query: Who won in the Greco-Turkish war?

title: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

text: The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I between May 1919 and October 1922. It is known as the Western Front (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı, Batı Cephesi, Ottoman Turkish: Garb Cebhesi گرب جابهاسی)[23] of the Turkish War of Independence in Turkey and the Asia Minor Campaign (Greek: Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία) or the Asia Minor Catastrophe (Greek: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή) in Greece.

title: Panagiotis Gargalidis

text: Panagiotis Gargalidis (; 1870–1942) was a Greek army general who fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the Asia Minor Campaign, and leader of a failed coup attempt in 1923.

title: Greco-Turkish War

text: There have been several Greco-Turkish Wars:

title: Nikolaos Delagrammatikas

text: Nikolaos Delagrammatikas (, born 1853) was a senior Greek Army officer who fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.

title: Edirne

text: It was occupied by the Greeks between the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 and their defeat at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, also known as the Western Front of the larger Turkish War of Independence, in 1922.

title: Battle of Sakarya

text: The Battle of Sakarya (), also known as the Battle of the Sangarios (), was an important engagement in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), the western front of the Turkish War of Independence.

title: Chauchat

text: Chauchat entered service with Hellenic Army in 1917. The guns fired the 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer cartridge, stored in semi-circular magazine. Turkish National Movement forces used captured guns during the Greco-Turkish War. The Chauchat was still in frontline use during the Greco-Italian War.

title: Afyonkarahisar

text: During the 1st World War British prisoners of war who had been captured at Gallipoli were housed here in an empty Armenian church at the foot of the rock. During the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) campaign (part of the Turkish War of Independence) Afyon and the surrounding hills were occupied by Greek forces. However, it was recovered on 27 August 1922, a key moment in the Turkish counter-attack in the Aegean region. After 1923 Afyon became a part of the Republic of Turkey.

title: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

text: The military aspect of the war began with the Armistice of Mudros. The military operations of the Greco-Turkish war can be roughly divided into three main phases: the first phase, spanning the period from May 1919 to October 1920, encompassed the Greek Landings in Asia Minor and their consolidation along the Aegean Coast. The second phase lasted from October 1920 to August 1921, and was characterised by Greek offensive operations. The third and final phase lasted until August 1922, when the strategic initiative was held by the Turkish Army.

title: Greeks in Turkey

text: During the Greco-Turkish War, a conflict which followed the Hellenic occupation of Smyrna in May 1919 and continued until the Great Fire of Smyrna in September 1922, atrocities perpetrated by both the Hellenic and Turkish armies. For the massacres that occurred during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal: "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris."

title: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

text: “Another night a [British] destroyer... stopped a boatload of Turkish women who were crossing from Asia Minor...On being searched for arms it turned out all the women were men. They were all armed and later proved to be Kemalist officers sent over to organize the Turkish population in the suburbs in case of an attack on Constantinople”

title: Reconstructed newsreels by Georges Méliès

text: The Greco-Turkish War was the first military conflict to be captured on motion-picture film, as well as the first one to be recreated for the cinema with staged reconstructions. One contemporary reviewer described Méliès's Greco-Turkish War films as "wonderfully realistic and extremely popular" thanks to "good scene-painting and realistic actors."

title: Edhem Pasha

text: Edhem was born in Trabzon in present-day Turkey. He was the deputy of Gazi Osman Pasha during the siege of Plevna in 1877. He was the leading commander of the Ottoman army that defeated the Greek army on the Thessalian front during the Greco-Turkish War (1897), which would end in a decisive Turkish victory. Edhem Pasha was especially successful in the Battle of Domokos on the front. He captured Larissa and Trikala, but other European states intervened in favor of Greece because of the danger that Turks again could once again capture the rest of the Morea. As a result, the Greco-Turkish War resulted in a strategic stalemate despite the Turkish military victory on the field. Edhem Pasha died in Constantinople (modern day Istanbul) in 1909.

title: Greco-Turkish War (1897)

text: This was the first war effort in which the military and political personnel of Greece were put to test since the Greek War of Independence in 1821. For the Ottoman Empire, this was also the first war effort in which the reorganized military personnel were put to test. The Ottoman army was under the guidance of a German military mission led by Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, who had reorganized it after the defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

title: Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate

text: The start of the Patriarchate can be traced to the Greco-Turkish War. In 1922 a pro-Turkish Orthodox group, the "General Congregation of the Anatolian Turkish Orthodox" ("Umum Anadolu Türk Ortodoksları Cemaatleri") was set up with the support from the Orthodox Bishop of Havza, as well as a number of other congregations representing a genuine movement among the Turkish-speaking, Orthodox Christian population of Anatolia who wished to remain both Orthodox and Turkish. There were calls to establish a new Patriarchate with Turkish as the language of worship.

title: Ioannis Trilivas

text: Ioannis Trilivas () was a Greek Army officer who reached the rank of Lieutenant General, and fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars, the Macedonian Front of World War I, and in the Asia Minor Campaign.

title: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

text: Around this time, several Turkish officers were sent to infiltrate secretly into Constantinople to help organize Turkish population living in the city in the event of a war. For instance, Ernest Hemingway, who was at the time a war correspondent for the newspaper Toronto Star, reported that:[72]

title: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

text: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence Occupation of Smyrna Population exchange between Greece and Turkey Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor

title: Greco-Turkish War (1897)

text: The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, "Mauro '97") or the Unfortunate War (Ατυχής πόλεμος, "Atychis polemos") (Turkish: "1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı" or "1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı"), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union with Greece. Despite the Ottoman victory on the field, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year (as a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war), with Prince George of Greece and Denmark as its first High Commissioner.

title: Cretan Turks

text: Sectarian violence during the 19th century caused many to leave Crete, especially during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, and after autonomous Crete's unilateral declaration of union with Greece rule in 1908. Finally, after the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 and the Turkish War of Independence, the remaining Muslims of Crete were compulsorily exchanged for the Greek Christians of Anatolia under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

title: Alexandros Kontoulis

text: Alexandros Kontoulis (, 1858–1933) was a Greek Army officer who rose to the rank of Lieutenant General. He was among the driving minds behind the Macedonian Struggle and was involved in the Albanian national movement, with the "nom de guerre" of Kapetan Skourtis (Καπετάν Σκούρτης). Kontoulis fought with distinction in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War, where he was heavily wounded. In the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he commanded the I Army Corps on the southern sector of the Greek front from February 1921 to June 1922. After his retirement, he served as ambassador to Albania.

title: George Horton

text: Turkish historian Biray Kolluoğlu Kırlı, in an article published by the Oxford University Press, has written that "George Horton['s] anti-Turkish bias is crudely explicit". This view is shared by Professor Emeritus Peter M. Buzanski, who attributed Horton's anti-Turkish stance to his well-known "fanatic" philhellenism and his wife being Greek and wrote "During the Turkish capture of Smyrna, at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, Horton suffered a breakdown, resigned from the diplomatic service, and spent the balance of his life writing anti-Turkish, pro-Greek books." Scholar David Roessel shares a similar view, noting that except for his laments about materialism and the Great War, "Horton reverted to the philhellenic and anti-Turkish rhetoric" in his book.

title: Greek–Turkish relations

text: The relations between the Greek and the Turkish states have been marked by alternating periods of mutual hostility and reconciliation ever since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. Since then the two countries have faced each other in four major wars—the Greco-Turkish War (1897), the First Balkan War of 1912 to 1913, the First World War (1914 to 1918) and finally the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), which was followed by the Greco-Turkish population exchange and a period of friendly relations in the 1930s and 1940s. Both countries entered NATO in 1952. Relations deteriorated again in the 1950s due to the Cyprus issue, the 1955 Istanbul pogrom and the expulsion of the Istanbul Greeks in the 1960s, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, and subsequent military confrontations over the Aegean dispute. A period of relative normalization began after 1999 with the so-called "earthquake diplomacy", which notably led to a change in the previously firmly negative stance of the Greek government on the issue of the accession of Turkey to the European Union.In 1048 conflicts between Seljuqs and Byzantines (Greeks were part of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire was pretty much Hellenized) started. Many wars and battles were fought between the Byzantine and the Seljuq armies. Also, in 1300 conflicts between Ottomans and Byzantines started too.

title: Ioannis Sismanis

text: Born in Arachova, Nafpaktia in 1859, he became an NCO and was commissioned as an officer following graduation from the NCO School. He fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, the Macedonian Front of World War I (1917–18) and in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 until his retirement from service on 10 September 1921 (O.S.) with the rank of Major General.

