query: When did Ferdinand II die?

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1637). He was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and Maria of Bavaria. In 1590, his parents, who were devout Catholics, sent him to study at the Jesuits' college in Ingolstadt, because they wanted to isolate him from the Lutheran nobles. In the same year, he inherited Inner Austria—Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and smaller provinces—from his father. Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the head of the Habsburg family, appointed regents to administer Inner Austria on behalf of the minor Ferdinand.

title: Ferdinand of León (died 1214)

text: In November 1212 Alfonso IX signed the Treaty of Coimbra with Alfonso VIII of Castile (the father of his second wife) and Alfonso II of Portugal (the brother of his first wife). Although the treaty weakened the Castilian defences on the border by forcing them to hand over four castles to the Leonese to be demolished, it probably also strengthened the position of Alfonso VIII's grandson against the eldest son Ferdinand in a possible future succession crisis. Ferdinand was a co-signatory with his father in several acts before April that year, when the two kingdoms made peace in preparation for a great battle against the Muslims. He did not sign any further charters during the period of peace, but on 22 April 1213, Ferdinand again co-signed a charter with his father.

title: Ferdinand II of León

text: In 1165 he married Urraca, daughter of Afonso of Portugal. However, strife with Portugal was not put to an end by this move. In 1168 Afonso again felt menaced by Ferdinand II's repopulation of the area of Ciudad Rodrigo: he then attacked Galicia, occupying Tui and the territory of Xinzo de Limia, former fiefs of his mother. However, as his troops were also besieging the Muslim citadel of Badajoz, Ferdinand II was able to push the Portuguese out of Galicia and to rush to Badajoz. When Afonso saw the Leonese arrive he tried to flee, but he was disabled by a broken leg caused by a fall from his horse, and made prisoner at one the city's gates. Afonso was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous year. In the peace signed at Pontevedra the following year, Ferdinand got back twenty five castles, and the cities of Cáceres, Badajoz, Trujillo, Santa Cruz and Montánchez, previously lost by León. When in the same years the Almoravids laid siege to the Portuguese city of Santarém, Ferdinand II came to help his father-in-law, and helped to free the city from the menace.

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles II died unexpectedly on 10 July 1590.[7] He had named his wife, his brother Archduke Ferdinand II, their nephew Emperor Rudolph II, and his brother-in-law Duke William V the guardians of Ferdinand.[11] Maria and William V tried to secure the regency for her, but Rudolph II, who was the head of the Habsburg family, appointed his own brothers—first Ernest in 1592, and then in 1593, Maximilian III—to the post.[11][12] The Estates of Inner Austria urged the Emperor to achieve Ferdinand's return from Bavaria, but Maria resisted and Ferdinand continued his studies at the Jesuits' university.[11] Ferdinand and his maternal cousin, Maximilian I, were the only future European rulers who studied at a university in the late 16th century.[13] He regularly attended the classes, although his delicate health often forced him to stay in his chamber.[14] His religiosity was reinforced during his studies:[15] he did not miss the Masses on Sundays and feast days and made pilgrimages to the Bavarian shrines.[14]

title: Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua

text:
At his brother Ferdinand II's death on 22 May 1859, Charles's hopes were raised. Ferdinand II bequeathed him a small amount of money, and the new King Francis II, his nephew, ordered the restoration of all his income and property. However, Charles, who moved between Geneva, Spa and Aix les Bains with his wife and their two adolescent children, did not see any of it. The following year the Bourbons were overthrown. With the Piedmontese invasion,
everything was confiscated by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

title: Regalia of the Bulgarian monarch

text: Ferdinand I of Bulgaria used one Scepter and two Baton's. The scepter was sold on-line to an unknown buyer. One of the Batons was given to Ferdinand by the Bulgarian Army in 1915 in celebration to the successful military campaign in Macedonia and the other Baton was given to him by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1916 on a military parade in Niš when Ferdinand was awarded the title Generalfeldmarschall. Currently, both Batons are in the possession of Simeon II of Bulgaria.

title: First Italian War of Independence

text: The major contribution to the war was to be made by Ferdinand II of Two Sicilies, who promised to send a corps of 25,000 men. This contingent did not leave on time and when it was sent in March it contained around 11,000 men. King Ferdinand II was politically very far from the Piedmontese liberal ideology and his highest priority was the reconquest of Sicily, which had revolted on 26 March 1848 under the leadership of Ruggero Settimo. Commanded by Guglielmo Pepe, the Neapolitan troops arrived in the theatre of war only in mid-May, when, as they were crossing the Po from the south, they received the order to return home. Only a few units loyal to Guglielmo Pepe entered Veneto and participated in the fighting.

title: Ferdinand II of Naples

text: Ferdinand fled to the castle at Ischia with an escort of 14 galleys, together with the royal family, the general Innico d'Avalos and the poet Jacopo Sannazaro. The commander of the island fortress had already made an agreement with the French, and opposed the King's entrance. When the two met, Ferdinand killed the commander personally, and had his body thrown into the sea. Ferdinand later moved to Messina, where he joined his cousin Ferdinand II, King of Sicily and Spain.

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Ferdinand reached the age of majority in late 1596.[21] He was officially installed as the actual ruler first in Styria in December.[21] He avoided to discuss religious affairs with the Estates, taking advantage of their fear of an Ottoman invasion and the peasant uprisings in Upper Austria.[21] Early next year, the representatives of the other Inner Austrian provinces swore fealty to him.[19] He did not change the traditional system of government, but he appointed only Catholics to the highest offices.[19] He and his mother went to Prague to meet with Rudolph II.[19] Ferdinand informed the Emperor about his plans to strengthen the position of Catholicism.[20] The Emperor's advisors acknowledged Ferdinand's right to regulate religious issues, but asked him not to provoke his Protestant subjects.[22] Rudolph II made Ferdinand responsible for the defense of Croatia, Slavonia and the southeastern parts of Hungary proper against the Ottomans.[23] He visited Nagykanizsa and the nearby fortresses and ordered their reparation.[22]

title: Battle of Lobregal

text: Their victory did not allow the Castro to wrest control of Alfonso VIII from the Lara, but it did strengthen their position at the court of Ferdinand II of León, to which they had fled. On 13 March both Fernando and his brother Álvaro confirmed a Leonese charter. They were also able to return to Castile by 11 July, when the confirmed a charter of Alfonso VIII alongside the three Lara brothers and their uncle, Gutierre Fernández, indicating a peace accord by that date. The Castro brothers had returned to the Leonese court by at least September, but they did not confirm Ferdinand II's only charter issued in November that year. It appears that a general peace followed the Battle of Lobregal. There is no record of further armed conflict in 1160, but in 1162 Ferdinand II took Toledo from the Castilians and in 1164 the Castro defeated the Lara again at the Battle of Huete.

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Ferdinand completed his studies on 21 December 1594, but Rudolph II allowed him to return to Graz only two months later.[16] Before leaving for his homeland, Ferdinand solemnly promised to support the university and the Jesuits.[16] Maximilian III renounced the regency and the Emperor made the 17-year-old Ferdinand the new regent for himself.[17] Ferdinand chose the Jesuit Bartholomew Viller his confessor.[18] A burgher from Graz, who had converted to Catholicism, Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, became one of his most trusted courtiers.[19] The weak position of Catholicism in Graz astonished Ferdinand, especially when he realized that only his relatives and most trusted courtiers celebrated the Eucharist during the Easter Mass.[20]

title: Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

text: In the end, the Portuguese refused to fulfill the treaty, and allowed their hostages, including the royal Ferdinand the Saint Prince, to rot in Moroccan captivity, rather than give up Ceuta. Ferdinand would die in 1443. But this did not diminish Abu Zakariya's new prestige. After the long years of anarchy and disorder, a bit of a springtime prevailed over Morocco after 1437.

title: Angewandte Chemie

text: In 1887, Ferdinand Fischer founded the Zeitschrift für die Chemische Industrie (Journal for the Chemical Industry). In 1888, the title was changed to Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie ("Journal of Applied Chemistry"), and volume numbering started over. This title was kept until the end of 1941 when it was changed to Die Chemie. Until 1920, the journal was published by Springer Verlag and by Verlag Chemie starting in 1921. Due to World War II, the journal did not publish from April 1945 to December 1946. In 1947, publication was resumed under the current title, "Angewandte Chemie".

