query: When did the TV series The Vampire Diaries first air?

title: The Vampire Diaries

text: The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec, based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith. The series premiered on The CW on September 10, 2009, and concluded on March 10, 2017, airing 171 episodes over eight seasons.

title: Founder's Day (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Founder's Day" is the 22nd episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 22nd episode of the series overall. It also consists the last episode of the season. It originally aired on May 13, 2010. The episode was written by Bryan Oh and Andrew Chambliss and directed by Marcos Siega.

title: Isobel (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Isobel" is the 21st episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 21st episode of the series overall. It originally aired on May 6, 2010. The episode was written by Caroline Dries and Brian Young and directed by J. Miller Tobin.

title: The Originals (TV series)

text: "The Originals," a spin-off from "The Vampire Diaries," centers around three of the Mikaelson siblings: Klaus (Joseph Morgan), Elijah (Daniel Gillies), and Rebekah (Claire Holt). The Mikaelson family is called "the Originals" as they are the first vampires to ever exist. Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson is a descendant of a witch and a werewolf, and his quest to unleash his hybrid nature was detailed in "The Vampire Diaries". The backdoor pilot, which aired on April 25, 2013, also revealed that the werewolf Hayley (Phoebe Tonkin) is pregnant with Klaus's child. The series begins with the Original siblings returning to the city of New Orleans for the first time since 1919, where a pregnant Hayley has also settled. Having originally built the city, they had been forced to abandon it when fleeing from their vengeful father. In their absence, Klaus's protégé, Marcel (Charles Michael Davis), took charge of the city. Klaus resolves that they must take down Marcel and get back the city that once belonged to them. While doing that they must also protect their city from a war brewing between vampires, werewolves, and witches. Over time, new and old friendships are formed, love is in the air, death surrounds them, and the Originals learn more about their own family past. The first season describes how Klaus's mystical child is going to be born and speaks of the threats that the Originals together must keep her safe from. The second season deals with the return of Klaus and his siblings' parents, and the arrival of an aunt who threatens the baby's life. The third season shows the Mikaelsons facing both a prophecy that speaks of their downfall, and the first-sired vampires who have wanted revenge for a millennium. The fourth season jumps ahead five years, with the Mikaelsons returning to New Orleans and having to face a reawakened ancient menace set on destroying anything in its path. The fifth and final season of the series takes place seven years after the fourth season, with Hope now being a teenager at a school for supernatural children, the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted.On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a backdoor pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus and titled "The Originals" would air sometime in April for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season. On April 26, 2013, "The Originals" was confirmed for a full series. This second spin-off attempt will be overseen by Julie Plec, with no involvement by Kevin Williamson. "The Originals" was officially picked up by The CW on April 26, 2013, for the 2013–14 season. Season one of "The Originals" was set to premiere on Tuesday, October 15. However, on July 29, 2013, The CW announced that the series premiere would instead air on October 3, 2013, following the fifth-season premiere of "The Vampire Diaries" in order to attract fans of the series. On October 10, 2013, the CW ordered three additional scripts for the series. On November 11, 2013, the CW decided to order a full season for "The Originals".

title: Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Let the Right One In" is the 17th episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 17th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on April 8, 2010. The episode's story was written by Brian Young and the teleplay by Julie Plec. It was directed by Dennis Smith.

title: Joseph Morgan (actor)

text: Morgan played Niklaus Mikaelson in The CW's "The Vampire Diaries", and played Lysander in the 2011 film "Immortals", alongside Henry Cavill. BuddyTV ranked him #84 on its list of "TV's Sexiest Men of 2011". In January 2013, a back-door pilot for "The Originals", a spin-off series of "The Vampire Diaries", began airing with Morgan starring as Niklaus Mikaelson.

title: Haunted (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Haunted" is the seventh episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the seventh episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 29, 2009. The episode's story was written by Andrew Kreisberg and the teleplay by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. It was directed by Ernest Dickerson.

title: Under Control (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Under Control" is the 18th episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 18th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on April 15, 2010. The episode was written by Barbie Kligman and Andrew Chambliss and directed by David Von Ancken.

title: History Repeating (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "History Repeating" is the ninth episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the ninth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 12, 2009. The episode was written by Bryan M. Holdman and Brian Young and directed by Marcos Siega.

title: Moonlight (TV series)

text: Reviews of the second episode were generally more positive than the pilot. Travis Fickett of IGN described the episode, and the series as a whole, as "vampire mediocrity with a slight hint of potential". He compared the episode to the television series "Angel", saying it was "weaker on virtually every front". Jen Creer of TV Squad criticized the writing, but said she felt that Sophia Myles was doing a "decent job of developing her character and embracing the material". Carl Cortez of iFMagazine.com said this episode improved "leaps and bounds", and was a "step in the right direction". He gave the episode a 'C' rating, saying the direction was "lifeless" and the acting was "stilted". AOL TV placed the show in its list of TV's Biggest Guilty Pleasures.Syfy has acquired the rights to air the show. In summer 2010 The CW announced that it would air repeats of the show on Thursdays at 9:00 pm following "The Vampire Diaries" encores. The first episode aired on June 3 and attracted 1.41 million viewers and a 0.5 rating in adults 18-49. The repeat of the finale episode aired on August 26, 2010 and then the network removed it from the schedule.

title: Lost Girls (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Lost Girls" is the sixth episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the sixth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 15, 2009. The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by Marcos Siega.

title: The Vampire Diaries

text: The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of The Vampire Diaries. "Rank" refers to how The Vampire Diaries rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours.

title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "I Know What You Did Last Summer" is the premiere episode of the fifth season of the American series "The Vampire Diaries", and the series' 90th episode overall. "I Know What You Did Last Summer" was originally aired on October 3, 2013, on The CW. The episode was written by Caroline Dries and directed by Lance Anderson.

title: The Vampire Diaries

text: Many TV critics felt the series improved with each episode. Sarah Hughes of The Independent says The Vampire Diaries turns into "a well-crafted, interestingly developed series" despite a poor opening episode.[23] The New York Post also praised the portrayal of Elena, finding the character to be a strong-minded woman who did not allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her.[42] Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune said that "the supernatural drama is a first-class production, featuring an insanely gorgeous cast, sharp scripts, and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist."[43] Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009.[44]

title: Blood Brothers (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Blood Brothers" is the 20th episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 20th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on April 29, 2010. The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by Liz Friedlander.

title: Claire Holt

text: In August 2011, Holt was confirmed to be in the TV series "The Vampire Diaries" as Rebekah. On 13 January 2013, The CW announced that Holt had joined the cast for the backdoor pilot of "The Vampire Diaries" spin-off "The Originals", where she reprised her role as Rebekah Mikaelson. She exited the show as a series regular in the sixteenth episode of the first season, which aired in the U.S. on 11 March 2014. Holt returned to her role in the season one finale on 13 May 2014, and continued to periodically guest star on the series until its finale on 1 August 2018.

title: The Originals (TV series)

text: The Originals is an American television series that began airing on The CW on October 3, 2013. Created as a spin-off of "The Vampire Diaries," the series follows vampire-werewolf hybrid Klaus Mikaelson as he and his family become embroiled in the supernatural politics of New Orleans.

title: There Goes the Neighborhood (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "There Goes the Neighborhood" is the 16th episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 16th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on April 1, 2010. The episode was written by Bryan Oh and Andrew Chambliss and directed by Kevin Bray.

