query: What is a constellation?

title: Constellation

text: A constellation is a group of stars that forms an imaginary outline or pattern on the celestial sphere, typically representing an animal, mythological person or creature, a god, or an inanimate object.[1]

title: Lockheed L-649 Constellation

text: The Lockheed L-649 Constellation was the first real civilian version of the Lockheed Constellation line, as the Lockheed L-049 Constellation was a simple redesign from the military Lockheed C-69 Constellation. The L-649 was planned to be the new standard version of the Constellation, but the L-749 Constellation, a co-jointly produced improved deritative, was chosen over the L-649 by most airlines. Most of the few L-649 aircraft built were delivered and operated by Eastern Air Lines.

title: Cassiopeia (constellation)

text: The Chinese astronomers saw several figures in what is modern-day Cassiopeia. Kappa, Eta, and Mu Cassiopeiae formed a constellation called the Bridge of the Kings; when seen along with Alpha and Beta Cassiopeiae, they formed the great chariot "Wang-Liang". The charioteer's whip was represented by Gamma Cassiopeiae, sometimes called "Tsih", the Chinese word for "whip".

title: Centaurus

text: The Greeks depicted the constellation as a centaur and gave it its current name. It was mentioned by Eudoxus in the 4th century BC and Aratus in the 3rd century BC. In the 2nd century AD, Claudius Ptolemy catalogued 37 stars in Centaurus, including Alpha Centauri. Large as it is now, in earlier times it was even larger, as the constellation Lupus was treated as an asterism within Centaurus, portrayed in illustrations as an unspecified animal either in the centaur's grasp or impaled on its spear. The Southern Cross, which is now regarded as a separate constellation, was treated by the ancients as a mere asterism formed of the stars composing the centaur's legs. Additionally, what is now the minor constellation Circinus was treated as undefined stars under the centaur's front hooves.

title: Lockheed Corporation

text: Once the Constellation (nicknamed "Connie") went into production, the military received the first production models; after the war, the airlines received their original orders, giving Lockheed more than a year's head-start over other aircraft manufacturers in what was easily foreseen as the post-war modernization of civilian air travel. The Constellations' performance set new standards which transformed the civilian transportation market. Its signature tri-tail was the result of many initial customers not having hangars tall enough for a conventional tail. Lockheed produced a larger transport, the double-decked R6V Constitution, which was intended to make the Constellation obsolete. However, the design proved underpowered.

title: Satellite constellation

text: Examples of satellite constellations include the Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo and GLONASS constellations for navigation and geodesy, the Iridium and Globalstar satellite telephony services, the Disaster Monitoring Constellation and RapidEye for remote sensing, the Orbcomm messaging service, Russian elliptic orbit Molniya and Tundra constellations, the large-scale Teledesic and Skybridge broadband constellation proposals of the 1990s, and more recent systems such as O3b or the OneWeb proposal.

title: IAU designated constellations

text: The ancient Sumerians, and later the Greeks (as recorded by Ptolemy), established most of the northern constellations in international use today. The constellations along the ecliptic are called the zodiac. When explorers mapped the stars of the southern skies, European astronomers proposed new constellations for that region, as well as ones to fill gaps between the traditional constellations. Not all of these proposals caught on, but in 1922, the International Astronomical Union adopted the modern list of 88 constellations. After this, Eugène Joseph Delporte drew up precise boundaries for each constellation, so that every point in the sky belonged to exactly one constellation.

title: Dependency grammar

text: This question about what comes first (the functions or the constellation) is not an inflexible matter. The stances of both grammar types (dependency and constituency grammars) is not narrowly limited to the traditional views. Dependency and constituency are both fully compatible with both approaches to the syntactic functions. Indeed, monostratal systems, be they dependency- or constituency-based, will likely reject the notion that the functions are derived from the constellation or that the constellation is derived from the functions. They will take both to be primitive, which means neither can be derived from the other.

title: Hercules (constellation)

text:
The earliest Greek references to the constellation do not refer to it as Hercules. Aratus describes it as follows:
Right there in its [Draco's] orbit wheels a Phantom form, like to a man that strives at a task. That sign no man knows how to read clearly, nor what task he is bent, but men simply call him On His Knees " [ "the Kneeler"].

title: Pisces (astrology)

text: While the astrological sign Pisces per definition runs from ecliptic longitude 330° to 0°, this position is now mostly covered by the constellation of Aquarius, due to the precession from when the constellation and the sign coincided. Today, the First Point of Aries, or the vernal equinox, is in the Pisces constellation. There are no prominent stars in the constellation, with the brightest stars being of only fourth magnitude. One star in the constellation, Alpha Piscium, is also known as Alrescha, which comes from the Arabic الرشآء "al-rišā’", meaning "the well rope," or "the cord." The constellation however is different from the astronomical location in where the sign occupies space. The constellations in earlier times were primarily used as markers to help determine what influence was in the sky. Nevertheless, the sign of Pisces remain in the 30 degree span of 330°-0°.

title: Constellation

text: Other star patterns or groups called asterisms are not constellations per se but are used by observers to navigate the night sky. Asterisms often refer to several stars within a constellation or may share stars with several constellations. Examples include the Pleiades and Hyades within the constellation Taurus and the False Cross split between the southern constellations Carina and Vela, or Venus' Mirror in the constellation of Orion.[5][6]

title: Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae

text:
Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae (Latin for "scepter and hand of justice") was a constellation created by Augustin Royer in 1679 to honor king Louis XIV of France. It was formed from stars of what is today the constellations Lacerta and western Andromeda.
Due to the awkward name the constellation was modified and name changed a couple of times, for example some old star maps show "Sceptrum Imperiale", "Stellio" and "Scettro", and Johannes Hevelius's star map divides the area between the new Lacerta and as a chain end fettering Andromeda. The connection with the later constellation Frederici Honores, that occupied the chain end of Andromeda, is unclear, except that both represent a regal spire attributed to varying regents.

title: Circumpolar constellation

text: In astronomy, a circumpolar constellation is a constellation (group of stars) that never sets below the horizon, as viewed from a location on Earth. Due to Earth's rotation and axial tilt with respect to the Sun, the stars and constellations can be divided into two categories. Those stars and constellations that never rise or set are called "circumpolar". The rest are divided into "seasonal" stars and constellations.

title: Part-based models

text: These models build on the original idea of Fischler and Elschlager of using the relative position of a few template matches and evolve in complexity in the work of Perona and others. These models will be covered in the constellation models section. To get a better idea of what is meant by constellation model an example may be more illustrative. Say we are trying to detect faces. A constellation model would use smaller part detectors, for instance mouth, nose and eye detectors and make a judgment about whether an image has a face based on the relative positions in which the components fire.

title: Nazca Lines

text: Maria Reiche asserted that some or all of the figures represented constellations. By 1998, Phyllis B. Pitluga, a protégé of Reiche and senior astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, had concluded that the animal figures were "representations of heavenly shapes". According to "The New York Times", "she contends they are not shapes of constellations, but of what might be called "counter constellations", the irregularly-shaped dark patches within the twinkling expanse of the Milky Way." Anthony Aveni criticized her work for failing to account for all the details.

title: Lockheed Constellation

text: The first purpose-built passenger Constellations were the more powerful L-649 and L-749 (which had more fuel in the outer wings), L-849 (an unbuilt model to use the R-3350 TurboCompound engines adopted for the L-1049 ), L-949 (an unbuilt, high-density seating-"cum"-freighter type, what would come to be called a "combi aircraft").

