query: When was the Fermi paradox created?

title: Fermi paradox

text: Although Fermi's name is most commonly associated with the paradox, he was not the first to ask the question. An earlier implicit mention was by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in an unpublished manuscript from 1933.[23] He noted "people deny the presence of intelligent beings on the planets of the universe" because "(i) if such beings exist they would have visited Earth, and (ii) if such civilizations existed then they would have given us some sign of their existence." This was not a paradox for others, who took this to imply the absence of ETs, but it was for him, since he himself was a strong believer in extraterrestrial life and the possibility of space travel. Therefore, he proposed what is now known as the zoo hypothesis and speculated that mankind is not yet ready for higher beings to contact us.[24] That Tsiolkovsky himself may not have been the first to discover the paradox is suggested by his above-mentioned reference to other people's reasons for denying the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

title: Fermi Linux

text: Fermi Linux is the generic name for Linux distributions that are created and used at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). These releases have gone through different names: "Fermi Linux", "Fermi Linux LTS", "LTS", "Fermi Linux STS", "STS", "Scientific Linux Fermi", "SLF". For the purposes of this entry they can be used interchangeably to designate a version of Linux specific to Fermilab.

title: Fermi Paradox (album)

text: Fermi Paradox is the 2002 (see 2002 in music) album by the band Tub Ring named after Enrico Fermi's Fermi Paradox.

title: Michael H. Hart

text: Hart published in 1975 a detailed examination of the Fermi paradox: the contrast between the extreme likelihood of extraterrestrial life somewhere in the universe and the total absence of any evidence for this. Hart’s work has since become a theoretical reference point for much of the research into what is now sometimes known as the "Fermi-Hart paradox". Concerning Hart's contributions to the study of the paradox, Geoffrey A. Landis writes: "A more proper name for [the paradox] would be the Fermi-Hart paradox, since while Fermi is credited with first asking the question, Hart was the first to do a rigorous analysis showing that the problem is not trivial, and also the first to publish his results". Robert H. Gray argues that the term "Fermi paradox" is a misnomer; he argues that it is not the work of Fermi, nor is it an actual paradox (rather an argument). He views Hart as the proper originator of this argument, in his 1975 paper. Gray therefore proposes, that instead of the (standard, but in his view incorrect) name "Fermi paradox", it should be known as the "Hart-Tipler argument"–acknowledging Hart's priority as the argument's originator, but also acknowledging Frank J. Tipler's substantial extension of Hart's arguments in his 1980 paper "Extraterrestrial intelligent beings do not exist".

title: Fermi paradox

text: The Fermi paradox is a conflict between the argument that scale and probability seem to favor intelligent life being common in the universe, and a total lack of evidence of intelligent life having ever arisen anywhere other than on the Earth.

title: The Fermi Paradox Is Our Business Model

text: An alien agency uses the creation of civilizations and the Fermi Paradox as a means of accumulating and collecting valuable resources.

title: Fermi paradox

text: The Great Filter, in the context of the Fermi paradox, is whatever prevents "dead matter" from giving rise, in time, to expanding, lasting life according to the Kardashev scale.[36][11] The most commonly agreed-upon low probability event is abiogenesis: a gradual process of increasing complexity of the first self-replicating molecules by a randomly occurring chemical process. Other proposed great filters are the emergence of eukaryotes or of meiosis or some of the steps involved in the evolution of a brain capable of complex logical deductions.

title: Fermi paradox

text: There are two parts of the Fermi paradox that rely on empirical evidence—that there are many potential habitable planets, and that we see no evidence of life. The first point, that many suitable planets exist, was an assumption in Fermi's time that is gaining ground with the discovery of many exoplanets, and models predicting billions of habitable worlds in our galaxy.[37]

title: Fermi paradox

text: Other names closely related to Fermi's question ("Where are they?") include the Great Silence,[28][29][30][31] and silentium universi[31] (Latin for "silence of the universe"), though these only refer to one portion of the Fermi Paradox, that we see no evidence of other civilizations.

title: Fermi paradox

text: The theories and principles in the Drake equation are closely related to the Fermi paradox.[32] The equation was formulated by Frank Drake in 1961 in an attempt to find a systematic means to evaluate the numerous probabilities involved in the existence of alien life. The speculative equation considers the rate of star formation in the galaxy; the fraction of stars with planets and the number per star that are habitable; the fraction of those planets that develop life; the fraction that develop intelligent life; the fraction that have detectable, technological intelligent life; and finally the length of time such communicable civilizations are detectable. The fundamental problem is that the last four terms are completely unknown, rendering statistical estimates impossible.

title: Fermi and Frost

text: The story opens with an astronomer who is at an airport when a nuclear war begins. Recognized by a fan, he is offered a seat on a plane escaping to Iceland. Though Reykjavík is destroyed by a thermonuclear warhead, the rest of the island is unharmed. The survivors take advantage of Iceland's geology and experience with cold weather to prepare for the nuclear winter that follows. Interwoven into the story is speculation about the Fermi paradox and the perspective on the possibility of alien life given the prospects of nuclear war.

title: Robert H. Gray

text: In 2016, Gray published an article in "Scientific American" about the Fermi paradox, which claims that if extraterrestrials existed, we would see signs of them on Earth, because they would certainly colonize the galaxy by interstellar travel. Gray argues that the Fermi paradox, named after Nobel Prize-winning physicist Enrico Fermi, does not accurately represent Fermi's views. Gray states that Fermi questioned the feasibility of interstellar travel, but did not say definitively whether or not he thought extraterrestrials exist.

title: Fermi paradox

text: Cosmologist Alan Guth proposed a multiverse solution to the Fermi paradox. This hypothesis uses the synchronous gauge probability distribution, with the result that young universes exceedingly outnumber older ones (by a factor of e1037 for every second of age). Therefore, averaged over all universes, universes with civilizations will almost always have just one, the first to develop. However, Guth notes "Perhaps this argument explains why SETI has not found any signals from alien civilizations, but I find it more plausible that it is merely a symptom that the synchronous gauge probability distribution is not the right one."[86]

title: Fermi paradox

text: A related idea to the zoo hypothesis is that, beyond a certain distance, the perceived universe is a simulated reality. The planetarium hypothesis[117] speculates that beings may have created this simulation so that the universe appears to be empty of other life.

title: Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem

text: In physics, the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem or formerly the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem was the apparent paradox in chaos theory that many complicated enough physical systems exhibited almost exactly periodic behavior – called Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou recurrence (or Fermi–Pasta–Ulam recurrence) – instead of ergodic behavior. One of the resolutions of the paradox includes the insight that many non-linear equations are exactly integrable. Another may be that ergodic behavior may depend on the initial energy of the system.

title: Fermi paradox

text: The first aspect of the Fermi paradox is a function of the scale or the large numbers involved: there are an estimated 200–400 billion stars in the Milky Way[14] (2–4 × 1011) and 70 sextillion (7×1022) in the observable universe.[15] Even if intelligent life occurs on only a minuscule percentage of planets around these stars, there might still be a great number of extant civilizations, and if the percentage were high enough it would produce a significant number of extant civilizations in the Milky Way. This assumes the mediocrity principle, by which the Earth is a typical planet.

title: Fermi problem

text: A famous example of a Fermi-problem-like estimate is the Drake equation, which seeks to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in the galaxy. The basic question of why, if there were a significant number of such civilizations, ours has never encountered any others is called the Fermi paradox.

title: The Fermi Paradox Is Our Business Model

text: "The Fermi Paradox Is Our Business Model" is a science fiction short story by Charlie Jane Anders. It was first published in the online magazine Tor.com August 11, 2010.

title: Enrico Fermi

text:
Fermi wrote a paper "On the Origin of Cosmic Radiation" in which he proposed that cosmic rays arose through material being accelerated by magnetic fields in interstellar space, which led to a difference of opinion with Teller. Fermi examined the issues surrounding magnetic fields in the arms of a spiral galaxy. He mused about what is now referred to as the "Fermi paradox": the contradiction between the presumed probability of the existence of extraterrestrial life and the fact that contact has not been made.
Toward the end of his life, Fermi questioned his faith in society at large to make wise choices about nuclear technology. He said:

title: Fermi paradox

text: It has been suggested that some advanced beings may divest themselves of physical form, create massive artificial virtual environments, transfer themselves into these environments through mind uploading, and exist totally within virtual worlds, ignoring the external physical universe.[101]

title: The Fermi Paradox Is Our Business Model

text: It is illegal to outright invade one of the seeded civilizations, and the progenitor aliens must wait for them to drive themselves into extinction without outside interference. The progenitor-aliens do not manipulate the seeded civilization in any way, nor were they genetically designed with a predisposition to kill each other: the progenitors simply discovered that (according to the Fermi Paradox) most industrial civilizations will drive themselves into extinction before developing interstellar spaceflight. The percentage of civilizations that survive to an interstellar stage is actually so astronomically low that out of billions of planets to choose from, a single survey ship might never encounter one.

title: Fermi paradox

text: Perhaps the Fermi paradox itself—or the alien equivalent of it—is the reason for any civilization to avoid contact with other civilizations, even if no other obstacles existed. From any one civilization's point of view, it would be unlikely for them to be the first ones to make first contact. Therefore, according to this reasoning, it is likely that previous civilizations faced fatal problems with first contact and doing so should be avoided. So perhaps every civilization keeps quiet because of the possibility that there is a real reason for others to do so.[28]

title: Fermi paradox

text: Anthropic principle– Philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the observers Astrobiology– Science concerned with life in the universe Extraterrestrial hypothesis Fermi problem Interstellar travel Olbers' paradox Rare Earth hypothesis– Hypothesis that complex extraterrestrial life is a very improbable phenomenon and likely to be extremely rare Time travel § Absence of time travelers from the future– Concept of moving between different points in time Wow! signal– 1977 narrowband radio signal from SETI

title: Postbiological evolution

text: If we consider this possibility of a PBC in our galaxy we are still faced with Fermi's paradox. However many of the proposed solutions for Fermi's paradox also hold true for a PBC. In terms of the search for extraterrestrial life and astrobiology because of the almost infinite possible forms a PBC could take and our lack of understanding of these we would effectively be blind in this search. For this reason even though there is a logical argument for the existence of PBCs our best hopes remain with looking for biological life.

