query: Which countries are spanned by the Himalayas?

title: Himalayas

text: The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people,[5] and are spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. Some of the world's major rivers — the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra — rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people. The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the region, helping to keep the monsoon rains on the Indian plain and limiting rainfall on the Tibetan plateau. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of the Indian subcontinent; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism.

title: Manu (Theosophy)

text: In the Ascended Master Teachings, the being C.W. Leadbeater called the "Chakshusha Manu" is referred to as "Lord Himalaya". According to Elizabeth Clare Prophet, "Lord Himalaya" was the teacher of Maitreya when Maitreya incarnated in as one of the first individuals of the new Atlantean root race that was then being progenerated by the "Lord Himalaya" from the Lemurian root race—Maitreya served in the Garden of Eden, which was actually a mystery school of the Great White Brotherhood run by the "Lord Himalaya" that was located in what is now San Diego, California, which was then part of Lemuria.

title: Himalaya TV

text: Himalaya TV currently is producing news and entertainment programs. News is an identity of Himalaya Television, though it has some interesting entertainment programs, too. HTV broadcasts news every hour. Infotainment programs are targeted to all age groups of viewers - musical programs, phone-in programs, folk shows, interviews. etc. Himalaya TV is a television station which has liked by many in a short span of time. Himalayan TV airs interesting programs everyday from 8 to 9 pm.

title: Geography of Afghanistan

text: The Hindu Kush mountains, running northeast to southwest across the country, divide it into three major regions: 1) the Central Highlands, which form part of the Himalayas and account for roughly two thirds of the country's area; 2) the Southwestern Plateau, which accounts for one-fourth of the land; and 3) the smaller Northern Plains area, which contains the country's most fertile soil.

title: Indian Himalayan Region

text: Trans himalaya is created due to the collision with the eurasian plate.This Zone is the Northern most area in the country in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. It is an extension of Tibetan plateau around the Himalayas. The Main Himalayan Ranges are as follows:To the south of the main Himalayas lies the Pir Panjal Range at an average height of . From Gulmarg in the northwest it follows the southern rim of the Kashmir valley to the Banihal Pass. Here the Pir Panjal meets the ridgeline that separates the Kashmir valley from the Warvan Valley. The major passes here in Pir Panjal are the Pir Panjal Pass due west of Srinagar, the Banihal Pass which lies at the top of the Jhelum River at the southern end of the Kashmir valley, and the Sythan Pass linking Kashmir with Kishtwar and Salooni.

title: List of Himalayan topics

text: Geographically, the Himalayan states lie in the Indian subcontinent. The countries and territories include:The main religions in the Himalayas are Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. Some of the important religious places in the Himalayas are:

title: Namita Gokhale

text: Gokhale edited "Travelling In, Travelling Out", a wide-ranging anthology of travel pieces that is a departure from the traditional travel narrative."Himalaya: Adventures, Meditations, Life" co-edited with Ruskin Bond, is also a travel anthology and brings together a dazzling range of voices that spans the entire region:from the foothills to the highest peaks of the Himalayas.

title: Zaskar Range

title: Himalayas

text: Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such.[34] Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region.[34] The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.[43] This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct.

title: Northeast India

text: WWF has identified the entire Eastern Himalayas as a priority Global 200 Ecoregion. Conservation International has upscaled the Eastern Himalaya hotspot to include all the eight states of Northeast India, along with the neighbouring countries of Bhutan, southern China and Myanmar.

title: MTB Himalaya

text: The Hero MTB Himalaya is an annual mountain bike race held in the mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Started in 2005, the race covers nearly 16500 metres of climbing at an average altitude of 2200 meters in a span of 8 days and is one of the toughest MTB stage races in the world . The race is sponsored by Hero Cycles and Himachal tourism .

title: The Himalaya Drug Company

text: The Himalaya Drug Company is a Indian company established by M Manal in 1930 and based in Bangalore, India. It produces health care products under the name "Himalaya Herbal Healthcare" whose products include ayurvedic ingredients. It is spread across locations in India, the United States, the Middle East, Asia and Europe., while its products are sold in 92 countries across the world.

title: The Himalaya Drug Company

text: Founded by M Manal, the Himalaya Drug Company's history began in 1930. Manal, while in the forests of Burma, became interested in the root, ""Rauwolfia serpentina"", which helped pacify elephants. Becoming engrossed in the intriguing effects surrounding the root, Manal went on to studying various herbs, and producing tablets. According to Himalaya Wellness, Manal's motivation and "vision was to bring the traditional science of Ayurveda to society in a contemporary form." Nonetheless, in 1934, Serpina, derived from Rauwolfia serpentina, became "the world's first natural antihypertensive drug". Another product soon became the Himalaya drug company's best selling medicine, Liv. 52. This product, created in 1955, is "a liver formulation that ensures optimum liver function.". In addition, the Himalaya Drug company soon introduced several other products, such as Cystone, Bonnisan and Rumalaya forte. In the 1930s, the company was based in Dehradun, but subsequently it advanced to Mumbai and extended across India. Then, in 1975, it established a factory. in Makali, Bangalore. Finally, in 1991, the company moved its research and development facility to Bangalore. Meraj Manal pioneered the growth of the company in the USA, first with a range of dietary supplements falling in line with the norms of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 in 1996, and then personal care products in 1999, under the brand name Ayurvedic Concepts, that later bloomed into the exquisite Himalaya Herbals. Today, the company has offices across the globe, including India, USA, South Africa and other countries in Europe, the middle east, and Asia.

title: Automotive industry in Mexico

text: Suzuki came to Mexico in 2005 thanks to the free trade agreement between Japan and Mexico in October of that year. The first dealer began by selling two models: Model year 2006 Grand Vitara V6 and the four-door Aerio. The current dealer network consists of 40 agencies spanning the length and breadth of the country. The Grand Vitara is still doing great and inspired Suzuki to import the Swift, which has also been a successful model. As of 2012, Suzuki of México offered a total of five products with many different options: Swift GL MT, GLS MT & GLS AT, SX4 Crossover MT & CVT, SX4 Sedán MT & CVT, Kizashi CVT and Grand Vitara GL AT, Grand Vitara HIMALAYA AT, GLS AT & 4X4 AT.

title: Jaladhar Sen

text: His travelogue titled "হিমালয়" (Himalaya) was an account of his perilous journey to Himalayas, which appeared in Bengali literary periodical "ভারতী" (Bharati) in installments during a span of about two years in 1903-04 while Smt Sarala Debi was the editor. It became extremely popular and sensitized Bengali society. Later it was published as a book in 1916 from Calcutta. This book, later, was included in the list of text books for Calcutta University. "Himalaya" was one of the pioneering literary works written in Bengali in the genre of travelogue, with an account of travel to the Himalayas, and contemporary to "Himaranya" written by Swami Ramananda Bharati describing his experience of travel to Kailsh and Manas Sarovar, published during 1901-02 in the Bengali literary magazine সাহিত্য "Sahitya", and followed by several noted Bengali travelogues writers in later years, such as Uma Prasad Mukhopadhyay, Shanku Maharaj etc. to popularize travel and expedition to Himalayas in Bengali society and psyche.

title: Himalaya TV

text:
Mr. Dharma Raj Bhusal, Chairman of Himalaya Television Network, brings in his rich experience and expertise as the lead figurehead of the group. His work experience and knack of doing business spans back to the year 2006, synthesizing his media exposure to 12 rich years and running. Mr. Dharma specializes in mainstream journalism also and is the reputed Editor-In-Chief of Onlinekhabar.com, Nepal’s No.1 online news portal.
Mr. Shyam Kadel is the Executive Director of Himalaya Television Network. His determined focus and key responsibilities not only takes the organization forward but also makes it a better place to work for the aspiring people of the organization.List of Nepali television stations

title: Indian Military Academy

text: The academy is located in the foothills of the Himalayas, about 8 km west of Dehradun in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand. The campus is on National Highway 72, which separates the North and South Campus. The campus of the academy originally spanned 206 acres which was transferred to the academy along with existing buildings from the Railway Staff College. The academy area is .

