query: When was the first season of The Bold and the Beautiful?

title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: The Bold and the Beautiful (often referred to as B&B) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It premiered on March 23, 1987, as a sister show to the Bells' other soap opera The Young and the Restless; several characters from each of the two shows have crossed over to the other since the early 1990s. Set in Los Angeles, California, the show centers upon the Forrester family and their fashion house business Forrester Creations.

text: On May 21, 2010, Dan J Kroll from Soapcentral.com reported that actor Scott Clifton had joined the cast of "The Bold and the Beautiful" in the newly created role of Liam Cooper. Clifton was cast two months after leaving rival soap opera "One Life to Live". The actor was initially unaware of who the character was when he auditioned for the role. On his first day on set, Clifton was told that his character would be called Liam. He then met with the executive producer Bradley Bell, who told him about Liam's backstory and that he would be Bill Spencer, Jr.'s (Don Diamont) long-lost son, which is why they decided to name him Liam, short for William. Clifton kept the information to himself, until it was revealed in the scripts. He filmed his first scenes on May 25, and made his screen debut as Liam on July 19, 2010.

text: Owen Knight is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". Created by Bradley Bell and Kay Alden, Owen was portrayed by Brandon Beemer and made his debut on July 2, 2008. Beemer was dropped to recurring status in January 2012, but continued to appear up until February 29, 2012, when he left the show altogether.

title: Capitol (TV series)

text: "Capitol" debuted on CBS in 1982 in 8th place in the ratings, roughly the same as "Search for Tomorrow" had done. "Capitol" remained in the middle of the ratings pack throughout its five-year run ranking between 7th and 9th, with its best ratings points of 6.4 achieved in the 1983-1984 television season, in which it ranked 8th. In 1985, ratings fell slightly from a 5.8 to a 5.1, prompting some CBS affiliates to drop the show. CBS subsequently canceled the show and replaced it with "The Bold and the Beautiful" on March 23, 1987. However, CBS put "The Bold and the Beautiful" in the 1:30/12:30 timeslot, bumping "As the World Turns" to 2/1. "The Bold and the Beautiful" became both CBS' and America's second-highest rated soap opera, but its ratings never surpassed "Capitol" ratings peak.

title: The Bold and the Beautiful characters (2017)

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 23, 1987, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared or will appear in the soap in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by the series' executive producer and head writer Bradley Bell, and co-head writer Michael Minnis.

title: Karla Cheatham Mosley

text: In 2013, Mosley joined the cast of "The Bold and the Beautiful" as ex-con turned actress Maya Avant. Karla completed a website series titled Room 8 The Series with her co-star from "The Bold and the Beautiful", Lawrence Saint-Victor. The web series was part of the B&B storyline. Karla's character has recently been revealed to be a transgender woman. In 2015 Karla's character became the first transgender bride to be married on daytime television when she married Rick Forrester (played by Jacob Young).

title: List of FC Kremin Kremenchuk seasons

text:
Bold text indicates a competition won".
Top scorer shown in bold when he was also top scorer for the division.
Division shown in bold when it changes due to promotion, relegation or reorganization.
Where fields are left blank, the club did not participate in a competition that season.

title: List of The Bold and the Beautiful crew

text: List of writers and producers who have worked on the American soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful".

title: List of The Bold and the Beautiful characters (2013)

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 23, 1987, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the soap in 2013. All characters were introduced by the series' executive producer and head writer Bradley Bell. They include Maya Avant, Carter Walton and Quinn Fuller.

title: Adrienne Frantz

text: Frantz was born in Mount Clemens, Michigan. She first broke into the soap opera genre in 1997 as Tiffany Thorne on "Sunset Beach", Frantz left the show later that year for her role as the villainess turned sympathetic heroine Amber on "The Bold and the Beautiful". In 2001, her portrayal garnered Frantz a Daytime Emmy in the Outstanding Younger Actress category. Frantz played the role on "B&B" until 2005, when she left to focus on a music career. From November 2006 to May 2010, she played Amber on "The Young and the Restless". July 1, 2010, marked Frantz's return to The Bold and the Beautiful as Amber, where she remained until 2012. Frantz made a one-episode appearance on The Young and the Restless in 2013.

text: This is a list of major characters that appear (or have appeared) on the soap opera, "The Bold and the Beautiful".

title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: 1992 The Bold and the Beautiful: Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown) was the first major character to cross over to The Bold and the Beautiful. Sheila appeared on The Young and the Restless from 1990 to 1992 (returning as a guest in 1993, 1994, and 1995), and again from 2005 to 2006 (Michelle Stafford took over the role of Sheila from 2006 to 2007). She was on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1992 to 1998, with shorter-lived stints in 2002 and 2003. The Bold and the Beautiful: Molly Carter (Marilyn Alex) appeared several times after her daughter, Sheila, was revealed to be living in Los Angeles. 1993 The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) called Lauren from his office to invite her to Los Angeles. The Bold and the Beautiful: Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) crossed over to confront Sheila Carter about the photos of his tryst with Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman), fearing that he would lose custody of his daughter, Colleen, if they became public. Although Brad's threats were enough to make Sheila give up the photos, Lauren later discovered that there was still more evidence proving their affair. The Young and the Restless: Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery) appeared on Y&R to inform Lauren of Sheila's marriage to Eric. The Bold and the Beautiful: Dr. Scott Grainger (Peter Barton) and Lauren Fenmore were vacationing on Catalina Island in November, where they were shocked to find Eric Forrester and Sheila Carter also on a romantic retreat. The character Scott Grainger died during this crossover, but not before he forgave Sheila for her past and begged Lauren not to reveal their history to Eric. 1995 The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) appears at his office in Los Angeles to inform Sheila that Lauren will be coming to town. The Young and the Restless: James Warwick (Ian Buchanan) made a brief crossover when he called Lauren from Sheila's dungeon. Brad Carlton also makes an appearance. The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful, where she stayed until 1999, and briefly returned in 2002, 2004, and 2007. She had already appeared on the show several times prior to her becoming an actual cast member, mostly due to Sheila's crossover in 1992. 1998 The Young and the Restless: Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang) crossed over to meet with Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) at his Newman Enterprises office in Genoa City, Wisconsin. In her effort to spice up the deal she's trying to work out, Brooke drops her jacket and reveals that she is wearing very little. Much to Victor's chagrin (and possible enjoyment), Brad Carlton (Don Diamont) and Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) walk in on the scene. The Bold and the Beautiful: Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) crossed over to meet with Eric Forrester (John McCook), Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss), and Thorne Forrester (Winsor Harmon). The Forresters were looking for a new scent to go along with Brooke's Bedroom Line, and thought that Jabot Cosmetics could help. 1999 The Bold and the Beautiful: Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) appeared to meet with Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), and to make Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss) jealous. With prodding from Brooke, Victor agreed to kiss her, thus enraging Ridge and ruining his night out with Dr. Taylor Hayes Forrester (Hunter Tylo). (January 25 – 28, 1999) 2000–2001 The Bold and the Beautiful: Dr. Tim Reid (Aaron Lustig), who was Phyllis Summers' therapist, moved to Los Angeles and helped Morgan DeWitt (Sarah Buxton). 2003 The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore's (Tracey E. Bregman) mother, Joanna Manning (Susan Seaforth Hayes), appeared in her capacity as a ranking employee of Fenmore's Department Stores. (May 15, 2003) 2004 The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) received an angered phone call from the husband of her employee Jacqueline Payne Marone, who demanded to know if the two had really gone out drinking the night before like he was being told. Although she was caught off-guard, Lauren said they had, assuming Jacquie had a good reason for lying to her husband. In truth, Jacquie had told her husband this to help cover up her one night stand with Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan). (May 17–20, 2004) 2005 The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) crossed over to warn Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) about Sheila Carter. (August 11, 2005) The Bold and the Beautiful: While eating lunch at the Café Russe in Los Angeles, Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper) was approached by Massimo Marone (Joseph Mascolo). Massimo introduced her to friend Stephanie Douglas Forrester (Susan Flannery), the daughter of an old business acquaintance (John Douglas) belonging to Katherine. It was learned that Katherine was the actual owner of Forrester Creations, via the Stephanie Douglas Trust, which her associate’s daughter sought to reclaim from her estranged husband (Eric Forrester). With Katherine's blessing, Stephanie achieved her goal, leaving the grand dame of Genoa City free to focus on her numerous other assets. (October 31 – November 1, 2005) The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) crossed over to Genoa City, Wisconsin, a second time to attend the wedding of Michael Baldwin and Lauren Fenmore. (December 9, 2005) Lauren's mother, Joanna Manning (Susan Seaforth Hayes), appeared on both The Bold and the Beautiful and The Young and the Restless (the latter in December to attend her daughter's wedding to Michael Baldwin). 2006 The Young and the Restless: In November Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz) arrived in Genoa City to stay. (November 13, 2006) 2007 The Bold and the Beautiful: Lauren Fenmore appeared in January. (January 19–22, 2007) The Bold and the Beautiful: Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) crossed over in early March when Eric Forrester put plans in motion to launch a fragrance line for his new fashion house, Forrester Originals. (March 9, 2007) The Bold and the Beautiful: Traci (Beth Maitland), Ashley Abbott's sister, also appeared in March, while talking to her sister on the telephone. (March 20, 2007) The Bold and the Beautiful: Abby Carlton (Darcy Rose Byrnes) joined Ashley in Los Angeles. (May 11, 2007) The Bold and the Beautiful: Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) arrived in Los Angeles in June to defend Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss) after he was arrested for the murder of Shane McGrath (Dax Griffin). Christine got the charges dropped after Rick Forrester's (Kyle Lowder) testimony. The Forresters thanked Christine and she returned to Genoa City. (June 12–21, 2007) The Young and the Restless: Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), while at her office in Los Angeles, received a phone call from Cane Ashby (Daniel Goddard) regarding his wife, Amber Moore. Brooke filled Cane in on her history with Amber, leaving Cane with even more questions about his marriage. (July 5, 2007) The Young and the Restless: Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) returned to visit her brother Jack Abbott and Victor Newman for the new year. (December 28, 2007 – January 3, 2008) 2008 The Young and the Restless: Eric Forrester (John McCook) met with Jack Abbott in February about the magazine Restless Style at Forrester Creations. During that same trip to Los Angeles, Jack and his wife, Sharon Abbott (Sharon Case), paid a visit to Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) and Abby Carlton (Darcy Rose Byrnes). (February 26–28, 2008) The Young and the Restless: In March, Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) and Felicia Forrester (Lesli Kay) flew to Genoa City for the launch of the magazine Restless Style. (March 25–26, 2008) The Young and the Restless: Felicia Forrester (Lesli Kay) crossed over in April on recurring status. (April 8, 2008-August 2008) The Young and the Restless: Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) crossed over at the end of June to attend the wedding of Victor Newman and Sabrina Costelana. Her daughter with Victor, Abigail "Abby" Carlton, was also in attendance as a flower girl. While back in Genoa City, Ashley was shocked to learn that Nikki Newman had beaten Victor to the punch; her brother, Jack Abbott, had allowed their former stepmother, Gloria Bardwell, to move into the pool-house; and that Jack and his wife, Sharon Abbott, were about to redecorate her childhood home. (June 19–23, 2008) 2009 The Young and the Restless: In July Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan) arrived in Genoa City to stay. 2010 The Bold and the Beautiful: Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz) returns from Genoa City to Los Angeles when Whip Jones asks her to work as a fashion designer at Jackie M, on July 1, 2010. 2011 The Bold and the Beautiful: Olivia Barber Winters (Tonya Lee Williams) attends wedding of her cousin, Justin Barber (Aaron D. Spears) and Donna Logan (Jennifer Gareis). 2013 The Young and the Restless: In May Oliver Jones (Zack Conroy) crossed over for two episodes. (May 21, 2013) 2014 The Young and the Restless: In April Rick Forrester (Jacob Young) and Caroline Spencer (Linsey Godfrey) crossed over for two episodes. (April 14, 2014) The Bold and the Beautiful: Gloria Abbott Bardwell appeared in November for a fashion show at Forrester Creations. (November 20, 2014) 2015 The Young and the Restless: The Forresters were mentioned by Devon Hamilton while planning for his wedding to Hilary Curtis. Possible Connection The actor Robert Clary played Pierre Roulland on Y&R from 1973 to 1974 before playing Pierre Jourdan on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1990 to 1992. Whether or not the two characters are related is unknown.

