query: When did Alan L. Hart graduate?

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Hart attended Albany College (now Lewis & Clark College), then transferred with classmate and romantic partner Eva Cushman to Stanford University for the 1911–1912 school year before going back to Albany.[5] Hart graduated from Albany College in 1912, and in 1917 obtained a doctor of medicine degree from the University of Oregon Medical Department in Portland (now Oregon Health & Science University); during this period, Hart also returned to Northern California to attend courses in the summer of 1916 at the Stanford University School of Medicine, then located in San Francisco.[6] Hart was deeply unhappy that the medical degree was issued in his female name, limiting his opportunities to use it in any future life under a male name. College records show that at least one of the senior staff was sympathetic; his graduation records were indexed internally with the suffix "(aka Robert L.), M.D.".[7] Nonetheless, Hart knew that if he presented himself as Robert, any prospective employer checking his credentials would discover the female name or find no records for him at all. After graduation he worked for a short while (presenting as a woman) at a Red Cross hospital in Philadelphia.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: He interned at San Francisco Hospital. A former classmate recognized him there, and he was outed as transgender in the Spokesman-Review newspaper on Feb. 6, 1918. The article's opening sentence referred to him by his birth name and with incorrect pronouns, describing him as having graduated from Stanford "as a fluffy coed...[who] affected boyish mannerisms."[18]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1910 The Magic of Someday (Published in the Albany College Student, January 1910 issue) A lament on the destruction of Hart's childhood dreams of freedom when he was obliged to be female; ending with hope for a future in which he, "with a heart of a man," might be happy.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Bair, Henry. "Lucille Hart Story" and Brian Booth "Alan Hart: A Literary Footnote", in Right to Privacy Ninth Annual Lucille Hart Dinner Booklet (October 6, 1990). Bates, Tom. "Decades ago, an Oregon Doctor Tried to Define Gender"" The Oregonian (July 14, 1996). Koskovich, Gerard. "Gay at Stanford: Past, Present and Future" (panel discussion sponsored by the Stanford Historical Society at Stanford University, Dec. 3, 2009). Koskovich was one of three presenters; his talk mentions Hart as a forebear of the transgender rights movement. A podcast of the panel is available on the .

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Alan L. Hart (October 4, 1890– July 1, 1962) was an American physician, radiologist, tuberculosis researcher, writer and novelist. He was in 1917–18 one of the first trans men to undergo hysterectomy and gonadectomy in the United States, and lived the rest of his life as a man. He pioneered the use of x-ray photography in tuberculosis detection, and helped implement TB screening programs that saved thousands of lives.[1]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1937 In the Lives of Men (Published W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.) Hart's third novel was favourably reviewed for its insights into contemporary medicine, but the reviewer at a national magazine (The Saturday Review of Literature) noted "as a doctor, Hart knows surprisingly little about women".[22]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Hart's surgery was completed at the University of Oregon Medical School[17] over the 1917–1918 winter vacation. He then legally changed his name.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1911 An Idyll of a Country Childhood (Published in "The Takenah" (Albany College Yearbook) 1911) By now Hart's habits of male dress outside school were well-known, and this story frankly described his early life and its freedom to dress and live as a boy.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Against Katz's claims, others like Jillian Todd Weiss have asserted that Hart experienced himself as a man from early childhood, identifying transphobia and "blatant disregard for transgender identities" in the claim that Hart was 'really' a woman.[30] Hart's widow refused interviews to Katz, offended by his categorization of her husband (and by extension, herself) as lesbian.[31]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: In Oregon, Hart suffered an early blow when a former medical school classmate outed him as transgender, forcing Hart and his wife to move. Hart found the experience traumatic and again consulted Gilbert, who wrote that Hart had suffered from "the hounding process ... which our modern social organization can carry on to such perfection and refinement.". Hart set up a new practice in remote Huntley, Montana, writing later that he "did operations in barns and houses...('til) the crash of the autumn of 1920 wiped out most of the Montana farmers and stockmen, and me along with them". He then took itinerant work, until in 1921, on a written recommendation from noted doctor Harriet J. Lawrence (decorated by President Wilson for developing a flu vaccine), he secured a post as staff physician at Albuquerque Sanatorium.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Joy Parks describes the battle, especially within Portland, Oregon GLBT communities over Hart's identity as "extremely ugly" and one in which "neither side appeared particularly victorious."[33]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1908 Frankfort Center (Published in the Albany High School Whirlwind) For an assignment to write about female college members and sporting activities, Hart described the ambiguously-named "Frances", a prize boxer and basketball player.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: These short stories were collected in The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart, with collected early writings, by Brian Booth.[21]

title: H. L. A. Hart

text: During World War II, Hart worked with MI5, a division of British military intelligence concerned with unearthing spies who had penetrated Britain, where he renewed Oxford friendships including working with the philosophers Gilbert Ryle and Stuart Hampshire. He worked closely with Dick White, later head of MI5 and then of MI6. Hart worked at Bletchley Park and was a colleague of the mathematician and codebreaker Alan Turing.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1909 'Ma' on the Football Hero (Published in the Albany College Student, December 1909 issue) Hart questions "what would his mother would say if he were to be a rough and tough College football hero?"

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1909 To the Faculty (Published in the Albany College Student, March 1909 issue) A call for student rebellion and statement of the need of students to be taken seriously. The work discusses doves spreading their wings and flying, reflecting Hart's sense of confinement while forced to live as a sedate young woman.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: As a suppressed male during his school years, Hart was allowed to write essays under his chosen name "Robert Allen Bamford, Jr." with little resistance from his classmates or teachers. It was common at the time for writers to use pseudonyms, including to assume names associated with the opposite gender. Hart published work in local newspapers and in school and college publications under this name, or as "submitted by an anonymous boy", or using the neutral "A.L.H." or "A. Hart". He used his legal name only under pressure from peers or seniors. His early work dealt with masculine subjects, even when he was asked to write on topics about life as a woman. When asked to write about female classmates or friends he portrayed them as prize fighters or boyish basketball players.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Booth, Brian. The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart with Collected Early Writings. Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR. 1999. Koskovich, Gerard. "Private Lives, Public Struggles," Stanford, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 1993). A compilation of Hart's college writings from the Lewis & Clark College Special Collections, accompanied by an overview and timeline of Hart's life by Brian Booth: from Lewis and Clark College.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: After Hart's death his wife acted on his wish to establish a fund for research into leukaemia, from which his mother had died. The interest on his estate is donated annually to the Alan L. and Edna Ruddick Hart Fund, which makes grants for research into leukaemia and its cure.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Hart died of heart failure on July 1, 1962. The terms of his will directed his body be cremated and his ashes scattered over Puget Sound where he and Edna had spent many happy summers together.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1935 Doctor Mallory (Published W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.) An overnight best-seller, Hart's first novel drew on his experiences as a small town doctor in Gardiner, Oregon. It portrayed the medical profession as increasingly venal, and was the first exposé of the medical world by a working doctor.