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Becanus who died in late 1623 was succeeded by Lamormaini as Ferdinand's confessor.[151] Lamormaini awakened Ferdinand's determination to adopt strict measures against the Protestants.[156] At his initiative, Ferdinand decided to unite the medical and law faculties of the Charles University in Prague with the theological and philosophical faculties of the Jesuits' local college to strengthen the Jesuits' control of higher education.[139] The new archbishop of Prague, Ernst Adalbert von Harrach did not renounce the control of the university and also wanted to prevent the Jesuits from seizing the estates of the Charles University.[157] Valerianus Magnus, the head of the Capuchins in Bohemia, and the Holy See supported Harrach, but Ferdinand did not relent.[157]

title: Jure uxoris

text: In Portugal, a male consort could not become a king "jure uxoris" until the queen regnant had a child and royal heir. Although Queen Maria II married her second husband in 1836, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha did not become King Ferdinand II until 1837, when their first child was born. Queen Maria's first husband, Auguste of Beauharnais, never became monarch, because he died before he could father an heir. The queen's child did not have to be born after her accession. For example, Queen Maria I already had children by her husband when she acceded, so he became King Peter III at the moment of his wife's accession.

title: Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile

text: Her daughter Isabella did not visit her (Alfonso had died under suspicious circumstances in 1468), though in 1469, she did tell her half-brother that Arévalo was her destination when in fact she was going to Valladolid to marry Infante Ferdinand of Aragon, the heir of John II of Aragon. When Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella bypassed the claims of her niece, who had never been considered legitimate, to become Queen of Castile. Together, she and Ferdinand spent their time uniting Spain by completing the reconquista. It was not until 1496, when the queen heard that her mother was dying, that she finally visited Isabella. The deranged and distraught old woman did not recognise her daughter. After her death, she was interred next to her husband and son at Miraflores Charterhouse.

title: Justus Sustermans

text: Ferdinand would have been thirteen at the time of the painting's completion, but looks to be about 4 or 5 years old in the portrait. In addition, his mother looks much younger in this portrait than in a portrait Sustermans did of her in 1622. Sustermans was known for painting children accurately, so it is unlikely that the artist did not know how to make Ferdinand look his age. Since the portrait was delivered with a posthumous portrait of Ferdinand's father, Cosimo II, it is quite possible that this painting is meant to look to the past, just as the posthumous portrait of Cosimo II looked back to the time when he was alive.

title: Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este

text: In 1763, the last Este Duke of Modena, Ercole III (who did not die until 1803), signed a treaty with the Empress Maria Theresa engaging the nine-year-old Ferdinand to his only daughter Maria Beatrice, making him thus his heir. There had been an earlier treaty in 1753 making Ferdinand's older brother Peter Leopold the heir to the Duchy of Modena, but in 1761, Peter Leopold became heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which required a change to the Modena agreement.

title: Zdeněk Lev of Rožmitál

text: In 1526, Louis II fell in the Battle of Mohács, ending Jagiellon rule in Bohemia. Zdeněk was considered one of the candidates to succeed Louis II, although he was perhaps too old to be elected. Other possible candidates were Duke Charles I of Münsterberg-Oels and Duke Frederick II of Legnica. However, it soon turned out that the Estates preferred Ferdinand of Habsburg, who became Emperor as Ferdinand I. Zdeněk also supported Ferdinand's election. Unlike his predecessor, Ferdinand did not allow himself to be influenced by Zdeněk.

title: Sancho of Majorca

text: King Sancho's marriage was childless, which proved problematic in terms of succession. James II of Aragon claimed that the crown should revert to him if Sancho were to die leaving no legitimate issue, but Sancho himself was eager to prevent that. The elder of his two brothers, Ferdinand, had predeceased him; the younger, Philip, had also chosen an ecclesiastical career. Ferdinand, however, had left two sons, James and Ferdinand, and in 1322 Sancho devised a will detailing the line of succession: should Sancho have no legitimate children, the crown was to pass to James, then to the younger Ferdinand, and only if both boys were to die childless to the King of Aragon. He then proceeded to prepare the realm for his underage nephew's accession by establishing a regency council consisting of six people, three from the Kingdom of Majorca and three from the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne. War almost broke out with the enraged King of Aragon, but Sancho had the support of King Charles IV of France.

title: Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples

text: Meanwhile, King Charles VIII of France was about to conquer Naples. Doing the last desperate thing he could, Alfonso II abdicated in favour of his son, who became Ferdinand II of Naples. However, before he left, he advised his son to take the advice of the queen dowager in consideration and never do anything to upset her. When Charles VIII was about to enter Sicily, Ferdinand II took Joanna and her daughter Joanna (who was also to be his wife) and left. After their return on 13 October 1495, Joanna arranged a marriage between her daughter Joanna and King Ferdinand II. They were married on 28 February 1496. However Ferdinand II died of malaria in October of the same year and Joanna was left a childless widow aged seventeen. By now, the young Joanna also signed every letter with "the sad queen".

title: Thirty Years' War

text: Some in the court of Ferdinand II did not trust Wallenstein, believing he sought to join forces with the German princes and thus gain influence over the Emperor. Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. He later recalled him, after the Swedes, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, had successfully invaded the Holy Roman Empire and turned the tables on the Catholics.

title: Louis de Beaumont, 2nd Count de Lerín

text: He was at times a strong supporter of Ferdinand II of Aragon in the dynastic Struggles between Ferdinand II of Aragon against his son in law, Philip I of Castile and became head of the so called "Beaumont faction". In, a treaty between the Navarrese rulers and King Ferdinand II, Ferdinand promised to stop warring on Navarre or Béarn, and in exchange Louis was to hand over some strategic fortresses in exchange for new lands in Granada. However, when the promise was reneged, in an attempt to restore royal authority and patrimony, the king met with the resistance of the defiant count Louis of Beaumont, whose estates where subsequently confiscated.

title: Lord of Balaguer

text: When John II succeeded Alfonso V in 1458, the title was awarded to John's second son, Ferdinand. After Ferdinand II's accession, the lordship was held by the heir apparent to the Crown of Aragon and was always joined to the title of Prince of Girona.

title: Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the son of Queen Joanna I of Castile from the House of Trastámara (herself the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand shared his customs, culture, and even his birthday with his maternal grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragon. He was born, raised, and educated in Spain, and did not learn German when he was young.

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Ferdinand's mother died on 29 April 1608, while he was staying in Regensbug.[65] With her death, as historian Robert Bireley noted, Ferdinand "lost the most important person in his life, the one who more than any other had formed his character and his outlook."[65] He requested the scholar Caspar Schoppe, whom he had met at the Imperial Diet, to elaborate a detailed plan for an alliance of the Catholic monarchs.[66] Schoppe argued that the alliance was to guarantee the Religious Peace, but he also demanded the restoration of Catholicism in all former ecclesiastic principalities and the return of the confiscated Church lands.[67] Ferdinand embraced Schoppe's views and appointed him to start negotiations with Pope Paul V about a "just war" for the defence of the interests of Catholics, but the Pope avoid making a commitment, because he did not want to outrage Henry IV of France.[68] Ferdinand also tried to strengthen his relationship with his Bavarian relatives, because Matthias' rebellion against Rudolph II and his concessions to the Protestants had shocked Ferdinand.[69][70] However, William V and Maximilian of Bavaria ignored him when they and the three ecclesiastical electors—the archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne—established the Catholic League in February 1610.[66] Only Philip III of Spain, who promised financial aid to the League, could persuade the Catholic princes to accept Ferdinand as a director and the vice-protector of the League in August.[66]

title: House of Wittelsbach

text: Joseph Ferdinand, a son of Maximilian II Emanuel, was the favored choice of England and the Netherlands to succeed as the ruler of Spain, and young Charles II of Spain chose him as his heir. Due to the unexpected death of Joseph Ferdinand in 1699 the Wittelsbach did not come to power in Spain, leaving the Spanish Succession uncertain again.

title: Ambras Castle

text: The modern Ambras Castle was built by Archduke Ferdinand II (1529–1595), the second son of Emperor Ferdinand I. When he was made provincial sovereign of Tyrol in 1564, Ferdinand II ordered two Italian architects to turn the existing medieval fortress into a Renaissance castle for his untitled wife Philippine Welser (1527–1580), whom he had married in secret. Ferdinand II prepared his family's residence in the Upper Castle, beneath which he constructed one of the most artistically important halls of the late Renaissance—known as the "Spanish Hall" since the nineteenth century. In 1567, Ferdinand II made his entry into Innsbruck, prior to that, he was appointed administrating governor to the Kingdom of Bohemia, taking up residence in Prague in 1547. In 1589, he added an additional building, the "Heldenrüstkammer", west of the Lower Castle for the purpose of housing his collection of "Heroes", the very first systematic presentation of objects in the history of museums. Ambras Castle was used as the residence of Philippine as well as a place for Ferdinand II to house his collection of weapons, suits of armour, portraits, natural objects, as well as rarities and precious objects. Today, the art history museum Schloss Ambras Innsbruck is part of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna.

title: Prince Francis, Count of Trapani

text:
In spite of family intrigues, he was loyal to his brother Ferdinand II. Because he did not bother Ferdinand II with petitions, Francis was well liked by the king. Like his brothers, the Count of Syracuse and the Count of Aquila, Trapani had a weakness for women of easy virtue, but he did not get involve in scandals. At Ferdinand II's death on 22 May 1859, Trapani was entrusted with handling the army. During the short reign of his nephew King Francis II, Trapani, lacking in political acumen, provided him with little help in the critical time of the fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicillies.
After the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fell in 1861 during the Expedition of the Thousand, the royal family went into exile. Francis and his family went to Rome, where they were under the protection of Pope Pius IX. However, the Papal States were also invaded in 1870 by Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Francis and his family fled next to France. Francis died in 1892 in Paris at 65 years of age.