title: F.C. Lailapas

text: Having originally been founded as "Λαίλαψ" in 1925, F.C. Lailapas is one of Greece's oldest and formerly most competitive clubs. Its period of greatest success came in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s during which it won an impressive number of titles. In December 1930, Lailapas hosted the then champion of Izmir, Karşıyaka S.K. in a match of great historical significance, given the state of Greco-Turkish relations over the previous decade. Due to bad weather however, the match was abandoned shortly after kick-off. It was widely heralded as the first meeting between Greek and Turkish football teams, competitive or otherwise in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922.

title: Second Battle of İnönü

text: The Second Battle of İnönü () was a battle fought between March 23 and April 1, 1921 near İnönü in present-day Eskişehir Province, Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), also known as the western front of the larger Turkish War of Independence. It marked a turning point in the Greco-Turkish War and the Turkish War of Independence of which it was a part, as Greek forces had previously been victorious over mostly irregular Turkish forces.

title: John Henry House

text: In House's 64 years as a missionary in the Balkans, he saw and survived the Russo-Turkish war, the Greco-Turkish War, the two Balkan Wars, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in Europe and World War I.

title: History of the Hellenic Army

text: The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, also known as "The Thirty Days' War". Turkey won the war within five years. At the conclusion of the conflict both Greece and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Istanbul on 20 September 1901.

title: Greco-Italian War

text: Italy had captured the predominantly Greek-inhabited Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea from the Ottoman Empire in the Italo-Turkish War of 1912. It had occupied them since, after reneging on the 1919 Venizelos–Tittoni agreement to cede them to Greece. When the Italians found that Greece had been promised land in Anatolia at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, for aid in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, the Italian delegation withdrew from the conference for several months. Italy occupied parts of Anatolia which threatened the Greek occupation zone and the city of Smyrna. Greek troops were landed and the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) began with Greek troops advanced into Anatolia. Turkish forces eventually defeated the Greeks and with Italian aid, recovered the lost territory, including Smyrna. In 1923, Mussolini used the murder of an Italian general on the Greco-Albanian border as a pretext to bombard and temporarily occupy Corfu, the most important of the Ionian Islands.

title: Georgios Leonardopoulos

text: Georgios Leonardopoulos (; 1867–1936) was a Greek army major general who fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, and leader of a failed coup attempt in 1923.


query: How can someone determine how brittle a metal is?

title: Brittleness

text: A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a snapping sound. Brittle materials include most ceramics and glasses (which do not deform plastically) and some polymers, such as PMMA and polystyrene. Many steels become brittle at low temperatures (see ductile-brittle transition temperature), depending on their composition and processing.

title: Comparative advantage

title: Vladimir Grachev

text: How can we teach young professionals, and anyone who wants to succeed, to think creatively? How can we develop thirst for success, a feeling of success? What determines the quality and productivity of creative thinking and how can they improve, how is it possible to achieve success on this basis of solution of specific scientific, technical, economic, legal problems? The answer to these questions is the objective of the book.

title: Gurney equations

text: The Gurney equations are a set of mathematical formulas used in explosives engineering to relate how fast an explosive will accelerate an adjacent layer of metal or other material when the explosive detonates. This determines how fast fragments are released by military explosives, how quickly shaped charge explosives accelerate their liners inwards, and in other calculations such as explosive welding where explosives force two metal sheets together and bond them.

title: Shenkui

text: Disorders, who they affect, and how they affect are different within each culture. In order to diagnose someone, it is necessary to make the effort to understand their home culture. Whether it is a culture bound syndrome or not, a person’s background determines how they see and interpret their own symptoms and how it must be treated.

title: If i can cook / you know god can

text: The recipes and essays are written informally in a personable tone of an experienced person conveying exactly how to recreate a recipe. The recipes make allowances for individual preference and skill level, while at the same time making basic assumptions about the reader's knowledge base. Shange writes in "trademark lilting vernacular" The voice of a piece is extremely important, for Shange said in an interview with Neal A. Lester in 1990 that "I'm a firm believer that language and how we use language determines how we act, and how we act then determines our lives and other people's lives."

title: Mighty Machines

text: Backpack Jack, a green recycling truck, explains how he collects all the recycling and sends it through many other machines, so it can be reused again. Big Blue, the sorting machine, shows how all the recycling is compacted. You also get to see how metal is recycled in a junk yard and how a road can be recycled too. This episode was filmed in Toronto, Ontario and Burlington, Ontario.

title: Social determinants of health

text: The neo-materialist approach is concerned with how nations, regions, and cities differ on how economic and other resources are distributed among the population. This distribution of resources can vary widely from country to country. The neo-materialist view focuses on both the social determinants of health and the societal factors that determine the distribution of these social determinants, and especially emphasizes how resources are distributed among members of a society.

title: Hypostatic model of personality

text: The hypostatic model of personality is a way of viewing the many sides of a person's character. The model states that a person can behave and appear to others in many ways, depending on how that person is, but also on how that person is viewed by the others (scientists included). It also states that people are not one-sided, but are a little bit of everything. For example, today someone can be mean, and tomorrow they can be good. How people are and present themselves at one moment or another also depends on their biological state, and the situation or environment (the people and things around them). For example, sometimes the most cowardly person may become the greatest hero, if they are called to save someone's life.

title: Scientific drilling

text: What are the physical and chemical processes responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and what are the best ways minimize their effects? How has Earth's climate changed in the recent past and what are the reasons for such changes? What have been the effects of meteorite impacts (bolides) on climate and mass extinctions of life? What is the nature of the deep biosphere and its relation to geologic processes such as hydrocarbon maturation, ore deposition and evolution of life on Earth? What are ways to safely dispose of radioactive and other toxic waste materials? How do sedimentary basins and fossil fuel resources originate and evolve? How do mineral and metal ore deposits form? What are the fundamental physics of plate tectonics and heat, mass and fluid transfer through Earth's crust? How can people better interpret geophysical data used to determine the structure and properties of Earth's crust?

title: Fracture zone

text: As many areas of the ocean floor, particularly the Atlantic Ocean, are currently inactive, it can be difficult to determine past plate motion. However, by observing the fracture zones, one can determine both the direction and rate of past plate motion. This is found by observing the patterns of magnetic striping on the ocean floor (a result of the reversals of Earth's magnetic field over time). By measuring the offset in the magnetic striping, one can then determine the rate of past plate motions. In a similar method, one can use the relative ages of the seafloor on either side of a fracture zone to determine the rate of past plate motions. By comparing how offset similarly aged seafloor is, one can determine how quickly the plate has moved.

title: Westboro Baptist Church

text: In May 2010, Westboro picketed the funeral of heavy metal vocalist Ronnie James Dio in Los Angeles, saying that they believed the singer worshipped Satan. Dio's widow urged attendees to ignore the protest, saying "Ronnie hates prejudice and violence. We need to turn the other cheek on these people that only know how to hate someone they didn't know. We only know how to love someone we know."

title: Neuroergonomics

text: In adaptive automation, getting the machine to accurately reason how to respond to the changes and get back to peak performance is the biggest challenge. The machine has to be able to determine to what extent it must make the changes. This is also a consequence of the complexity of the system and factors such as: how easily can the sensed parameter be quantified, how many parameters in the machine’s system can be changed, and how well can these different machine parameters be coordinated.

title: Unseen species problem

text: There are numerous uses for the predictive algorithm. Knowing that the estimators are accurate, it allows scientists to extrapolate accurately the results of polling people by a factor of 2. They can predict the number of unique answers based on the number of people that have answered similarly. The method can also be used to determine the extent of someone's knowledge. A prime example is determining how many unique words Shakespeare knew based on the written works we have today.

title: Metallurgy

text: In production engineering, metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. Determining the hardness of the metal using the Rockwell, Vickers, and Brinell hardness scales is a commonly used practice that helps better understand the metal’s elasticity and plasticity for different applications and production processes.[16] The task of the metallurgist is to achieve balance between material properties such as cost, weight, strength, toughness, hardness, corrosion, fatigue resistance, and performance in temperature extremes. To achieve this goal, the operating environment must be carefully considered. In a saltwater environment, ferrous metals and some aluminium alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or cryogenic conditions may endure a ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from metal fatigue. Metals under constant stress at elevated temperatures can creep.