title: H. L. A. Hart

text: Hart did not return to his legal practice after the War, preferring instead to accept the offer of a teaching fellowship (in philosophy, not Law) at New College, Oxford. Hart cites J. L. Austin as particularly influential during this time. The two jointly taught from 1948 a seminar on 'Legal and Moral Responsibility'. Among Hart's publications at this time were the essays 'A Logician's Fairytale', 'Is There Knowledge by Acquaintance?', 'Law and Fact' and 'The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights'.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Jonathan Ned Katz, who in Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (1976) first identified Hart as the pseudonymous "H" in Joseph Gilbert's 1920s case notes, described Hart as a lesbian and depicted his case as one where contemporary strictures against lesbianism were so strong that a 'woman' like Hart had to adopt a male identity to pursue love affairs with women.[27] Katz contended again in his 1983 Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary that Hart was "clearly a lesbian, a woman-loving woman", but has since said he would not make such claims today.[1][28][29]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Alan Lucille Hart was born October 4, 1890, in Halls Summit, Coffey County, Kansas, to Albert L. Hart and Edna Hart (née Bamford). When his father died of typhoid fever in 1892, his mother reverted to her maiden name and moved the family to Linn County, Oregon, where she cared for her own mother during a period of sickness. When Hart was five years old his mother remarried, to Bill Barton, and the family moved to Edna's father's farm. Hart wrote later, in 1911, of his happiness during this time, when he was free to present as male, playing with boys' toys made for him by his grandfather. His parents and grandparents largely accepted and supported his gender expression, though his mother described his "desire to be a boy" as "foolish." His grandparents' obituaries, from 1921 and 1924, both list Hart as a grandson.[2] When Hart was 12 the family moved to Albany. There Hart was obliged to present as female to attend school, where he was treated as a girl. He continued to spend the holidays at his grandfather's farm, presenting as male among his male friends, "teasing the girls and playing boy's games".[3] According to a reminiscence piece in the Halls Summit News of June 10, 1921, "Young Hart was different, even then. Boys' clothes just felt natural. [Alan] always regarded [him]self as a boy and begged [his] family to cut [his] hair and let [him] wear trousers. [Alan] disliked dolls but enjoyed playing doctor. [He] hated traditional girl tasks, preferring farm work with the menfolk instead. The self reliance that became a lifelong trait was evident early: once when [he] accidentally chopped off [his] fingertip with an axe, [Alan] dressed it [him]self, saying nothing about it to the family."[4]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Scholarship on Hart's life has disagreed bitterly on whether he should be characterised as transgender, or lesbian, while activists and advocates for various groups have claimed Hart as a representative.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: In 2002 the Aubrey Watzek Library at Lewis & Clark College ran an exhibition on Hart's life and early writings, titled "The Lives Of Men": A Literary Glimpse at the Life of Alberta Lucille Hart/Dr. Alan L. Hart, a title drawing on one of Hart's novels. The exhibition's run was extended by nearly a month in light of unexpectedly high interest. In 1994, the story of Alberta Lucille Hart and Eva Cushman's attendance at Stanford University, along with a brief description of their subsequent lives, was included in the historical exhibition "Coming to Terms: Passionate Friendship to Gay Liberation on the Farm" at Cecil H. Green Library at Stanford. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich; it ran from July through October 1994 and was the subject of a feature article in the Stanford Daily.[34] Note that "the farm" in the exhibition title is a nickname for the Stanford campus. Hart and Cushman's story also was featured in a second historical exhibition at Stanford University: "Creating Queer Space at Stanford: Pages From a Student Scrapbook," which was on display in April and May 2004 in the second floor lobby of Tresidder Memorial Union on the Stanford campus. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich, with Stanford undergraduate Hunter Hargraves serving as associate curator.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Some historians note that Hart never described himself as transsexual, but the term was not published until the 1920s, and not widely used until the 1960s, near Hart's death.[32] It is also true that Hart worked hard to keep his pre-transition identity secret, and would hardly have sought to publicly claim a trans identity. Others, then, have contended that Hart was a trans pioneer, who lived after his transition exclusively as a man, just as modern transgender people do.[31]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1942 Doctor Finlay Sees it Through (Published by Harper & Brothers) Hart's final novel, not to be confused with A. J. Cronin's Dr Finlay's Casebook, is considered to have influenced subsequent medical fiction.[23]

title: Alan L. Hart

text: 1910 The National Triune (Published in the Albany College Student, February 1910 issue) Published as the work of "Lucille Hart", the story condemns contemporary politic scandals and the injustice of sexism, and sets out Hart's ideas about the character of a true and respectable man.

title: Alan L. Hart

text: Hart said once, in a speech to graduating medical students, "Each of us must take into account the raw material which heredity dealt us at birth and the opportunities we have had along the way, and then work out for ourselves a sensible evaluation of our personalities and accomplishments".


query: Where was Yane Ivanov Sandanski born?

title: Yane Sandanski

text: Sandanski was born in the village of Vlahi near Kresna in Ottoman Empire on May 18, 1872.[4] His father Ivan participated as a standard-bearer in the Kresna-Razlog Uprising. After the crush of the uprising, in 1879 his family moved to Dupnitsa, Bulgaria, where Sandanski received his elementary education. From 1892 to 1894 he was a soldier in the Bulgarian army. Sandanski was an active supporter of the Radoslavov's wing of the Liberal Party and shortly after it came to power in February 1899, he was appointed head of the Dupnitsa Prison. Because of that, his name "Sandanski" distorted from "Zindanski" that comes from Turkish "Zindancı" (lit. Dungeon Keeper or Jailer).[5]

text: The Kyustendil congress of IMARO in 1908 led to a disintegration of the organization - Yane Sandanski and Hristo Chernopeev contacted the Young Turks and started legal operation. After the disintegration of IMARO, the two first tried to set up the Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (MARO). Initially, the group developed only propaganda activities, until Sandanski was injured by Tane Nikolov on September 24, 1908, in an attempt for the former's life. Later, the congress for MARO's official inauguration failed. Sandanski and Chernopeev abandoned the idea of MARO, and they started to work towards a creation of the Peoples' Federative Party. On July 18, 1909, Sandaski proclaimed the "Manifesto to all peoples in the empire", a work probably written by Dimo Hadzhidimov. In 1909 the group around Sandanski and Chernopeev participated in the rally of the Young Turks to Istanbul that led to the deposition of sultan Abdul Hamid II from the throne.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: In this way it would be possible to create a healthy system aimed at the organisation of a mass uprising.[15] Later Sandanski and his faction actively supported the Bulgarian army in the Balkan wars of 1912–1913, initially with the idea, that their duty is to fight for autonomous Macedonia,[16][17] but later fighting for Bulgaria.[18] Οbserving the atrocity of Serbs over the local population, former IMORO members began restoration of the organizational network. In the same period a group around Petar Chaulev began negotiations with the Albanian revolutionaries. The temporary Albanian government proposed to them a common revolt to be organized and risen. The negotiations from the part of the Organization had to be carried by Petar Chaulev. The Bulgarian government believed however, that it would not come to a new war with Serbia, so it did not attend the negotiations. However, later, in June 1913 the Bulgarian government sent in Tirana Yane Sandanski for new negotiations. He gave an interview for the newspaper "Seculo", where he said that he came to agreement with the Albanians and that from the Bulgarian side there would be organized bands and assaults. So he helped the preparation of the Ohrid-Debar Uprising, organised jointly by IMORO and the Albanians of Western Macedonia.[19] After the wars, Pirin Macedonia was ceded in 1913 to Bulgaria and Sandanski resettled again in the Kingdom where he was killed in 1915 by his political opponents.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: Yane Ivanov Sandanski or Jane Ivanov Sandanski (Bulgarian: Яне Сандански, Macedonian: Јане Сандански) (18 May 1872 – 22 April 1915), was a Bulgarian[2] revolutionary recognised as a national hero in Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia.

