query: Did Jane Austen publish Pride and Prejudice?

title: Pride and Prejudice

text: Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 romantic novel by Jane Austen. It charts the emotional development of the protagonist Elizabeth Bennet, who learns the error of making hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential. The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of manners, education, marriage and money during the Regency era in Britain.

title: Becoming Jane Austen

text: Becoming Jane Austen was researched and written by the Jane Austen scholar Jon Hunter Spence. It chronicles a demi-biographical version of Austen's early biography based on Spence's interpretation of the novel "Pride and Prejudice" as possibly being modeled on Austen's real life, although Austen herself does not make this claim for her novel.

title: Republic of Pemberley

text: The Republic of Pemberley is an online community dedicated to the appreciation of the work of the English author Jane Austen. The site was established shortly after the release of the 1995 BBC adaptation of Austen's novel, "Pride and Prejudice", and takes its name from the estate owned by the hero Fitzwilliam Darcy. The website was co-founded by Myretta Robens and Amy Bellinger. It is the largest online Jane Austen fansite and had an average of 8 million to 10 million hits per month as of 2007. In 2000, there were one million page views of its fan-fiction area each year, and most of their fanfic authors are female. Stories based on "Pride and Prejudice" dominate the site as it is the most popular Austen work.

title: Jane Austen

text: Austen's novels have resulted in sequels, prequels and adaptations of almost every type, from soft-core pornography to fantasy. From the 19th century, her family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations. The first dramatic adaptation of Austen was published in 1895, Rosina Filippi's "Duologues and Scenes from the Novels of Jane Austen: Arranged and Adapted for Drawing-Room Performance", and Filippi was also responsible for the first professional stage adaptation, "The Bennets" (1901). The first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of "Pride and Prejudice" starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson. BBC television dramatisations since the 1970s have attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen's plots, characterisations and settings. The British critic Robert Irvine noted that in American film adaptations of Austen's novels, starting with the 1940 version of "Pride and Prejudice" and continuing on to today, class is subtly downplayed as the United States is officially an egalitarian nation where all people are equal and the society of Regency England depicted by Austen that is grounded in a hierarchy based upon the ownership of land and the antiquity of the family name is one that Americans cannot embrace in its entirety.

title: Becoming Jane

text: Various commentators have offered opinions concerning the presence in the film of characters and themes from Austen's works, particularly with "Pride and Prejudice". Deborah Cartmell contended that Hathaway's Austen is a "replica of Elizabeth Bennet (with a touch of impetuous Lydia thrown in)," and added that the associations between Austen and Elizabeth are "more explicit than in" any other Austen biopic. Tim Robey of "The Daily Telegraph" declared that the film took "good old "P&P"s storyline and replace[d] Elizabeth Bennet with Austen herself [and added] a real-life pseudo-Darcy from the skimpiest of biographical evidence." "A Companion to Jane Austen" observed that the "physicality" of Jane and Lefroy's kiss was similar to the "passionate kiss" between Elizabeth and Darcy in the 1995 serial "Pride and Prejudice".

title: Pride and Prejudice

text: Mr. Darcy's Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston Darcy's Story (a best seller) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer Pemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Marriage: Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later by Emma Tennant The Book of Ruth by Helen Baker Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo Precipitation – A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth: Nights and Days at Pemberley by Linda Berdoll

title: Jane Austen

text: Austen has inspired a large number of critical essays and literary anthologies. Her novels have inspired many films, from 1940's "Pride and Prejudice" to more recent productions like "Sense and Sensibility" (1995), "Emma" (1996), "Mansfield Park" (1999), "Pride & Prejudice" (2005), and "Love & Friendship" (2016).

title: Pride and Prejudice (1980 TV series)

text: Pride and Prejudice is a 1980 BBC television serial, adapted by British novelist Fay Weldon from Jane Austen's novel of the same name, originally published in 1813.

title: Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels

text: Jane Austen's novels are set in the social context of the gentry, to which Jane Austen herself belonged. Some of her heroines have no fortune ("Pride and Prejudice", "Mansfield Park"), others on the other hand are very well off ("Emma"), but the social class remains the same.

title: Pride and Prejudice (disambiguation)

text: Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen.

title: Yaeko Nogami

text: Nogami started to explore historical fiction in the 1920s, with "Oishi Yoshio", a story about one of the Forty-seven Ronin in 1926. That same year, she and her husband translated Jane Austen's novel "Pride and Prejudice" into Japanese, which was the first translation of Austen into Japanese. Nogami liked "Pride and Prejudice" so much that in 1928 she published a novel, "Machiko", that reset "Pride and Prejudice" in Taishō era Japan, with the heroine Machiko who was inspired by Elizabeth Bennet, the hero Mr. Kawai who was based on Mr. Darcy, and the villain Seki who was based on Wickham.

title: First Impressions (musical)

text: When Jane Austen wrote her first novel, a novel about the Bennet family of Longbourn, she called it First Impressions, but she couldn’t find a publisher. However, once "Sense & Sensibility", Austen’s second novel, became a popular success, T. Egerton of Whitehall, the publisher of "Sense & Sensibility", agreed to release First Impressions with a new name: "Pride & Prejudice". In this early instance of successful branding, a novel called "First Impressions" went nowhere, but given a new title, "Pride & Prejudice" quickly became one of the great classics of Western literature.

title: Jane Austen

text:
During her time at Chawton, Jane Austen published four generally well-received novels. Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish "Sense and Sensibility", which, like all of Jane Austen's novels except "Pride and Prejudice", was published "on commission", that is, at the author's financial risk. When publishing on commission, publishers would advance the costs of publication, repay themselves as books were sold and then charge a 10% commission for each book sold, paying the rest to the author. If a novel did not recover its costs through sales, the author was responsible for them. The alternative to selling via commission was the selling the copyright, where an author received a one-time payment from the publisher for the manuscript, which occurred with "Pride and Prejudice". Austen's experience with "Susan" (the manuscript that became "Northanger Abbey") where she sold the copyright to the publisher Crosby & Sons for £10, who did not publish the book, forcing her to buy back the copyright in order to get her work published, left Austen leery of this method of publishing. The final alternative, of selling by subscription, where a group of people would agree to buy a book in advance, was not an option for Austen as only authors who were well known or had an influential aristocratic patron who would recommend an up-coming book to their friends, could sell by subscription. "Sense and Sensibility" appeared in October 1811, and was described as being written "By a Lady". As it was sold on commission, Egerton used expensive paper and set the price at 15 shillings.
Reviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among young aristocratic opinion-makers; the edition sold out by mid-1813. Austen's novels were published in larger editions than was normal for this period. The small size of the novel-reading public and the large costs associated with hand production (particularly the cost of handmade paper) meant that most novels were published in editions of 500 copies or less to reduce the risks to the publisher and the novelist. Even some of the most successful titles during this period were issued in editions of not more than 750 or 800 copies and later reprinted if demand continued. Austen's novels were published in larger editions, ranging from about 750 copies of "Sense and Sensibility" to about 2,000 copies of "Emma". It is not clear whether the decision to print more copies than usual of Austen's novels was driven by the publishers or the author. Since all but one of Austen's books were originally published "on commission", the risks of overproduction were largely hers (or Cassandra's after her death) and publishers may have been more willing to produce larger editions than was normal practice when their own funds were at risk. Editions of popular works of non-fiction were often much larger.

title: Pride & Prejudice (soundtrack)

text: Pride & Prejudice (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack to the 2005 film of the same name and was composed by Dario Marianelli and performed by Jean-Yves Thibaudet (piano) and the English Chamber Orchestra. The movie "Pride & Prejudice" is a movie adaptation of the novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen.

title: List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice

text: The following is a list of literary depictions of and related to the novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, which was originally published in 1813.

title: Chevening

text: It has sometimes been suggested that Chevening served Jane Austen as a model for Rosings Park in her novel "Pride and Prejudice", but the only established fact that links the novelist with Chevening is that her uncle, the Revd John Austen, became Rector of Chevening in 1813, the novel having been published in that January. However, please note that John Halperin also relates that Francis Austen, an uncle of Jane Austen's father, was solicitor to the owners of Chevening during the latter third of the 18th Century; that Francis Austen owned property in the area, and that Jane Austen visited him and relatives in Kent several times between 1792 and 1796.

title: Ann Herendeen

text: Herendeen's second novel "Pride/Prejudice" is a slash fiction contribution to the immense catalogue of mash-ups, sequels, fan fiction, retellings, updatings, spin-offs and homages to Jane Austen's celebrated novel. "Pride/Prejudice" narrates Austen's original story unearthing the "forbidden" intimacies between Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bingley and between Elizabeth Bennet and Charlotte Lucas. Salon's reviewer Laura Miller noted that Herendeen's language in "Pride/Prejudice" is the most successful of the Austen derivatives in "approximating Austen's style without aping it."

title: Pride and Prejudice (1967 TV series)

text: Pride and Prejudice is a 1967 BBC television serial, based on Jane Austen's novel of the same name, originally published in 1813.