title: (Someone's Always Telling You How To) Behave

text: Remixes by The Sexy Papa Brittle

title: Philanthropy Kids

text: Philanthropy and Volunteerism in Entrepreneurship (PAVE) is a program founded by Bob Hopkins that teaches youth about philanthropy, non-profit organizations, and social entrepreneurship. PAVE teaches its participants that "Anyone can be a philanthropist". The goal of the program is to help grow students personally and professionally. Participants learn about what constitutes as philanthropic behavior, how they can engage in community service at home, how non-profit organizations operate, how social enterprises are started, and how they can start their own service project or non-profit organization. Participants also learn about soft skills such as how to be emotionally literate, how to effectively communicate through different media, and how to build a professional network. Participants in the program have been determined as having a lesser inclination to engage in illegal and unethical activity because they have been taught how to live a philanthropic life.

title: Partition coefficient

text: In metallurgy, the partition coefficient is an important factor in determining how different impurities are distributed between molten and solidified metal. It is a critical parameter for purification using zone melting, and determines how effectively an impurity can be removed using directional solidification, described by the Scheil equation.

title: Ophiactis savignyi

text: In Hawaii, this brittle star is often to be found living in association with a sponge such as "Lissodendoryx schmidti" (previously "Damiriana hawaiiana"). Up to twenty individuals can be found clumped together in cavities in the base of the sponge, the area being so filled with the slime secreted by the sponge that the brittle stars can hardly move their arms. These brittle stars often seem to have broken or partly regenerated arms. It is not clear how they enter the sponge, nor how they feed or reproduce.

title: Optical telescope

text: There are many properties of optical telescopes and the complexity of observation using one can be a daunting task; experience and experimentation are the major contributors to understanding how to maximize one's observations. In practice, only two main properties of a telescope determine how observation differs: the focal length and aperture. These relate as to how the optical system views an object or range and how much light is gathered through an ocular eyepiece. Eyepieces further determine how the field of view and magnification of the observable world change.

title: 2 Die 4

text: The author based the novel on the way someone calls but stays silent and imagined how scary it would be if someone kept doing that. He also based it on how mobile phones can be fun and useful yet users can be traced by the signal from them. He imagined if someone scary and dangerous traced them then worked from there.

title: Non-ferrous metal

text:
It is used in residential,
commercial, industrial industry. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe. Consequently, properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy.

title: Metallic bonding

text: Light consists of a combination of an electrical and a magnetic field. The electrical field is usually able to excite an elastic response from the electrons involved in the metallic bonding. The result is that photons are not able to penetrate very far into the metal and are typically reflected. They bounce off, although some may also be absorbed. This holds equally for all photons of the visible spectrum, which is why metals are often silvery white or grayish with the characteristic specular reflection of metallic luster. The balance between reflection and absorption determines how white or how gray they are, although surface tarnish can obscure such observations. Silver, a very good metal with high conductivity is one of the whitest.

title: Tariff

text: Comparative advantage theory allows for a "static" and not a "dynamic" analysis of the economy. That is, it examines the facts at a single point in time and determines the best response to those facts at that point in time, given our productivity in various industries. But when it comes to long-term growth, it says nothing about how the facts can change tomorrow and how they can be changed in someone's favour. It does not indicate how best to transform factors of production into more productive factors in the future.[54]

title: Boiler water

text: Impurities in water will leave solid deposits as steam evaporates. These solid deposits thermally insulate heat exchange surfaces initially decreasing the rate of steam generation, and potentially causing boiler metals to reach failure temperatures. Boiler explosions were not uncommon until surviving boiler operators learned how to periodically clean their boilers. Some solids could be removed by cooling the boiler so differential thermal expansion caused brittle crystalline solids to crack and flake off metal boiler surfaces. Other solids were removed by acid washing or mechanical scouring. Various rates of boiler blowdown could reduce the frequency of cleaning, but efficient operation and maintenance of individual boilers was determined by trial and error until chemists devised means of measuring and adjusting water quality to minimize cleaning requirements.

title: Allometry

text: Scaling also has an effect on the performance of organisms in fluid. This is extremely important for marine mammals and other marine organisms that rely on atmospheric oxygen to survive and carry out respiration. This can affect how fast an organism can propel itself efficiently and more importantly how long it can dive, or how long and how deep an organism can stay underwater. Heart mass and lung volume are important in determining how scaling can affect metabolic function and efficiency. Aquatic mammals, like other mammals, have the same size heart proportional to their bodies.

title: Spaceward Ho!

text: Ships are built with money (representing renewable resources) and metal (representing non-renewable resources). Money and metal are available instantly, wherever needed. There are several different kinds of ships, including the basic Fighter, a Scout with longer range but weaker weapons, a Colony Ship used to found new colonies, Satellites which are cheap but cannot move from the world at which they are built, and in recent versions a few others as well, such as the Tanker and Dreadnought. Each ship has a ranking in each of five technologies: range (determining how far a ship can fly before refueling), speed (determining how quickly ships reach their destinations and who shoots first in a battle), weapons, shields, and "miniaturization". Higher-tech ships cost more money and metal, with the exception of ships with high "miniaturization" which take far more money but less metal. Miniaturization is much less effective when applied to Colony Ships, compared to other types of ships. Ships cannot be upgraded, although old ships can be scrapped to retrieve a portion of their metal. When a ship is destroyed in battle, a smaller portion can also be recovered. The first ship of a given design costs two to four times as much as subsequent units, to account for research and design costs.

title: Valence electron

text: In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. The presence of valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties, such as its valence—whether it may bond with other elements and, if so, how readily and with how many. For a main group element, a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell; in a transition metal, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell.

title: Diamond cut

text: Brilliance can be divided into the definitions "external brilliance" and "internal brilliance". The former is the light reflected from the surface of the stone—its "luster". Diamond's "adamantine" ("diamond-like") luster is second only to "metallic" (i.e., that of metals); while it is directly related to RI, the quality of a finished gem's polish will determine how well a diamond's luster is borne out.

title: Radiomics

text: There are a variety of reconstruction algorithms, so consideration must be taken to determine the most suitable one for each case, as the resultant images will differ. This influences the quality and usability of the images, which in turn determines how easily an abnormal finding can be detected and how well it can be characterized.

title: Glass marimba

text:
Glass marimba can be constructed in a variety of ways.
How one resonates the keys governs the construction method and design.
Resonation can be accomplished using a single resonator which all the keys resonate into, such as an open top box, or individual resonators for each key which can be a tube, box, or sphere. Single box resonators can be constructed from wood, glass, or metal among a variety of materials. Individual resonators can be made from gourds, wood, bamboo, clay, glass, pvc, or metal, to name a few.
The keys also govern the design of the marimba due to the fact that the keys are supported at points called nodes and these dictate the shape of the marimba due to the graduated lengths of the keys and how one supports them. Also, the width of the keys, which can be graduated, determines the overall length.


query: Who discovered the molecule?

title: History of molecular theory

text: The modern concept of molecules can be traced back towards pre-scientific and Greek philosophers such as Leucippus and Democritus who argued that all the universe is composed of atoms and voids. Circa 450 BC Empedocles imagined fundamental elements (fire (), earth (), air (), and water ()) and "forces" of attraction and repulsion allowing the elements to interact. Prior to this, Heraclitus had claimed that fire or change was fundamental to our existence, created through the combination of opposite properties.[1] In the Timaeus, Plato, following Pythagoras, considered mathematical entities such as number, point, line and triangle as the fundamental building blocks or elements of this ephemeral world, and considered the four elements of fire, air, water and earth as states of substances through which the true mathematical principles or elements would pass.[2] A fifth element, the incorruptible quintessence aether, was considered to be the fundamental building block of the heavenly bodies. The viewpoint of Leucippus and Empedocles, along with the aether, was accepted by Aristotle and passed to medieval and renaissance Europe. A modern conceptualization of molecules began to develop in the 19th century along with experimental evidence for pure chemical elements and how individual atoms of different chemical substances such as hydrogen and oxygen can combine to form chemically stable molecules such as water molecules.

title: Susan Band Horwitz

text: With the search for similar microtubulin binding molecules, scientists explored many natural products in the ocean, specifically sponges. It took around 15 years until another molecule with a similar mechanism was found. In more recent years, the molecules that have been discovered have differing structures from Taxol, however the mechanisms still remain to be similar. One in particular is called, discodermolide. Dr. Horwitz and her team were interested in not only the binding site for the molecule on the microtubule, but also the possible allosteric effects that the molecule may have on other parts of the microtubule. In order to test for these effects, the team used a hydrogen-deuterium exchange process. The results showed that there was in fact several changes that occurred along the microtubule separate from the binding site when the molecule was bound. They found that normal microbtubule-associated proteins, or MAPs, were not able to bind to the microtubules in the normal way. When discodermolide and Taxol® were both tested together, the results displayed that they do bind in the same location on the microtubules, however they bind in unique ways from each other. This opened a new door for the team as they decided to attempt making hybrid molecules that would put together the active parts of both of these molecules into one super molecule.