title: Rozhen Monastery

text: The monastery reached its apogee in the 19th century, when it was a regional centre of Orthodox Christianity and owned a lot of land in the area. Famous Bulgarian revolutionary Yane Sandanski's grave is located near the monastery.

title: Sandanski Point

text: The point is named after the town of Sandanski in southwestern Bulgaria in connection with Yane Sandanski (1872–1915), a leader of the Bulgarian liberation movement in Macedonia.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: The historian Hristo Silyanov provides a position of Sandanski’s where he states that the solution of the Macedonian question is not the unity with Bulgarians, and that the Macedonian population had to emancipate itself as a self-determining (or an independent) people. However Siljanov described all IMARO revolutionaries as Bulgarians and used the term Macedonian only as regional designation.[46]

title: Yane Yanev

text:
Yanev was born in Sandanski, a town in southwestern Bulgaria known for its agreeable climate and recreational resorts. He is son to Georgi Yanev and grandson to Yane Yanev (in whose honor he was named), both known as resistance figures to the communist regime. His grandfather served as mayor of the village Malak Tzalin for 11 years.
Yanev attended the local school in Sandanski and in 1990 entered the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, from which he matriculated with a degree in Agro-Engineering in 1994. He also pursued a Master's degree in Economics and Management from the University of Plovdiv in 1992 to 1995.
During his student days he was active in student politics and was a member of the Students National Organization (Independent).

title: Yane Sandanski

text: After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 and during the Second Constitutional Era Sandanski (in association with Hristo Chernopeev, Chudomir Kantardziev, Aleksandar Buynov and others) contacted the Young Turks and started legal operation. After the disintegration of IMARO, they tried to set up the Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (MORO). Later, the congress for MORO's official inauguration failed and Sandanski and Chernopeev started to work towards a creation of one of the left political parties in the Ottoman Empire – People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section), whose headquarters was in Solun.[7] This federalist project was supposed to include different ethnic sections in itself, but this idea failed and the only section that was created was the faction of Sandanski, called Bulgarian section. In this way its activists only "revived" their Bulgarian national identification, as Sandanski's faction advocated the particular interests of the "Bulgarian nationality" in the Empire.[8][9][10][11][12] In 1909 the group around Sandanski and Chernopeev participated in the rally of the Young Turks to Istanbul that led to the deposition of sultan Abdul Hamid II from the throne. Sandanski dreamed about the creation of a Balkan Federative Republic according to the plans of the Balkan Socialist Federation and Macedonia as a part of that Federation.[13] He demanded that the IMARO should embrace all nationalities in the region, not only Bulgarians.[14]

title: Blagoevgrad Province

text:
A number of the province's towns were renamed in honor of major figures such as Sandanski (after Yane Sandanski).The province had a population of 323,552 according to the 2011 census, of which were male and were female.
The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:

title: Yane Sandanski

text: Yane Sandanski was involved in the Revolutionary Movement in Macedonia and Thrace and became one of its leaders. He joined initially the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC) in 1895 during an incursion into the Muslim-inhabited regions of the central Rhodopes ìn Thrace.[6] In the next five years, Sandanski was a SMAC activist in the Pirin region, but in 1900 returned to become a director of the local prison in Dupnitsa. In 1901, Sandanski switched to the Internal Macedono-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (IMARO). He built up the organization’s network of committees in the districts of Serres and Gorna Dzhumaja in the Pirin region, and that is why the people gave him the nickname "PirinTsar" (Pirinski Tsar). He was also one from the organizers of the Miss Stone Affair - America's first modern hostage crisis. On September 3, 1901, a Protestant missionary named Ellen Stone set out on horseback across the mountainous hinterlands of Macedonia and was ambushed by a band of armed revolutionaries. Sandanski was also active in the anti-Ottoman Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising. The Militias active in the region of Serres, led by Yane Sandanski and an insurgent detachment of the Macedonian Supreme Committee, held down a large Turkish force. These actions began on the day of the Feast of the Cross and did not involve the local population as much as in other regions, but were well to the east of Monastir and to the west of Thrace.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: In the Republic of Macedonia Sandanski is considered a national hero and one of the most prominent revolutionary figures of the 20th century. However some Macedonian mainstream specialists on the history of local revolutionary movement, like Academician Ivan Katardžiev and PhD. Zoran Todorovski, argue that the political separatism of Sandanski represented a form of early Macedonian nationalism,[47] asserting that at that time it was only a political phenomenon, without ethnic character. Both define all Macedonian revolutionaries from that period as "Bulgarians", as products of the Bulgarian educational system and Bulgarian Church, which had a policy of producing “Bulgarian national consciousness” in its Exarchist schools.[48][49] According to them Macedonian identity arose mostly after the First World War and Sandanski identified himself as Bulgarian too.[50] Вulgаriаn historian Stoyan Boyadziev has described Sandanski as extremely controversial Bulgarian revolutionary, whose separatist асtivitу however, produced as a whole Macedonian nationalism.[51] Today, Sandanski is one of the names mentioned in the National anthem of the Republic of Macedonia. In Bulgaria the communist regime appreciated Sandanski because of his socialist ideas and honoured him by renaming the town Sveti Vrach to Sandanski, in 1949. In the years after the Fall of Communism some right-wing Bulgarian historians have been keen to discredit his reputation.[52] Sandanski Point on the E coast of Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica was named after him by the Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: Arguably Sandanski's greatest sin in the context of the whole movement were the assassinations of the vojvod Michail Daev and later of Ivan Garvanov and Boris Sarafov, both members of the IMARO's Central Committee. He came to regret these and other murders later.[26][27] Because of that he was even sentenced to death by the Centralists. The Bulgarian authorities investigated the assassinations and suspected Sandanski was the main force behind them. On the other hand, he was amnestied by the Bulgarian Parliament after the support he gave to the Bulgarian Army during the Balkan wars.

title: Yanko Sandanski

text: He is defensive midfielder. Yanko was raised in CSKA Sofia's youth teams. He is a grandson of Yane Sandanski.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: There was, a long history of friction between the Bulgarian Exarchate and the Organization, since those more closely connected with the Exarchate were moderates rather than revolutionaries. Thus the two bodies had never been able to see eye to eye on a number of important issues touching the population in Thrace and Macedonia. In his regular reports to the Exarch, the Bulgarian bishop in Melnik usually referred to Yane as the wild beast and deliberately spelt his name without capital letters. Despite extreme leftist he also had ever rejected the Bulgarian Exarchate as an institution, or denied that it had a role to play in the life of the Macedonian Bulgarians.[28] Sandanski also collaborated later with the Young Turks, opposing other factions of IMARO, which fought against the Ottoman authorities in this period.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: The Macedonian liberation movement consisted of three major factions. Led by his excessive ambitions, Sandanski came into conflict with the majority— the Centralists in IMARO and the Varhovists. Although initially a member of the Bulgarian nationalistic Varhovists band, later Yane Sandanski and his Serres group (the Federalists) proclaimed a fight for an autonomous Macedonia which was to be included in a Balkan Socialist Federation. In this manner, the policy of Sofia was completely identified to the adversary character of Athens and Belgrade.[20][21] The activists of Serres nonetheless stipulated that the Macedonian Question could not be resolved if it is formulated as a part of a Bulgarian national question. After the Ilinden Uprising, this Group insisted on cooperation with all ethnic and religious groups in the Ottoman Empire and envisioned the inclusion of Macedonia and the district of Adrianople in a Balkan Federation.[22] However the idea of Macedonian autonomy was strictly political and did not imply a secession from Bulgarian ethnicity, even as it was seen at a later stage of the struggle by the group around Sandanski, that espoused a number of classical liberal ideas intermingled with socialism, imported from Bulgaria.[23][24][25]

