Filming continued for two weeks on location in Dinosaur Provincial Park. Yet the filmmakers faced a challenge in finding a realistic environment to set the live-action filming portion for the Cretaceous period sequences when Ally finds herself wandering amidst the lush vegetation of 66 million years ago. The location used to film Cretaceous period scenes in the end was in the Olympia rain forest in upper Washington state.

title: Buck Creek basin

text: The structure of the Buck Creek basin is rift-related, controlled by a series of northwest-southwest trending strike-slip faults. These faults are related to a period of rifting that trended to the southwest when the Nachako Plateau area was tectonically active during the Late Cretaceous, Eocene and Early Oligocene periods. The Buck Creek basin is filled with a series of volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks that range in age from the Cretaceous period to the Paleogene period.

title: Aphid

text: Aphids, and the closely related adelgids and phylloxerans, probably evolved from a common ancestor some , in the early Permian period. They probably fed on plants like Cordaitales or Cycadophyta. With their soft bodies, aphids do not fossilize well, and the oldest known fossil is of the species "Triassoaphis cubitus" from the Triassic. They do however sometimes get stuck in plant exudates which solidify into amber. In 1967, when Professor Ole Heie wrote his monograph "Studies on Fossil Aphids", about sixty species have been described from the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and mostly the Tertiary periods, with Baltic amber contributing another forty species. The total number of species was small, but increased considerably with the appearance of the angiosperms , as this allowed aphids to specialise, the speciation of aphids going hand-in-hand with the diversification of flowering plants. The earliest aphids were probably polyphagous, with monophagy developing later. It has been hypothesized that the ancestors of the Adelgidae lived on conifers while those of the Aphididae fed on the sap of Podocarpaceae or Araucariaceae that survived extinctions in the late Cretaceous. Organs like the cornicles did not appear until the Cretaceous period. One study alternatively suggests that ancestral aphids may have lived on angiosperm bark and that feeding on leaves may be a derived trait. The Lachninae have long mouth parts that are suitable for living on bark and it has been suggested that the mid-Cretaceous ancestor fed on the bark of angiosperm trees, switching to leaves of conifer hosts in the late Cretaceous. The Phylloxeridae may well be the oldest family still extant, but their fossil record is limited to the Lower Miocene "Palaeophylloxera".

title: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) boundary, is a geological signature, usually a thin band of rock. "K", the first letter of the German word "Kreide" (chalk), is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period and "Pg" is the abbreviation for the Paleogene Period.

title: Cycas

text: Cycas is the type genus and the only genus recognised in the family Cycadaceae. About 113 species are accepted. "Cycas circinalis", a species endemic to India was the first cycad species to be described and was the type of the generic name, "Cycas". The best-known "Cycas" species is "Cycas revoluta". "Cycas" is a very ancient genus of trees. The group achieved its maximum diversity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, when it was distributed almost worldwide. At the end of the Cretaceous, when the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct, so did most of the cycas in the Northern Hemisphere.

title: Halibut Oil Field

text: During the late Jurassic, a rift complex forms between the Australian Plate/Tasman Fold Belt, and the Antarctic Plate. This rifting continues through the early Cretaceous, and in the middle Cretaceous, begins to assist in the separation of Gondwana (In is what now southern Australia). During this same time, ocean crust is created to the west of Tasmania, and the separation of the Australian Plate from New Zealand, the Antarctic Plate, and the Campbell Plateau occurs. During the late Cretaceous, more extension occurs in this region, which creates syn-rift troughs. This extension forms the central depression, which is an integral part of the petroleum system, and is the location of nearly all of the oil/gas fields in the Gippsland Basin. Also during the late Cretaceous, volcanism occurred due to the Tasman Sea rifting. From the Eocene to the middle Miocene, a compressional tectonic period begins, and forms a series of anticlines, as well as nearly all of the structural features present today.

