query: Are cows sacred in Hindu?

title: Cattle in religion and mythology

text: Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of vegetarianism as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals.[13][14] According to Harris, the literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism, along with a taboo against beef, became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition.[5] This practice was inspired by the beliefs in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings, life in all its forms is interconnected, and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value.[5][8] Vegetarianism is a part of the Hindu culture. The god Krishna and his Yadav kinsmen are associated with cows, adding to its endearment.[5][8]

title: Gyanvapi Mosque

text: During the Hindu-Muslim riot of 1809, a Muslim mob killed a cow (sacred to Hindus) on the spot, and spread its blood into the sacred water of the well. In retaliation, the Hindus threw rashers of bacon ("haram" to Muslims) into windows of several mosques. Subsequently, both the parties took to arms, resulting in several deaths, before the British administration quelled the riot.

title: Cattle slaughter in India

text: Cow slaughter was banned by Maharajah Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire in Punjab. Many butcher houses were banned and restrictions were put on the slaughter of cow and sale of beef in the Sikh Empire, as following the traditions, cow was as sacred to the Sikhs as to the Hindus. During the Sikh reign, cow slaughter was a capital offence, for which perpetrators were even executed.

title: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

text: There have been incidents where the RSPCA has apologised for decisions to euthanise animals. In 2008, the RSPCA was sued by Hindu monks over the killing of a sacred cow at the Bhaktivedanta Manor Hindu temple and 200 people protested at the RSPCA headquarters. On 13 December 2008, the RSPCA admitted culpability, apologised for the euthanising of the cow, and donated a pregnant cow to the temple as a symbol of reconciliation.

title: Cow belt

text: The sobriquet comes from the high reverence given by people belonging to these states to cows, which are considered sacred in Hindu religion. Most cases of cow related violence and mob lynchings in India were reported from these states.

title: Cattle in religion and mythology

text: Kamadhenu, the miraculous "cow of plenty" and the "mother of cows" in certain versions of the Hindu mythology, is believed to represent the generic sacred cow, regarded as the source of all prosperity.[19] In the 19th-century, a form of Kamadhenu was depicted in poster-art that depicted all major gods and goddesses in it.[20][21]

title: Shambo

text: According to Skanda Vale, the sanctity of all life is the cornerstone of Hinduism. Ramesh Kallidai, secretary-general of the Hindu Forum of Britain, writes that the cow and bull are given a sacred place in Hindu culture as a mark of respect. The cow symbolizes motherhood through the offering of milk, and the bull represents the father who tills the soil and provides grain. Kallidai writes that most Hindus consider bovicide to be equivalent to matricide, and that "go raksha" (cow protection) is an important part of the Hindu faith. According to Mahatma Gandhi, "One can measure the greatness of a nation and its moral progress by the way it treats its animals. Cow protection to me is not mere protection of the cow. It means protection of all that lives and is helpless and weak in the world. The cow means the entire subhuman world."

title: Brahman cattle

text: The Indian-origin Brahman cattle breed is named after the Brahmins (Hindu priests), who themselves are named after the Hindu deity Brahma. Hindu Brahmins are vegetarians and consider cows holy and bulls sacred, eating neither.

title: Gaushala Bazar

text: The cow is regarded as a sacred animal in Nepal. Hindus considers the cow as mother, and worship the cow as a form of Goddess. Killing cows is illegal in Nepal. Ram Lakhan Chaudhary was Ex-VDC chief of Gaushala Bazar.

title: Jean de Carro

text: The attempts of the English to introduce vaccination into India having been unsuccessful, because the virus had deteriorated on the way, Carro procured vaccine matter from cows of Lombardy..., and sent it to Dr. Harford at Baghdad. This retained all its strength, and was the means of introducing kinepox inoculation into India. The Hindus considered it to be derived from a sacred cow.

title: Beef

text: India as a developing country, many of its rural area economies depend upon cattle farming, hence they have been revered in the society. From Vedic period, the role of cattle, especially cows, as a source of milk, and dairy products, and their relative importance in transport services and farming like ploughing, row planting, ridging, and weeding made people to revere the importance of cow in their daily lives, and this rose with the advent of Jainism and Gupta period. In medieval India, Maharaja Ranjit Singh issued proclamation on stopping cow slaughter as it is a sentimental issue. Lack of secular tolerance and caste politics has also given birth to Hindu right-wing vigilante cow protection groups. Conflicts over cow slaughter often have sparked religious riots that have led to loss of human life and in an 1893 riot alone, more than 100 people were killed for the cause. A. N. Bose in "Social and Rural Economy of Northern India" says any taboo or the cow worship itself is a relatively recent development in India. The sacred white Cow is considered as the abode of crores of 33 type Hindu Deities. Products of Cow's milk like curd, butter, cheese, milk sweets are sold commercially and used in religious rituals.

title: Sacred cow (idiom)

text: Sacred cow is an idiom, a figurative reference to sacred cows in some religions. This idiom is thought to originate in American English, although similar or even identical idioms occur in many other languages.

title: Sacred cow (idiom)

text: The idiom is based on the popular understanding of the elevated place of cows in Hinduism and appears to have emerged in America in the late 19th century. A literal sacred cow or sacred bull is an actual cow or bull that is treated with sincere respect. A figurative sacred cow is a figure of speech for something considered immune from question or criticism, especially unreasonably so.

title: Diet in Hinduism

text: Hindus who do eat meat, often distinguish all other meat from cow meat (beef). The respect for cow is part of Hindu belief, and most Hindus avoid meat sourced from cow as cows are treated as a motherly giving animal considered as another member of the family. Some Nepalese Hindu sects sacrificed buffalo at the Gadhimai festival, but consider cows different from buffalo or other red meat sources.However, the Sacrifice of buffalo was banned by the Gadhimai Temple Trust in 2015.

title: Racism in Malaysia

text: In 2010, a Malaysian court sentenced a Malay to just a week in jail and only fined 11 others for a brandishing a cow’s head during a protest against the construction of a Hindu temple. Critics said the light sentences would further strain race relations between the majority Malay Muslims, who make up the majority, and minority Hindu Indians, Chinese as well as Christians of various races who complain of discrimination. The 12 were from a group who had marched in August 2009 with the bloodied head of a cow, to protest a plan to build a Hindu temple in their mainly Muslim neighbourhood. Hindus, who consider the cow to be a sacred animal, were offended and angered. Such bad practices by the courts also further fuelled the racial polarisation.articles:

title: Gaushala, Mahottari

title: Sacred Cow (Bob's Burgers)

text: "Sacred Cow" is the third episode of the first season of the animated comedy series "Bob's Burgers". "Sacred Cow" originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 23, 2011.

title: Kanwari

text: In May 2007, Kanwari villagers stopped a transport truck full of cattle, rescued the cattle (which were on their way to the slaughterhouse), and set the truck on fire. The slaughter of cows is not permitted in the Hindu religion, as the cow is sacred and worshiped by the Hindus as mother (giver of life-nurturing milk).

title: Suhaldev

text: In later Hindutva-influenced versions, Suhaldev is characterized as a cow protector, patron of saints and benefactor of Hindus. In one of these versions, Salar Masud plans to place a herd of cows in front of his army, so that Suhaldev could not attack him (since cows are sacred to Hindus). Suahldev comes to know about this plan, and cuts the cows loose on the night before the battle.

title: Indian vulture crisis

text: Vultures in India live in communities and are generally very dependent on human activities. The Hindu religion, which represents 80% of the country's population, is particularly favorable to vultures. Cows are considered sacred by majority of Hindus, so cow meat is generally not consumed. This results in the cow's corpse being left to be fed on by vultures. Of the estimated 500 million cattle in India, only 4% were destined for consumption by humans as meat. Vultures constituted the natural animal disposal system, processing carcasses and nearly 15,000 vultures have been observed at the carcass depositories in capital New Delhi.

title: Hinduism in Malaysia

text: The Cow head protests was a protest that was held in front of the Selangor state government headquarters at the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building, Shah Alam, Malaysia on 28 August 2009. The protest was called so because the act of a few participants who brought along a cow head, which they later "stomped on the head and spat on it before leaving the site". The cow is considered a sacred animal to Hindus.

title: Besan mehndi

text: The actual tradition was started when a guru of a local Mandir in Bareilly decided to pour blessed rosewater over a sacred cow. The cow was deemed sacred as it had provided milk for a baby whose mother had died of malaria. According to the stories passed down generations, the cow began to float. It cried the Goddess of beauty's rāga. The guru kissed the cow on the top of the head, and later went on to live to the age of 130 as he was blessed. The tradition today is thousands of Hindus every two years commuting to the chosen town, typically by foot. A heard of female cattle walk on a circular field of flowers, which has a diameter of approximately 3 miles. They walk through the Falgu river, in Gaya, the river is often diluted with many litres of rosewater, in remembrance of Shringa-Sthan Gauri, the Guru who witnessed the sacred cow who was named Brahman, after the child she had fed.

title: Kamadhenu

text: According to Indologist Madeleine Biardeau, Kamadhenu or Kamaduh is the generic name of the sacred cow, who is regarded as the source of all prosperity in Hinduism. Kamadhenu is regarded as a form of Devi (the Hindu Divine Mother) and is closely related to the fertile Mother Earth (Prithvi), who is often described as a cow in Sanskrit. The sacred cow denotes "purity and non-erotic fertility, ... sacrificing and motherly nature, [and] sustenance of human life".