title: Family Constellations

text: This description is the prototype group Family Constellation as developed by Bert Hellinger in the 1990s. Many practitioners have blended Constellation work with psychological aspects of healing. Others have kept the classic form as taught by Hellinger, such as the Constellation Approach. The Constellation Approach merges concepts of Family Constellations, energy medicine, and consciousness studies to complement the understanding of classic Constellation methodology.

title: Motherhood constellation

text: Psychoanalyst Daniel N. Stern has spent much of his research on what it means to become a mother and how this influences the development of the child. In his (1998) book, "The Motherhood Constellation", Stern proposes that new mothers create a "motherhood constellation", wherewith to regard a newborn. This new mind-set, depending on culture, personality and the like, forms a 'unique self-system, the "motherhood constellation", which emerges during pregnancy and may last for many months or even years. During it, 'Mother's self-sense becomes largely organised around the presence of her baby, its well-being, and their mutual connection', and the mother becomes preoccupied with the protection of her child. The constellation may become less pre-eminent, but will never disappear: when the child is in danger, it will be reactivated immediately.

title: USS Constellation (CV-64)

text: "Constellation" was the focus of media attention when black members of her crew protested what they saw as disparate treatment by the Navy, leading to what some saw as an aborted mutiny in late 1972. "Constellation" returned to the United States on 1 July and prepared to return to the western Pacific in early 1973. Replacement personnel reported aboard while "Constellation" was in the United States until the ship had 250 more men than the ship's berthing could accommodate. "Constellation"s commanding officer ordered administrative (less than honorable) discharges for five black sailors he considered troublemakers. He planned to give early discharges to another 250 men whose enlistments would expire while "Constellation" was overseas. While "Constellation" was conducting exercises off the California coast, a rumor started that the captain was going to give 250 less than honorable discharges to black sailors. On 1 November, black sailors waylaid a white mess cook in a passageway and broke his jaw. The captain scheduled an open meeting for 21:00 3 November to clarify the 250 planned discharges. At noon 3 November a group of 50 black sailors began a sit-in on a portion of the mess deck. On the night of 3–4 November 60 black sailors took control of the scheduled meeting, refused to leave the mess deck, and threatened to "tear up the ship." "Constellation" returned to San Diego on 4 November to offload 130 men, including 12 white sailors, before returning to sea. "Constellation" returned to San Diego on 7 November and the offloaded sailors were transported back to the dock on 9 November, but only 8 boarded their ship. The remaining sailors sat down on the dock to be filmed by television crews and were ultimately transferred to shore stations for mast. Twelve received general discharges, 35 were honorably discharged but not recommended for re-enlistment, and 73 received punishments ranging from loss of pay and reduction in rate to warnings prior to being reassigned to sea duty.

title: Leo Minor

text: The classical astronomers Aratus and Ptolemy had noted the region of what is now Leo Minor to be undefined and not containing any distinctive pattern; Ptolemy classified the stars in this area as "amorphōtoi" (not belonging to a constellation outline) within the constellation Leo.

title: Constellation diagram

text: After passing through the communication channel the signal is decoded by a demodulator. The function of the demodulator is to classify each sample as a symbol. The set of sample values which the demodulator classifies as a given symbol can be represented by a region in the plane drawn around each constellation point. If noise causes the point representing a sample to stray into the region representing another symbol, the demodulator will misidentify that sample as the other symbol, resulting in a symbol error. Most demodulators choose, as its estimate of what was actually transmitted, the constellation point which is closest (in a Euclidean distance sense) to that of the received sample; this is called maximum likelihood detection. On the constellation diagram these detection regions can be easily represented by dividing the plane by lines equidistant from each adjacent pair of points.

title: USS Constellation (1797)

text: In 1853 "Constellation" was disassembled at the Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia. At the same time, the keel was laid for what became known as the sloop of war . Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Congress, the Navy, and the City of Baltimore continued to identify the ship as the 1854 rebuild of the 1797 ship. In the latter half of the 20th century, however, researchers discovered compelling evidence that the sloop-of-war was a wholly different ship, using only a minimal amount of material from the 1797 vessel. Commemorative copper coins were struck from parts of the USS Constellation, and have become collector's items.

title: Constellation (energy company)

text: In 2011, Constellation was contracted to construct and operate what was then the largest rooftop solar array ever constructed for the Toys-R-Us distribution center in Flanders, New Jersey.

title: Fazil Iskander

text: The most famous intellectual of Abkhazia, he first became well known in the mid-1960s along with other representatives of the "young prose" movement like Yury Kazakov and Vasily Aksyonov, especially for what is perhaps his best story, "Sozvezdie kozlotura" (1966), variously translated as "The Goatibex Constellation," "The Constellation of the Goat-Buffalo," and "Constellation of Capritaurus." It is written from the point of view of a young newspaperman who returns to his native Abkhazia, joins the staff of a local newspaper, and is caught up in the publicity campaign for a newly produced farm animal, a cross between a goat and a West Caucasian tur ("Capra caucasica"); a "remarkable satire of Lysenko's genetics and Khrushchev's agricultural campaigns, it was harshly criticized for showing the Soviet Union in a bad light."

title: Boötes

text: In his "Uranometria", Johann Bayer used the Greek letters Alpha through to Omega and then A to k to label what he saw as the most prominent 35 stars in the constellation, with subsequent astronomers splitting Kappa, Mu, Nu and Pi as two stars each. Nu is also the same star as Psi Herculis. John Flamsteed numbered 54 stars for the constellation.

title: Revelation 12 sign prophecy

text:
The Apocalypse of John describes "a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head." The proponents of the "Revelation 12 Sign" say that the woman represents the constellation Virgo and the crown of twelve stars represents the nine stars of the constellation Leo in conjunction with Mercury, Mars, and Venus. The moon appears to be under the "feet" of the constellation Virgo in September 2017 and the sun will be passing through the constellation, which they say is what is meant by the woman being "clothed with the sun". The second verse of the twelfth chapter of John's Apocalypse goes on to say that the woman "was pregnant and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth." Some people suggest this will be fulfilled because the planet Jupiter will be traversing the constellation after having undergone apparent retrograde motion. After entering what they perceive to be Virgo's "womb" around November 20, 2016. Jupiter exits the lower part of the "womb" 42 weeks later, which is the approximate length of a human gestation (normal gestation periods lasting from 37 to 42 weeks).
It was also discovered that the apparent retrograde of Jupiter in the womb of Virgo was preceded by C/2017 E1 (Comet Borisov) which is being called the "Conception Comet". This comet traveled from the loins of the constellation Leo to the womb of the constellation Virgo on November 17, 2016, just before the entrance of Jupiter into the womb. Some proponents of the Revelation 12 Sign are suggesting that this comet represented the divine insemination of the woman, which subsequently produced the male child (Jupiter). This will be the comet's only trip through our solar system as it is not a solar orbital. The complete astronomical alignment occurred on September 23, 2017, over Jerusalem.