title: Pride and Prejudice and Zombies

text: Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is a 2009 parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith. It is a mashup combining Jane Austen's classic novel "Pride and Prejudice" (1813) with elements of modern zombie fiction, crediting Austen as co-author. It was first published in April 2009 by Quirk Books and in October 2009 a Deluxe Edition was released, containing full-color images and additional zombie scenes. The novel was adapted into a 2016 film starring Lily James and Sam Riley.

title: Reception history of Jane Austen

text: Books and scripts that use the general story line of Austen's novels but change or otherwise modernize the story also became popular at the end of the 20th century. "Clueless" (1995), Amy Heckerling's updated version of "Emma" that takes place in Beverly Hills, became a cultural phenomenon and spawned its own television series. "Bridget Jones's Diary" (2001), based on the successful 1996 book of the same name by Helen Fielding, was inspired by both "Pride and Prejudice" and the 1995 BBC adaptation. The Bollywoodesque production "Bride and Prejudice", which sets Austen's story in present-day India while including original musical numbers, premiered in 2004. Less reverentially, "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" was published in 2009, and was followed by a movie version in 2016.

title: Jane Austen in popular culture

text: The novels of Jane Austen were unknown in China until 1917 when Wei Yi mentioned Austen in her book "Brief Profiles of Famous Western Novelists" where she was described as "one of the celebrated English novelists". Only a few western novels were translated in China during the 19th century, and it was not until 1898 when Lin Shu translated "Camille" by Alexandre Dumas, which unexpectedly become a bestseller, that Chinese publishers became interested in western books. Austen was first translated into Chinese in 1935, when two editions of "Pride and Prejudice" were published in Beijing and Shanghai. After 1949 Austen was out of favor in the People's Republic of China as a "bourgeois" author whose work was considered frivolous. In the 1950s most of the foreign books published in the People's Republic were translations of Soviet books, and Western authors were only translated into Chinese if they were "revolutionary" writers like Lord Byron or if their books portrayed Western societies in an unflattering light like Charles Dickens; Austen did not serve either purpose very well. In 1956, Austen was first translated in the People's Republic when "Pride and Prejudice" was published in Beijing, with an introduction by the translator explaining how the translation was justified on Marxist grounds as the novel showed the decline of feudalism and rise of capitalism in England. In 1965 Dong Hengxun, an academic, condemned Austen in an article titled "The Description of Love in "Pride and Prejudice"" in the "Guangming Daily" as "artistically insignificant". Austen was banned along with other Western authors in China during the Cultural Revolution and during the 1980s, translations of Austen were grudgingly allowed, though officially Austen remained out of favor. The first Chinese academic in the People's Republic to write favorably of Austen was Zhu Hong, who complained in his 1986 essay "The Pride and Prejudice against Jane Austen" that ordinary people liked Austen well enough, but academics had to condemn her because of the Party line, which led him to ask for books to be judged on artistic grounds only. In the 1990s Communist Party condemnations of Austen ceased, and a number of Chinese students produced dissertations on Austen, with Austen being very popular with female students. In 2011 one Chinese academic, Zhang Helong, wrote about Austen's "huge popularity" in modern China. In 2017, "The Economist" noted that in China: "... Austen is seen as having a particular affinity with Chinese culture, where “manners matter” as they did in Georgian England." "Pride and Prejudice" has been translated into Chinese at least 50 times while "Sense and Sensibility" has been translated 10 times in the last decades. Austen's ideal hero as a property-owning gentleman has resonance in China, where a well-off man with good education and manners who owes land is the considered the ideal man. In 2010, Sadoff wrote that the growing appeal of Austen in Asia ensures that market for Austen films continues to grow, and it is possible Asia would soon replace the United States as the largest market for Austen films, if it has not already done so.

title: Rebecca Front

text: For their Christmas season, the BBC commissioned "Death Comes to Pemberley", a three-part British television drama based on characters created by Jane Austen in her novel "Pride and Prejudice". The first episode aired on BBC One at 8.15pm on Boxing Day 2013, was based on the best selling novel by P. D. James, the story returns to the world of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and involves its characters in a new tale of murder and emotional mayhem. Front played the part of Mrs Bennet.

title: Jane Austen

text: Austen made £140 from "Sense and Sensibility", which provided her with some financial and psychological independence. After the success of "Sense and Sensibility", all of Austen's subsequent books were billed as written "By the author of "Sense and Sensibility"" and Austen's name never appeared on her books during her lifetime. Egerton then published "Pride and Prejudice", a revision of "First Impressions", in January 1813. Austen sold the copyright to "Pride and Prejudice" to Egerton for £110. To maximise profits, he used cheap paper and set the price at 18 shillings. He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well. Had Austen sold "Pride and Prejudice" on commission, she would had made a profit of £475, or twice her father's annual income. By October 1813 Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition. "Mansfield Park" was published by Egerton in May 1814. While "Mansfield Park" was ignored by reviewers, it was very popular with readers. All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels.

title: Jane Austen fan fiction

text: Old Friends and New Fancies: An Imaginary Sequel to the Novels of Jane Austen – by Sybil Brinton (1913)Margaret Dashwood, or, Interference (1929) and Susan Price, or, Resolution (1930) – by Edith Charlotte BrownPemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued – by Emma Tennant (1993)Mr. Darcy's Daughters – by Elizabeth Aston (2003)More Letters from Pemberley – by Jane Dawkins (2007)Confessions of a Jane Austen Addict – by Laurie Viera Rigler (2007)"Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Last Man in the World' – "by Abigail Reynolds (2009)Pride and Prejudice and Zombies – by Seth Grahame-Smith (2009)Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters – by Ben H. Winters (2009)"Longbourn --" by Jo Baker (2014)

title: Jane Austen fan fiction

text: "Pride and Prejudice" accounted for the majority of published Austen-inspired books, at 900 total, and all six novels and three minor works are represented in published Jane Austen fan fiction (JAFF). The number of unpublished Austen-inspired stories on various JAFF sites at least doubles that number. They have continued to remain popular well into the 21st century, with modern adaptations reaching as high as third on The New York Times Best Seller List However, opinions remain mixed in regard to the liberties taken by authors when modifying or adding to the existing canon of Austen literature. While audiences have responded well commercially to various novels, critics have argued that transposing new work onto of the frame provided by Austen adulterates the genre.

title: Jane Austen in popular culture

text: Austen went out of favour in Japan during the militarist period in the early Showa era (1931-1945) when a xenophobic, ultra-nationalist mood prevailed, and the government discouraged people from reading foreign books. But during the period of the American occupation (1945–52), almost every Austen book was translated into Japanese except "Mansfield Park" (which was not translated until 1978), and Austen started to be widely taught in Japanese high schools. The translation of "Sense and Sensibility" in 1947, followed by a translation of "Pride and Prejudice" in 1950 were published by the prestigious publishing house Iwanami Shoten, and both books sold very well. The success of the Iwanami versions of "Sense and Sensibility" and "Pride and Prejudice" was the moment that Austen became respectable in Japan. In 1963, the critic Yamamoto Kenkichi, in his essay “The Smile of "Pride and Prejudice"” that proved to be influential, criticized Japanese literature for being overtly solemn and praised Austen for her “natural ease”, which led him to conclude: “Collins, Wickham, Mrs. Bennet, Lady Catherine, how she turns her laughter on these minor characters. They are observed with some malice, certainly, but in a pleasant, mischievous, irreverent manner which ultimately accords salvation to even these fools”. Austen has been regarded as a major writer in Japan since the 1950s, and in 2007, the Jane Austen Society of Japan was founded to provide a space for Japanese Janeites. In 2015-2016, "manga" versions of "Pride and Prejudice", "Emma", and "Sense and Sensibility" were published in Japan.

title: Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film)

text: Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (stylised as Pride + Prejudice + Zombies) is a 2016 British-American historical action comedy horror film based on Seth Grahame-Smith's 2009 novel, "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies", which parodies the 1813 novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. The film is directed by Burr Steers, who wrote the adapted screenplay, and stars Lily James, Sam Riley, Jack Huston, Bella Heathcote, Douglas Booth, Matt Smith, Charles Dance, and Lena Headey. The film follows the general plot of Austen's original novel, with elements of zombie, horror and post-apocalyptic fiction incorporated.

title: Pride and Prejudice (1940 film)

text: Pride and Prejudice is a 1940 American film adaptation of Jane Austen's novel "Pride and Prejudice", directed by Robert Z. Leonard and starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier. The screenplay was written by Aldous Huxley and Jane Murfin, adapted specifically from the stage adaptation by Helen Jerome in addition to Jane Austen's novel. The film is about five sisters from an English family of landed gentry who must deal with issues of marriage, morality, and misconceptions. The film was released by MGM on July 26, 1940, in the United States and was critically well received. "The New York Times" film critic praised the film as "the most deliciously pert comedy of old manners, the most crisp and crackling satire in costume that we in this corner can remember ever having seen on the screen."