title: Gopastami

text: Go-puja is done on this day. Devotees visit the gosala, bathe and clean the cows and the gosala. Cows are decorated with cloth and jewellery before offering special ritual by the devotees. Special fodders are fed for good health and special drive is organized for its preservation. On this day, Sri Krishna puja and cow Puja is performed along with pradakshina to acquire blessing for a good and happier life. Devotees also pay special respect to cows for its utilities in daily life. Cows provide milk that helps in fulfilling the nutritional requirement of the people like a mother. This is why cows are held sacred and worshipped in Hindu religion as a mother. The glories of the cow and her protection are discussed by senior devotees. All of them feed the cows and take part in a feast near the gosala.

title: Hinduism in Ghana

text:
Aside from the basic beliefs of Reincarnation and Karma that are attributed to a vast majority of Hindus, Ghanaian followers of Hindu tradition have a few specific beliefs and practices that are primarily emphasized. First and foremost, the primary indication that a person in Ghana is a believer of the Hindu faith is that he or she has made the decision to not include meat in their diet. This is considered a primary indicator because other Hindu practices such as prohibition from illicit sex and abstinence from alcohol are also commonly demanded by other Ghanaian religions, while the avoidance of meat is rather unusual. Ghanaian Hindus tend to avoid meat consumption due to the belief that every life is sacred and manifestation of supreme God. Eating consciously when other sources of food are available in order not to harm anyone. Stemming from this idea, the second defining belief of Hindus in Ghana is the notion that cows are sacred beings that must not be harmed, but rather revered. This belief comes from the understanding that when the Hindu deity Krishna was incarnated on Earth, he came as a cowherd. Also, the Vedic Hindu Goddess Aditi is portrayed as a cow who's milk is identified with the invigorating drink "soma" which is believed to nourish creation. This Ghanaian Hindu belief is also a defining one, as not only do a majority of Ghanaians eat cow's meat daily, but the remaining resources from the cow's body are also commonly used for other practical tasks in traditional Ghanaian lifestyles.
Hindus in Ghana are followers of two major Hindu denominations-Shaivism by the Hindu Monastery of Africa and Vaishnavism by the Hare Krishnas(ISKCON).

title: Dhanteras

text: Vasubaras marks the beginning of the celebration of Diwali festival. On Vasubaras the Cow with her calf is worshipped. The Cow holds a very sacred place in the Vedic Mythology. She is worshipped and nurtured with utmost respect. Our "Gau Mata" and her Prasad.. Milk, milk products, Curds are an inseparable part of Hindu culture. "Pancha Gavya",Panchamrut are frequently used in all Hindu celebrations. Vasubaras is followed by Dhanteras.

title: Culture of Gujarat

text: For example, in this religion, the cow is very sacred. In the 9th chapter of the "Vendidad" of the "Avesta", the purificatory power of cow urine is dilated upon. It is declared to be a panacea for all bodily and moral evils. It is drunk as well as applied externally as is done by Hindus also. Urine of the bull, called "nirang" is brought to the house of an orthodox Parsi every morning and is (like cow milk) applied to the face, hands and feet.

title: 2009 cow head protests

text: The Cow head protests were held in front of the Selangor state government headquarters at the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building, Shah Alam, Malaysia on 28 August 2009. The protest was called so because the act of a few participants who brought along a cow head, which they later desecrated. The cow is considered a sacred animal to Hindus.

title: Hindu architecture

text: Goshalas are protective shelters for cows as sacred animals in India. Goshalas focus on treating cows well, because of their religious significance in Hinduism and consequent cultural sensitivity towards their welfare. There is the abode or sanctuary for cows, calves and oxen.

title: Kali (demon)

text: Kali's image was used in several pamphlets circulated by various "Agorakshanasabh" ("cow protection leagues") and "wandering ascetics" as a protest against the Muslim practice of beef-eating during the British raj. These pamphlets were produced in a time when Hindu-Muslim riots over cow slaughter occurred in several areas of India; including Azamgarh district (1893), when a total of 100 people died in similar conflagrations throughout the empire; Ayodhya (1912–1913); and Shahabad (1917). One such pamphlet entitled "The Present State" showed a cow being slaughtered by a trio of "Muhammadan" butchers. Another portrayed Kali raising a sword above the head of a sacred cow, whose body was illustrated to be a microcosmic paradise in which all the Hindu gods resided. There were many different editions of this version. For instance, one showed a woman labeled "The Hindu" waiting with bowl-in-hand for the cow's calf to finish suckling before she could get milk. A form of Krishna labeled "Darmaraj" ("Ruler of Dharma") stood "behind" the cow and Kali was, again, harassing her with his sword. Still, a different one deleted the woman and calf and instead portrayed Dharmaraj "in front" of the cow pleading "mat maro gay sarv ka jivan hai" ("don't kill the cow, everyone is dependent on it"), while Kali rebuts "he manusyaho! Kaliyugi Mansahari jivom ko dekho" ("mankind, look at the meat-eating souls of the kaligyug").

title: Beef

text: Cows are considered sacred in Hinduism and most observant Hindus who do eat meat almost always abstain from beef.


query: Who won the 85th 24 Hours of Le Mans?

title: 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: The race was won by the No. 2 Porsche driven by Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Earl Bamber after taking the lead of the race in the final two hours. It was the second victory at Le Mans for Bamber and Bernhard, and Hartley's first. Toyota's Sébastien Buemi, Kazuki Nakajima, and Anthony Davidson finished in eighth place after starting on second position, and were the only other competitor in the LMP1 field to finish the event. The LMP2 category was won by Ho-Pin Tung, Thomas Laurent, and Oliver Jarvis in the No. 38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Oreca, who led the race outright for several hours before finishing in second place overall. The second DC Racing entry of David Cheng, Tristan Gommendy, and Alex Brundle were three laps behind for third overall, followed by the No. 35 Signatech Alpine of Nelson Panciatici, Pierre Ragues, and André Negrão.

title: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans (motorcycle race) 24 Hours of LeMons Endurance racing Le Mans 24 Hours video games List of 24 Hours of Le Mans winners List of 24 hours of Le Mans records Triple Crown of Motorsport Radio Le Mans

title: 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Taking the win, Tom Kristensen set an absolute record of seven victories including six in a row, pulling ahead of legend Jacky Ickx who has a total of 6 wins, equal only to Kristensen's winning streak. In addition, teammate Marco Werner completed the Triple Crown of endurance racing (which also consists the 24 Hours of Daytona, which he won in 1995, and the 12 Hours of Sebring, which he won in 2005 and again in 2007, as well as Le Mans in and ), a feat few drivers (including Ickx) could achieve. Along with Andy Wallace, he would also complete the "grand slam", also winning the Petit Le Mans the prior year to Le Mans.

title: 1996 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: The 1996 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 64th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 15 and 16 June 1996. It was won by a Tom Walkinshaw-Porsche prototype run by Joest Racing with drivers Davy Jones, Manuel Reuter and Le Mans rookie Alexander Wurz completing 354 laps. While not being the fastest car on track, it hit the front in the first hour and aside from several pit-stop overlaps, was never headed as other teams hit mechanical troubles during the race. This was Reuter's second Le Mans victory, and the first for Jones (after finishing as runner-up in 1991 with Jaguar) and Wurz, who, at 22 years old, became the youngest ever Le Mans overall winner.

title: Chevrolet Corvette C7.R

text:
The Corvette C7.R scored its first Le Mans win at the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans, with Oliver Gavin, Tommy Milner, and Jordan Taylor driving the #64 Corvette to victory in the GTE-Pro class. It is also Corvette Racing's 8th win at the circuit.
Corvette Racing won endurance racing's infamous "triple crown" with wins at the 24 hours of Daytona, 12 hours of Sebring, and the 24 hours of Le Mans.

title: Tom Walkinshaw Racing

text: TWR Jaguar cars won the WSCC outright in 1987, 1988 and 1991 and won the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 24 Hours of Daytona in 1988 and 1990. The series started in 1985 with XJR-6 (Group 44 used XJR-5 and XJR-7), designed by Tony Southgate, with a chassis built from carbon-fibre and power provided by a highly tuned Jaguar V12 engine. This was followed by XJR-8, which won the WSCC Team's Championship in 1987, then XJR-9 which won the WSCC Team's Championship in 1988 and also secured victory at Le Mans the same year, returning in much the same form as the XJR-12 to win Le Mans again in 1990. TWR developed its own engine for the next series of cars, the XJR-10 (for IMSA) and XJR-11 (for WSCC) of 1989 and 1990, a V6 turbo-charged 3.5 litre, which was capable of far more power than the V12 but was less suited to 24 hour racing (hence the XJR-12 being deployed at Le Mans and the 24 hours of Daytona).

title: Zytek Z11SN

text: The Zytek Z11SN is a LMP2-class car, which has been built by Zytek Engineering since 2011. It is an evolution of the Zytek 07S and the Zytek 09SC, updated for the new Le Mans Prototype regulations that were introduced in 2011. It has been predominantly used in the European Le Mans Series and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and a Greaves Motorsport-entered Z11SN won the LMP2 categories of both series in 2011. In 2014, Jota Sport won the LMP2 category of the 24 Hours of Le Mans with a Z11SN.

title: 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Timo Bernhard became the first driver since 2005 to complete the Triple Crown of endurance racing (winning the 2003 24 Hours of Daytona and the 2008 12 Hours of Sebring); Marco Werner (ran aboard a Highcroft Racing LMP2 car this year) was the last one to do such feat (won the 1995 24 Hours of Daytona and completed in 2005 with wins in both Sebring and Le Mans). In addition, Rockenfeller became the first driver since to win both the 24 Hours of Daytona (race report) and the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the same year; Jan Lammers and Andy Wallace of Tom Walkinshaw Racing were the last two drivers to do the same feat.