title: Constellation

text: 88 modern constellations (by area and language) Constellations listed by Ptolemy Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius Constellations listed by Johannes Hevelius Constellations listed by Lacaille List of constellations by area Lists of stars by constellation Constellation family History of the constellations Former constellations Chinese constellations Celestial cartography (also known as stellar cartography, uranography) Star chart (also known as star map, celestial chart) Star atlas

title: Pegasus (constellation)

text: Bayer catalogued what he counted as 23 stars in the constellation, giving them the Bayer designations Alpha to Psi. He saw Pi Pegasi as one star, and was uncertain of its brightness, wavering between magnitude 4 and 5. Flamsteed labelled this star 29 Pegasi, but Bode concluded that the stars 27 and 29 Pegasi should be Pi and Pi Pegasi and that Bayer had seen them as a single star. Flamsteed added lower case letters e through to y, omitting A to D as they had been used on Bayer's chart to designate neighbouring constellations and the equator. He numbered 89 stars (now with Flamsteed designations), though 6 and 11 turned out to be stars in Aquarius. Within the constellation's borders there are 177 stars of apparent magnitude 6.5 or greater.

title: Dependency grammar

text: As a primitive of the theory, the status of these functions is much different than in some constituency grammars. Traditionally, constituency grammars derive the syntactic functions from the constellation. For instance, the object is identified as the NP appearing inside finite VP, and the subject as the NP appearing outside of finite VP. Since DGs reject the existence of a finite VP constituent, they were never presented with the option to view the syntactic functions in this manner. The issue is a question of what comes first: traditionally, DGs take the syntactic functions to be primitive and they then derive the constellation from these functions, whereas constituency grammars traditionally take the constellation to be primitive and they then derive the syntactic functions from the constellation.

title: Randall Auxier

text: Auxier’s theories of actuality, potentiality, and possibility derive from these distinctions. He argues that possibility should be thought of (hypothetically) as uncreated and unaffected by temporal passage. The same constellations of possibilities retain their intensive modes of order regardless of whether one constellation becomes an ingressing collection and informs what is actual. The same order is available, and in part intelligible to human beings, whether they are “might-have-beens” or “might be’s” and are indifferent to actuality. Potency is possibility limited by past actuality and wholly included in the constellations of possibility. Potency is defined as those immanent orderings of possibility not yet eliminated by present actuality. Potency draws its form from those collections of possibility that exemplify constellations whose status relative to actuality is “might-be.” Auxier argues that possibility is immediately experienced by human beings, and that its form is inferred by means of contrast with the experience of the “egress” of possibility. Actuality is cognized only indirectly.

title: Constellation (energy company)

text: Constellation provides to commercial and industrial customers fixed, index, and blended pricing solutions of electric power, including renewable energy. Its wholesale electricity supply business manages the sales, dispatch, and delivery of energy from Exelon's power generation portfolio to utilities, municipal co-ops, and energy retailers nationwide. , Constellation had around 360 megawatts of solar generation assets that is either in operation or under construction across the United States, including Maryland, California, Arizona, New Jersey, and Texas. In 2011, Constellation was contracted to construct and operate what was then the largest rooftop solar array ever constructed for the Toys-R-Us distribution center in Flanders, NJ.


query: Where is the Arbor Hill neighborhood?

title: Arbor Hill, Albany, New York

text: Arbor Hill is a neighborhood in Albany, New York, generally defined as the area from Clinton Avenue north to Tivoli Hollow and the Livingston Avenue Railroad Bridge and from Broadway west to Henry Johnson Boulevard.[1] Both Clinton Avenue and Henry Johnson Boulevard are signed as U.S. Route 9. It was outside Albany's first boundaries as set up in the Dongan Charter of 1686. The original name of the area was Colonie (which is applied now to the current town to the north), and the area was incorporated under that name as a village in 1804; it was annexed by Albany in 1815.[2] There are two sub-neighborhoods in Arbor Hill, Dudley Heights[3] and the Ten Broeck Triangle.[4] "Arbor Hill" was the name given to the Ten Broeck estate;[5] the Ten Broeck Mansion is still an important cultural and historical museum. The neighborhood has other historical and cultural sights such as the Palace Theatre and St. Joseph's Church. Demographically it is predominantly African-American.

title: Lark Street

text: Lark Street is a historic street in Albany, New York, USA. It is part of the Arbor Hill, Sheridan Hollow, Center Square, Park South and Hudson/Park neighborhoods, and is located one block east of Washington Park. Lark Street is the site of many independently owned shops, coffee houses, restaurants, art galleries, antique shops, marketing agencies, bars and tattoo shops. Although the part between Madison Avenue and Washington Avenue was rebuilt in 2002-2003 to place new roadways, trees and sidewalks in front of the new shops in the active portion of Lark Street, some local residents have protested against the neglect of the northern end of the street (crossing north of Washington Avenue), which runs down into the less-affluent Arbor Hill neighborhood. Lark Street and Jay Street was used as a location during the filming of "Ironweed". The Washington Avenue Armory is located at the corner of Lark Street and Washington Avenue.

text: The challenges the neighborhood faced in maintaining its historic properties were demonstrated later, in the 1960s. By that time the neighborhood, overwhelmingly African American, was considered one of the worst in Albany. Sweet Pilgrim's distinctive spire was removed, leaving St. Joseph's as the only church in the district with a presence in the skyline. Later in the decade, urban renewal efforts began to target Arbor Hill. The houses north of Livingston Avenue were demolished and replaced with the modern affordable housing that is there now. Similar projects targeted the blocks west of North Swan, leaving gaps and modern intrusions that also persist today.

title: Sheridan Hollow, Albany, New York

text: Sheridan Hollow is a neighborhood in Albany, New York located in a ravine north of Downtown Albany. Capitol Hill to the south and Arbor Hill to the north flank the ravine. Often the neighborhood is overlooked by city residents, and outsiders who work in the neighborhood often don't recognize the name of the neighborhood. This is due to the identity of the Hollow being subsumed into its larger neighbor Arbor Hill, for instance news stories of events are often accredited to the wrong neighborhood. Being on undesirable land for development in colonial times, growth was slow in the Hollow and the neighborhood was populated through the centuries by a series of ethnic groups new to Albany, such as the Irish, Polish, and African Americans.

title: Lincoln Hill, Syracuse

text: James Street is the northern border of Lincoln Hill, where it borders the Sedgwick Neighborhood. The western border streets are Sedgwick Street and Elm Street, where the neighborhood borders the Near Northeast Neighborhood. The southern border is Interstate 690, south of which lies the Near Eastside Neighborhood. Lincoln Hill's eastern border is Teall Avenue, where it borders Eastwood.

title: Sesame Street (fictional location)

text: To the left of 123 is a forecourt that serves as the entrance to a carriage house. The forecourt called the Arbor serves as a playground, and separates 123 from a tenement. The set continues to the left of the arbor as the street turns to the left. In the first season, the Arbor was a tiny location between the two buildings, as there was no curve in the street. In the late 1990s, the characters decided that the neighborhood needed more green space and built a garden in a vacant lot behind the Arbor. The garden behind the Arbor is where Stinky the Stinkweed resides.

text: Open space within the district include a few vacant lots and parking lots. Most are planned however, such as Van Rensselaer Park, the neighboring space around the church known as St. Joseph's park, and the large parcel at the district's northeast corner where the Ten Broeck Mansion and its gardens (and formerly carriage house) are located. Mature trees are abundant throughout. Topographically the district rises almost a hundred feet (30 m) from its eastern and southern edges to level terrain along North Swan between Second and Third. This reflects the ravines that existed there when Albany was first settled, later partially filled in to facilitate development, now the neighborhood of Sheridan Hollow, which separates Arbor Hill and the district from downtown Albany.