title: Thomas Langlois Lefroy

text: In 1796, Lefroy began a flirtation with English novelist Jane Austen, who was a friend of an older female relative. Jane Austen wrote two letters to her sister Cassandra mentioning "Tom Lefroy", and some have suggested that it may have been he whom Austen had in mind when she invented the character of Mr. Darcy in "Pride and Prejudice", as the courtship between Tom Lefroy and Jane Austen took place over the year or so that "Pride and Prejudice" was written. In his 2003 biography, "Becoming Jane Austen", Jon Spence suggests that Jane Austen actually used her and Tom LeFroy's personalities as the models for Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, but not in an expected way. Spence suggests that Jane Austen used Tom Lefroy's more gregarious personality as the model for the novel's heroine Elizabeth Bennet, and her own measured demeanor was used as the model for the male protagonist, Mr. Darcy. So while the exact influence of Tom Lefroy on "Pride and Prejudice" continues to be debated, it does seem certain that his presence in Austen's life is in some way reflected in the novel.

title: Mashup (book)

text: As previously noted, the novel "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" combines Jane Austen's classic 1813 novel "Pride and Prejudice" with elements of modern zombie fiction, crediting Austen as co-author. It was first published in April 2009 by Quirk Books and in October 2009 a Deluxe Edition was released, containing full-color images and additional zombie scenes.

title: Julia Wilhelm

text: Wilhelm's area of expertise is Jane Austen and her influence on Chick Lit, the genre of women's literature which emerged after the publication of Bridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding in 1996. Her first book, Appropriations of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" in Contemporary British Fiction, was published in 2006.


query: Does Norfolk County in Ontario border the U.S.?

title: Norfolk County, Massachusetts

text: Norfolk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2010 census, the population was 670,850.[1] Its county seat is Dedham.[2] The county was named after the English county of the same name.[3] Two towns, Cohasset and Brookline, are exclaves.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: On January 1, 2001, the regional municipality was dissolved and two single-tier municipalities, the Town of Haldimand and the Town of Norfolk, were formed. These municipalities immediately changed their official names to Haldimand County and Norfolk County—and special advisor Milt Farrow later said in published interviews that he should have recommended those names. Since they no longer have townships or other municipal subdivisions below them, both municipalities are not true "county" governments in the traditional sense; they are legally classified as cities. The Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario are quite small for the most part.

title: Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Simcoe is the administrative centre of Norfolk County, with a population of 16,000 making it Norfolk's largest community. Simcoe is located at the junction of Highway 3, at Highway 24, due south of Brantford, Ontario, and accessible to Hamilton by nearby Highway 6. The town is northwest of Nanticoke in Haldimand County.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Norfolk County is a rural single-tier municipality on the north shore of Lake Erie in Southwestern Ontario, Canada with a 2016 population of 64,044. The largest community in Norfolk County is Simcoe, Ontario with a 2016 population of 13,922. The other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi, Waterford and Port Rowan, and there are many smaller communities. For several years in the late 20th century, the county was merged with Haldimand County but the merged entity was dissolved in 2000.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: In January 2005, the county unveiled a new coat of arms which included natural symbols associated with the county: hooded warblers, a tulip tree ("Liriodendron tulipifera") and an eastern dogwood flower. In December 2015, Norfolk County Council declared the apple-cider doughnut (produced locally by the Norfolk Fruit Growers Association) as the official doughnut of Norfolk County.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Norfolk County's primary tourist attractions are the ports, towns and villages along Lake Erie, which the municipality promotes as "Ontario's South Coast". These towns include Port Dover, Turkey Point and Long Point. Fishing is another key attraction for tourist, as well as birding, hiking, camping and cycling. Main festivals include the Norfolk County Fair & Horse Show (October), Waterford Pumpkin Festival (October), the Friday the 13th motorcycle rally at Port Dover, and Simcoe Christmas Panorama (December). Agri-tourism is another expanding attraction for tourists coming to Norfolk County, with a few wineries in development and numerous farmgate retailers. Wilsonville’s Whistling Gardens, in the northeast Norfolk County, is Ontario’s newest publicly accessible botanical garden and one of the few that are privately run in Canada. In 2014, it was named one of Norfolk’s Top 10 Amazing Places on a social mapping tool created by Ontario’s UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Located on the Norfolk Sand Plain in the Carolinian Life Zone, Norfolk County's soil type is sandy loam, the most fertile land in Ontario. With a mild climate and lengthy growing season, the region has long been the centre of the Ontario tobacco belt. However, many farmers have begun the process of diversifying their crop selections to include fruits and vegetables, lavender, ginseng, hazelnuts, and wolfberries as tobacco consumption continues to decrease.

title: Simcoe, Ontario

text: Simcoe is an unincorporated community and former town in Southwestern Ontario, Canada near Lake Erie. It is the county seat and largest community of Norfolk County.[1] Simcoe is at the junction of Highway 3, at Highway 24, due south of Brantford, and accessible to Hamilton by nearby Highway 6. This largest of the Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario had a population of 13,922 at the time of the 2016 Census.[2]

title: Melancthon, Ontario

text: Melancthon is a rural Canadian township in the northwest corner of Dufferin County, Ontario, bordered on the east by Mulmur Township, Amaranth Township and East Luther Grand Valley to the south, Southgate Township to the west, and the Municipality of Grey Highlands to the north. The township does not include the town of Shelburne on its southern border. It has one of the lowest population densities in southwestern Ontario.

title: Geography of Ontario

text: Ontario also shares borders with several U.S. states. From west to east, the Minnesota border consists of the Lake of the Woods, Rainy River, Rainy Lake and its tributaries. The border then includes the only 1 km of land of its entire 2,700 km U.S. border, the Height of Land Portage, which divides Arctic Ocean and Nelson River watershed from that of the St Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean. The U.S./Minnesota border then follows tributaries of the Pigeon River to its mouth at Lake Superior. Ontario borders Michigan across Lake Superior, the Saint Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie. The province also borders Ohio and Pennsylvania across Lake Erie. The 309 km boundary with New York includes Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: In 1837, Norfolk County was separated from the London District to form Talbot District, and Simcoe was declared to be the district town. At the beginning of 1850, the district was abolished, being replaced by Norfolk County for municipal purposes.

title: Clear Creek, Ontario

title: Hillcrest, Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Hillcrest is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Bill's Corners and the town of Simcoe.

title: Fort Norfolk (Norfolk County, Ontario)

text: Fort Norfolk was a minor fortification built at Turkey Point (now Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada) during the War of 1812 to defend the southwestern end of Upper Canada. It is a National Historic Site of Canada.

title: Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show

text: Since 1840, the fair has been active in Norfolk County on the complex. It is considered to be the fourth largest fair in Ontario. Out of all the festivals, the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show is considered be the 88th best festival in Canada and has repeatedly been named as one of the Top 100 Festivals in Ontario. Operated by the Norfolk County Agricultural Society with 400 volunteers organizing the event on an annual basis, this autumn fair attracts almost 100 community organizations and local businesses. More than half a million visitors come to the Norfolk County Fairgrounds annually while the annual event attracts 120,000 people from outside the local community. Being the leading producer of vegetables in Ontario, the Norfolk County Fair helps to demonstrate the best of Norfolk County's produce to the rest of the province.

title: Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Until that event was moved to Simcoe, this was the spot where fairgoers attended the attractions and farmers displayed their best produce. The community of Fairground borders on the municipality of Bayham in Elgin County to the west, and its southern border is the Lake Erie shoreline, with no natural harbours. Rising gas prices and pervasive poverty amongst residents prevent many young Houghton residents from going to the Norfolk County Fair near downtown Simcoe; creating a need for a more local fair that lasted since 1853.

title: List of census divisions of Ontario

text: In some cases, a census division may retain its historical name even if it changes government type. For instance, Oxford County, Haldimand County, Norfolk County and Prince Edward County are no longer counties: Oxford is a regional municipality and the others are single-tier municipalities. Several census divisions in Ontario have significantly changed their borders or been discontinued entirely: see Historic counties of Ontario.

title: Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Houghton is a former township in Norfolk County. Its township seat was Fairground, a small village today. It is located in the southwest of Norfolk, bordering on the former Norfolk townships of Middleton to the northeast, and North and South Walsingham to the east. Fairground is a small community in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada where the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show took place in the early 19th century.

title: Hillcrest, Norfolk County, Ontario

text: In 2001, Haldimand-Norfolk was dissolved into two separate single-tier counties. Hillcrest became part of the newly formed County of Norfolk.

title: County of Brant

text: It is a predominantly rural municipality in Southern Ontario. The largest population centre (2016 population, 12,310) is Paris. The County is bordered by North Dumfries township, the City of Hamilton, Haldimand County, Norfolk County, and the townships of Blandford-Blenheim and Norwich. The County abuts the provincially-mandated Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe).

text: The Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board is a separate school board in Ontario, Canada. The school board is the school district administrator for the communities of the County of Brant, Haldimand County, and Norfolk County, Ontario.

title: Jefferson County, New York

text: Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,229. Its county seat is Watertown. The county is named after Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States of America. It is adjacent to Lake Ontario, southeast from the Canada–US border of Ontario.