title: Megamaser

text: In 1965, twelve years after the first maser was built in a laboratory, a hydroxyl (OH) maser was discovered in the plane of the Milky Way. Masers of other molecules were discovered in the Milky Way in the following years, including water (HO), silicon monoxide (SiO), and methanol (CHOH). The typical isotropic luminosity for these galactic masers is . The first evidence for extragalactic masing was detection of the hydroxyl molecule in NGC 253 in 1973, and was roughly ten times more luminous than galactic masers.

title: Sagittarius B2

text: The cloud is composed of various kinds of complex molecules, of particular interest: alcohol. The cloud contains ethanol, vinyl alcohol, and methanol. This is due to the conglomeration of atoms resulting in new molecules. The composition was discovered via spectrograph in an attempt to discover amino acids. An ester, ethyl formate, was also discovered, which is a major precursor to amino acids.

title: Fullerene

text:
In mass spectrometry discrete peaks appeared corresponding to molecules with the exact mass of sixty or seventy or more carbon atoms. In 1985 Harold Kroto of the University of Sussex, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley from Rice University, discovered C, and shortly thereafter came to discover the fullerenes.
Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of this class of molecules. C and other fullerenes were later noticed occurring outside the laboratory (for example, in normal candle-soot). By 1990 it was relatively easy to produce gram-sized samples of fullerene powder using the techniques of Donald Huffman, Wolfgang Krätschmer, Lowell D. Lamb, and Konstantinos Fostiropoulos. Fullerene purification remains a challenge to chemists and to a large extent determines fullerene prices. So-called endohedral fullerenes have ions or small molecules incorporated inside the cage atoms. Fullerene is an unusual reactant in many organic reactions such as the Bingel reaction discovered in 1993. Carbon nanotubes were first discovered and synthesized in 1991.

title: Mesonic molecule

text: A mesonic molecule is a set of two or more mesons bound together by the strong force. Unlike baryonic molecules, which form the nuclei of all elements in nature save hydrogen-1, a mesonic molecule has yet to be definitively observed. The X(3872) discovered in 2003 and the Z(4430) discovered in 2007 by the Belle experiment are the best candidates for such an observation.

title: Gene silencing

text: RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process used by cells to regulate gene expression. It was discovered in 1998 by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, who won the Nobel Prize for their discovery in 2006. The process to silence genes first begins with the entrance of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule into the cell, which triggers the RNAi pathway. The double-stranded molecule is then cut into small double-stranded fragments by an enzyme called Dicer. These small fragments, which include small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), are approximately 21–23 nucleotides in length. The fragments integrate into a multi-subunit protein called the RNA-induced silencing complex, which contains Argonaute proteins that are essential components of the RNAi pathway. One strand of the molecule, called the "guide" strand, binds to RISC, while the other strand, known as the "passenger" strand is degraded. The guide or antisense strand of the fragment that remains bound to RISC directs the sequence-specific silencing of the target mRNA molecule. The genes can be silenced by siRNA molecules that cause the endonucleatic cleavage of the target mRNA molecules or by miRNA molecules that suppress translation of the mRNA molecule. With the cleavage or translational repression of the mRNA molecules, the genes that form them are essentially inactive. RNAi is thought to have evolved as a cellular defense mechanism against invaders, such as RNA viruses, or to combat the proliferation of transposons within a cell's DNA. Both RNA viruses and transposons can exist as double-stranded RNA and lead to the activation of RNAi. Currently, siRNAs are being widely used to suppress specific gene expression and to assess the function of genes. Companies utilizing this approach include Alnylam, Sanofi, Arrowhead, Discerna, and Persomics, among others.

title: Darunavir

text: Darunavir was developed by Tibotec, and was named after Arun K. Ghosh, who discovered the molecule at the University of Illinois at Chicago. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 23, 2006.

title: Astrochemistry

text: While radio astronomy was developed in the 1930s, it was not until 1937 that any substantial evidence arose for the conclusive identification of an interstellar "molecule" - up until this point, the only chemical species known to exist in interstellar space were atomic. These findings were confirmed in 1940, when McKellar et al. identified and attributed spectroscopic lines in an as-of-then unidentified radio observation to CH and CN molecules in interstellar space. In the thirty years afterwards, a small selection of other molecules were discovered in interstellar space: the most important being OH, discovered in 1963 and significant as a source of interstellar oxygen, and HCO (Formaldehyde), discovered in 1969 and significant for being the first observed organic, polyatomic molecule in interstellar space

title: Carla J. Shatz

text: Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain development. She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons "in utero" is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system. She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections. In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.

title: Opine

text: The name "opine" comes from "octopine", the first opine discovered in 1927, not in crown galls, but in octopus muscle. According to "Oxford English Dictionary", the word "opine" was first used in print in 1977. Usually, the name of newly discovered opines has the ending "-opine". Exceptions are nopaline and strombine. On the other hand, not all molecule names ending in "-opine" are opines. For example, atropine, stylopine, europine, and lycopine belong to different classes of molecules.

title: Volcana (Marvel Comics)

text: Later, she was briefly reunited with a de-powered Molecule Man (who had mysteriously returned to Earth) and battled Klaw. It was at that time that she gained the ability to assume volcanic rock and volcanic ash forms. She subsequently discovered that, just before his supposed "death," the Molecule Man had secretly "willed" her a portion of his reality-warping power and it was this power that gave her the ability to manifest these other forms at critical times, just when she needed them. Once he regained his power from her, she found herself no longer able to tolerate the darker side of his personality and terminated their relationship as Molecule Man vows to one day prove his full love to her.

title: Impossible Foods

text: Impossible Foods' scientists discovered that a molecule called heme is a key factor in how meat behaves. Heme is the molecule that gives blood its red color and helps carry oxygen in living organisms. Heme is abundant in animal muscle tissue and is also found naturally in all living organisms. Plants, particularly nitrogen-fixing plants and legumes, also contain heme. The plant-based heme molecule is identical to the heme molecule found in meat.

title: Humidity

text: For any gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules present in a particular volume is constant – see ideal gas law. So when water molecules (vapor) are introduced into that volume of dry air, the number of air molecules in the volume must decrease by the same number, if the temperature and pressure remain constant. (The addition of water molecules, or any other molecules, to a gas, without removal of an equal number of other molecules, will necessarily require a change in temperature, pressure, or total volume; that is, a change in "at least" one of these three parameters. If temperature and pressure remain constant, the volume increases, and the dry air molecules that were displaced will initially move out into the additional volume, after which the mixture will eventually become uniform through diffusion.) Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas—its density—decreases. Isaac Newton discovered this phenomenon and wrote about it in his book "Opticks".

title: ARO 12m Radio Telescope

text: In the almost 40 years since it was first built, the 12m Radio Telescope has been at the forefront of millimeter molecular astronomy: studying molecules in space through the use of molecular spectroscopy at millimeter wavelengths. Many of the molecules that have been discovered in the interstellar medium were discovered by the 12m.

title: Nitric oxide

text: An important intermediate in chemical industry, nitric oxide forms in combustion systems and can be generated by lightning in thunderstorms. In mammals, including humans, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule in many physiological and pathological processes. It was proclaimed the "Molecule of the Year" in 1992. The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for discovering nitric oxide's role as a cardiovascular signalling molecule.

title: Rosalind Franklin

text: Rosalind Franklin's first important contributions to the model popularised by Crick and Watson was her lecture at the seminar in November 1951, where she presented to those present, among them Watson, the two forms of the molecule, type A and type B, her position being that the phosphate units are located in the external part of the molecule. She also specified the amount of water to be found in the molecule in accordance with other parts of it, data that have considerable importance in terms of the stability of the molecule. Franklin was the first to discover and formulate these facts, which in fact constituted the basis for all later attempts to build a model of the molecule. However, Watson, at the time ignorant of the chemistry, failed to comprehend the crucial information, and this led to construction of a wrong model.