title: Harry Tincknell

text: Harry Tincknell (born 29 October 1991 in Exeter, Devon) is a British racing driver who currently races for Ford Chip Ganassi Racing Team UK in the FIA WEC which includes the Le Mans 24 Hours. He won the LM P2 class on his Le Mans 24 Hour race debut in 2014 and the 2016 European Le Mans Series title having switched from a successful single seater career at the end of the 2013 season.

title: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Over time, Le Mans has influenced events that have sprung up all around the globe, popularizing the 24-hour format at locations such as Daytona, Nürburgring, Spa-Francorchamps, and Bathurst. The American Le Mans Series and Europe's Le Mans Series of multi-event sports car championships were spun off from 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations. Other races include the Le Mans Classic, a race for historic Le Mans race cars from years' past held on the Circuit de la Sarthe, a motorcycle version of the race which is held on the shortened Bugatti version of the same circuit, a kart race (24 Heures Karting), a truck race (24 Heures Camions), and a parody race 24 Hours of LeMons.

title: Pierluigi Martini

text:
Prior to commencing his Formula One career, Martini drove a Lancia LC2 in the 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans. After leaving Formula One, he began a successful career in sportscar racing. He contested the 1996 24 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche run by Joest Racing. 1997 brought a fourth-place finish in a Porsche 911 GT1 which he also raced in the FIA GT Championship that year. In 1998, he joined the brand new Le Mans program of BMW Motorsports.
In 1999, Martini, Yannick Dalmas and Joachim Winkelhock won the Le Mans 24 Hours. The trio drove for BMW. The team had to fight both Toyota and Mercedes works cars and won the race by a lap from the runner-up Toyota.

title: Prospeed Competition

text: Westbrook was replaced by Marc Goossens in the 2011 Le Mans Series. The duo finished 13th in the GT2 drivers championship and Prospeed finished sixth in the GT2 teams championship. They also finished 8th in the GTE-Pro class at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with Jaap van Lagen as third driver. The team won the GTE-Am class of the 2012 6 Hours of Le Castellet, but did not compete at the remaining European Le Mans Series races. Later they raced at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with a GTE-Am entry headed by Sean Edwards, which retired at mid race.

title: John Greenwood (racing driver)

text: Greenwood raced three times at the 24 Hours of Le Mans - 1972 24 Hours of Le Mans, 1973 24 Hours of Le Mans, and 1976 24 Hours of Le Mans.

title: Jamie Davies

text: Davies raced for Panoz at the Daytona 24 Hours, Sebring 12 Hours and the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1998 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2001. For 2002 he moved to the British GT Championship, in which he won the GTO class. In 2003 he competed in the FIA GT Championship and also won his class at the 24 Hours of Le Mans at the wheel of a Prodrive 550 GTS Ferrari. In 2004 he finished third overall at the Sebring 12 Hours and won the Le Mans Endurance Series overall sharing an Audi R8 with Johnny Herbert. He also finished runner-up overall at the 24 Hours of Le Mans having set the fastest race lap and starting the race from Pole Position. In 2005 he raced as a Pirelli works driver guesting in the FIA GT Championship, driving at Spa and Bahrain in a Maserati MC12 GT1, setting the fastest lap in Spa and finishing runner-up overall in Bahrain, again setting the fastest race lap. In 2006, again as a Pirelli driver, he raced for Vitaphone Racing in the FIA GT Championship, driving a Maserati MC12 GT1 with several overall victories and podium finishes. In 2007, continuing with Pirelli, he raced in the series for Aston Martin Racing BMS Scuderia Italia. In 2008 he raced in the GT2 category of the series with Pirelli again, driving for Scuderia Ecosse.

title: Juan Barazi

text: In 2005, he made his debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, driving an LMP2 Courage C65. He then purchased the car and set up his own team, Barazi-Epsilon, with Michel Lecomte. In 2006, the team began competing in the Le Mans Series and at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The team won the LMP2 category of the Le Mans Series. In 2007, the team switched to a Zytek 07S. Barazi and his team competed at Le Mans every year up to and including 2009.

title: 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Automatic entries to the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans were granted to teams that performed well in the previous year's 24 Hours of Le Mans, as well as the 2010 seasons of the American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, Petit Le Mans, Asian Le Mans Series and Intercontinental Le Mans Cup. An automatic invitation is also awarded to the team which accumulates the most points in the Michelin Green X Challenge as part of the Le Mans Series, based on fuel economy of competitors during each event.

title: Triple Crown of Motorsport

text: A. J. Foyt and Mario Andretti are the only drivers to have won both the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Both drivers also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring. Foyt won four editions of the Indianapolis 500, and collected seven open-wheel titles and a 24 Hours of Le Mans win. Mario Andretti won three editions of the 12 Hours of Sebring, the 1969 Indianapolis 500, and also won four open-wheel titles, a Formula One world championship, and a class win and 2nd overall finish at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

title: Pedro Lamy

text: Switching to the Zakspeed outfit, he won the 24 Hours Nürburgring twice in a row (in 2001 and 2002), taking the V8Star Series crown as well, in 2003. In 2004 he drove for BMW Motorsport in a few selected events including the 24 Hours Nürburgring that he won again. He also won the GTS class in the Le Mans Endurance Series in a Larbre Compétition Ferrari 550 Maranello. For 2005, Lamy was an Aston Martin works driver for the Sebring 12 Hours and Le Mans, also racing for BMW at the 24 Hours Nürburgring where he won again, and for the Larbre team in the FIA GT Championship.

title: Ford GT40

text: The Mk. IV ran in only two races, the 1967 12 Hours of Sebring and the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans and won both events. Only one Mk.IV was completed for Sebring; the pressure from Ford had been amped up considerably after Ford's humiliation at Daytona two months earlier. Mario Andretti and Bruce McLaren won Sebring, Dan Gurney and A. J. Foyt won Le Mans (Gurney and Foyt's car was the Mk.IV that was apparently least likely to win), where the Ford-representing Shelby-American and Holman & Moody teams showed up to Le Mans with 2 Mk.IV's each. The installation of the roll cage was ultimately credited by many with saving the life of Andretti, who crashed violently at the Esses during the 1967 Le Mans 24 Hours, but escaped with minor injuries.

title: Marc Lieb

text: Marc Lieb (born 4 July 1980) is a former German Porsche factory motor-racing driver. He won the FIA GT Championship in 2003 and 2005, and the European Le Mans Series in 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2010. He won the 24 Hours Nürburgring four times, one time the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016, in the 2008 12 Hours of Sebring, in the 2003 24 hours of Spa and in the 2007 Petit Le Mans. He is also the 2016 FIA World Endurance Champion.

title: Casper Elgaard

text: Casper Elgaard (born 5 April 1978) is a Danish auto racing driver. He has competed several times in the 24 Hours of Le Mans since 2001, as well as regular drives in the Le Mans Series. In 2008 he finished second in the LMP2 class of Le Mans for Team Essex in a Porsche RS Spyder. He also won his class at the 2008 1000 km of Monza. In 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans Elgaard won the LMP2 class in the Team Essex Porsche Spyder.

title: Wiet Huidekoper

text: Huidekoper joined Porsche in 1994 for their efforts in that year's edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, competing with the Dauer-Porsche 962LM. This Dauer-Porsche-962LM won the Le Mans race that year. Porsche hired Huidekoper for their subsequent Le Mans GT1 cars and his initial responsibilities were the chassis and body structures of the Porsche 911 GT1-96 and the GT1-97 versions. For the Porsche 911 GT1-98 Huidekoper got overall constructive responsibility and it was an all new carbon composite car. The car featured a carbon fiber monocoque. Its construction was based on that of Huidekoper's earlier design for the Lola T92/10. That year the 98-GT1 won the main prize for sports racing cars: the 24-Hours of Le Mans 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing in first and second positions.

title: André Lagache

text: André Lagache (21 January 1885 – 2 October 1938) was a French racing driver who, along with René Léonard, won the very first 24 Hours of Le Mans in . Lagache was an engineer at automobile manufacturer Chenard et Walcker, and was chosen to drive their "Sport" model in the inaugural 24 Hours of Le Mans. The duo drove a distance of over 24 hours and beat another Chenard-Walcker by a four lap margin. Lagache continued to run Le Mans for Chenard et Walcker for the next two years, but was unable to finish the event again. Lagache and Léonard however went on to win the Spa 24 Hours in 1925, the second running of that endurance event.

title: Sport in Scotland

text: In more recent years, Scotland has continued to enjoy success in the world of endurance and sports car racing. Dumfrieshire's Allan McNish competed in F1 in 2002 for Toyota, but is best known for becoming one of the all-time greats in the grueling world of sportscar racing, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans three times and finishing on the podium on no fewer than six further occasions. In 2013, he also won the FIA World Endurance Championship (FIA WEC). Peter Dumbreck has also competed in the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans, and is better known for his infamous accident in the 1999 event where his Mercedes-Benz CLR car suffered aerodynamic problems and took off, somersaulting through the air. In 2012, Bathgate's Marino Franchitti was confirmed as the first driver of Nissan’s innovative DeltaWing as an unclassified entrant at Le Mans and in 2014 he won the 12 Hours of Sebring. Another star Scottish endurance driver is Ryan Dalziel who in 2012 won the FIA World Endurance Championship, as well as taking a class wins in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the 12 Hours of Sebring.