title: L. J. Smith (author)

text:
Three trilogies followed: "The Secret Circle" (1992), "The Forbidden Game" (1994) and "Dark Visions" (1995). The first installment of "Night World" series was published in 1996, followed by eight more over the next two years.
In 1998, Smith began a decade-long hiatus from writing, returning in 2008 with a new website and a series of new short stories. "The Vampire Diaries" series was reissued in 2007, followed by reprintings of "The Secret Circle" trilogy and "Night World" series in 2008–2009. "The Night of the Solstice" and "Heart of Valor" were also reissued in 2008. Three new "Vampire Diaries" installments were published in 2009 and 2010. The series was later adapted into a TV series ("The Vampire Diaries") in 2009, as well as "The Secret Circle", which became a TV series of the same name in 2011.

title: The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "The Turning Point" is the tenth episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the tenth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 19, 2009. The episode's story was written by Barbie Kligman and the teleplay by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. It was directed by J. Miller Tobin.

title: List of The Vampire Diaries characters

text: "The Vampire Diaries" is an American fantasy-drama television series which was first broadcast on The CW from 2009 to 2017, airing 171 episodes over 8 seasons. Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec adapted the TV series from L.J. Smith's novel series of the same name. Some of the characters appeared in the spin-off series, "The Originals".

title: The Birthday (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "The Birthday" is the first episode of the third season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 45th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on September 15, 2011. The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by John Behring.

title: Pilot (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Pilot" is the pilot episode of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries", as well as the first episode of the series. It originally aired on Thursday, September 10, 2009. The teleplay was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and it directed by Marcos Siega.

title: Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Do You Remember the First Time?" is the 7th episode of the sixth season of the American series "The Vampire Diaries" and the series' 118th episode overall. "Do You Remember the First Time?" was originally aired on November 13, 2014, on The CW. The episode was written by Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Darren Genet.

title: A Few Good Men (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "A Few Good Men" is the 15th episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 15th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on March 25, 2010. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Joshua Butler.

title: Family Ties (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Family Ties" is the fourth episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the fourth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 1, 2009. The episode was written by Andrew Kreisberg and Brian Young and directed by Guy Ferland.

title: Children of the Damned (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Children of the Damned" is the thirteenth episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the thirteenth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on February 4, 2010. The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by Marcos Siega.

title: Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Bloodlines" is the eleventh episode of the first season of The CW television series "The Vampire Diaries", and the eleventh episode of the series overall. It originally aired on January 21, 2010. The episode's story was written by Sean Reycraft and the teleplay by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. It was directed by David Barrett.

title: Fool Me Once (The Vampire Diaries)

text: "Fool Me Once" is the 14th episode of the first season of The CW television series, "The Vampire Diaries" and the 14th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on February 11, 2010. The episode was written by Brett Conrad and directed by Marcos Siega.

title: Julie Plec

text: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot of "The Vampire Diaries" entitled "The Originals" focusing on the Original family of vampires was in the works. The pilot aired in April 2013 as part of "The Vampire Diaries" fourth season. It was soon after picked up for series by The CW, which will air its first season in the 2013–14 season. Joseph Morgan reprises his role as Klaus. It also stars "The Vampire Diaries" actors Daniel Gillies, Claire Holt and Phoebe Tonkin as well as new cast members. This second spin-off attempt is carried out by Julie Plec, with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.

title: The Secret Circle

text:
The Secret Circle is a supernatural, young-adult series of books created by L. J. Smith. The narrative follows the character of Cassie Blake as she is initiated into a "Circle" of six other teenage witches and the danger that ensues when they accidentally unleash a dark force upon their town. Matters are further complicated when Cassie finds herself in a love triangle that threatens to tear the Circle apart.
On October 28, 2010 L. J. Smith announced that the series had been optioned for a TV series by The CW. On February 27, 2011, The CW picked up "The Secret Circle" with "Dawson's Creek" creator and "The Vampire Diaries" co-creator/executive producer Kevin Williamson attached. However, Williamson told The CW that "The Vampire Diaries" companion series he had been helming was put on hold as he did not have enough time for it. Williamson worked on an original script penned by Andrew Miller, creator of the Emmy-nominated web series "Imaginary Bitches", with writer credit shared by both men.
On February 16, 2011, "The Secret Circle" booked Liz Friedlander to direct the pilot. Friedlander also directed episodes for "The Vampire Diaries", "Pretty Little Liars", "90210" and "One Tree Hill".


query: What is Venus' atmosphere made of?

title: Atmosphere of Venus

text: The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740K (467°C, 872°F), and the pressure is 93bar (9.3MPa), roughly the pressure found 900m (3,000ft) underwater on Earth.[1] The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging.[1] Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.[1]

title: Lori Glaze

text: Glaze was the Principal Investigator for a proposed NASA Discovery mission to Venus, Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging (DAVINCI). This mission would send a probe on a journey through Venus' atmosphere, descending over the planet's roughest and most geologically complex terrain. The DAVINCI probe would explore the planet's atmosphere from top to bottom, including the deep atmospheric layers largely hidden from Earth-based instruments and orbiting spacecraft. DAVINCI would be the first U.S. probe in nearly four decades to target Venus' atmosphere.

title: Atmosphere of Venus

text: The troposphere on Venus contains 99% of the atmosphere by mass. Ninety percent of the atmosphere of Venus is within 28km of the surface; by comparison, 90% of the atmosphere of Earth is within 10km of the surface. At a height of 50km the atmospheric pressure is approximately equal to that at the surface of Earth.[20] On the night side of Venus clouds can still be found at 80km above the surface.[21]

title: Carbon capture and storage

text: Terraforming the planet Venus by removing CO from the atmosphere was first scholarly proposed by the astronomer Carl Sagan in 1961, although fictional treatments, such as "The Big Rain" of The Psychotechnic League by novelist Poul Anderson, preceded it. Adjustments to the existing environment of Venus to support human life would require at least three major changes to the planet's atmosphere: Reducing Venus's surface temperature of , eliminating most of the planet's dense carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide atmosphere via removal or conversion to some other form, and the addition of breathable oxygen to the atmosphere. These three changes are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect.

title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Venus could also be cooled by placing reflectors in the atmosphere. Reflective balloons floating in the upper atmosphere could create shade. The number and/or size of the balloons would necessarily be great. Geoffrey A. Landis has suggested that if enough floating cities were built, they could form a solar shield around the planet, and could simultaneously be used to process the atmosphere into a more desirable form, thus combining the solar shield theory and the atmospheric processing theory with a scalable technology that would immediately provide living space in the Venusian atmosphere. If made from carbon nanotubes or graphene (a sheet-like carbon allotrope), then the major structural materials can be produced using carbon dioxide gathered "in situ" from the atmosphere. The recently synthesised amorphous carbonia might prove a useful structural material if it can be quenched to Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) conditions, perhaps in a mixture with regular silica glass. According to Birch's analysis, such colonies and materials would provide an immediate economic return from colonizing Venus, funding further terraforming efforts.

title: TRAPPIST-1b

text: The refined density of TRAPPIST-1b, along with the planet's transmission spectrum, indicate that its atmosphere is made mainly of vaporized water. The atmosphere has likely risen the planet's surface temperature to about 750-1500 K, which would require an atmospheric pressure between 10 (10) to 10 (10,000) bar, potentially thicker than Venus's atmosphere. TRAPPIST-1b's atmosphere is likely very similar to that of Venus.