title: Nanticoke, Ontario

text: Unlike the majority of Haldimand or Norfolk County, Nanticoke is a highly industrialized community. Its industries supplied up to 4000MW of electric energy to Southern Ontario through the Nanticoke Generating Station. This community is southeast of Simcoe in neighbouring Norfolk County and south of Brantford. Nanticoke's residential area is bordered on the west by the Nanticoke Industrial Park, home to the U. S. Steel Canada Lake Erie Works and a number of smaller businesses, including Nelson Steel, Charles Jones Industrial, ESM, and Air Products. The neighbouring Esso Refinery Nanticoke on the northeast and the Nanticoke Generating Station on the southeast are not part of the Industrial Park land, although this is frequently confused due to their proximity.

title: Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Norfolk County in the Canadian province of Ontario consists of a long list of communities. Its four designated population centres are Simcoe, Port Dover, Delhi, and Waterford.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text:
[[Category:Former counties in Ontario]]
[[Category:Norfolk County, Ontario| ]]
[[Category:Single-tier municipalities in Ontario]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2000]]
[[Category:Southwestern Ontario]]

title: Ontario tobacco belt

text: Wind generators have been used extensively in the Port Rowan area and in the southwestern part of Norfolk County (particularly near Lake Erie). Port Rowan has seen some wind generators installed in the northern end of their community near their active adult community; but were dismantled after the local people starting protesting. Most of them are seen near the communities of Clear Creek, Jacksonburg, Houghton Centre, and Hemlock. Port Dover (on the easternmost part of the Ontario tobacco belt) has been declared to be the site of future wind generators. Norfolk County has banned the placement of new wind turbines after becoming a "willing host" for them back in 2003. One of the council members were worried about Norfolk County becoming "industrialized" and "unnatural." Many leaders in Norfolk County envision the surrounding area as being an agricultural hub for Southern Ontario even by the middle of the 22nd century.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: The Townships of Delhi and Norfolk, the Town of Simcoe, and the western half of the City of Nanticoke were amalgamated to form the "Town of Norfolk." Moreover, many smaller communities such as Port Dover and Port Rowan are now in "Norfolk County". The newly formed municipality's first by-law was to change the name to Norfolk County.

title: Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Port Ryerse () is a fishing hamlet in Norfolk County just slightly southwest of Port Dover where people from Southwestern Ontario rent cottages and fish for pleasure during the summer months (Victoria Day through mid-October). The hamlet was founded by Lieut-Colonel Samuel Ryerse, brother of Colonel Joseph Ryerson and uncle of Egerton Ryerson. Its harbor was important for shipping cargo from Norfolk County across the lake.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: According to the Census of Agriculture of 2016 by Statistics Canada, Norfolk County farmers are Ontario’s Number One growers of asparagus, cabbage, tart cherries, ginseng, peppers, pumpkins, rye, squash and zucchini, strawberries, and other vegetables. Farmers in Norfolk County are among Ontario’s top growers of several other crops: sweet corn, apples, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, green and wax beans, carrots, raspberries and lettuce.

title: Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Norfolk County's main town is Simcoe, which hosts city council and generally serves as the administrative centre. Port Dover, Delhi and Waterford are the other population centres in Norfolk County. Langton and Port Rowan are the largest communities in the western side of the county.

title: Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario

text: Norfolk County has banned the placement of new wind turbines after becoming a "willing host" for them back in 2003. One of the council members were worried about Norfolk County becoming "industrialized" and "unnatural." Many leaders in Norfolk County envision the county as being an agricultural hub for Southern Ontario even by the middle of the 22nd century. The nearest high school is Valley Heights Secondary School which is to the northeast. Students from here grab the same high school bus as the students from Houghton.


query: Is Final Fantasy Type-0 a sequel to another game?

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: Final Fantasy Type-0[Jp. 1] is an action role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). Released in Japan on October 27, 2011, Type-0 is part of the Fabula Nova Crystallis subseries, a set of games sharing a common mythos which includes Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy XV. The gameplay, similar to Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII, has the player taking control of characters in real-time combat during missions across Orience. The player also engages in large-scale strategy-based battles on the world map, and has access to a multiplayer option during story missions and side quests.

title: Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy" has spawned numerous spin-offs and metaseries. Several are, in fact, not "Final Fantasy" games, but were rebranded for North American release. Examples include the "SaGa" series, rebranded "The Final Fantasy Legend", and its two sequels, "Final Fantasy Legend II" and "Final Fantasy Legend III". "Final Fantasy Mystic Quest" was specifically developed for a United States audience, and "Final Fantasy Tactics" is a tactical RPG that features many references and themes found in the series. The spin-off "Chocobo" series, "Crystal Chronicles" series, and "Kingdom Hearts" series also include multiple "Final Fantasy" elements. In 2003, the "Final Fantasy" series' first direct sequel, "Final Fantasy X-2", was released. "Final Fantasy XIII" was originally intended to stand on its own, but the team wanted to explore the world, characters and mythos more, resulting in the development and release of two sequels in 2011 and respectively, creating the series' first official trilogy. "Dissidia Final Fantasy" was released in 2009, a fighting game that features heroes and villains from the first ten games of the main series. It was followed by a prequel in 2011. Other spin-offs have taken the form of subseries—"Compilation of Final Fantasy VII", "Ivalice Alliance", and "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy".

title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy Type-0" received a manga adaptation illustrated by Takatoshi Shiozawa. It began publication in the November 2011 of "Young Gangan" and was collected into a single volume and released in April 2012. The manga was translated into English and released as part of the western collector's edition for "Type-0 HD", available exclusively through Square Enix's online store. A second manga following one of the game's secondary characters, , began serialization in May 2012. The latter manga was created by Shiozawa under direct supervision by Tetsuya Nomura. The manga ended in January 2014, with a bonus chapter released in February of the same year. It will be released in the west in July 2015, licensed by Yen Press. Two novels detailing an alternate version of "Type-0", titled , were released in April and June 2012. "Agito" received another "Change the World" novel adaptation focusing on two of the game's supporting characters. Ultimania guides and companion books have been released for the majority of released games.

title: Final Fantasy Agito

text: The game was developed around director Hajime Tabata's original concept for "Final Fantasy Type-0" as a mobile game which would give players easy access to a universe within the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series and would be influenced by player choice. The title stems from "Type-0"s earlier title "Final Fantasy Agito XIII". Many of "Type-0"s staff returned, with Takeharu Ishimoto composing new music for the title, and former level designer Masayasu Nishida and texture artist Sayoko Hoshino returning respectively as producer and art director.

title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Agito XIII" and "Versus XIII" both began production in 2006. By 2008, "Agito XIII" had been moved onto the PlayStation Portable, then later renamed "Final Fantasy Type-0". The stated reason for the change of title was that "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Type-0" shared little besides the core mythos. The title change also resulted in the "XIII" numeral being dropped from the series title as it "would have been an issue". Late in its development, "Final Fantasy XIII" also changed from being an exclusive when an Xbox 360 version was announced, significantly delaying its release. A port for Microsoft Windows was considered, but not followed up due to platform-specific concerns and the company's view of the video game market. Later, "Final Fantasy XIII" and its sequels would receive PC ports through Steam. As early as 2007, Square Enix considered re-branding "Versus XIII" as a numbered entry in the main series due to the rapidly growing scale of the project. The game was eventually re-branded in 2011. As part of its later marketing, "Final Fantasy XV" was deliberately distanced from the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" brand to remove the consequent limitation on their target audience, although lore and design elements were retained. The game was also moved fully onto eighth generation consoles and developed using the company's new Luminous Studio engine. The PS3 version was abandoned due to concerns about the console's continued viability. "Type-0"s western release was delayed due to the flagging PSP market in western territories. A high-definition port to the same platforms as "Final Fantasy XV" was co-developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive, and was eventually announced for a western release.

title: Sephiroth (Final Fantasy)

text: Sephiroth was also the representative villain of "Final Fantasy VII" in "Dissidia Final Fantasy". He is featured in his "Final Fantasy VII" guise, while an alternative outfit features the "Safer Sephiroth" form. His fight against Cloud in the game was based on their fights from "Final Fantasy VII" and "Advent Children". Along with the rest of the "Final Fantasy VII" figures in "Dissidia", Sephiroth appears in the prequel "Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy". This game also includes a sightly altered "Final Fantasy VII" form for Sephiroth, as well as his "Kingdom Hearts" form. Sephiroth returns as a playable character opposite Cloud in the third entry, "Dissidia Final Fantasy NT". He is featured in the rhythm game "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy" and its sequel, "", as an unlockable character, representing "Final Fantasy VII". He also appears in the puzzle platformer video game "LittleBigPlanet", and its sequel "LittleBigPlanet 2" as a character model; Media Molecule's Alex Evans felt "honored" that Sephiroth was allowed to appear in the games. He is referenced in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U during Cloud's reveal trailer.

title: Theatrhythm Final Fantasy: Curtain Call

text: "Curtain Call" includes 221 songs not counting downloadable content (DLC) taken from various entries in the series. Along with the songs and DLC content created for the original and fresh songs from titles features in the original, the game features new songs from "", "Final Fantasy X-2", "Final Fantasy XIII"s two sequels "XIII-2" and "", "Final Fantasy Type-0", the movie "" and other spin-off games in the franchise such as "Final Fantasy Adventure", and the "Crystal Chronicles" and "Dissidia" games. There are 60 playable characters available to the player, not including DLC.