title: Johnny Mowlem

text: He is the 2013 European Le Mans Series GT champion, having previously won the British Porsche Cup championship in 1996 and 1997. He has class victories in both the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring, and has earned podiums at virtually all of the world's major sports car races, including the Le Mans 24 hours and the 1000 km Nürburgring. He has also achieved overall podium finishes at the Daytona 24 hours as well as at Petit Le Mans.

title: Luigi Chinetti

text: Driving an Alfa Romeo race car entered by his co-driver Raymond Sommer, Chinetti won at his very first 24 hours of Le Mans race in . The following year, with Louis Chiron as co-driver, he won the Spa 24 Hours endurance race in Belgium. He teamed up with Philippe Étancelin in to win his second 24 hours of Le Mans.

title: 1951 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: The 1951 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 19th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 23 and 24 June 1950. It was won by Peter Walker and Peter Whitehead in their works-entered Jaguar C-type, the first Le Mans win for the marque.

title: Mauro Baldi

text: Returning to sports cars, he won the Le Mans 24 Hours race in 1994, sharing the "road-going" Dauer 962 Le Mans (a modified Porsche 962) with Yannick Dalmas and Hurley Haywood. He also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, both in 1998 with Arie Luyendyk and Didier Theys.

title: David Brabham

text: In 2003, Brabham won first-in-class (4th overall) with Multimatic Motorsports at the 24 Hours of Daytona, the Daytona Prototype category's inaugural race. Brabham finished second at the 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans driving for Bentley. In 2005 he started the first of four consecutive Le Mans starts racing Aston Martin DBR9's. He finished ninth overall and third in the GT1 Class for Aston Martin Racing. At the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, Brabham scored a fourth in the GT1 category (ninth overall) driving for Russian Age Racing. Brabham won the GT1 class of the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans and again in the 2008 24 Hours of Le Mans driving for Aston Martin Racing.

title: 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: The 85th 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: 85e 24 Heures du Mans) was an automobile endurance event held on 17–18 June 2017 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France. It was the 85th running of the 24 hour race organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest as well as the third round of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship. 258,500 people attended the event.

title: 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Automatic entries are earned by teams which won the previous running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, or have won Le Mans-based series and events such as the American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, and the Petit Le Mans. Some second-place finishers are also granted automatic entries in certain series and events. Entries are also granted for the winners of the Michelin Energy Endurance Challenge in both the American Le Mans Series and Le Mans Series. A final entry is granted to the champion in the Formula Le Mans category of the Le Mans Series, with the winner receiving their invitation in LMP2.


query: Is amnesia real?

title: Amnesia

text: Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma.[1] Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused.[2] There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation.[3] In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can occur simultaneously.

title: Psychogenic amnesia

text: Psychogenic amnesia is supposed to differ from organic amnesia in a number of ways; one being that unlike organic amnesia, psychogenic amnesia is thought to occur when no structural damage to the brain or brain lesion is evident. Psychological triggers are instead considered as preceding psychogenic amnesia, and indeed many anecdotal case studies which are cited as evidence of psychogenic amnesia hail from traumatic experiences such as World War II. As aforementioned however, aetiology of psychogenic amnesia is controversial as causation is not always clear (see above paragraph), and both elements of psychological stress and organic amnesia may be present among cases. Often, but not necessarily, a premorbid history of psychiatric illness such as depression is thought to be present in conjunction to triggers of psychological stress. Lack of psychological evidence precipitating amnesia doesn't mean there isn't any, for example trauma during childhood has even been cited as triggering amnesia later in life, but such an argument runs the risk of psychogenic amnesia becoming an umbrella term for any amnesia of which there is no apparent organic cause. Due to organic amnesia often being difficult to detect, defining between organic and psychogenic amnesia is not easy and often context of precipitating experiences are considered (for example, if there has been drug abuse) as well as the symptomology the patient presents with. Psychogenic amnesia is supposed to differ from organic amnesia qualitatively in that retrograde loss of autobiographical memory while semantic memory remains intact is said to be specific of psychogenic amnesia. Another difference that has been cited between organic and psychogenic amnesia is the temporal gradient of retrograde loss of autobiographical memory. The temporal gradient of loss in most cases of organic amnesia is said to be steepest at its most recent premorbid period, whereas for psychogenic amnesia the temporal gradient of retrograde autobiographical memory loss is said to be quite consistently flat. Although there is much literature on psychogenic amnesia as dissimilar to organic amnesia, the distinction between neurological and psychological features is often difficult to discern and remains controversial.

title: List of Kamen Rider Agito characters

text: is the series protagonist. He suffers amnesia and adopted the addressed name on a letter found in his possession when he washed ashore. He lives with the Misugi family and does all of the household chores. Using the belt, Shouichi can transform into , an ancient and powerful warrior whose abilities are constantly evolving. As the series progressed, he discovers the reason behind his amnesia and that his real name is Tetsuya Sawaki. He has a Honda VTR1000F, which turns into the when he transforms.

title: Repressed memory

text:
Amnesia is partial or complete loss of memory that goes beyond mere forgetting. Often it is temporary and involves only part of a person's experience. Amnesia is often caused by an injury to the brain, for instance after a blow to the head, and sometimes by psychological trauma. Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember new experiences that occur after damage to the brain; retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories of events that occurred before a trauma or injury. For a memory to become permanent (consolidated), there must be a persistent change in the strength of connections between particular neurons in the brain. Anterograde amnesia can occur because this consolidation process is disrupted; retrograde amnesia can result either from damage to the site of memory storage or from a disruption in the mechanisms by which memories can be retrieved from their stores. Many specific types of amnesia are recognized, including:
The form of amnesia that is linked with recovered memories is dissociative amnesia (formerly known as psychogenic amnesia). This results from a psychological cause, not by direct damage to the brain, and is a loss of memory of significant personal information, usually about traumatic or extremely stressful events. Usually this is seen as a gap or gaps in recall for aspects of someone's life history, but with severe acute trauma, such as during wartime, there can be a sudden acute onset of symptoms.

title: Spellbound (1945 film)

text:
Petersen notices that this Edwardes has a peculiar phobia about sets of parallel lines against a white background. She also soon realizes, by comparing handwriting, that this man is not the real Edwardes, but an impostor. He confides to her that he has killed the real Edwardes and has taken his place. He suffers from massive amnesia and does not know who he is. Petersen believes he is innocent and that he is suffering from a guilt complex. He disappears overnight, leaving a note for her. At the same time, it becomes public knowledge that the supposed Edwardes is an impostor, and that the real Edwardes is missing and may have been murdered.
Petersen manages to track him down and starts to use her psychoanalytic training to break his amnesia and find out what really happened. Pursued by the police, Petersen and the impostor (calling himself John Brown) travel by train to Rochester, New York, where they stay with Dr. Alexander Brulov (Michael Chekhov), Petersen's former mentor.

title: List of Mighty Med characters

text: He appeared in "I, Normo" where he had amnesia courtesy of the Black Falcon. With Alan's help, he regained his memory, but mistook Alan for the real Black Falcon and gave him amnesia. With his full suit on, he resembles Optimus Prime from Transformers.

title: Source amnesia

text: Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is known to be associated with frontal lobe dysfunction, is implicated as a cause of source amnesia. In laboratory conditions, one study found source monitoring to be so poor that the AD participants were correctly performing source memory attributions at approximately chance. This lack of ability to attribute the source of memories is likely related to AD patients' deficits in reality monitoring. Reality monitoring, the process of distinguishing whether information originated from an external or an internal source, relies on judgement processes to examine the qualitative characteristics of the information in order to determine if the information was real or imagined. It appears that it is this process that is experiencing the dysfunction, which causes mild confabulation in some AD patients, as well as being related to the source amnesia experienced in some individuals with AD.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: Post-hypnotic recall amnesia refers to an individual's inability to recall, when in a normal conscious state, the events that occurred during hypnosis. Evidence for this type of post-hypnotic amnesia is seen in a typical research model testing where nonsense syllables, that were paired during hypnosis, are unable to be recalled post hypnotically when a suggestion for amnesia was given during hypnosis. Recall amnesia for word associations tend to be very high when done by post-hypnotic individuals, with some studies showing one hundred percent total recall amnesia. This amnesia can also be measured by asking individuals, after their hypnosis has been terminated, to describe what they have been doing since they first laid down on the couch for their hypnosis session. When using this method for experimental testing, the hypnosis session will typically involve several tests or activities that the subject will engage in. Recall amnesia can then be measured by the amount of accurate tasks and activities the subject is able to remember.