title: The Bold and the Beautiful characters (2014)

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 23, 1987 and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared or will appear in the soap in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by the series' executive producer and head writer Bradley Bell.

text:
The following section comprises former, current and future secondary characters that have appeared on the show, by order of first appearance.
William "Bill" Spencer is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera, "The Bold and the Beautiful". The character appeared regularly from 1987 through 1994, with several brief appearances afterwards, and was portrayed by Jim Storm.

title: List of Aldershot F.C. seasons

text:
This is a list of Aldershot seasons in English football, from 1926—when the club was formed as Aldershot Town—to the 1953–54 season.
Division shown in bold when it changes due to promotion or relegation.
Top scorer shown in bold when he set or equalled a club record.

title: Maitland Ward

text: Ward starred as Jessica Forrester on "The Bold and the Beautiful", where she appeared from 1994 to 1996. She landed that role, which was her first ever acting role, when she was 18 and still a junior in high school. Ward had guest-starring roles on "USA High" and the seventh season of ABC's "Home Improvement"; and co-starred with Jay Thomas and Mario Lopez in the 1997 television film "Killing Mr. Griffin".

title: List of Bradford City A.F.C. seasons

text:
Bradford City have spent two seasons in the Premier League. In 1999–2000, they avoided relegation with just 36 points, then a record low to stay up, after defeating Liverpool 1–0 in the final game with a headed goal from David Wetherall. The club have won promotion in a total of eight seasons and been relegated on ten occasions; three relegations in the previous seven seasons meant the 2007–08 season was their first in the fourth tier in 26 years. Bradford City have also played in European competition when they took one of England's two places in the Intertoto Cup in 2000. They defeated FK Atlantas and RKC Waalwijk before being knocked out by FC Zenit Saint Petersburg in the semi-finals.
Division shown in bold when it changes due to promotion or relegation.
Top scorer shown in bold with when he set or equalled a club record.

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 23, 1987. Currently, John McCook (Eric Forrester) and Katherine Kelly Lang (Brooke Logan) are the two longest-running cast members, having appeared on the show when it first aired. The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: the main cast and recurring, or who are upcoming, returning or departing from the series.

title: The Bold and the Beautiful characters (2015)

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 23, 1987 and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared or will appear in the soap in 2015, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by the series' executive producer and head writer Bradley Bell.

title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: 2002 The Bold and the Beautiful: Host Bob Barker and the Models of The Price Is Right appeared to discuss the new fashion line by Amber Moore. 2008 The Price Is Right: Bridget Forrester (Ashley Jones) makes an appearance during the Showcase to offer a contestant a spot as an extra for a segment. The contestant won the Showcase. Immediately after the contestant won, she was whisked away to Studio 31 for hair, makeup, and wardrobe before taping her segment. The segment was later posted on the Web site for the two shows. 2009 The Price Is Right: Dominick Marone (Jack Wagner) interrupts taping of Price (which is taped in the Studio 33; The Bold and the Beautiful is taped next door in Studio 31) on March 6. Wagner talks to Carey about soap appearances and "crashes" the taping. At the end of the show, a Marone-themed Showcase is presented. The Bold and the Beautiful: Donna Logan (Jennifer Gareis) and Pam Douglas (Alley Mills) take a trip to The Price is Right in June, and to their surprise Donna becomes a contestant, ultimately winning both showcases. The Price Is Right: Dominick Marone (Jack Wagner) and Bridget Forrester (Ashley Jones) appear together on June 19 to model wedding attire during a special "Ultimate Wedding Shower" edition of The Price is Right. 2010 The Price Is Right and The Young and the Restless: Stephen Logan (Patrick Duffy) and Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) appear in a war of words in a One Bid, then each present their own themed Showcase at the end of the show. 2011 The Price Is Right: A contestant on the March 2011 Ultimate Spring Break episode wins a walk-on role as an extra; that episode airs April 19 and is linked to the Web site of the show. The Price Is Right: Thomas Forrester (Adam Gregory) models wedding attire for the Ultimate Wedding Shower episode along with show model Rachel Reynolds. The wedding attire is a prize on this episode. 2012 The Bold and the Beautiful: Tiffany Coyne meets the Forresters and Pam Douglas (Alley Mills), asking Pam and Nick to appear on Let's Make a Deal. Dominick Marone (as a lobster) and Pam Douglas (as a fisherman) appear in a deal. Let's Make a Deal: Wagner appears to offer a contestant a walk-on role on the show, a common practice now with both CBS Daytime game shows with this show. 2013 The Price Is Right: Starting with Season 42, guest models often appear on the show. B&B stars Karla Mosley and Lawrence Saint-Victor appear as models after this practice begins, which continues into Season 43 (2014–15). The Bold and the Beautiful: Executive Producer for both CBS Daytime game shows Michael G. Richards, and models Rachel Reynolds (Price) and Danielle Demski (Deal; substitute model for most of 2013-14) are employees of Forrester Creations, meeting with Thorne (Winsor Harmon) and Ally (Ashlyn Pearce).