title: Cees Dekker

text: Dekker started his research on single carbon nanotubes in 1993 when he set up a new line of research to study electrical transport through single organic molecules between nanoelectrodes. In 1996 a breakthrough was realized with carbon nanotubes. This was achieved in a collaboration with the group of Nobel laureate Richard Smalley. STM and nanolithography techniques were used to demonstrate that these nanotubes are quantum wires at the single-molecule level, with outstanding physical properties. Many new phenomena were discovered, and he and his research group established a leading position in this field of research. Dekker and his research group discovered new physics of nanotubes as well as explored the feasibility of molecular electronics. In 1998, they were the first to build a transistor based on a single nanotube molecule.

title: 1,6-Methano(10)annulene

text: It is analogous to cyclodecapentaene ([10]annulene), but with two hydrogen atoms replaced by a transannular methylene bridge (--). Consequently, it obeys Hückel's rule ("n" = 2) and despite the distortion from planarity introduced by the methylene bridge, the compound is aromatic. In fact, when prepared by Vogel in the 1960s it was the first stable aromatic cyclodecapentaene to be discovered. [Note: It was later discovered that in actuality, this molecule was first prepared by Heinz D. Roth, who showed the molecule to Vogel, the man who consequently took credit for the work.] Its aromaticity is confirmed by three main pieces of evidence. Firstly, the similarity in carbon-carbon bond lengths as measured by x-ray crystallography is inconsistent with alternating single and double bonds. The actual structure is better considered as a pair of resonance hybrids (like the Kekulé structures of benzene) rather than as having alternating single and double bonds.

title: Elias Burstein

text: In the later part of his career, Burstein and collaborators discovered that fullerene molecules C (“buckyballs”) in close proximity to a smooth metal surface exhibit normally forbidden modes of luminescence –– a singlet exciton fluorescence and a triplet exciton phosphorescence. The metal-induced fluorescence was attributed to the lowering of the symmetry of the molecules. The metal-induced phosphorescence was attributed to the mixing of the singlet and triplet exciton states of the molecules by the spin-orbit interaction of the molecules with the metal atoms, and to the mixing of the singlet and triplet states by the virtual hopping of electrons between the excited molecules and the metal, both new mechanisms for turning on the phosphorescence of molecules.Burstein received a number of honors, including:

title: Borospherene

text: Borospherene (B) is a cluster molecule containing 40 boron atoms. It is similar to buckminsterfullerene, the "spherical" carbon structure, but with a different symmetry. The discovery of borospherene was announced in July 2014, and is described in the journal "Nature Chemistry". Borospherene is the latest in a series of cluster molecules, including buckminsterfullerene (C), stannaspherene, and plumbaspherene. The newly discovered molecule includes unusual heptagonal faces.

title: Interspecies quorum sensing

text: Interspecies quorum sensing is a type of quorum sensing in which bacteria send and receive signals to other species besides their own. This is accomplished by the secretion of signaling molecules which trigger a response in nearby bacteria at high enough concentrations. Once the molecule hits a certain concentration it triggers the transcription of certain genes such as virulence factors. It has been discovered that bacteria can not only interact via quorum sensing with members of their own species but that there is a kind of universal molecule that allows them to gather information about other species as well. This universal molecule is called autoinducer 2 or AI-2.

title: Timothy A. Springer

text: Timothy "Tim" A. Springer, Ph.D. is an immunologist and Latham Family Professor at Harvard Medical School. Springer is best known for his pioneering work in discovering the first integrins and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and elucidating how these cell adhesion molecules function in the immune system. His innovative use of monoclonal antibodies in his research paved the way for the development of therapeutic antibodies, known as selective adhesion molecule inhibitors, to treat autoimmune diseases. In recent years, Springer's research interest has expanded to include malaria, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling molecules, and von Willebrand factor.

title: Laboratory of Molecular Biology

text: During the next decade, molecular biology the world over flourished, the outline bones of the 1950s now having flesh put on them. The detailed 3-D atomic structures of a series of proteins, and how they function, were deduced. These included myoglobin, hemoglobin and chymotrypsin, the last by David Blow. The genetic code, from evidence around the world, was assembled by Crick. Punctuation signals in the messenger RNA — where to start translating the RNA into a protein sequence, and where to stop — were discovered by postdoctoral fellow Joan A. Steitz. Crick suggested how the tRNA molecules — his original adaptors — read the messenger in his wobble hypothesis. Sanger devised new methods for sequencing RNA molecules and then later for DNA molecules (for which he received a second Nobel prize in chemistry in 1980). Much later, this line was extended to include determining the sequence of whole genomes, in which John Sulston played a key role. How tRNA precursor molecules are processed to give a functional tRNA was elucidated by John Smith and Sid Altman, and this later led to the discovery of ribozymes. The atomic structure of the first tRNA molecule was solved and zinc fingers discovered by Klug (who received the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1982). The structure of the ATP synthase was solved by John E. Walker and Andrew Leslie, for which Walker shared the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1997. The structure of the ribosome was solved by Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, for which he shared the Nobel prize for chemistry in 2009.

title: Helium trimer

text: Helium trimer molecules have been produced by expanding cold helium gas from a nozzle into a vacuum chamber. Such a set up also produces the helium dimer and other helium atom clusters. The existence of the molecule was proven by matter wave diffraction on a diffraction grating. The kind of grating used needs to have empty space between the bars, so that molecules can pass through, glass would stop helium. Properties of the molecules can be discovered by Coulomb explosion imaging in which a laser ionizes all three atoms simultaneously, and then three ions fly apart and are then detected.

title: Argon compounds

text: Neutral argon hydride, also known as argon monohydride (ArH), was the first discovered noble gas hydride. J. W. C. Johns discovered an emission line of ArH at 767 nm and announced the find in 1970. The molecule was synthesized using X-ray irradiation of mixtures of argon with hydrogen-rich molecules such as H, HO, CH and CHOH. The X-ray excited argon atoms are in the 4p state.

title: Endocytosis

text: Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Matt Lions and Parker George. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by Richard G. Anderson, Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein in 1977. Coated vesicles were first purified by Barbara Pearse, who discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1976.

title: Immune system

text: Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.

title: Peter Cresswell

text: Peter Cresswell FRS is a British immunologist, and Eugene Higgins Professor of Immunobiology and Professor of Cell Biology and of Dermatology, at Yale School of Medicine. His lab primary focuses on the molecular mechanisms of antigen processing particularly the functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and CD1 molecules. He is most notable for discovering and identifying the MHC class II molecules and viperin.

title: Triplet-triplet annihilation

text:
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is an energy transfer mechanism between two molecules in their triplet state, and is related to the Dexter energy transfer mechanism. If triplet-triplet annihilation occurs between two molecules in their excited states one molecule transfers its excited state energy to the second molecule, resulting in one molecule returning to its ground state and the second molecule being promoted to a higher excited singlet, triplet or quintet state.
Triplet-triplet annihilation was first discovered in the 1960's to explain the observation of delayed fluorescence in anthracene derivatives.

title: Adaptive immune system

text: Although the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., antibodies and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs for short) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.


query: Where will the next Summer Olympics be held?

title: 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad(Japanese:第三十二回オリンピック競技大会,Hepburn:Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai)[1] and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020.

title: Leuris Pupo

text: Pupo's first Olympic appearance came at the 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney, Australia where he finished tied for ninth place in the men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol. He competed in the same event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, finishing tied for seventh place, and again at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China where he again finished seventh.

title: Yussuf Moli Yesky

text: Yesky represented Chad at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, he competed in the 800 metres where he finished eighth in his heat and therefore did not qualify for the next round, four years later he competed in the 5000 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, he finished 14th in heat, therefore did not qualify for the final.

title: Special Olympics

text: The Special Olympics World Games is a major event put on by the Special Olympics. The World Games alternate between summer and winter games, in two-year cycles, recurring every fourth year. The first games were held on July 20, 1968 in Chicago, Illinois, with about 1000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada. International participation expanded in subsequent games. In 2003, the first summer games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland with 7000 athletes from 150 countries. The most recent World Summer Games were held in Los Angeles, California (The largest event in LA since the 1984 Olympic Games), from July 25, 2015 to August 2, 2015. This was the first time that the Special Olympics were part of ESPN daily coverage. The next World Summer Games will be held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in March 2019. These will be the first Special Olympics World Games to be held in the Middle East.

title: Kim Seong-jip

text: Kim Seong-jip (13 January 1919 – 20 February 2016) was a weightlifter from South Korea. He competed for South Korea in the 1948 Summer Olympics held in London in the flyweight event where he finished in third place. Also, he competed for South Korea in the 1952 Summer Olympics, 1956 Summer Olympics where he finished in third and fifth respectively. Seong-jip was the first person to have won the same medal at two successive Summer Olympics for South Korea.