title: Benue Trough

text:
The Benue Trough was formed by rifting of the central West African basement, beginning at the start of the Cretaceous period.
At first, the trough accumulated sediments deposited by rivers and lakes.
During the Late Early to Middle Cretaceous, the basin subsided rapidly and was covered by the sea.
Sea floor sediment accumulated, especially in the southern Abakaliki Rift, under oxygen-deficient bottom conditions. In the Upper Cretaceous, the Benue Trough probably formed the main link between the Gulf of Guinea and the Tethys Ocean (predecessor of the Mediterranean Sea) via the Chad and Iullemmeden Basins.
Towards the end of this period the basin rose above sea level, and extensive coal forming swamps developed, particularly in the Anambra Basin. The trough is estimated to contain 5,000 m of Cretaceous sediments and volcanic rocks.

title: Hesperian

text: At any location, rock sections in a given system are apt to contain gaps (unconformities) analogous to missing pages from a book. In some places, rocks from the system are absent entirely due to nondeposition or later erosion. For example, rocks of the Cretaceous System are absent throughout much of the eastern central interior of the United States. However, the time interval of the Cretaceous (Cretaceous Period) still occurred there. Thus, a geologic period represents the time interval over which the strata of a system were deposited, including any unknown amounts of time present in gaps. Periods are measured in years, determined by radioactive dating. On Mars, radiometric ages are not available except from Martian meteorites whose provenance and stratigraphic context are unknown. Instead, absolute ages on Mars are determined by impact crater density, which is heavily dependent upon models of crater formation over time. Accordingly, the beginning and end dates for Martian periods are uncertain, especially for the Hesperian/Amazonian boundary, which may be in error by a factor of 2 or 3.

title: Stanton Mountain

text: Like other mountains in Glacier National Park, Stanton Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks thick, wide and long over younger rock of the cretaceous period.

title: Paleogene

text: The Paleogene (; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon. The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period. The United States Geological Survey uses the abbreviation P for the Paleogene.

title: The Age of Reptiles

text: In total, "The Age of Reptiles" spans about 362 million years, from the Devonian period at the mural's beginning to the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago. Each period's length on the mural is proportional to the period's length in geologic time. Each period of time is divided by large trees in the foreground.

title: Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: The Cretaceous Period (145–66 Ma), overall, had a relatively warm climate which resulted in high eustatic sea levels and created numerous shallow inland seas. In the Late Cretaceous, the climate was much warmer than present; however, throughout most of the period, a cooling trend is apparent. The tropics were much warmer in the early Cretaceous and became much cooler toward the end of the Cretaceous.

title: Livingston Range

text: The Livingston Range was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slap of precambrian rocks thick, wide and long over newer rocks of the cretaceous period.

title: Abelisauroidea

text: Abelisauroids flourished in the Southern hemisphere during the Cretaceous period, but their origins can be traced back to at least the Middle Jurassic, when they had a more global distribution (the earliest known abelisauroid remains come from Australian and South American deposits dated to about 170 million years ago). By the Cretaceous period, abelisauroids had apparently become extinct in Asia and North America, possibly due to competition from tyrannosauroids. However, advanced abelisauroids of the family Abelisauridae persisted in the southern continents until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event  million years ago.

title: Paleontology in Alabama

text: Alabama experienced rifting during the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era due to the breakup of Pangaea. The valleys formed by the rifts had filled with seawater by the Jurassic period. During the Late Cretaceous Alabama was partially covered by seawater once more. A wide variety of different animals lived in this sea. The oysters "Exogyra" and "Gryphaea" were preserved in great abundance during the Cretaceous period. Cretaceous life also included cephalopods, corals, and gastropods. When Alabama's Mooreville Chalk was deposited the area was home to protostegid turtles and the shark "Cretoxyrhina mantelli", which fed on them. Sometimes the shark's feeding activities would leave physical evidence on the turtle's bones that would be preserved when they fossilized. Other Alabama sharks included the genus "Squalicorax", which also commonly left behind tooth tips embedded in the bones of animals it fed on. Broken "Squalicorax" crowns have been found embedded in the bones of mosasaurs and even a young hadrosaur. One kind of turtle that lived in Cretaceous Alabama was "Bothremys", which may have fed on ancient snails. Areas of Alabama not covered by seawater were home to subtropical forests. Armored and duckbilled dinosaurs inhabited the state, as did tyrannosauroids. The local dinosaurs also left behind eggs to fossilize.