title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Unfortunately, the knowledge of Venus' atmosphere was still inexact in 1961, when Sagan made his original proposal for terraforming. Thirty-three years after his original proposal, in his 1994 book "Pale Blue Dot", Sagan conceded his original proposal for terraforming would not work because the atmosphere of Venus is far denser than was known in 1961:

title: Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

text: The bus was targeted to enter the Venusian atmosphere at a shallow entry angle and transmit data until destruction by the heat of atmospheric friction. The objective was to study the structure and composition of the atmosphere down to the surface, the nature and composition of the clouds, the radiation field and energy exchange in the lower atmosphere, and local information on atmospheric circulation patterns. With no heat shield or parachute, the bus made upper atmospheric measurements with two instruments:The spacecraft operated down to an altitude of about 110 km before disintegrating.

title: Atmosphere of Venus

text: In 1761, Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov observed an arc of light surrounding the part of Venus off the Sun's disc at the beginning of the egress phase of the transit and concluded that Venus has an atmosphere.[67][68] In 1940, Rupert Wildt calculated that the amount of CO2 in the Venusian atmosphere would raise surface temperature above the boiling point for water.[69] This was confirmed when Mariner 2 made radiometer measurements of the temperature in 1962. In 1967, Venera 4 confirmed that the atmosphere consisted primarily of carbon dioxide.[69]

title: Runaway greenhouse effect

text: A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor may have occurred on Venus. In this scenario, early Venus may have had a global ocean. As the brightness of the early Sun increased, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increased, increasing the temperature and consequently increasing the evaporation of the ocean, leading eventually to the situation in which the oceans boiled, and all of the water vapor entered the atmosphere. On Venus today there is little water vapor in the atmosphere. If water vapor did contribute to the warmth of Venus at one time, this water is thought to have escaped to space. Some evidence for this scenario comes from the extremely high deuterium to hydrogen ratio in Venus' atmosphere, roughly 150 times that of Earth, since light hydrogen would escape from the atmosphere more readily than its heavier isotope, deuterium. Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light. The hydrogen can then escape from the atmosphere and the oxygen recombines. Carbon dioxide, the dominant greenhouse gas in the current Venusian atmosphere, owes its larger concentration to the weakness of carbon recycling as compared to Earth, where the carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes is efficiently subducted into the Earth by plate tectonics on geologic time scales.

title: Observations and explorations of Venus

text: "Venus Express" was a mission by the European Space Agency to study the atmosphere and surface characteristics of Venus from orbit. The design was based on ESA's "Mars Express" and "Rosetta" missions. The probe's main objective was the long-term observation of the Venusian atmosphere, which it is hoped will also contribute to an understanding of Earth's atmosphere and climate. It also made global maps of Venerean surface temperatures, and attempted to observe signs of life on Earth from a distance.

title: Transit of Venus

text: Unfortunately, it was impossible to time the exact moment of the start and end of the transit because of the phenomenon known as the "black drop effect". This effect was long thought to be due to Venus's thick atmosphere, and initially it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere. However, recent studies demonstrate that it is an optical effect caused by the smearing of the image of Venus by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere or imperfections in the viewing apparatus.

title: Reducing atmosphere

text: The same principle applies to planets. Many scientists think the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere, along with Mars and Venus. This would have proven to be a good environment for "Cyanobacteria" to evolve the first photosynthetic metabolic pathways which gradually increased the oxygen portion of the atmosphere, changing it to what is known as an oxidizing atmosphere. With increased levels of oxygen, the evolution of the more efficient aerobic respiration might have been enabled, allowing animal life to evolve and thrive.

title: Volcanology of Venus

text: The surface of Venus is dominated by volcanic features and has more volcanoes than any other planet in the Solar System. It has a surface that is 90% basalt, and about 65% of the planet consists of a mosaic of volcanic lava plains, indicating that volcanism played a major role in shaping its surface. There are more than 1,000 volcanic structures and possible periodic resurfacing of Venus by floods of lava. The planet may have had a major global resurfacing event about 500 million years ago, from what scientists can tell from the density of impact craters on the surface. Venus has an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, with a density that is 90 times greater than Earth's atmosphere.

title: Extraterrestrial atmosphere

text: Venus' atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide. It contains minor amounts of nitrogen and other trace elements, including compounds based on hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and oxygen. The atmosphere of Venus is much hotter and denser than that of Earth, though shallower. As greenhouse gases warm a lower atmosphere, they cool the upper atmosphere, leading to compact thermospheres. By some definitions, Venus has no stratosphere.

title: Lifting gas

text: Balloons cannot work on the Moon because it has no atmosphere. Mars has a very thin atmosphere – the pressure is only 1/160th of earth atmospheric pressure – so a huge balloon would be needed even for a tiny lifting effect. Overcoming the weight of such a balloon would be difficult, but several proposals to explore Mars with balloons have been made.[4] Venus has a CO2 atmosphere at the surface. Because CO2 is about 50% more dense than Earth air, ordinary Earth air could be a lifting gas on Venus. This has led to proposals for a human habitat that would float in the atmosphere of Venus at an altitude where both the pressure and the temperature are earthlike. In 1985, the Soviet Vega program sent two balloons to float in Venus' atmosphere at 54km altitude. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a dense atmosphere of mostly nitrogen that is appropriate for ballooning. A use of Aerobots was proposed on Titan. Also the Titan Saturn System Mission included a balloon to circumnavigate Titan.

title: Transit of Venus

text: The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was concluded by Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. He used a two-lens achromat refractor and a weak solar filter (smoked glass) and reported seeing a bump or bulge of light ("Lomonosov's arc") off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun. Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere; he also reported the appearance of a sliver around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit. In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan reported, based on knowing what Venus's atmosphere would look like because of Pasachoff and Schneider's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus, that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus's atmosphere. To make a decisive test, a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus on 5–6 June 2012. They observed the "Lomonosov's arc" and other aureole effects due to Venus's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.

title: Atmosphere of Venus

text: The upper atmosphere of Venus can be measured from Earth when the planet crosses the sun in a rare event known as a solar transit. The last solar transit of Venus occurred in 2012. Using quantitative astronomical spectroscopy, scientists were able to analyse sunlight that passed through the planet's atmosphere to reveal chemicals within it. As the technique to analyse light to discover information about a planet's atmosphere only first showed results in 2001,[70] this was the first opportunity to gain conclusive results in this way on the atmosphere of Venus since observation of solar transits began. This solar transit was a rare opportunity considering the lack of information on the atmosphere between 65 and 85km.[71] The solar transit in 2004 enabled astronomers to gather a large amount of data useful not only in determining the composition of the upper atmosphere of Venus, but also in refining techniques used in searching for extrasolar planets. The atmosphere of mostly CO2, absorbs near-infrared radiation, making it easy to observe. During the 2004 transit, the absorption in the atmosphere as a function of wavelength revealed the properties of the gases at that altitude. The Doppler shift of the gases also enabled wind patterns to be measured.[72]

title: Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment

text: The atmosphere of Venus is known to have undergone substantial evolution over geologic time. Evidence for this includes the present remarkable contrast between Venus’ atmosphere and the Earth’s: Venus has very little water, a 95% CO atmosphere, a surface temperature of 750 K, and a surface pressure of 90 bar. The early Venusian atmosphere is thought to have undergone either a moist or runaway greenhouse heating episode to produce these conditions, and this would have included hydrodynamic escape of light gases from the upper atmosphere to deplete possibly as much as an ocean of water. Support for this scenario comes from the measured ratio of D/H in Venus' atmosphere of roughly 1.6% from the Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer, orbiting ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) data, and IR spectra of the night-side atmosphere. This large enhancement over cosmic abundances is consistent with the loss of an ocean's worth of HO over geologic time.