title: Cycling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' BMX

text: Girls' BMX was part of the cycling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics program. The event consisted of a seeding round, then elimination rounds where after three races the top 4 would progress to the next round until the final where only a single race was held. It was held on 19 August 2010 at Tampines Bike Park. This was not an official individual event and therefore medals were not given. However the performance of the athletes provided points towards the Combined Mixed Team event for cycling.

title: Aminata Kamissoko

text: In 2003 Kamissoko competed at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics held in France, she ran in the 100 metres where she ran a time of 13.70 seconds and came 7th in her heat so didn't qualify for the next round, 12 months later she became only the second ever female competitor to represent her country at the Summer Olympics, when she competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the 100 metres, she ran in a time of 13.49 seconds and came 8th in her heat, so again didn't qualify for the next round.

title: International Olympic Committee

text: The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, every four years. The first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896; the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year. After that year, however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games, to help space the planning of the two events from one another, and improve the financial balance of the IOC, which receives greater income on Olympic years. The first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012.

title: Bolivia at the 1936 Summer Olympics

text: The Bolivian Olympic Committee was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1935. This was Bolivia's first appearance at any Olympic Games. The 1936 Summer Olympics were held from 1–16 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany; a total of 3,963 athletes participated, representing 49 countries. The Bolivian delegation consisted of a single competitor, Alberto Conrad. He was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Bolivia would not return to Olympic competition until the 1956 Winter Olympics, and their next appearance at a Summer Olympics would come 28 years later, at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

title: Gymnastics at the 1984 Summer Olympics

text: Due to the boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics by the USSR and other allied countries, there was an 'Alternate Olympics' held where the USSR, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and other nations competed against each other. The Artistic gymnastics segment of the competition was held in Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, and the Rhythmic gymnastics segment was held in Sofia, Bulgaria.

title: Serbia at the 1912 Summer Olympics

text: Serbia sent two athletes that competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This was the first and only games where participated the Olympics as an independent nation until the 2008 Summer Olympics. By the next Olympic Games in 1920, Serbian athletes competed for the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which in 1929 changed its name to Yugoslavia (YUG).

title: Venezuela at the 1952 Summer Olympics

text: Venezuela competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland. 38 competitors, 36 men and 2 women, were selected by the Comité Olímpico Venezolano to take part in 37 events in 8 sports. For the first time, women took part in a Venezuelan representation in the Summer Olympics. These were the fencers Gerda Muller and Ursula Selle, both competing in individual foil. Women's were absent of Venezuelan representations in four occasions including next summer games held in Melbourne. The 1952 Games were considered a great step forward in sports in Venezuela since previous Venezuelan delegation was of only one athlete. Asnoldo Devonish won the nation's first ever Olympic medal and to date only Olympic Medallist in Athletics.

title: Baptiste Firiam

text: Firiam competed in two Summer Olympics, firstly at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul where he entered the 400 metres and came 7th out of 7 runners in his heat so didn't qualify for the next round, four years later he competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and again in the 400 metres he came 7th in his heat so didn't go through to the next round, he also entered the 800 metres and yet again he finished 7th in his heat and failed to qualify.

title: India women's national field hockey team

text: The team's breakthrough performance came at the Women's Hockey World Cup at Mandelieu in 1974, where it finished in 4th place. Their best performance in the Olympic Games was at 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics (where they came in 4th), when a women's event was held for the first time in Olympic history. The team also won the Gold medal at the inaugural 1982 Asian Games held in New Delhi, defeating Korea in the finals. Captain Suraj Lata Devi led the team to the Gold for three consecutive years at different events- during the 2002 Commonwealth Games the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, and the 2004 Hockey Asia Cup. Team members were referred to as the "assi (Jasjeet) jaisi koi nahi" or the "Golden Girls of Hockey," after the 2004 win. The team earned a 3rd-place finish at the 2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup at Kuala Lumpur defeating China in a shootout. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, it finished in 5th place but at 2014 Asian Games, Incheon stunned Japan 2-1 in a tight match to clinch their third bronze medal at the Asian Games. During the summer of 2015, the team hosted the Round 2 of the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League and finished on top to qualify for the next stage. At the World League Semifinals held in Antwerp the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match. The Indian woman's national field hockey team qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics for the first time since the 1980 Summer Olympics. They were eliminated in the group stage, however, where they placed 6th.

title: Cycling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' BMX

text: Boys' BMX was part of the cycling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics program. The event consisted of a seeding round, then elimination rounds where after three races the top 4 would progress to the next round until the final where only a single race was held. It was held on 19 August 2010 at Tampines Bike Park. This was not an official individual event and therefore medals were not given. However the performance of the athletes provided points towards the Combined Mixed Team event for cycling.

title: Chérif Baba Aidara

text: Aidara competed in two Summer Olympics, at the 1992 Summer Olympics he entered the 800 metres and finished 6th out of eight runners in his heat, so didn't qualify for next round, he didn't fare much better again in the 800 metres at the 1996 Summer Olympics where this time he finished 7th in his heat and didn't qualify again for the next round. He also competed at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in the 800 metres where he came last in his heat and didn't advance to the next round.

title: Lily Carlstedt

text: She competed for Denmark in the 1948 Summer Olympics held in London, where she won a bronze medal in javelin and in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, where she beat the Olympic Record.

title: Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics

text: The swimming competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center in Atlanta, United States. There were 762 competitors from 117 countries. This was the last Olympics where swimming B-finals were held.

title: List of Olympic medalists in badminton

text: Badminton is a sport contested at the Summer Olympic Games. Badminton was first held as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Summer Olympics, and was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics; the men's and women's singles and doubles have been held at every Summer Olympics since the 1992 Summer Olympics. The mixed doubles badminton tournament started in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

title: Sherri Howard

text: She competed in the 1980 Olympic trials in the 400m at the age of 16, in which she, along with her sister Denean, 14, became the first two sisters to make an Olympic team in the same event for the United States, placing first and third respectively. Although the Olympic trials were held, President Jimmy Carter boycotted the Olympics for political reasons. The 1980 Olympic Team is considered to many the forgotten team. However being high schoolers at the time, they both continued competing, making the team once again in the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, U.S. in the 4×400 metres where she won the gold medal with her teammates Lillie Leatherwood, 200 m and 400 m gold medalist Valerie Brisco-Hooks and 400 m silver medalist Chandra Cheesborough. Her sister ran in the early rounds and also received a gold medal. Within the next four year, this situation would be reversed. Sherri earned a silver medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, South Korea as a member of the U.S. 4×400 meters relay team, where she ran in the early rounds but not the final, while her sister ran the final on the second fastest 4x400 relay team ever (surpassed only but the Soviet team who won the race).

title: Willis Todman

text: Todman represented British Virgin Islands at the Summer Olympics when he competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, he entered the 400 metres where he finished 7th in his heat so didn't qualify for the next round, eight years later he competed in Atlanta at the 1996 Summer Olympics, where in the 4x100 metres relay the team finished 7th in the heat so didn't qualify for the next round.

title: Ann Haesebrouck

text: She competed for Belgium in the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States in the single sculls event where she finished in third place. she returned to the 1988 Summer Olympics where she finished sixth as part of the Belgian Quadruple sculls team and again in 1992 Summer Olympics where she finished ninth as part of the Belgian double sculls team.

title: Special Olympics World Games

text: The next Special Olympics World Summer Games will be held March 14-21, 2019 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. These will be the first Special Olympics World Games to be held in the Middle East/North Africa region. Competitions will be held in 24 sports.

title: Thinley Dorji (archer)

text: Dorji competed for Bhutan at two Summer Olympics, he was part of the first team to compete at the Olympics for Bhutan when he took part in the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, where he finished 53rd, four years later he competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, he finished 73rd in the individual event and the team finished 22nd in the team event.

title: 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

text: The 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games (), officially known as the III Summer Youth Olympic Games, and commonly known as Buenos Aires 2018, were an international sports, cultural, and educational event held in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 6 and 18 October 2018. They were the first Summer Youth Olympic Games held outside of Asia (also first in the Southern and Western Hemispheres), and the first Youth Games for either summer or winter held outside Eurasia. It was the second Olympic Games held in South America after the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

title: 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

text: The closing ceremony of the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics was held at the Youth Olympic Village on 18 October 2018. The Olympic flag was handed over to the next host city, Senegalese capital Dakar.