title: Mobius Final Fantasy

text: Collaboration events with "Final Fantasy Record Keeper", "Final Fantasy X", "Final Fantasy Type-0", "Final Fantasy VII Remake", "Terra Battle", "Final Fantasy XII", "Final Fantasy XIII", "Hoshi No Dragon Quest", "Final Fantasy XV", "Final Fantasy VII" and "Final Fantasy XIV" have also occurred in the game.

title: Development of Final Fantasy XV

text: After the game's name and platform change in 2012, there were multiple staff reshuffles, though Shimomura, Hashimoto, Hasewaga and Nozue retained their original positions. Nomura became co-director alongside Hajime Tabata, the director of "Final Fantasy Type-0", then was moved to other projects and replaced as full director by Tabata. Saori Itamuro became the new scriptwriter, using Nojima's original scenario as a base for the new work. Kitase left as co-producer, while Yusuke Naora, Isamu Kamikokuryo, and many artists involved in the development of "Type-0" were involved. Non-Japanese staff included character designer Roberto Ferrari, game designer Prasert Prasertvithyakarn, and party interaction designer Wan Hazmer. The staff as formed in 2012, not counting later additions, was made up of the combined "Final Fantasy XV" and "Type-0" development teams. By 2014, between 200 and 300 people were working on the game.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: While working on Final Fantasy XV, Tabata decided to make a high-definition remaster of Type-0 for eighth-generation consoles. Developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive, Final Fantasy Type-0 HD was originally announced at E3 2014, and released worldwide in March 2015.[127][128] After Type-0's release, Tabata stated in an interview that he wished to explore the distant history of Orience after the events of the game.[72] Trademarks for Type-1, Type-2 and Type-3 were registered shortly after the Type-0 trademark, but it was suggested that they were simply a protective measure.[129] During interviews given in 2014, Tabata commented that he wished to work on Type-1 after completing XV, and later explained the conceptual Type series as a means of publishing Final Fantasy games too experimental for the main series. He hoped to continue with the Type series if Type-0 HD was commercially successful.[130][131]

title: Final Fantasy Agito

text: The idea for "Final Fantasy Agito" originated with the early origins of "Type-0". Originally, "Type-0" was a game for mobiles titled "Final Fantasy Agito XIII", but eventually changed platforms and title. "Type-0"s director Hajime Tabata still liked the "Agito" title and the original concepts for the game, which included an episodic storyline that hinged on player choice and day-night cycles linked to real-world time. With this in mind, Tabata decided to revisit it and began development of "Agito": eventually, they settled on smartphones as the release platform of choice, partly because the platforms' progress since "Type-0" started development. One of Tabata's wishes for the title was that players unfamiliar with "Type-0" would download and play it. Development on the game began in September 2012. During development, Tabata considered "Type-0" to have become the prototype for "Agito", although it did not share much with its predecessor. The game's story grew out of what he originally conceived for "Agito XIII" before it evolved into "Type-0". In contrast to "Type-0"s dark and serious storyline, the team decided to give "Agito" a lighter atmosphere, although serious dramatic scenes were still present. Along with returning staff, mobile developer Tayutau K. K. helped with development. The previous game's level designer, Masayasu Nishida, returned to direct, and original character texture artist Sayako Hoshino became art director. To create the characters' portrait animations for the smartphone environment, the team used Silicon Studio's Motion Portrait middleware. The game was developed using the Unity engine. The game's designer was Kensuke Shimoda, an industry veteran who had experience with Unity, and was in charge of designing the game's battle system. His involvement with the game ended after its release.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: Final Fantasy Type-0 was originally titled Final Fantasy Agito XIII, envisioned as a game for mobile devices. It was conceived in 2005 as part of Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy, a subseries of Final Fantasy games linked by a common mythos. Agito XIII was the final original Fabula Nova Crystallis game to be created. The decision to make it a mobile game was based on the popularity of Before Crisis: Final Fantasy VII. Hajime Tabata, who contributed to the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos, was searching for a new project after finishing Before Crisis and became the game's director.[45][46] Before Crisis producer Kosei Ito acted as producer before his move to Capcom prior to 2009.[47][48] Beginning development in 2006, it was first announced at that year's Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). It was said to offer on-the-go access to the Fabula Nova Crystallis universe, using gameplay functions exclusive to mobile phones of the time.[47][49][50] The concept was to deliver a game for mobile platforms equivalent to a console game from the main Final Fantasy series, and to make it available in its entirety upon release rather than in episodic format.[51]

title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy" currently consists of seven titles across multiple platforms, including sequels and spin-offs of the original entries. The entries in the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series share the same mythology, interpreted differently and referred to in varying degrees for each of the game worlds."Final Fantasy XIII" and its sequels have a strong connection to the mythos, making extensive use of its terminology and involving many of its deities. The universe of "Final Fantasy Type-0" used the terminology and made minor reference to the mythos while focusing on the human side of events, although these references were added during later story development. While the mythos is still present in "Final Fantasy XV", it was "disconnected" from the core framework, with specific terminology being removed and its emphasis reduced to become a background element for the world and story.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: In 2008, it was decided to make Type-0 a PSP exclusive, cancelling the mobile version of the game as the developers did not want to wait for mobile technology to reach a level which could handle their full vision for the game. Full development began that year by the same team who developed Crisis Core, but was again slowed as most of them were completing work on The 3rd Birthday.[4][57][58][59][60] Because of these conflicting projects, Type-0 came close to being cancelled outright.[61] Between 2009 and 2011, the title was changed to distance it from Final Fantasy XIII, since after the platform change the two games had little in common other than their shared mythos. One of the titles considered and rejected was Final Fantasy Live, referring to the game's multiplayer element. The new title, Final Fantasy Type-0, was intended to indicate the game's separation from the main series. It was also the beginning of an alternative numbering system parallel to the main series.[62][63][64] The game made its first official public appearance under the new title at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier in Tokyo, along with a new trailer that was released to the public on January 27, 2011.[65]

title: Final Fantasy Type-0 HD

text: During the production of "Final Fantasy Type-0", the development team explored the possibility of a high-definition port of the game. The idea never went beyond experimentation as the team was focused on keeping the game as a portable experience. The team also experimented with a sequel on eighth generation consoles, but production was halted when the development team were transferred to "Final Fantasy XV". After some time working on "XV", original director Hajime Tabata decided to develop "Type-0 HD" for eighth-generation consoles. The game began development in mid-2012, around the same time "XV" was shifted onto PlayStation 4 (PS4) and Xbox One. Tabata came on board in July of that year as director and producer, though his involvement was fairly minor due to his directing duties for "XV". The main development was handled by HexaDrive, who had previously collaborated successfully with Square Enix on "The 3rd Birthday", and had developed the high-definition remasters of "Ōkami" and "". The remaster was intended as an incentive for "Final Fantasy" players in both Japan and the west to purchase eighth generation consoles before "XV"s release. The original plan was for a port to both the seventh generation PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles, and eighth generation consoles. After the PS4 proved popular at the 2013 Tokyo Game Show, and as Tabata had no development experience with seventh generation console hardware, the team focused on the eighth generation versions. According to art director Yusuke Naora, moving from the PlayStation Portable to eighth-generation hardware proved hard for the team. Despite early claims, no version of "Type-0 HD" was developed for the PlayStation Vita. According to Tabata, this was due to difficulties in porting between console and Vita development environments, and his wish for a playing experience he could only envision on home consoles.

title: Final Fantasy X

text: Due to its commercial and critical success, Square Enix released a direct sequel to "Final Fantasy X" in 2003, titled "Final Fantasy X-2". The sequel is set two years after the conclusion of "Final Fantasy X", establishing new conflicts and dilemmas and resolving loose ends left by the original game. Although the sequel did not sell as well as the original, 5.4 million units versus over 8 million units, it can still be considered a commercial success. As a result of the title's popularity, Yoshinori Kitase and Kazushige Nojima decided to establish a plot-related connection between "Final Fantasy X" and "Final Fantasy VII", another well-received" Final Fantasy" game. In 2013, after the release of the HD Remaster, Nojima stated that he would like to see a second sequel to "X", and if there were demand for it, it could happen. The minigame of blitzball has made it into other games, such as "Final Fantasy X-2", and was mentioned as a possibility for "".

title: Vaan

text: Vaan also appears in the PlayStation Portable fighting game, "Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy", as one of Cosmos' warriors who seek to eliminate creatures known as Maninkins. He returns in the game's sequel, "Dissidia Final Fantasy NT", as one of Materia's champions. He is also featured in the rhythm game "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy" and its sequel, "", as the main character representing "Final Fantasy XII".