title: Cretaceous

text: Flowering plants (angiosperms) spread during this period, although they did not become predominant until the Campanian Age near the end of the period. Their evolution was aided by the appearance of bees; in fact angiosperms and insects are a good example of coevolution. The first representatives of many leafy trees, including figs, planes and magnolias, appeared in the Cretaceous.

title: Zangilan District

text: There exists a Mesozoic relief and cretaceous, volcanic and sedimentary rocks are spread in the territory of the rayon. Remains of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods spread in mountainous territories are dated back to a period of 150-200 thousands of years ago. There are Barbar and Salafir (2270 meters) summits in the territory and this mountain range passes Aras ravine near Aghbend, Vegnali. There is another mountain range in the direction of Sobu-Top-Dallakli villages, beginning from Shukurataz upland and it lowers near to Aras.

title: Agathis philippinensis

text: The Agathis is a very ancient family of coniferous trees. The group achieved its maximum diversity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, when it was distributed almost worldwide. At the end of the Cretaceous, when the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct, so did most of the Araucariaceae in the Northern Hemisphere. At least one genus, Agathis, survived into the Eocene.

title: Pollination

text: The first fossil record for abiotic pollination is from fern-like plants in the late Carboniferous period. Gymnosperms show evidence for biotic pollination as early as the Triassic period. Many fossilized pollen grains show characteristics similar to the biotically dispersed pollen today. Furthermore, the gut contents, wing structures, and mouthpart morphology of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. The association between beetles and angiosperms during the early Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late Cretaceous. The evolution of nectaries in late Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenopterans and angiosperms.

title: Franconian Switzerland

text: In the late Jurassic period, uplifting of the European continental plate caused the sea to recede and larger areas of land formed at the beginning of the subsequent Cretaceous period. During this time there was a tropical climate and there was intense weathering of limestone and dolomite rocks. During the Cretaceous a sea again advanced into the region of the Franconian Switzerland.

title: Lepidosauria

text: Snakes do not have an extensive fossil record; the oldest known fossil is from between early and late Cretaceous period. There were Tertiary fossil snakes that became extinct by the end of the Eocene period. The first colubrid also appeared in the Eocene period. Lizards first appeared in the middle Jurassic period, and this is when the scincomorph and the anguimorph lizards were first seen. The Gekkotans first appear in the late Jurassic period and the iguanians first appear in the late Cretaceous period. The lizards of the Cretaceous period represent extinct genera and species. The majority of amphisbaenians first appeared during the early Cenozoic period. Rhynchocephalian fossils first appear in the Middle Triassic period, between 238-240 million years ago, making them the earliest lepidosaurian fossils found to date. The tuatara can now only be found on small islands off the New Zealand coast. However, fossil records show that it once lived on mainland New Zealand and Rhynchocephalia as a whole was once distributed globally.

title: Hell Creek Formation

text: It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian (respectively, the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene) by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The climate was mild, and the presence of crocodilians suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold. The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding above and occasionally within the formation, near its boundary with the overlying Fort Union Formation.

title: Gulf of Mexico

text: To the east, the stable Florida platform was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time. The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous. After both platforms were submerged, the formation of carbonates and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas. Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms, and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in a compressive deformation episode, the Laramide Orogeny, which created the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico.

title: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: The K–Pg boundary marks the end of the Cretaceous Period, the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and marks the beginning of the Paleogene Period, the first period of the Cenozoic Era. Its age is usually estimated at around 66 Ma (million years ago), with radiometric dating yielding a more specific age of 66.043 ± 0.011 Ma.