title: Scott Clifton

text: Clifton has had three Daytime Emmy Award wins for his work on The Bold and the Beautiful. He has also been nominated several times for his roles as Dillon Quartermaine on General Hospital, Schuyler Joplin on One Life to Live, and Liam Spencer (The Bold and the Beautiful) on The Bold and the Beautiful. He is the first male actor to win all three Daytime Emmy Awards (younger, supporting and lead actor).

title: Joseph Campanella

text: Campanella played Ann Romano's (Bonnie Franklin) ex-husband, Ed Cooper, in eight episodes of "One Day at a Time" (1975–1984) and Barbara Stanwyck's love interest in the first season (1985–1986) of Aaron Spelling's short-lived "Dynasty" spinoff, "The Colbys". He appeared in a second-season episode of "The Golden Girls" as a detective. He had a prominent role as Harper Deveraux on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" from 1987 to 1988, had a recurring role as a doctor in "Beauty and the Beast" (1989–1990), a recurring role as Jimmy Everett on "General Hospital" from 1991 to 1992, and a recurring role on "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1996 to 2005.

title: Days of Our Lives

text: Days of Our Lives had finished the 2008-2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers (3.0 million vs. 2.8 million) and had risen to the #3 spot behind The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful, respectively. It was the #2 daytime program behind The Young and the Restless in the much coveted 18-49 demographic. During the first few months of the 2009-2010 season, Days of Our Lives increased its average household rating to 2.4, and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers. It was only one point behind the #2 daytime drama The Bold and the Beautiful, and has beat that soap on several days during the season. In 2010, Days of Our Lives continued to increase viewership, reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days. A substantial increase in viewership such as Days of Our Lives has had lately also bucks the viewership trend in daytime dramas, which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series. Days of Our Lives was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget, making it a profitable asset to NBC's broadcast line-up.[94]

title: The Bold and the Beautiful

text: List of The Bold and the Beautiful cast members List of The Bold and the Beautiful characters CBS Daytime

text: Oliver Jones is a fictional character in the CBS soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". Zack Conroy originated the role in January 2010. In 2013, the character crossed over to "The Young and the Restless" for two episodes.

text: Liam Spencer is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera, "The Bold and the Beautiful", played by Scott Clifton. He made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on July 19, 2010.

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" is a long-running American soap opera which has aired on CBS Daytime since March 23, 1987, and is the most-watched soap opera worldwide.

title: True Beauty (season 2)

text: True Beauty (season 2) is the second season of the reality television series "True Beauty". In a format similar to the first season, the contestants are competing to see who is the most beautiful. However, they think they are only being tested on "outer beauty" when in fact the judges are also evaluating their "inner beauty" through a series of hidden-camera challenges. Filming of the second season of "True Beauty" was completed in Las Vegas in October 2009 and featured judges Beth Ostrosky Stern and Carson Kressley, among others. As a ruse to keep contestants ignorant of the show's true premise, ABC producers told participants they would be competing in a new modeling reality show known as "Face of Vegas". In addition, contestants did not interact with Vanessa Minnillo, the only judge retained from the previous season, until after being eliminated. In each episode, all contestants were subjected to a main hidden-camera challenge. A second, "final straw" challenge was put only to the bottom two contestants in most cases. The second season premiered May 31, 2010 on ABC.

text: Whipple Jones III is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful", portrayed by Rick Hearst.

text: Scott Clifton's job on "The Bold and the Beautiful" included withholding the secret of his character's paternity. Liam Cooper's introduction to viewers began with his quest to discover the true identity of his biological father, which potentially included several lead characters. Asked by the director if he wished to know the secret, or learn the truth when Liam does, Clifton agreed to hear the truth immediately. He withheld his knowledge from cast-mates and backstage crew for several months as the storyline played out.

text: Taylor Hayes is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful", portrayed by Hunter Tylo. The character was created by William J. Bell and debuted during the episode dated June 6, 1990. Tylo appeared as a regular continuously until 1994 when she took a hiatus for a few months before being written back into the series. In 1996, she left the serial after being cast on "Melrose Place", where she was soon fired on the grounds of being pregnant, and returned shortly after. In 2002, Tylo and the show's executive producer Bradley Bell had mutually agreed that the character was played out, and Taylor was subsequently killed off, last appearing that October. Tylo returned in 2004, reprising Taylor as a ghost. She returned on a permanent basis in April 2005, with the character revealed to be alive. Tylo exited "The Bold and the Beautiful" again in July 2013, but returned for multiple guest appearances in 2014. She returned again in April 2018 on a recurring basis.


query: What does Qin Shi Huang mean?

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: Qin Shi Huang (Chinese:秦始皇; literally: 'First Emperor of Qin', pronunciation; 18 February 259BC–10 September 210BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China. He was born Ying Zheng (嬴政) or Zhao Zheng (趙政), a prince of the state of Qin. He became Zheng, the King of Qin (秦王政) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC.[2] Rather than maintain the title of "king" (王 wáng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (始皇帝) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. His self-invented title "emperor" (皇帝 huángdì), as indicated by his use of the word "First", would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia.

title: Funeral

text: The first emperor of the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum is located in the Lintong District of Xi’an, Shaanxi Province. Qin Shi Huang’s tomb is one of the World Heritage sites in China. Its remarkable feature and size have been known as one of the most important historical sites in China. Qin Shi Huang is the first emperor who united China for the first time. The mausoleum was built in 247 BC after he became the emperor of Qin Dynasty.

title: Huang Tingjian

text: In early 1104, Huang Tingjian packed up his family and headed south, towards his place of banishment, Yizhou. That springtime, during the course of his journey, Huang Tingjian met the Chan monk Zhongren (also known as Huaguang, after the name of his monastery). Zhongren shared a scroll of poems by Su Shi, Su Shi's brother Su Che, the monk Shenliao, and Qin Guan (another one of the Yuanyou crew): and, both Su Shi and Qin Guan had died as a result of their exiles in the south, the journey which Huang Tingjian was now upon.

title: Qin's wars of unification

text: In 221 BC, after the conquest of Qi, Ying Zheng proclaimed himself "Qin Shi Huang" (秦始皇; literally "First Emperor of Qin") and established the Qin dynasty. The Qin Empire was divided into 36 commanderies, with Xianyang as the imperial capital. Qin Shi Huang created a centralised state and empire that would become the bedrock of future Chinese dynasties. Although the Qin dynasty lasted 15 years only, its influence on Chinese history lasted for centuries to come.

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: Beginning in 213 BC, at the instigation of Li Si and to avoid scholars' comparisons of his reign with the past, Qin Shi Huang ordered most existing books to be burned with the exception of those on astrology, agriculture, medicine, divination, and the history of the State of Qin.[61] This would also serve the purpose of furthering the ongoing reformation of the writing system by removing examples of obsolete scripts.[62] Owning the Book of Songs or the Classic of History was to be punished especially severely. According to the later Records of the Grand Historian, the following year Qin Shi Huang had some 460 scholars buried alive for owning the forbidden books.[1][61] The emperor's oldest son Fusu criticised him for this act.[63]

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: Tom Ambrose characterises Qin Shi Huang as the founder of "the first police state in history".[97]

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: At a time when foreign nations encroached upon Chinese territory, leading Kuomintang historian Xiao Yishan emphasized the role of Qin Shi Huang in repulsing the northern barbarians, particularly in the construction of the Great Wall.

title: Chinese emperors family tree (early)

text: The Qin dynasty (秦朝) was established in 221 BCE after Qin Shi Huang, King of Qin, conquered his final independent neighbour, the state of Qi. It is now recognised as the first Chinese imperial dynasty in the modern sense of the term; in recognition of this, its rulers were for the first time titled "Emperor" (皇帝), a title of which the components are drawn from legend, higher than the previous title "King" (王). The ancestral name of the family was Ying (嬴), although it is anachronistic to regard this as a family name in the modern sense: it would not have been used together with a given name. The titles of the Qin emperors were literally regnal numbers: "Qin Shi Huang" (秦始皇), in full "Qin Shi Huangdi" (秦始皇帝) means literally "the first Emperor of Qin", "Qin Er Shi" (秦二世), in full "Qin Er Shi Huangdi" (秦二世皇帝) means "the second Emperor of Qin", and so forth.