title: Characters of the Final Fantasy XIII series

text: The overarching theme of the games was the effects the deities of the core mythos on the human population, especially the fate that was forced upon the main characters. Yuji Abe, a designer on "Lightning Returns", defined it as "A battle with destiny", with the burden of destiny growing progressively heavier for the main characters over the course of the games. The setting and story was written around and drawn from the official mythology for the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series, which also includes "Final Fantasy XV" and "Final Fantasy Type-0". For "Final Fantasy XIII" and its sequels, Toriyama created a story focusing on the existing deities within the mythos and their influence on the world. Different deities from the mythos were focused on in each installment, such as the goddess Etro in "XIII-2". One of the defining features of the cast is the game's central protagonist, Lightning. Toriyama wanted Lightning to be an exceptional female protagonist for the "Final Fantasy" series, with her having great strength and combat ability, as opposed to the gentler figures of Aerith from "Final Fantasy VII" or Yuna from "Final Fantasy X". Unlike those characters, Lightning's personality was conceived well before her outfit was designed or her voice actresses were cast. How the character was portrayed and how her story and personality was evolved became one of the driving forces of the series.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: The game was originally announced as a title for mobile phones and the PSP called Final Fantasy Agito XIII.[Jp. 2] It was directed by Hajime Tabata, who took up the project after completing Before Crisis: Final Fantasy VII. Initially designed to provide players with easy access to the Fabula Nova Crystallis universe, the mobile version was eventually cancelled and the game's title was changed to distance it from the subseries' flagship title Final Fantasy XIII. Releasing to strong sales, it received praise for its story and gameplay, but was criticized for its camera control and artificial intelligence. Further games related to Type-0 have also been developed, including a high definition remaster that released internationally in March 2015.

title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: After the release of "Final Fantasy XIII", the creators wanted to expand on the game's setting and tell more stories about the characters, so "XIII-2" and "Lightning Returns" were developed. For these games, Japanese developer tri-Ace was brought in to help with the games' design and graphics. The three games and their respective tie-in media were referred to as the "Lightning Saga" by Square Enix staff after the games' central character. While there was speculation that "Fabula Nova Crystallis" would end with "Lightning Returns", Kitase repeatedly stated that there was still room for further titles beyond the "XIII" universe. Alongside that, Tabata created "Agito" around his original ideas for "Type-0" as a mobile title. "Agito" acted as both a prequel to "Type-0" and an alternate story set within its world. The game was co-developed by mobile game developer Tayutau K. K. Later, Chinese developer Perfect World were brought in to develop "Awakening". "Final Fantasy XV" eventually had help from multiple developers, including HexaDrive, XPEC Entertainment and Umbra. In contrast to "Final Fantasy XIII", Tabata decided against creating any sequels to "Final Fantasy XV", instead expanding the base game through downloadable content.

title: Final Fantasy XV

text: Initially announced in 2006 alongside "XIII" and "Type-0", the game was publicly rebranded at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo, with regular updates on the title beginning the following year. A demo titled "Final Fantasy XV: Episode Duscae" was released in March 2015 as a limited addition to "Final Fantasy Type-0 HD". The game's localization was handled by Dan Inoue, who used different accents for characters to denote their origins on different parts of Eos. In addition to English, Japanese and European languages, the game was localized for Latin America with Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese text: this was the first time a "Final Fantasy" title was localized into these languages.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: Type-0 affected several other works in multiple ways. During its development, several staff members and voice actors who had worked on Final Fantasy X reunited. Their meeting triggered the development of Final Fantasy X/X-2 HD Remaster.[120] In the September 2013 issue of Famitsu Weekly, Square Enix revealed Final Fantasy Agito, an online companion game to Type-0 for iOS and Android mobile devices.[121] The game was released in May 2014, and a localization was announced alongside that of Type-0.[122][123] Its servers were closed down in November 2015, with its localization being cancelled as a result.[124][125] A new online game set in the Type-0 universe, Final Fantasy Awakening, released in Asian and English-speaking territories between 2016 and 2018.[126]

title: Characters of Final Fantasy XV

text: "Final Fantasy XV", an action role-playing video game released in November 2016, is the fifteenth main installment in the "Final Fantasy" series, and is thematically connected to "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy", a subseries of games linked by a common mythos which includes "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Final Fantasy Type-0". The world and main characters were created by Tetsuya Nomura, the game's original director. Nomura also designed the main characters, with later revisions and additional characters being designed by Yusuke Naora: other character designers involved with the game included Roberto Ferrari and Yusaku Nakaaki.

title: List of Final Fantasy video games

text: "Final Fantasy" is a video game series developed and published by Square Enix (formerly Square). The first title in the series, the eponymous "Final Fantasy", premiered in Japan in 1987, and "Final Fantasy" games have been released almost every single year since. Fifteen games have been released as part of the main (numbered) series. Sequels, prequels, spin-offs, and related video games have been published, as well as numerous titles in other media forms. Each game in the main series takes place in a different fictional universe rather than serve as direct sequels to prior games, although some titles have received sequels, or prequels, set in the same universe.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0 HD

text: A commercial Blu-ray release for "Type-0 HD"s soundtrack, "Final Fantasy Type-0 HD Original Soundtrack", was released on March 25, 2015. It includes the entire soundtrack, the newly composed tracks, tracks from "Final Fantasy Agito" and ten bonus MP3 tracks selected by Ishimoto from his previous work as a "Best of Collection". The Blu-ray album reached #189 in the Oricon charts, and remained in the charts for one week. The album, and music in general, have received positive comments from music critics and reviewers of the game.

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: In the first week on sale, Final Fantasy Type-0 sold 472,253 units, topping Japanese sales charts and selling through 79.08% of its initial shipments.[116][117] As of January 16, 2012, the game had sold 746,203 copies in Japan.[118] It was the best-selling game of 2011 for Japanese media retail shop Tsutaya, beating Monster Hunter Portable 3rd (PlayStation Portable) and Final Fantasy XIII-2 (PlayStation 3). It was also the store's best-selling PSP title of the year, followed by Monster Hunter Portable 3rd and Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy.[119]

title: Final Fantasy Type-0

text: Multiple pieces of merchandise were created for the game. An Ultimania, part of a series of dedicated guidebooks, was released in the same month as the original game. It contained story and character breakdowns, concept art, and interviews with developers.[101] A different book, Final Fantasy Type-0 World Preview,[Jp. 5] was also released in October. It featured character biographies, details on the world of Orience, and interviews with the voice actors for Class Zero.[102] The following year, a dedicated art book was released containing artwork of the game's characters and monsters, and an interview with Tabata.[103] Characters from the game, including Ace, Machina and other members of Class Zero, appeared in the fourth series of releases for the Final Fantasy Trading Card Game.[104] In November 2011, a manga adaptation of Type-0, illustrated by Takatoshi Shiozawa, began serialization in Young Gangan magazine.[105] The manga has been collected into a tankōbon volume and was released on April 21, 2012.[106] Another manga titled Final Fantasy Type-0 Side Story: Reaper of the Icy Blade,[Jp. 6] also illustrated by Shiozawa, began publication in Young Gangan in April 2012.[107] It ended in January 2014, with a bonus chapter being published in February of that year,[108][109] and was later released in five compiled volumes. Yen Press began distribution of the manga in the west in July 2015.[110] Square Enix released two novel adaptations, in April and June 2012, depicting an alternate version of Type-0's story: Final Fantasy Type-0: Change the World -The Answer-[Jp. 7] and Final Fantasy Type-0: Change the World Volume 2 -The Penultimate Truth-.[Jp. 8] The novels were written by Sōki Tsukishima.[111][112]

title: Final Fantasy Artniks

text: Characters, monsters and items from all the main "Final Fantasy" games appear, as well as "Final Fantasy Tactics", "Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles", "Dissidia Final Fantasy", "Final Fantasy Type-0", and others. Well known events from previous Final Fantasy titles are occasionally encountered. The game receives updates periodically in the form of "Most Wanted" villains for players to share information about to find and defeat to earn rewards. The first update featured Kefka Palazzo from "Final Fantasy VI" and the second being Sephiroth from "Final Fantasy VII".

title: Final Fantasy XIII

text: At the beginning of the development, the game was intended to be released on the PlayStation 2. In May 2005, however, after the positive reception of the tech demo of "Final Fantasy VII", the team decided to move the game to the PlayStation 3 and developed it with the new Crystal Tools engine, a seventh generation multiplatform game engine created by Square Enix for its next generation games. Square Enix believed that developing a new engine would speed up development time later in the project, though it would initially cause a delay in the game's development. However, the delay was longer than originally anticipated as the engine had to accommodate the requirements of several other games in addition to "XIII". Another factor in the platform move was the delayed release of "Final Fantasy XII", which came out a very short time before the release of the PlayStation 3. A PC port was considered during development, but was decided against due to how Square Enix saw the video game market situation at the time as well as additional complexities that Square Enix did not have experience with related to the PC platform, such as security issues. "Final Fantasy XIII" was first shown at the 2006 E3 convention. The trailer shown was an artistic concept that did not represent the final concept for the game, since at the time there was no playable form of the game. Announced alongside the game was "Final Fantasy Versus XIII", later retitled as "Final Fantasy XV", and the PlayStation Portable game "Final Fantasy Type-0", originally titled "Final Fantasy Agito XIII", the three of which form the "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy" series. Square Enix explained that although all three games are thematically linked, they are not directly related in terms of story.