title: Recall (memory)

text: Retrograde amnesia is typically the result of physical or psychological trauma which manifests itself as the inability to remember information preceding the traumatic event. It is usually accompanied by some type of anterograde amnesia, or inability to acquire new knowledge. Focal retrograde amnesia (FRA), sometimes known as functional amnesia, refers to the presence of retrograde amnesia while knowledge acquisition remains intact (no anterograde amnesia). Memory for how to use objects and perform skills (implicit memory) may remain intact while specific knowledge of personal events or previously learned facts (explicit memory) become inaccessible or lost. Amnesia can result from a number of different causes, including encephalitis, severe traumatic brain injury, vitamin B deficiency as seen in Korsakoff's Syndrome, and psychotic episodes, or by witnessing an emotionally traumatic event (Dissociative amnesia). Dysfunction of the temporal and frontal lobes have been observed in many cases of focal retrograde amnesia, whether metabolic or the result of lesions. However, this evidence only appears to correlate with the symptoms of retrograde amnesia as cases have been observed where patients suffering from minor concussions, showing no visible brain damage, develop FRA. It has been suggested that FRA could represent a variety of different disorders, cognitive deficits, or conditions that result in disproportionate loss of explicit memory, hence Disproportionate Retrograde Amnesia.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: For most of the 19th century, investigators reported that post-hypnotic amnesia only occurred spontaneously as scientific knowledge regarding this form of amnesia was minimal. Spontaneous post-hypnotic amnesia represents a slight memory impairment that results as a consequence of being put under hypnosis or being tested. This form of amnesia can also be experienced across susceptibility groups, but to a much lesser extent and magnitude to suggested post-hypnotic amnesia.

title: Amnesia

text: Real, diagnosable amnesia – people getting knocked on the head and forgetting their names – is mostly just a rumor in the world. It's a rare condition, and usually a brief one. In books and movie, though, versions of amnesia lurk everywhere, from episodes of Mission Impossible to metafictional and absurdist masterpieces, with dozens of stops in between. Amnesiacs might not much exist, but amnesiac characters stumble everywhere through comic books, movies, and our dreams. We've all met them and been them.[38]

title: Post-traumatic amnesia

text: There are two types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia (loss of memories that were formed shortly before the injury) and anterograde amnesia (problems with creating new memories after the injury has taken place). Both retrograde and anterograde forms may be referred to as PTA, or the term may be used to refer only to anterograde amnesia.

title: Retrospective memory

text:
Retrograde amnesia is defined as the loss of memory of events and experiences occurring prior to an illness, accident, injury, or traumatic experience such as rape or assault. The amnesia may cover events over a longer or only a brief period. Typically, it declines with time, with earlier memories returning first.
There are many possible causes of amnesia. The most common include Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, brain infection (such as encephalitis or meningitis), dementia, seizures, and stroke. Less common causes include a brain tumor or psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, depression, criminal behavior, or psychogenic amnesia). Psychogenic amnesia usually happens in close association with a stressful event that involves serious threat to life or health.
There are two types of retrograde amnesia, one dealing with episodic memory, and one dealing with semantic memory.
Semantic retrograde amnesia involves loss of generic, lifelong knowledge, as in the various forms of aphasia or agnosia, and also loss of learned motor skills, as in the various types of apraxia. Its primary focus is on retrograde amnesia for specific, usually time-limited, knowledge. In the case of semantic retrograde amnesia, memory for public events and memory for people have formed the primary corpus of research.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: Post-hypnotic amnesia is the inability in hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place while under hypnosis. This can be achieved by giving individuals a suggestion during hypnosis to forget certain material that they have learned either before or during hypnosis. Individuals who are experiencing post-hypnotic amnesia cannot have their memories recovered once put back under hypnosis and is therefore not state dependent. Nevertheless, memories may return when presented with a pre-arranged cue. This makes post-hypnotic amnesia similar to psychogenic amnesia as it disrupts the retrieval process of memory. It has been suggested that inconsistencies in methodologies used to study post-hypnotic amnesia cause varying results.

title: Psychogenic amnesia

text: Psychogenic amnesia is defined by the presence of retrograde amnesia (the inability to retrieve stored memories leading up to the onset of amnesia), and an absence of anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new long term memories). Access to episodic memory can be impeded, while the degree of impairment to short term memory, semantic memory and procedural memory is thought to vary among cases. If other memory processes are affected, they are usually much less severely affected than retrograde autobiographical memory, which is taken as the hallmark of psychogenic amnesia. However the wide variability of memory impairment among cases of psychogenic amnesia raises questions as to its true neuropsychological criteria, as despite intense study of a wide range of cases there is little consensus of which memory deficits are specific to psychogenic amnesia.

title: Fugue state

text: The cause of the fugue state is related to dissociative amnesia, ("DSM-IV Codes 300.12") which has several other subtypes: selective amnesia, generalised amnesia, continuous amnesia, and systematised amnesia, in addition to the subtype "dissociative fugue".

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: Spontaneous amnesia has also been difficult to determine as research bias has been found to influence in many cases. In one study participants were put into two groups; one was to receive amnesic instructions and half were not given the instructions. The next day the groups were reversed. Results showed that there was little spontaneous amnesia across all participants, leading to doubts towards the actual occurrence of amnesia. It was later found that those more susceptible to hypnosis were more susceptible to suggested post-hypnotic amnesia and not spontaneous amnesia. These results suggest that spontaneous amnesia is less common than suggested amnesia and that when high results of spontaneous amnesia are recorded, some incidences may be false.

title: Selective amnesia

text: Hypnotic amnesia, or forgetting under hypnosis, appears to be similar to naturally occurring clinical amnesia. However, hypnotic amnesia is distinct from naturally occurring amnesia because forgotten memories can be restored through a hypnotist’s prearranged signal. Also, hypnotic amnesia is usually incomplete, meaning that the participants do not forget everything they were instructed to forget. Due to this trait, hypnosis can be used to research selective amnesia through studies that direct attention to the targets, or erased memories, of hypnotic amnesia.

title: Post-traumatic amnesia

text: Misconstruing retrieval failure as traumatic amnesia is not the same phenomenon as post-traumatic amnesia, which describes amnesia for the current elapsing time post-trauma, not amnesia for trauma from the past. Typically, "repressed memory" is the term used to explain this sort of traumatic amnesia; the experience was so horrific that the adult cannot process what occurred years before. The topic of repressed memory is controversial within psychology; many clinicians argue for its importance, while researchers remain skeptical of its existence. A more viable explanation for this forgetting is childhood amnesia, a phenomenon describing the fact that most children do not have recall of events in their lives before the age of three, partially due to the lack of development of cognitive elements such as language.

title: Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs

text: A PlayStation 4 version was included in the "Amnesia Collection", released on 22 November 2016 via PlayStation Network, containing "Amnesia: The Dark Descent" and its expansion "Amnesia: Justine".

title: Drug-induced amnesia

text: Drug-induced amnesia is amnesia caused by drugs. Amnesia may be therapeutic for medical treatment or for medical procedures, or it may be a side-effect of a drug, such as alcohol, or certain medications for psychiatric disorders, such as benzodiazepines.

title: Semantic amnesia

text: Semantic amnesia is a type of amnesia that affects semantic memory and is primarily manifested through difficulties with language use and acquisition, recall of facts and general knowledge. A patient with semantic amnesia would have damage to the temporal lobe.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: Post-hypnotic amnesia is reversible, a characteristic that distinguishes it from other forms of amnesia that arise primarily from traumatic brain injury. Whereas the retrieval of memories under retrograde amnesia is a slow and labour-intensive process, the reversal of hypnotically-induced amnesia can occur with a simple suggestion or reversal cue (e.g., "when I clap my hands, you will remember everything").

title: Psychogenic amnesia

text: Neurological cause of psychogenic amnesia is controversial. Even in cases of organic amnesia, where there is lesion or structural damage to the brain, caution must still be taken in defining causation, as only damage to areas of the brain crucial to memory processing is it possible to result in memory impairment. Organic causes of amnesia can be difficult to detect, and often both organic cause and psychological triggers can be entangled. Failure to find an organic cause may result in the diagnosis that the amnesia is psychological, however it is possible that some organic causes may fall below a threshold of detection, while other neurological ails are thought to be unequivocally organic (such as a migraine) even though no functional damage is evident. Possible malingering must also be taken into account. Some researchers have cautioned against psychogenic amnesia becoming a 'wastebasket' diagnosis when organic amnesia is not apparent. Other researchers have hastened to defend the notion of psychogenic amnesia and its right not to be dismissed as a clinical disorder. Diagnoses of psychogenic amnesia have dropped since agreement in the field of transient global amnesia, suggesting some over diagnosis at least. Speculation also exists about psychogenic amnesia due to its similarities with 'pure retrograde amnesia', as both share similar retrograde loss of memory. Also, although no functional damage or brain lesions are evident in the case of pure retrograde amnesia, unlike psychogenic amnesia it is not thought that purely psychological or 'psychogenic triggers' are relevant to pure retrograde amnesia. Psychological triggers such as emotional stress are common in everyday life, yet pure retrograde amnesia is considered very rare. Also the potential for organic damage to fall below threshold of being identified does not necessarily mean it is not present, and it is highly likely that both psychological factors and organic cause exist in pure retrograde amnesia.

title: Psychogenic amnesia

text: The atypical clinical syndrome of the memory disorder (as opposed to organic amnesia) is that a person with psychogenic amnesia is profoundly unable to remember personal information about themselves; there is a lack of conscious self-knowledge which affects even simple self-knowledge, such as who they are. Psychogenic amnesia is distinguished from organic amnesia in that it is supposed to result from a nonorganic cause; no structural brain damage or brain lesion should be evident but some form of psychological stress should precipitate the amnesia, however psychogenic amnesia as a memory disorder is controversial.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: Recognition amnesia equates to an impairment of an individual's recognition memory brought on by amnesia. As event-related potentials have been found to be sensitive to familiar stimuli in the absence of recognition impairments it has been suggested that individuals who report amnesia after hypnosis might not be experiencing post-amnesia recognition impairments. Instead, they may not be accurately describing their experience and confuse having amnesia for a lack of attention during encoding of tested stimuli.