title: Namcha Barwa Himal

text: Namcha Barwa Himal, also known as Namjagbarwa syntaxis or Namjagbarwa Group Complex, is the easternmost section of the Himalaya in southeastern Tibet and northeastern India. This section spans 180 km from the headwaters of the Siyom River on the international border NE into Tibet to the canyon of the Yarlung Tsangpo (the Brahmaputra in India), where the Himalaya are said to end, although high ranges actually continue another 300 km east. Major peaks of this section include:

title: Apa Sherpa

text: On April 2012, he successfully led the first expedition to complete the Great Himalaya Trail, a 1,700-kilometre (1,050-mile) trek spanning the entire length of the Nepalese Himalayas. The Great Himalaya Trail is considered to be one of the world's most difficult treks. Sherpa and three companions set off in January on the Climate Smart Celebrity Trek, an expedition promoting tourism and highlighting the effects of climate change. The adventurers set out from the shadow of the world's third-highest peak, Mount Kanchenjunga, in the east and finished at Nepal's border with Tibet in the west, 20 days ahead of schedule. Along the way they traversed some of the world's most rugged landscapes, ascending beyond 6,000 metres (19,600 feet). Dawa Steven Sherpa, a member of the expedition who has climbed Everest twice, said the group found mountain communities that rely on subsistence farming were suffering the effects of climate change.

title: Large Indian civet

text: In Nepal, large Indian civet was recorded up to in the Himalayas, which constitutes the highest altitudinal record in this country.

title: List of Himalayan topics

text: The Himalaya are a vast mountain chain in Asia that span multiple countries, including China and India. The Himalaya contain the highest peaks in the world, Mount Everest and K2. These peaks have been attracting mountaineers from around the world since 1920. The Himalaya are also important in art, literature, and religion.

title: Great Himalaya Trails

text: Great Himalaya Trails (GHT) is a re-brand title for the original ‘The Great Himalaya Trail’. Whereas the original trail was a route across the country from east to west, the new re-brand adds a collection of various trails in the upper and middle districts of Nepal to the original route. The purpose of this re-brand is to open up new trekking products and support inclusive rural development in these areas.

title: Siliguri

text: Siliguri () is a city which spans areas of the Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. The city is located on the banks of the Mahananda River at the foothills of the Himalayas.

title: Madheshi people

text: The word "madhesh" is thought to be derived from the Sanskrit मध्य देश "madhya desh" meaning "middle country", which refers to "the central region, the country lying between the Himalayas and the Vindhya mountains".

title: Pre-collisional Himalaya

text:
Brookfield opposes the model by explaining that in the Lesser Himalaya, thick and well developed strata, younger than Precambrian of age, are absent, while it is very well preserved in Tethyan Himalaya. DeCelles et al. also demonstrated that this model fails to explain the relationship of Greater Himalaya and Lesser Himalaya, along the main central thrust in Nepal. In addition, Spencer et al. achieved contrasting results in the εNd values, revealing a more negative value in Lesser Himalaya compared to both the Greater Himalaya and Tethyan Himalaya, suggesting different sources amongst the sequences. The latter two have values that resemble the Arabian Shield and Eastern Antarctica, which conflict with the Indian Shield source that composes Lesser Himalaya.
This model posits that the Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya were deposited in distinct basins that are separated by the Greater Himalaya complex.

title: Himalaya Kingdom

text: Himalaya kingdom was a mountainous country in Himalayas mentioned in the Puranas. Himavat was its ruler. His daughter Parvati, who became a wife of Lord Siva, was a princess from this kingdom. The Indian epic Mahabharata doesn't mention a kingdom named Himalaya, but mentions many kingdoms in the Himalaya mountains like the Kuninda Kingdom, Parvata Kingdom, Nepa Kingdom, Kirata Kingdom, Kimpurusha Kingdom, Kinnara Kingdom etc.

title: Terai (disambiguation)

text: Terai or Tarāī (Hindi and Nepali: तराई) are plains south of the outermost Siwalik foothills of the Himalayas spanning India, Nepal and Bhutan.

title: Kisan Mehta

text: He conceived and completed "Himalaya Hamara Exhibition" in 1963 at the time of the Sino-Indian War depicting the importance of the Himalaya to India and its people The exhibition, put up in the Cross Maidan near Churchgate and Flora Fountain, was spread on 50,000 sq metres of land and had a model of Himalaya measuring 150 metres by 80 metres and 10 metres high. It was viewed by 2 million visitors in 60 days. While presenting difficulties in defending the snow-clad Himalaya due to the terrain, the Exhibition showed the relevance and value of the Himalaya to India and called upon Indians to raise against the aggression and offer their supreme for the defence of Himalaya, which is an eternal source of spiritual, cultural, religious social values for people of Indian sub-continent.

title: The Himalaya Drug Company

text: Himalaya Herbal Healthcare has a very wide range of products, which include "pharmaceuticals, personal care, baby care, well-being, nutrition and animal health products." The Neem Face Wash is one of their most popular and well known products. Mothercare products have been launched in 2016 with foray into extensive research and development in systems of ancient Ayurveda medicines of India. The company has a presence in 92 countries.

title: SS Himalaya

text:
SS "Himalaya" was a British passenger ship of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, launched in 1948, which operated mainly between Britain and Australia. She was withdrawn from service in 1974 and scrapped the next year.
"Himalaya" was built at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers-Armstrongs and launched 5 October 1948. She had an identical hull and machinery to Orient Lines' Orcades (yard no. 950 to Himalaya's 951), though differing in superstructure and internal layout. She began her service on the Tilbury-Bombay-Australia route in 1949 following her departure from the shipbuilding yard in August. During her commission "Himalaya" underwent a number of improvements the first of which was, although controversial at the time, a funnel cowl to keep the liner's decks clear of debris without interference to the boilers. Following the sale of the Strath Class liners by P&O "Himalaya" (along with Orcades) was converted to allow the transportation of tourist class passengers only.


query: Who was first commander of the Royal Observer Corps?

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: In 1929 the control of the Observer Corps passed from the county police forces to the Air Ministry, although Chief Constables retained responsibility for personnel and recruitment matters. 1 March 1929 saw the establishment of the new Headquarters of the Observer Corps at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge in the west of London, and Air Commodore Edward A D Masterman CB CMG CBE AFC RAF (Rtd) was appointed as the first commandant of the Observer Corps. Air Cdre Masterman held this appointment until his retirement on 1 March 1936, and was succeeded by Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris CG CMG OBE AFC RAF (Rtd), who would lead the Observer Corps through the critical period during the Second World War which saw the RAF emerge bruised but victorious following the Battle of Britain of 1940.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: To help ex-Corps members and their dependants who are in need, to obtain assistance from the Royal Observer Corps Benevolent Fund.[13]

title: RAF Bentley Priory

text: When the Corps' first Commandant Air Commodore Edward Masterman CB CBE AFC RAF(R’td) had stood down in April 1936, Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris CB CMG OBE AFC MiD RAF(R’td) replaced him and took control of the Observer Corps during the important period immediately prior to the Second World War. He oversaw the move of HQ Observer Corps to Bentley Priory and the Corps’ adoption by RAF Fighter Command. He also controlled the Corps during the memorable events of the Battle of Britain and was still at the helm when the Observer Corps was granted the title Royal to become the Royal Observer Corps and became a uniformed branch of the RAF. Warrington-Morris was Mentioned in Despatches in July 1940.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: As a result of their role during the Battle of Britain, in April 1941 the Observer Corps was granted the title Royal by King George VI, and the Royal Observer Corps (ROC) became a uniformed civil defence organisation administered by RAF Fighter Command. Also during that same year, in a change from the policy of the Observer Corps, the ROC undertook to recruit women personnel for the first time. Initially, the only uniforms provided were RAF overalls, (boiler suits), with an ROC breast badge, commonly referred to as the "soup plate" because of its shape and size. Standard issue RAF No.2 Battledress uniforms were issued in a rolling programme over the next two years. For the remainder of the war, the ROC would provide an essential part of Great Britain's air defences.

title: Alfred Warrington-Morris

text: Following his regular military service he became the second Commandant of the Observer Corps and commanded the Corps through its adoption by the Royal Air Force Fighter Command, the crucial operations during the Battle of Britain and the change to the Royal Observer Corps.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: These Seaborne Observers, under the command of Group Commandant C.G. Cooke, undertook specialist training at the Royal Bath Hotel, Bournemouth, prior to being temporarily seconded to the Royal Navy with the rank of Petty Officer (Aircraft Identifier). The Seaborne Observers continued to wear their ROC uniform, but in addition wore a "SEABORNE" shoulder flash and Royal Navy brassard bearing the letters "RN". During the D-day landings, two Seaborne Observers were allocated to all participating US Navy vessels and Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships. The Seaborne Observers assumed control of each ship's anti aircraft batteries with the intention of reducing the previously high incidence of friendly fire (collateral damage), between allied vessels and allied aircraft. The success of the Seaborne Observers in undertaking this role can be measured by a signal sent from Wing Commander P.B. Lucas, Air Staff Officer, who stated that:

title: Frederick Sykes

text: With the outbreak of the First World War, Royal Flying Corps squadrons were deployed to France in August 1914. Although the configuration and effectiveness of the deployed forces owed much to Sykes, as a middle-ranking officer he lacked the seniority thought necessary for command in the field. General Henderson became the General Officer Commanding the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes acted as his Chief of Staff from 5 August 1914. On 22 November 1914, Henderson was appointed General Officer Commanding the 1st Infantry Division and Sykes took up command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field. However, Sykes did not spend long in command. The decision to post Henderson and replace him with Sykes was not to Lord Kitchener's liking and he ordered a reversal of the posting. On 21 December 1914, Henderson resumed command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes was granted the temporary rank of colonel and once again made his Chief of Staff. He was promoted to the substantive rank of brevet lieutenant colonel on 18 February 1915. With the rapid expansion of the Corps, there was a growing debate between those who believed that the Corps should remain under central control and those who hoped that its units could be placed under the control of the corps or divisional commanders. Unsurprisingly as Chief of Staff, Sykes took the former view and following increasing arguments, Sykes was posted on 26 May 1915 being placed at the disposal of the Admiralty.