title: Li Si

text: During his stay in Qin, Li Si became a guest of Prime Minister Lü Buwei and got the chance to talk to the ruler of Ying Zheng who would later become the first emperor of a unified China, Qin Shi Huang. Li Si expressed that the Qin state was extremely powerful, but uniting China was still impossible if all of the other six states united to fight against Qin. Qin Shi Huang was impressed by Li Si's view of how to unify China. Having adopted Li Si's proposal, the ruler of Qin spent generously to lure intellectuals to the state of Qin and sent out assassins to kill important scholars in other states.

title: Qin Er Shi

text: Qin Er Shi (; ; 229 – October 207 BCE) was the son of Qin Shi Huang and the second emperor of China's Qin dynasty. He ruled from 210 to 207 BCE.

title: Meng Yi

text: In 221 BC, Meng Yi's elder brother, Meng Tian, was also appointed as a general. He led the Qin army to attack the Qi state and conquered it, after which he was commissioned as an "Interior Minister" (內史). With the fall of Qi, Qin unified all the states in China under its rule. Ying Zheng proclaimed himself "Qin Shi Huang" (First Emperor of Qin) and established the Qin dynasty. In the following years, Qin Shi Huang put Meng Tian in charge of defending the Qin Empire's northern border from attacks by the Xiongnu and overseeing the construction of the Great Wall. Qin Shi Huang trusted the Meng family and regarded them very highly. Meng Yi served in Qin Shi Huang's court as a minister and was one of the emperor's close aides and advisors. He was allowed to ride in the same carriage as the emperor and stand near the emperor during court sessions. When Zhao Gao, a personal attendant to Qin Shi Huang's youngest son Huhai, committed a serious offence, the emperor ordered Meng Yi to prosecute Zhao according to the laws. Meng Yi went by the book and noted that Zhao Gao was to receive the death penalty and be stripped off his official titles. However, Qin Shi Huang eventually pardoned Zhao Gao on account of his diligence in performing his duties.

title: Meng Yi

text: Meng Yi (died 210 BC) was an official of the Qin dynasty who served in the court of Qin Shi Huang. He was a younger brother of the general Meng Tian. After Qin Shi Huang's death, Meng Yi and his brother were executed by Qin Er Shi on the urging of Zhao Gao.

title: Qin Shi Huang (disambiguation)

text: Qin Shi Huang () may refer to:

title: Shi Pu

text: Despite Huang Chao's destruction, however, Qin Zongquan continued to retain an army and continued to pillage the nearby circuits, and in 885 claimed the title of emperor. Emperor Xizong commissioned Shi Pu to serve as the overall commander against Qin. (Despite Shi's title as overall commander, however, it is unclear what Shi's acts were during the subsequent Tang military actions against Qin were, as the historical records largely described only Zhu Quanzhong's battles with Qin.)

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), the Argentine writer, published an acclaimed essay on Qin Shi Huang, "The Wall and the Books" ("La muralla y los libros"), in the 1952 collection Other Inquisitions (Otras Inquisiciones).[98] Shin No Shikoutei (1962) – The film portrays Qin Shi Huang as a battle-hardened emperor with his roots in the military.[99] Big Trouble in Little China (1986) – Qin Shi Huang is mentioned as having defeated the film's main villain, Lo Pan, in battle, and subsequently cursing him to live as a ghost. The events of the film revolve around Lo Pan's attempts to break the curse.[100] The Emperor's Shadow (1996) – The film focuses on Qin Shi Huang's relationship with the musician Gao Jianli, a friend of the assassin Jing Ke.[101] The Emperor and the Assassin (1999) – The film covers much of Ying Zheng's career, recalling his early experiences as a hostage and foreshadowing his dominance over China.[102][103] Hero (2002) – The film stars Jet Li, a nameless assassin who plans an assassination attempt on the King of Qin (Chen Daoming). The film is a fictional re-imagining of the assassination attempt by Jing Ke on Qin Shi Huang.[104] Rise of the Great Wall (1986) – a 63 episode TV series chronicling the events from the emperor's birth until his death.[105] Bainborough played Qin Shi Huang. A Step into the Past (2001) – a Hong Kong TVB production based on a science fiction novel by Huang Yi.[106] Qin Shi Huang (2002) – a mainland Chinese TV series production. It features a semi-fictionalized story of the emperor's life, from his childhood until his death. Zhang Fengyi starred as Qin Shi Huang.[107] Kingdom (2006) – a Japanese manga that provides a fictionalized account of the unification of China by Ying Zheng with Li Xin and all the people that contributed to the conquest of the six Warring States. First Emperor: The Man Who Made China (2006) – a drama-documentary special about Qin Shi Huang. James Pax played the emperor. It was shown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in 2006.[108] China's First Emperor (2008) – a special three-hour documentary by The History Channel. Xu Pengkai played Qin Shi Huang.[109] In the 2005 4X video game Civilization IV developed by Firaxis Games, Qin Shi Huang is one of the two playable leaders of China.[110] Qin Shi Huang leads the Chinese civilization in the 2016 4X video game Civilization VI developed by Firaxis Games.[111][112] Qin Shi Huang acts as the titular antagonist in The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor, played by Jet Li.

title: Ziying

text: There is no firm consensus on what Ziying's relationship to the Qin royal family really is. He is mentioned in historical records as the son of Fusu, the eldest son of Qin Shi Huang. However, historian Professor Wang Liqun suggested that he was probably one of Qin Shi Huang's brothers. While "Records of the Grand Historian" does not specify Ziying's age, it implies that he had at least two sons, whom he consulted. According to Prof Wang's analysis, the maximum possible age of Ziying when he assassinated Zhao Gao was 19. Therefore, his sons would have probably been around the ages of 1–2, and hence it was not possible for him to consult them. It seems more likely that Ziying was an uncle of Qin Er Shi (and hence a brother of Qin Shi Huang) instead of Fusu's son. Some historians, including Li Kaiyuan and Ma Feibai, have also suggested that Ziying might be a son of Chengjiao, Qin Shi Huang's younger half-brother.

title: Gao Jianli

text: The owner asked Gao to play for him and his skill in music won him the heart of the owner. Qin Shi Huang heard about the event and decided to summon Gao to play for him. Someone recognised Gao and told Qin Shi Huang about his real identity. Because of his love of music, Qin Shi Huang decided to pardon Gao but not before having him blinded.

title: Qin Shi Huang (2001 TV series)

text: Qin Shi Huang is a Chinese television series based on the life of Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor who unified China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. The series was filmed between 1999 and 2000 and was first released in 2001 in Hong Kong and Thailand and in 2002 in Singapore. In China, the series was edited and altered by historians and experts before it was approved for broadcast on CCTV-1 in 2007.

title: Qin Er Shi

text: The First Emperor Qin Shi Huang died during one of his tours of Eastern China, on September 10, 210 BCE (Julian Calendar) at the palace in Shaqiu prefecture (沙丘平台). The announcement of his death was withheld until the entourage, which was accompanied by Premier Li Si and the imperial court, returned to the capital Xianyang two months later. Nevertheless, Huhai and Zhao Gao were aware of Qin Shi Huang's death and began plotting an internal intrigue.

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: Qin Shi Huang had about 50 children (about 30 sons and 15 daughters), but most of their names are unknown. He had numerous concubines but appeared to have never named an empress.[85]

title: Lao Ai

text: Lao Ai (; died 238 BCE) was an imposter eunuch and official of the State of Qin during the late Warring States period. He was the lover of Queen Dowager Zhao, the mother of Qin Shi Huang, later the First Emperor of China. He was enfeoffed as Marquis of Changxin (長信侯). After a conspiracy to incite rebellion was uncovered, he was executed by Qin Shi Huang.

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: As early as Sima Qian, it was common to shorten the resulting four-character Qin Shi Huangdi to 秦始皇,[28] variously transcribed as Qin Shihuang or Qin Shi Huang.

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: To round out this re-evaluation, Luo Siding put forward a new interpretation of the precipitous collapse of the Qin Dynasty in an article entitled "On the Class Struggle During the Period Between Qin and Han" in a 1974 issue of Red Flag, to replace the old explanation. The new theory claimed that the cause of the fall of Qin lay in the lack of thoroughness of Qin Shi Huang's "dictatorship over the reactionaries, even to the extent of permitting them to worm their way into organs of political authority and usurp important posts."