title: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

text:
The Fermi paradox can be stated more completely as follows:
There are multiple explanations proposed for the Fermi paradox, ranging from analyses suggesting that intelligent life is rare (the "Rare Earth hypothesis"), to analyses suggesting that although extraterrestrial civilizations may be common, they would not communicate, or would not travel across interstellar distances.

title: Fermi paradox

text: Michael H. Hart published in 1975 a detailed examination of the paradox,[9] which has since become a theoretical reference point for much of the research into what is now sometimes known as the Fermi–Hart paradox.[25] Geoffrey A. Landis prefers that name on the grounds that "while Fermi is credited with first asking the question, Hart was the first to do a rigorous analysis showing that the problem is not trivial, and also the first to publish his results".[26] Robert H. Gray argues that the term Fermi paradox is a misnomer, since in his view it is neither a paradox nor due to Fermi; he instead prefers the name Hart–Tipler argument, acknowledging Michael Hart as its originator, but also the substantial contribution of Frank J. Tipler in extending Hart's arguments.[27]

title: Fermi paradox

text: According to this line of reasoning, the Earth should have already been visited by extraterrestrial aliens. In an informal conversation, Fermi noted no convincing evidence of this, leading him to ask, "Where is everybody?"[10][11] There have been many attempts to explain the Fermi paradox,[12][13] primarily either suggesting that intelligent extraterrestrial life is extremely rare or proposing reasons that such civilizations have not contacted or visited Earth.

title: Fermi paradox

text: The Fermi paradox, or Fermi's paradox, named after physicist Enrico Fermi, is the apparent contradiction between the lack of evidence and high probability estimates[1] for the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.[2] The basic points of the argument, made by physicists Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) and Michael H. Hart (born 1932), are:

title: Fermi paradox

text: (Film about Fermi’s Paradox, climate change, capitalism, and collapse.)

title: Temporal paradox

text: A temporal paradox, time paradox, or time travel paradox is a paradox, an apparent contradiction, or a logical contradiction that is associated with the idea of time and time travel. In physics, temporal paradoxes fall into two broad groups: consistency paradoxes exemplified by the grandfather paradox; and causal loops. More broadly, a variation of the Fermi paradox also applies to time travel.


query: What is the oldest building in Briarcliff Manor?

title: Timeline of Briarcliff Manor

text: 1839(1839): Briarcliff Manor's oldest church, Saint Mary's Episcopal Church, is founded.[8] 1854(1854): All Saints' Episcopal Church is founded.[4] 1864(1864): Weskora is renamed Scarborough.[7](p11) 1865(1865): A one-room schoolhouse is built on land donated by John Whitson; it is the first schoolhouse and church in the area.[11][12] 1880(1880): The Whitson's Corners station is added to the New York City & Northern Railroad train schedule,[13] and the first train arrives on December 13.[8] 1881(1881): The Whitson's Corners post office is established.[8] 1890(1890): Walter W. Law moves with his family to the area and purchases his first 236 acres (96ha) with the James Stillman farm for $35,000 ($976,000 in 2018[14]).[4] 1891(1891): Congregation Sons of Israel is formed by eleven men in Ossining.[7](p101) 1892(1892): Elliott Fitch Shepard ordered the construction of Scarborough's first dock at the present Scarborough Park to allow construction materials to be shipped to his property.[15] October13,1893(1893-10-13): The Scarborough Presbyterian Church is founded.[4] 1895(1895): Elliott Fitch Shepard's mansion Woodlea is completed.[16](p153) 1896(1896): Briarcliff Congregational Church is built to replace the congregation's use of the schoolhouse.[13] 1897(1897): The post office is renamed the Briarcliff Manor Post Office.[8] August4,1898(1898-08-04): The first Scarborough train station and post office is struck by lightning and burns down.[17] 1900(1900): Law owns more than 5,000 acres (7.8sqmi) of Westchester County,[13][18] and becomes the largest individual landholder in the county.[19] 1900(1900): Law establishes the School of Practical Agriculture on Pleasantville Road on 66 acres (0.1sqmi).[11]

title: Briarcliff Manor Fire Department

text: The Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1 was founded in 1902 by Frederick C. Messinger. He became the first chief of the department, founded February 10, 1903. In 1906, the Briarcliff Fire Company was established. The village's municipal building and first permanent firehouse was built in 1914 in downtown Briarcliff Manor. Seven years later, in 1921, the Scarborough Fire Company was established. From 1930 to 1971, the Archville Fire Department was dissolved into Scarborough's fire company, which expanded its fire protection to Archville. In 1936, the Briarcliff Manor Hook and Ladder Company was formed. For the department's 50th anniversary, the village hosted numerous events, including a parade with twelve fire departments present. In 1963, the Briarcliff Manor Village Hall was constructed, again housing the fire and police departments. In 1974, a replacement firehouse was built for the Scarborough Engine Company. The fire department's 75th anniversary in 1976 drew a parade of 650 firemen from fourteen companies. In 1982, one of the most notable fires took place, in Briarcliff's downtown. The fire lasted three and a half hours and took over a hundred firefighters to control. The department also participated in fighting the Briarcliff Lodge fire in 2003, which demolished the 1902 Walter Law-built hotel. In 2010, Scarborough's firehouse was again replaced, doubling its size.

title: Briarcliff Manor Union Free School District

text: The Briarcliff Manor UFSD covers of land and most of the village of Briarcliff Manor. The district also serves an unincorporated portion of the town of Mount Pleasant. Parts of Briarcliff Manor not covered by the school district include Scarborough and Chilmark; these areas (about 28 percent of Briarcliff Manor) are part of the Ossining Union Free School District.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Briarcliff Manor () is a suburban village in Westchester County, New York, around north of New York City. It is on of land on the east bank of the Hudson River, geographically shared by the towns of Mount Pleasant and Ossining. Briarcliff Manor includes the communities of Scarborough and Chilmark, and is served by the Scarborough station of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line. A section of the village, including buildings and homes covering , is part of the Scarborough Historic District and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The village motto is "A Village between Two Rivers", reflecting Briarcliff Manor's location between the Hudson and Pocantico Rivers. Although the Pocantico is the primary boundary between Mount Pleasant and Ossining, since its incorporation the village has spread into Mount Pleasant.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: The first institute for higher education in the village was the School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture, which Walter Law helped establish on his Briarcliff Farms in 1900. The school taught students ages 16 to 35 in crop and livestock care. In 1902, the school moved to a larger location near Poughkeepsie and closed a year later due to a lack of funding. In addition, Briarcliff Manor has been the location for several colleges. Briarcliff Junior College was founded in 1903 at the Briarcliff Lodge, and moved near Briarcliff Congregational Church, on land Walter Law donated, in 1905. Among its trustees were Howard Deering Johnson, Norman Cousins, Carl Carmer, Thomas K. Finletter, William Zorach, Eduard C. Lindeman, and Lyman Bryson. Ordway Tead was chairman of the board of trustees, and his wife Clara was the college's first president. The school gradually improved its academic scope and standing, and was registered with the State Education Department and accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in 1944. In 1951, the Board of Regents authorized the college to grant Associate of Arts and Associate of Applied Science degrees. The following year, the Army Map Service selected the college as the only one in the country for professional training in cartography. In 1956, the junior college started issuing bachelor's degrees, and became known as Briarcliff College. In 1977 Pace University bought Briarcliff College and the Spanish Renaissance-style Briarcliff Grade School building, incorporating them into its Pleasantville campus. The Briarcliff Grade School building, which housed the village public school from 1909 to 1980, became known as the Pace University Village Center. During Pace's occupation, the building housed the Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society and the Village Youth Center. Pace University operated the school building until its demolition in 1996, and the Briarcliff College campus until 2015. At the Briarcliff Lodge property, the Edgewood Park School operated from 1936 to 1954, and King's College subsequently operated there from 1955 to 1994, also using the lodge building and other dormitories and academic buildings.

title: Timeline of Briarcliff Manor

text: c. 1901–10: Walter Law establishes Briarcliff Farms,[20] the Briarcliff Table Water Company and the Briarcliff Greenhouses.[4] 1901(1901): Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1 is formed.[4] 1902(1902): Law has invested $2.5million ($72.4million in 2018[14]) in the village by this time.[11] 1902(1902): A proposition is presented to the supervisors of Mount Pleasant and Ossining on October 8 for the incorporation of the Village of Briarcliff Manor.[8] On November 21, the village is incorporated.[6][12] At the time, Law owns all but two small parcels of the square mile village, and employs 100 of its residents.[11] 1902(1902): The Briarcliff Lodge opens.[11] February10,1903(1903-02-10): The Briarcliff Manor Fire Department is founded by Frederick C. Messinger from Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1.[4] 1903(1903): Briarcliff College is founded at the Briarcliff Lodge.[6] 1904(1904): The first twenty-nine street lights, all electric, are installed.[8] 1906(1906): Walter Law replaces the village railroad station; Law's building currently houses part of the Briarcliff Manor Public Library.[6] 1906(1906): Scarborough is incorporated into Briarcliff Manor.[8] 1907(1907): Law's Briarcliff Farms move to Pine Plains, New York, and Law begins developing Briarcliff Manor more as a municipal corporation.[11]

title: History of Briarcliff Manor

text: Approximately 30 people from Briarcliff Manor served in the Korean War. John Kelvin Koelsch, who lived in Scarborough and attended the Scarborough School, died in a Korean prison camp after three months in captivity. Briarcliff Manor celebrated its semicentennial celebration from October 10–12, 1952, publishing a book about the village and its history; that year, the Crossroads neighborhood of 84 houses was completed. In 1953, Todd Elementary School opened to free space at the Law Park grade school for middle- and high-school students. The Putnam Division was discontinued in 1958, and the following year the village library reopened in the former train station. The village's first corporate facility (part of Philips Laboratory) opened in 1960. In 1964 the new Village Hall opened, replacing the Municipal Building. The present high school opened in 1971 to ease the large enrollment at the grade-school building, and the Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society was founded from the village's 75th anniversary committee, in 1974. Pace University bought Briarcliff College in 1977 as a satellite of the school's Pleasantville campus. Also in 1977, the village celebrated its 75th anniversary. Events included a motorcade of fifteen old racing cars participating in a loop around the route of Briarcliff Manor's 1934 road race.