title: Yane Sandanski

text: During the first days of Young Turk Revolution, the collaboration of the Macedonian leftists with the Ottoman activists was stated in a special Manifesto to all the nationalities of the Empire.[29] The loyalty to the Empire declared by Sandanski deliberately blurred the distinction between Macedonian and Ottoman political agenda. This ideological transition was quite smooth as long as the rhetoric of Macedonian autonomist supra-nationalism was already quite close to the Ottomanist idea of the so-called unity of the elements.[30] During the honeymoon of Serres revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities, it was the internationalist ideas of Bulgarian socialist activists that left their stamp on Sandanski's agenda: what was seen as national interests had to be subdued to the pan-Ottoman ones in order to achieve a supra-national union of all the nationalities within a reformed Empire. After Bulgaria lost the Balkan Wars and as result most of Macedonia was ceded to Greece and Serbia, Sandanski attempted to organize the assassination of Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I, but it failed.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: The Centralists organised several unsuccessful assassination attempts against Sandanski. They came closest to achieving their goal in Thessaloniki, where Tane Nikolov managed to kill two other Federalists and heavily wounded Sandanski. Eventually, Sandanski was killed near the Rozhen Monastery on April 22, 1915, while travelling from Melnik to Nevrokop, by local IMARO activists.[31]

title: Yane Sandanski

text: In his youth Sandanski was interested in Bulgarian politics and had a career as governor of the local prison in Dupnitsa. Then he was involved in the anti-Ottoman struggle, joining initially the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC), but later switched to the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (IMARO). Sandanski became one of the leaders of the IMARO in the Serres revolutionary district and head of the extreme leftist wing of the organisation. He supported the idea of a Balkan Federation, and Macedonia as an autonomous state within its framework, as an ultimate solution of the national problems in the area. During the Second Constitutional Era he became an Ottoman politician and entrepreneur, collaborating with the Young Turks and founded the Bulgarian People's Federative Party. Sandanski took up arms on the side of Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars (1912–13). Finally he was involved in Bulgarian public life again, but was eventually killed by the rivalling IMARO right-wing faction activists.

title: Yuri Ivanov (footballer, born 1982)

text: He had previously played for Vihren Sandanski, Lokomotiv Mezdra and Spartak Varna.

title: Bashliyski Chukar

text: Bashliyski Chukar is easily accessible via the Bashliyski Lakes to the north-east and the saddle to the north. The starting point for ascending the peak are the Yane Sandanski and Begovitsa refuges.

title: Vasil Angelov

text: Vasil Tomov was born in the Rhodopes village of Arda, in the Ottoman Empire. After he finished high school, he enrolled the Military school in Sofia, where he joined the IMARO. In January 1903 he finished the school and became an officer with the rank of a second lieutenant and served in the Ninth Infantry Plovdiv Regiment, but in the same year he left the military and the Emigrant Representative Body of the IMARO sent him as a military instructor in the revolutionary region of Serres, where he joined the revolutionary band of Yane Sandanski.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: Sandanski's legacy remains disputed among Bulgarian and Macedonian historiography today. Macedonian historians refers to him in an attempt to demonstrate the existence of Macedonian nationalism or at least proto-nationalism within a part of the local revolutionary movement at his time.[3] Despite the allegedly "anti-Bulgarian" autonomism and federalism of Sandanski, it is unlikely he had developed Macedonian national identity in a narrow sensе, or he regarded the Bulgarian Exarchists in Ottoman Macedonia as a separate nation from Bulgarians. Contrary to the assertions of Skopje, his "separatism" represented a supranational project, not national. More, the compatriots, who convinced Sandanski to accept such leftist ideas, were Bulgarian socialists, most of whom were non-Macedonian in origin. The designation Macedonian then was an umbrella term covering different nationalities in the area and when applied to the local Slavs, it denoted mainly the regional Bulgarian community. However, contrary to Bulgarian assertions, his ideas of a separate Macedonian political entity, have stimulated the subsequent development of Macedonian nationalism.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: While Sandanski's legacy remains disputed among Bulgarian and Macedonian historiography, there have been attempts among international scholars to reconcile his conflicting and controversial activity. According to the Turkish professor of history Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu, who is interested in nation-building in the late Ottoman Empire,[32] it is very difficult to find a definitive answers to some ticklish questions related to Sandanski's biography. Hacısalihoğlu's opinion is that Sandanski was de facto a betrayer of the national Bulgarian interests in Macedonia, collaborating with the Young Turks, supporting the idea of the autonomy of the region into the Ottoman Empire, and opposing its incorporation into Bulgaria. That would allow him to maintain his political role, as one of the a native leaders in the region. However, this does not mean, he regarded the Bulgarian Macedonian population as a separate Macedonian nation.[33] Also, all the main ideologists, who indoctrinated Sandanski with these leftist ideas, were socialists from Bulgaria proper.[34] Mercia MacDermott who is author of a biographical book on Sandanski, has admitted she has had a real battle over such controversial figure.[35] Nevertheless, she has described him as Bulgarian revolutionary, who under the influence of leftist ideas, tried to solve the Macedonian Question by uniting all the Balkan peoples.[36]

title: Todor Panitsa

text: The failure of the Ilinden Uprising reignited the old rivalries between the varying factions of the Macedonian revolutionary movement. After the split of IMRO in 1906 Panitsa revealed to Sandanski the prepared by Michael Daev, Ivan Garvanov and Boris Sarafov plot to kill him. So the leadership of the left wing of IMRO had decided to get rid of the leadership of the right faction. After the assassination of Daev, Panitsa, acting on Yane Sandanski’s order, organized and threshed the assassinations of Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov in 1907.

title: Todor Panitsa

text: During the Young Turks Revolution together with Yane Sandanski he cooperated with the Ottoman authorities and became a member of one of the one left political parties in Ottoman Empire - People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section). This party would like creatе a Balkan Socialist Federation, and Macedonian State as a part of that Federation. Federalist paramilitaries led by Sandanski and Todor Panitsa contributed to the Salonica expedition corps in 1909 organized by the Young Turks.

title: Kosta Atanasov

text: After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, he became a member of the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section). He participated in the detachment of Yane Sandanski on his way to Constantinople to support the Young Turks.

title: Yane Sandanski

text: Mercia MacDermott. For Freedom and Perfection. The Life of Yane Sandansky, 1988, Published by Journeyman, London, ISBN1-85172-014-6, ISBN978-1-85172-014-9, OCLC 16465550 (original edition in Bulgarian) Pavel Deliradev: (Biography, 1946) Hristo Konstantinov: (Biography, 1939)

title: Sandanski

text: Sandanski (, formerly known as Sveti Vrach, , until 1947) is a town and a recreation centre in south-western Bulgaria, part of Blagoevgrad Province. Named after revolutionary Yane Sandanski, it is situated in a valley at the foot of Pirin Mountains, along the banks of Sandanska Bistritsa River. Sandanski is about 20 km away from Bulgaria-Greece border and 100 km away from Aegean sea.