title: Colonization of Venus

text: Venus's atmosphere is made mostly out of carbon dioxide, which, after filtering from sulfuric acid, can be used to grow food. Because nitrogen and oxygen are lighter than the carbon-dioxide that makes the atmosphere, breathable-air-filled balloons will float at a height of about . At this height, the temperature is a manageable ; or if we could get higher (see ).

title: Atmosphere of Titan

text: There is also a pattern of air circulation found flowing in the direction of Titan's rotation, from west to east. Observations by "Cassini" of the atmosphere made in 2004 also suggest that Titan is a "super rotator", like Venus, with an atmosphere that rotates much faster than its surface.

text: Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE) is a proposed Venus lander mission that would perform atmospheric and surface science investigations.

title: Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform

text: Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP) is a mission concept by the aerospace companies Northrop Grumman and LGarde for a powered, long endurance, semi-buoyant inflatable aircraft that would explore the upper atmosphere of planet Venus for biosignatures as well as perform atmospheric measurements. The inflatable aircraft has a trapezoidal shape that is sometimes called delta wing or flying wing, and would have dual electric-driven propellers that would be stowed during atmospheric entry.

title: Terraforming

text: The renowned astronomer Carl Sagan proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in an article published in the journal "Science" in 1961. Sagan imagined seeding the atmosphere of Venus with algae, which would convert water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide into organic compounds. As this process removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect would be reduced until surface temperatures dropped to "comfortable" levels. The resulting carbon, Sagan supposed, would be incinerated by the high surface temperatures of Venus, and thus be sequestered in the form of "graphite or some involatile form of carbon" on the planet's surface. However, later discoveries about the conditions on Venus made this particular approach impossible. One problem is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus's upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick—the high atmospheric pressure would result in an "atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen" and cause the planet's surface to be thickly covered in fine graphite powder. This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that was fixed in organic form would be liberated as carbon dioxide again through combustion, "short-circuiting" the terraforming process.

title: Terraforming of Venus

text: Prior to the early 1960s, the atmosphere of Venus was believed by astronomers to have an Earth-like temperature. When Venus was understood to have a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere with a consequence of a very large greenhouse effect, some scientists began to contemplate the idea of altering the atmosphere to make the surface more Earth-like. This hypothetical prospect, known as terraforming, was first proposed by Carl Sagan in 1961, as a final section of his classic article in the journal "Science" discussing the atmosphere and greenhouse effect of Venus. Sagan proposed injecting photosynthetic bacteria into the Venus atmosphere, which would convert the carbon dioxide into reduced carbon in organic form, thus reducing the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

title: Terraforming of Venus

text: The thinning of the Venerian atmosphere could be attempted by a variety of methods, possibly in combination. Directly lifting atmospheric gas from Venus into space would probably prove difficult. Venus has sufficiently high escape velocity to make blasting it away with asteroid impacts impractical. Pollack and Sagan calculated in 1994 that an impactor of 700 km diameter striking Venus at greater than 20 km/s, would eject all the atmosphere above the horizon as seen from the point of impact, but because this is less than a thousandth of the total atmosphere and there would be diminishing returns as the atmosphere's density decreases, a very great number of such giant impactors would be required. Landis calculated that to lower the pressure from 92 bar to 1 bar would require a minimum of 2,000 impacts, even if the efficiency of atmosphere removal was perfect. Smaller objects would not work, either, because more would be required. The violence of the bombardment could well result in significant outgassing that would replace removed atmosphere. Most of the ejected atmosphere would go into solar orbit near Venus, and, without further intervention, could be captured by the Venerian gravitational field and become part of the atmosphere once again.

title: Atmosphere of Venus

text: The first vortex on Venus was discovered at the north pole by the Pioneer Venus mission in 1978.[27] A discovery of the second large 'double-eyed' vortex at the south pole of Venus was made in the summer of 2006 by Venus Express, which came with no surprise.[26]

title: Atmosphere of the Moon

text: What little atmosphere the Moon has consists of some unusual gases, including sodium and potassium, which are not found in the atmospheres of Earth, Mars, or Venus. At sea level on Earth, each cubic centimeter of the atmosphere contains approximately molecules; by comparison the lunar atmosphere contains fewer than molecules in the same volume. On Earth, this is considered to be a very good vacuum. In fact, the density of the atmosphere at the Moon's surface is comparable to the density of the outermost fringes of Earth's atmosphere, where the International Space Station orbits.

title: Worlds in Collision

text: Tim Callahan, religion editor of "Skeptic", presses the case further in claiming that the composition of the atmosphere of Venus is a complete disproof of "Worlds in Collision". "...Velikovsky's hypothesis stands or falls on Venus having a reducing atmosphere made up mainly of hydrocarbons. In fact, the atmosphere of Venus is made up mainly of carbon dioxide—carbon in its "oxidized" form—along with clouds of sulfuric acid. Therefore, it couldn't have carried such an atmosphere with it out of Jupiter and it couldn't be the source of hydrocarbons to react with oxygen in our atmosphere to produce carbohydrates. Velikovsky's hypothesis is falsified by the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus."

title: Observations and explorations of Venus

text: The descent capsule of "Venera 4" entered the atmosphere of Venus on October 18, 1967, making it the first probe to return direct measurements from another planet's atmosphere. The capsule measured temperature, pressure, density and performed 11 automatic chemical experiments to analyze the atmosphere. It discovered that the atmosphere of Venus was 95% carbon dioxide (), and in combination with radio occultation data from the "Mariner 5" probe, showed that surface pressures were far greater than expected (75 to 100 atmospheres).


query: What is the oldest building in Oslo?

title: Old Aker Church

text: Old Aker Church (Norwegian: Gamle Aker kirke) is a medieval era church located in Oslo, Norway. An active parish, the church is the oldest existing building in Oslo.[1] The church is surrounded by Old Aker Cemetery.

title: Oslo RK

text: Oslo Rugbyklubb is a Norwegian rugby club based in the nation's capital, Oslo. They currently compete in the Norway Rugby Championship and are the oldest club in the country.

title: Barcode Project

text: The Barcode buildings are between Dronning Eufemias gate (Queen Eufemia's Street), which will be the main east–west thoroughfare in the Bjørvika neighborhood and is a stretch of what is currently Bispegata, and Trelastgata (Timber Street, a new street that during planning was also called Sporgata, Track Street), which will run alongside the rail lines to Oslo Central Station on the northern edge of the development. A line of apartment buildings will be between Dronning Eufemias gate and the Oslofjord, where the new Oslo Opera House has already been built.