title: 112th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps

text: In common with other infantry battalions transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, 112's personnel would have continued to wear their Foresters cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, and the regiment continued to add the parenthesis '(Foresters)' after the RAC title. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Claude Lancaster, a Member of Parliament and Reserve officer who had raised 9th Foresters and commanded it at Dunkirk. He was made an Honorary Colonel in the Royal Armoured Corps when his term of command ended.

title: Alfred Warrington-Morris

text:
In 1934 on leaving the Royal Air Force he was employed as the Deputy Commandant of the Observer Corps under Air Commodore Edward Masterman CB CBE AFC RAF (Rtd) at RAF Uxbridge. Between 1935 and 1936 he was appointed Commandant of Southern Area of the Observer Corps during the massive and crucial expansion and development of the Corps during the inter war years.
When Air Commodore Masterman stood down as Commandant ROC in April 1936 Warrington-Morris replaced him and took control of the Observer Corps during the important period immediately prior to the Second World War. He oversaw the move of HQ Observer Corps to RAF Bentley Priory and the Corps' adoption by RAF Fighter Command. He also controlled the Corps during the memorable events of the Battle of Britain and was still at the helm when the Observer Corps was granted the title "Royal" to become the Royal Observer Corps and became a uniformed branch of the RAF. He was Mentioned in Despatches in July 1940.

title: British First World War cavalry generals

text: Edmund Allenby, 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, who started the war as the commander of the Cavalry Division, went on to command the Cavalry Corps, then V Corps, the Third Army, and the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. He was replaced as commander of the Third Army by Julian Byng, 10th (Prince of Wales's Own) Royal Hussars who had previously commanded the Canadian Corps. Hubert Gough of the 16th (The Queen's) Lancers, known before the war for his involvement in the Curragh incident mutiny, started the war as a brigade commander, became the commander of the I Corps, then the Fifth Army. He was replaced by William Birdwood, 12th (Prince of Wales's) Royal Lancers, who had previously commanded the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during the Gallipoli Campaign. Charles Briggs, 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards, commanded the British Salonika Army. William Peyton, 15th (The King's) Hussars, commanded the Western Desert Force during the Senussi Campaign. He later transferred to the Western Front, where he was temporarily commander of the Fifth Army before taking over command of the X Corps.

text: The Royal Observer Corps was a civil defence organisation operating in the United Kingdom between 29 October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down. (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; latterly a serving RAF Air Commodore.

title: Wing commander (rank)

text: The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, Women's Royal Air Force (until 1968), and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (until 1980) was wing officer. The equivalent rank in the Royal Observer Corps (until 1995) was observer commander which had a similar rank insignia.

title: Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)

text: Throughout much of its existence, the British Royal Observer Corps (ROC) maintained a rank of observer lieutenant commander. The ROC wore a Royal Air Force uniform and their rank insignia appeared similar to that of an RAF squadron leader except that the stripes were shown entirely in black. Prior to the renaming, the rank had been known as "observer lieutenant (first class)".

title: Richard Saul

text: Saul was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1891. At the start of the First World War he was a second lieutenant in the Royal Army Service Corps but by 1916 he was a Flying Officer (Observer) with No. 16 Squadron of the Army's Royal Flying Corps. During the war he rose to command No. 4 Squadron and after the armistice he commanded No. 7 Squadron and then No. 12 Squadron. In 1925 he was given command of No. 2 Squadron. A keen sportsman Saul played rugby and hockey for the RAF; in both 1928 and 1932 he was the RAF tennis champion.

title: Commandant Royal Observer Corps

text: The Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps (CROC) was the Royal Air Force commander of the Royal Observer Corps. All the holders of the post were RAF officers in the rank of Air Commodore, initially retired reserve officers then Auxiliary officers and, since the end of World War II, serving officers. The ROC was a uniformed civilian branch initially under the control of the Air Defence of Great Britain organization, then Fighter Command and latterly Strike Command. The Royal Observer Corps existed from 1925 until it was stood down in 1995. Most of the commandants, with only three exceptions, were qualified RAF pilots, two being air navigators and the other a General Duties (Ground) Supply Branch officer. If a Royal Observer Corps officer had ever held the appointment, they would have held the rank of "Observer Commodore".

title: Commandant Royal Observer Corps

text: The organisation had started as the volunteer civilian Observer Corps in 1925 and became the uniformed Royal Observer Corps in 1941 as part of the RAF in recognition of their invaluable services during the Battle of Britain. Despite several attempts by the Home Office in the 1950s, 1960s and the 1980s to take over the organisation and dispense with the RAF uniform the ROC remained part of RAF Fighter Command and later RAF Strike Command until they were stood down in 1995 as a result of the Communist Bloc breaking up and the Cold War nuclear threat on the UK being removed.

title: Edward Masterman

text: Following his retirement as Commandant, Air Commodore Masterman immediately rejoined the Royal Observer Corps as a civilian part-time volunteer with the rank of Observer Captain and served as the ROC's Western Area Commandant between 1937 and 1942, although by special permission of Warrington-Morris, he was permitted to wear his RAF Air Commodore's uniform and rank braid after April 1941 when the Observer Corps became the Royal Observer Corps and part of RAF Fighter Command.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: In 1925, following a Defence Committee initiative undertaken the previous year, the formation of an RAF command concerning the Air Defence of Great Britain led to the provision of a Raid Reporting System, itself delegated to a sub-committee consisting of representatives from the Air Ministry, Home Office and the General Post Office. This Raid Reporting System was to provide for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain, and was eventually to become known as the Observer Corps. The Observer Corps was subsequently awarded the title Royal by His Majesty King George VI in April 1941, in recognition of service carried out by Observer Corps personnel during the Battle of Britain.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: List of Royal Observer Corps / United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation Posts List of ROC Group Headquarters and UKWMO Sector controls AWDREY Commandant Royal Observer Corps Operational instruments of the Royal Observer Corps RAF Bentley Priory Royal Observer Corps Medal Royal Observer Corps Monitoring Post Skywatch march United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation

title: Richard Jordan (RAF officer)

text: On 1 February 1949 Jordan took over the appointment as Commandant Royal Observer Corps at RAF Bentley Priory from Air Commodore the Earl of Bandon. In April 1949 Jordan was additionally appointed Aide de Camp to King George VI. Jordan was Commandant ROC when, on 1 March 1950 the Air Officer Commanding in Chief, RAF Fighter Command assumed direct administrative control of the Corps. Under this change Headquarters Royal Observer Corps continued to operate in its existing form but assumed a status that was comparable with that of a Fighter Command group headquarters.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: The Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps was a Royal Air Force officer with the rank of Air Commodore. With only three exceptions, (two Navigators and one General Duties (Ground) Supply Branch officer), all Commandants ROC were RAF pilots with extensive service records and previous command appointments. Had an ROC officer been appointed to the post of Commandant ROC they would have held the rank of Observer Commodore, although no such appointment was ever made.

title: Joseph T. McNarney

text: During the Chateau Thierry offensive he both commanded the 1st Corps Observation Group and served as chief of the III Corps' air service. After two weeks staff duty assisting in the organization of the new First Army Air Service in August, he commanded the IV Corps Observation Group during the St. Mihiel offensive and the V Corps Observation Group during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. With the formation of the Second Army Air Service in October 1918, he became Air Service officer to the VI Corps and later commanded the VI Corps Observation Group to February 1919, when he became commanding officer of the Second Army Observation Group. In April 1919 McNarney was attached to the American Expeditionary Force Headquarters in Paris to write a manual on air observation and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in May.