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: The following are some family members of Qin Shi Huang:

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu because Fusu's favorite general was Meng Tian, whom they disliked[81] and feared; Meng Tian's brother, a senior minister, had once punished Zhao Gao.[82] They believed that if Fusu was enthroned, they would lose their power.[81] Li Si and Zhao Gao forged a letter from Qin Shi Huang saying that both Fusu and General Meng must commit suicide.[81] The plan worked, and the younger son Hu Hai became the Second Emperor, later known as Qin Er Shi or "Second Generation Qin".[4]

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: The cause of Qin Shi Huang's death is still largely unknown, reportedly, he died from Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning due to ingesting mercury pills, made by his alchemists and court physicians, believing it to be an elixir of immortality.[80]

title: Li Si

text: Li Si (; 280 BCSeptember or October 208 BC) was a Chinese politician of the Qin dynasty, well known Legalist writer and politician, and notable calligrapher. He served as Chancellor (or Prime Minister) from 246–208 BC under two rulers: Qin Shi Huang, the king of the Qin state and later the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty; and Qin Er Shi, Qin Shi Huang's eighteenth son and the Second Emperor. Concerning administrative methods, Li Si "indicated that he admired and utilized the ideas of Shen Buhai", repeatedly referring to the technique of Shen Buhai and Han Fei, but regarding law followed Shang Yang.

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: "He buried 460 scholars alive; we have buried forty-six thousand scholars alive... You [intellectuals] revile us for being Qin Shi Huangs. You are wrong. We have surpassed Qin Shi Huang a hundredfold. When you berate us for imitating his despotism, we are happy to agree! Your mistake was that you did not say so enough."[96]

title: Qin Er Shi

text: Huhai () was the personal name of the Second Emperor. Its Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *"Ga-gə′". Although his parentage was questioned by many historians including Sima Qian, they accepted Qin Er Shi as a member of the Kingdom of Qin's House of Ying. Huhai is the eighteenth son of Qin Shi Huang. As the youngest son, he was doted on by his father. It is not clear who his mother was, although some said that she is Lady Hu (胡姬). The clan name of their branch of the dynasty was Zhao (). Although he is sometimes known as "Ying Huhai" according to the practice of modern Chinese names, the ancient custom was not to combine the names in this way: his personal name never appears in combination with Ying, Zhao, or Qin. From an early age, Huhai was apprenticed to the minister Zhao Gao to learn Legalism, by the decree of Qin Shi Huang.

title: Zhao Gao

text: Zhao Gao started his career under Qin Shi Huang as Prefect of the Office for Imperial Carriages (中車府令), an official in charge of managing the palace horse-drawn carriages. During this period of time, he also served as an attendant to Huhai, Qin Shi Huang's youngest son, and tutored him in the laws of the Qin Empire. In 210 BC, after Qin Shi Huang died in Shaqiu (沙丘; south of present-day Dapingtai Village, Guangzong County, Hebei), Zhao Gao and Li Si, the Chancellor, secretly changed the emperor's final edict, which named Fusu, the crown prince, the heir to the throne. In the falsified edict, Fusu was ordered to commit suicide while Huhai was named the new emperor. After Huhai was enthroned as Qin Er Shi, he promoted Zhao Gao to Prefect of the Gentlemen of the Palace (郎中令), an official post whose duties included managing the daily activities in the imperial palace. Zhao Gao, who was highly trusted by Qin Er Shi, instigated the emperor to exterminate his own siblings to consolidate power, and used the opportunity to eliminate his political opponents such as Meng Tian and Meng Yi. He also framed Li Si for treason and had Li Si and his entire family executed, after which he replaced Li Si as Chancellor and monopolised state power. In 207 BC, when rebellions broke out in the lands east of Hangu Pass, Zhao Gao became worried that Qin Er Shi would blame him, so he launched a coup in Wangyi Palace (望夷宮; in Xianyang, near present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) and assassinated the emperor. Following Qin Er Shi's death, Zhao Gao installed Ziying, Fusu's son (allegedly; there is no firm consensus on what Ziying's relationship to the Qin royal family really is), on the throne. Ziying sent Han Tan (韓談), a eunuch, to assassinate Zhao Gao.

title: Baiyue

text:
After the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang, the former Wu and Yue states were absorbed into the nascent Qin empire. The Qin armies also advanced south along the Xiang River to modern Guangdong and set up commanderies along the main communication routes. Motivated by the region's vast land and valuable exotic products, Emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to send a half of million troops divided into five armies to conquer the lands of the Yue. The Yue defeated the first attack by Qin troops and killed the Qin commander. A passage from "Huai nan tzu" of Liu An quoted by Keith Taylor (1991:18) describing the Qin defeat as follows:
Afterwards, Qin Shi Huang sent reinforcements to defend against the Yue. By 214 BC, the regions of modern Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam were subjugated and reorganized into three prefectures within the Qin empire. Qin Shi Huang imposed sinification by sending a large number of Chinese military agricultural colonists to what are now eastern Guangxi and western Guangdong.


query: Who invented color TV?

title: Guillermo González Camarena

text: Guillermo González Camarena (17 February 1917 – 18 April 1965), was a Mexican electrical engineer who was the inventor of a color-wheel type of color television, and who also introduced color television to Mexico.

title: Lemon (color)

text: The color "lemon chiffon" was formulated in 1987 as one of the X11 color names. After the invention of the world wide web in 1991, these colors became known as the X11 web colors.

title: YUV

text: Y′UV was invented when engineers wanted color television in a black-and-white infrastructure. They needed a signal transmission method that was compatible with black-and-white (B&W) TV while being able to add color. The luma component already existed as the black and white signal; they added the UV signal to this as a solution.

title: Color analysis (art)

text: Albert Henry Munsell (1858–1918) is famous for inventing the Munsell color system, one of the first color order systems created. An American painter and art teacher at the Massachusetts Normal Art School, he had visited the tapestry works of Chevreul and studied color in France. With the use of his own unique inventions, including the Photometer that measures object luminance, Munsell started to determine color spaces and standardize the way color was organized and defined.

title: TVS Supercharger

text: The original TVS supercharger was invented by Eaton Corporation, a company which has been inventing superchargers since 1985. The TVS supercharger is a 5th generation supercharger and its design was stated to be a game changer for the world of superchargers. The TVS supercharger at its initial release was being primarily used by muscle car fanatics in their much older, 1960's-1970's, muscle cars. This is because superchargers tended to be heavier and better suited to increase power on heavier muscle cars who could handle the extra weight, rather than the modern-lighter sports cars being invented today. However, due to the lighter and more efficient design of the TVS supercharger, the TVS supercharger was quickly picked up by many modern car companies. One of the first companies to employ this supercharger design was General Motors, starting in 1991 with the new L67 supercharged version of their Buick/GM 3800 V6. Eaton manufactured the M62 supercharger exclusively for this engine. Later, other companies also began using TVS superchargers. For example, Toyota started with their Toyota Aurion in 2007 and Audi quickly followed in 2010 by employing the TVS supercharger in all of their TFSI V6 engines. Currently there are many other high-end luxury and sport car companies using the TVS supercharger in their production line including: Chevrolet (Corvette ZR1), Cadillac (CTS-V), Jaguar (XFR), Lotus (Evora S) , Range Rover (5.0 L V8), and Mustang (GT 500).

title: Two-sided market

text: In the case of color TV, CBS and RCA offered rival formats but initially neither gained market traction. Viewers had little reason to buy expensive color TVs in the absence of color programming. Likewise, broadcasters had little reason to develop color programming when households lacked color TVs. RCA won the battle in two ways. It flooded the market with low cost black-and-white TVs incompatible with the CBS format but compatible with its own. Broadcasters then needed to use the RCA format to reach established viewers. RCA also subsidized Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, which gave consumers reason to buy the new technology.

title: Wilson Markle

text: Wilson Markle (born September 2, 1938) is a Canadian engineer who invented the film colorization process in 1970. His first company, Image Transform, colored pictures from the Apollo space program to make a full-color television presentation for NASA.

title: Miami Vice

text: Unlike standard police procedurals, the show drew heavily upon 1980s New Wave culture and music. The show became noted for its integration of music and visual effects. It has been called one of the "Top 50 TV Shows". "People" magazine stated that "Miami Vice" was the "first show to look really new and different since color TV was invented".

title: Karel Šmirous

text: Šmirous' long research into color printing culminated in his discovery and patent of the Hydrotype process in 1921. For this invention, and the photographs printed by it, he was given a gold medal at the World Expo in Paris in 1937. Despite interest in the invention from Kodak, his technique was not widely adopted, partly because of WWII, and partly due to the introduction of modern color photographic paper. Karel Šmirous is the author of three Czechoslovak patents in the area of color photography.