title: Ann Arbor housing inequality

text: Southwest Ann Arbor housing is more diverse than that found in other areas of the city. The further South and more central areas of Southwest Ann arbor trend similarly to Southeast Ann Arbor—housing prices decrease and the number of affordable housing projects and buildings increases. However, the farther North and West one looks, the housing increases in both price and number of rooms, and begins to look more like the far more expensive, country-club suburban neighborhoods like Barton Hills and Abbott.

title: Neighborhoods of Albany, New York

text: Arbor Hill is an historic neighborhood in northeastern Albany near the Hudson River. Arbor Hill encompasses the area from Clinton Avenue (formerly called Patroon Street) north to the Livingston Avenue Railroad Bridge (where North Albany begins) and from the Hudson River west to Henry Johnson Boulevard. Arbor Hill was outside Albany's first boundaries as set up in the Dongan Charter of 1686. The original name of the area was Colonie. Incorporated as a village on April 9, 1804, Arbor Hill was annexed by the city in 1815, at which time Patroon Street became Clinton Avenue. The name "Arbor Hill" comes from the nickname of the Ten Broeck Mansion, an important cultural and historical destination in the neighborhood. Arbor Hill includes Dudley Heights, a residential neighborhood north of Livingston Avenue that was the first location of the Dudley Observatory. Arbor Hill contains many other historic and cultural spots including the Palace Theatre, Quackenbush House, Church of the Holy Innocents, the Stephen and Harriet Myers House, and the former St. Joseph's Church. Demographically, Arbor Hill is predominantly African-American.

title: Neighborhoods of Albany, New York

text: The neighborhoods of Albany, New York are varied demographically, geographically, architecturally, and historically. Downtown Albany is the city's oldest neighborhood, centered on State Street, one of Albany's oldest streets and its original main street. North and south of Downtown Albany are old residential communities often consisting of row houses; to the north, those neighborhoods include Sheridan Hollow, Arbor Hill, and North Albany, while to the south is the super-neighborhood of the South End, which includes several smaller neighborhoods.

title: Arbor Hill, Albany, New York

text: The neighborhood police unit for Arbor Hill was introduced in September 1972 and funded by the federal Law Enforcement Administration Agency (LEAA), which paid for the staffing and training of 48 officers. As the LEAA fell victim to budget cuts, the city was left with little money for maintaining the units and staffing fell to 32 officers. Within one week a firebomb destroyed the building at the corner of Second and Lark streets. The unit then moved to a storefront at 133 Northern Boulevard (today Henry Johnson Boulevard),[9] where it remained until April 4, 1986 when the unit was closed.[10]

title: Neighborhoods of Albany, New York

text: Downtown Albany is one of the city's oldest neighborhoods. The neighborhood is roughly bounded by Sheridan Hollow and Arbor Hill to the north, the South End to the south, Route 787 to the east, and the Empire State Plaza to the west. Downtown Albany is centered on the intersection between State Street (one of Albany's oldest streets and its original main street) and Pearl Street.

text: In 1975 several residents of the Ten Broeck Triangle formed the Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Association (AHCCA) to lobby the city for improvements in neighborhood services. Many of them lived in the surviving townhouses, which they had often restored themselves. They saw gentrification as the key to revitalizing the neighborhood, due to its proximity to downtown Albany and the growing service-sector jobs there. To further this goal, they worked with preservationists to have the triangle recognized as a historic district. That area was duly listed on the Register in 1978 under that name.

title: Neighborhoods of Albany, New York

text: Sheridan Hollow is a small neighborhood located in a ravine between Downtown Albany and Arbor Hill west of Chapel Street. Clinton Avenue runs along its northern rim, and Columbia and Elk streets run along its southern rim. Sheridan Hollow gently slopes up towards the west between Henry Johnson Boulevard and Lexington Avenue and ends at the eastern edge of West Hill. The Henry Johnson Boulevard Bridge passes over a portion of Sheridan Hollow.

title: South End–Groesbeckville Historic District

text: After midcentury, another group of migrants arrived in the neighborhood. Most African Americans who had come to Albany in the Great Migration of the 1920s had settled in Arbor Hill, where the quality houses of the Ten Broeck Triangle that had once been home to the city's wealthy were becoming cheaper as the wealthy moved west or to the suburbs. Thus affected and repopulated, that neighborhood began to suffer from neglect and declined. The city's response was small-scale urban renewal, and black residents displaced by the demolitions that required moved to the South End.

title: Arbor Heights, Seattle

text: The neighborhood formerly contained an elementary school (Arbor Heights Elementary School), was demolished in August and September 2014. It will be replaced by a larger school. There are no secondary schools. It has a private club pool, Arbor Heights Swim and Tennis Club. The neighborhood is almost exclusively zoned as residential property, with the nearest commercially zoned areas being north in the Roxhill neighborhood, and a small zone down the hill to the west in the Fauntleroy neighborhood.

title: Church of the Holy Innocents (Albany, New York)

text: The church and chapel complex is located at the southeast corner of the intersection of North Pearl and Colonie Street, roughly one half-mile (1 km) north of downtown Albany and a few blocks east of the Arbor Hill neighborhood. It is located at the point where the terrain, flat all the way to the Hudson River one-quarter mile (500 m) away, starts rising to the west, creating a dropoff at the east end of the property. The surrounding neighborhood is mostly residential, showing the varied effects of past urban renewal programs.

title: Arbor Hill, Albany, New York

text: Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle Neighborhoods of Albany, New York Clinton Avenue Historic District (Albany, New York) History of Albany, New York

title: Sheridan Hollow, Albany, New York

text: On a map made by De Witt in 1790 the name of Arbor Hill makes its first appearance on a map of Albany. In this map Arbor Hill is located in Sheridan Hollow between Orange Street and Clinton Avenue (south and north) and from Chapel Street halfway to Hawk Street (east to west); later Arbor Hill would be the name given to the Ten Broeck Mansion and surrounding neighborhood on the other side of Clinton Avenue, the former village of Colonie. On this same map a "Negro burial ground" is shown along the southern rim of the Hollow, this burial ground does not show up on any subsequent maps and it may never have been plotted and used.

title: Reid Park (Charlotte neighborhood)

text:
Reid Park is a historic African-American neighborhood on the West side of Charlotte, North Carolina. It is one of the oldest African American neighborhoods the city. located alone West Boulevard, it lies east of Wingate Park, south of Westerly Hills and west of Revolution Park.
The neighborhood was established in 1935 by an African American landowner, Ross Reid, it was one of the first exclusively African American neighborhoods in Charlotte. The City of Charlotte annexed Reid Park in 1959, and the number of homes and residents grew significantly thereafter. According to residents, in its first 40 years, the neighborhood had a high quality of life. Unfortunately, by the early 1980s, the neighborhood began to decline and crime rose. It became the main attraction for Crack Cocaine dealers and gangs to set up shop, especially around the infamous Dalton village housing Projects. Several homes sustained major renovations in the mid 2000s and by 2013, majority of the homes that where once decaying where now gone or renovated. The revitalization project in Reid Park began after the demolition of Dalton Village in 1998. As of today, the name "Reid Park" is no longer in use as the neighborhood is now called "Arbor Glen."

text: The Arbor Hill Historic District–Ten Broeck Triangle is located within the Arbor Hill neighborhood of Albany, New York, United States. It is a seven-block area north of downtown. In 1979 its current eastern section, the Ten Broeck Triangle, the second oldest residential neighborhood in the city, was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Four years later, it was increased to its current size.