title: Royal Observer Corps

text: The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation intended for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain. It operated in the United Kingdom between 29 October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down. (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; latterly a serving RAF Air Commodore.

title: Cliff Spink

text: Spink also served as the last but one Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps, from 1993 until 1995. Spink remains the honorary President of the Royal Observer Corps Association. He is a Vice-Patron of the Royal Air Force Halton Apprentices Association Old Haltonians.

title: First Army Corps (Spanish–American War)

text: In July 1898, First Division of the First Army Corps (division numbers were not unique in this era) was assigned to the Puerto Rico expedition. On July 23, General Brooke was relieved by Major General James F. Wade, who in turn relinquished command to Brigadier General Royal T. Frank; on August 2, General Frank relinquished command to Major General Joseph C. Breckinridge. (Many accounts claim that First Corps led the invasion of Puerto Rico (as the Fifth had done at Santiago), but the troops under Brooke were the only element of the corps to take part in the expedition, which was headed by the Army's commanding general, Nelson A. Miles and included troops led by generals Guy Vernon Henry and Theodore Schwan who commanded the First Divisions of the Fourth and Seventh corps.)

title: Lieutenant commander

title: Cliff Spink

text: Air Marshal Clifford Rodney Spink, (born 17 May 1946) is a retired senior Royal Air Force officer, who is now a Spitfire display pilot on the national air display circuit. The first Spitfire he ever flew belonged to the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, during his tenure as Station Commander of RAF Coningsby. He also served as the 23rd Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps, the last but one officer to hold the post.

title: RAF Fighter Command

text: As a direct result of their efforts during the Battle of Britain the Observer Corps was granted the title Royal by King George VI and became a uniformed volunteer branch of the RAF from April 1941 for the remainder of its existence, retitled the Royal Observer Corps (ROC). The corps would continue as a civilian organisation but wearing a Royal Air Force uniform and administered by Fighter Command.

text: The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation operating in the United Kingdom between October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down. (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; a serving RAF Air Commodore.

title: Edward Masterman

text: Between 1 March 1929 when he retired from the RAF and 1 April 1936, Masterman was the Commandant of the Observer Corps and was the first former RAF officer to hold this appointment. Headquarters Royal Observer Corps was located at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge, only relocating to RAF Bentley Priory after Masterman retired. He was succeeded as Commandant Observer Corps by Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris.


query: When was the Smithsonian Institute founded?

title: Smithsonian Institution

text: The Smithsonian Institution (/smɪθˈsoʊniən/ smith-SOH-nee-ən), established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.[1] The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson.[2] Originally organized as the "United States National Museum," that name ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967.[3]

title: The Cactaceae

text: Nathaniel Lord Britton was a Columbia University geology and biology professor who left the university in 1895 to become the founding director of the New York Botanical Garden. Much of his own field work was done in the Caribbean. Joseph Nelson Rose was an authority on several plant families, including parsley (Apiaceae) and cacti (Cactaceae). He had been a plant curator at the Smithsonian since 1896, and while working there he made several field trips to Mexico, collecting specimens for the Smithsonian and for Britton's newly founded New York Botanical Garden. Together, Britton and Rose published many articles on the stonecrop family (Crassulaceae) before embarking in 1904 on research leading towards "The Cactaceae". With the support of Douglas T. MacDougal, director of the Carnegie Institution for Science's Desert Botanical Laboratory, the Carnegie Institution agreed to fund the project. Rose took a leave of absence from the Smithsonian to pursue it, and both Rose and Britton were named Carnegie Institution Research Associates in 1912, when more focused work on the project began. Between 1912 and 1916 Rose and Britton did extensive field work, collecting specimens and touring the botanical gardens and notable collections of Europe, the Caribbean, and North, Central, and South America.

title: Smithsonian Libraries

text: The original library was founded by an Act of Congress on August 10, 1846, when the Smithsonian Institution was named a trust instrumentality of the United States. The Act created a Board of Regents for the Institution, and called for a building to house a museum with geological and mineralogical cabinets, a chemical laboratory, a gallery of art, lecture rooms, and a library.

title: Smithsonian Institution

text: The Institution publishes Smithsonian magazine monthly and Air & Space magazine bimonthly. Smithsonian was the result of Secretary of the Smithsonian S. Dillon Ripley asking the retired editor of Life magazine Edward K. Thompson to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian Institution is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested."[75] Another Secretary of the Smithsonian, Walter Boyne, founded Air & Space.[76][77]

text: The Conservation and Research Center was founded in 1974 when the director of the National Zoo, Dr. Theodore Reed, recognized the need for a captive breeding facility and initiated negotiations to obtain the land. The title was transferred to the Smithsonian in 1975, and work was begun immediately on developing the site into a zoological research facility.

title: National Museum of Natural History

text: The United States National Museum was founded in 1846 as part of the Smithsonian Institution. The museum was initially housed in the Smithsonian Institution Building, which is better known today as the Smithsonian Castle. A formal exhibit hall opened in 1858. The growing collection led to the construction of a new building, the National Museum Building (known today as the Arts and Industries Building). Covering a then-enormous , it was built in just 15 months at a cost of $310,000. It opened in March 1881.

title: Smithsonian Research Online

text: Smithsonian Research Online is a database of bibliographic citations and full texts of publications by Smithsonian Institution scholars. It is managed by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Access to the database is free.

title: Smithsonian (magazine)

text: The history of "Smithsonian" began when Edward K. Thompson, the retired editor of "Life" magazine, was asked by the then-Secretary of the Smithsonian, S. Dillon Ripley, to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian [Institution] is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested."

title: George B. Field

text: Field worked on plasma oscillations and later became interested in cosmology. In 1973 he became the founding director of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, an innovative organizational structure that unified the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (a government agency) and the Harvard College Observatory (a private institution) under a single management. Field served as director until 1982, when he was succeeded by Irwin I. Shapiro.

title: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

text:
Smithsonian scientists first came to Panama during the construction of the Panama Canal from 1904 to 1914.
The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Doolittle Walcott, reached an agreement with Federico Boyd to conduct a biological inventory of the new Canal Zone in 1910, and this survey was subsequently extended to include all of Panama. Thanks largely to their efforts, the governor of the Canal Zone declared Barro Colorado Island (BCI) a biological reserve in 1923, making it one of the earliest biological reserves in the Americas. During the 1920s and 1930s BCI, in Gatun Lake, became an outdoor laboratory for scientists from U.S. universities and the Smithsonian Institution. By 1940, when BCI was designated the Canal Zone Biological Area (CZBA), more than 300 scientific publications had described the biota of BCI. In the Government Reorganization Act of 1946, BCI became a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) was created in 1966.

title: Hidden Expedition

text: "Hidden Expedition: Smithsonian Castle" is the eighth game in the series. The Collector's Edition of the game was released on December 24, 2014 for PC and Mac, and later also made available for iOS and Android. It is the second game in the series developed in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution. The adventure takes us back to the Smithsonian to uncover a mystery that dates all the way back to the founding of the institution. You will have to dig deep into Smithsonian’s history to find the answers to the unusual and mysterious events of the present.

title: Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series

text: The Smithsonian Institution began publishing consolidated compilations of quarto-sized papers in 1848, under the name "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge". In 1862 octavo-sized papers called "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" were added, followed by the monographic "Bulletin of the United States National Museum" in 1875, and the compiled "Proceedings of the United States National Museum" in 1878. "Annual Reports" of Smithsonian Institution administrative and scholarly achievements, and accessions to the collections, began issuing in 1881, with accession and donor information being split off in 1993 as the "Annals of the Smithsonian Institution".

title: List of space artifacts in the Smithsonian Institution

text: The List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution includes aircraft exhibited in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, and the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility. The Smithsonian Institution's collection of aircraft and spacecraft is the largest on display in the world.Opened in 2003, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, located near Washington Dulles International Airport in Fairfax County, Virginia, features thousands of artifacts for which insufficient space could be found for display in the Museum's National Mall building. The James S. McDonnell Space Hangar, opened in 2004, is incorporated into the Udvar-Hazy Center.

title: William J. Hough

text: Quoting from archives: "These papers consist of Hough's correspondence with David Dale Owen concerning the selection of stones for the Smithsonian Building and an original proposal for the Smithsonian Building from the architect, James Renwick, Jr. They also contain notes regarding the 1846 founding of the Smithsonian Institution; a report by the Smithsonian Building Committee; notes from contractors; and an 1863 newspaper article about the Smithsonian Building. (The New York Observer, January 29, 1863)

title: Marinduque

text: One of these artifacts also found its way into the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. (Catalogue No. A127996-0, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution). These fragile jarlets traveled from China to the pre-colonial Philippines. Buried in a cave in Marinduque for centuries, excavated in the late 19th century, brought to Paris and eventually one ended up at the Smithsonian Institution museum.