title: Munch/Stenersen

text:
Munch/Stenersen (Norwegian: "Munchmuseet") is an upcoming building in Bjørvika, Oslo scheduled for completion in 2020. The building is designed by Juan Herreros (Abalos & Herreros).
There has been a lot of conflict around the building, considering both its design, functionality and height (14 floors/46 meters).
The building will be the second nearest building of the Oslo Opera together with the upcoming Oslo Public Library complexes. The building is called "Lambda" by the architect/designer.

title: Oslo Tunnel

text: The tunnel constitutes the easternmost of the Drammen Line, and runs between Oslo S and Skøyen. At Oslo S, 12 of the 19 tracks (platforms 1 through 12) connect to the tunnel, which is shaped as a funnel, eventually merging the twelve tracks into two. The tunnel runs below some important heritage buildings in Oslo, including Basarhallene, the Parliament of Norway Building and Oslo Cathedral.

title: List of University of Oslo people

text: The list of University of Oslo people includes notable academics and alumni affiliated with the University of Oslo (before 1939 the Royal Frederick University). The University of Oslo is Norway's oldest, and was its only university until 1946; hence its academics and alumni include a large number of the country's prominent academic and public figures.

title: Pikeville College Academy Building

text:
It is the oldest building on the campus of what is now the University of Pikeville, and is in fact the oldest educational building in Pike County. It is a two-story brick building on a stone foundation; its bricks were made on site.
It has also been known as the Pikeville Collegiate Institute Building.

title: University Botanical Garden (Oslo)

text:
The University Botanical Garden ("Botanisk hage") is Norway's oldest botanical garden. It was first established in 1814 and is administrated by the University of Oslo. It is situated in the neighborhood of Tøyen in Oslo, Norway.
The Tøyen estate is rich in history, and the main wing is probably the oldest wooden building in greater Oslo. "Tøyen i Aker" was originally an estate owned by the Nonneseter Abbey. Norway's Chancellor Jens Bjelke acquired the property about 1640.

title: Bergen Line

text: Several suggestions for high-speed rail from Oslo to Bergen have been launched. Preliminary studied performed for the National Rail Administration with positive cost-benefit ratios on building high-speed rail from Oslo to Bergen. The most suitable route would approximately follow the existing route (but with a new tunnel Oslo–Hønefoss). Oslo–Trondheim and Oslo–Halden are assumed to be built earlier because of lower cost. Two lobbyist suggestions to the route have also been launched. The one involves a "high-speed ring" from Oslo, via Numedal to Geilo, then following Bergensbanen to Bergen and continuing south to Stavanger and back to Oslo via Kristiansand. Norsk Bane has launched the idea of building a common line from Oslo to Haukeli and then branching off to Bergen and Stavanger.

title: Oslo Metropolitan University

text: Oslo Metropolitan University was established on 12 January 2018 and is the second youngest of Norway's new universities. It evolved from what was until 2018 Norway's largest university college, Oslo and Akershus University College, which was itself the result of many previous mergers of around 30 former colleges and community colleges in the Oslo area. It should not be confused with Norway's oldest and highest ranked university, the University of Oslo. Unlike the older universities, most of Oslo Metropolitan University's predecessor institutions historically focused on vocational education.

title: List of the oldest church buildings in Mexico

text: The following is a list of the oldest extant church in each of the administrative divisions of Mexico. The first place of Christian worship in what would become Mexico was in what is now known as La Antigua, Veracruz, founded by the Spanish in 1519.

title: Oslo City Hall

text: Oslo City Hall is built of red brick and has two towers, one 63 meters tall and other 66 meters tall. The bricks used are larger than what was typical at the time of construction, but are roughly the same size as bricks used in the middle ages. The bricks - measuring approximately 27,5 x 13 x 8,5 cm - were produced by Hovin Teglverk in Oslo. The eastern tower has a set of 49 bells. Various events and ceremonies take place in the building, including the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony which takes place every December.

title: Culture of Norway

text: After Norway’s union with Denmark was dissolved in 1814, Oslo became the capital. Architect Christian H. Grosch designed the oldest parts of the University of Oslo, the Oslo Stock Exchange, and many other buildings and churches.

title: Oslo Central Station

text: Oslo Central was built on the site of the older Oslo East Station (", ), the combining of the former east and west stations being made possible by the opening of the Oslo Tunnel. Oslo Central has nineteen tracks, thirteen of which have connections through the Oslo Tunnel. The station has two buildings, the original Oslo East building and the newer main building for Oslo Central. Each building houses a large shopping centre. The square in front of the station is called Jernbanetorget.

title: St. Hanshaugen

text: To the southeast of the park is Oslo’s oldest building – Aker Kirke, built around 1100, but restored from ruins around 1860, and then again in the 1950s in a more authentic style. Next to the church is the cemetery Vår Frelsers gravlund, created in 1808 as a result of the great famine and cholera epidemic of the Napoleonic Wars. The nearby area around Damstredet and Telthusbakken is interesting since it retains the small town character of Oslo in the first part of the 19th century.

title: Broadcasting House (Oslo)

text: The Broadcasting House (in Norwegian, "Kringkastingshuset"), also known as the Radio House ("Radiohuset") or the White House ("Det hvite hus"), is the oldest building of the NRK headquarters at Marienlyst, Oslo. The other main building is known as the Television House.

title: Oslo Kunstforening

text: Oslo Kunstforening is located at "Rådhusgata 19". The gallery, situated in one of the oldest houses in the Kvadraturen area, is the oldest art gallery in Norway. During the year, many varied shows are organized within the fields of drawing, painting, photography, lithography, textile, collage and sculpture. There is usually a new exhibition every month. The gallery features temporary exhibitions of Contemporary Art.

title: University Botanical Garden (Oslo)

text: King Frederik VI of Denmark later acquired the estate and subsequently gifted the property to the University of Christiania in 1812. In 1814, work began on the University Botanical Garden. The University of Oslo's oldest building, Tøyen Manor ("Tøyen hovedgaard"), is located in the garden. . Today the historic Tøyen Manor houses temporary exhibitions and a café for staff and visitors.

title: Embassy of Poland in Oslo

text: The main chancery of the Polish embassy in Oslo is located on the Olav Kyrres Plass in the Frogner district of Oslo. The building is a traditional grand Norwegian style residence with a tent roof and a large sculpted portico. The portico itself is supported by a pair of large red marble columns. The Polish embassy's political section is based in this building, however the consular section is based in Oslo's city centre on Nedre Vollgate 5, 0158 Oslo.

title: University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine

text: The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Oslo is the oldest and largest research and educational institution in medicine in Norway. It was founded in 1814, effectively as a Norwegian continuation of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Copenhagen, the only university of Denmark-Norway until 1811. It was Norway's only medical faculty until the Cold War era. The faculty has around 1,000 employees, 2000 students and 1400 PhD candidates. The faculty is headquartered at Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, with important campuses at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and several other hospitals in the Oslo area.

title: Gamlebyen Church

text: The church has seating for just 200 people. It is one of the oldest churches in Oslo that is still in use. The main building is from 1796. The Stone Building is from 1737. In 1880, seating was added and changes were made to the altar and pulpit. From 1934 to 1939, extensive restoration reestablished the look of 1796. The pulpit from 1880 hangs above the altar but is not in use.

title: Oslo City Hall

text: In 1624, all of old Oslo burnt to the ground. King Christian IV decided that the city should not be rebuilt at the same location and instead be built to the north of Akershus Fortress. The new city had wide streets at right angles. Building space for a town hall was made available between "Rådhusgaten" and "Øvre Slottsgate". What is today referred to as the old City Hall ("Gamle rådhus") was finished in 1641. The building still exists at Nedre Slottsgate 1. The building fell into decay and by 1733 a building at "Rådhusgaten 7" was selected to be a new City Hall.