title: Ivan Garvanov

text: In 1904 he was amnestied by the authorities and settled in Sofia where he worked as a teacher. The failure of the uprising reignited the rivalries between the varying factions of the Macedonian revolutionary movement. The left-wing faction opposed Bulgarian nationalism but the Centralist's faction of the IMARO, drifted more and more towards it. The years 1905-1907 saw the slow split between the two factions. Finally, the leaders of the Centralist's were sentenced to death from the leftists. Garvanov, along with Boris Sarafov was killed by Todor Panitsa, close to the left wing leader of IMARO Yane Sandanski, in 1907. Garvanov was one of the staunchest opponents of Sandanski in the squabbles dividing the IMARO after 1903. The assassination of Sarafov and Garvanov, turned the IMARO factions into a war of extermination that lasted for decades.


query: Do some countries have compulsory voting?

title: Compulsory voting

text: Compulsory voting is an effect of laws which require eligible citizens to register and vote in elections, and may impose penalties on those who fail to do so. As of August2013, 22 countries provide for compulsory voting, and 11 democracies — about 5% of all United Nations members — enforce it.[1]

title: Compulsory voting

text: These are the countries and sub-national entities that enforce compulsory voting:

title: José Antonio Primo de Rivera

text:
I have no faith in the vote of women. However I don't trust the efficacy of the vote of men either. The inaptitude for the poll is the same for her as for him. The universality of the vote is useless and harmful for the peoples who wish to decide their political and historical future by means of voting. I do not believe, for example, that the masses own an opinion on the convenience or inconvenience of some international allegiance or on the maritime policy to follow, or at most, more of an opinion than very few of their representatives. Mr. Antonio Maura made voting compulsory. And what for? In the best of cases the men elected are gentlemen without a will of their own, subordinates of their party, lacking the expertise to solve with unhurried deliberation the toilsome and substantial affairs of the state. Those who are elected are not elected for being the most suitable to the country, but because they are the most accommodating to their superiors, and they have little concern for the laws which once enacted will take the nation down a particular path.
"On the Soviet Union":

title: Get out the vote

text: "Get out the vote" (or "getting out the vote"; GOTV) describes efforts aimed at increasing the voter turnout in elections. In countries that do not have or enforce compulsory voting, voter turnout can be low, sometimes even below a third of the eligible voter pool. GOTV is generally not required for elections when there are effective compulsory voting systems in place, other than perhaps to register first time voters.

title: Electoral system

text: Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries's electorates are characterised by universal suffrage, but there are differences on the age at which people are allowed to vote, with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21 (although voters must be 25 to vote in Senate elections in Italy). People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy (also known as passive suffrage), and in many cases the age limit for candidates is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have compulsory voting, although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law. Many countries also have the none of the above option on their ballot papers.

title: Compulsory voting

text: Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that voting addresses the paradox of voting, which is that for a rational, self-interested voter, the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits. The paradox disproportionately affects the socially disadvantaged, for whom the costs of voting tend to be greater. Australian academic and supporter of compulsory voting, Lisa Hill, has argued that a prisoner's dilemma situation arises under voluntary systems for marginalised citizens: it seems rational for them to abstain from voting, under the assumption that others in their situation are also doing so, in order to conserve their limited resources. However, since these are people who have a pronounced need for representation, this decision is irrational. Hill argues that the introduction of compulsory voting removes this dilemma.[15]

title: Compulsory voting

text: A 2005 Inter-American Development Bank working paper purported to show that there was a correlation between compulsory voting, when enforced strictly, and improved income distribution, as measured by the Gini coefficient and the bottom income quintiles of the population.[18] However, a more recent Conference Board of Canada study on World income inequality — also relying on the Gini index — shows that income inequality is lowest in the Scandinavian countries, where compulsory voting has never existed, while Australia, and to a lesser extent Belgium, which strictly enforces their compulsory voting legislation, have a higher income inequality level than a number of other Western countries, such as Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, where compulsory voting does not exist.[19]

title: Elections in the Netherlands

text: Every Dutch citizen who has reached the age of 18 is eligible to vote ("actief kiesrecht", or "active suffrage") or to stand for election as a member of the House of Representatives ("passief kiesrecht", or "passive suffrage"). A notable exception is municipal elections, in which persons younger than 18 can be elected, although they may not take their seat until their 18th birthday. Also, for the municipal election one does not have to be Dutch; residents who are citizens of another EU country are also eligible to vote, as well as citizens of other countries who have lived (legally) in the Netherlands for five years. Someone may be deprived of these rights if they are mentally incapable of making a reasoned choice or have lost their right to vote by court sentence. Two weeks before an election all voters receive a card, which is the evidence that they are entitled to vote, and this card must be handed over at the polling-station before voting. Voting is not compulsory. Compulsory voting was introduced along with universal suffrage in 1917, but it was abolished in 1967.

title: Compulsory voting

text: Australia introduced compulsory enrolment for voting at federal elections in 1912. Queensland introduced compulsory voting for state elections in 1915. (The requirement is merely to have one’s name marked on the electoral roll.) Victoria introduced compulsory voting in 1926, New South Wales and Tasmania in 1928, Western Australia in 1936 and South Australia in 1942. It was introduced for federal elections in 1924 for “British subjects” aged 21 and over, but was not compulsory for indigenous Australians[7] until 1984. The compulsory voting age was reduced to 18 in 1974.[8] Compulsory voting for national elections was introduced in Australia in 1924, following a pronounced fall in turnout at the 1922 federal election. Moreover, in the states of Queensland and Western Australia, indigenous Australians were specifically disqualified, even though they were officially recognised as British subjects. Voting for indigenous Australians was introduced in 1949, but enrolment and having one's name marked on the voting register was not compulsory for indigenous Australians until 1984.[9]

title: Birth tourism

text: Some countries do not allow their citizens to renounce their citizenship or only if the citizenship was acquired by birth there to non-citizen parents. In Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay, voting is compulsory for citizens. In Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Paraguay, and Venezuela, military service is mandatory.

title: Compulsory voting

text: As of August2013, 22 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting.[1] Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one Swiss canton and one Indian state) enforce it. Of the 30 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 10 had forms of compulsory voting.[39]

title: Rights

text: In one sense, a right is a permission to do something or an entitlement to a specific service or treatment from others, and these rights have been called "positive rights". However, in another sense, rights may allow or require inaction, and these are called "negative rights"; they permit or require doing nothing. For example, in some countries, e.g. the United States, citizens have the "positive right" to vote and they have the "negative right" to not vote; people can choose not to vote in a given election without punishment. In other countries, e.g. Australia, however, citizens have a positive right to vote but they don't have a negative right to not vote, since voting is compulsory. Accordingly:

title: Voter registration

text: All permanent residents of Germany are required to register their place of residence (or the fact that they are homeless) with local government. Citizens who will be 18 or older on the day of voting will automatically receive a notification card in the mail some weeks before any election in which they are eligible to vote: for local elections, resident citizens of other EU countries will also receive these cards and may vote. For European elections, citizens of other EU countries have to register separately. Polling places have lists of all eligible voters resident in the neighborhood served by the particular station; the voter's notification card (or photo ID such as an identity card, passport or driving license, if the notification card is not at hand) is checked against these lists before individuals receive a ballot. Voting is not compulsory.

title: History of voting in New Zealand

text: Former Labour Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer has expressed support for the introduction of compulsory voting to counter this trend. In a 2017 interview, Palmer said that it was the basis of democracy that people should have some compulsory duties. Jim Bolger, former National Prime Minister, agreed with this proposition, commenting that voting should be a 'requirement of citizenship'. The implementation of such a sanction might be modelled alongside an Australian compulsory voting system which inflicts a small fine upon non-voters.