title: Retrograde amnesia

text: Another real life problem with RA is malingering, which is conceived as the rational output of a neurologically normal brain aiming at the surreptitious achievement of a well identified gain. Since it is common for people who have committed a crime to report having RA for that specific event in order to avoid their punishment, the legal system has pushed for the creation of a standardized test of amnesia. However, since most cases differ in onset, duration, and content forgotten, this task has shown to be a rather complex one.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: Suggested amnesia has been found to result in a more significant memory loss than spontaneous amnesia, regardless of the order of induction. On average, more individuals experience suggested amnesia and there appears to be a moderate effect across individuals of all levels of hypnotic susceptibility. Suggested post-hypnotic amnesia also involves a "temporary, retrieval-based dissociation between episodic and semantic memory". However, it is more common for highly hypnotizable individuals to remember less information than low hypnotizable individuals or controls while under suggested post-hypnotic amnesia.

title: Posthypnotic amnesia

text: post-hypnotic amnesia is characterized as a "retrieval deficit", whereas other types of amnesia suffer from a "storage" deficit (e.g. Anterograde amnesia). post-hypnotic amnesia has been correlated with reduced cortical activity in the occipital and temporal cortex, while showing an increase in activation in the prefrontal cortex. It has been suggested that some of these areas are involved in the retrieval of long term episodic memories, while others are involved in inhibiting this retrieval. Various forms of functional amnesia have been suggested as the outcome of "retrieval abortion" and thus could be partially modeled using post-hypnotic amnesia (i.e. lower physical risk to the individual). For example, cases of post-hypnotic amnesia show strikingly similar cognitive and neurological characteristics to cases of functional amnesia. Previous fMRI studies indicate that individuals suffering from functional amnesia show reduced frontal lobe activity that could impair working memory and lexical tasks involving one's native language.

title: Selective amnesia

text: All people experience selective amnesia in their lives, and this selective amnesia may allow individuals to use their attention more effectively. In these studies, selective amnesia is defined as the phenomena experienced when a participant pays attention to the information given but then almost immediately forgets it. Rodrigues (2011) conducted a study in which participants were put into pairs and each pair was given five minutes to interact with an assigned stimuli. The participants’ actions and speech were recorded during this time. After the five minutes were completed, the experimenter questioned the participants about why the participants made certain decisions or said certain things. Rodrigues found that inattention blindness, attention capture, and selective amnesia all played a role in the participant’s overall accuracy. Thus, even though most other forms of amnesia are harmful, selective amnesia may play a practical, and even helpful, role in our lives.


query: When did the Holy Roman Empire end?

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.[3] The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.[4][5][6]

title: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

text: The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred "de facto" on 6 August 1806, when Emperor Francis II abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire. Although the abdication was considered legal, the dissolution of the imperial bonds was not and several states refused to recognise the end of the empire at the time.

title: German Emperor

text: The German Emperor ( ) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the German Empire. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the official abdication of Wilhelm II on 28 November 1918. The Holy Roman Emperor is sometimes also called "German Emperor" when the historical context is clear, as derived from the Holy Roman Empire's official name of "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from 1512.

title: Western Roman Empire

text: Following the end of the Eastern Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title of "Emperor" became widespread among European monarchs. The Austrian Empire laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria's Habsburgs attempted to unite Germany under their rule. The German Empire, established in 1871, also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire. Both of these empires used the imperial title "Kaiser" (derived from the Latin word "Caesar"), the German word for emperor. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary, successor of the Austrian Empire, would both fall in the aftermath of the First World War along with the Russian and Ottoman Empires who had both claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire.

title: Investiture Controversy

text: However, the dispute did not end with the Concordat of Worms in 1122; future disputes between popes and Holy Roman Emperors continued until northern Italy was lost to the empire entirely. The church would Crusade against the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II. As historian Norman Cantor put it, the controversy "shattered the early-medieval equilibrium and ended the interpenetration of "ecclesia" and "mundus"". Indeed, medieval emperors, which were "largely the creation of ecclesiastical ideals and personnel", were forced to develop a secular bureaucratic state whose essential components persisted in the Anglo-Norman monarchy.

title: Princes of the Holy Roman Empire

text: Originally, possessors of the princely title bore it as immediate vassals of the Empire, secular or ecclesiastical, who held a fief that had no suzerain except the Emperor. However, by the time the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, there were a number of holders of Imperial princely titles who did not meet these criteria.

title: Austrian Empire

text: Changes shaping the nature of the Holy Roman Empire took place during conferences in Rastatt (1797–1799) and Regensburg (1801–1803). On 24 March 1803, the Imperial Recess () was declared, which reduced the number of ecclesiastical states from 81 to only 3 and the free imperial cities from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess was the end of the empire. Taking this significant change into consideration, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II created the title Emperor of Austria, for himself and his successors.

title: Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)

text:
There were many imperial interregna in the history of the Holy Roman Empire, when there was no emperor.
Interregna in which there was no emperor-elect (king of the Romans) have been rarer.
Among the longest periods without an emperor were between 924 and 962 (38 years), between 1245 and 1312 (67 years), and between 1378 and 1433 (55 years).
The crisis of government of the Holy Roman Empire and the German kingdom thus lasted throughout the late medieval period, and ended only with the rise of the House of Habsburg on the eve of the German Reformation and the Renaissance.
The term Great Interregnum is occasionally used for the period between 1250 (death of Frederick II) and 1273 (accession of Rudolf I).

title: Name of France

text: The rulers of "Francia Orientalis", who soon claimed the imperial title and wanted to reunify the Frankish Empire, dropped the name "Francia Orientalis" and called their realm the Holy Roman Empire (see History of Germany). The kings of "Francia Occidentalis" successfully opposed this claim and managed to preserve "Francia Occidentalis" as an independent kingdom, distinct from the Holy Roman Empire. The Battle of Bouvines in 1214 definitively marked the end of the efforts by the Holy Roman Empire to reunify the old Frankish Empire by conquering France.

title: Roman Empire

text: Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire's successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire, an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. After the fall of Constantinople, the Russian Tsardom, as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire's Orthodox Christian tradition, counted itself the Third Rome (Constantinople having been the second). These concepts are known as Translatio imperii.

title: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: After his death his line did not survive, and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end. Furthermore, the Holy Roman Empire entered a long period of decline which it did not completely recover from until the reign of Charles V.

title: Knight of the Golden Spur (Holy Roman Empire)

text: After the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the winner of the title in Austria have been recognized as Knights (May 14, 1817), the leadership title "Knight of the Holy Roman Empire" was banned (10 April 1816, October 6, 1847). The award was presented to the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.

title: Army of the Holy Roman Empire

text: The Army of the Holy Roman Empire (German "Reichsarmee", "Reichsheer" or "Reichsarmatur"; Latin "exercitus imperii") was created in 1422 and came to an end when the Holy Roman Empire dissolved in 1806 as the result of the Napoleonic Wars. It must not be confused with the Imperial Army ("Kaiserliche Armee") of the Emperor.

title: Western Roman Empire

text: In addition to remaining as a concept for an administrative unit in the remaining Empire, the ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler further continued to appeal to many powerful rulers in western Europe. With the papal coronation of Charlemagne as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800 AD, his realm was explicitly proclaimed as a restoration of the Roman Empire in Western Europe under the concept of "translatio imperii". Though the Carolingian Empire collapsed in 888 and Berengar, the last "Emperor" claiming succession from Charlemagne, died in 924, the concept of a papacy- and Germanic-based Roman Empire in the West would resurface in the form of the Holy Roman Empire in 962. The Holy Roman Emperors would uphold the notion that they had inherited the supreme power and prestige of the Roman Emperors of old until the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

title: German Question

text: On August 6, 1806, Habsburg Emperor Francis II had abdicated the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in the course of the Napoleonic Wars with France, thereby ending the loose Empire. Despite its later name affix "of the German Nation", the Holy Roman Empire had never been a nation state. Instead its rulers over the centuries had to cope with a continuous loss of authority to its constituent Imperial States. The disastrous Thirty Years' War proved especially fatal to the Holy Roman Emperor's authority, as the mightiest entities, the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and Brandenburg-Prussia evolved into rivaling European absolute powers with territory reaching far beyond Imperial borders. The many small city-states splintered, meanwhile. In the 18th century the Holy Roman Empire consisted of over 1800 separate territories governed by distinct authorities.

title: Battle of Leitzersdorf

text: The Battle of Leitzersdorf was a battle between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in 1484. Fuelled by the earlier conflicts of Matthias Corvinus and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor it marked the end of anti-Ottoman preparations and initiations of a holy war. It was the only open field battle of the Austro-Hungarian War, and the defeat meant – in long terms – the loss of the Archduchy of Austria for the Holy Roman Empire.

title: History of Prague

text: In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire ended when Napoleon dictated its dissolution. Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his title. He became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.

title: European balance of power

text: The papacy launched the Catholic revival in an attempt to halt the growth of Protestantism and put an end to the Ottoman wars in Europe. Despite some successes, such as the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the Siege of Paris (1590), the Anglo-Spanish War and the Long Turkish War questioned the Catholic ambitions. Ultimately, the Papacy lost its status and influence with the Thirty Years' War and many Protestant states experienced a golden age: the Netherlands (now independent of the Holy Roman Empire) formed the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia; Sweden formed an empire in northern Europe; and England began the colonization of North America. By the Treaty of Westphalia at the end of the Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Empire became a more decentralized entity in which constituent states, such as Prussia, were allowed to pursue their own foreign policy independent of that of the House of Hapsburg of Austria which continued to rule as Holy Roman Emperor. Hapsburg Austria did directly control some states outside of the Holy Roman Empire. It was France who took the status of dominant continental power from the Habsburgs thanks to the Treaty of Westphalia and the Treaty of the Pyrenees.