title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: The series, originally announced in 2006 as "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy XIII", currently consists of seven games across multiple platforms. "Final Fantasy XIII", designed as the series' flagship title, was released in 2009. The creative forces behind the series include many developers from previous "Final Fantasy" titles, including Shinji Hashimoto and Motomu Toriyama. The mythos was conceived and written by Kazushige Nojima. The first games announced for the series were "Final Fantasy XIII", "Final Fantasy XV" (as "Versus XIII"), and "Final Fantasy Type-0" (as "Agito XIII"). All three games went through delays. After "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Type-0"s releases, their respective teams used ideas and concepts from development to create additional games. For later games, other studios have been brought in to help with aspects of development. "Final Fantasy XV" was distanced from the series brand for marketing purposes despite retaining thematic connections.


query: When was the first Pteranodon fossil found?

title: Pteranodon

text: Pteranodon was the first pterosaur found outside of Europe. Its fossils first were found by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1870, in the Late Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of western Kansas. These chalk beds were deposited at the bottom of what was once the Western Interior Seaway, a large shallow sea over what now is the midsection of the North American continent. These first specimens, YPM 1160 and YPM 1161, consisted of partial wing bones, as well as a tooth from the prehistoric fish Xiphactinus, which Marsh mistakenly believed to belong to this new pterosaur (all known pterosaurs up to that point had teeth). In 1871, Marsh named the find "Pterodactylus oweni", assigning it to the well-known (but much smaller) European genus Pterodactylus. Marsh also collected more wing bones of the large pterosaur in 1871. Realizing that the name he had chosen had already been used for Harry Seeley's European pterosaur species Pterodactylus oweni in 1864, Marsh re-named his giant North American pterosaur Pterodactylus occidentalis, meaning "Western wing finger," in his 1872 description of the new specimen. He also named two additional species, based on size differences: Pterodactylus ingens (the largest specimen so far), and Pterodactylus velox (the smallest).[6]

title: Pteranodon

text: Fragmentary fossils assigned to Pteranodon have also been discovered in Skåne, Sweden.[23]

title: Timeline of pterosaur research

text: This timeline of pterosaur research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, and taxonomic revisions of pterosaurs, the famed flying reptiles of the Mesozoic era. Although pterosaurs went extinct millions of years before humans evolved, humans have coexisted with pterosaur fossils for millennia. Before the development of paleontology as a formal science, these remains would have been interpreted through a mythological lens. Myths about thunderbirds told by the Native Americans of the modern western United States may have been influenced by observations of "Pteranodon" fossils. These thunderbirds were said to have warred with water monsters, which agrees well with the co-occurrence of "Pteranodon" and the ancient marine reptiles of the seaway over which it flew.

title: Paleontology in Nebraska

text: The fossils of the Niobrara chalk may have been influential on these stories. The pterosaur "Pteranodon" and marine reptiles like mosasaurs are preserved in Niobrara Chalk deposits and associated remains may have been interpreted as evidence for antagonism between immense flying animals and serpentine aquatic reptiles. Fossils of the large toothed diving bird "Hesperornis" are also found in the Niobrara chalk, sometimes preserves inside specimens of large predatory marine reptiles. Observations of similar fossils in the past may have been seen as further evidence for thunderbird-water monster conflict.

title: Pteranodon

text: Two species of Pteranodon are traditionally recognized as valid: Pteranodon longiceps, the type species, and Pteranodon sternbergi. The species differ only in the shape of the crest in adult males (described above), and possibly in the angle of certain skull bones.[6] Because well-preserved Pteranodon skull fossils are extremely rare, researchers use stratigraphy (i.e. which rock layer of the geologic formation a fossil is found in) to determine species identity in most cases.

title: Geosternbergia

text: The first "G. sternbergi" fossil was collected by George F. Sternberg in 1952 and described by John Christian Harksen in 1966, from the lower portion of the Niobrara Formation. It was older than "Pteranodon longiceps" and is considered by Bennett to be the direct ancestor of that species.

title: Paleontology in Kansas

text: In 1870, O. C. Marsh led a paleontological expedition into the western United States on behalf of Yale University. Late in the November of that year they visited the area around Fort Wallace. They spent several days prospecting for fossils in modern Wallace and Logan Counties along the banks of the Smoky Hill River. Persevering against cold weather, they made several finds. One was the nearly complete skeleton of the mosasaur "Clidastes" that took four days to excavate. Among the fossils discovered by Marsh's crew in western Kansas were the far ends of two pterosaur wing metacarpals. These were the first scientifically documented fossils of the pterosaur that would later be named "Pteranodon". This formal naming occurred six years later, in 1876.

title: Pteranodon

text: Pteranodon (/tɪˈrænədɒn/; from Greek πτερόν ( pteron, "wing") and ἀνόδων (anodon, "toothless") is a genus of pterosaur that included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 8 meters (26 feet). They lived during the late Cretaceous geological period of North America in present-day Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. More fossil specimens of Pteranodon have been found than any other pterosaur, with about 1,200 specimens known to science, many of them well preserved with nearly complete skulls and articulated skeletons. It was an important part of the animal community in the Western Interior Seaway.[1]

title: Pteranodon

text: Fossils from terrestrial dinosaurs also have been found in the Niobrara Chalk, suggesting that animals who died on shore must have been washed out to sea (one specimen of a hadrosaur appears to have been scavenged by a shark).[18]

title: Nyctosaurus

text: The ecosystem preserved in this zone was unique in its abundance of vertebrate life. "Nyctosaurus" shared the sky with the bird "Ichthyornis" and with "Pteranodon longiceps", though the second Niobrara "Pteranodon" species, "P. sternbergi", had disappeared from the fossil record by this point. In the waters of the Western Interior Seaway below swam mosasaurs ("Clidastes", "Ectenosaurus" and "Tylosaurus"), the flightless diving bird "Parahesperornis", and a wide variety of fish, including swordfish-like "Protosphyraena", the predatory "Xiphactinus" and the shark "Cretolamna".

title: Paleontology in Kansas

text: Paleontology in Kansas refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Kansas. Kansas has been the source of some of the most spectacular fossil discoveries in US history. The fossil record of Kansas spans from the Cambrian to the Pleistocene. From the Cambrian to the Devonian, Kansas was covered by a shallow sea. During the ensuing Carboniferous the local sea level began to rise and fall. When sea levels were low the state was home to richly vegetated deltaic swamps where early amphibians and reptiles lived. Seas expanded across most of the state again during the Permian, but on land the state was home to thousands of different insect species. The popular pterosaur "Pteranodon" is best known from this state. During the early part of the Cenozoic era Kansas became a savannah environment. Later, during the Ice Age, glaciers briefly entered the state, which was home to camels, mammoths, mastodons, and saber-teeth. Local fossils may have inspired Native Americans to regard some local hills as the homes of sacred spirit animals. Major scientific discoveries in Kansas included the pterosaur "Pteranodon" and a fossil of the fish "Xiphactinus" that died in the act of swallowing another fish.

title: Pteranodon

text: Pteranodon species are extremely well represented in the fossil record, allowing for detailed descriptions of their anatomy and analysis of their life history. Over 1,000 specimens have been identified, though less than half are complete enough to give researchers good anatomical information. Still, this is more fossil material than is known for any other pterosaur, and it includes both male and female specimens of various age groups and possibly species.[2]

title: Pteranodon

text: Because fossils identifiable as P. sternbergi are found exclusively in the lower layers of the Niobrara Formation, and P. longiceps fossils exclusively in the upper layers, a fossil lacking the skull can be identified based on its position in the geologic column (though for many early fossil finds, precise data about its location was not recorded, rendering many fossils unidentifiable).[5]

title: History of paleontology in the United States

text: The next year, O. C. Marsh led a paleontological expedition into the western United States on behalf of Yale University. Late that November they visited the area around Fort Wallace. Among the fossils found by Marsh's crew in western Kansas were the far ends of two pterosaur wing metacarpals. These were the first scientifically documented fossils of the pterosaur that would later be named Pteranodon. This formal naming occurred six years later, in 1876.

title: Nyctosaurus

text: All known "Nyctosaurus" fossils come from the Smoky Hill Chalk of Kansas, part of the Niobrara Formation. Specifically, they are found only within a narrow zone characterised by the abundance of ammonite fossils belonging to the species "Spinaptychus sternbergi". These limestone deposits were laid down during a marine regression of the Western Interior Seaway that lasted between 85 and 84.5 million years ago. Therefore, "Nyctosaurus" was a relatively short-lived species, unlike its relative "Pteranodon", which is found throughout almost all of the Niobrara layers into the overlying Pierre Shale Formation, and existed between 88 and 80.5 million years ago.