title: Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center

text: This Smithsonian Institution research program was founded with Congressional support in 1991, and was incorporated in 1997 as part of the National Zoological Park, located in Washington, D.C.; it came under the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, established in 2010.

text:
Conservation and restoration at the Smithsonian Institution deals with the care of the 138 million artifacts located in the collections of Smithsonian Institution. Work is conducted by one research center, the Museum Conservation Institute (MCI), and by conservators at the Smithsonian's museums, galleries, zoo. Smithsonian conservators provide myriad services to their units, including exhibit preparation of the museum collection and loan objects, advising on object care, training for future generations of conservationists, engaging in routine preventive care on a daily basis, conducting research projects related to the collections, and examining objects for evidence of manufacturing techniques and previous restorations
All conservation labs collectively further the mission of the Smithsonian Institution, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded in 1846 the Smithsonian is the world's largest museum and research complex, consisting of 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and nine research facilities.

title: P-Funk Mothership

text: The Mothership found a new home in 2011 when the Smithsonian Institution acquired it. The concert prop started as a symbol of "what could be", and with its place in the Smithsonian, the Mothership has continued its legacy. It is now located in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture.

title: Smithsonian Affiliations

text: In 1996, during his second year as Secretary, Heyman observed several challenges facing the Institution. Closely aligned with the announcements presented by the "Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution" in 1993, Heyman was faced with the challenges of dwindling storage for expanding collections, decreasing funds, and the need to reinforce the Smithsonian's identity as the nation's museum. In addition, the Institution began to see increased interest from outside museums for partnerships and loans of artifacts that extended beyond standing practices. Although collaborative agreements in the form of traveling exhibitions, joint exhibition sponsorship, and loans had been entered in the past by different Smithsonian museums, no infrastructure existed to provide institution-wide oversight and coordination of such partnerships. Heyman responded to these challenges by creating the Smithsonian Affiliations program to oversee and manage collections-based partnerships with other museums. As stated by the minutes from the Smithsonian Board of Regents meeting housed in the Smithsonian Institution Archives, the program was formally approved by the Board of Regents on September 15, 1996.

title: Smithsonian Folkways

text: In February 2005, Smithsonian Folkways launched Smithsonian Global Sound, an online MP3 music store, similar to programs such as Apple's iTunes. The entire collection was made available online, at the cost of $0.99 per track. Smithsonian Folkways pays royalties to all the artists (and if the artists cannot be found, the money is put in escrow). The purpose of the brand name Smithsonian Global Sound has been altered to provide the entire collection online for streaming for subscribing institutions, such as universities, via the Smithsonian Global Sound for Libraries service, a co-production with Alexander Street Press.

title: Smithsonian Institution

text: Archives of American Art California State Railroad Museum[62] Carrie Bow Marine Field Station (Natural History Museum) Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (Air and Space Museum) Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Marine Station at Fort Pierce (Natural History Museum) Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (National Zoo) Museum Conservation Institute Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the associated Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (National Zoo) Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Institution Archives[63] Smithsonian Libraries Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press Smithsonian Latino Center[64] Smithsonian Provenance Research Initiative (SPRI)[65] Smithsonian Science Education Center[66] Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panamá) Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

title: Woodrow Wilson Awards

text: The Woodrow Wilson Center is a research body kim belonging to the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute and associated museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its shops and its magazine. Most of its facilities are located in Washington, D.C., but its 19 museums, zoo, mental hospitals and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama, and elsewhere. It has over 142 million items in its collections. Other research institutions alongside the Woodrow Wilson Center are the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the associated Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Carrie Bow Marine Field Station, Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Center For Earth and Planetary Studies, Conservation and Research Center, Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Migratory Bird Center, Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries.

title: Richard Kurin

text: In 2015, David Skorton became Secretary of the Smithsonian and with the approval of the Board of Regents, the White House, and then Congress in 2016, reorganized its senior management, instituting the position of Provost. Kurin was appointed Acting Provost and Under Secretary for Museums, continuing to oversee all of the History, Art, and Culture museums and programs, but subsuming those formerly overseen by the Under Secretary for Science. Kurin became responsible for the National Air and Space Museum and its Stephen-Udvar Hazy Center, National Museum of Natural History, National Zoological Park and its Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. He also assumed oversight of the Office of Fellowships & Internships, Museum Conservation Institute, National Collections Program, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and Smithsonian Scholarly Press.

title: Robert Dale Owen

text: As a U.S. Congressman, Owen introduced federal legislation that founded the Smithsonian Institution in 1846. He was also a member of the Smithsonian Institution's first Board of Regents and its Building Committee. His vision for the Smithsonian Institution Building, along with the preliminary plans and suggestions made by his brother, David Dale Owen, and architect Robert Mills, influenced architect James Renwick Jr.'s design for the Romanesque Revival-style building in Washington, D.C.

text: The Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) is a unit of the Smithsonian Institution located on a campus located just outside the town of Front Royal, Virginia. An extension of the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., the SCBI has played a leading role in the fields of veterinary medicine, reproductive physiology and conservation biology since its founding in 1974.

title: Smithsonian Institution

text: List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Ocean Portal 3773 Smithsonian

title: Smithsonian Folkways

text: Smithsonian Folkways is the nonprofit record label of the Smithsonian Institution. It is a part of the Smithsonian's Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, located at Capital Gallery in downtown Washington, D.C. The label was founded in 1987 after the family of Moses Asch, founder of Folkways Records, donated the entire Folkways Records label to the Smithsonian. The donation was made on the condition that the Institution continue Asch's policy that each of the more than 2,000 albums of Folkways Records remain in print forever, regardless of sales. Since then, the label has expanded on Asch's vision of documenting the sounds of the world, adding six other record labels to the collection, as well as releasing over 300 new recordings. Some well-known artists have contributed to the Smithsonian Folkways collection, including Pete Seeger, Ella Jenkins, Woody Guthrie, and Lead Belly. Famous songs include "This Land Is Your Land", "Goodnight, Irene", and "Midnight Special." Due to the unique nature of its recordings, which include an extensive collection of traditional American music, children's music, and international music, Smithsonian Folkways has become an important collection to the musical community, especially to ethnomusicologists, who utilize the recordings of "people's music" from all over the world.

title: Robert Dale Owen

text: While serving as a member of Congress, Owen introduced and helped to secure passage of the bill that founded the Smithsonian Institution in 1846. Owen was appointed to the Smithsonian Institution's first Board of Regents and chaired its Building Committee, which oversaw the construction of the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D.C., and recommended James Renwick, Jr. as architect, James Dixson and Gilbert Cameron as the contractors, and the Seneca Quarry for its distinct, dark-red sandstone.

title: Eva J. Pell

text: Pell worked for Penn State for 36 years before leaving to work as the Under Secretary for Science at the Smithsonian Institution on Jan. 4, 2010. In her role at the Smithsonian, she oversaw the operations of the National Museum of Natural History; the National Air and Space Museum; the National Zoo and its Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Va.; the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass.; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.; the Smithsonian's Museum Conservation Institute in Suitland, Md.; and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.

title: Smithsonian Institution Archives

text: The Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA) is the archives of the Smithsonian Institution. SIA is located in Washington, D.C., United States, and maintains the archives related to the history of the 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, 9 research facilities, and the people of the Smithsonian.


query: What river runs through the Rhone valley?

title: Rhône

text: At Martigny, where it receives the waters of the Drance on its left bank, the Rhône makes a strong turn towards the north. Heading toward Lake Geneva, the valley narrows, a feature that has long given the Rhône valley strategic importance for the control of the Alpine passes. The Rhône then marks the boundary between the cantons of Valais (left bank) and Vaud (right bank), separating the Valais Chablais and Chablais Vaudois. It enters Lake Geneva near Le Bouveret.

title: Col de Clapier

text: The Col de Clapier is considered a possible route for Hannibal's famous passage through the Alps on his journey from the Rhone (in French, "Rhône") river valley to Italy.

title: Martigny

text: Martigny lies at an elevation of , about south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the left foothills of the steep hillsdies of the Rhone Valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps, and is located at the point where the southwestern-flowing Rhone turns ninety degrees northward and heads toward (Lake Geneva). The river La Drance flows from the southern Valais Alps (Wallis) through Martigny and joins the Rhone from the left just after Rhone's distinctive, almost rectangular change in direction.