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: Compulsory voting has also been promoted for its collective benefits. It becomes difficult for coercion to be used to prevent disadvantaged people (the old, illiterate or disabled) to vote, and for obstacles to be put in the way of classes of individuals (ethnic/coloured; either registration requirements or placement of voting booths) as often happens under other voting systems. The compulsion requirement also needs to be kept in proportion: jury duty and compulsory military service are vastly more onerous citizen's compulsions than attending a local voting booth once every few years. Perhaps the most compelling reason to use a system of compulsory voting is a simple matter of logistics, that is, to facilitate the smooth and orderly process of an election. Every year in countries that do not have compulsory voting election officials have to guess at the numbers of voters who might turn out – this often depends on the vagaries of the weather. Often voters are disenfranchised in those countries when voting officials err and not enough voting booths are provided. Long queues can result with voters being turned away at the close of polling not having had their chance to exercise their democratic right to vote.

title: Voting age

text: A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain before they become eligible to vote in a public election. Today, the most common voting age is 18 years; however, voting ages as low as 16 and as high as 25 currently exist (see list below). Most countries have set a minimum voting age, often set in their constitution. In a number of countries voting is compulsory for those eligible to vote, while in most it is optional.

title: Mark Latham

text: He also caused a stir when, on "60 Minutes", he urged voters to issue a protest vote by leaving the ballot paper blank on election day: They say that voting in Australia is compulsory, but it's not compulsory to fill out the ballot paper. You can put it in the ballot box, totally blank. That's what I'll be doing on Saturday and I urge you to do the same. It's the ultimate protest vote. Following that interview, he continued to attack Gillard as well as journalist Laurie Oakes.

title: Voting in Switzerland

text: Until 1971 some cantons punished citizens for not voting (with a fine equivalent to $3). In the canton of Schaffhausen, voting is still compulsory. This is one reason for the turnout there being usually a little higher than in the rest of the country.

title: Compulsory voting

text: Compulsory voting is increasingly resented by citizens in some countries such as Brazil,[28] the largest country where compulsory voting is enforced: at the last presidential election in 2014, some 30 million voters, about 21% of registered voters, did not vote,[29] despite the fact that Brazil has some of the most severe penalties enforced against non voters.[30]

title: Government of Peru

text: Universal suffrage is granted to all over the age of 18. Voting is compulsory until the age of 70. Some argue whether compulsive voting is for best of the country and the citizens. Enforced strictly, with exceptions.

title: Voting

text: Voting often takes place at a polling station; it is voluntary in some countries, compulsory in others, such as Australia.

title: Compulsory voting

text: Some do not support the idea of voters being compelled to vote for candidates they have no interest in or knowledge of. Others may be well-informed, but have no preference for any particular candidate, or may have no wish to give support to the incumbent political system. In compulsory voting areas, such people often vote at random simply to fulfill legal requirements: the so-called donkey vote may account for sufficient percentage which has the potential to change the result in close races. (Robson rotation can be used to distribute the donkey vote equally among all candidates, however.) Similarly, citizens may vote with a complete absence of knowledge of any of the candidates or deliberately skew their ballot to slow the polling process and disrupt the election, or vote for frivolous or jokey candidates. Such arguments are frequently aired in Brazil, where opposition to compulsory voting has increased from 43% in 2008 to 61% in 2014 and where two out of ten voters have abstained from voting in recent elections.[23]

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: Enrollment on the federal electoral roll of eligible voters has been compulsory since 1911. At the time, the requirement to register applied to “British subjects” over the age of 21, and the registration of indigenous Australians was not compulsory until 1984. The voting age, and consequential requirement to register, was reduced to 18 in 1974. In 1984, the criteria for the right to vote, and requirement to register, became Australian citizenship. Residents in Australia who had been enrolled as British subjects in 1984 (ie., are non-citizens) could continue to be enrolled. (Today, these comprise about 9% of the electoral roll.) Today, the requirement to register applies to Australian citizens over 18 years of age who have lived at their current address for at least one month. Special rules apply to citizens going or living outside the country, to military personnel and to prisoners, all of which do not reside at their normal residential address for electoral purposes. Homeless people or those otherwise with no fixed address have a particular problem with registration, not having a current address to give. Enrolment is optional for 16 or 17 year olds but they cannot vote until they turn 18. Enrolment is voluntary for residents of Norfolk Island.

title: Voter Identification laws

text: In Australia, where voting is not compulsory for all adult citizens, although it is compulsory to attend a polling place and have your name ticked off as having attended. No form of ID is required to cast a ballot at an election; instead, voters are asked three questions before being issued a ballot, so that they can be checked off the electoral roll: (1) what is your full name; (2) where do you live; and (3) have you voted before in this election? On election day, voters can vote at any polling place in their state of residence, and at selected polling places in other states.

title: Voter registration

text: Voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote register (or enroll) on an electoral roll before they will be entitled or permitted to vote. Such enrollment may be automatic or may require application being made by the eligible voter. The rules governing registration vary between jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions have "election day registration" and others do not require registration, or may require production of evidence of entitlement to vote at time of voting. In some jurisdictions registration by those of voting age is compulsory, while in most it is optional. In jurisdictions where registration is voluntary, an effort may be made to encourage persons otherwise eligible to vote to register, in what is called as a voter registration drive.

title: Identity document

text: According to Privacy International, , possession of identity cards was compulsory in about 100 countries, though what constitutes "compulsory" varies. In some countries (see below), it is compulsory to have an identity card when a person reaches a prescribed age. The penalty for non-possession is usually a fine, but in some cases it may result in detention until identity is established. For people suspected with crimes such as shoplifting or no bus ticket, non-possession might result in such detention, also in countries not formally requiring identity cards. In practice, random checks are rare, except in certain times.