title: Pteranodon

text: The diet of Pteranodon is known to have included fish; fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one Pteranodon, and a fossilized fish bolus has been found between the jaws of another Pteranodon, specimen AMNH 5098. Numerous other specimens also preserve fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso, indicating that fish made up a majority of the diet of Pteranodon (though they may also have taken invertebrates).[2]

title: Pteranodon

text: In 1910, Eaton became the first scientist to publish a more detailed description of the entire Pteranodon skeleton, as it was known at the time. He used his findings to revise the classification of the genus once again based on a better understanding of the differences in pteranodont anatomy. Eaton conducted experiments using clay models of bones to help determine the effects of crushing and flattening on the shapes of the arm bones Williston had used in his own classification. Eaton found that most of the differences in bone shapes could be easily explained by the pressures of fossilization, and concluded that no Pteranodon skeletons had any significant differences from each other besides their size. Therefore, Eaton was left to decide his classification scheme based on differences in the skulls alone, which he assigned to species just as Marsh did, by their size. In the end, Eaton recognized only three valid species: P. occidentalis, P. ingens, and P. longiceps.[6]

title: Pteranodon

text: The fact that females appear to have outnumbered males two to one suggests that, as with modern animals with size-related sexual dimorphism, such as sea lions and other pinnipeds, Pteranodon might have been polygynous, with a few males competing for association with groups consisting of large numbers of females. Similar to modern pinnipeds, Pteranodon may have competed to establish territory on rocky, offshore rookeries, with the largest, and largest-crested, males gaining the most territory and having more success mating with females. The crests of male Pteranodon would not have been used in competition, but rather as "visual dominance-rank symbols", with display rituals taking the place of physical competition with other males. If this hypothesis is correct, it also is likely that male Pteranodon played little to no part in rearing the young; such a behavior is not found in the males of modern polygynous animals who father many offspring at the same time.[7]

title: Pteranodon

text: Pteranodon longiceps would have shared the sky with the giant-crested pterosaur Nyctosaurus. Compared to P. longiceps, which was a very common species, Nyctosaurus was rare, making up only 3% of pterosaur fossils from the formation. Also less common was the early toothed bird, Ichthyornis.[16]

title: Pteranodon

text: Some very fragmentary fossils belonging to pteranodontian pterosaurs, and possibly Pteranodon itself, have also been found on the Gulf Coast and East Coast of the United States. For example, some bone fragments from the Mooreville Formation of Alabama and the Merchantville Formation of Delaware may have come from Pteranodon, though they are too incomplete to make a definite identification.[6] Some remains from Japan have also been tentatively attributed to Pteranodon, but their distance from its known Western Interior Seaway habitat makes this identification unlikely.[6]

title: T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous

text: A mysterious accident at the lab revolving an oblong fossil rock happens while Ally's father is away at a dig site with his assistant (Kari Coleman), and Ally is magically transported back in time. Among the various time periods she visits are the Late Cretaceous, when the "Tyrannosaurus" and "Pteranodon" existed.

title: Pteranodon

text: Specimens assigned to Pteranodon have been found in both the Smoky Hill Chalk deposits of the Niobrara Formation, and the slightly younger Sharon Springs deposits of the Pierre Shale Formation. When Pteranodon was alive, this area was covered by a large inland sea, known as the Western Interior Seaway. Famous for fossils collected since 1870, these formations extend from as far south as Kansas in the United States to Manitoba in Canada. However, Pteranodon specimens (or any pterosaur specimens) have only been found in the southern half of the formation, in Kansas, Wyoming, and South Dakota. Despite the fact that numerous fossils have been found in the contemporary parts of the formation in Canada, no pterosaur specimens have ever been found there. This strongly suggests that the natural geographic range of Pteranodon covered only the southern part of the Niobrara, and that its habitat did not extend farther north than South Dakota.[6]

title: Pteranodon

text: Adult male Pteranodon were among the largest pterosaurs, and were the largest flying animals known until the late 20th century, when the giant azhdarchid pterosaurs were discovered.[2] The wingspan of an average adult male Pteranodon was 5.6 metres (18ft). Adult females were much smaller, averaging 3.8 metres (12ft) in wingspan. The largest specimen of Pteranodon longiceps from the Niobrara Formation measured 6.25 metres (20.5ft) from wingtip to wingtip. An even larger specimen is known from the Pierre Shale Formation, with a wingspan of 7.25 metres (23.8ft), though this specimen may belong to the distinct genus and species Geosternbergia maysei.[2] While most specimens are found crushed, enough fossils exist to put together a detailed description of the animal.

title: Pteranodon

text: While the first Pteranodon wing bones were collected by Marsh and Cope in the early 1870s, the first Pteranodon skull was found on May 2, 1876, along the Smoky Hill River in Wallace County (now Logan County), Kansas, USA, by Samuel Wendell Williston, a fossil collector working for Marsh.[1] A second, smaller skull soon was discovered as well. These skulls showed that the North American pterosaurs were different from any European species, in that they lacked teeth and had bony crests on their skulls. Marsh recognized this major difference, describing the specimens as "distinguished from all previously known genera of the order Pterosauria by the entire absence of teeth." Marsh recognized that this characteristic warranted a new genus, and he coined the name Pteranodon ("wing without tooth") in 1876. Marsh reclassified all the previously named North American species from Pterodactylus to Pteranodon. He considered the smaller skull to belong to Pteranodon occidentalis, based on its size. Marsh classified the larger skull, YPM 1117, in the new species Pteranodon longiceps, which he thought to be a medium-sized species in between the small P. occidentalis and the large P. ingens.[20][6] Marsh also named several additional species: Pteranodon comptus and Pteranodon nanus were named for fragmentary skeletons of small individuals, while Pteranodon gracilis was based on a wing bone that he mistook for a pelvic bone. He soon realized his mistake, and re-classified that specimen again into a separate genus, which he named Nyctosaurus. P, nanus was also later recognized as a Nyctosaurus specimen.[21][6]

title: Pteranodon

text: Due to the subtle variations between specimens of pteranodontid from the Niobrara Formation, most researchers have assigned all of them to the single genus Pteranodon, in at least two species (P. longiceps and P. sternbergi) distinguished mainly by the shape of the crest. However, the classification of these two forms has varied from researcher to researcher. In 1972, Halsey Wilkinson Miller published a paper arguing that the various forms of Pteranodon were different enough to be placed in distinct subgenera. He named these Pteranodon (Occidentalia) occidentalis (for the now-disused species P. occidentalis) and Pteranodon (Sternbergia) sternbergi. However, the name Sternbergia was preoccupied, and in 1978 Miller re-named the species Pteranodon (Geosternbergia) sternbergi, and named a third subgenus/species combination for P. longiceps, as Pteranodon (Longicepia) longiceps. Most prominent pterosaur researchers of the late 20th century however, including S. Christopher Bennett and Peter Wellnhofer, did not adopt these subgeneric names, and continued to place all pteranodont species into the single genus Pteranodon.

title: Geosternbergia

text: "Geosternbergia" was among the largest pterosaurs, with the wingspan of most adults ranging between . No complete skulls of adult males have been found, but a nearly complete lower jaw has been estimated at long. While most specimens are found crushed, enough fossils exist to put together a detailed description of the animal. "Geosternbergia sternbergi" was very similar to the more well-known pterosaur species "Pteranodon longiceps" and is often considered simply an earlier species of "Pteranodon" itself. It is different from "Pteranodon" mainly due to its earlier time period and broader, more upright crest.

title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless "Hesperornis" which had stout legs for swimming through water and tiny wings used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like "Ichthyornis", an early avian with a toothy beak. "Icthyornis" shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as "Nyctosaurus" and "Pteranodon". "Pteranodon" fossils are very common and it was probably a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was found in only the southern reaches of the Seaway.

title: Tethydraco

text: "Tethydraco" was placed in the Pteranodontidae. A cladistic analysis recovered it as the sister species of a clade consisting of "Pteranodon" and "Geosternbergia" (= "Pteranodon sternbergi"). It would then be the youngest known pteranodontid. Its existence was seen as proof that pterosaur diversity in the Maastrichtian was higher than previously assumed. Pterosaur decline was an illusion caused by the Signor–Lipps effect, groups seeming to disappear earlier than a mass extinction because their youngest fossils by chance have been found at somewhat older layers than the extinction event.

title: Pteranodon

text: It is likely that, as in other polygynous animals (in which males compete for association with harems of females), Pteranodon lived primarily on offshore rookeries, where they could nest away from land-based predators and feed far from shore; most Pteranodon fossils are found in locations which at the time, were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.[7]

title: Pteranodon

text: Pteranodon fossils are known primarily from the Niobrara Formation of the central United States. Broadly defined, Pteranodon existed for more than four million years, during the late Coniacian to early Campanian stages of the Cretaceous period.[6] The genus is present in most layers of the Niobrara Formation except for the upper two; in 2003, Kenneth Carpenter surveyed the distribution and dating of fossils in this formation, demonstrating that Pteranodon sternbergi existed there from 88 to 85 million years ago, while P. longiceps existed between 86 and 84.5 million years ago. A possible third species, which Kellner named Geosternbergia maysei in 2010, is known from the Sharon Springs member of the Pierre Shale Formation in Kansas, Wyoming, and South Dakota, dating to between 81.5 and 80.5 million years ago.[16]