title: Timeline of Briarcliff Manor

text: April24,1908(1908-04-24): Briarcliff Manor sponsors The First American International Road Race; the event centered around the village,[21] and more than 300,000 people watch the race; the village has more than 100,000 visitors that day.[6](p83) 1908(1908): The village police department is organized and The Church House, the parish house of the Scarborough Presbyterian Church, is completed.[8] 1909(1909): Walter Law forms the Briarcliff Realty Company to sell Briarcliff Farms' original property in the village.[11] 1910(1910): The Briarcliff Community Center, nicknamed "The Club", is established in the 1898 Briarcliff Schools building.[8] May11,1911(1911-05-11): Sleepy Hollow Country Club is founded in Scarborough, Elliott Fitch Shepard's home "Woodlea" is purchased for its clubhouse.[22] 1912(1912): Walter Law's School of Practical Agriculture building burns down.[6](p38) 1913(1913): The Village Municipal Building is built at a cost of $20,000 ($507,000 in 2018[14]); it is opened on July 4, 1914.[7](p78)[23] 1914(1914): The village library, originally in the Briarcliff Community Center, is founded.[8] 1914–18 (World War I): 91 Briarcliff Manor residents serve in the U.S. armed forces.[8] 1917(1917): The first village Girl Scout troop is founded by Louise Miller and Mrs. Alfred Jones.[6](p77) 1925(1925): V. Everit Macy donates 265 acres (107ha) to the Girl Scouts of the USA, which later becomes the Edith Macy Conference Center.[8] 1926(1926): St. Theresa's Catholic Church is founded with thirty-six families; the present church is dedicated two years later.[24] 1927(1927): Briarcliff's school building is demolished to make way for the Briarcliff-Peekskill Parkway.[8] 1928(1928): The high school opens, and a section is added to the 1909 school building.[8]

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Broadway lyricist Lee Adams and his wife have lived in Briarcliff Manor since the early 2000s. Alice Low, who along with her family has lived in Briarcliff Manor since the 1950s, is an author of children's books, poems, and screenplays. Minimalist painter Brice Marden grew up in the village, and is a 1965 graduate of Briarcliff High School. Biomechanics researcher and Columbia University professor Van C. Mow lives in Briarcliff Manor. His brother, architect Donald Mow, lived in Briarcliff and constructed his own house there. Warren Adelson lived with his family at Rabbit Hill, a Georgian Revival mansion in Scarborough designed around 1929 by Mott Schmidt. Robert Klein, a comedian, singer, and actor, has been living in Briarcliff Manor since the 1980s. Robert Mankoff, cartoon editor for "The New Yorker" magazine, lives in Briarcliff Manor. Simon Schama is a British historian and professor at Columbia University, and writer and host of the BBC series "A History of Britain". Novelist James Patterson, author of the "Alex Cross" series, is a part-year resident of Briarcliff Manor. John Batchelor, host of "The John Batchelor Show" radio news program, lives in the village with his family. He is an active member of the Briarcliff Congregational Church; his wife, Bonnie Ann Rosborough, is the church's pastor. Roz Abrams is a national-news anchor known for her work with WABC and WCBS. Director, writer and producer Joseph Ruben lives in Briarcliff Manor, and musician Clifford Carter is a graduate of Briarcliff High School. William N. Valavanis and Yuji Yoshimura both lived and taught in Briarcliff Manor, where they ran the Yoshimura School of Bonsai from 1972 to 1995. Thomas Fitzgerald is a senior creative executive at Walt Disney Imagineering. Chef, restaurateur, and James Beard Award winner Michael McCarty was born and raised in Briarcliff Manor. Tom Ortenberg, the former CEO at Open Road Films and president at Lionsgate Films, was born and raised in Briarcliff Manor. Doris Downes, a botanical artist and widow of art critic Robert Hughes, owns a farmhouse in the village (where they lived for many years). Radio journalist and host of "Marketplace" Kai Ryssdal is from Briarcliff Manor. Curler Bill Stopera has lived in the village for over a decade, minor league baseball player Bobby Blevins grew up in the village and graduated from its schools in 2003, and Olympic swimmer Paola Duguet grew up in Briarcliff Manor. Susanne Rust, an award-winning investigative journalist, was born and raised in the village.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text:
Although Catt's house Juniper Ledge is within Briarcliff Manor's postal boundaries, the property is located within the municipal boundaries of the nearby town of New Castle. Briarcliff Manor composer and historian Carmino Ravosa initiated the house's preservation by researching and initiating the nomination of Juniper Ledge to the National Register.
Briarcliff Manor is home to seven Christian churches and two synagogues; three churches (Holy Innocents Anglican Church, Saint Mary's Church and Scarborough Presbyterian Church) are in Scarborough. Other churches in the village are All Saints' Episcopal Church, St. Theresa's Catholic Church, Faith Lutheran Brethren Church, and Briarcliff Congregational Church (United Church of Christ). Jewish synagogues Congregation Sons of Israel and Chabad Lubavitch of Briarcliff Manor & Ossining are in Chilmark.

title: Briarcliff Farms

text: In Briarcliff Manor, part of the original Stillman farmhouse survives as the rectory of St. Theresa's Catholic Church and several employee wood-framed cottages still stand on Dalmeny and Old Briarcliff Roads. Similar houses are on South State, Pleasantville, and Poplar Roads. The farm's dairy building is owned by Consolidated Edison; the company also owns a nearby building which formerly housed the Briarcliff Manor Light and Power Company. The Plasmon Company of America's Woodside Avenue factory is now an automotive restoration facility.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: According to the National Bridge Inventory, Briarcliff Manor has 15 bridges, with estimated daily traffic at 204,000 vehicles. Briarcliff Manor has 64 roads, with a total length of . Twelve are named after trees, eleven after local residents and eight after veterans, and most have the road type of "lane" or "avenue", while the only "street" in the village is Stafford Street. The village's oldest existing road is Washburn Road, on which is the oldest standing house in the village, Century Homestead. The longest road in the village, at , is Pleasantville Road; the shortest is Pine Court, . Around the time when the Briarcliff Lodge was active, Briarcliff Manor roadways were constructed of macadam and lined with concrete drains and stone fences. Early in Briarcliff Manor's history, the first person to own an automobile was Henry Law (son of Walter Law), who owned a buckboard with an engine.

title: Briarcliff Manor Public Library

text: The Briarcliff Manor Public Library is the public library serving the village of Briarcliff Manor, New York, and is located on the edge of the Walter W. Law Memorial Park. The library is a founding member of the Westchester Library System. It is staffed by a director and eleven employees, including reference and youth librarians, and is governed by a seven-member board, with a liaison to the village board of trustees. The library offers computer classes, book discussion groups, young adult programs, a children's room and a local history collection. The library building also houses the Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society, the Briarcliff Manor Recreation Department, and the William J. Vescio Community Center.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Briarcliff Manor derives from "Brier Cliff", a compound of the English words "brier" and "cliff". The name originated in Ireland as that of the family home of John David Ogilby, a professor of ecclesiastical history at the General Theological Seminary. Ogilby had named his New York summer home "Brier Cliff" after his family home in Ireland. In 1890, Walter Law bought James Stillman's Briarcliff Farm and further developed it, later using the name "Briarcliff" for all his property. Law's friend, Andrew Carnegie, called him "The Laird of Briarcliff Manor"; since the title appealed to all concerned, the village was named "Briarcliff Manor". By 1897, the village post office and railroad station bore the name Briarcliff Manor. The village (and its name) were approved by its residents in a September 12, 1902 referendum; the name prevailed over other suggestions, including "Sing Sing East". On November 21, 1902, the village of Briarcliff Manor was established.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Briarcliff Manor has a post office in its central business district on Pleasantville Road and in Scarborough by the train station. The first post office opened in 1881 in the first train station; it was named for Whitson's Corners. The post office was renamed the Briarcliff Manor Post Office in 1897. When the station building was moved to Millwood, New York, the post office was temporarily moved to a building near the new station. The following post office, a concrete building, was to its east on Pleasantville Road. It was demolished to make way for the Briarcliff-Peekskill Parkway. The post office then moved to an inn, and subsequently to John Whitson's house, the Crossways. In 1933 a replacement building was constructed in the central business district, followed in 1953 by a new brick building next to the present-day village hall. The current post office was constructed at a cost of $500,000 ($ in ) and was completed in November 1978. The building is located just south of its prior location. Post office house-to-house delivery began on November 17, 1952.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Garden House School is an elementary school in London; it also runs preschools in New York City and in Briarcliff Manor, at the Briarcliff Congregational Church's parish house. Briarcliff Nursery School is a preschool on Morningside Drive, just outside village borders in Ossining. It was established in 1947 at Briarcliff Manor's old recreation building; it moved to Walter Law's Manor House and then to the William Kingsland mansion, and moved to its current location in 1955.