title: Turtmann-Unterems

text: Before the merger, Turtmann had an area, , of . Of this area, 46.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 36.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 14.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and 3.2% is unproductive land. It was located in the Leuk district, south of the Rhone river down in the Rhone valley at the entrance to the Turtmann valley. It consists of the village of Turtmann and the hamlets of Tännu and Ried.

title: Sorgues

text: It is also the name of a river running through the area. The Sorgues River is a tributary of the Rhone which begins at the Fontaine de Vaucluse.

title: Anglefort

text: The Rhone river runs south along the eastern border of the commune and Le Verdet stream flows from the north to the south of the commune into the Rhone.

title: Reckingen-Gluringen

text: Reckingen lies on both sides of the Rhone river. It consists of three loosely interconnected settlements. Gluringen is on the north flank of the Rhone valley.

title: Gauldal

text: Gauldal or Gauldalen () is a valley and traditional district in Trøndelag county, Norway. The river Gaula runs through the long valley from the Røros mountains near the lake Aursunden to the Trondheimsfjorden. The narrow valley runs northwards from Røros to the Haltdalen area where it widens some and turns and heads generally to the west to the village of Støren. At Støren it turns again and heads north through what is now a wide, agricultural valley until it reaches the sea just south of the city of Trondheim. The Rørosbanen and Dovrebanen railway lines follow the Gauldalen valley on their way to Trondheim. The European route E06 highway and the Norwegian County Road 30 also follow the valley.

title: Kander (Switzerland)

text: Between Mülenen and Kandersteg, the river is followed by the Lötschberg railway line on its climb to the northern portal of the Lötschberg tunnel, which passes under the Gastertal on its way to Brig and the Rhone Valley. A road also follows the valley to Kandersteg and beyond into the Gastertal, but unlike the railway this is a dead-end, with no through road route across the mountains.

title: Dorlay

text: The Dorlay is a French river that flows through the Loire department. It is a tributary of the Gier, which in turn is a tributary of the Rhone. The Gier valley was formerly heavily industrialized with coal and iron mines and factories.

title: Col de Montgenèvre

text: The Col de Montgenèvre is considered a possible route for Hannibal's famous passage through the Alps on his journey from the Rhone (in French, Rhône) river valley to Italy.

title: Ticino (river)

text: Val Bedretto, a narrow alpine valley named after the village of Bedretto, culminates in Nufenen Pass, Italian Passo della Novena, at located between Pizzo Gallina and Nufenstock. Through it runs the border between the cantons of Valais and Ticino. A road constructed in 1964 goes over the pass ultimately leading to the Rhone river valley on the other side. French is mainly spoken in Valais but near the pass German is spoken. The population of Ticino speaks Italian.

title: Ariovistus

text: Caesar does not say what the cause of the conflict was, but the Sequani controlled access to the Rhine river along the valley of the Doubs. To that end, they had gradually built up an "oppidum", or fortified town, at Vesontio. Tradesmen headed up the Rhone and its tributary the Saône (the ancient Arar) could not pass the Doubs at Vesontio without coming to terms with the Sequani, and no one could pass from the Rhine to the Rhone but on similar terms. The east of the entire great channel is bordered by the Jura mountains and the west by the Massif Central. Vesontio is from that stretch of the Rhine between Mulhouse and Basel.

title: Andance

text: The commune has the Rhone as its entire eastern border with the "Ruisseau de L'Ecoutay", the "Ruisseau du Creux", the "Ruisseau de Cueil", and numerous other streams flowing through the commune to the Rhone. The Conce river forms the southern border of the commune and also flows into the Rhone.

title: Obergoms

text: The municipality of Obergoms occupies the uppermost reaches of the valley of the Rhone, extending up to and including the Rhone glacier that feeds the river. It is surrounded on all but its downstream boundary by high mountains, and forms the junction of routes over the Grimsel, Furka, Nufenen and the Gries Passes, as well as the lower level route down the Rhone valley towards Brig. With the exception of the Gries Pass, which is traversed only by a track, all these passes carry paved roads. The Furka–Oberalp railway line also passes through the municipality, with its current route entering the western portal of the Furka Base Tunnel at Oberwald, whilst its earlier route, now preserved as a heritage railway, passes over the Furka Pass.

title: Turtmann

text: The former municipality is located in the Leuk district, south of the Rhone river down in the Rhone valley at the entrance to the Turtmann valley. It consists of the village of Turtmann and the hamlets of Tännu and Ried.

title: Overdeepening

text: Geologists apply the term overdeepening to one phenomenon other than glacial overdeepening - the dramatic river valley downcutting which can occur when the sea into which it discharges dries out. In what is referred to as the Messinian salinity crisis the Mediterranean Sea basin was geologically separate from the Atlantic ocean. Evaporation dropped the sea level by over 1000 meters at the mouth of the Rhone River and 2,500 meters at the mouth of the Nile River, resulting in overdeepening of these valleys. The Nile cut its bed down to several hundred feet below sea level far upstream at Aswan, and 8,000 feet (2,500 m) below sea level just north of Cairo.

title: Hérémence

text: The municipality is located in the Hérens district, on the left side of the Borgne and the Dixence rivers. The village of Hérémence is at the confluence of the two rivers. It includes the entire Dixence valley, which is one of the side valleys off the main Rhone valley. It consists of the village of Hérémence and the hamlets of Ayer, Euseigne, Mâche, Pralong, Riod and Cerise.

title: Beaucaire, Gard

text: The Rhône river forms the whole eastern border of the commune as it flows south to join the sea at Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône. The river is also the departmental border between Gard and Bouches-du-Rhône. The Canal du Rhône à Sète passes through the commune from Saint-Gilles in the south-west and joins the Rhone in the town. A waterway called "Laune de Pillet", a branch of the Rhone, cuts through the commune parallel to the Rhone forming the "Ile de Pillet". There is an extensive network of irrigation canals covering most of the farmland.

title: Audnedalen

text: Audnedalen is the shortest of the six main north-south valleys in Vest-Agder county, Norway. The long river valley runs through the municipalities of Audnedal and Lindesnes. The river Audna runs through the valley, ending in Snigsfjorden in the south. The valley floor is flat and the sides are relatively steep. Since it is a rather short valley, it does not reach into the high moorland like other such valleys in the county.

title: Mandalen

text: Mandalen is a river valley in Vest-Agder county, Norway. The long valley runs from the lake Øre in Åseral municipality south through the municipality of Marnardal and it ends at the sea at the town of Mandal in Mandal municipality in the south. The river Mandalselva runs through the valley. The side valleys are Ljoslandsdalen and Lognadalen.

title: Obergoms

text: The next settlement up the Rhone valley is Obergesteln, which is located on a terminal moraine of the Rhone glacier in the Rhone valley, at an elevation of . Obergesteln is overlooked by the mountains of the Sidelhorn, to the north, and the Pizzo Gallina, to the south.

title: Valserine

text: The river Valserine is a tributary of the Rhone that flows for from the Col de la Faucille in the Jura Mountains to its confluence with the Rhone at Bellegarde-sur-Valserine. The Valserine valley has great charm and includes the "Pont-des-Pierres" that spans the river between Montanges and Mulaz, and the pertes de la Valserine, a canyon in which during the dry season the Valserine runs underground.

title: Saint-Vallier, Drôme

text: The town is situated on the bank of the River Rhone, north of Valence. The River Galaure flows northwest through the southern part of the commune, crosses the town, then flows into the Rhone, which forms the commune's western border.

title: Cèze

text: The Cèze is a French river, a tributary of the Rhone. It runs through the departments of Lozère and Gard in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Its source is in the Cévennes mountains, near Saint-André-Capcèze. It flows through Bessèges, Saint-Ambroix, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, and it flows into the Rhone at Codolet, southwest of Orange.

title: Bybrook River

text: The Bybrook is situated roughly in the centre of the River Avon catchment. In recent geological history, the Bybrook was the headwaters of the Avon; drainage to the south, east, and north of its catchment being to the headwaters of the River Thames. Then a major shift along a fault line captured these waters for the River Avon, the sudden increase in water-cut gorges through what is now Bristol and Bath exposing deep springs, including Bath's hot springs. This also caused the Bybrook to run deeper and steeper, creating the valley it now runs through, and leaving it as a minor tributary of the larger river.

title: West Hesse Depression

text: As the Cainozoic era began, the West Hesse Depression emerged as part of a great rift valley from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea; the Mediterranean-Mjøsa Zone. This zone is a succession of grabens that run from the Rhone Valley through the Rhine Rift, the Wetterau and the Gießen Basin, below the Vogelsberg foothills to the Amöneburg Basin, and from there over the Neustadt Saddle in the West Hesse Depression and continuing along the Leine Graben to the Oslo Rift valley.