title: NTSC

text: For backward compatibility with black-and-white television, NTSC uses a luminance-chrominance encoding system invented in 1938 by Georges Valensi. The "three" color picture signals are divided into Luminance (derived mathematically from the three separate color signals (Red, Green and Blue)) which takes the place of the original monochrome signal and Chrominance which carries "only" the color information. This process is applied to "each" color source by its own Colorplexer, thereby allowing a compatible color source to be managed as if it were an ordinary monochrome source. This allows black-and-white receivers to display NTSC color signals by simply ignoring the chrominance signal. Some black-and-white TVs sold in the US after the introduction of color broadcasting in 1953 were designed to filter chroma out, but the early B&W sets did not do this and chrominance could be seen as a 'dot pattern' in highly colored areas of the picture.

title: Shades of magenta

text:
Before "printer's magenta" was invented in the 1890s for CMYK printing, and "electric magenta" was invented in the 1980s for computer displays, these two artificially engineered colors were preceded by the color displayed at right, which is the color originally called "magenta" made from coal tar dyes in the year 1859.
Besides being called original magenta, magenta dye color is also called rich magenta to distinguish it from the colors "printer's magenta" and "electric magenta", shown below.

title: Color television

text: González Camarena also invented the "Simplified Mexican Color TV system" as a much simpler and cheaper alternative to the NTSC system. Due to its simplicity, NASA used a modified version of the "Simplified Mexican Color TV system" in his Voyager mission of 1979, to take pictures and video of Jupiter.

title: Shades of black

text:
The color name "dim gray" first came into use in 1987, when this color
was formulated as one of the colors on the X11 color list, introduced that year. After the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991, these colors became known as the "X11 web colors".

title: Apollo TV camera

text: In the 1940s, CBS Laboratories invented an early color system that utilized a wheel, containing six color filters, rotated in front of a single video camera tube to generate the RGB signal. Called a field-sequential color system, it used interlaced video, with sequentially alternating color video fields to produce one complete video frame. That meant that the first field would be red, the second blue, and the third field green – matching the color filters on the wheel and also in a different order than NTSC. This system was both simpler and more reliable than a standard three-tube color camera, and more power-efficient.

title: The Jetsons

text: While the Flintstones lived in a world which was a comical version of the "stone age", with machines powered by birds and dinosaurs, the Jetsons live in a comical version of the future, with elaborate robotic contraptions, aliens, holograms, and whimsical inventions. The original series comprised 24 episodes and aired on Sunday nights on ABC beginning September 23, 1962, with primetime reruns continuing through September 22, 1963. It debuted as the first program broadcast in color on ABC-TV. (Only a handful of ABC-TV stations were capable of broadcasting in color in the early 1960s.) In contrast, "The Flintstones", while always produced in color, was broadcast in black-and-white for its first two seasons.

title: Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin

text: In 1939 the exhibition was called "Grosse Deutsche Funk- und Fernseh-Ausstellung" (Great German Radio and Television Exhibition). The "Einheits-Fernseh-Empfänger E1", a TV set designed to be affordable for everybody, was introduced. Plans for large-scale manufacture were thwarted by the outbreak of World War II. Color TV was also introduced (a prototype), based on an invention by Werner Flechsig (cf. shadow mask).

title: History of science and technology in Japan

text: The first LCD televisions were invented as color handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko's R&D group began development on pocket LCD color televisions, which led to the release of the first commercial TFT LCD displays by three of its subsidiaries. In 1982, Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with an active-matrix LCD television. In 1983, Casio released a handheld LCD television, the Casio TV-10. In 1984, Epson released the ET-10, the first full-color, pocket LCD television. Seiko Hattori subsidiary Citizen Watch introduced the Citizen Pocket TV, a color TFT LCD handheld television, with a 2.7-inch display, in 1984. By 1985, two other Seiko Hattori subsidiaries had also introduced TFT LCD handheld televisions, with Seiko's color micro-TV and the Epson ELF.As Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, and as the MUSE format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse US electronics companies. MUSE, the development of which began in the 1970s, was a hybrid system with analog and digital features. Until 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration.Widescreen televisions date back to the 1970s, when Japan's NHK introduced the MUSE high-definition television system, which was soon backed by Sony and other Japanese television manufacturers.Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of Seiko received a US patent dated February 1971 for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN LCD display. Sharp Corporation mass-produced TN LCD displays for watches in 1975.Sharp Corporation developed the first large LCD displays in 1986, based on color TFT LCD technology. In 1988, Sharp introduced the first commercial large LCD television, a 14" TFT LCD model with active matrix addressing. The release of Sharp's large LCD TV in 1988 led to Japan launching an LCD industry, which developed large-size LCD displays, including TFT computer monitors and LCD televisions.The world's first color plasma display was produced by Fujitsu and released in 1989.Epson developed the 3LCD color projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in LCD projectors in 1988. The first color LCD video projectors were Epson's compact 3LCD-based VPJ-700, released in January 1989, and an LCD color video projector released by Sharp Corporation in 1989. Epson's 3LCD technology went on to be adopted by about 40 different projector brands worldwide.The world's first LED-backlit LCD television was Sony's Qualia 005, released in 2004.

title: Topographic Abney level

text: The Abney level was invented by Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (Born 24 Jul 1843 Died 3 Dec 1920) who was an English astronomer and chemist best known for his pioneering of color photography and color vision. Abney invented this instrument under the employment of the School of Military Engineering in Chatham, England prior to late 1870. It is described by W. & L. E. Gurley as an English modification of the Locke hand level.

title: NTSC

text: For a color TV to recover hue information from the color subcarrier, it must have a zero phase reference to replace the previously suppressed carrier. The NTSC signal includes a short sample of this reference signal, known as the colorburst, located on the 'back porch' of each horizontal synchronization pulse. The color burst consists of a minimum of eight cycles of the unmodulated (fixed phase and amplitude) color subcarrier. The TV receiver has a "local oscillator", which is synchronized with these color bursts. Combining this reference phase signal derived from the color burst with the chrominance signal's amplitude and phase allows the recovery of the 'I' and 'Q' signals which when combined with the Luminance information allows the reconstruction of a color image on the screen. Color TV has been said to really be color"ed" TV because of the total separation of the brightness part of the picture from the color portion. In CRT televisions, the NTSC signal is turned into three color signals called Red, Green and Blue, each controlling that color electron gun. TV sets with digital circuitry use sampling techniques to process the signals but the end result is the same. For both analog and digital sets processing an analog NTSC signal, the original three color signals (Red, Green and Blue) are transmitted using three discrete signals (Luminance, I and Q) and then recovered as three separate colors and combined as a color image.

title: For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf

text: In 1982 "for colored girls..." was adapted for television on WNET-TV, PBS, as part of The American Playhouse series. Although "for colored girls" went from a play production to television one, this production was dubbed a "telefilm" instead of a teleplay as the performance on WNET-TV was seen as a serious departure from the Broadway production.

title: Cinecolor

text: The Cinecolor process was invented in 1932 by English-born cinematographer William Thomas Crespinel (1890–1987), who joined the Kinemacolor Corporation in 1906, and who went to New York in 1913 to work with Kinemacolor's American unit. After that company folded in 1916, he worked for Prizma, another color film company, founded by William Van Doren Kelley. He later worked for Multicolor, and patented several inventions in the field of color cinematography.

title: Enchroma

text: Glass scientist Dr. Donald McPherson invented Enchroma glasses by accident. He originally invented this type of lens to protect surgeons during laser operations. In 2002 at the Ultimate Frisbee tournament in Santa Cruz, California McPherson lent a pair to a friend who was color blind. His friend saw colors he had never seen before. McPherson started studying color blindness, and with Andrew Schmeder founded the company EnChroma Inc. in 2010 to sell glasses that compensate for color vision deficiency. Enchroma glasses target people with difficulties in distinguishing reds and greens. The first pair of commercial glasses were released in 2012.

title: Color TV-Game

text: More than two decades after their release, Nintendo featured Color TV-Games in its "WarioWare" series. "", released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003, includes a microgame version of "Color TV Racing 112", as part of 9-Volt's collection of classic Nintendo games. "Color TV-Game 6" also is a microgame as one of 9-Volt and 18-Volt's Nintendo games in "", released for the Wii in 2006. The Color TV-Game 15 appears as an Assist Trophy in 2014's "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U" and reappears in the 2018 sequel "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".

title: Kinescope

text: Some kinescopes filmed the television pictures at the same frame rate of 30 full frames per second, resulting in more faithful picture quality than those that recorded at 24 frames per second. The standard was later changed for color TV to 59.94 fields/s. or 29.97 frame/s. when color TV was invented.