title: Ann Arbor housing inequality

text: Outside of student housing, the residential neighborhoods in Central Ann Arbor are among the most expensive in Washtenaw County. The Angell and parts of the Bach neighborhoods feature some of the largest homes and mansions in Ann Arbor with many of them occupied by the highest paid and socially elite employed by the university.

text: By the 1990s the Ten Broeck Triangle had been almost completely restored and was home to a thriving community of young professionals and their families. However, the rest of the district, like the rest of Arbor Hill, had not been gentrified and continued to have the problems associated with poorer, predominantly minority urban neighborhoods. While there was tension between residents who continued to support those efforts and residents who felt the neighborhood should focus on improving lower-end housing, as the 20th century ended the latter efforts became more acceptable as it was clearer that gentrification could not spread beyond the triangle.

text: During the Great Migration of the 1920s, many of the African Americans who came north to Albany from the Southern states settled in Arbor Hill, an area that had been one of the first where their predecessors had settled in the city It came to be regarded as more desirable among newcomers than their other destination, the South End. Residents of that neighborhood often moved to Arbor Hill after they had made some money. African Americans displaced by the construction of what is now the State Department of Education Building in 1912 also resettled in Arbor Hill. As early as 1922 many of the city's prominent African-American institutions and organizations, such as churches and social clubs, were located in Arbor Hill. This growth led to the name being applied to the larger area it presently refers to, extending north to the railroad tracks, west to Northern Boulevard (now Henry Johnson Boulevard) and south to Sheridan Avenue.

title: Ann Arbor housing inequality

text: Northwest Ann Arbor features far less dense residential neighborhoods than the rest of the city. As the city approaches Scio Township, it reaches some of its most affluent neighborhoods. The Barton Hills, Wines, and Abbott neighborhoods are extremely wealthy, housing prices high as they near central campus. Prices only rise further as the area becomes more residential and affluent. As the city turns into suburbs and Scio, housing remaining spread and residential with lot size increasing. There are apartments and newer developments, but these expensive, amenity heavy apartments are few and far between the more ubiquitous country style homes in the area.

text: The AHCCA founded a separate group called the Arbor Hill Improvement Corporation in the early 1980s to address housing issues that the private developers of the area were not. It assists residents in applying for financing and restoration grants, sometimes partnering with similar organizations in other neighborhoods in applying for grants. Another community group, St. Joseph Housing Corporation, has renovated some old buildings into affordable housing.

title: Albany, New York

text: The neighborhoods of Albany are varied demographically, geographically, architecturally, and historically. Downtown Albany is the city's oldest neighborhood, centered on State Street, one of Albany's oldest streets and its original main street. North and south of Downtown Albany are old residential communities often consisting of row houses; to the north, those neighborhoods include Sheridan Hollow, Arbor Hill, and North Albany, while to the south is the super-neighborhood of the South End, which includes several smaller neighborhoods.

text: In 2002 local artist Yacob Williams painted the first of four murals in the Arbor Hill neighborhood on the house at the corner of North Swan and Livingston, a project intended to improve the quality of life in a high-crime area. He chose the design, "Mother Africa", from suggestions submitted by local youth, who also assisted on the painting. The project was cosponsored by the Ten Broeck Triangle Preservation League and the Social Capital Development Corporation.

text:
All but three of the 220 buildings in the district are contributing properties to its historic character. Of those 217, the vast majority are houses. One, the Ten Broeck Mansion, is individually listed on the Register as well. Some others have distinctive characteristics within the district.
In 2003 two planning firms hired by the city sought citizen input and created the Arbor Hill Citizen Advisory Committee, which developed a plan to improve life in Arbor Hill as a whole. Among the aspects considered was how the historic district could benefit the neighborhood's future. The Ten Broeck Triangle, it noted, was one of three areas of Arbor Hill where property values did not suffer from the neighborhood's bad reputation. "It is not unusual to
see an abandoned building next to a home in which a property owner has invested $300,000 or more," in the triangle, the report said. "Clearly, to the extent that neighborhood-wide problems are alleviated or solved, property owners in the Ten Broeck neighborhood will greatly benefit and market values can be expected to escalate rapidly."

title: Walnut Hills, Dayton, Ohio

text: Walnut Hills is a neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio, United States. It is roughly bounded by Wayne and Arbor Avenues and Warren and Wyoming Streets, and borders on the neighborhood of Linden Heights to the north.


query: Is estradiol available as a drug?

title: Estradiol (medication)

text: Estradiol is used as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.[32][15] The drug is used in higher dosages prior to sex reassignment surgery or orchiectomy to help suppress testosterone levels; after this procedure, estradiol continues to be used at lower dosages to maintain estradiol levels in the normal premenopausal female range.[32][15]

title: Estradiol (medication)

text: Estradiol and estradiol esters are also available in custom preparations from compounding pharmacies in the U.S.[139] This includes subcutaneous pellet implants, which are not available in the United States as FDA-approved pharmaceutical drugs.[140] In addition, topical creams that contain estradiol are generally regulated as cosmetics rather than as drugs in the U.S. and hence are also sold over-the-counter and may be purchased without a prescription on the Internet.[141]

title: Estradiol cypionate

text: Estradiol cypionate is and has been available as an oil solution for intramuscular injection provided in vials and ampoules at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mg/mL (and containing 5, 10, 15, 25, or 50 mg estradiol cypionate total). The 1 and 3 mg/mL concentrations (containing 5 and 15 mg estradiol cypionate total) have been discontinued in the United States, but the 5 mg/mL concentration (containing 25 mg estradiol cypionate total) remains available. Aside from estradiol cypionate, the only other injectable estrogen formulations that remain available in the United States are estradiol valerate (10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 40 mg/mL in oil) and conjugated estrogens (25 mg/vial in solution).

title: Estradiol (medication)

text: Estradiol is also widely available in combination with progestogens.[130] It is available in combination with norethisterone acetate under the major brand names Activelle, Cliane, Estalis, Eviana, Evorel Conti, Evorel Sequi, Kliogest, Novofem, Sequidot, and Trisequens; with drospirenone as Angeliq; with dydrogesterone as Femoston, Femoston Conti; and with nomegestrol acetate as Zoely.[130] Estradiol valerate is available with cyproterone acetate as Climen; with dienogest as Climodien and Qlaira; with norgestrel as Cyclo-Progynova and Progyluton; with levonorgestrel as Klimonorm; with medroxyprogesterone acetate as Divina and Indivina; and with norethisterone enantate as Mesigyna and Mesygest.[130] Estradiol cypionate is available with medroxyprogesterone acetate as Cyclo-Provera, Cyclofem, Feminena, Lunelle, and Novafem;[14] estradiol enantate with algestone acetophenide as Deladroxate and Topasel;[130][133][134] and estradiol benzoate is marketed with progesterone as Mestrolar and Nomestrol.[130]

title: Estradiol valerate

text: Oral estradiol valerate is used primarily in Europe, under the brand name Progynova. Although oral estradiol valerate was previously available in the United States, it is no longer available in this country except in combination with dienogest as a combined oral contraceptive (under the brand name Natazia). Estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection is available under the brand name Delestrogen in the United States and Canada and under the brand name Progynon Depot in Europe and elsewhere in the world.

title: Estradiol stearate

text: Estradiol stearate (brand name Depofollan), or estradiol octadecanoate, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the C17β stearate ester of estradiol. It occurs in the body as a very long-lasting metabolite and prohormone of estradiol. In addition, estradiol stearate is or has been available as a pharmaceutical drug for use via depot intramuscular injection. The drug was introduced in 1941 as Depofollan and was the first long-acting estrogen, although it has never been widely used. It has been reported in at least one source to have a duration of at least one month.