title: Joanna of Castile

text: Ferdinand I had named Ferdinand as his heir in his will before being persuaded to revoke this bequest and rename Joanna and Charles I as his heirs-presumptive instead. When Ferdinand II died in 1516, the Kingdoms of Castile and León, and Aragon and their associated crowns and territories/colonies would pass to Joanna I and Charles I. With Charles I still in Flanders, Aragon was being governed after Ferdinand II's death by his bastard son, Alonso de Aragón. Meanwhile, Castile and León, already subjects of Joanna, were governed by Archbishop Cisneros as regent. A group of nobles, led by the Duke of Infantado, attempted to proclaim the Infante Ferdinand as King of Castile but the attempt failed.

title: John Christian of Brieg

text: In 1617 Ferdinand II of Habsburg was elected King of Bohemia. The new ruler, raised by the Jesuits, began immediately the Counter Reformation. The Protestants were totally against his election to the Bohemisn throne, especially when it became clear that Ferdinand II had no intention to give them the tolerance guaranteed by Imperial Decree of the late Emperor Rudolf II. The conflict between the Bohemians and Ferdinand II deepened when the new King shown his aspirations for rule in the Absolutism. In the civil war started between the Bohemians and the Habsburgs, John Christian stood on the Bohemian side. With the insistence of John George of Brandenburg, Duke of Krnov, his brother George Rudolf and his cousins, the Dukes of Oleśnica, Henry Wenceslaus and Karl Frederick of Poděbrady (later his son-in-law) and as "General Prefect" (Governor) of Silesia (a function held from him since 1617 onwards) he formed an army who, under the leadership of John George of Krnov went to Bohemia to help the insurgents. In 1619 the states of Bohemia announced the dethronement of Ferdinand II, and on 26 July was elected as new King of Bohemia Frederick V, Elector Palatine, a strong Calvinism.


query: Who painted the Basilica?

title: Sistine Chapel ceiling

text: The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art.

title: St Patrick's Basilica, Ottawa

text: A World War I memorial painting, which depicts angels meeting a dying soldier on the battlefield and Jesus Christ on the cross, was erected by the parishioners and is dedicated to the soldiers of the St. Patrick's Basilica parish who fell during The Great War. At the bottom of the painting's wooden frame is the list of those soldiers.

title: Basilica of St. Josaphat

text: The first mural that was painted for this church was "The Martyrdom of St. Josaphat" in 1904 by the artist Zukotynski and is found directly behind and above the altar. Most of the other murals found in the church were painted by Gonippo Raggi. Conrad Schmitt Studios later restored the interior of the Basilica to its 1926 decorative grandeur, originally executed by Conrad Schmitt Studios and Roman artist Professor Gonippo Raggi, and restored the Basilica's stained glass windows imported from Austria in 1902.

title: Carlo Pellegrini (17th-century painter)

text: He was born in Massa Carrara, Italy and trained in Rome under Bernini. Carlo was active in painting in the Grottoes beneath the Basilica of Basilica of St Peter's; designed the "St Bernard" mosaic portrait, collaboration with Giovanni Battista Calandra, in the former church; and painted a "Conversion of Paul" for the church of the Propagande Fide in Rome.

title: Basilica of Our Lady of Humility

text: A miracle attributed to the fresco of the Madonna of humility painted in about 1370 gave rise to the construction of the basilica. The fresco is sometimes attributed to Bartolomeo Cristiani, but was perhaps due to a local painter from Pistoia. The basilica, built to designs by architect Ventura Vitoni, is an important example of Early Renaissance architecture. Giorgio Vasari built the octagonal dome atop the basilica in 1562. The original fresco remains within the basilica.

title: Madonna of humility

text: A miracle attributed to the fresco of the Madonna of humility painted in about 1370 gave rise to the construction of the Basilica of Our Lady of Humility in Pistoia, in Tuscany, Italy. The fresco is sometimes attributed to Giovanni di Bartolomeo Cristiani, but was perhaps done by a local painter from Pistoia. The basilica, built by architect Ventura Vitoni, is an important example of high Renaissance architecture. Giorgio Vasari built the octagonal dome atop the basilica in 1562. The original fresco remains within the basilica.

title: Basilica of St. Josaphat

text: The Basilica was formally dedicated in 1901 by Archbishop Francis Xavier Katzer with 4,000 people in attendance. Once completed, it met the requirements of Milwaukee's growing Polish Catholic population by seating 2,400 members and was the city's largest church. Artist Tadeusz Żukotyński painted the first painting in the church, "The Martyrdom of St. Josaphat", in 1904.

title: Porta Romana, Siena

text: In 1417, Taddeo di Bartolo was commissioned to paint the "Madonna" icon on the inner portal, dedicated to the protection of the city. The painting was further retouched by Sassetta and later Sano di Pietro who completed it in 1466. The painting depicted a "Glory of Angels" in lower arches, and a "Coronation of the Virgin" in the central arch. Due to the state of decay, the remaining fresco was transferred in 1978 to the Basilica of San Francesco, Siena.

title: Peñafrancia Basilica

text: In 1991, the Basilica Rector, Msgr. Manolo de los Santos, started the repairs and improvements of the Basilica Church. The doors were reinforced and strengthened, window stained glasses and oil paintings of the Stations of the Cross were installed, concrete pathways and drainage systems were constructed around the basilica church and complex. His efforts, however, were cut short towards the end of June 1993 due to his transfer to Iriga City as its new parish priest.

title: Notre-Dame de la Garde

text: Many writers have described the famous basilica, for example:Many painters have depicted Marseille's port with Notre-Dame's basilica in the background. Paul Signac, who helped to develop pointillism, produced a painting in 1905 that is now shown in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Albert Marquet produced three works. The first was a drawing executed in ink in 1916, shown at Musee National d'Art Moderne in Paris. The second is an oil on canvas painted in 1916 entitled "The horse at Marseille". This painting, now at the Museum of Fine Arts in Bordeaux, shows a horse on the port quay with the hill of Notre-Dame de la Garde in the background. The third, shown at the Annonciade museum at Saint-Tropez, is called "The Port of Marseille in fog"; the basilica emerges from a misty landscape where the purification of form indicates distance.This painting shows this painter did not always represent the port of Marseilles from the front, moving his easel to the riverbank side, sometimes close to the town hall, to represent the hill of Notre-Dame de la Garde.

title: Our Lady of Victory Basilica (Lackawanna, New York)

text:
Other Sculptures and Artwork:
The interior is decorated with several religious paintings, sculptures, and mosaics depicting devotion to the Blessed Mother. It is estimated that from 1,500 to 2,500 angels can be found in the basilica in the sculptures and artwork. It was Baker's plan to place an angel in every possible sightline, to remind visitors that although the Basilica is dedicated to Our Lady of Victory, its main purpose is meant primarily for God's praise and glory.
Pews and Aisle:
The Basilica's pews are made of rare African mahogany, and provide seating for more than 1,200 individuals. The shrine's floor and aisle are gradually sloped to ensure that visitors have an unobstructed view of the Basilica's main altar.

title: Divine Mercy Sanctuary, Kraków

text: The basilica can accommodate about 5,000 people and the main chapel has about 1,800 seats. The altar in the main sanctuary houses the Divine Mercy painting and relics of Saint Faustina. The image above the main altar was painted by Adolph Hyla in 1944, and replaces the first image Hyla painted in 1943 as a votive offering for surviving during World War II. The image and the basilica are a major pilgrimage site and in 2011 the basilica received around 2 million pilgrims from around the world.

title: Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower

text: The original painting was restored with the support of the Strake Foundation of Houston and reinstalled in a place of honor in the Basilica in 2007.It is wide by tall, and is located in the undercroft of the church.

title: Basilica of the Assumption, Aglona

text: Basilica of the Assumption of Aglona was built in the late Baroque style, and it is decorated with two 60 meter high towers. Inside, there are cross vaults, arches, columns and it is decorated with rococo ornaments. Every year on the 15th of August, pilgrims come to celebrate the Virgin Mary's Assumption day. The Church kept the painting, sculpture and art values, including the icon of "Our Lady of Aglona's Miracle". It is believed that the painting has a healing ability. From 2011 to 2013 diocesan bishop John Bulis coordinated a Basilica's restoration work. It had pitch roofing, sheet metal cover being replaced with copper and renovation works from Basilica and convent. The basilica was carried out in a complete change of wall color, retaining the Baroque and Rococo styles, but changing the colors and patterns on the walls. The altar's large columns and cornices evolved from blue-green marble imitation of the little pink reddish, thus the whole altar become much "warmer". In contrast, the rest of the wall painting in the Basilica of the pitch line of decorative elements are pale yellow and pink colors of marble imitation celadon. All Basilica's decorative paint is a lot more marble imitation than it was before. It lost a few pictures of the saints and Christian symbols such as the dove (as a symbol of the Holy Spirit), the Lamb of God symbol, etc.

title: Anchiskhati Basilica

text: Anchiskhati Basilica is a three-span basilica, divided by two abutments forming horseshoe shaped conches, which indicates the antiquity of its construction. Originally constructed of blocks of yellow tuff stone, the 1958-1964 restoration made extensive use of brick. The structure has entrances on three sides, but today only the western entrance is in use. Aside from the altarpiece, which was painted in 1683 by order of Catholicos Nikoloz Amilakhvari, all of the remaining paintings in the church date from the 19th century.