title: History of Provence

text: To connect these towns and to allow the easy movement of Roman armies between Italy and Spain or up the Rhone Valley, Roman engineers constructed a series of new roads, solidly built and regularly maintained. The oldest was the Via Domitia, built in 118 BC, which went all the way from the Col de Montgenèvre, the easiest crossing point of the Alps, through Sisteron, Apt and Cavaillon to Tarascon on the Rhone River, and then along the coast to Narbonne and to Spain. The Via Aurelia ran from Italy to the Rhone Valley, passing through Cimiez, Fréjus, and Aix. The Via Agrippa ran up the Rhone Valley from Arles to Lyon, through Avignon, Orange, and Valence. It was completely rebuilt six times during the high Roman Empire.

title: Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon

text: Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon was a hospital of historical significance situated on the west bank of the Rhone river, on the "Presque-isle" (the Peninsula between the Saône and Rhone rivers which run through the city center). It has been out of use since 2010.

title: History of Provence

text: In 412, the Visigoths of Alaric, after capturing Rome itself and the death of their leader, passed through Provence on their way to Aquitaine and Spain, and occupied the entire region between the Atlantic and the Rhone. They unsuccessfully attacked Arles in 425, 452, and 458. But Roman power could no longer defend Provence. An army of Burgundians swept down the Rhone Valley as far as Valence and the valley of the Durance River. In 471 An army of Visigoths led by Euric defeated the army of the Roman Emperor Anthemius. The valley of the lower Rhone was ravaged by the Visigoths, and Arles was threatened with famine. In 476 the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire was deposed in Ravenna, and Euric entered Arles and Marseille without a battle.

title: Classic rally

text: In the 1960s and 70s more than half of the competitive distance on the classic rallies was run at night. For example, Monte Carlo Rally had long sections running through the Chartreuse mountains between Chambéry and Grenoble before crossing the Rhone valley and continuing in what was often the deeply snowbound and ice covered Ardeche, all in the same night.


query: When did the American Football League end?

title: American Football League

text: The American Football League (AFL) was a major professional American football league that operated for ten seasons from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the older National Football League (NFL). The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence. It was more successful than earlier rivals to the NFL with the same name, the 1926, 1936 and 1940 leagues, and the later All-America Football Conference (which existed between 1944 and 1950 but only played between 1946 and 1949).

title: Association of Professional Football Leagues

text: In the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor, every American professional league was at a crossroads as the American entry into World War II meant that the number of men available to play football would be greatly diminished. The NFL and PCPFL opted to continue; the AA and Dixie League suspended operations after planning to continue play after the end of the war (the third AFL made a similar decision, but did not return).

title: Soccer in the United States

text: Early soccer leagues in the U.S. mostly used the name "football", for example: the AFA (founded in 1884), the American Amateur Football Association (1893), the American League of Professional Football (1894), the National Association Foot Ball League (1895), and the Southern New England Football League (1914). Common confusion between the terms "American football" and "association football" eventually led to a more domestic widespread use of the term "soccer" with regard to association football. Originally seen as a British slang term for "association", the use of "soccer" began appearing in the late 1910s and early 1920s. A noticeable example was the American Soccer League (ASL), which formed in 1919. The governing body of the sport in the U.S. did not have the word "soccer" in its name until 1945 when it became the United States Soccer Football Association. It did not drop the word "football" from its name until 1974, when it became the United States Soccer Federation, often going simply as U.S. Soccer.

title: History of association football

text: Early football leagues in the U.S. mostly used the name football leagues: for example, the American Football Association (founded in 1884), the American Amateur Football Association (1893), the American League of Professional Football (1894), the National Association Foot Ball League (1895), and the Southern New England Football League (1914). However, the word "soccer" was beginning to catch on, and the St Louis Soccer League was a significant regional competition between 1907 and 1939. What is now the United States Soccer Federation was originally the U.S. Football Association, formed in 1913 by the merger of the American Football Association and the American Amateur Football Association. The governing body of the sport in the U.S. did not have the word soccer in its name until 1945, when it became the U.S. Soccer Football Association. It did not drop the word football from its name until 1974, when it became the U.S. Soccer Federation.

title: Hammond, Indiana

text: Hammond was defeated by the team from Taipei, Taiwan in the 1972 Little League World Series.The Hammond Pros was one of the earliest professional football teams in the United States. When the American Professional Football League was formed in 1920, the Hammond Pros was a charter member, as it also was when the league changed its name to National Football League in 1922. However, four years later, when the NFL decided to reduce the number of teams, it did so by simply folding smaller franchises. The Hammond Pros never played a home game in Hammond.

title: Connacht Senior Cup (association football)

text:
Between 1981–82 and 1999–2000, when the Connacht Senior League, was active the Connacht Senior Cup featured the members of the CSL and the champions of four junior leagues based in the province – the Galway & District League, the Sligo-Leitrim League, the Mayo Association Football League and the Roscommon & District League. Junior sides did well and featured in the first ten finals, winning four of them. In later seasons there were two more junior winners but all-Connacht Senior League finals became more common. The competition ended when the Senior league ended in 2000. During this era teams from the CSL also played in a separate league cup competition known as the Connacht Senior League Challenge Cup.
In 2007 a second Connacht Senior Cup was launched. This featured the top two teams from the Galway & District League, the Sligo-Leitrim League, the Mayo Association Football League and the Roscommon & District League plus the Connacht teams that played in the League of Ireland.

title: American Football League (1940)

text: The organization was the third major league to bear the name American Football League. Its establishment resulted in the dissolution of the American Professional Football Association, which had just announced its intentions to compete with the NFL as a major league organization. In 1941 American Football League became the first football league to play a double round robin schedule (five home games and five away games). However, it folded after the end of the 1941 season.

title: Shawn Willis

text: Shawn Willis (born September 30, 1983) was an American football fullback who last played for San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League (AFL). He did not see any playing time in his lone season with the team (2007); he did, however, win an AFL Championship when the SaberCats defeated the Columbus Destroyers in ArenaBowl XXI at the end of the season. Willis was placed on the team's injured reserve list on February 18, 2008; he was waived by the SaberCats five days later.

title: Disston A.A.

text: The early history of the team is obscure, but it spent several years in local Philadelphia amateur and semi-professional leagues. In 1910, it began winning a string of league and cup titles beginning with the American Cup. From 1910 to 1912, they played in the Football Association of Philadelphia, winning two championships. They played the 1913-1914 season in the Allied American Football Association of Philadelphia. They then played in the American Soccer League of Philadelphia in 1915-1916, winning the league title, before moving to the National League of Philadelphia for the 1916-1917 season. In 1917, Disston A.A. went professional when it entered the National Association Football League . The loss of players to military service in World War I led to the collapse of several leagues and teams. While Disston did not end operations, in 1918 it did leave the NAFBL for a season. That year, it also won the Philadelphia city championship. Disston rejoined the NAFBL in 1919 and played the next two seasons. In 1921, the league folded when several teams jumped to the newly established American Soccer League. Disston decided against joining the ASL.

title: American Football League (1940)

text: The league did not return. The NFL was without a competitor until the formation of the All-America Football Conference in 1946, one year after the end of World War II.

title: American League

text: At the end of every season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series (1904, when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart, and 1994, when a players' strike prevented the Series). Through 2018, American League teams have won 66 of the 114 World Series played since 1903, with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics (15) and the Boston Red Sox (14).

title: List of American Football League officials

text: Just as it did in many other innovative ways, the American Football League (AFL, 1960–1969) had a unique take on the uniforms of referees, umpires, line judges, field judges and back judges. With their red-orange stripes, black collars and cuffs, and AFL logos on their shirt fronts, sleeves and caps, they were not only more colorful, but easier to see than those of the other league. They were especially unique when seen on color television, which was also on the rise in the 1960s. Both the National Football League and All-America Football Conference had used colored uniforms in the 1940s.

title: Single (football)

text: In American football, Canadian football-type singles are not used. Some indoor football leagues have used them, namely the National Indoor Football League, the American Indoor Football Association and the Professional Indoor Football League, all now defunct. The single was applied only on kickoffs, and was scored if the receiving team failed to advance the ball out of the end zone when kicked. The NIFL and AIFA also allowed a single to be scored by kicking a kickoff through the uprights (as in a field goal); this type of single was nicknamed (and was later codified in the AIFA rules as) an "uno", from the Spanish word for the number one.