title: Compulsory voting

text: Other perceived advantages to compulsory voting are the stimulation of broader interest politics, as a sort of civil education and political stimulation, which creates a better informed population, although no studies have been undertaken to demonstrate that the populations of Belgium or Australia for instance, where compulsory voting has long existed, are better informed and more politically aware than the populations of New Zealand, France, Canada or the Scandinavian countries, where voting has never been compulsory. It is also argued that since campaign funds are not needed to goad voters to the polls, the role of money in politics decreases. With non-compulsory voting, the ability of a political machine to get out the vote of its supporters may influence the outcome. High levels of participation decreases the risk of political instability created by crises or charismatic but sectionally focused demagogues.[17]

title: Compulsory voting

text: Argentina – Introduced in 1912 with the Sáenz Peña Law.[8] Compulsory for citizens between 18 and 70 years old, non-compulsory for those older than 70 and between 16 and 18. (However, in a primary election, citizens under 70 may refuse to vote if they formally express their decision to the electoral authorities at least 48 hours before the election. This must be repeated for each election in which the voter refuses to vote.) Australia – Introduced for state elections in Queensland in 1915, excluding Aboriginal (indigenous) Australians. Victoria introduced compulsory voting in 1926, New South Wales and Tasmania in 1928, Western Australia in 1936 (excluding indigenous Australians) and South Australia in 1942. It was introduced for federal elections in 1924 for “British subjects” aged 21 and over, but was not compulsory for indigenous Australians[40] until 1984. The compulsory voting age was reduced to 18 in 1974.[8] Belgium – Introduced in 1894.[41] Every citizen and registered non-Belgian voter, from the age of 18 has to present themselves in their designated polling station on election day (always a Sunday), however casting a legal vote is not compulsory, legal sanctions still exist for those failing to present themselves, or appoint a proxy, without proper (legal) justification, but only the sanctions for absent appointed polling station staff have been enforced by prosecutors since 2003.[42][43] Brazil[44] – Compulsory for literate citizens between 18 and 70 years old, including those who live abroad. Not compulsory for Brazilians aged 16–17 (the voting age in Brazil is 16) or over 70 or illiterate citizens of any age. A justification form for not voting can be filled at election centers and post offices. Ecuador – Introduced in 1936.[8] Compulsory for citizens between 18 and 65 years old; non-compulsory for citizens aged 16–18, illiterate people, and those older than 65. Liechtenstein Luxembourg – Compulsory for Luxembourg citizens aged between 18 and 75 who live in Luxembourg; not compulsory for Luxembourg citizens who are over 75 or live abroad. Foreign citizens (in local and European elections only) may register to vote once they have lived in Luxembourg for 5 years. This is a free choice, not a requirement; however, once an eligible foreign citizen has registered to vote, then voting is compulsory for them.[45] North Korea – Everyone over age 17 is required to vote. However, only one candidate appears on the ballot. Voting is designed to track who is and isn't in the country. Dissenting votes are possible but lead to repercussions for voters.[46] Nauru – Introduced in 1965.[8] Peru[47] – Introduced in 1933.[8] Compulsory for citizens between 18 and 70 years old, non-compulsory for those older than 70. Singapore – Compulsory for citizens above 21 years old as of the date of the last electoral roll revision. For example, the 2015 election has the cut-off date on 1 July 2015. Uruguay – Introduced in 1934, but not put into practice until 1970.[8] Switzerland – only at the sub-national level in the Canton of Schaffhausen. Compulsory voting was introduced in several cantons starting in the late 19th century, but by 1974, it had been abolished everywhere except in Schaffhausen.[8]

title: Compulsory voting

text: Countries that have compulsory voting by law but do not enforce it:

title: Compulsory voting

text: Venezuela and the Netherlands are countries that have moved from compulsory voting to voluntary participation. The last Dutch compulsory election was in 1967. Turnout in the subsequent national poll decreased by around 20%. Venezuela saw a drop in attendance of 30% in 1993 once compulsion was removed.


query: Is The Young and the Restless still airing?

title: The Young and the Restless

text: Since its debut, The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series. It is also currently the highest-rated daytime drama on American television. As of 2008, it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988.[14] As of December 12, 2013, according to Nielsen ratings, The Young and the Restless was the leading daytime drama for an unprecedented 1,300 weeks, or 25 years.[15] The serial is also a companion series to The Bold and the Beautiful, as several actors have crossed over between shows. In June 2017, The Young and the Restless was renewed for three additional years.

title: Caroline Spencer

text: In February 2014, Godfrey alongside Jacob Young crossed over to "The Young and the Restless", airing from April 11 to 16, 2014.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Australia, The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena. It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1, 1974 to February 23, 2007, before joining the W line-up on April 2, 2007, to August 17, 2012, On July 20, 2012, it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20, 2012, after W rebranded as SoHo. Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present.

title: William J. Bell

text: Doug Williams (Days of Our Lives) - 1970-1984, 1986–1987, 1993–1996, 1999–present (played by Bill Hayes) Jill Foster Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1973–present (currently played by Jess Walton) Maggie Horton (Days of Our Lives) - 1973-1984, 1985–present (played by Suzanne Rogers) Hope Brady (Days of Our Lives) - 1974–present (currently played by Kristian Alfonso) Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (played by Doug Davidson) Nikki Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1978–present (currently played by Melody Thomas Scott) Victor Newman (The Young and the Restless - 1980-2009, 2010–present (played by Eric Braeden) Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1980–present (currently played by Peter Bergman) Esther Valentine (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (played by Kate Linder) Ashley Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1995, 1996-2007, 2008-2012, 2013–present (played by Eileen Davidson) Traci Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1982-1996, 1999, 2001–02, 2006, 2007–present (played by Beth Maitland) Victoria Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1982–present (currently played by Amelia Heinle) Lauren Fenmore (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1995, 2000, 2001–present (played by Tracey E. Bregman) Dina Mergeron (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-1986, 1991, 1996, 2008, 2017–present (played by Marla Adams) Christine Blair (The Young and the Restless) - 1983-2001, 2002-2006, 2009–present (played by Lauralee Bell) Eric Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by John McCook) Ridge Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-2012, 2013–present (currently played by Thorsten Kaye) Thorne Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1994, 1996-2016, 2017–present (currently played by Ingo Rademacher) Brooke Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987–present (played by Katherine Kelly Lang) Donna Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-94, 1996–98, 2000–01, 2004, 2006–present (currently played by Jennifer Gareis) Katie Logan (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1987-1989, 1991–2004, 2007–present (currently played by Heather Tom) Nicholas Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1989–present (currently played by Joshua Morrow) Rick Forrester (The Bold and the Beautiful) - 1990-2006, 2007–present (currently played by Jacob Young) Neil Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1991–present (played by Kristoff St. John) Michael Baldwin (The Young and the Restless) - 1991-1993, 1997–present (played by Christian LeBlanc) Billy Abbott (The Young and the Restless) - 1993-2003, 2006, 2008–present (currently played by Jason Thompson) Sharon Newman (The Young and the Restless) - 1994–present (currently played by Sharon Case) Phyllis Newman - 1994-1998, 2000-2013, 2014-present (currently played by Gina Tognoni) Lily Winters (The Young and the Restless) - 1995-1998, 2002–present (currently played by Christel Khalil)

title: The Young and the Restless

text: The Young and the Restless (often abbreviated as Y&R) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City, Wisconsin.[2] First broadcast on March 26, 1973, The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week.[3][4] The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4, 1980.[5] In 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet[6] until 2013, when it moved to TVGN (now Pop). As of July 1, 2013, Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights.[7][8] The series is also syndicated internationally.[9]

title: The Young and the Restless

text: CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest-serving soap opera actors

title: Screening of soap operas in Australia

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American soap opera that first aired in Australia on the Nine Network from 1 April 1974 to 23 February 2007. Nine paired "The Young and the Restless" with "Days of Our Lives", with the two shows airing one after the other. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States (varying slightly between states), due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. As was the case with "Days of Our Lives", Nine aired a one-hour special on 14 September 2004 titled, "The Young and the Restless: The Next Chapter", which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US.

title: William J. Bell

text: Bell currently holds the distinction of having created the largest number of soap opera characters that are still appearing on the air, with 29 characters on either The Young and the Restless, The Bold and the Beautiful, or Days of Our Lives:

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Canada, the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast. Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late-afternoon lead-in for their local newscasts, but times vary by market. It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same-day-as-CBS basis.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Trinidad, the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s. In 1988, 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless, a series that emphasized family problems, sexual intrigue, and gossip.[109]

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2013)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2013, by order of first appearance. All characters through October are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writer Josh Griffith; characters after October are introduced by Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.

title: Edward J. Scott

text:
for: "Days of our Lives"
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
John F. Smith (co-executive producer)
Kathryn Foster (producer)
John C. Fisher (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (supervising producer)
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senor executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (senior coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
David Shaughnessy
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
David Shaughnessy (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (senior executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
Nancy Wiard (coordinating producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless" (1973)
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan (producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
William J. Bell (executive producer)
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
Tom Langan
for: "The Young and the Restless"
Shared with:
Wes Kenney (executive producer)
William J. Bell (executive producer)
for: "The Young and the Restless"
for: "The Young and the Restless"

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In New Zealand, The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6, 2009. The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: One highly publicised story was the culmination of a months-long storyline involving the construction of a casino and resort at the fictional city of Clear Springs; this story ended in the so-called "Clear Springs Explosion." This event was marketed as "The Young and the Restless: Out of the Ashes", which aired from October 19 to October 26, 2007, in which a building collapsed due to the aforementioned explosion and many central characters were injured somehow. The "Out of the Ashes" storyline is notable for being the first time "The Young and the Restless" has used a special title sequence for a particular storyline. However, the extra budget dollars expended on "Out of the Ashes" - approximately US$2,000,000 - produced little or no bump upward in the ratings.

title: Kevin Fisher (The Young and the Restless)

text: Kevin Fisher is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless", portrayed by Greg Rikaart. Created by former head writers Kay Alden and John F. Smith, the character made his debut during the episode airing on July 11, 2003.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: With the success of another iconic character, Kimberlin Brown's Sheila Carter, Bell successfully crossed her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap, The Bold and the Beautiful, in 1992. The success of the crossover was due to the creativity of Bell, as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2016)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2016, by order of first appearance. In the first half of the year, characters were introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps until her replacement in the summer of 2016 by supervising producer Mal Young Young was first credited as executive producer on July 13, 2016. Co-executive producer and head writer Charles Pratt Jr. oversaw the creation and introduction of the characters until his replacement by Sally Sussman Morina. Sussman's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20, 2016, and is aired on December 7, 2016.

title: Scott Page

text: As a young adult, Page was cast in "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" and in "The Young and the Restless". Page was featured in the April 10th, 1977 "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" episode titled "The Mystery of the Flying Courier," playing the part of a musician in character Joe Hardy's band. On "The Young and the Restless" he played a musician, a member of characters Lauren Fenmore and Danny Romalotti's band; the episode aired on May 14, 1986.

title: Rick Forrester

text: In February 2014, Young alongside Linsey Godfrey crossed over to "The Young and the Restless", airing from April 11 to 16, 2014.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: As of 2010, The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the #1 spot for daytime dramas.[112] On the week ending April 6, 2012, The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week, beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011, as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers.[113] Currently, the show is still the most-watched daytime drama; and for the season 2011–12, has a household rating of 3.5, and 1.5 for the Women 18–49 demographic.[114] As of 2008, the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most-watched daytime drama showing.[115]

title: Mal Young

text: On 31 December 2015, Young cryptically said on his Twitter about what is next for him in 2016, "This year I'm going to be Young and I'm going to be Restless." A few days later, Young sent several other tweets to the Twitter account of the American soap opera, "The Young and the Restless", announcing his hiring on the show. It was confirmed by CBS Daytime that Young had been hired as a producer. Young's first episode as a supervising producer aired on 1 February 2016 and his last episode aired on 12 July 2016.

title: Eileen Davidson

text: After a year-long vacation from acting, she returned to her role on "The Young and the Restless" in March 1999. After a successful return as Ashley Abbott, which included Davidson's second Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress, Davidson was fired from the show. In December 2006, Davidson told "TV Guide" that she was fired from "The Young and the Restless" due to lack of storyline. Her last airdate as Ashley was January 11, 2007. According to co-star Melody Thomas Scott, the firing was protested behind the scenes of "The Young and the Restless" and was seen as unfair. Scott said: "That was so heartbreaking. We're still upset about that. That was a blow. Terrible. Eileen Davidson was such a part of the core of the show and such a brilliant actress; beautiful and always prepared. It was crazy. I'm not the only one who feels that way." In a surprise move a few months later, Davidson signed a three-year contract with "The Young and the Restless"'s sister soap "The Bold and the Beautiful" to once again play her "The Young and the Restless" character Ashley Abbott at the request of "The Bold and the Beautiful" executive producer Bradley Bell. She first aired on March 9, 2007. Ken Corday called Davidson about a week before she was fired from "The Young and the Restless" to get permission to use a picture of her on "Days of Our Lives". The picture, which featured Davidson as Susan, was shown in December 2006.

title: Nadia's Theme

text: In October 1976, as the De Vorzon & Botkin version on A&M climbed the charts, P.I.P. Records released a single containing the Sounds of Sunshine's vocal and instrumental versions under the title "Nadia's Theme (The Young and the Restless)". The label also re-released the 1974 "Young and the Restless" soundtrack LP, now stickered to say it contained "Nadia's Theme", although it still only contained the cover version.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: In Italy The Young and the Restless aired from February 1983 to February 1984 on Italia Uno, from October 1984 to June 1995 on Rete 4, in the summer of 1995 on Canale 5 and from April 1998 to October 2009 again on Rete 4. They were shown US episodes from autumn 1979 to March 1986, from November 1989 to December 1993 and from November 1998 to January 2007.

title: Kimberlin Brown

text: In early 2006, she was released from her contract on "The Young and the Restless", though her character was still mentioned, from time to time. When her character returned to "The Young and the Restless" later that year, however, she was not played by Brown.

title: The Young and the Restless storylines

text: "The Young and the Restless" is also one of the few soaps to have successfully integrated a number of African American actors into its cast. In the mid-1980s "The Young and the Restless" created a storyline which revolved around Tyrone Jackson (Phil Morris), a young black man, being made up in whiteface to bring down a mafia kingpin, but most of the characters were written out within a few years. In 1989, the program "Generations" earned critical acclaim for casting an entire African American family from the show's inception. Established hits like "The Young and the Restless" were criticized as the show had a low number of minorities.

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2017)

text: "The Young and the Restless" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Mal Young and co-executive producer/head writer Sally Sussman. In October 2017, Sussman departed as co-executive producer and head writer; Young remained as executive producer and was promoted as head writer.

title: Young and Restless (Young and Restless album)

text: Young and Restless is the debut album by band of the same name Young and Restless. It was released on July 14, 2007.

title: The Young and the Restless

text: On June 27, 2001, The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high-definition.[57] In September 2011, its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before One Life to Live ended its ABC run on January 13, 2012 and began its TOLN run online on April 29, 2013. On April 24, 2006, SoapNet began airing same-day episodes of the series.[6] The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28, 2013. The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network.[58] The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN (now Pop) weeknights on July 1, 2013.[59][60]

title: List of The Young and the Restless characters (2000s)

text: By November 2010, it was speculated that Skye was to leave "The Young and the Restless" permanently. Skye fell into a volcano and died; the character's last air date was December 29, 2010.