title: San Petronio Basilica

text: In 2002, five men who it was believed were connected to Al Qaeda and were planning to blow up the building, were arrested. Again in 2006, plans by Muslim terrorists to destroy the Basilica were thwarted by Italian police. The terrorists claimed that a 15th-century fresco inside was insulting to Islam. The fresco, painted by Giovanni da Modena, depicts Muhammad in Hell being devoured by demons.

title: Giovanni Domenico Piastrini

text: He learned first skills from his father, Francesco Maria, who had painted in the Annunziata and San Lorenzo churches of Florence. But then traveled to Rome to work in the studio of Benedetto Luti. He painted for the Basilica of our Lady of Humility in Pistoia. He also painted altarpieces for churches in Rome (including Santa Maria in Via Lata) and Pisa. He died in Rome.

title: Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral

text: The third painting in the south transept depicts the Annunciation. It had been displayed in the cathedral choir area during the 1901 celebration when the cathedral was designated a basilica; the basilica of the Annunciation. Just by this painting and in the third ogive there is a cartouche surmounted by a mitre and cross carried by two angels. The cartouche bears the coat of arms of Monseigneur Guy le Clerc who was the Léon bishop from 1514 to 1521 and his motto "Battons et Abattons". Guy le Clerc was almoner to Queen Claude de France, the wife of François the First.

title: Basilica of Corpus Domini

text: To celebrate the event, the painting of the Holy Name of Jesus was painted on the four gates of the city but this was deemed insufficient, and in 1509 a small chapel was soon commissioned on the present church's site. However, nothing was built until 1521, when Innocenzo Cybo, Archbishop of Turin, ordered the construction of a small oratory by Matteo Sanmicheli. This was demolished in 1607 to make room to the modern basilica.

title: Fabrizio Castello

text: As a member of the team of artists led by his half-brother, who also had his other brothers helping, Castello worked in the pictorial decoration of various units of the basilica and Monastery of El Escorial. In 1582 he was commissioned with one of his brothers to paint the original painting of the choir of the basilica, possibly consisting of a simple paneled pretense, soon replaced by a work of Luca Cambiasi. It is likely that between 1583 and 1584 that Castello participated in the decoration of the vaults of the vestry and sacristy of the monastery, where some soft modeling figures other than the detail work employed by Granello, may apply to, but documentation mentions only his half brother.

title: Basilica of Candelaria

text: Another feature of the basilica are the mural paintings that are mostly found on the altar. These paintings usually represent angels and other canarian saints who were devotees of the Virgin of Candelaria. On one side of the main altar is the flag of the Vatican City, referring to the close relationship of the sanctuary with the Pope because of its status as a minor basilica. Above the altar is the statue of the Virgin.Every 14 and 15 August this basilica houses pilgrims who come to celebrate the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of the Canary Islands) the day of her festival. Stresses on August 14 the "Romeria" and the representation of the appearance of the Virgin. Day 15 is made the solemn Mass and procession subsequent presence of the Principal authorities, religious, political, civil and military de Canarias.

title: Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan

text:
The church has a collection of art that includes paintings and sculptures.The Huichol Museum is next to the basilica and has a permanent exhibit about the art of the Huichol, Tepehuan and Cora people.
The Museum of the Virgin of Zapopan is on the north side of the basilica next to where the Virgin is venerated.

title: Francesco Torbido

text: He studied in Venice under Giorgione and then went to Verona and married the daughter of Count Zenovello Giusti. In the service of the Count, whose daughter he married, he became a pupil of the painter Liberale da Verona, who adopted him as his heir. In Venice, he painted frescoes of the "Life of the Virgin" and a "Transfiguration". He painted lunettes depicting the "Navity" and an "Assumption of the Virgin" in 1534, for the main chapel of the Verona cathedral. Another of his paintings is "Virgin and Child in Glory", is in the Church of St. Fermo. He also painted several portraits, including two self-portraits. He painted for the Basilica di San Zeno.

title: Ventura Salimbeni

text: At the same time he was painting the "Vision of Gregory the Great" and the "Punishment of David" in the Basilica of San Pietro in Perugia. The papal legate, cardinal Bonifazio Bevilacqua (1571–1627), who had commissioned these paintings, was so pleased that he invested Ventura Salimbeni with the Order of the Golden Spur, a very selective papal order. He was even authorized from now on to name himself Cavalieri Bevilacqua. He painted the canvas of the "Ascension of the Virgin" (1607) for San Frediano, Pisa.

title: Annunziata Polyptych

text:
The Annunziata Polyptych is a painting cycle started by Filippino Lippi and finished by Pietro Perugino, whose central panel is now divided between the Galleria dell'Accademia ("Deposition from the Cross") and the Basilica dell'Annunziata, both in Florence, Italy. The polyptych had other six panels, which are housed in the Lindenau-Museum of Altenburg, the Metropolitan Museum of New York City, the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica in Rome and in a private collection in South Africa.
The work was originally commissioned to Filippino Lippi for the high altar of the Annunziata Basilica in Florence. Lippi had already ceded the same commission to Leonardo da Vinci, who had executed a cartoon with "St. Anne, the Virgin and the Child", before abandoning the work when he followed Cesare Borgia (1502). The work was thus reassigned to Lippi, who changed completely the theme. At his death in 1504 the painting, already completed in the central part, was assigned to Pietro Perugino, who completed it, including the secondary panels, in 1507.

text: Perhaps the most treasured work of art at the basilica is a painting of Ste. Thérèse, a gift from the Carmel of Lisieux to the friars of San Antonio in 1927. The saint’s blood sister Céline Martin (1869-1959), also a nun (Sr. Genevieve of the Holy Face) in the Carmel of Lisieux, created the model for this painting, referred to as the "Apotheosis," at the request of the Vatican during the canonization process for Thérèse, according to the Archives of Carmel in Lisieux. Another artist, Pascal Blanchard, painted several large canvases based on Celine’s model. Céline and another nun, Sr. Marie of the Holy Spirit, then retouched the face on each copy. One of these paintings was the standard carried in the procession to St. Peter's during the canonization ceremony on May 17, 1925; it was returned to the nuns after the ceremony. The Basilica’s painting is one of the several others that were loaned out by the Convent of Lisieux to Carmels in France for the canonization events.

title: The Donation of Constantine (painting)

text: The painting depicts an apocryphal historical event: Emperor Constantine kneels before Pope Sylvester I and offers the Pope and his successors control of the city of Rome and the entire Western Roman Empire. The depiction of Sylvester is modeled after Pope Clement VII who became pope in 1523. The painting (anachronistically) shows the interior of the original Saint Peter's Basilica, which was in the process of being rebuilt at the time the painting was made. In the center background of the painting is the altar with its twisted, Solomonic columns. These columns were a gift from Constantine who supposedly took them from the ruined Jewish temple.

title: St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków

text: At the beginning of the 19th century, the city decided that a cemetery near the Basilica was to be shut down and replaced by a public square. Today, it is known as "Plac Mariacki" (Marian Square). In the years 1887–1891, under the direction of Tadeusz Stryjeński, the neo-Gothic design was introduced into the Basilica. The temple gained a new design and murals painted and funded by Jan Matejko, who worked with Stanislaw Wyspianski and Józef Mehoffer - the authors of stained glass in the presbytery.

title: St. George's Basilica, Malta

text:
In 1678 the Governor of Gozo Don Francesco de Corduba commissioned a new altarpiece for the parish church of St George from Mattia Preti. This painting is considered to be one of Gozo's most important painting. The painting depicts St George triumphant over the dragon. The coat of arms of the donor is depicted in the bottom left corner of the painting.
The basilica has a total of 11 side chapels. Starting from the left side of the Basilica when entering the main door one finds the chapel of St Paul with a baroque altar and a painting depicting St Paul and the Immaculate Conception by Stefano Erardi (1699). Next, is the side entrance chapel of St Alphonsus Maria de' Liguori which does not contain an altar though has an oval oil canvas depicting the saint by Maltese painter Ramiro Cali commissioned in 1925. Next, is the chapel of St Michael the Archangel who is depicted in a mosaic made in Rome in 1963 based on an older painting now located in the Basilica museum. The next chapel contains a baroque altar designed by Francesco Zahra and produced between 1759 and 1761 by Giovanni Antonio Durante. The chapel is dedicated to the Holy Souls in purgatory and has a painting done by Mattia Preti. The last chapel on the left is dedicated to Jesus and Mary. It contains a painting by Alession Erardi depicting Christ the Saviour and the Virgin with St Ignatius of Loyola and St Francis Xavier (1723). This chapel also contains a wooden statue of Jesus and Mary done by Sigismondo Dimech between 1802 and 1807.

title: Basilica of San Pietro de Dom

text: Other sources show images of the church, often from a bird's eye view, but do not give additional detail beyond those from the aforementioned documents. An example is the Francesco Maffei painting "Transporting the reliquaries of the Brescian saints Anastasio, Dominatore, Paolo and Domenico" (currently in the Old Cathedral), where one can see the basilica's facade with the roseate window, as well as the south side with its series of arches typical of the period. A Pompeo Ghitti painting "Beato Bernardino da Feltre istituisce a Brescia le scuole del SS. Sacramento" (preserved in the Church of Santa Maria in Calchera) shows the old Piazza del Duomo with the basilica in the background, though no further detail can be elicited from it to reconstruct the basilica's appearance.