title: Albert Henry Munsell

text: During his study of color, Munsell realized the need for an organized way of defining colors. He wanted to create a system that had a meaningful notation of color, rather than just color names that he found were "foolish" and "misleading". He set out to create his color space in 1898. To do this, he used his unique inventions to help make measurements to organize his system. One of these inventions was the photometer. This device measured the luminance of an object, and Munsell used this to make measurements of different colors and to help define how color changes. This information would later become his three dimensions of color. He also patented an invention called the "Spinning Top". This device was similar to the rotating color wheel developed by James Maxwell, where several colors were placed on the top and the top was spun, mixing the colors together. Munsell used this device to measure the relationship between chroma and value, which helped him create templates for each step in chroma and value for every hue. With these tools, Munsell was able to define three dimensions that define color. He also paid close attention to the sensitivity of the human visual system, and considered this when creating the steps between colors in his system, particularly his value scale. He called these dimensions Hue, Value, and Chroma.

title: Lyceum TV

text: Full Resolution Color--The Lyceum TV is the first receiver to process the full transmitted color signal for up to 3 times the color resolution of conventional TVs for certain critical colors.

title: Trinitron

text: Early color sets intended for the UK market had a PAL decoder that was different from those invented and licensed by Telefunken of Germany, who invented the PAL color system. The decoder inside the UK-sold Sony color Trinitron sets, from the KV-1300UB to the KV-1330UB, had an NTSC decoder adapted for PAL. The decoder used a 64 microsecond delay line to store every other line, but instead of using the delay line to average out the phase of the current line and the previous line, it simply repeated the same line twice. Any phase errors could then be compensated for by using a tint control knob on the front of the set, normally unneeded on a PAL set.

title: TV's Frank

text: Frank participates in the weekly invention exchanges that are primarily a feature of the Joel Robinson years. His first invention was a rip-off of Joel's invention, the BGC-1.9 drum machine. He repeated his thievery by introducing the "Cheese Phone", which Joel had supposedly recorded in his notes from the 1970s. Unlike Forrester (who rarely even remembered Crow and Servo's names), Frank took a liking to Joel (and later Mike) and the 'Bots, who reciprocated his friendship.

title: Johnny Morris (American football)

text: In 1964, while still playing for the Bears, Morris joined WBBM-TV in Chicago as a sportscaster. Except for a six-year stint at rival WMAQ-TV, Morris remained at WBBM until 1992, serving for most of that time as sports director. During his time at WBBM-TV, he popularised the use of the telestrator (a device for drawing over still or moving video images) in sports television, which was invented by fellow WBBM-TV employee Leonard Reiffel for his science-related TV series "Dimensions on Tomorrow's Living" and "The World Tomorrow". He also served as a football color commentator for CBS' NFL coverage from 1975 to 1986. He retired in 1996.

title: Guillermo González Camarena

text: González Camarena invented the "Chromoscopic Adapter for Television Equipment", an early color television transmission system. He was only 17. A U.S. patent application (2,296,019) states, "My invention relates to the transmission and reception of colored pictures or images by wire or wireless..." The invention was designed to be easy to adapt to black-and-white television equipment. González Camarena applied for this patent August 14, 1941, and obtained the patent September 15, 1942. He also filed for additional patents for color television systems in 1960 and 1962. He sold his first set in 1954 and sold it for about $1450.

title: Katharine Burr Blodgett

text: Blodgett also invented the color gauge, a method to measure the molecular coatings on the glass to one millionth of an inch. The gauge employs the concept that different thicknesses of coatings are different colors. While examining the layering of stearic acid on a glass plate, she realized that the addition of each layer, about 2/10,000,000 inch thick, reliably changed the color of the plate. Before her invention, the best measurement instruments were only accurate to a few thousandths of an inch. Her glass "ruler" much more precisely showed the progression of colors and their corresponding thicknesses. Measuring thickness became as simple as matching colors.


query: Does Mattel own Lego?

title: Mattel

text: Mattel, Inc. (/məˈtɛl/) is an American multinational toy manufacturing company founded in 1945 with headquarters in El Segundo, California. The products and brands it produces include Fisher-Price, Barbie, Monster High, Ever After High, Polly Pocket, Hot Wheels and Matchbox, Masters of the Universe, American Girl, board games, and WWE. In the early 1980s, Mattel produced video game systems, under its own brands and under license from Nintendo. The company has presence in 40 countries and territories and sells products in more than 150 countries.[4] The company operates through three business segments: North America, international, and American Girl.[4] It is the world's second largest toy maker in terms of revenue, after The Lego Group.[5][6] In 2014, it ranked #403 on the Fortune 500 list.[7] On January 17, 2017, Mattel named former Google executive Margo Georgiadis as CEO.[8] Georgiadis stepped down as CEO of Mattel on April 19, 2018. Her last day was on April 26, 2018. Ynon Kreiz is now the new CEO of Mattel.[9]

title: Golbarg Bashi

text: In 2016, she was nominated for a U.S. toy industry award where she was shortlisted in the Designer/Inventor category at the Women In Toys ‘Wonder Woman’ Awards. Fellow nominees included executives at Disney, Mattel, Lego, and Hasbro.

title: Batcycle

text: Robin uses a variation of the Batcycle featuring his own colors in "The Batman". Robin also has a similarly styled bike in the "Teen Titans" animated series.Art Asylum created a toy version of the Batcycle for C3 Sets Wave 2 of Minimates in 2005. LEGO paired the Batcycle with "Harley Quinn's Hammer Truck" for their LEGO Batman line. In 2008, Mattell's Hot Wheels line released a 1/50 scale of the 1966 Batcycle, and in 2009, released a 1/12 scale of the same model. Both featured detachable sidecars. An upgraded 'Elite' version of the 1/12 model is also expected, with even greater detail. The Batblade has also been mentioned as a candidate for the 2010 series of 1/50 Bat-vehicles.

title: Baar, Switzerland

text: From 1980 to 2006, it was also home to Lego Produktions AG Schweiz, a toy manufacturing plant owned by the Lego Group where some Lego parts, especially those for the Lego Technic building sets, were manufactured. In 2006, the Lego Group announced a restructuring of the current production setup including the outsourcing of some of the production work to Flextronics, a Singaporean electronics company. Lego Produktion AG in Baar was to be shut down and its operations moved to a plant now owned by Flextronics in Kladno, Czech Republic. Lego Technic parts would still be manufactured in the headquarters at Billund, Denmark, which then had a workforce of 3,000.

title: IP Pixel

text: IP Pixel's clients include: PetSmart, LEGO, Nintendo, Mattel, Miller, ESPN, Allstate, Walgreens, H&R Block, Washington Mutual, Beam Global, McDonald's, Feeding America.

title: Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc.

text: On December 5th 2000, Mattel sued MCA Records, the recording company of Aqua, saying the song violated the Barbie trademark and turned Barbie into a sex object, referring to her as a "Blonde Bimbo." They alleged the song had violated their copyrights and trademarks of Barbie, and that its lyrics had tarnished the reputation of their trademark and impinged on their marketing plan. Mattel also claimed that the cover packaging of the single used "Barbie pink", a trademarked color owned by Mattel. MCA contested Mattel's claims and countersued for defamation after Mattel had likened MCA to a bank robber.

title: The Lego Group

text: The Lego Group announced on 4 September 2017 its intention to cut 1,400 jobs following reduced revenue and profit in the first half of the year, the first reported decrease in 13 years. The revenue losses are due to a more competitive environment, where the company has to compete not only against its traditional competitors Mattel and Hasbro, but also against technology companies such as Sony or Microsoft as more children use mobile devices for entertainment. The job cuts account for 8 percent of the company's total work force.

title: Lego Design byME

text: Lego Design byME (previously known as Lego Factory since the 2005 launch) was a service connected with the construction toy Lego. Using this service, people could design their own Lego models using a computer program, then upload them to the Lego website, design their own box design, and order them for actual delivery. The brand also covers a small selection of products that have been designed by Lego fans, and which were available to purchase as a set.

title: Lego Design byME

text: In late 2011, Lego announced that it would discontinue its Design byME service in its current form forcing people to buy Lego models that are designed by the developers. As of January 16, 2012, models created in Lego Digital Designer can no longer be purchased directly as LEGO Design byME sets. This does not affect the HERO Recon Team Hero Creator range of products. Lego has confirmed that it will continue Lego Digital Designer as a free design software, and it will also keep its Pick-a-Brick service operational. Lego claims that Design byME has proven to be "too complex for children", and that despite its success, "the overall Design byME experience has struggled to live up to the quality standards for a LEGO service".