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: History of Germany Holy Roman Emperor List of Frankish kings List of German monarchs Carolingian Empire Francia Family tree of the German monarchs Gothic art List of states in the Holy Roman Empire Papal States and the Empire Third Rome Translatio imperii Roman Empire Western Roman Empire House of Habsburg-controlled empires: Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary German confederations and states: Confederation of the Rhine (controlled by the First French Empire) German Confederation German Empire (1848–49) German Empire (sometimes considered a successor) Third Reich (claims to succession of both HRE and the German Empire)

title: Empire

text:
In the 7th century, Maritime Southeast Asia witnessed the rise of a Buddhist thallasocracy, the Srivijaya Empire, which thrived for 600 years and was succeeded by the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit Empire that ruled from the 13th to 15th centuries. In the Southeast Asian mainland, the Hindu-Buddhist Khmer Empire was centered in the city of Angkor and flourished from the 9th to 13th centuries. Following the demise of the Khmer Empire, the Siamese Empire flourished alongside the Burmese and Lan Chang Empires from the 13th through the 18th centuries. In Eastern Europe, during the year of 917, the Byzantine Empire was forced to recognize the Imperial title of Bulgarian rulers (who were called Tsars). The Bulgarian Empire remained a major power in the Balkans until its fall in the late 14th century.
At the time, in the Medieval West, the title "empire" had a specific technical meaning that was exclusively applied to states that considered themselves the heirs and successors of the Roman Empire. Among these were the "Byzantine Empire", which was the actual continuation of the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the largely Germanic Holy Roman Empire, and the Russian Empire. Yet, these states did not always fit the geographic, political, or military profiles of empires in the modern sense of the word. To legitimise their "imperium", these states directly claimed the title of "Empire" from Rome. The "sacrum Romanum imperium" (Holy Roman Empire), which lasted from 800 to 1806, claimed to have exclusively comprehended Christian principalities, and was only nominally a discrete imperial state. The Holy Roman Empire was not always centrally-governed, as it had neither core nor peripheral territories, and was not governed by a central, politico-military elite. Hence, Voltaire's remark that the Holy Roman Empire "was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" is accurate to the degree that it ignores German rule over Italian, French, Provençal, Polish, Flemish, Dutch, and Bohemian populations, and the efforts of the ninth-century Holy Roman Emperors (i.e., the Ottonians) to establish central control. Voltaire's "nor an empire" observation applies to its late period.

title: Austrian Crown Jewels

text: Under threat from Napoleon, emperor Francis II dissolved the thousand-year old Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed the Austrian Empire on August 11, 1804. He did not use the crown of the Holy Roman Empire but the old crown of Rudolf II as the crown of the new empire.

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was changed to the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Latin: Imperium Romanum Sacrum Nationis Germanicæ),[20][21] a form first used in a document in 1474.[18] The new title was adopted partly because the Empire had lost most of its Italian and Burgundian (Kingdom of Arles) territories to the south and west by the late 15th century,[22] but also to emphasize the new importance of the German Imperial Estates in ruling the Empire due to the Imperial Reform.[23] By the end of the 18th century, the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" had fallen out of official use. Besides, contradicting the traditional view concerning that designation, Hermann Weisert has stated in a study on imperial titulature that, despite the claim of many textbooks, the name "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" never had an official status and points out that documents were thirty times as likely to omit the national suffix as include it.[24] This, or the shortened "Roman Empire of the German Nation", is often used in Germany to refer to the Holy Roman Empire.

title: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Concordat of Worms Emperor for other uses of the title "Emperor" in Europe. First Council of the Lateran Holy Roman Emperors family tree Holy Roman Empress King of the Romans List of German monarchs Holy Roman Empire King of Italy Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

title: Franks

text: The Frankish state consolidated its hold over the majority of western Europe by the end of the 8th century, developing into the Carolingian Empire. With the coronation of their ruler Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD, he and his successors were recognised as legitimate successors to the emperors of the Western Roman Empire. As such, the Carolingian Empire gradually came to be seen in the West as a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. This empire would give rise to several successor states, including France, the Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy, though the "Frankish" identity remained most closely identified with France.

title: Legacy of the Roman Empire

text: The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire sought in many ways to make themselves accepted by the Byzantines as their peers: with diplomatic relations, political marriages or threats. Sometimes, however, they did not obtain the expected results, because from Constantinople they were always called "King of the Germans", never "Emperor." The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 owing to pressure by Napoleon I.

title: Austrian Empire

text: In 1804, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, founded the Empire of Austria, in which all his lands were included. In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, which had functioned as a composite monarchy for about three hundred years. He did so because he foresaw either the end of the Holy Roman Empire, or the eventual accession as Holy Roman Emperor of Napoleon, who had earlier that year adopted the title of an Emperor of the French; Francis II eventually abandoned the title of German-Roman Emperor later in 1806. To safeguard his dynasty's imperial status he adopted the additional hereditary title of Emperor of Austria. Apart from now being included in a new "Kaiserthum", the workings of the overarching structure and the status of its component lands at first stayed much the same as they had been under the composite monarchy that existed before 1804.

title: Name of the Franks

title: Austrian Empire

text: On 12 July 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and countries. This confederation, under French influence, put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, even Francis recognized the new state of things and proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him. This action was unrecognized by George III of the United Kingdom who was also the Elector of Hanover and had also lost his German territories around Hanover to Napoleon. His claims were later settled by the creation of the Kingdom of Hanover which was held by George's British heirs until Queen Victoria's accession, when it split into the British and Hanoverian royal families.

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: The Army of the Holy Roman Empire (German Reichsarmee, Reichsheer or Reichsarmatur; Latin exercitus imperii) was created in 1422 and came to an end even before the Empire as the result of the Napoleonic Wars. It must not be confused with the Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee) of the Emperor.

title: Bohemia

text: After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the March of Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great. Bohemia would remain a largely autonomous state under the Holy Roman Empire for several decades. The jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire was definitively reasserted when Jaromír of Bohemia was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor King Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a vassal once he re-occupied Prague with a German army in 1004, ending the rule of Boleslaw I of Poland.

title: Liechtenstein

text: At the time of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was argued that Liechtenstein, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, was no longer bound to the emerging independent state of Austria, since the latter did not consider itself the legal successor to the empire. This is partly contradicted by the Liechtenstein perception that the dethroned Austro-Hungarian Emperor still maintained an abstract heritage of the Holy Roman Empire.


query: When did Rubén Darío die?

title: Rubén Darío

text: Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (January 18, 1867 – February 6, 1916), known as Rubén Darío (Spanish pronunciation:[ruˈβen daˈɾi.o]), was a Nicaraguan poet who initiated the Spanish-American literary movement known as modernismo (modernism) that flourished at the end of the 19th century. Darío has had a great and lasting influence on 20th-century Spanish literature and journalism. He has been praised as the "Prince of Castilian Letters" and undisputed father of the modernismo literary movement.[1]

title: Rubén Darío (Madrid Metro)

text: The station was named after nearby Rubén Darío Plaza, which was named after the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío.

title: Rubén Darío National Theatre

text: The Rubén Darío National Theatre () is the national theatre of Nicaragua. It is located in the capital, Managua, and was named in honor of Nicaragua's (and one of Latin America's) most renowned poets, Rubén Darío.

text: The National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío is the national library of Nicaragua, located in the city of Managua. It was founded in 1880, and damaged in the 1931 earthquake. Another earthquake in 1972 caused further damage, furthermore, it was looted. One of its librarians was the poet Rubén Darío, in whose honour it was renamed.

title: Atlético Semu

text: Current Equatoguinean international footballer Rubén Darío played for Atlético during the 2015 and 2015–2016 Equatoguinean Premier League seasons. Rubén Darío was part of the national side which participated in the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.

title: Ciudad Darío

text: Ciudad Darío () is a municipality in the Matagalpa department of Nicaragua. It is the birthplace of poet Rubén Darío.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Rubén Darío. Biografía/Julio Chiappini, 2012 Miradas críticas sobre Rubén Darío/Nicasio Urbina, 2005 La poesía de Rubén Darío: ensayo sobre el tema y los temas del poeta/Pedro Salinas, 2005 Luis Cernuda y Rubén Darío: modernismo e ironía/James Valender, 2004 Rubén Darío visto por Juan de Dios Vanegas/Juan de Dios Vanegas, 2003 Rubén Darío, puente hacia el siglo XXI y otros escritos/Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim, 2003 Rubén Darío y su vigencia en el siglo XXI/Jorge Eduardo Arellano, 2003 Paralelismo entre Rubén Darío y Salomón de la Selva/Nicolás Navas, 2002 Bases para una interpretación de Rubén Darío/Mario Vargas Llosa, 2001 La angustia existencial en la poesía de Rubén Darío/Roque Ochoa Hidalgo, 2001 Rubén Darío, addenda/José María Martínez Domingo, 2000 Aproximación a Rubén Darío/Teodosio Muñoz Molina, 2000 (NOTE: freely, openly available with page images and full text from the )