title: Briarcliff Manor Public Library

text: The library was founded in 1914 in the Briarcliff Community Center. Around 1921, the library was established as the Briarcliff Free Library, an association library within the New York State library system. From the building's destruction in 1929 and over the next thirty years, the library was without a permanent location, and was moved between sites, including public school buildings and the village recreation center. In 1959, the library purchased the former Briarcliff Manor station of the New York and Putnam Railroad, which had been ordered and funded by Briarcliff Manor founder Walter Law in 1906. In 1964, the association library became a public library and adopted its current name. In 1981, the trackbed which ran alongside the building became part of a rail trail, consisting of the South County, North County, and Putnam County Trailways. The biking, running, and walking trail stretches from the Bronx north to Brewster. After library renovations in the 1980s and 1990s, a significant expansion was completed in 2009, adding the section in which the library is housed today. In 2016, the village's community center opened in the original portion of the building.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: The Briarcliff Manor Police Department and the volunteer Briarcliff Manor Fire Department are stationed at the Briarcliff Manor Village Hall. The Police Department has 19 personnel—a chief, lieutenant, five sergeants, and twelve patrol officers—and one part-time civilian. The Briarcliff Manor Fire Department Ambulance Corps provides emergency medical transport with two ambulances. The village is also serviced by two private EMS providers.

title: All Saints' Episcopal Church (Briarcliff Manor, New York)

text: All Saints' Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church in Briarcliff Manor, New York. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. John David Ogilby, whose summer estate and family home in Ireland were the namesakes of Briarcliff Manor, founded the church in 1854. The church was built on Ogilby's summer estate in Briarcliff Manor.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Briarcliff Manor has been the subject, inspiration, or location for literature, television episodes, and films. Much of James Patterson's 2005 novel, "Honeymoon", is set in the village (where Patterson is a part-year resident). Sharon Anne Salvato's "Briarcliff Manor" takes place on the fictional estate of Briarcliff Manor, and the novel was published by Stein and Day in the village. The pilot episode of "Saturday Night Live" was filmed in the central business district, where Briarcliff Manor Pharmacy, Briarcliff Wines & Liquors, and Briarcliff Hardware are the backdrop for the "Show Us Your Guns" sketch; the episode aired October 11, 1975. As well, Briarcliff College's president Josiah Bunting III was the half-brother of the show's co-creator Dick Ebersol; while President, Bunting let Ebersol film the show at the college for free. In "Pan Am", Sleepy Hollow Country Club was the setting for much of the series' third episode. In February and March 2013, the final three episodes of the first season of television show "The Following" were filmed in and around the former town of Ossining police station in Briarcliff Manor. In early 2016, filming for the Amazon Studios series "Crisis in Six Scenes" filmed at Ashridge, on Scarborough Road. The series is directed by and stars Woody Allen. Sleepy Hollow Country Club is also a popular filming location for television shows and films.

title: History of Briarcliff Manor

text:
In 1903, Mrs. Dow's School for Girls was founded at the Briarcliff Lodge; two years later, Walter Law gave Mary Elizabeth Dow and built the Châteauesque Dow Hall; the school later became known as Briarcliff College. Also established in 1903, the Briarcliff Manor Fire Department was founded on February 10 by Frederick C. Messinger from Briarcliff Manor's first fire company, the 1901 Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1. The department's first fire engine was white, which Messinger thought more visible than the conventional red in a village without street lights, and the village's engines remain white. The first twenty-nine street lights, all electric, were installed in 1904, and Scarborough was incorporated into Briarcliff Manor in 1906. Law largely developed his land as a business corporation until 1907, when Briarcliff Farms moved to Pine Plains, New York, and Law began developing Briarcliff Manor as a municipal corporation instead.
In 1908, Briarcliff Manor sponsored The First American International Road Race; the event centered around the village, and more than 300,000 people watched the race; the village had more than 100,000 visitors that day. The race was held again in 1934 and 1935. Also in 1908, the village police department was organized and The Church Houseparish house of the Scarborough Presbyterian Churchwas completed. The Briarcliff Community Center, nicknamed "The Club", was a social organization established by the village in 1910 in the 1898 Briarcliff Schools building. The Club became a social and recreational center, hosting dinners, dances, and variety shows, and containing a gymnasium and library. The organization ceased to exist in 1927; the building burned down in 1928, shortly after scheduled demolition to make way for the Briarcliff-Peekskill Parkway. Sleepy Hollow Country Club was founded on May 11, 1911 in Scarborough, at the former house of Colonel Elliott Fitch Shepard. The Village Municipal Building was built in 1913 at a cost of $20,000 ($ in ), and was opened on July 4, 1914. Currently housing several businesses, during the 1960s its cupola bell, which had tolled at the end of the World Wars, was moved to the front of the new firehouse. In 1914, the Briarcliff Community Center created the library which eventually became the Briarcliff Manor Public Library.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: The village is also known by several other names. It is conversationally called "Briarcliff", and often erroneously written as "Briar Cliff Manor" (although historically there has been little distinction). The village has been called "Briarcliff on the Hudson" by Mark Twain and Aileen Riggin; it is also known as "the Village of Briarcliff Manor". The name Briarcliff has also been applied to other municipalities, including the 470-person town of Briarcliffe Acres in South Carolina; in naming it, the town's founder had drawn inspiration from Briarcliff Manor's name.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: The Briarcliff Manor Community Bonfire is a winter holiday event at Law Park, hosted by the village and the Briarcliff Friends of the Arts, involving live music (primarily seasonal and holiday songs), refreshments, and craft projects for children. Another annual community event is the Memorial Day parade, a tradition in Briarcliff Manor for more than fifty years. Before the parade begins, the Municipal Building's bell is rung to commemorate firefighters who have died in the previous year; the parade ends at the village's war memorial in Law Park, where wreaths are laid on the monument. The holiday has been celebrated in the village since the early 1900s, though initially involving large family picnics, with parades reserved for the Fourth of July.

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: Briarcliff Manor maintains strong ties to its history and traditions. During Briarcliff Manor's 1952 semicentennial, nine people served on the Historical Committee and published a village history book. In March 1974, after the mayor appointed twelve people for a 75th anniversary committee, the committee began by forming the Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society (BMSHS). The historical society published an updated village history ("A Village Between Two Rivers: Briarcliff Manor") in 1977, marking the 75th anniversary of the village. The historical society was initially located at the since-demolished Briarcliff Middle School building; it later moved to the second floor of a realty building on Pleasantville Road, and moved back to the school building after it was leased by Pace University. On March 21, 2010, the BMSHS was given a permanent location at the Eileen O'Connor Weber Historical Center, established as part of the expanded Briarcliff Manor Public Library. Members of the historical society joined the nine-member Centennial Committee in 2002 to organize events for Briarcliff Manor's centennial.

title: Briarcliff Farms

text: Law developed his Briarcliff Manor property primarily as a corporation until 1907 when, due to rising property values and falling agricultural development in Westchester County, he purchased twelve farms—totaling —for Briarcliff Farms on both sides of the Pine Plains-Stanford Road (present-day New York State Route 82) in Pine Plains and began developing his Briarcliff Manor properties for houses, churches and schools. Law's general manager, George W. Tuttle (who had worked at Briarcliff Farms since 1901), arranged the Pine Plains purchases and the construction of new barns, a creamery, a power station and other buildings. The barns used Franklin Hiram King's King ventilation system, and the concrete dairy building cost about $25,000 ($ in ). The farm's well, from the barn, was deep and in diameter.

title: History of Briarcliff Manor

text: During World War I, 91 Briarcliff Manor residents served in the United States Armed Forces. Briarcliff Manor was directly involved in the First World War in a number of ways: the New York Guard's First Provisional Regiment (1,500 men operating under Colonel John B. Rose) was ordered to guard the Croton Aqueduct; Briarcliff Manor resident V. Everit Macy granted free use of Briarcliff Manor's former Holbrook Military Academy campus and buildings for the troops, initially arranged between him and the regiment's chaplain Captain Charles W. Baldwin (rector of Saint Mary's Episcopal Church in Scarborough). The regiment was headquartered at the site from late 1918 to mid 1919, and the school's academic building was used as Field Hospital No. 2 of the Atlantic Division of the American Red Cross. During that time, Scarborough resident James Speyer led the Aqueduct Guard Citizens' Committee to assist the regiment; among those in the committee were Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough residents Frank and Narcissa Vanderlip and V. Everit Macy, and the founder of Briarcliff Manor and his wife, Walter and Georgianna Law. On Michaelmas in 1918, the regiment attended a service at Saint Mary's; in May of that year, the regiment participated in a "Fete de Mai" hosted by Sleepy Hollow Country Club in Scarborough for the American Red Cross' benefit. The Scarborough School participated in an unknown assistance for the troops and James Speyer's Scarborough home Waldheim was one of the primary meeting locations for his committee.

title: Archville, New York

text:
In 1930, after Briarcliff Manor requested that Archville provide fire protection for Briarcliff's hamlet of Scarborough, the Archville department merged with the Briarcliff Manor Fire Department (BMFD) and was called the Scarborough Fire Company. In 1966, the Mt. Pleasant Fire District built the current firehouse at Union St. and Route 9, designed by local architect Don Reiman. They also purchased a new pumper, replacing Archville's Diamond T engine and making obsolete the company's second truck, owned by Briarcliff and housed at the Scarborough Presbyterian Church's garage.
Around 1971, the Archville-based Scarborough Fire Company stopped responding to Briarcliff fire alarm calls and resisted taking required training courses. Additionally in 1971, Briarcliff's government tried to charge Archville $200 per year ($ per year in ) for the four existing hydrants and water supply in the hamlet, which Archville reacted in objection to. Briarcliff Manor contacted the State Controller, who instructed the village that Briarcliff Manor's existing arrangement was not in accordance with any state law. Archville's fire protection district refused to lease the station and equipment from Briarcliff, and thus in 1972 the Briarcliff Board of Trustees terminated the Scarborough Fire Company’s membership in the Briarcliff Manor Fire Department, severed its protection responsibility over Archville, and formed the Scarborough Engine Company with a new truck and firehouse. The Archville Fire Department was reestablished in 1972. Members of the former Scarborough Fire Company could choose to join either department; most Briarcliff Manor members joined the BMFD.