title: John Deal (soccer)

text: In 1928, Deal played for Wolfenden Shore F.C. in the Allied American Football Association. He then went on to score eleven goals for the Philadelphia Centennials of the Eastern Professional Soccer League in the spring of 1929. He may have played the first half of the 1928-1929 season, but he did not make the goals list. At the end of the season, Philadelphia withdrew from the league and in August 1929, Deal signed with New York Hispano. However, at some time during the 1929-1930 season, he played two games, scoring two goals with the Newark Skeeters. The ESL continued to exist through 1930 when it folded. Deal’s career becomes difficult to follow after 1929. After the collapse of the first American Soccer League (ASL) in spring 1933, it was quickly replaced by the second ASL that fall. Deal then played for the Philadelphia German-Americans from 1933 through at least 1935 when they won the league title. He then continued to play in the ASL until 1938, seeing time with Brooklyn Hispano and ending with Philadelphia Passon.

title: Syracuse Soldiers

text: Pogue left town several weeks into the season, and so Andrew Haines, at the time serving as the league president, hastily stepped in and took over the team himself. The effort did not last. After ten games, the Syracuse Soldiers suspended operations. They were replaced by the Cumberland Cardinals, Columbus Fire and Philadelphia Scorpions, a series of amateur outdoor teams from North American Football League, which briefly tried to acquire the AIFL in 2006. However, Haines claimed that the Soldiers had not folded, but were rather "reorganizing their schedule." Haines was ousted from the league when it reorganized into the American Indoor Football Association after the end of the 2006 season and the Soldiers were folded. Haines has not indicated he would revive the Soldiers or the Brigade in the Ultimate Indoor Football League.

title: Ike Frankian

text: Malcolm John Frankian (April 3, 1905 – April 14, 1963) was an American football end in the National Football League for the Boston Redskins and the New York Giants. He also played and coached in the second American Football League, the third American Football League and the Pacific Coast Professional Football League for the Los Angeles Bulldogs.

title: Stockton Wolves

text: After what had been a season of finding replacement teams, the Wolves looked to find a more stable league. Bennie King, head coach, said that he was looking into two leagues for the future. King did not specify if he was looking into the American Professional Football League, a team of which the Wolves played against when they played at the Sioux City Bandits in the only game they played against versus a team in an actual league that year, or their old league which was trying to start up in 2012 with a new Western division, the American Indoor Football Association, or the Indoor Football League, with three teams in Washington and one in Arizona.

title: Dixie League (American football)

text: Like the competitor 'AA' and the third "American Football League", the "Dixie League" suspended operations after the Pearl Harbor attack by Japan, on the "Day of Infamy" - Sunday, December 7, 1941; unlike the AFL, the football minor league reorganized after the end of the War and resumed competition in the first post-war season year of 1946. The following year, the 'D.L.' collapsed when one of its member teams purchased the assets of a defunct team in the other pro football minor loop, the "American Association" (which then changed its name to the "American Football League" in 1946)... and opted to jump leagues.

title: American Association (American football)

text: With the dissolution of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League in 1948, the American Football League (formed as the American Association in 1936) became the sole remaining prewar minor league. Charter member Paterson had not missed a week of league play (except refusing to play the 1936 league championship game), and would not until the end of the league. For the first time since the end of World War II, there were no changes in membership prior to league play in 1949.

title: American Football League on ABC

text: American Football League (AFL) on ABC was a television program that broadcast professional football games of the then fledging (when compared to the more established National Football League) American Football League on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). ABC broadcast AFL games from the league's very first season in 1960 until the 1964 season, when NBC took over as the league's primary network television broadcaster.

title: Alex Stepney

text: Towards the end of his career, he turned out for non-league side Altrincham in the early 1980s, when they were competing in the Alliance Premier League (which became the Football Conference in 1986). He helped them win the Alliance Premier League title in 1980–81 (they had won it the 1979–80 season as well), but they did not win promotion to the Football League as the re-election system was still in place and the majority of the league's members voting against them joining the Football League, ending Stepney's hopes of a professional comeback.

title: 1941 American Football League season

text: The league did not return after the end of World War II. In 1946, a minor league, the American Association, appropriated the American Football League name for itself, and the All-America Football Conference replaced the suspended league as the primary rival of the National Football League.

title: Efe Obada

text: Efe Obada (born April 13, 1992) is a Nigerian-born, English American football defensive end for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He did not play college football and became the first international player to go straight from an American football European league to the NFL.

title: Green Bay Packers records

text: While the team was founded in 1919, they did not compete in the National Football League until 1921, when the league was at the time known as the American Professional Football Association.

title: James McDonald (American football)

text: James Zell McDonald (born March 29, 1961) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League. He played for the Los Angeles Rams and Detroit Lions. He played college basketball at Southern California (USC) and did not play college football. His son, James McDonald, plays in Major League Baseball.

text: Although the Erie Vets could not complete Wilkes-Barre’s schedule in 1949, they did join the AFL for the 1950 season; in addition, the Wilmington Clippers left the league and were replaced by the Brooklyn Brooks. The league made an unsuccessful overture to the Buffalo Bisons (AAFC), who had been rejected when the AAFC and the NFL merged, to have the Bisons join the AFL. The league abandoned the Shaughnessy playoff system and opted to have only the top two finishers play for the championship. It turned out that only two teams were still playing at the end of the season.

title: American Football League (1936)

text: Los Angeles Bulldogs. While an independent team, the Bulldogs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in 1936. After being turned down for the NFL for the 1937 season, the Bulldogs joined the AFL and became the first professional football team to play its home games on the West Coast. Averaging 14,000 in attendance for its home games in Gilmore Stadium, the Bulldogs were drawing twice as many fans per game as the rest of the league. Los Angeles did not lose or tie a game in its one season with the AFL, the first professional football team to win its league title with a perfect record. When the league folded at the end of the season, the Gus Henderson-led Bulldogs continued on as an independent team before joining the minor league American Professional Football Association in 1939 and becoming a charter member of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League the following year.

title: Sid Cavendish

text: In the 1902 close-season, Cavendish dropped into the Hampshire League with Freemantle before moving in 1904 to the East End of London with Clapton Orient. After a year in the Southern League Second Division when they finished in eighth position, Clapton Orient applied for election to the Football League and were successful, taking their place in Football League Division Two. Cavendish made no Football League appearances for Orient, although he did make one appearance in the FA Cup.

title: Paul Riley (footballer)

text: After graduation, Riley became a manager, but in 1988, he turned professional when he joined the Albany Capitals of the American Soccer League. The Capitals did not renew his contract at the end of the season and Riley moved to the New Jersey Eagles for the 1989 and 1990 season. In 1990, the Eagles played in the American Professional Soccer League which had been formed by the merger of the American Soccer League and the Western Soccer League. Riley was 1989 All League and 1990 Second Team All League. In 1991, Riley moved down to Glen Cove of the New England Professional Soccer League. Glen Cove won the league championship as Riley was named MVP. In 1992, he again moved, this time to Hercules, again winning the NEPSL title. In 1993, he played for New York Atlas. In 1994, Riley returned to professional soccer with the expansion Long Island Rough Riders of the USISL. In 1995, Riley and his teammates won the league title. When he retired at the end of the 1997 season, Riley held the team's all-time career record for assists.

title: Erie Freeze

text: They were an original member of the American Indoor Football League in 2005, and advanced to the first AIFL Championship Game. When the league was reorganized into the American Indoor Football Association in 2007, they continued league play until the end of the 2007. Negotiations between the team ownership and the league fell apart in late 2007, and thus put an end to the franchise. They were replaced in 2008 by the Erie RiverRats, who relocated from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

title: East Stirlingshire F.C. league record by opponent

text: East Stirlingshire Football Club is a Scottish association football club from Falkirk. The club was formed in 1881, with its origins traced to the previous year when a local cricket club from Bainsford formed a footballing section under the name Britannia. After spending their first ten seasons solely participating in cup tournaments and friendlies, East Stirlingshire competed in regional leagues between 1891 and 1899, including the Central Football Combination and the Midland Football League. In 1900, the club was elected to the second-tier of Scotland's main national league competition – the Scottish Football League. The club remained in the Scottish Football League Division Two until 1914–15, when the league was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I. The league was restarted in 1921–22 and after a solitary season in the third-tier in 1923–24, East Stirlingshire remained in the second-tier until 1932–33 when the club was promoted to the top-tier for the first time but were relegated after one season. Between 1939 and 1955, the club spent only three seasons in the Scottish Football League after being refused entry to its second-tier after the end of World War II and did not join again until the 1955–56 when the number of teams in the league was expanded. The club remained in the Scottish Football League until the 2012–13 season, when it merged with the Scottish Premier League to create a new governing body called the Scottish Professional Football League.