title: Ugolino di Nerio

text: He was a follower of Duccio di Buoninsegna, from whose Maestà some of his scenes are clearly derived. He was a leading master who contributed to the spread of Sienese painting in Florence by earning commissions to paint in the two main basilicas there, Santa Maria Novella and Santa Croce.


query: What did chewing gum used to be made out of?

title: Chewing gum

text: Chewing gum in many forms has existed since the Neolithic period. 6,000-year-old chewing gum made from birch bark tar, with tooth imprints, has been found in Kierikki in Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits.[4] It is chemically similar to petroleum tar and is in this way different from most other early gum.[5][6] The Mayans and Aztecs were the first to exploit the positive properties of gum,[7] they used chicle, a natural tree gum, as a base for making a gum-like substance[8] and to stick objects together in everyday use. Forms of chewing gums were also chewed in Ancient Greece. The Ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum, made from the resin of the mastic tree.[9] Mastic gum, like birch bark tar, has antiseptic properties and is believed to have been used to maintain oral health.[10] Both chicle and mastic are tree resins. Many other cultures have chewed gum-like substances made from plants, grasses, and resins.

title: Chewing gum

text: Flavor delivery is extended throughout the mastication process by timed release of different flavor components due to the physical-chemical properties of many of chewing gum’s ingredients. Entropy is a key player in the process of flavor delivery; because some gum components are more soluble in saliva than gum base and because over time flavor components desire to increase their entropy by becoming dispersed in the less ordered system of the mouth than in the more ordered system of the gum bolus, flavor delivery occurs. During the first three to four minutes of the chew, bulking agents such as sugar or sorbitol and maltitol have the highest solubility and, therefore, are chewed out first. As these components dissolve in the consumers’ saliva and slide down the esophagus, they are no longer retained in the gum base or perceived by the chewer. During the next phase of the chew in the four to six minute range, intense sweeteners and some acids are dissolved and chewed out. These components last slightly longer than the bulking agents because they have a slightly lower solubility. Next, encapsulated flavors are released during either 10-15 minute into the chew or after 30–45 minutes. Encapsulated flavors remain incorporated in the gum base longer because the molecules that they are encapsulated in are more easily held within the gum matrix. Finally, during the last phase of the chew, softeners such as corn syrup and glycerin and other textural modifiers are dissolved, resulting in a firming up of the gum and the end of the chew.[22]

title: D. L. Clark Company

text: Clark's chewing gum spinoff, renamed Clark Gum Company, was sold in 1931 to Philip Morris, who held it until 1973, when they sold the rights to Clark Gum to Reed's Candy, an HP Hood subsidiary. They would have the gum made through a cooperative arrangement with Amurol, a Wrigley Gum subsidiary. Reed's Candy was sold to Amurol in 1989, but the deal did not include the gum, retained by a newly-rechristened Clark Gum Company. Clark's Teaberry gum is currently marketed by First Source, LLC in Buffalo, New York, and made in Mexico.

title: Toy (chewing gum)

text: Toy was created in 1930 by Marabou. In the 1960s and 1970s the chewing gum was an enormously popular in both Sweden and Norway and 600 - 700 tonnes of chewing gum were sold every year. Production was later taken over by Malaco who moved the manufacturing to Denmark. During the 1990s a few hundred tons of chewing gum per year was made, but in 1998 the production was discontinued due to increased competition, mainly from sugar free chewing gums. The launch of sugar free Toy failed. For the 70th anniversary in 2004 a special edition batch of 700 000 packs were sold for a short period of time. Years later, it became regularly available again.

title: Chewing gum

text: Controversy arises as to health concerns surrounding the questionable classification of gum as food, particularly in regard to some alternative uses for gum base ingredients. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), chewing gum is considered a food, as the term “food” means “a raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, ice, beverage, or ingredient used or intended for use or for sale in whole or in part for human consumption, or chewing gum”.[53] Chewing gum is defined as a food of minimal nutritional value.[54] However, many of the ingredients in gum base have uses in inedible products, which raises concern in some consumers. Polyethylene, one of the most popular components of gum base, belongs to a common group of plastics and is used in products from plastic bags to hula hoops. Polyvinyl acetate is a sticky polymer found in white glue. Butyl rubber is typically used in caulking and the lining of car tires, in addition to its role in gum base. Paraffin wax is a byproduct of refined petroleum.[55]

title: Wrigley Company

text: In 1892, Wrigley Jr. began packaging chewing gum with each can of baking powder. The chewing gum eventually became more popular than the baking powder and Wrigley's reoriented the company to produce the gum. Wrigley's gum was traditionally made out of chicle, which was sourced largely from Latin America. In 1952, in response to land reforms attempting to end feudal working conditions for peasant farmers, Wrigley's discontinued purchasing chicle from Guatemala. In the 1960s, Wrigley's changed the composition of its chewing gum from using chicle to synthetic rubber, which was cheaper to manufacturer.

title: John B. Curtis

text: Curtis's father attended to the making of the chewing gum product while Curtis travelled to sell it. His father had his men pick the gum from the trees. After a week or two of collecting the raw product, they would bring it out of the woods to the Bangor factory for processing. The business did quite well and the fifteen square foot processing area became too small. They then moved their chewing gum business to larger facilities at Portland, Maine. A few pounds of raw material was adequate in their first years; however, later they bought up to ten tons of material at once. This was considered very risky. One day Curtis even purchased $35,000 worth of raw gum material, considered probably the largest transaction in that type of business ever made in the nineteenth century.

title: Nellie Mae Rowe

text: Rowe's sculptures often took the form of dolls or bust-like figures, made out of old stockings or hardened chewing gum. Rowe adorned her dolls, made out of old stockings, with elaborate outfits and yarn wigs and glasses. For her chewing gum sculptures, she would knead used chewing gum into small figures, harden them in her freezer and then paint them with colorfully bright details.

title: Thomas Adams (chewing gum maker)

text: Adams conceived the idea while working as a secretary to former Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna, who chewed a natural gum called chicle. Adams first tried to formulate the gum into a rubber suitable for tires. When that didn't work, he made the chicle into a chewing gum called Chiclets, which is still produced today.

title: Beemans gum

text:
While it has been considered the "lucky" gum of pilots, Beemans in fact became popular with aviators due to the antacid qualities of pepsin, useful due to the agitation of stomach acid in flight.
This, combined with the ear-pressure equalizing characteristics of chewing any type of gum, made Beemans a common sight in cockpits. The sporadic availability has led some aviators to buy it by the carton whenever possible.
Beemans Chewing Gum no longer contains any pepsin.

title: Chewing gum

text: Gum chewing is regarded as a helpful way to cure halitosis (bad breath). Chewing gum not only helps to add freshness to breath but can aid in removing food particles and bacteria associated with bad breath from teeth. It does this by stimulating saliva, which essentially washes out the mouth. Chewing sugar-free gum for 20 minutes after a meal helps prevent tooth decay, according to the American Dental Association, because the act of chewing the sugar-free gum produces saliva to wash away bacteria, which protects teeth.[45] Chewing gum after a meal replaces brushing and flossing, if that's not possible, to prevent tooth decay and increase saliva production.[46] Chewing gum can also help with the lack of saliva or xerostomia since it naturally stimulates saliva production.[17] Saliva is made of chemicals, such as organic molecules, inorganic ions and macromolecules. 0.5% of saliva deals with dental health, since tooth enamel is made of calcium phosphate, those inorganic ions in saliva help repair the teeth and keep them in good condition. The pH of saliva is neutral, which having a pH of 7 allows it to remineralize tooth enamel. Falling below a pH of 5.5 (which is acidic) causes the saliva to demineralize the teeth.[17]

title: Chewing gum

text: Although chewing gum can be traced back to civilizations around the world, the modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States. The American Indians chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees.[11] The New England settlers picked up this practice, and in 1848, John B. Curtis developed and sold the first commercial chewing gum called The State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. In this way, the industrializing West, having forgotten about tree gums, rediscovered chewing gum through the First Americans. Around 1850 a gum made from paraffin wax, which is a petroleum product, was developed and soon exceeded the spruce gum in popularity. To sweeten these early gums, the chewer would often make use of a plate of powdered sugar, which they would repeatedly dip the gum into to maintain sweetness.[12] William Semple filed an early patent on chewing gum, patent number 98,304, on December 28, 1869.[13]

title: Dubble Bubble

text: Fleer Chewing Gum Company, in Philadelphia, had been searching for years to produce a formula that allowed bubbles to be blown that did not stick. In 1928, while Walter Diemer was testing new gum recipes, he noticed that his product was less sticky than regular chewing gum, and after testing it he found that he could create bubbles easily. After a year of attempts, he made the first successful batch of bubble gum. But the next morning when trying to recreate his successful concoction, he failed to reproduce the same results. After four months of trying to mimic his first success, he finally made a 300-pound batch of what would become Dubble Bubble. The only food coloring available at the factory was pink, so Diemer had no choice but to use it, and the color would go on to become the standard for gum for the world over. Using a salt water taffy wrapping machine, Diemer decided to individually wrap 100 pieces and brought the stock to a local candy store. The gum was priced at one penny apiece and sold out in one day. Before long, the Fleer Chewing Gum Company began making bubble gum using Diemer’s recipe, and the gum was marketed as “Dubble Bubble” gum. Diemer’s bubble gum was the first-ever commercially sold bubble gum, and its sales surpassed 1.5 million dollars in the first year. To help sell the new bubble gum, Diemer himself taught salespeople how to blow bubbles so that they in turn could teach potential customers.