title: Timeline of Briarcliff Manor

text: A 1939 publication on the history of Briarcliff Manor. A 1952 publication on the history of Briarcliff Manor. A 1977 publication on the history of Briarcliff Manor. A 1990 publication on the history of Briarcliff Manor.

title: Timeline of Briarcliff Manor

text: November2001(2001-11): A $4-million rehabilitation ($5.66million in 2018[14]) of Law Park is completed, with a new pavilion and pool house, paved walkways, lights and benches, a redesigned and filtered pond, and relocation of the Veterans Memorial. Over 300 people attend the Veterans Day rededication ceremony.[1] 2002(2002): The village celebrates its centennial, which involves numerous celebratory events.[26] 2002(2002): Ambient Corporation and Consolidated Edison install an experimental broadband over power lines (BPL) system in Briarcliff Manor;[33][34] the system is now defunct.[35] 2003(2003): The present Briarcliff Middle School building is completed at a cost of $24 million ($32.7million in 2018[14]).[36] September20,2003(2003-09-20): The original 1902 Briarcliff Lodge building burns to the ground, and contemporary portions of the lodge and other campus buildings are later demolished.[11] 2006(2006): The village government installs new street signs featuring the Briarcliff Rose.[37] 2007(2007): In the summer, construction of a 6,600-square-foot (610m2) addition to the Briarcliff Manor Public Library begins; the facility is opened for use on February 19, 2009.[38] 2008(2008)–2012(2012): Briarcliff Manor hosts a weekly indoor farmers' market, first at the Briarcliff Congregational Church's parish house; it moves to Pace University's Briarcliff Campus in 2012.[39] March21,2010(2010-03-21): The Briarcliff Manor-Scarborough Historical Society is given its first permanent location at the Eileen O'Connor Weber Historical Center, established as part of the expanded Briarcliff Manor Public Library.[28] 2011(2011): Hurricane Irene causes a sinkhole, of about 20 feet in diameter, to form on North State Road near Route 9A;[40] New York's department of transportation spends about $900,000 repairing the damage.[41] 2011(2011)–2015(2015): The village becomes involved in an annexation proposal with the town of Ossining for Briarcliff Manor to annex land on which 1,600 people live.[5] After debate and public hearings, the village government decides to end its pursuit of the annexation in May 2015.[42] July5,2015(2015-07-05): Saint Mary's Episcopal Church closes after 175 years in operation.[43] December12,2015(2015-12-12): The Law Park pavilion is damaged in a large fire; around 100 firefighters in multiple departments assist to put out the fire that night.[44][45] May30,2016(2016-05-30): Briarcliff Manor's original station building was reopened as the William J. Vescio Community Center.[46] Mayor Lori Sullivan and former mayor William J. Vescio presided[47] over the center's opening and the dedication to Vescio.[48][nb 2] May29,2017(2017-05-29): The reconstructed Law Park pavilion is rededicated after the village's Memorial Day ceremony.[50]

title: Briarcliff Manor, New York

text: The Briarcliff Manor Fire Department was founded on February 10, 1903 from Briarcliff Manor's first fire company, the 1901 Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1. Scarborough was incorporated into Briarcliff Manor in 1906, and the Police Department was organized two years later. The Village Municipal Building was built in 1913 and was opened on July 4, 1914. The high school opened in 1928, and in 1946, the People's Caucus party, an organization which calls out interested residents for candidacy, was created. Briarcliff Manor celebrated its semicentennial celebration from October 10–12, 1952, publishing a book about the village and its history; that year, the Crossroads neighborhood of 84 houses was completed.

title: Timeline of Briarcliff Manor

text: A 2014 publication on buildings, places, and events in Briarcliff Manor.


query: When was the game Monopoly first released?

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: The board game Monopoly has its origins in the early 20th century. The earliest known version of Monopoly, known as The Landlord's Game, was designed by an American, Elizabeth Magie, and first patented in 1904 but existed as early as 1902.[1][2] Magie, a follower of Henry George, originally intended The Landlord's Game to illustrate the economic consequences of Ricardo's Law of Economic rent and the Georgist concepts of economic privilege and land value taxation.[3] A series of board games was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land. By 1933, a board game had been created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its related companies through the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st. Several people, mostly in the Midwestern United States and near the East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution.

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: A shortened version of Magie's game, which eliminated the second round of play that used a Georgist concept of a single land value tax, had become common during the 1910s, and this variation on the game became known as Auction Monopoly.[27] The auctioning part of the game came through a rule that auctioned any unowned property to all game players when it was first landed on.[28] This rule was later dropped by the Quakers, and in the current game of Monopoly an auction takes place only when an unowned property is not purchased outright by the player that first lands on it.[28][29] That same decade, the game became popular around the community of Reading, Pennsylvania.[28] Another former student of Scott Nearing, Thomas Wilson, taught the game to his cousin, Charles Muhlenberg, around 1915–1916.[28] The original patent on The Landlord's Game expired in 1921. By this time, the hand-made games became known simply as Monopoly.[30][31] Charles Muhlenberg and his wife, Wilma, taught the game to Wilma's brothers, Louis and Ferdinand "Fred" Thun, in the early 1920s.[28]

title: Monopoly (game)

text: In 2009, Hasbro released two minigames that can be played as stand-alone games or combined with the "Monopoly" game. In "Get Out of Jail", the goal is to manipulate a spade under a jail cell to flick out various colored prisoners. The game can be used as an alternative to rolling doubles to get out of jail. In "Free Parking", players attempt to balance taxis on a wobbly board. The "Free Parking" add-on can also be used with the Monopoly game. When a player lands on the Free Parking, the player can take the Taxi Challenge, and if successful, can move to any space on the board.

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: In early 2013, a board game version of the Monopoly Hotels online game was released.[151] From January 8 to February 5, 2013, through the Monopoly page on Facebook in a campaign called "Save Your Token", Hasbro took votes from the public to make another permanent change in the lineup of game tokens. The token with the least number of "Save Your Token" votes will be retired, and replaced with one of five other tokens, depending on which of the new candidates gets the most votes. The potential tokens were a robot, a helicopter, a cat, a guitar or a diamond ring.[152][153] Neither the biplane nor the piggy bank from the 1998 vote are being considered this time. Early on February 6, it was announced that the iron would be retired for having received the least votes, and the cat would be replacing it, having received the most votes.[154] Starting in February 2013, the U.S. discount chain Target began selling a "Golden Token" set with the eight classic tokens and all five candidates.[155] Special editions with the thirteen golden tokens have also been released in the UK and France.[156][157] The first Monopoly game to have the new token lineup was released in June 2013.[158] In 2015, the game celebrated its 80th anniversary with eight tokens from each decade in a special edition.

title: CityVille

text: In 2012, Zynga, in conjunction with Hasbro, released a "CityVille" edition of "Monopoly" under the "Hasbro Gaming" imprint. It is essentially a variant of the "Monopoly City" board game, with its elements retooled to reflect those used in the "CityVille" online games. The goal is to be the first player to own four skyscrapers by building up your neighborhoods.

title: Monopoly (1985 video game)

text: Monopoly is a 1985 multi-platform video game based on the board game "Monopoly", released on the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, MSX, Tatung Einstein, Thomson MO, Thomson TO, and ZX Spectrum. Published by Leisure Genius, this title was one of many inspired by the property.

title: Monopoly video games

text: The "Monopoly Family Fun Pack", produced by Ubisoft for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, was released on November 18, 2014. It is an on-disc bundle consisting of the digitally-released "Monopoly Plus" and "Monopoly Deal", as well as "Monopoly Plus"'s My Monopoly expansion. In 2017, Ubisoft will release a more traditional "Monopoly" video game on the Nintendo Switch, which will take advantage of the Joy-Con's "HD Rumble" feature.

title: Monopoly City

text: Monopoly City is a spin-off of the original Monopoly board game. It was released by Hasbro in 2009, making its first public appearance at the Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was named 'Game of the Year 2009' by the British Toy and Hobby association at the 57th London Toy Fair. Gameplay is similar to, but more complex than, the original Monopoly.

title: Automonopoli

text: "Automonopoli" was released by Automata UK in June 1983, selling for £6 (£ as of 2015) Written primarily in BASIC, it modelled the board game Monopoly in every detail of gameplay. Although other versions of Monopoly for home computers were already in circulation for play between human players, at the time of its release "Automonopoli" was marketed as the first version of the game with an artificial intelligence advanced enough for the computer to play against human players.

title: Monopoly Streets

text: Monopoly Streets is a video game based on the board game of the same name, and one of many in the Monopoly video game series. Developed by EA Salt Lake and published by Electronic Arts, the game was released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii in late 2010.

title: Monopoly Star Wars

text: Monopoly Star Wars is the 1997 Monopoly franchise Star Wars video game based on the board game and set in the Star Wars fictional universe. It is one of many "Monopoly" video game adaptions. The game was developed by Artech Digital Entertainment and published by Hasbro Interactive. It was released exclusively for Microsoft Windows computers. The game employs the same basic ruleset of traditional Monopoly gameplay, but the "Star Wars" theme includes famous characters and locales in place of the original game pieces and properties.

title: Monopoly Here and Now (video game)

text: Monopoly Here and Now is an iOS video game adaption of the board game of the same name, which itself is a version of the classic board game Monopoly. It was developed by EA Mobile and Hasbro. The game marked the franchise's debut into the iOS market, and was launched on May 21, 2009. The game was also scheduled for release on Nokia N-Gage. The game was added to the Pogo.com platform in 2009.

title: Don't Go to Jail

text: An updated version, called Monopoly Express (first released in the UK and Europe, and later available in a U.S. edition), is also available. The game is sometimes confused with the card game "Express Monopoly", which was released in the U.S. and UK in the early 1990s and is now out of print. The newer game alters the original game play as follows:

title: Monopoly Streets

text: The game was released to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Monopoly board game.