title: Archery at the Summer Olympics

text: The second Olympic games, Paris 1900, saw the first appearance of archery. Seven disciplines in varying distances were contested. The next Olympics, St. Louis 1904, featured archery events, but no athletes outside the United States competed. At the 1908 Summer Olympics, three archery events were held. Archery was not featured at the 1912 Summer Olympics but reappeared in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

title: Leslie Ata

text: Ata competed in two Olympics, the first was at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, where he finished 16th, and then again at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where he was the only competitor for the Solomon Islands and he finished 29th.

title: Kyösti Laasonen

text: He competed for Finland in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the individual event where he finished in third place behind American John Williams and Sweden's Gunnar Jervill. Four years later he finished 15th at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada followed by 7th and 28th in the 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics respectively.

title: Eva Dawes

text: She competed for Canada in the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States in the high jump where she won the bronze medal. She also qualified for both the 1928 Summer Olympics but was, at 15, too young to go, and the 1936 Summer Olympics which she chose to boycott because they were held in Nazi Germany.

title: Lyudmila Maslakova

text: Her next Olympic medal came in the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada again in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the bronze medal with her teammates Tatyana Prorochenko, Nadezhda Besfamilnaya and Vera Anisimova.


query: Who wrote the Libretto for The Marriage of Figaro?

title: The Marriage of Figaro

text: The Marriage of Figaro (Italian: Le nozze di Figaro, pronounced[le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro]), K.492, is an opera buffa (comic opera) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It premiered at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 1 May 1786. The opera's libretto is based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro ("The Mad Day, or The Marriage of Figaro"), which was first performed in 1784. It tells how the servants Figaro and Susanna succeed in getting married, foiling the efforts of their philandering employer Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna and teaching him a lesson in fidelity.

title: The Marriage of Figaro (play)

text: The Marriage of Figaro ( ("The Mad Day, or The Marriage of Figaro")) is a comedy in five acts, written in 1778 by Pierre Beaumarchais. This play is the second in the Figaro trilogy, preceded by "The Barber of Seville" and followed by "The Guilty Mother".

title: Non più andrai

text: "" (You shall go no more) is an aria for bass from Mozart's 1786 opera "The Marriage of Figaro", K. 492. The Italian libretto was written by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, "La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro" (1784). It is sung by Figaro at the end of the first act.

title: Figaro lässt sich scheiden

text: Figaro lässt sich scheiden, op.40, ("Figaro Gets Divorced") is an opera in two acts by Giselher Klebe based on the comedy of the same name by Ödön von Horváth. Klebe also wrote the libretto for this work.

title: Se vuol ballare

text: The cavatina "" is an aria for baritone or bass from the first act of the opera "The Marriage of Figaro" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The libretto was written by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro (1784). The Italian title means "If you want to dance".

title: The Barber of Seville

text: During an instrumental interlude, the music creates a thunder storm to indicate the passage of time. The Count and Figaro climb up a ladder to the balcony and enter the room through a window. Rosina shows Almaviva the letter and accuses him of betraying her. Almaviva reveals his identity and the two reconcile. While Almaviva and Rosina are enraptured by one another, Figaro keeps urging them to leave. Two people are heard approaching the front door, who later turn out to be Basilio and the notary. However, when the Count, Rosina, and Figaro attempt to leave by way of the ladder, they discover it has been removed. The marriage contract requires two witnesses; Figaro is one, but another is needed. The Count makes Basilio an offer he can't refuse: the choice of accepting a bribe and being a witness to his marriage or receiving two bullets in the head (an easy choice, Basilio says). He and Figaro witness the signatures to a marriage contract between the Count and Rosina. Bartolo barges in, accompanied by the Officer and the men of the watch, but too late; the marriage is already complete. The befuddled Bartolo (who was the one who had removed the ladder) is pacified by being allowed to retain Rosina's dowry. The opera concludes with an anthem to love ("Amor e fede eterna, si vegga in noi regnar!").

title: The Marriage of Figaro (play)

text: The play begins in a room in the Count's castle—the bedroom to be shared by Figaro and Suzanne after their wedding, which is set to occur later that day. Suzanne reveals to Figaro her suspicion that the Count gave them this particular room because it is so close to his own, and that the Count has been pressing her to begin an affair with him. Figaro at once goes to work trying to find a solution to this problem. Then Dr. Bartholo and Marceline pass through, discussing a lawsuit they are to file against Figaro, who owes Marceline a good deal of money and has promised to marry her if he fails to repay the sum; his marriage to Suzanne will potentially void the contract. Bartholo relishes the news that Rosine is unhappy in her marriage, and they discuss the expectation that the Count will take Figaro's side in the lawsuit if Suzanne should submit to his advances. Marceline herself is in love with Figaro, and hopes to discourage Suzanne from this.

title: The Marriage of Figaro (play)

text: "The Marriage of Figaro" picks up three years following the end of "The Barber of Seville" as Figaro is engaged to be married to Suzanne; both characters are among the Count's staff in his dwelling. In the three years since Figaro helped forge the marriage of the Count and Rosine, the Count has already grown bored with his marriage and is taking notice of Suzanne. The Count looks to re-engage the act of primae noctis, in which he would consummate the marriage with the bride-to-be prior to Figaro's honeymoon.

title: The Marriage of Figaro (play)

text: The play formed the basis for an opera with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte and music by Mozart, also called "The Marriage of Figaro" (1786). In 1799, another opera based on the same play, "La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro", was produced in Venice with libretto by Gaetano Rossi and music by Marcos Portugal.

title: Welsh National Opera

text: In 2011 David Pountney was appointed to succeed Fisher as chief executive. He had worked with the company since the 1970s, most recently on a 2006 "The Flying Dutchman" with Terfel which was set in space. In 2013 he programmed a trilogy of operas set in Tudor England: Donizetti's "Anna Bolena", "Maria Stuarda" and "Roberto Devereux", with another trilogy the following year, on the theme of fallen women – Puccini's "Manon Lescaut", Henze's "Boulevard Solitude" and Verdi's "La traviata". For 2016 Pountney scheduled another trilogy, this time on the theme of Figaro, consisting of Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" and Rossini's "The Barber of Seville" and a new work, "Figaro Gets a Divorce" with music by Elena Langer and libretto by Pountney.

title: Figaro Here, Figaro There

text: The film is set in the eighteenth century. The protagonist is Figaro, the Sevillian barber, who is likely to be arrested because he operates his shop on Sundays, which is forbidden. Figaro is a friend of a nobleman who fell in love with Rosina, his friend and daughter of the governor. But Rosina's father does not agree to their marriage. One day Rosina, through her maid Dove, tells the Count that one night she is staying at the inn "of four bulls". The Count and Figaro go with a friend to the inn before they get to Rosina and her court.

title: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague

text: The great success of this visit generated a commission from the impresario Pasquale Bondini for another opera, which like "The Marriage of Figaro" was to have a libretto by Mozart's great collaborator Lorenzo Da Ponte.

title: The Marriage of Figaro (film)

text: The Marriage of Figaro (German: Figaros Hochzeit) is a 1949 East German musical film directed by Georg Wildhagen and starring Angelika Hauff, Willy Domgraf-Fassbaender and Sabine Peters. It was based on the opera "The Marriage of Figaro" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Lorenzo da Ponte, which was itself based on the play "The Marriage of Figaro" by Pierre Beaumarchais. The film was made by DEFA, the state studio of East Germany. It sold 5,479,427 tickets.