title: Functional chewing gum

text: Functional chewing gum is the name given to types of chewing gum which impart some practical function instead of, or in addition to, the usual enjoyment provided by a traditional chewing gum as a confectionery product. Examples of this include nicotine gum which is used to aid smoking cessation & so-called Think Gum which designers say they believe may enhance mental functioning. It could be argued that most gum (at least the mint varieties) provides some function in that they can improve bad breath, but such an effect is so widespread that the term 'functional' is almost always applied to gum with some additional function. Medical uses for 'functional chewing gum' include a reported reduction in the duration of post-operative ileus following abdominal and specifically gastrointestinal surgery.

title: Chewing gum

text: Chewing gum is rather shelf stable because of its non-reactive nature and low moisture content. The water activity of chewing gum ranges from 0.40 to 0.65.[30] The moisture content of chewing gum ranges from three to six percent.[30] In fact, chewing gum retains its quality for so long that, in most countries, it is not required by law to be labeled with an expiration date.[31] If chewing gum remains in a stable environment, over time the gum may become brittle or lose some of its flavor, but it will never be unsafe to eat.[31] If chewing gum is exposed to moisture, over time water migration may occur, making the gum soggy. In lollipops with a gum center, water migration can lead to the end of the product’s shelf life, causing the exterior hard candy shell to soften and the interior gum center to harden.

title: Bubble gum

text: In 1928, Walter Diemer, an accountant for the Fleer Chewing Gum Company in Philadelphia, was experimenting with new gum recipes. One recipe, based on a formula for a chewing gum called "Blibber Blubber", was found to be less sticky than regular chewing gum, and stretched more easily. It was a dingy grey color, so Diemer added red dye (diluted to pink), that being what he had on hand at the time. This gum became highly successful and was eventually named by the president of Fleer as Dubble Bubble because of its stretchy texture. The original bubble gum was pink in color because that was the dye that Diemer had most on hand at the time.

title: Chewing gum

text: Modern chewing gum was first developed in the 1860s when chicle was brought from Mexico by the former President, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, to New York, where he gave it to Thomas Adams for use as a rubber substitute. Chicle did not succeed as a replacement for rubber, but as a gum, which was cut into strips and marketed as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871.[17][18] Black Jack (1884), which is flavored with licorice, Chiclets (1899), and Wrigley's Spearmint Gum were early popular gums that quickly dominated the market and are all still around today.[3] Chewing gum gained worldwide popularity through American GIs in WWII, who were supplied chewing gum as a ration and traded it with locals. Synthetic gums were first introduced to the U.S. after chicle no longer satisfied the needs of making good chewing gum.[3] By the 1960s, US manufacturers had switched to butadiene-based synthetic rubber, as it was cheaper to manufacture.

title: Chewing gum

text: In 2018, the BBC published a news article on British designer Anna Bullus, who created a method of collecting and recycling chewing gum into plastic, noting that litter from chewing gum is the second most common form of litter, second only to cigarette litter. She uses a Worcester recycling plant to make old chewing gum into plastic. She then uses that plastic at a plastic moulding specialist, Amber Valley, in Leicester to make plastic objects. Known objects made are collection containers for more chewing gum, shoe soles, rubber boots, and plastic cups. [68] Her company advertises itself as the "first company in the world to recycle and process chewing gum into a range of new compounds that can be used in the rubber and plastics industry". The company is called Gum-tec, and the collection containers are dubbed "gumdrops". Advertised products on the website are pencils, coffee mugs, guitar picks, a "bicycle spoke", rulers, sports cones, frisbees, boomerangs, door stops, "meal mates", lunch-boxes, and combs. [69]

title: List of chewing gum brands

text: This is a list of chewing gum brands. Chewing gum is a type of gum made for chewing, and dates back at least 5,000 years. Modern chewing gum was originally made of chicle, a natural latex. By the 1960s, chicle was replaced by butadiene-based synthetic rubber which is cheaper to manufacture. Most chewing gums are considered polymers.

title: Chewing gum

text: Gum base is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins. Polymers, including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum. Plasticizers improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of gum. The interactions of plasticizers within gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure. Resins compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the gum industry, Table 3 lists all of the natural and synthetic gum base components approved for use in the United States, demonstrating some examples of key gum base components.[2]

title: Chewing gum

text: Several randomized controlled studies have investigated the use of chewing gum in reducing the duration of post-operative ileus following abdominal and specifically gastrointestinal surgery. A systematic review of these suggests gum chewing, as a form of "sham feeding", is a useful treatment therapy in open abdominal or pelvic surgery, although the benefit is less clear when laparoscopic surgical techniques are used.[48]

title: Chewing gum

text: A review about the cognitive advantages of chewing gum by Onyper et al. (2011) found strong evidence of improvement for the following cognitive domains: working memory, episodic memory and speed of perception. However the improvements were only evident when chewing took place prior to cognitive testing. The precise mechanism by which gum chewing improves cognitive functioning is however not well understood. The researchers did also note that chewing-induced arousal could be masked by the distracting nature of chewing itself, which they named "dual-process theory", which in turn could explain some of the contradictory findings by previous studies. They also noticed the similarity between mild physical exercise such as pedaling a stationary bike and chewing gum. It has been demonstrated that mild physical exercise leads to little cognitive impairment during the physical task accompanied by enhanced cognitive functioning afterwards. Furthermore, the researchers noted that no improvement could be found for verbal fluency, which is in accordance with previous studies. This finding suggests that the effect of chewing gum is domain specific. The cognitive improvements after a period of chewing gum have been demonstrated to last for 15–20 minutes and decline afterwards.[34]

title: Chewing gum bug

text: A chewing gum bug is a practical joke gag used to play tricks on people, usually adults. The appearance is of a 5-pack of chewing gum, with one stick of gum remaining. The trick works when the prankster tricks the victim into pulling out the last stick of gum. A small rubber bug, (folded back to fit in the pack), springs out and smacks the victim on the finger he or she used to hold the fake stick of chewing gum. It does not hurt or injure the victim, though it can potentially annoy the victim. Some variants deliver a mild electric shock, or set off a cap. After a person touches the chewing gum bug, he also may report a "tingly feeling" similar to pins and needles.

title: Food and drink prohibitions

text: Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive substance intended for chewing but not swallowing. Humans have used chewing gum for at least 3,000 years. In Singapore importing chewing gum is a criminal offence. The exception is made for dental or nicotine gum, which is available from dentists and pharmacies.

title: John B. Curtis

text: Curtis and his father's firm, "Curtis & Son," eventually increased the business to occupy a factory that was 51 x in area and three stories high. They employed 200 people, who turned out eighteen hundred boxes of chewing gum in a day. Curtis himself invented most of the machinery used in the production process. He never took out a patent on any of his inventions. The firm instead kept secret their process of making chewing gum. Some of the spruce gums Curtis & Son made were called "American Flag," "Yankee Spruce," "White Mountain," "200 Lump Spruce," "Licorice Lulu," "Trunk Spruce", "Sugar Cream," "Four-in-Hand," and "Biggest and Best."

title: Chewing gum

text: The polymers that make up the main component of chewing gum base are hydrophobic.[2] This property is essential because it allows for retention of physical properties throughout the mastication process. Because the polymers of gum repel water, the water-based saliva system in a consumer’s mouth will dissolve the sugars and flavorings in chewing gum, but not the gum base itself. This allows for gum to be chewed for a long period of time without breaking down in the mouth like conventional foods. Chewing gum can be classified as a product containing a liquid phase and a crystalline phase, providing gum with its characteristic balance of plastic and elastic properties.[1]

title: Chewing gum

text: The cultural tradition of chewing gum seems to have developed through a convergent evolution process, as traces of this habit have arisen separately in many of the early civilizations. Each of the early precursors to chewing gum were derived from natural growths local to the region and were chewed purely out the instinctual desire to masticate. Early chewers did not necessarily desire to derive nutritional benefits from their chewable substances, but at times sought taste stimuli and teeth cleaning or breath-freshening capabilities.[3]

title: Chewing gum

text: The first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by John Colgan, a Louisville, Kentucky pharmacist. Colgan mixed with powdered sugar the aromatic flavoring tolu, a powder obtained from an extract of the balsam tree (Myroxylon), creating small sticks of flavored chewing gum he named "Taffy Tolu".[14] Colgan also lead the way in the manufacturing and packaging of chicle-based chewing gum, derived from Manilkara chicle, a tropical evergreen tree. He licensed a patent for automatically cutting chips of chewing gum from larger sticks: US 966,160 "Chewing Gum Chip Forming Machine" August 2, 1910[15] and a patent for automatically cutting wrappers for sticks of chewing gum: US 913,352 "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines" February 23, 1909[16] from Louisville, Kentucky inventor James Henry Brady, an employee of the Colgan Gum Company.