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: In March 1999, Hasbro announced that the winner was the sack of money (with 51 percent of the vote, compared to 29 percent for the biplane and 20 percent for the piggy bank). Thus, the sack of money became the first new token added to the game since the early 1950s.[130] In 1999, Hasbro renamed the Rich Uncle Pennybags mascot "Mr. Monopoly", and released Star Wars: Episode I, Pokémon and Millennium editions of Monopoly.[131][132][133] A second European edition is released in 1999, this time using the Euro as currency, but incorrectly listing Geneva as the capital of Switzerland.[128]

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: Kenner was combined with Parker Brothers and spun off as Kenner Parker Toys in 1985. Regular and Deluxe 50th Anniversary editions of Monopoly were released that same year.[126] The spinoff game Advance to Boardwalk was first published in 1985. Kenner Parker was acquired by Tonka in 1987. The 1987/1988 Monopoly Tournaments were held under Kenner Parker Tonka management.

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: The game has also inspired official spin-offs, such as the board game Advance to Boardwalk from 1985. There have been six card games: Water Works from 1972, Free Parking from 1988, Express Monopoly from 1993, Monopoly: The Card Game from 1999, Monopoly Deal from 2008 and Monopoly Millionaire Deal from 2012. Finally, there have been two dice games: Don't Go to Jail from 1991 and an update, Monopoly Express, (2006–2007). A second product line of games and licenses exists in Monopoly Junior, first published in 1990. In the late 1980s, official editions of Monopoly appeared for the Sega Master System and the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128.[185] A television game show, produced by King World Productions, was attempted in the summer of 1990, but lasted for only 12 episodes. In 1991–1992, official versions appeared for the Apple Macintosh and Nintendo's NES, SNES, and Game Boy.[186] In 1995, as Hasbro (which had taken over Kenner Parker Tonka in 1991) was preparing to launch Hasbro Interactive as a new brand, they chose Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit to be their first two CD-ROM games.[187] The Monopoly CD-ROM game also allowed for play over the Internet.[188] CD-ROM versions of the officially licensed Star Wars and FIFA World Cup '98 editions also were released.[189] Later CD-ROM exclusive spin-offs, Monopoly Casino and Monopoly Tycoon, were also produced under license.

title: Express Monopoly

text: Express Monopoly is a card game released by Parker Brothers in 1993. The game consists of 42 playing card and a "game board".

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: In 1994, the license to the company that would become USAopoly was issued, and they produced a San Diego, California edition as their first board. In 1995, a license for new game variations and reprints of Monopoly was granted to Winning Moves Games. See the Localizations, licenses, and spin-offs section below for details on further releases by both companies.

title: Rich Uncle Pennybags

text: The unnamed character made his first appearance outside of "Monopoly" within the Parker Brothers' game "Dig", released in 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II. The character did not receive a name until 1946 when the game "Rich Uncle" was published by Parker Brothers. His likeness appeared on that game's box lid, game instructions, and currency.

title: Monopoly (1991 video game)

text: Monopoly is a video game based on the board game "Monopoly", released on Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Genesis, NES, and SNES. Developed by Sculptured Software and published by Parker Brothers (the Game Boy version was published by Majesco Sales), this title was one of many inspired by the property.

title: Monopoly (game)

text: From 2010 to 2014, The Hub aired the game show "Family Game Night" with Todd Newton. For the first two seasons, teams earned cash in the form of "Monopoly Crazy Cash Cards" from the "Monopoly Crazy Cash Corner", which was then inserted to the "Monopoly Crazy Cash Machine" at the end of the show. In addition, beginning with Season 2, teams won "Monopoly Party Packages" for winning the individual games. For Season 3, there was a Community Chest. Each card on Mr. Monopoly had a combination of three colors. Teams used the combination card to unlock the chest. If it was the right combination, they advanced to the Crazy Cash Machine for a brand-new car. For the show's fourth season, a new game was added called Monopoly Remix, featuring Park Place and Boardwalk, as well as Income Tax and Luxury Tax.

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: In early 2010, Hasbro began selling the Free Parking and Get out of Jail add-on games, which can be played alone or when a player lands on the respective Monopoly board spaces. If played during a Monopoly game, success at either game gets the winning player a "free taxi ride to any space on the board" or "out of jail free", respectively.[144][145] A new, customizable edition called "U-Build" is also released.[146] Later in 2010, for the 75th anniversary of the game's publication, Hasbro released Monopoly Revolution, giving the game a graphic redesign, as well as returning it to a round shape, which had not been seen since some of Darrow's 1930s custom-made sets.[147] The game includes "bank cards" and keeps track of players' assets electronically, as was introduced in the "Electronic Banking Edition" earlier in the decade.[148] The game also features clear plastic playing pieces for movers, and electronic sound effects, triggered by certain events (for instance, a "jail door slam" sound effect when a player goes to jail). Monopoly Live was announced at the New York Toy Fair in February, 2011.[149] The Monopoly Millionaire version of the game was released in 2012.[150]

title: Monopoly (1988 video game)

text: Monopoly is a Sega Master System video game based on the board game "Monopoly", released in 1988. Developed by Nexa Corporation and published by Sega itself, this title was one of many inspired by the property. According to Game Freaks 365, the game was "one of the first real boardgames that was programmed" into a video game.

title: History of the board game Monopoly

text: The first changes to the gameplay of the Monopoly game itself occurred with the publication of both the Monopoly Here & Now Electronic Banking Edition by Hasbro UK and Monopoly: The Mega Edition by Winning Moves Games in 2006. The Electronic Banking Edition uses VISA-branded debit cards and a debit card reader for monetary transactions, instead of paper bills.[140] This edition is available in the UK, Germany, France, Australia and Ireland. A version was released in the U.S. in 2007, albeit without the co-branding by Visa. An electronic counter had been featured in the Stock Exchange editions released in Europe in the early 2000s (decade), and is also a feature of the Monopoly City board game released in 2009.

title: Hasbro

text: Hasbro was criticized for "sexist" product design when its 2015 Star Wars Monopoly board game failed to feature Rey, the female protagonist in "", while including all of the supporting male characters. Hasbro explained that Rey was left out of the Monopoly game to avoid spoilers, because the game was released months before the movies. On January 5, 2016, Hasbro announced that Rey would be included in future versions. Hasbro later stated that it struggled to distribute the updated Monopoly game that includes the Rey piece, because retailers (especially in the United States) showed "insufficient interest" after having already purchased stock of the first release.

title: Monopoly (game)

text: Because "Monopoly" evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, "Monopoly" has seen many variant games. The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in thirty-seven languages. Most of the variants are exact copies of the "Monopoly" games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Over the years, many specialty "Monopoly" editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced.

title: Monopoly (1997 video game)

text: Monopoly is a PlayStation video game based on the board game "Monopoly", released on November 6, 1997. Developed by Gremlin Interactive and published by Hasbro Interactive, this title was one of many inspired by the property.

title: Monopoly (1999 video game)

text: Monopoly is a Nintendo 64 video game based on the board game "Monopoly", released on December 18, 1999. Developed by Mind's Eye Productions and published by Hasbro Interactive, this title was one of many inspired by the property.

title: Monopoly video games

text: "Monopoly" for the PlayStation was developed by Gremlin Interactive, and a Windows and Macintosh version by Westwood Studios. The Windows/Mac version played top down, while the PlayStation version was in 3D. They both had cutscenes in common, played when showing the game pieces moving on their own. In 1998, Hasbro Interactive released a Monopoly video game for Microsoft Windows, which used 3D graphics instead of the top-down design used in previous versions. It ran on Windows 95 (although can be run on up to Windows XP, but won't work on Windows Vista and up) and had a special online play feature which used a modem.

title: Monopoly (2000 video game)

text: Monopoly is a 2000 computer game based on the board game "Monopoly", released for Microsoft Windows & Macintosh. Developed by Artech Studios and published by MacSoft, this title was one of many inspired by the property dealing board games. A remastered version of the game entitled "Monopoly New Edition" (also known as Monopoly 3) was released on September 30, 2002, and published by Infogrames. A PlayStation Portable version was released in 2008.


query: When was the Japanese Super Sentai series GoGo Sentai Boukenger first introduced?

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger

text: GoGo Sentai Boukenger(轟轟戦隊ボウケンジャー,Gōgō Sentai Bōkenjā, [Note 1][Note 2]) is the 30th series in Toei's Super Sentai series, a metaseries of Japanese tokusatsu programming. It is the first installment to be broadcast in 16:9 aspect ratio. It premiered on February 19, 2006 at 7:30a.m. on TV Asahi. Its footage was used in the American series, Power Rangers Operation Overdrive, while the original footage was dubbed into Korean for the South Korean series, Power Rangers Treasure Force.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Nao Nagasawa reprises her role as Nanami Nono from "Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger".