title: Christian Heinrich Grosch

text:
Christian Heinrich Grosch was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. His family moved to Frederikshald (now Halden) in Østfold, Norway during 1811. He was first educated by his father, Heinrich August Grosch (1763-1843) who was a painter, graphic designer and teacher. When The Royal Drawing School was established in Christiania (now Oslo) in 1818, his father gained employment there as an instructor and re-located the family. Christian Heinrich attended the Royal Drawing School from 1819 to 1820. He also studied engineering with instructors including Benoni Aubert and Theodor Broch. In 1824, he completed his training at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen.
Christian Grosch became Oslo's first "city conductor", which is to say he acted as the city's chief architect, planning engineer, and building inspector. He also accepted private architectural assignments and was responsible for many of the city's landmarks, including the oldest part of Oslo Stock Exchange, the first campus at the University of Oslo, the original building for Norges Bank and the factory building of Prinds Christian Augusts Minde.

title: Oslo Central Station

text: In 1872 Oslo got its second terminal station, located at Pipervika near Aker Brygge and the city hall. Oslo West Station (or Oslo V) was built to allow the then narrow-gauged Drammen Line between Drammen and Oslo to terminate in downtown Oslo. The two stations were located about 2 km apart and were not connected by rail until 1907 when the Oslo Port Line was built. There had been discussions about building a central station to connect the Drammen Line with the eastern station, but this idea involved building it via Majorstuen and Grefsen. Oslo V always remained a secondary railway station in Oslo, since it mostly served local traffic to Buskerud, Telemark and Vestfold in addition to the Sørland Line.

title: Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo

text:
The Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo ("Oslo Bispeborg") was the residence of the Roman Catholic bishops of Oslo. The estate is located in what is now called Gamlebyen (old town) in Oslo, Norway. Various remnants of the medieval bishop's original palace are still visible.
The construction was begun around 1210 by the then bishop, Nikolas Arnesson, continuing through to the early 14th century. The palace built in stone replaced a previous bishop's residence built in wood, established in the 12th century. The main buildings were surrounded by tall walls, and from a tower, a wooden bridge connected the palace to the neighboring Hallvards Cathedral. The palace was built like a fortified castle.
Together with the cathedral, the palace was not only a religious centre in Middle Age Oslo, it was also of significant political importance. The first agreement of union between Norway and Sweden was signed in the bishop's palace just after the death of Håkon V of Norway, in 1319.

title: Gamle rådhus (Oslo)

text: Gamle rådhus (English: The Old Town Hall) is a building with a long history in Oslo, Norway. It is one of the oldest buildings in the Norwegian capital. It was built as the first town hall in Christiania (a former name of the City of Oslo, not to be confused with the Old Town, Oslo) in 1641. The construction of the town hall got financial support by King Christian IV. The building has historically been used for many purposes. A restaurant was appointed in a side wing in 1856 and moved to the main house in 1925. From 1980 to 2010 a theatre museum was located in the side wing of the first floor. The Old Town Hall is listed and protected by law by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.

title: Old Town, Oslo

text: The Old Town of Oslo (, ) is a neighborhood in the inner city of Oslo, Norway, belonging to the borough of Gamle Oslo and is the oldest urban areas within the current capital. This part of the capital of Norway was simply called Oslo until 1925 while the city as a whole was called "Kristiania". Oslo's old town was established with the urban structure around year 1000 and was the capital of Norway's dominion in 1314. Old Town core area (i.e. the southern and the central part of Old Town) has several ruins of stone and brick lying above ground, and large amounts of protected culture underground. The core area also has a listed 1700s buildings. Towards Ekeberg slope and further up are some 17th and 18th-century wooden houses that are zoned for conservation under the Planning and Building Act, though there exist in the Old Town many four-storey brick houses, built at the end of the 1800s, and some heritage railway buildings from different eras.

title: Embassy of Russia in Oslo

text: The oldest building on the lot is a house built in 1867 for Colonel F.P.L. Næser by architect Wilhelm von Hanno. From 1926, the house was the residence of German minister Edmund Rohmberg, and later by Curt Bräuer. The building closest to Drammensveien, was built by the Germans in 1926, and drawn by Oscar Hoff. After the conclusion of World War II, the building was seized by the Norwegian government and made available for the Soviet Union.

text: The Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo (, NHM) is Norway's oldest and largest museum of natural history. It is situated in the neighborhood of Tøyen in Oslo, Norway.

title: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo

text: The Department of Psychology () at the University of Oslo is the oldest and largest research institute and educational institution of psychology in Norway.


query: What is Canada's number one industry?

title: Economy of Canada

text: The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy with 10th largest GDP by nominal and 16th largest GDP by PPP in the world. As with other developed nations, the country's economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians.[21] Canada has the fourth highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$33.2 trillion in 2016.[22] It has the world's third largest proven petroleum reserves and is the fourth largest exporter of petroleum. It is also the fourth largest exporter of natural gas. Canada is considered an "energy superpower" due to its abundant natural resources and small population.[23][24][25][26]

title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" was well received by most critics. Some of them complimented Mars' vocals comparing them to James Brown, describing the song as engaging, fun and evoking feeling of nostalgia. Others criticized it for not being innovative as it tried to emulate "Uptown Funk" (2014). "24K Magic" was a commercial success. It peaked at number four in the United States and number three in Canada and Australia. It has been certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), four times platinum by Music Canada (MC) and by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The single reached number one in New Zealand, France, Belgium (Flanders), Argentina and Israel. It has received a Diamond certification in France and a platinum one in New Zealand. In the United Kingdom and Spain, the song peaked at number five, being certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and two times platinum by Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE).

title: Lose My Mind (Brett Eldredge song)

text: "Lose My Mind" reached number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving Eldredge his fourth consecutive number-one country hit. It also peaked at numbers 2 and 48 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 506,000 copies in the United States as of April 2016. It achieved similar chart success in Canada, peaking at number 2 on the Canada Country chart and number 57 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.

title: Huntin', Fishin' and Lovin' Every Day

text: "Huntin', Fishin' and Lovin' Every Day" reached number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving Bryan his fourteenth number-one hit on that chart. It also peaked at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number 37 on the Hot 100, his fourteenth top 40 hit on that chart. It was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of over a million digital units in the United States. The song also garnered chart success in Canada, giving Bryan his ninth number-one hit on the Canada Country chart and reaching number 51 on the Canadian Hot 100. It also received a Gold certification from Music Canada, denoting sales of 40,000 units in that country.

title: Glee merchandise

text: The series' debut album reached number one in Ireland and the UK and was certified 2x platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) and British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In December 2009, "Volume 2" topped the charts in New Zealand, Ireland, and Scotland. It has been certified platinum by the ARIA and CRIA, and gold by the BPI and RIAA. In 2010, the next two releases – "Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna" and "Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers" – both debuted at the number one position on the American and Canadian album charts. With the releases reaching number one in the US four weeks apart, the "Glee" cast beat the record previously set by The Beatles in 1966 for shortest span between first weeks at number one. This record was yet again beaten by "Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals", when it reached number one in the US three weeks later; it also reached number one in Ireland. "Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers" also reached number one in Australia, Ireland, and Scotland, acquiring a platinum certification by the ARIA and gold certifications by the BPI and RIAA; "Glee: The Music, Volume 4" acquired the same three certifications. "Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album" reached number one in Canada, and was given platinum certification by the RIAA and gold certification by the ARIA.