title: Chewing gum

text: Chewing gum is used as a novel approach for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). One hypothesis is that chewing gum stimulates the production of more bicarbonate-containing saliva and increases the rate of swallowing. After the saliva is swallowed, it neutralizes acid in the esophagus. In effect, chewing gum exaggerates one of the normal processes that neutralize acid in the esophagus.[51] However, chewing gum is sometimes considered to contribute to the development of stomach ulcers. It stimulates the stomach to secrete acid and the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes that aren't required.[52] In some cases, when consuming large quantities of gum containing sorbitol, gas and/or diarrhea may occur.

title: Bazooka (chewing gum)

text: Bazooka Joe gum was lampooned on "30 Rock", with Alec Baldwin's character telling a fictional story of the founder inheriting a "useless pink rock quarry" and turning it into gum by baking it. Later, a "softer version of their gum was used to make armor-piercing bullets." A fictional advertisement for the gum, starring Stacy Keach, encouraged viewers to chew Bazooka Joe gum "because life is hard," and "it's like chewing a mountain that someone shot a freeze ray into."


query: When was hip-hop introduced as a Grammy category?

title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance

text: The Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance is an honor presented to recording artists for quality rap performances. It was first presented at the 31st Annual Grammy Awards in 1989 and again at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1990, after which point the award was split into two categories: Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. These two categories were combined again in 2012 as a result of a restructure of Grammy categories, and the reinstated Award for Best Rap Performance was presented at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012.

title: Hip hop

text:
Very few female artists have been recognized in hip hop, and the most popular, successful and influential artists, record producers and music executives are males. Women who are in rap groups, such as Lauryn Hill of the Fugees, tend to have less advantages and opportunities than male artists.
Female artists have received little to no recognition in hip hop. Only one female artist has won Best Rap album of the year at the Grammy Awards since the category was added in 1995. In addition, African American female hip hop artists have been recognized even less in the industry.

title: Dancing Shoes

text: "Dancing Shoes" was nominated for a Swedish Grammis Award in the category "Dance/Hip Hop/Soul of the Year".

title: Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance

text: In 1991, the Academy began to honor individual rap performances with the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance category. The category name remained unchanged until 2004 when it was split into separate categories for Female and Male Rap Solo Performance. The categories remained separated by gender for one additional year. In 2005, they were merged into the genderless category originally known as Best Rap Solo Performance. Female rapper MC Lyte has campaigned for the reinstatement of the female-specific category and believes that: "it destroys [hip-hop] culture to not have the perspective of a woman". Bill Freimuth, Recording Academy Vice President of Awards, claimed that the category was eliminated because "[there] wasn't enough competition essentially, due to the lack of the number of releases in that category". Black Entertainment Television (BET) executive Stephen Hill cited a similar reason for the elimination of the female categories by the BET Hip Hop Awards and VH1's Hip Hop Honors, reflecting a lack of female representation in the hip hop music scene for several years. As of 2011, the category name has not changed since 2005.

title: New Zealand Music Awards for Best Hip Hop Artist and Best Soul/RnB Artist

text: Recorded Music NZ CEO Damian Vaughan responded to the incident, saying that "urban" was an industry term used by New Zealand radio, but that the Urban/Hip Hop category would be reevaluated before the 2017 awards. As a result, the Best Urban/Hip Hop Album category was reevaluated ahead of the 2017 New Zealand Music Awards. The award was split into two genre categories: Best Hip Hop Artist and Best Soul/RnB Artist.

title: Afasi & Filthy

text: In January 2009, Afasy & Filthy won a Swedish Grammy in "Best Dance/Hip hop/Soul category" for their album "Fläcken".

text: The Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Music Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony that recognizes excellence and promotes a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally. According to the category description guide for the 13th Latin Grammy Awards, the award is for vocal or instrumental merengue house, R&B, reggaeton, rap and/or hip hop music albums containing at least 51 percent playing time of newly recorded material. The award was first presented as the Best Rap/Hip-Hop Album until it received its current name, Best Urban Music Album, at the 5th Latin Grammy Awards ceremony in 2004.

title: Croatian hip hop

text: Croatian hip hop is a genre of music, and a culture that covers a variety of styles of hip hop music made in Croatia. Croatian hip hop was originally influenced by the American hip hop scene and introduced to Croatia in the mid 1990s. Croatian hip hop, particularly that originating from Rijeka and Zagreb in the 1990s, was mainly concentrated on social issues due to the corruptive system of government at the time. In the 2000s, Croatian hip hop started becoming more mainstream and it spread to Split developing its own hip hop style.

text: The MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video was first given out at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards. The award, according to MTV, was originally intended for hip-hop-"inspired" songs, not necessarily actual hip-hop music videos (which were instead honored by Best Rap Video). This explains the recognition of non-hip-hop songs such as "Thong Song" and "I'm Real (Remix)". The award was not given out in 2007, as the VMAs were revamped and most original categories were eliminated, however, Best Hip-Hop Video was reinstated in 2008. By then, though, the rules had relatively changed, as R&B and rap videos also became eligible for nominations in this category since the awards for Best Rap Video and Best R&B Video were not brought back.

title: When I See U

text: Upon release, it reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and spent a year on the chart, one of only fourteen songs in history to achieve that feat. It was eventually ranked eighth on the chart's decade-end ranking. In December 2007, "When I See U" earned two Grammy Award nominations for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song. It lost in both categories to Alicia Keys' "No One" at the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony.

title: List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj

text: In 2011, Minaj won two American Music Awards – one for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist and the other for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album, for her debut album "Pink Friday". She went on to win in both categories again the following year, with the "Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album" award being for her second studio album "Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded". In 2015, Minaj won in the same categories again, with the "Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album" award being for her third studio album "The Pinkprint". In 2011, Minaj won her first MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video for her single "Super Bass". The following year, Minaj won another award for Best Female Video for her single "Starships". In 2015 she won the award for Best Hip-Hop Video for "Anaconda". She won the BET Award for Best Female Hip Hop Artist in 2010 and 2016.

title: The Cross Movement

text: As the word sanctified means "to set apart", the interpretation maintained by the CM is that they are instructed by Jesus to remain a part of hip hop culture while being set apart from the majority of the followers of hip hop culture in order to influence it from within to conform to the mores and moral code preached by followers of Christ. The acceptance of this interpretation has been mixed, however. Despite their claim to be a part of hip hop culture, the CM has slowly found more acceptance, though not total acceptance, in the Christian community than in the secular hip hop community as the majority of their concerts are held at churches or church-sponsored events as opposed to secular venues. In 2006, the CM received a Grammy nomination for "Best Rock Gospel Album," as opposed to any of the traditional hip hop or rap categories. Additionally, the CM has generally only been recognized at Christian and Gospel awards shows such as the Dove Awards or Stellar Awards as opposed to hip hop-only award shows such as the Source Awards or the Vibe Awards.

title: Mystic (singer)

text: The album track "W" featuring her collaboration with Planet Asia was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2001 for the brand new category, at the time, of Best Rap/Song Collaboration. Mystic was also nominated for a BET Award in 2002 in the 'Best female hip-hop artist' category.

title: List of awards and nominations received by T.I.

text: T.I. received 18 wins from 37 nominations in 2006, including Male Hip Hop Artist of the Year at the Black Entertainment Television (BET) Awards, Hip Hop MVP of the Year at the BET Hip Hop Awards, Rap Artist of the Year at the Billboard Music Awards, Best Rap Artist at the Ozone Awards. For the entire year of 2007, T.I. received 16 wins from 41 nominations, including his first two Grammy wins at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, one for the single "What You Know" (Best Rap Solo Performance) and one for American pop singer Justin Timberlake's number-one single "My Love" (Best Rap/Sung Collaboration), Favorite Male Hip Hop Artist and Favorite Rap/Hip Hop album for "T.I. vs. T.I.P." at the American Music Awards, Best Hip Hop Male at the BET Awards for the second consecutive year, and Rap Artist of the Year at the Billboard Music Awards.

title: Life Is Good (Nas album)

text: At the end of 2012, "Life Is Good" appeared on several critics' top album lists. It was named the best album of 2012 by "The Source" and Okayplayer. The album was also ranked number 18 by "Rolling Stone", number 12 by "Complex", number 16 by James Montgomery of MTV, number six by Martin Caballero of "The Boston Globe", and number seven by Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times". "Life Is Good" received a Grammy Award nomination in the category of Best Rap Album for the 2013 Grammy Awards. It was also nominated for Album of the Year at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards, while "Daughters" won the Impact Track award at the 2012 BET Hip Hop Awards.

title: Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – R&B/Hip-Hop Artist

text: The following is a list of Teen Choice Award winners and nominees for Choice R&B/Hip-Hop Artist. From 2003 to 2010 and 2013, the category is awarded as two separate categories: Choice R&B Artist and Choice Hip-Hop Artist.