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: The movie starts with Time Demon Chronos meeting with High Priest Gajya on getting rid of the Boukengers while obtaining three Goodomu Engines. As they plot, a mysterious figure watches above them. Afterwards, the Boukenger, excluding Bouken Silver, were summoned to battle some Curse. After their battle, they see Gajya and Chronos, with Chronos sending the Boukengers to a different dimension. Eiji was alerted of the situation, but before he could set out to rescue the other Boukengers, a mysterious figure named Aka Red, who describes himself as the embodiment of the fighting spirit of all Red Sentai Warriors, meets him and gives him the Super Sentai Address Book, which lists information on every Super Sentai member. He opens it to find Tsubasa Ozu, a.k.a. Magi Yellow from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger".

title: Ninjas in popular culture

text: Ninja-themed Super Sentai and Power Rangers shows include "Ninja Sentai Kakuranger", "Ninpū Sentai Hurricaneger" and "Shuriken Sentai Ninninger"; footage from "Kakuranger" was used in season three of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", "Hurricaneger" was adapted into "Power Rangers Ninja Storm", and "Ninninger" was adapted to "Power Rangers Ninja Steel" and "Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel". Ninja villains appear in other Super Sentai series, such as "GoGo Sentai Boukenger" (Negative Syndicate's Dark Shadow clan: Gekkou, Yaiba and Shizuka), "" (Miratrix and other Kamdor henchmen), "Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger" (Ninja Org Duke Dorodoro; Onikage in ""), "Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger" (Dora Ninja; Dark Warrior in "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" season one), and "Mahou Sentai Magiranger" (Kirikage).

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Chronos is voiced by Bunkō Ogata.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Hiroya Matsumoto reprises his role as Tsubasa Ozu from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger".

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Yousuke Ichikawa reprises his role as Hikaru from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger".

title: Juken Sentai Gekiranger

text: In , the Gekiranger team meets up with the team from "GoGo Sentai Boukenger". The DVD was released on March 14, 2008, for rental and March 21, 2008, for purchase. This is the first team-up to be in wide-screen, appropriate as Boukenger and Gekiranger were the first Sentai series to be themselves shown in wide-screen. The events of the movie take place between Lessons 35 and 36.

title: List of Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger episodes

text: This is a list of episodes of the Super Sentai parody series "Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger". All episode titles in Season 1 use variations of the kanji generally read as "ita", usually translated as "pain", and is related to the "otaku" phenomenon of the "itasha". Several episode titles reference past Super Sentai titles. Examples include episode 2, with the word "Full Blast" referencing "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger", and episode 3, with the word "" referencing "GoGo Sentai Boukenger". The episode titles in "Season Tsuu" have the word . The first season aired from April 6 to June 29, 2012 and the second season aired from April 5, 2013 to June 28, 2013.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Eiji then receives a call through his GoGo Changer from Asuka, a.k.a. Abare Black from "Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger", all the way from Dino Earth while taking care of his daughter. He tells Eiji that Aka Red contacted him, but the connection to Earth is weak since the power of the dimension door is weak as well. Even contacting him was hard through the GoGo Changer. He loses connection to Eiji after a few minutes. While Chronos set up his time devices, Hikaru talks to the Boukengers about Chronos and the Boukengers are introduced to Smokey, although at first mistaking him as precious. Eiji then tries to meet Nanami Nono, a.k.a. Hurricane Blue from "Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger", before her rehearsal, but is blocked by security and many fans. In a desperate attempt to catch Nanami's attention, Eiji shouts out "Hurricane Blue," which Nanami is surprised by.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Chronos was then successful in summoning Meemy, from Mahou Sentai Magiranger, who meets up with Chronos. In frustration, Eiji throws out the Super Sentai Address Book and decides to battle Meemy and Chronos on his own. After Eiji is overpowered, he was rescued by Hurricane Blue, Abare Black, Deka Break and Magi Yellow. However, the various Super Sentai warriors repeatedly get in each other's way and Meemy and Chronos were able to escape. In the time prison, Satoru reveals that he has Zubaan with him. TsueTsue from "Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger" was then revived and welcomed by Gajya.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Kaoru Abe reprises his role as Asuka from "Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger".

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: At SGS, Eiji receives a message from Satoru concerning Chronos. The Super Sentai warriors then promised to help Eiji rescue the rest of the Boukengers and meet Aka Red while the time prison holding the Boukengers and Hikaru is slowly disappearing. Chronos and the other villains found the last hourglass tipped over, with the final Sorcerer missing, when they were attacked by the Super Sentai warriors. As the time prison started to disintegrate, Sakura analyzed and concluded that the clock with root-like designs in the wall was the key to their escape. The Boukengers and Hikaru then utilize the Magi Lamp Buster's Smoky Shining Attack, accompanied by Zubaan, on the clock in the wall. Although this does not damage the clock at all, it causes another root-like clock in the real world to appear. Aka Red orders the other warriors to destroy the clock while he takes care of the villains, transforming into Magi Red and Gao Red respectively, and frightening both Meemy and TsueTsue in the process; for both respective villains, Magi Red and Gao Red were their worst enemies. As Aka Red fights off the villains, the others succeed in freeing the Boukengers and Magi Shine from the alternate dimension.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger

text: As with all previous anniversary series, Boukenger features a team up special featuring five past Sentai members and a new hero, entitled GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai(轟轟戦隊ボウケンジャーVSスーパー戦隊,Gōgō Sentai Bōkenjā tai Sūpā Sentai).

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger

text: The 30 Sentai Encyclopedia(30戦隊大全集,Sanjū Sentai Daizenshū) is a series of featurettes that air at the end of each episode (Task) of Boukenger that honors each of its predecessors in the Super Sentai franchise, starting with Task 4. They looked back at each of the 29 previous teams, referencing various items within the older shows, and later on, wearing the costumes and using other props from the series, such as the "civilian" clothing. After covering themselves, they start a new series of segments called the Special Files(スペシャルファイル,Supesharu Fairu) that cover milestones from the "First Gattai Robo" to the "First Sixth Hero" and then from the "First Multi Gattai" to the "Extra Heroes", playing an insert song from the respective series. The show's final segment (Task 48) covered its successor Juken Sentai Gekiranger.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger

text: "GoGo Sentai Boukenger"(轟轟戦隊ボウケンジャー,Gōgō Sentai Bōkenjā) Lyrics: Yūho Iwasato Composition: Nobuo Yamada Arrangement: Seiichi Kyōda Artist: NoB

title: Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!

text: The series itself is in the "jidaigeki" genre (Japanese for an Edo period drama). The cast of both movies feature actors from the Super Sentai Series' recent programs, primarily from "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger" to "GoGo Sentai Boukenger". As a result, the series' characters would often reference their original characters.

title: Super Sentai

text: 1996: Chōriki Sentai Ohranger: Ohré vs. Kakuranger 1997: Gekisou Sentai Carranger vs. Ohranger 1998: Denji Sentai Megaranger vs. Carranger 1999: Seijuu Sentai Gingaman vs. Megaranger 1999: Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive: Sudden Shock! A New Warrior! 2000: Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive vs. Gingaman 2001: Mirai Sentai Timeranger vs. GoGoFive 2001: Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai 2003: Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger vs. Gaoranger 2004: Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger vs. Hurricaneger 2005: Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger vs. Abaranger 2006: Mahou Sentai Magiranger vs. Dekaranger 2007: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai 2008: Juken Sentai Gekiranger vs. Boukenger 2010: Samurai Sentai Shinkenger Returns 2011: Tensou Sentai Goseiger Returns 2013: Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters Returns vs. Dōbutsu Sentai Go-Busters 2013: Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger: 10 Years After 2014: Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: 100 Years After 2015: Ressha Sentai ToQger Returns 2015: Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger: 10 Years After 2016: Shuriken Sentai Ninninger Returns 2017: Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger Returns: Give Me Your Life! Earth Champion Tournament 2017: Space Squad: Uchuu Keiji Gavan vs. Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger 2017: Uchu Sentai Kyuranger: Episode of Stinger 2018: Uchu Sentai Kyuranger vs. Space Squad 2018: Engine Sentai Go-Onger: 10 Years Grand Prix 2019: Lupinranger VS Patranger VS Kyuranger

title: List of Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger characters

text: Prism Ace is voiced by , who previously voiced Aka Red in "GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai" and "Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger".

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger

text: Episode 18 of Kamen Rider Kabuto showed a short preview for the Boukenger movie, and starting with Task 19, Boukenger showed its own previews. The movie is titled GoGo Sentai Boukenger the Movie: The Greatest Precious(轟轟戦隊ボウケンジャー THE MOVIE 最強のプレシャス,Gōgō Sentai Bōkenjā Za Mūbī Saikyō no Pureshasu), which occurs between Tasks 28 and 29. It was released in theaters on August 5, 2006. A mysterious being called Muse(ミューズ,Myūzu) awakens, announcing the Precious to whoever gets to her first, causing a 5-way confrontation between the Boukengers, Gajya, the Jyaryu, Dark Shadow and the Questers. Even Satoru's father, Kouichi(虹一,Kōichi) is involved. But as Satoru learns while dealing with his father ideals, the prize is more treacherous than the path to it.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: is the V-Cinema's main antagonist. As his name suggests, he has the ability to control time, using a reverse flowing hourglass to revive past Super Sentai villains. He also imprisoned the Boukenger and Magi Shine in a time prison filled with cogs. Although he seems to fit into the theme of the enemies from "Mahou Sentai Magiranger", he's fittingly based on "Mirai Sentai Timeranger"s Providus.