title: Speechless (Dan + Shay song)

text: "Speechless" reached number one on both the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts. It also peaked at number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In Canada, the song has reached number 2 on the Canada Country airplay chart and at number 41 on the Canadian Hot 100. "Speechless" was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Platinum by Music Canada.

title: I Want to Know What Love Is

text: "I Want to Know What Love Is" reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on January 15, 1985, displacing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", staying there for three weeks, and knocked Madonna's long-running "Like a Virgin" out of number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on February 2, 1985. It was Foreigner's first and only pop chart topper in either country, although the band had four number one Mainstream Rock hits and a number one Adult Contemporary radio hit in the US. This was the band's third of four number one singles on the Mainstream Rock chart. The song spent five weeks at number one in Australia and also hit the top of the charts in Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden, peaking at number two in Switzerland and South Africa.

title: Taylor Swift discography

text: Swift's fourth studio album, "Red" (2012), became her first number one album in the United Kingdom, and also topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and United States. It spawned the internationally successful singles "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "I Knew You Were Trouble", with the former reaching number one in Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Swift's fifth studio album, "1989" (2014), debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 with sales of 1.287 million copies, making her the first artist to release three albums (after "Speak Now" and "Red") with sales of one million within a single week. The album reached number one in several other countries, including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom; as of 2016, it has sold a total of 10.1 million copies worldwide. The singles "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", and "Bad Blood" all reached number one in the United States, Australia, and Canada. A track she recorded with Zayn, titled "I Don't Wanna Live Forever", for the reached number one in Sweden and number two in the United States. Her sixth album "Reputation" (2017) and its lead single "Look What You Made Me Do" reached number one in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The follow-up single "...Ready for It?" peaked in the top 10 in the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Swift has also penned a number of hit songs for other artists.

title: Myreno411

text: In Canada the home renovation industry is at least $70 billion in size (in USA over $300 billion). Exact numbers for Canada are not certain as some figures suggest that more than 50% of the business is cash based, and hence possibly unreported. As such the industry in Canada is almost as big as the finance and insurance one.

title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" opened at number one in Australia on September 2, 2017, becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts. It spent another week at the nation's summit before "Too Good at Goodbyes" took the top position there as well. The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 units. After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, "Look What You Made Me Do" was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14, 2017.

title: If You Know What I Mean

text: "If You Know What I Mean" is a song written and recorded by Neil Diamond. The song is a track from Diamond's 1976 album, "Beautiful Noise", and was Diamond's third number one on the Easy Listening chart, where it spent two weeks. "If You Know What I Mean" went to number one for two nonconsecutive weeks and peaked at number eleven on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In Canada, the song reached number 19 on the pop singles chart and hit number one on the Adult Contemporary chart.

title: Sectionals

text: The episode features cover versions of "Don't Rain on My Parade" by Barbra Streisand, "You Can't Always Get What You Want" by The Rolling Stones, "My Life Would Suck Without You" by Kelly Clarkson, "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" from "Dreamgirls", "Don't Stop Believin' by Journey and "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Studio recordings of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going", "Don't Rain on My Parade", "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "My Life Would Suck Without You" were released as singles in December 2009, available for download. They are also included on the album "". "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" charted at number 85 in Canada and 94 in the US, while "Don't Rain on My Parade" charted at number 59 in Canada and 53 in the US. "You Can't Always Get What You Want" charted at number 51 in Canada and 71 in the US, and "My Life Would Suck Without You" charted at number 66 in Australia, 40 in Canada and 51 in the US. Jenna Ushkowitz named "You Can't Always Get What You Want" one of her favorite songs on the album, deeming the original "a classic" and the "Glee" cover "emotional" as one of the final songs of the original run of episodes. The performance of "My Life Would Suck Without You" showcased choreography from numerous performances from earlier episodes.

title: Somewhere on a Beach

text: "Somewhere on a Beach" reached number one on the U.S. "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving Bentley his fourteenth number-one hit on the U.S. country music chart. It also gave him his first number-one hit on the Hot Country Songs chart since 2012's "5-1-5-0", and his ninth top 40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with a peak at number 35. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of over one million units in the United States. Its chart success in Canada was similarly received, as it peaked at number one on the Country chart and number 59 on the Canadian Hot 100. It also garnered a Platinum certification from Music Canada for selling over 80,000 units in that country.

title: Tequila (Dan + Shay song)

text: "Tequila" has reached number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay and Hot Country Songs charts. The song also peaked at number 21 on the Hot 100. In Canada, the song reached number 59 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number one on the Canada Country chart. It has been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and Music Canada.

title: Listen to What the Man Said

text: "Listen to What the Man Said" is a hit single from Wings' 1975 album "Venus and Mars". The song featured new member Joe English on drums, with guest musicians Dave Mason on guitar and Tom Scott on soprano saxophone. It was a number 1 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the US and reached number 1 in Canada on the "RPM" National Top Singles Chart. It also reached number 6 in the UK, and reached the top ten in Norway and New Zealand and the top twenty in the Netherlands. The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies.

title: What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)

text: The follow-up single, "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)", peaked at number-four on the Hot 100, and also went number-one on the R&B chart. The third, and final, single, "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)", peaked at number-nine on the Hot 100, while also rising to number-one on the R&B chart, thus making Gaye the first male solo artist to place three top ten singles on the Hot 100 off one album, as well as the first artist to place three singles at number-one on any "Billboard" chart (in this case, R&B), off one single album. The album had a modest commercial reception in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom; "Save the Children" reached number 41 on the latter country's singles chart, while the album reached number 56 twenty-five years after its original release. In 1984, the album re-entered the "Billboard" 200 following Gaye's untimely death. In 1994, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in the United States for sales of half a million copies after it was issued on CD. On July 22, 2013, the album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 300,000 albums.

title: One Thing (One Direction song)

text: It peaked at number 17 on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified platinum by Music Canada on 10 July 2012, denoting sales of 80,000 copies. The song debuted at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart on 23 January 2012. After fifteen weeks of fluctuation around the top forty, "One Thing" rose from number 28 to 16, signifying its peak position. "One Thing" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for sales of 7,500 units. The single bowed at number 32 on the Australian Singles Chart of 12 February 2012. "One Thing" peaked at number three in its tenth charting week, becoming One Direction's highest peaking single in the country at the time and their second top ten hit. One Direction became the second act of 2012 to have two singles simultaneously occupying the chart's top ten when "One Thing" was at number six and "What Makes You Beautiful" at number ten for the chart week ending 22 April 2012. The single has been certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), indicating shipments of 280,000 copies.

title: Hard Candy (Madonna album)

text: After its release, "Hard Candy" debuted at number-one in 37 countries and was the eleventh best-selling album worldwide in 2008, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. The album has sold more than four million copies worldwide. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Hard Candy" sold 100,000 copies in the United States upon its first day of release. It debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with over 280,000 copies sold. "Hard Candy" became Madonna's seventh number-one album, making her the female artist with the second most Billboard number one albums, behind only Barbra Streisand. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 4, 2008, for shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. As of December 2016, "Hard Candy" has sold 751,000 copies. In Canada, the album debuted at the top of the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 80,000 copies.