title: Ciudad Darío

text: On 1867, Felix Rubén García, later known as Rubén Darío, one of the greatest poets of the Spanish language, was born in Metapa to Rosa Sarmiento. In 1883 Jorge Choiseul Praslin, widely believed to be the Duke Theobald de Choiseul Praslin, who escaped from France in 1847, died in Metapa. On February 20, 1920, Metapa changed its name to Ciudad Darío by a Decree of the Government of President Emiliano Chamorro.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Acereda, Alberto and Rigoberto Guevara. "Modernism, Rubén Darío, and the Poetics of Despair". Orringer, Nelson R. (2002). "Introduction to Hispanic Modernisms", Bulletin of Spanish Studies LXXIX: 133–148. Ramos, Julio (2001). Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America trans. John D. Blanco, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, ISBN0822319810 Mapes, Edwin K. (1925). L'influence française dans l'oeuvre of Rubén Darío Paris, republished in 1966 by Comisión Nacional para la Celebración del Centenario del Nacimiento de Rubén Darío, Managua, Nicaragua OCLC Rivera-Rodas, Oscar (1989). "El discurso modernista y la dialéctica del erotismo y la castidad" Revista Iberoamericana 146–147: 45–62 Rivera-Rodas, Oscar (2000). "'La crisis referencial' y la modernidad hispanoamericana" Hispania 83(4): 779–90 Schulman, Iván A. (1969). "Reflexiones en torno a la definición del modernismo" In Schulman, Iván A. and Gonzalez, Manuel Pedro (1969) OCLC Martí, Darío y el modernismo Editorial Gredos, Madrid Ward, Thomas (1989). "El pensamiento religioso de Rubén Darío: Un estudio de Prosas profanas y Cantos de vida y esperanza" Revista Iberoamericana 55: 363–375. Ward, Thomas (2002). Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. 50(2): 489–515. Crow, John A. (1992). The Epic of Latin America. London: University of California Press Skidmore, Thomas E. & Smith, Peter H. (2005). Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press

title: Rubén Darío Velázquez

text: Rubén Darío Velázquez Bermúdez (born December 18, 1975) is a retired Colombian footballer.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Roberto González Echevarría considers him the beginning of the modern era in Spanish language poetry: "In Spanish, there is poetry before and after Rubén Darío. ... the first major poet in the language since the 17th century ... He ushered Spanish-language poetry into the modern era by incorporating the aesthetic ideals and modern anxieties of Parnassiens and Symbolism, as Garcilaso had infused Castilian verse with Italianate forms and spirit in the 16th century, transforming it forever.[17] Darío led one of the most profound poetic revolutions in Spanish according to Latin American poets Octavio Paz, who wrote a prologue to a translation of Darío's selected poems, and Giannina Braschi, who features Darío as a character in her works.[18][19]

title: Rubén Darío

text: In 1912 he accepted an offer from the Uruguayan businessmen Rubén and Alfredo Guido to direct the magazines Mundial and Elegancias. To promote said publications, he went on tour in Latin America visiting, among other cities, Río de Janeiro, São Paulo, Montevideo and Buenos Aires. It was also around this time that the poet wrote his autobiography, which was published in the magazine Caras y caretas under the title of La vida de Rubén Darío escrita por él mismo; and the work Historia de mis libros which is very important when learning about his literary evolution.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Rubén Darío was born in Metapa, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Although, according to his baptism, Rubén's true surname was García, his paternal family had been known by the surname Darío for many years. Rubén Darío explained it as follows in his autobiography:

title: Rubén Darío Acosta

text: Rubén Darío Acosta Ospina (born 20 August 1996) is a Colombian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Professional Continental team .

title: Róger Pérez de la Rocha

text: In 1990 he was honoured with the "Orden de la Independencia Cultural Rubén Darío", conferred by the Government of Nicaragua. A retrospective of his work took place at the Rubén Darío National Theatre in 1994.

title: María Teresa Sánchez

text: In 1945, Sánchez was awarded the Rubén Darío Prize for her poetry. In the 1980s, she received the Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence.

title: Rubén Darío Bustos

text: Rubén Darío Bustos (born August 18, 1981, in Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander) is a Colombian retired football player, He played as a defender

title: Rubén Darío

text: Fiore, Dolores Ackel. Rubén Darío in Search of Inspiration: Graeco-Roman Mythology in His Stories and Poetry. New York: La Amėricas Publishing Co., 1963. Morrow, John Andrew. Amerindian Elements in the Poetry of Rubén Darío: The Alter Ego as the Indigenous Other." Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008. O'Connor-Bates, Kathleen, translator. 2015. A Bilingual Anthology of Poems by Ruben Dario 1867–1916: Annotations and Facing Page Translations. Edwin Mellen Press.

title: Rubén Darío Aguilera

text: Rubén Darío Aguilera (born 26 January 1978 in Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay) is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing for General Caballero ZC of the Primera División in Paraguay.

title: Alberto Acereda

text: He has made important scholarly contributions to Hispanic literary modernism and has done extensive research on the end of the 19th century Hispanic. In this area, Acereda has studied the figure of the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, writing several scholarly books such as "Ruben Dario and the Poetics of Despair" and "Rubén Darío, poeta trágico". He has also coordinated and compiled several papers on this modernist author, such as his work "The Other Centennial" (El otro centenario): Rubén Darío y “Cantos de vida y esperanza” (Rubén Darío and "Songs of Life and Hope"), published in 2005 or "Homenaje a Rubén Darío." He also wrote two volumes of English translations of the poetry of Rubén Darío, prepared with U.S. researcher Professor Will Derusha: "Songs of Life and Hope. Rubén Darío", and "Selected Poems of Rubén Darío. A Bilingual Anthology". In 2005 he received the "International Rubén Darío Research Award" from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua and he was also honored with the "Distinguished Research Recognition" by the "Nicaraguan Institute of Hispanic Culture" at the Embassy of Spain in Nicaragua, and by the “Nicaraguan Royal Academy of the Spanish Language”.

title: Rubén Darío

text: Poet-errant: a biography of Rubén Darío/Charles Dunton Watland., 1965 Rubén Darío centennial studies/Miguel Gonzalez-Gerth, 1970 Critical approaches to Rubén Darío/Keith Ellis, 1974 "Rubén Darío and the romantic search for unity"/Cathy Login Jrade., 1983[28] Beyond the glitter: the language of gems in modernista writers/Rosemary C. LoDato, 1999 An art alienated from itself: studies in Spanish American modernism/Priscilla Pearsall, 1984 Modernism, Rubén Darío, and the poetics of despair/Alberto Acereda, 2004 Darío, Borges, Neruda and the ancient quarrel between poets and philosophers/Jason Wilson, 2000 The meaning and function of music in Ruben Dario a comparative approach/Raymond Skyrme, 1969 Selected Poems of Rubén Darío/Lysander Kemp, trans., 1965. ISBN978-0-292-77615-9

title: Rubén Darío Paredes

text: Rubén Darío Paredes del Río (born 1931) was a Panamanian army officer and the military ruler of Panama from 1982 to 1983.

title: Rubén Darío (disambiguation)

text: Rubén Darío primarily refers to the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío.

title: Nicaraguan one hundred-cordoba note

text: This series 2002 note is Blue. On the obverse is Rubén Darío and on the reverse is the Rubén Darío Theatre located in Managua.

title: Rubén Darío

text: According to what some of the old people in that town of my childhood have referred to me, my great-grandfather had Darío as his nickname or first name. In this small town he was known by everyone as "Don Darío" and his entire family as the Daríos. It was in this way that his and all his family last name began to disappear to the point where my paternal great-grandmother already replaced it when she signed documents as Rita Darío; becoming patronymic and acquiring legal stand and validity since my father, who was a merchant, carried out all his businesses as Manuel Darío...[2]

title: Rubén Darío Rossi

text: Rubén Darío Rossi, (born October 28, 1973) is an Argentine footballer, who played as a Forward.

title: Rubén Darío (Madrid Metro)

text: Rubén Darío is a station on Line 5 of the Madrid Metro. It is located in Zone A.

title: Modernismo

text: Modernismo is a literary movement that took place primarily during the end of the Nineteenth and early Twentieth-century in Spanish-America, best exemplified by Rubén Darío who is also known as the father of "Modernismo". The term "Modernismo" specifically refers to the literary movement that took place primarily in poetry. This literary movement began in 1888 after the publication of Rubén Darío's "Azul". The movement died around 1920, four years after the death of Rubén Darío. The book, "Azul", gave "Modernismo" a new meaning. In "Aspects of Spanish-American Literature", the author writes (1963),

title: Rubén Darío

text: In honor of the centenary of Darío's birth in 1867, the government of Nicaragua struck a 50 cordoba gold medal and issued a set of postage stamps. The commemorative set consists of eight airmail stamps (20 centavos depicted) and two souvenir sheets. There is a Rubén Darío street and a Rubén Darío museum, and his face appears on statues, paintings, and lottery tickets in his homeland of Nicaragua.[24] The National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío was renamed in his honour. There is a Rubén Darío Plaza and a Rubén Darío metro station in Madrid, Spain. The Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) by Giannina Braschi features an argument about Rubén Darío's genius versus that of other Spanish language poets Quevedo, Góngora, Pablo Neruda, and Federico García Lorca.[25] The postcolonial novel United States of Banana (2011) by Giannina Braschi features Rubén Darío as a character and credits him with inspiring the book which begins with an epigraph by him: “If Hamlet grieves, Segismundo feels it.”[26][27]

title: Rubén Darío Gigena

text: Rubén Darío Gigena (born 2 October 1980 in Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires) is an Argentine football striker currently playing for Tiro Federal BB.