title: Pharmacokinetics of estradiol

text: Transdermal estradiol is available in the forms of patches, gels, emulsions, and sprays. In the case of gels, emulsions, and sprays, the route is sometimes referred to as "topical" rather than as transdermal. Estradiol patches have an extended duration and are available for twice-weekly (3–4-day) and once-weekly (7-day) application, while gels, emulsions, and sprays are administered daily. There are two types of estradiol patches: reservoir patches, which have been described as first-generation patches, and matrix patches, which are considered to be improved second-generation patches. Reservoir patches were designed for twice-weekly application, while matrix patches have been produced for both twice-weekly and once-weekly application. Reservoir patches of estradiol (e.g., Estraderm) are mostly no longer used, with most estradiol patches available today being matrix patches (e.g., Alora, Climara, Esclim, Estradot, FemPatch, Menostar, Oesclim, Vivelle, and Vivelle-Dot). When estradiol is administered as a hydroalcoholic gel such as EstroGel, it dries within 2 to 5 minutes following application to the skin.

title: Combined injectable birth control

text: A variety of different CICs, generally containing a short-acting natural estradiol ester and a long-acting progestin ester, are available for clinical use. Estrogens that are used include estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol enantate, estradiol benzoate butyrate, and estradiol, while progestins that are used include norethisterone enantate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide), hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and megestrol acetate. Estradiol benzoate has a duration that is too short for once-monthly CICs, and is not used in them. Conversely, estradiol enantate is said to have a duration that is too long for once-monthly CICs, but is nonetheless used in them.

title: Estradiol cypionate

text: The medical uses of estradiol cypionate are the same as those of estradiol and other estrogens. Examples of indications for the drug include hormone therapy and hormonal contraception. In regard to the latter, estradiol cypionate has been used in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate as a combined injectable contraceptive. Along with estradiol valerate, estradiol undecylate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate is used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.

title: Estradiol cypionate

text: "Estradiol cypionate" is the generic name of the drug and its and . It is also known as "estradiol cyclopentylpropionate" ("ECP").

title: Estradiol undecylate

text: "Estradiol undecylate" is the generic name of the drug and its and . It is also spelled in some publications as "estradiol unducelate" and is also known as "estradiol undecanoate". In German, it is known under a variety of spellings including as "estradiolundecylat", "östradiolundecylat", "östradiolundezylat", "oestradiolundecylat", "oestradiolundezylat", and others. Estradiol undecylate is known by its former developmental code names "RS-1047" and "SQ-9993" as well.

title: Pharmacokinetics of estradiol

text: Estradiol can be administered in the form of a very long-lasting subcutaneous pellet implant. These implants are replaced once every 6 to 12 months, and can achieve high and very constant circulating levels of estradiol. They are surgically inserted by a trained physician in a medical office or clinic and can be placed into locations including the lower abdomen, lower back, buttocks, or hips. Subcutaneous implants containing 25, 50, and 100 mg estradiol for replacement usually once every 6 months are available as approved pharmaceutical medications. Up to 800 mg estradiol per implantation has been used. Pharmaceutical estradiol implants have been said to be used almost exclusively in the United Kingdom. An estradiol implant has not been approved by the FDA as a pharmaceutical medication in the United States, but hormone implants, including estradiol implants, are available as custom compounded products in this country.

title: Estradiol enantate

text:
Estradiol enantate, sold under the brand names Perlutal and Topasel among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormonal birth control. It is formulated in combination with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (DHPA; algestone acetophenide), a progestin, and is used as a combined injectable contraceptive. Estradiol enantate is not available alone. The medication is given by injection into muscle once a month.
Side effects of estradiol enantate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. The drug is a synthetic estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. Estradiol enantate is an estrogen ester and a long-lasting prodrug of estradiol in the body. Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.
Estradiol enantate was first described by 1954, and was first studied in combination with DHPA as a combined injectable contraceptive in 1964. The combination was introduced for clinical use by the mid-1970s. Estradiol enantate is not available as a standalone medication (i.e., by itself without DHPA). The combination is available in Latin America and Hong Kong, and was also previously marketed in Spain and Portugal.

title: Estradiol benzoate

text:
Estradiol benzoate, sold under the brand name Progynon-B among others, is a medication which is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women, in hormone therapy for transgender women, and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. It is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. Estradiol benzoate is used in veterinary medicine as well. When used clinically, the medication is given by injection into muscle usually two to three times per week.
Side effects of estradiol benzoate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. Estradiol benzoate is a synthetic estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body. Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.
Estradiol benzoate was discovered in 1933 and was introduced for medical use in 1936. It was the first estradiol ester to be discovered or marketed, and was one of the first estrogens to be introduced for medical use. Along with estradiol dipropionate, it was among the most widely used esters of estradiol for many years following its introduction. However, in the 1950s, longer-acting estradiol esters that necessitate less frequent injections, such as estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate, were developed, and have since mostly superseded estradiol benzoate. Nonetheless, estradiol benzoate remains widely available throughout the world. It is no longer available for medical use in the United States.

title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate is and has been available in the form of vials and ampoules for intramuscular injection in concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL and in the form of oral tablets at doses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg per tablet. In the United States, it is specifically available in formulations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL (as Delestrogen, as well as generics). Aside from estradiol valerate, the only other injectable estrogen formulations that remain available in the United States are estradiol cypionate (5 mg/mL in oil) and conjugated estrogens (25 mg/vial in solution).

title: Estradiol (medication)

text: A hemihydrate form of estradiol, estradiol hemihydrate, is widely used medically under a large number of brand names similarly to estradiol.[109] In terms of activity and bioequivalence, estradiol and its hemihydrate are identical, with the only disparities being an approximate 1% difference in potency by weight (due to the presence of water molecules in the hemihydrate form of the substance) and a slower rate of release with certain formulations of the hemihydrate.[112][113] This is because estradiol hemihydrate is more hydrated than anhydrous estradiol, and for this reason, is more insoluble in water in comparison, which results in slower absorption rates with specific formulations of the drug such as vaginal tablets.[113] Estradiol hemihydrate has also been shown to result in less systemic absorption as a vaginal tablet formulation relative to other topical estradiol formulations such as vaginal creams.[114] Estradiol hemihydrate is used in place of estradiol in some estradiol products.[115][116][117]

title: Cyclodiol

text: Cyclodiol (developmental code name ZK-115194; also known as 14α,17α-ethano-17β-estradiol) is a synthetic estrogen which was studied in the 1990s and was never marketed. It is a derivative of estradiol with a bridge between the C14α and C17α positions. Cyclodiol has 100% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for the human ERα and similar transactivational capacity as estradiol at the receptor. It has comparable potency to estradiol when administered by subcutaneous injection. The drug shows genotoxicity similarly to estradiol. Cyclodiol showed an absolute bioavailability of 33 ± 19% and a terminal half-life of 28.7 hours in pharmacokinetic studies in women.

title: Estradiol dienantate

text: Estradiol dienantate, or estradiol 3,17-dihepanoate, is a steroidal estrogen. It is an estrogen ester, specifically, and an ester of estradiol. The drug is a component of Climacteron, an injectable combination formulation of testosterone enantate benzilic acid hydrazone, estradiol dienantate, and estradiol benzoate that is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms in women.