title: Super Sentai

text: Super Sentai has been broadcast in South Korea, dubbed in Korean. The first such series was Choushinsei Flashman which aired as Jigu Bangwidae Flash Man (Earth Defence Squadron Flashman), released in video format in 1989 by the Daeyung Panda video company; this was followed by Hikari Sentai Maskman and Chodenshi Bioman. Throughout the 1990s, Dai Sentai Goggle Five, Dengeki Sentai Changeman, Choujuu Sentai Liveman, and Kousoku Sentai Turboranger were also released in video format. In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tooniverse (formerly Orion Cartoon Network), JEI-TV (Jaeneung Television), Champ TV/Anione TV (Daewon Broadcasting), Cartoon Network South Korea, and Nickelodeon South Korea have broadcast Super Sentai Series a year following their original Japanese broadcast, but have changed the titles to "Power Rangers".[4][5][6] Recently, there have been broadcasts of Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger, Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger, Mahou Sentai Magiranger, GoGo Sentai Boukenger, Juken Sentai Gekiranger, Engine Sentai Go-onger, Tensou Sentai Goseiger, Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger, Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters, Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger, Ressha Sentai ToQger, Shuriken Sentai Ninninger, Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger, and Uchu Sentai Kyuranger under the titles of Power Rangers Dino Thunder, Power Rangers S.P.D., Power Rangers Magic Force, Power Rangers Treasure Force, Power Rangers Wild Spirits, Power Rangers Engine Force, Power Rangers Jungle Force, Power Rangers Miracle Force, Power Rangers Captain Force, Power Rangers Go-Busters, Power Rangers Dino Force, Power Rangers Train Force, Power Rangers Ninja Force, Power Rangers Animal Force, and Power Rangers Galaxy Force respectively. Furthermore, Power Rangers Dino Force has the South Korea-exclusive sequel called Power Rangers Dino Force Brave.

title: Search Guard Successor Foundation

text: is the Boukengers' fourth mecha that appeared in Task 34. It is composed of GoGo Machines 14 through 18 in the . It is the strongest of all of the mecha, and its finisher is the where DaiVoyager's fists spin and punch its opponent with great force. It is nearly 1.4 times taller than DaiBouken (65.5 meters as opposed to 47), and like DaiBouken has a trailer form, (Carrier forms the main body, Roader connects to the front, Fighter goes on top of Carrier's cabin, Attacker goes on top of Fighter, and Commander goes on the end) on which DaiBouken itself can ride. GoGo Voyager is an amphibious battleship that has four sets of . To transform from GoGo Voyager to DaiVoyager, the Boukenger press the Robot button on their Accelulars and then center of the wheel of their Bouken Drivers. In "Boukenger vs. Super Sentai", with the power of Aka Red, DaiVoyager becomes , armed with fiery wings, a blazing chestplate in the style of the Super Sentai Series "V" logo, and crimson fists over GoGo Roader's. Its attacks in this form are and which utilizes the strength of all the Super Sentai teams. In the series finale, GoGo Voyager was used a spacecraft, driven Satoru and Sakura, as they search for Precious in space.

title: NoB

text: In his solo career, he recorded the opening song for the Super Sentai series GoGo Sentai Boukenger and Tensou Sentai Goseiger.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: The Super Sentai warriors and the villains face off, with the Sentai warriors getting the upper hand until Furabiijo from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricanger interferes after "taking a walk". But with all three Sorcerers present and accounted, Chronos fuses them all into the Staff of the Three Philosophers, his intended goal from the start. With the power of the staff, Chronos enabled himself to grow to gigantic proportions with new golden armor. The Boukengers countered with Ultimate DaiBouken and SirenBuilder, but Chronos proved too powerful for both the mecha and were defeated. In a last-ditch effort, the Boukengers summoned DaiVoyager, which was almost defeated by Chronos as well. Aka Red, sensing the danger, came back into the action, becoming a vessel to power up DaiVoyager using the Spirits given by the remaining Super Sentai warriors, enabling DaiVoyager to access its Burning Legend form. Burning Legend DaiVoyager went on to defeat Chronos with the special attack, 30 Super Sentai Soul (an energy attack powered by the Super Sentai warriors of the past), and sent the released sorcerers back into the afterlife. After their victory, the Boukengers and the other Super Sentai warriors return to the SGS headquarters, and then parted ways. The Boukengers, however, would not have time to relax, as they receive another call from Mr. Voice concerning another Negative Syndicate on the move. The movie ends with Aka Red watching over the Earth in outer space, going into a deep sleep until he is needed again.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: is married to Tsubasa's sister, Urara, and is imprisoned with the Boukenger. To power up DaiVoyager, he gave Aka Red the Spirit of Love. No mention is made of his marriage into the Ozu family, as Tsubasa's brother-in-law.

title: List of returning characters in Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

text: Aka Red was originally created for the "GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai" V-Cinema which commemorated the 30th anniversary of the Super Sentai Series. In his appearances in "Gokaiger", his outfit has been updated with the logo for the 35th anniversary.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: AkaRed is voiced by Tohru Furuya.

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: Tomokazu Yoshida reprises his role as Tekkan Aira from "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger".

title: GoGo Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai

text: is now a professional boxer, fighting for the bantamweight championship when Eiji found him. To power up DaiVoyager, he gives Aka Red the Spirit of Courage.


query: Who formed the New Zealand Company?

title: New Zealand Company

text: The New Zealand Company, chartered in the United Kingdom, was a company that existed in the first half of the 1800s on a business model focused on the systematic colonisation of New Zealand. The company was formed to carry out the principles devised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the southern hemisphere. Under Wakefield’s model, the colony would attract capitalists who would then have a ready supply of labour—migrant labourers who could not initially afford to be property owners, but who would have the expectation of one day buying land with their savings.[1]

title: Chelsea Sugar Refinery

text: The "New Zealand Sugar Company" was formed in June 1883 by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, the Victorian Sugar Company, and a number of prominent Auckland businessmen, including Sir Frederick Whitaker, Allan Kerr Taylor, LD Nathan (of Lion Nathan), and AG Horton and JL Wilson (of Wilson & Horton). However, a collapse in the world sugar market in the 1880s led the New Zealand Sugar Company to be re-amalgamated into its parent company Colonial Sugar in 1888. In 1959, the present New Zealand Sugar Company was formed to allow local autonomy. Wilmar International currently own 75% of the New Zealand Sugar Company, and Mackay Sugar own 25%.

title: 253rd Tunnelling Company

text: Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.

title: 178th Tunnelling Company

title: Ansett New Zealand

text: Ansett New Zealand was the result of Ansett Australia's desire to expand into the New Zealand market, enabled by the relaxation of regulation in the aviation sector by the fourth Labour government. Ansett Australia formed a partnership with two New Zealand companies, Brierley Investments and Newmans, the latter being a tourism company which owned the unprofitable Newmans Air. Newmans Air formed the basis for a new expanded airline, the company being Bilmans Management Ltd, operating as Ansett New Zealand. Half its shares (the maximum allowed for a foreign company) were owned by Ansett Australia, with Brierley holding 27.5% and Newmans holding 22.5%. Subsequently, regulations were relaxed still further, and Ansett Australia took full ownership.

title: 181st Tunnelling Company

title: 179th Tunnelling Company

title: 250th Tunnelling Company

title: 184th Tunnelling Company

title: 176th Tunnelling Company

title: 251st Tunnelling Company

title: 252nd Tunnelling Company

title: 171st Tunnelling Company

title: 185th Tunnelling Company

title: NZI

text: NZI or New Zealand Insurance is a major insurance company in New Zealand. NZI was formed in Auckland in 1859 as the New Zealand Insurance Company Ltd and is one of New Zealand's largest and longest-serving fire and general insurance brands. It merged with South British Insurance in 1981; the two companies had been equally matched rivals and were virtually the same size, but with different emphasis on the types of business they held. The new company formed a parent, New Zealand South British Group Ltd, which maintained both brands concurrently before changing to the NZI Corporation in 1984 when the South British brand was phased out. In January 2003 IAG, Insurance Australia Group, purchased NZI when acquiring Aviva's general insurance business, and NZI is now a subsidiary of IAG New Zealand Ltd. Aviva predecessor General Accident bought NZI in 1989. NZI focuses on providing products to the intermediated market; i.e. brokers and banks.

title: 180th Tunnelling Company

title: 255th Tunnelling Company

title: 177th Tunnelling Company

title: New Zealand Company ships

text: The New Zealand Company was a 19th-century English company that played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand. The company was formed to carry out the principles of systematic colonisation devised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the southern hemisphere. Under Wakefield's model, the colony would attract capitalists who would then have a ready supply of labour—migrant labourers who could not initially afford to be property owners, but who would have the expectation of one day buying land with their savings.

title: English diaspora

text:
New Zealand's foundational culture was English, given the strong representation in the mid and late-nineteenth century with the English being the largest in migration inflows.
A 19th-century English company the "New Zealand Company" played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand. The company was formed to carry out the principles of systematic colonisation devised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the southern hemisphere.

title: Canada–New Zealand relations

text: The Canadian and New Zealand Consulates offer advice to New Zealand businesses interested in forming partnerships with Canada, investing in Canada or setting up a business in Canada. In the same way they help to connect Canadian business people who wish to sell their goods and services to New Zealand with potential local partners and assist Canadian companies looking to invest in New Zealand.

title: 175th Tunnelling Company

title: 170th Tunnelling Company

title: Vodafone New Zealand

text: Vodafone New Zealand is a telecommunications company operating in New Zealand; it is a subsidiary of the London-listed company Vodafone Plc. It is New Zealand's largest mobile phone operator, based in Auckland, and was formed in 1998, after Vodafone purchased BellSouth's New Zealand operations. The company employs over 3,000 people and has operations nationwide, with its main offices based in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. The company is part of New Zealand Telecommunications Forum.

title: 254th Tunnelling Company

title: 174th Tunnelling Company

title: 173rd Tunnelling Company

title: 172nd Tunnelling Company

title: 182nd Tunnelling Company

title: 183rd Tunnelling Company