title: The Marriage of Figaro

text: The opera was the first of three collaborations between Mozart and Da Ponte; their later collaborations were Don Giovanni and Così fan tutte. It was Mozart who originally selected Beaumarchais's play and brought it to Da Ponte, who turned it into a libretto in six weeks, rewriting it in poetic Italian and removing all of the original's political references. In particular, Da Ponte replaced Figaro's climactic speech against inherited nobility with an equally angry aria against unfaithful wives.[4] Contrary to the popular myth, the libretto was approved by the Emperor before any music was written by Mozart.[5]

title: Marcos Portugal

text:
Marcos António da Fonseca Portugal was born in Lisbon. He studied music at the Patriarchal Seminary in Lisbon where, as a 14-year-old student, he wrote his first work, a "Miserere". He later worked as composer and organist at the Patriarchal See, and was "maestro" at the Theatre of Salitre in Lisbon from c. 1784. He lived in Italy from late 1792 to 1800, possibly funded by the Prince Regent D. João, the later King John VI of Portugal. He wrote 21 operas for various Italian theatres. The first, "I due gobbi" (also known as "Confusioni della Somiglianza"), premiered in Florence in the spring of 1793. His version of "The Marriage of Figaro", titled "La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro" (The Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro), to a libretto by Gaetano Rossi, premiered in Venice in 1799. Like most theatre composers of the time, Portugal set several librettos that had proven successful for earlier operas, such as Metastasio's "Demofoonte" (premièred at La Scala, Milan, in 1794) and "Artaserse"; he set many stories that had been used before, including Serse, Alceste, Adrasto, Semiramide and Sofonisba.
Marcos Portugal returned to Portugal in 1800. He became "maestro" at the São Carlos National Theatre in Lisbon and was appointed music master at the Patriarchal Seminary in Lisbon. He continued to write operas, mainly "opere serie", and a large number of religious works, until the Prince Regent summoned him to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in 1811. Upon arriving, Portugal was appointed music master to the sons and daughters of the Prince Regent and became the official Royal Composer.

title: The Marriage of Figaro

text: Lorenzo Da Ponte wrote a preface to the first published version of the libretto, in which he boldly claimed that he and Mozart had created a new form of music drama:

title: The Guilty Mother

text: The characters of Figaro and his associates were so popular that other dramatists had written sequels to "The Barber of Seville" and "The Marriage of Figaro", most notably M-N Delon, who brought out "Le Mariage de Cherubin" in 1785 and "Le Mariage de Fanchette" the following year. In the preface to the first published edition of "The Marriage of Figaro", Beaumarchais had declared his intention of writing a sequel.

title: Jackie O (opera)

text: Wayne Koestenbaum has described the loose narrative of his libretto as a "collage" in the style of Gertrude Stein's libretto for "Four Saints in Three Acts", an opera by 20th-century American composer, Virgil Thomson. Koestenbaum has written both poetry and non-fiction works on opera and on iconic opera singers like Maria Callas. It is not surprising that in addition to the character of Maria Callas, there are several conscious allusions to the art-form in the "Jackie O" libretto. These include: Violetta's death aria from "La traviata", reflected in "Addio Del Passato"; the funeral pyre from the final scene of "Norma", reflected in "The Flame Duet"; and both Countess Almaviva's forgiveness aria in "The Marriage of Figaro" and the off-stage voice of the imprisoned Manrico in "Il trovatore", reflected in "Jack's Song".

title: Ada Adini

text: Her second husband was the opera librettist and writer Paul Milliet. He wrote the libretto for Jules Massenet's "Hérodiade" in which she sang the role of Salomé in Monte-Carlo in 1903 with Emma Calvé in the title role. Some of the other roles Adini performed on stage were Anita in "La Navarraise", Brunehild in "Sigurd", Catherine d'Aragon in "Henry VIII", Charlotte in "Werther", Chimène in "Le Cid", Countess Almaviva in "The Marriage of Figaro", Desdemona in "Otello", Isolde in "Tristan und Isolde", Rachel in "La Juive", Sélika in "L'Africaine", Simonetta in "I Medici", Valentine in "Les Huguenots", and Venus in "Tannhäuser".

title: Droit du seigneur

text: In Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro", which premiered in 1786 with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, the comic plot revolves around the successful efforts of the young bride and groom, Figaro and Susanna, to block the efforts of the unfaithful Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna. To achieve his aim, the frustrated Count threatens to reinstitute "droit du seigneur". It was based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais.

title: Pierre Beaumarchais

text: In 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed an opera, "Le Nozze di Figaro", based on "The Marriage of Figaro", with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on the play. Several composers including Paisiello in 1782 wrote operas based on "The Barber of Seville". Rossini's 1816 version is his most successful work and still often performed. In 1966, Darius Milhaud composed an opera, "La mère coupable", based on "The Guilty Mother".

title: 18th century in literature

text: 1786 Robert Burns published "Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect". The mood of literature was swinging toward more interest in diverse ethnicity. Beaumarchais' "The Marriage of Figaro" ("Le Nozze di Figaro") was adapted into a comic opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte.

title: Robin Norton-Hale

text: She has written new English versions of six operas, including "Eugene Onegin" and "The Marriage of Figaro." Her librettos for "La Bohème" and "Don Giovanni" are published by Oberon. Her agent is Micheline Steinberg.

title: The Marriage of Figaro

text: Cherubino arrives, sent in by Figaro and eager to co-operate. Susanna urges him to sing the song he wrote for the Countess (aria: "Voi che sapete che cosa è amor" – "You ladies who know what love is, is it what I'm suffering from?"). After the song, the Countess, seeing Cherubino's military commission, notices that the Count was in such a hurry that he forgot to seal it with his signet ring (which would be necessary to make it an official document).

title: The Marriage of Figaro

text: The Marriage of Figaro continues the plot of The Barber of Seville several years later, and recounts a single "day of madness" (la folle journée) in the palace of Count Almaviva near Seville, Spain. Rosina is now the Countess; Dr. Bartolo is seeking revenge against Figaro for thwarting his plans to marry Rosina himself; and Count Almaviva has degenerated from the romantic youth of Barber into a scheming, bullying, skirt-chasing baritone. Having gratefully given Figaro a job as head of his servant-staff, he is now persistently trying to exercise his droit du seigneur – his right to bed a servant girl on her wedding night – with Figaro's bride-to-be, Susanna, who is the Countess's maid. He keeps finding excuses to delay the civil part of the wedding of his two servants, which is arranged for this very day. Figaro, Susanna, and the Countess conspire to embarrass the Count and expose his scheming. He retaliates by trying to compel Figaro legally to marry a woman old enough to be his mother, but it turns out at the last minute that she really is his mother. Through Figaro's and Susanna's clever manipulations, the Count's love for his Countess is finally restored.

title: Gli equivoci

text: Following the success of his libretto for "The Marriage of Figaro", Da Ponte was asked by Storace to provide for him a libretto based on Shakespeare. Da Ponte compressed Shakespeare's plot into two acts, but retained nearly all the key elements. "Gli equivoci" was the second of Storace's operas to be performed at the Burgtheater.

title: Figaro Gets a Divorce

text: "Figaro Gets a Divorce" is conceived as a sequel to Mozart's 1786 opera "Le Nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro)" based on the 1778 play "La Folle Journée, ou Le Mariage de Figaro", by Pierre Beaumarchais. This had been created by Beaumarchais as a sequel to his play "Le Barbier de Séville". The latter was also set as the opera "The Barber of Seville" by Rossini in 1816 (itself preceded by other versions, including a 1782 setting by Giovanni Paisiello). Pountney, who in his capacity as Chief Executive and Artistic Director of the Welsh National Opera commissioned the composition, was inspired in his libretto by two different theatrical follow-ups to these two plays, Beaumarchais's own "La Mère coupable (The Guilty Mother)", and Ödön von Horváth's 1936 play, "Figaro läßt sich scheiden (Figaro Gets a Divorce)." Both of these plays have previous operatic settings, the former by Darius Milhaud (1966), Inger Wikström ("Den brottsliga modern", 2006), and Thierry Pécou (2010), the latter by Giselher Klebe (1963). The opera takes the characters into the period of the French Revolution.

title: David Pountney

text: He wrote the libretto for and directed Elena Langer's opera "Figaro Gets a Divorce", which was premiered at the Welsh National Opera in February 2016.

title: Gabriel de Lurieu

text: When he died, the 7 February 1889 issue of "le Figaro" wrote: Gabriel de Lurieu wrote the libretto for the opera "La perle du Brésil" by Félicien David.

title: Domenico Mombelli

text: Domenico Mombelli (13 January 1755 – 15 March 1835) was an Italian operatic tenor and composer. Born in Villanova Monferrato, Mombelli was the head of a distinguished family of singers and musicians that included his first wife, Luisa Laschi who created the role of Countess Almaviva in "The Marriage of Figaro"; his second wife, Vincenza Viganò-Mombelli who wrote the libretto for Rossini's "Demetrio e Polibio"; and his daughters Ester and Anna, both of whom had successful careers as opera singers. He was also the founder and head of a travelling opera company which performed in Lisbon, Padua, and Milan from 1806 to 1811. Amongst his compositions were the opera "Didone" to a libretto by Metastasio, several oratorios, and three collections of arias for voice and piano. Mombelli spent his final years teaching singing in Bologna where he died at the age of 80.