title: Estradiol (medication)

text: Estradiol is available in a variety of different formulations, including oral, intranasal, transdermal/topical, vaginal, injectable, and implantable preparations.[9][67] An ester may be attached to one or both of the hydroxyl groups of estradiol to improve its oral bioavailability and/or duration of action with injection.[9] Such modifications give rise to forms such as estradiol acetate (oral and vaginal), estradiol valerate (oral and injectable), estradiol cypionate (injectable), estradiol benzoate (injectable), estradiol undecylate (injectable), and polyestradiol phosphate (injectable; a polymerized ester of estradiol), which are all prodrugs of estradiol.[9][67][68]

title: Estradiol sulfate

text: As the sodium salt, sodium estradiol sulfate, E2S is present as a minor constituent (0.9%) of conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), or Premarin. It effectively functions as a prodrug to estradiol in this preparation, similarly to E1S. E2S is also formed as a metabolite of estradiol, as well as of estrone and E1S. Aside from its presence in CEEs, E2S is not available as a commercial pharmaceutical drug.

title: EC508

text: EC508, also known as estradiol 17β-(1-(4-(aminosulfonyl)benzoyl)--proline), is an estrogen which is under development by Evestra for use in menopausal hormone therapy and as a hormonal contraceptive for the prevention of pregnancy in women. It is an orally active estrogen ester – specifically, a C17β sulfonamide–proline ester of the natural and bioidentical estrogen estradiol – and acts as a prodrug of estradiol in the body. However, unlike oral estradiol and conventional oral estradiol esters such as estradiol valerate, EC508 undergoes little or no first-pass metabolism, has high oral bioavailability, and does not have disproportionate estrogenic effects in the liver. As such, it has a variety of desirable advantages over oral estradiol, similarly to parenteral estradiol, but with the convenience of oral administration. EC508 is a candidate with the potential to replace not only estradiol in clinical practice, but also ethinylestradiol in oral contraceptives. Evestra intends to seek Investigational New Drug status for EC508 in the second quarter of 2018.

title: Medroxyprogesterone acetate

text: MPA is available alone in the form of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg oral tablets, as a 150 mg/mL (1 mL) or 400 mg/mL (2.5 mL) aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection, and as a 104 mg (0.65 mL of 160 mg/mL) aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection. It has also been marketed in the form of 100, 200, 250, 400, and 500 mg oral tablets; 500 and 1,000 mg oral suspensions; and as a 50 mg/mL aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A 100 mg/mL aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection was previously available. In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is available in the form of oral tablets in combination with conjugated estrogens (CEEs), estradiol, and estradiol valerate for use in menopausal hormone therapy, and is available in combination with estradiol cypionate as a combined injectable contraceptive.

title: Estradiol phenylpropionate

text: Estradiol phenylpropionate (EPP), also known as estradiol 17β-phenylpropionate, is a steroidal estrogen. It is the C17β phenylpropionate ester of estradiol. EPP is marketed in combination with estradiol benzoate under the brand name Dimenformon Prolongatum in the Netherlands and in combination with estradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, and testosterone isocaproate under the brand name Mixogen (a balanced mixture of estradiol and testosterone esters). Both of these drug combinations are long-acting injectables indicated in hormone replacement therapy for women in menopause. Dimenformon Prolongatum has also been investigated as a single injection, "morning after" post-coital contraceptive, and is additionally used as a component of hormone replacement therapy for transgender women.

title: Estradiol 3-saccharinylmethyl ether

text: Estradiol 3-saccharinylmethyl ether, or 3-"O"-(saccharinylmethyl)-17β-estradiol, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ether – specifically, the C3 saccharinylmethyl ether of estradiol – which was described in the mid-1990s and was never marketed. It is a prodrug of estradiol, and has been found to be 9-fold as potent as estradiol via the oral route in rats. Similarly, its bioavailability (16%) was 5-fold greater than that of estradiol via the oral route in rats, and the elimination half-life of estradiol released from the drug was 5- to 7-fold longer than that of regular estradiol. Conversely, when estradiol 3-saccharinylmethyl ether and estradiol were given intravenously in rats, there was no difference between them in terms of potency. "In vitro" studies revealed that saccarinylmethylestradiol is not hydrolyzed to estradiol enzymatically but rather is hydrolyzed chemically in biological media such as plasma, apparently dependent on the concentration of protein. Taken together, saccarinylmethylestradiol appears to be partially protected from first-pass metabolism in the liver and intestines with oral administration and shows greatly improved oral potency compared to estradiol.

title: Estrogen (medication)

text: Estradiol, estrone, and estriol have all been approved as pharmaceutical drugs and are used medically. Estetrol is currently under development for medical indications, but has not yet been approved in any country. A variety of synthetic estrogen esters, such as estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol acetate, estradiol benzoate, estradiol undecylate, and polyestradiol phosphate, are used clinically. The aforementioned compounds behave as prodrugs to estradiol, and are much longer-lasting in comparison when administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Esters of estrone and estriol also exist and are or have been used in clinical medicine, for example estrone sulfate (e.g., as estropipate), estriol succinate, and estriol glucuronide (as Emmenin and Progynon).

title: Estradiol valerate

text: In addition to single-drug formulations, oral estradiol valerate is available in combination with the progestin dienogest as a combined oral contraceptive and intramuscular estradiol valerate is marketed in combination with the progestins hydroxyprogesterone caproate and norethisterone enantate as combined injectable contraceptives. Intramuscular estradiol valerate has also been marketed in combination with testosterone enantate, but this formulation has been discontinued. The availability of estradiol valerate-containing products varies throughout the world.

title: Estradiol valerate

text: The medical uses of estradiol valerate are the same as those of estradiol and other estrogens. Examples of indications for the medication include hormone therapy and hormonal contraception. In regard to the latter, estradiol valerate is available in combination with a progestin as a combined estradiol-containing oral contraceptive (with dienogest) and as a combined injectable contraceptive. Along with estradiol cypionate, estradiol undecylate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate is used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It is also used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer in men.

title: Estradiol cypionate

text: In contrast to oral administration, which is associated with very low bioavailability (<10%), the bioavailability of both estradiol and estradiol esters like estradiol valerate has been found to be complete (i.e., 100%) via intramuscular injection. In addition, estradiol esters like estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate, when given intramuscularly in oil, have a relatively long duration due to the formation of an intramuscular depot from which they are slowly released and absorbed. Upon intramuscular injection of estradiol cypionate in an oil solution, the solvent (i.e., oil) is absorbed, and a primary microcrystalline depot is formed within the muscle at the site of injection. In addition, a secondary depot may also be formed in adipose tissue. The slow release of estradiol cypionate is caused by the increased lipophilicity of the drug, which in turn is due to its long fatty acid cypionic acid ester moiety. The elimination half-life of intramuscularly administered estradiol cypionate in oil (as estradiol) has been reported to be approximately 8 days.

title: Estradiol enantate

text: "Estradiol enantate" is the English generic name of the drug and its and , while "estradiol enanthate" is its . Its generic names in other languages are as follows:Estradiol enantate is also known by its former developmental code name "SQ-16150". It has been referred to as "estradiol heptanoate".

title: Estradiol (medication)

text: Oral estradiol valerate (Progynova) and other esters of estradiol that are used by injection like estradiol benzoate, estradiol enantate, and estradiol undecylate all are not marketed in the U.S.[115] Polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin) was marketed in the U.S. previously but is no longer available.[115]


query: Who created the TV show Spooks?