title: Doo-Wops & Hooligans

text: In Canada, it debuted at number six. After fluctuating on the chart, the album reached number one four months later on February 5, 2011. It has been certified triple platinum by Music Canada. The album debuted at number five, peaked at number two and was certified six times platinum in New Zealand. It debuted at number seven in Australia, peaked at number two and was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 280,000 copies.

title: Sunshine & Whiskey (song)

text: "Sunshine & Whiskey" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving Ballard his second number-one hit on that chart. It also charted at numbers 5 and 57 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 590,000 copies in the United States as of December 2014. It received similar chart success in Canada, peaking at number 4 on the Canada Country chart and number 75 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. It received a Gold certification from Music Canada, denoting sales of 40,000 units in that country.

title: What Is Love

text: "What Is Love" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, "The Album". The song is recognizable by its refrain "What is love? Baby don't hurt me, don't hurt me... no more." It was a massive hit in Europe, becoming a number-one hit in at least 13 countries and reaching number two in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, the song was moderately successful, reaching number 11 in the United States, number 12 in Australia, number 17 in Canada, and number 48 in New Zealand.

title: Fix (Chris Lane song)

text: "Fix" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving Lane his first number-one hit overall. It also charted at numbers 10 and 65 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. It also charted in Canada, peaking at number 8 on the Canada Country chart and number 100 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. The single has been certified Gold by both the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Music Canada.

title: What Do You Mean?

text: In Bieber's native Canada, "What Do You Mean?" debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, with sales of 48,000 copies, becoming the biggest first-week sales total of 2015 at the time and the highest since Eminem released "The Monster" (2013). It also broke the streaming record in Canada, with 3.1 million streams in its first week. Both records were later surpassed by Adele's "Hello", which sold 140,000 copies and was streamed 4.79 million times in its first week. "What Do You Mean?" marked Bieber's second number-one single in the country, following 2012's "Boyfriend". After six consecutive weeks at number one in Canada, it was briefly knocked off the top spot by another Canadian singer, The Weeknd, with his single "The Hills", but returned for a seventh week at number one, being replaced by Adele's "Hello" the following week.

title: What Am I Gonna Do About You (song)

text: "What Am I Gonna Do About You" was released as McEntire's final single of the year September 15, 1986. The song became a preface of her 1986 album of the same name (her second studio album of the year) and became a major hit in the United States and Canada. In the United States, the song reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks the following year on January 17, 1987, becoming her seventh song to top the charts. The song's success helped the album certify "Gold" (and eventually "Platinum") by the Recording Industry Association of America. It also became McEntire's first single to top the Canadian "RPM" Country Tracks charts, reaching number one January 24.

title: Five More Minutes

text: "Five More Minutes" reached number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving McCreery his first number-one hit overall. It also charted at numbers 4 and 44 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. It was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 374,000 copies as of November 2018. The song achieved similar chart success in Canada, peaking at number 2 on the Canada Country chart and number 100 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.

title: International Woodworkers of America

text: The IWA quickly moved into Canada, where it absorbed a number of smaller unions which had formed in the 1930s, and the Lumber Workers Industrial Union, one of the industrial unions of the Industrial Workers of the World. A successful strike and organizing drive in 1946 established the IWA as western Canada's largest union, a position that it has generally held since then.

title: How Will I Know

text: "How Will I Know" was released by Arista Records in November 1985 as the third single from Houston's self-titled debut. It debuted at number 60 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, on the December 7, 1985 issue. Nine weeks later, it peaked at number one on the issue dated February 15, 1986, becoming Houston's second number one single in the US. It displaced Dionne Warwick's "That's What Friends Are For", and was displaced by "Kyrie" by Mr. Mister. It stayed on the peak for two weeks. The song also debuted on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs at number 60 and later peaked at number one, a peak it maintained for one week. On the issue dated January 25, 1986, "How Will I Know" entered the Hot Dance Club Play charts at number 30 and later peaked at number three on the February 22, 1986 issue. It also peaked at number one on the Adult Contemporary charts. Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the single Gold on December 6, 1995, for shipments of 500,000 copies or more. It ranked number six on the "Billboard" Year-End charts. In Canada, the song debuted at number 80 on the "RPM" Singles chart on the issue dated December 14, 1985. It later peaked at number one on the week dated March 1, 1986, becoming Houston's first number one single in Canada. It was later certified Gold by Canadian Recording Industry Association on May 1, 1986, for shipments of 200,000 copies or more.

title: Fearless (Taylor Swift album)

text: In Canada, "Fearless" entered at number one on the albums chart with sales of over 27,000 copies on the week ending November 29, 2008. Although only spending one week at number one, the album charted in Canada for a total of 66 weeks, and was certified quadruple platinum by the Music Canada for shipments exceeding 320,000 copies. The album also managed success overseas. In Australia, it debuted at number 50 on the week ending November 30, 2008 and dropped from the chart in the succeeding week. On the week ending January 25, 2009, it re-entered the Australian Albums Chart at number 42, and, nine weeks later, on the week ending April 26, 2009, peaked at number two. "Fearless" was certified 7× platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments exceeding 490,000 copies. In New Zealand, "Fearless" debuted at number two on the week ending March 16, 2009 and ascended to the top spot in the following week. It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for the shipment of 45,000 copies.

title: Just a Kiss (song)

text: "Just a Kiss" stayed on the Hot 100 for 42 weeks and was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of two million digital units. The song also experienced pop crossover success, peaking at number 21 on the Pop Songs chart, number one on the Adult Contemporary chart and number six on the Adult Pop Songs chart. In Canada, the song debuted and peaked on the Canadian Hot 100 at number thirteen, selling 15,000 units in its first week. It has stayed on the chart for 24 weeks and was certified Platinum by Music Canada for downloads of 80,000 units. The song reached number one on the Canada Country airplay chart, number six on the Canada AC chart, and number 23 on the Canada Hot AC chart as tracked by "Billboard" via "Nielsen BDS". In Slovakia, "Just a Kiss" charted for three weeks on the Singles chart and peaked at number 73. In Japan, it peaked at number 21 on the Japan Hot 100. The song also charted and peaked in the United Kingdom and Australia, at number 78 and number 72, respectively, for one week, and at number 91 in the Netherlands.

title: Nothin' Like You

text: "Nothin' Like You" reached number one on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart, giving the duo their first number-one country hit in their career. It also charted at numbers 5 and 51 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 318,000 copies as of May 2016. It also charted in Canada, reaching number 4 on the Canada Country chart and number 72 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. It garnered a Gold certification from Music Canada, denoting sales of over 40,000 units in that country.

title: That's What I Like (Bruno Mars song)

text: "That's What I Like" received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom considered the track to be one of the best on the album, while others criticized its lyrical content. "That's What I Like" was a commercial success in the US, where it peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100; it reached number three in Canada and number four in New Zealand. It has been certified seven-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and four-times platinum by Music Canada (MC). It also reached the top ten in Australia—where it was certified four-times platinum—Belgium, and Portugal. It is the highest-charting single in the US from "24K Magic". "That's What I Like" was the world's fourth-best-selling digital single of 2017, with 9.7 million units, joining an elite group of the best-selling singles worldwide.