title: Lego Racers

text:
The Lego Racers Speed Racer sets allow you to create your own Lego Speed Racer race.
Here is a table listing all the models (as of December 2008):
The Lego Racers Tiny Turbo sets allow you to create your own street races.
Here is a table listing all the models (as of April 2010):
The Lego Racers Power Racers sets allow you to create your own races.
Here is a table listing all the models (as of April 2010):
The Lego Racers Ferrari sets allow you to create your own Ferrari races.
Here is a table listing all the models (as of April 2010):

title: Intellivision

text: It was discovered that a few Coleco Intellivision games did not work on the Intellivision II. Mattel secretly changed the Intellivision's internal ROM program (Exec) in an attempt to lock out 3rd party titles. A few of Coleco's early games were affected but the 3rd party developers quickly figured out how to get around it. Mattel's own "Electric Company Word Fun", however, will not run on the Intellivision II due to this change. In an unrelated issue but also due to Exec changes, Super Pro Football experiences a minor glitch where the quarterback does not appear until after the ball is hiked. There were also some minor changes to the sound chip (AY-3-8914A/AY-3-8916) affecting sound effects in some games. Programmers at Mattel discovered the audio differences and avoided the problem in future games.

title: List of Lego video games

text: Since 1995, 69 commercial video games based on Lego, the construction system produced by The Lego Group, have been released. Following the second game, "Lego Island", developed and published by Mindscape, The Lego Group published games on its own with its Lego Media division, which was renamed Lego Software in 2001, and Lego Interactive in 2002. The division also co-published with Electronic Arts before closing. Former Lego Interactive staff founded company Giant Interactive Entertainment for future Lego game publishing. Following the release of "", Giant merged with Traveller's Tales to form TT Games. TT Games was acquired by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment (WBIE) in November 2007, making WBIE the primary publisher for Lego games.

title: The Lego Group

text: In 2012, it was reported that The Lego Group had become the world's most valuable toy company ahead of Mattel with a value at over $14.6 billion.

title: Tog'l

text: Tog'l was a construction set produced by Mattel from 1968 through 1970, similar in concept to Lego.

title: Mattel

text: The Mattel Electronics line debuted in 1977 with an all-electronic handheld game. The success of the handheld led to the expansion of the line with game console then the line becoming its own corporation in 1982.[18] Mattel Electronics forced Mattel to take a $394 million loss in 1983 and almost filed for bankruptcy.[10]

title: Black Vulcan

text: Black Vulcan has been released in a "Justice League Unlimited" three-pack, accompanied by his Super Friends teammates Apache Chief and Samurai. A 6" Black Vulcan action figure was released in Mattel's DC Universe Classics Wave 18, which was primarily dedicated to Super Friends characters. Black Vulcan was also newly released in 2016 as an 8-inch Mego-like action figure by Figures Toy Company. Additionally, Black Vulcan has been released in Lego format, appearing in Series 2 of the Lego Batman Minifigure line.

title: General Instrument SP0256

text: Mattel's Intellivoice attachment for its Intellivision video game system uses the SP0256-012. This variant contains only Mattel-specific game phrases, including the energetic phrase "Mattel Electronics Presents," phrases for digits, and a couple additional game phrases. It does not contain the allophones found in the SP0256-AL2 or SP0256-019. Mattel only released five games with support for this device.

title: The Lego Movie Videogame

text: In his generally average review for Destructoid, Ian Bonds scored the game a 7.5 out of 10. He stated: ""The LEGO Movie Videogame" does a decent job telling the movie's story and being its own licensed tie-in game to its own licensed tie-in movie. Thankfully, both are fun in their own right."

title: Mega Brands

text: On February 28, 2014, it was announced that Mattel, Inc. would acquire Mega Brands Inc. for approximately US$450 million. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of Mattel as of April 20, 2014. Prior to the purchase, Mega and Mattel were partners in adding Mattel brands to Mega "Worlds" plus a line for Mattel's American Girl that competes with Lego's Friends line.

title: Bernie De Koven

text: De Koven has worked with major toy and game manufacturers to design and develop new products. Notably, he has partnered with LEGO on the development of their LEGO Game System. Additionally, De Koven has designed award-winning games for Ideal Toy Company, Children's Television Workshop, CBS Software and Mattel Toys.

title: The Lego Group

text: In 2011, Lego bowed to pressure from the environmental campaigning organisation Greenpeace, reportedly agreeing to drop supplier Asia Pulp and Paper, and pledging to only use packaging material certified by the Forest Stewardship Council in future. The environmental group had accused Lego, Hasbro, Mattel and Disney of using packaging material sourced from trees cleared out of the Indonesian rainforest.

title: Bratz

text: Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $500 million, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz. On July 17, 2008, a federal jury ruled that Bryant had created the Bratz while he was working for Mattel, despite MGA's claim that Bryant had not been employed by Mattel at the time and Bryant's assertion that he had designed the Bratz between two separate periods of employment at Mattel. The jury also ruled that MGA and its Chief Executive Officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel. On August 26, the jury decided that Mattel was to be paid just US$100 million in damages, citing that only the first generation of Bratz had infringed on Mattel property and that MGA had innovated and evolved the product significantly enough that subsequent generations of Bratz could not be conclusively found to be infringing.

title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: Licensing partners Mattel, Lego, and Funko created toys based on the film. Mattel produced a variety of toys, including dinosaurs and action figures, as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters. Mattel released a mobile app titled "Jurassic World Facts" as a tie-in to its dinosaur toys, which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature. Lego released a number of Lego sets and characters based on the film. A video game, "Jurassic World Evolution", was released simultaneously with the film. A two-part virtual reality miniseries titled "Jurassic World: Blue", created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic, was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie-in, featuring Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption. Trevorrow, Glover and Ewins created a website and campaign for "Extinction Now!" (the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group), which was launched shortly before the film's release. The campaign included a found-footage clip of a "Tyrannosaurus" loose in San Diego, a reference to "".

title: Lego tire

text: A Lego tire is a rubber tire manufactured by the toy building block company The Lego Group for use on vehicles within their Lego building sets. The tires are available in a range of sizes depending on the application. Lego first began manufacturing tires in 1962 and included them in what would become their most popular set at the time. Previously, the only tire options for Lego users were either purchasing complete car kits from Lego, or building their own tires out of existing Lego blocks. Lego produced 318 million tires in 2011, making them the world's largest tire manufacturer by number of units produced.

title: Lego clone

text: A Lego clone is a line or brand of children's construction blocks which is mechanically compatible with Lego brand blocks, but is produced by another manufacturer. The blocks were originally patented by The Lego Group in 1961 as "toy building bricks", and the company has since remained dominant in this market. Some competitors have moved to take advantage of Lego brand recognition by advertising their own products as compatible with Lego, with statements such as "compatible with leading building bricks".

title: Mattel

text: In early 2010, HIT Entertainment licensed Thomas & Friends to Mattel for toys.[38] Mattel agreed to purchase HiT Entertainment sans share of PBS Kids Sprout from Apax Partners group in October 2011 for $680 million.[38][13] The sale/merger was completed on February 1, 2012, and HIT Entertainment became a wholly owned subsidiary of Mattel,[39] managed under its Fisher-Price unit.[40] In October 2013, Mattel launched its new in-house film studio, Playground Productions.[41]

title: The Lego Group

text: The company was founded on 10 August 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen. The word "lego" is derived from the Danish words "leg godt", meaning "play well". In the first half of 2015, The Lego Group became the world's largest toy company by revenue, with sales amounting to US$2.1 billion, surpassing Mattel, which had US$1.9 billion in sales. On 11 August 2017, Lego announced that Niels B. Christiansen would become the new CEO, effective 1 October of the same year.

title: Matty Mattel

text:
In 2008, a grown-up version of Matty was introduced as Mattel's "Master Toy Collector" and the mascot of MattyCollector.com, a website which sells
action figures from the various lines which Mattel licenses or owns.

title: Batcopter

text: Kenner created a Batcopter toy in the 1984 as part of its "Super Powers Collection". It was remade in black and gold in 1990 as part of "The Dark Knight Collection". Art Asylum also created a toy version of the Batcopter for C3 Sets Wave 2 of Minimates in 2005. For the 2005 movie Batman Begins there was a Batcopter toy made by Mattel. Lego's Batman range of sets for 2007 includes a version of the Batcopter with the Scarecrow's biplane in the #7786 Batcopter: The Hunt For The Scarecrow set. There was a Batcopter like toy made by Mattel for the 2008 movie "The Dark Knight", it went by the name of "Attack Copter".

title: Tongal

text: Tongal's clients have included large companies such as Facebook, Volvo Cars LEGO, Mattel, Procter & Gamble, Unilever, Johnson & Johnson and NASA, with videos often developed for particular brands and subsidiaries.