title: Hate It or Love It

text: The song has earned The Game award nominations. In 2006 "Hate It or Love It" was nominated at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards for both Grammy Award for Best Rap Song and Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, but lost in both categories to Kanye West's "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" and The Black Eyed Peas' "Don't Phunk with My Heart", respectively. "Hate It or Love It" was named number one on About.com's Best Hip-Hop Songs of 2005 and was ranked at #43 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".

title: Malamarismo

text: Malamarismo is the third studio album by Spanish hip hop singer La Mala Rodriguez. The album was nominated for the 2007 Latin Grammy Awards in the category Best Urban Music Album.

title: Hip-hop feminism

text: In 1992, R&B singer Mary J. Blige released "What's the 411?" on Uptown/MCA Records and was considered the pioneer of hip-hop feminism. Women such as emcees Missy Elliot and Queen Latifah followed suit. In 1995, Queen Latifah broke the glass ceiling of black women in hip-hop by winning a Grammy for her song "U.N.I.T.Y.," which revolutionized hip-hop feminism's ideal of sexual empowerment and the autonomy and ownership of the female black body. Behind Queen Latifah came hip-hop artist Lauryn Hill who became the best example of hip-hop feminism with record-breaking worldwide sales of her album "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" and has won five Grammy awards in 1998. Artists such as Latifah and Hill mimicked the hip hop rhetoric of males in the scene and generated a massive amount of attention. Missy Elliot was often seen dressed similar to male hip-hop artists and utilized the same body language and aggressive delivery of her lyrics as a means of protest, while still preserving her femininity. Even after losing weight over the years, she made sure that while performing videos the camera were faced to her face and her dancing. These artists have carved out a new politically conscious identity in Hip-hop for women. Also, artist like Nicki Minaj has changed the way fashion and sexuality is looked at in Hip Hop. She uses the way in which she expresses her self through her body to send a message that she being comfort in your skin and with your sexuality is okay. These issues don't only affect the United States, as hip-hop has traveled and inspired movements beyond American borders. In Cuba, a hip-hop trio group known as Las Krudas Cubensi, rap about commonly overlooked challenges that people of color, specifically women of color, face.

title: Love On Top

text: The song was nominated in the category for Viewer's Choice at the 2012 BET Awards and in the category for R&B/Hip-Hop Song at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards. Beyoncé won her 17th Grammy Award with Best Traditional R&B Performance for "Love on Top" at the 55th Grammy Awards. At the 26th ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards in 2013, "Love on Top" received the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Song award.

title: Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance

text: In 1991, the Academy began to honor individual rap performances with the Best Rap Solo Performance category. The category name remained unchanged until 2004 when it was split into separate categories for Female and Male Rap Solo Performances. The categories remained separated by gender for one additional year. In 2005, they were merged into the genderless category originally known as Best Rap Solo Performance. Female rapper MC Lyte has campaigned for the reinstatement of the female-specific category and believes that "it destroys [hip-hop] culture to not have the perspective of a woman". Bill Freimuth, Recording Academy Vice President of Awards, claimed that the category was eliminated because "[there] wasn't enough competition essentially, due to the lack of the number of releases in that category." Black Entertainment Television (BET) executive Stephen Hill cited a similar reason for the elimination of the female categories by the BET Hip Hop Awards and VH1's Hip Hop Honors, reflecting a lack of female representation in the hip hop music scene for several years. As of 2011, the category name has not changed since 2005.

title: Sindicato Argentino del Hip Hop

text: Sindicato Argentino del Hip Hop is a hip hop group formed in Argentina. They currently consist of three members: Smoler, DJ Fabry and Huexo , and two producers, but they have had different numbers of members over time . Their style mainly consists of hip hop and funk. The group received a Latin Grammy award in 2001 for best hip hop/rap album.

title: Grammy Award for Best R&B Album

text: According to the category description guide for the 54th Grammy Awards, the award is reserved for albums "containing at least 51% playing time of newly recorded contemporary R&B vocal tracks" which may also "incorporate production elements found in rap music". Award recipients include the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists. In 2003, the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album was split into two categories: Best Contemporary R&B Album is for R&B longplay records (LPs) that have modern hip-hop stylings to them, while this honor is for R&B LPs that are more traditional and less electronic. From 2012, this category will also include recordings that previously fell under the Best Contemporary R&B Album category, which will be discontinued in 2012 as part of a major overhaul of the Grammy Award categories.

title: The Big Picture (Da' T.R.U.T.H. album)

text: The Big Picture is the fourth studio album from Christian hip-hop artist Da' T.R.U.T.H. It was released on July 21, 2009 through Cross Movement Records.The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards. The song "Lost" was also nominated for Rap/Hip-Hop Recorded Song of the Year. "The Big Picture" was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards.

title: Hip Hop Is Dead

text: The album debuted at number one on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 355,880 copies in its first week. His fourth U.S. number-one album, it had sold 764,000 copies by November 2008, eventually over time it went platinum by the RIAA. Upon its release, "Hip Hop Is Dead" received generally positive reviews from most music critics. "Hip Hop Is Dead" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, ultimately losing to Kanye West's "Graduation" at the 50th Grammy Awards

title: List of awards and nominations received by Lecrae

text: In 2013, Lecrae became the first hip hop artist to win the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Album for his sixth album "Gravity". In the same year the album won Rap/Hip Hop Album of the Year at the GMA Dove Awards, and a Stellar Award for Rap, Hip Hop Gospel CD of the Year. In 2015, he received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song for "Messengers" (2014), Artist of the Year, Rap/Hip-Hop Song of the Year, and Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year of the year at the Dove Awards, a Stellar Award for Rap, Hip Hop Gospel CD of the Year for "Anomaly" (2014), and became the first rapper to win a BET Award for Best Gospel Artist. "Anomaly" also topped the Gospel charts and the U.S. "Billboard" 200, the first album to ever top both charts simultaneously. In total, Lecrae has won sixteen awards and received an additional twenty-nine nominations.

title: Grammy Award

text: In an article for "Time", journalist Touré also responded to the snub and expressed his general displeasure with the awards, stating "I don't pretend to understand the Grammys. I have never been able to discern a consistent logic around who gets nominated or who gets statues. I comprehend the particular logic of the Oscars, but not the big awards for music. My normal state of confusion around what drives Grammy decisions was exponentialized this week when, to the shock of many, Kanye's masterpiece "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" was not nominated for a Grammy for Album of the Year." He went on to compare understanding the Grammy Awards to Kremlinology and commented on The Recording Academy's exclusion of more "mature" hip hop albums as Album of the Year nominees, noting that it occasionally opts to nominate "pop-friendly" hip hop albums instead.

title: Herbie Hancock

text: In 1983, Hancock had a pop hit with the Grammy-award-winning single "Rockit" from the album "Future Shock". It was the first jazz hip-hop song and became a worldwide anthem for breakdancers and for hip-hop in the 1980s. It was the first mainstream single to feature scratching, and also featured an innovative animated music video, which was directed by Godley and Creme and showed several robot-like artworks by Jim Whiting. The video was a hit on MTV and reached No. 8 in the UK. The video won in five categories at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards. This single ushered in a collaboration with noted bassist and producer Bill Laswell. Hancock experimented with electronic music on a string of three LPs produced by Laswell: "Future Shock" (1983), the Grammy Award-winning "Sound-System" (1984), and "Perfect Machine" (1988).

title: Stargate (music producers)

text: On Ne-Yo's third solo-album, "Year of the Gentleman", Stargate produced and co-wrote four songs, among them the singles "Closer" and "Miss Independent", the latter of which had reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Stargate received nominations in more than 10 categories for the 2009 Grammy Awards. They won their first Grammy in 2009 in the Best R&B Song category for "Miss Independent", performed by Ne-Yo.

title: Australian hip hop

text:
The Melbourne hip hop group 1200 Techniques was formed in 1997 by "old-school" 1980s B-boy/aerosol artist DJ Peril (founding member of Melbourne hip hop crew, Island Boys).The group consisted of DJ Peril on production, turntables, and percussion, his brother Kem(Kemstar) on guitar and N'fa on vocals. They released an EP in 2001 called "Infinite Styles" with the independent label company Rubber Records. 1200 Techniques later released one of the first hip hop crossover hits, a track called "Karma" (from the album "Choose One"). The song spawned the first ARIA Award for a hip hop act in Australia even before there was a hip hop category. Additionally "Karma" won Michael Gracey an ARIA in the same year for Best Video. In 2003, the band released the first Australian hip hop DVD titled "One Time Live", which featured the band's music videos, live footage and two short documentaries. Their second album, "Consistency Theory", was released in 2004.
By the early 2000s, the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) began to recognise the growing interest in hip-hop in Australia. In 2004, ARIA introduced a new category in their annual awards: Best Urban Album (R&B, hip-hop, soul, funk, reggae and dancehall). The inaugural award was won by Koolism for their album, "Random Thoughts". Koolism DJ Danielsan dedicated the award to the "Australian hip-hop community" and exclaimed: "Be yourselves, keep it real, enough of that American wannabe trash".

title: Prolyfic

text: Prolyfic (born David Lemar Ewing Jr. in Chicago, IL) is a Grammy Nominated American Hip-Hop record producer, and Songwriter best known for his work with the Grammy Award Winning hip hop artist Lupe Fiasco.