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: The programme was created by writer David Wolstencroft, and produced by Kudos for the BBC. A trademark style, coupled with the series' popularity, attracted a large number of high-profile guest stars. These included Martine McCutcheon, Hugh Laurie, Haluk Bilginer, Robert Hardy, Tim McInnerny, Bruce Payne, Reece Dinsdale, Ian McDiarmid, Ewen Bremner, Jimi Mistry, Andy Serkis, Benedict Cumberbatch, Kevin McNally, Rupert Graves, Andrew Tiernan, Anton Lesser, Anupam Kher, Alexander Siddig, and Anthony Head.

title: Brandon Estate

text: The sitcom "15 Storeys High" used the estate as a backdrop for the exterior locations. It has also been featured in the TV shows Spooks, Silent Witness and The Bill.

title: Non-official cover

text: Fictional examples include Chuck Barris who made a satirical claim to have been a NOC with 33 kills in his book and movie "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind". Other examples are featured in the books "Debt of Honor", Ted Bell's "Pirate", and "The Eleventh Commandment"; in the movies "", "Spy Game", "The Bourne Identity", "Safe House", and "The Recruit"; and the TV shows "The Americans", "Burn Notice", "Spooks", "Covert Affairs" and "Patriot".

title: Lassie (1954 TV series)

text: The show's title character is portrayed in the two pilots by Pal, the MGM film Lassie. Thereafter, five of his male descendants played the role. His son Lassie Junior performed through the Jeff years and first two Timmy years before retiring in 1959 to battle cancer. Though he recovered, Lassie Junior never worked the show again. His son Spook was rushed into the series while his brother Baby was in training for the role. Spook was inadequately prepared and never became comfortable on the set after an overhead light crashed to the floor on his first day. Weatherwax, however, coaxed a natural and seemingly confident performance from the frightened dog, and some regard Spook's portrayal as Weatherwax's finest work. Spook played the role in the spring and fall of 1960. Baby, son of Lassie Junior and brother to Spook, worked the show for six years. He appeared in the last Timmy years, and two of the Forest Service seasons. Baby died at eight years of age, the only Lassie not to live at least seventeen years. He was followed in the role by Mire who played Lassie for five years. He portrayed the fictional collie in the syndicated seasons.

title: Spooks (series 1)

text: The second episode included the death of a main character. The idea was originally going to be used in the series finale. However, the producers did not know how to fill in episode two, so the death was moved up. According to Wolstencroft, the inclusion of Helen's death was to give the audience the message that "the world of Spooks isn't the world where the cavalry always arrive, because in reality these people [MI5] do risk their lives on our behalf and they do get into sticky situations with genuinely nasty people." The producers also wanted main characters to die on occasion rather than on a weekly or bi-weekly basis; otherwise it would show MI5 officers as not doing their jobs properly.[23] Although Spooks is a serious show, the writers add occasional humour from the characters. According to Wolstencroft, he felt that anybody who works in such an occupation with high responsibilities tends to have humour around, and that those people make jokes even though they have seen "heinous things". This became the basis for creating Jools Siviter.[13]

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: The series is a popular export, syndicated to more than 26 countries. However, it has struggled for popularity in some areas, notably the United States; two of the three channels to have broadcast Spooks in the US pulled the show during the fourth series due to low viewing figures. Due to the racist connotations of the term Spooks in some territories, international broadcasts are often renamed.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: A new website called "Spooks Interactive" was created to coincide with the launch of the series.[16] In April 2008, the Spooks production team won the BAFTA Award for Interactivity for their work on Spooks Interactive.[19]

title: The Spooks of Bottle Bay

text: The Spooks of Bottle Bay is a children's drama series shown between the years of 1993 and 1995 on CITV. The stories behind the show were created by Ian Allen, and the puppets and sets were designed by John Thirtle. Three videos containing a few episodes from the first two series were released in the 1990s, but nothing has been released since then and the show has never been repeated on television. The series was directed by Paul Cole.

title: Series 10, Episode 6 (Spooks)

text: They also felt that writing the final episodes of a popular programme was "an exciting responsibility, a daunting honour." They also did not want to end it on a cliffhanger, as doing so wouldn't be right or fair to the fans. The writers also concluded the Ruth/Harry arc in the series. They were concerned that there were fans of the show "who will be immensely cheesed off if they get anything less than Ruth riding in on a unicorn to marry Harry in a white suit," but noted there were "plenty of viewers who love the uncompromising toughness of Spooks. And both viewpoints were always well represented around the table." When it came to writing the final scenes, both writers went through "countless" ideas, some of which were pondered for weeks before making their final decision. In an interview, both writers admitted that the finale "can't please everyone," but that they tried to create an ending that was faithful to the spirit of "Spooks". When filming concluded, cast and crew members were "bagsying" items from the Grid set, including a large "Regnum Defende" insignia.

title: Hunted (2012 TV series)

text: Samantha (Melissa George) is an espionage operative for "Byzantium", a private intelligence agency. She survives an attempt on her life, which she strongly suspects was orchestrated by members of the company she works for. After recovering and returning to active duty, she goes back to work undercover as a nanny, not knowing who tried to kill her or whom to trust. It becomes evident that the attempt on her life is tied into a horrific event from her childhood.The series was created by Frank Spotnitz (best known as executive producer and head writer for "The X-Files"), who will write the majority of the episodes of series 1. Spotnitz is executive producing with Kudos’ Stephen Garrett (executive producer of "", "Spooks/MI5"), Jane Featherstone (producer behind "Spooks/MI5", "The Hour", "Life on Mars"), Alison Jackson ("Ashes to Ashes", "Eternal Law"), and BBC's Christopher Aird ("Spooks", "The Inspector Lynley Mysteries").

title: Spooks (series 10)

text: Critical reactions towards the series were polarised between positive and negative. Among the positive reviews, Peter Sharples of CultBox rated the series five out of five stars, commending the series for looking "more cinematic than in previous years," adding "any reduction in budget certainly doesn't show, with the action scenes as impressive as ever." Sharples was also appreciative of the "pretty strong" new cast, including Pulver for "making a big impression as a tough action girl juggling responsibilities as section head with those of a single parent," and Streatfeild for being "amusingly cocky and insubordinate." Sharples also commented that "ultimately Series 10 belongs to Peter Firth and Nicola Walker (more so than ever in the final, heartrending moments), confirming that it is they who held Spooks together and, pushed even more to the fore, elevate the series to a new level." Sam Wollaston of "The Guardian's" review was mostly a response to John le Carré who branded "Spooks" as "crap" for its lack of a true representation to MI5; "Lighten up J le C, no one thinks it is actually like that, it's just a bit of fun. And it is fun, exciting too. Plus it deals with important social issues. Look at new section chief Erin Watts, unattached, with a young child. You can be a great spy and a great mum. "Spooks" sends out positive messages about work and single-parenting; you don't get that in "Tinker Tailor" ... OK, it is crap, but good crap." Morgan Jeffery of Digital Spy listed the final series of "Spooks" as "Best of the Rest" for 2011, television shows that failed to make the website's top 25 television series. Jeffery however, gave the series a favourable review, stating that although the show "waxed and waned over the years," the tenth series "saw "Spooks" back on top form," adding "the final run unfolded with a great deal of pace, excitement and emotion."

title: The Spook Who Sat by the Door (film)

text: Film critics agree that "The Spook Who Sat By the Door" is a significant movie in that it presents a highly politically charged vision of black people, and according to "PopMatters" the film "remains one of the few uncompromised representations of black armed resistance in the United States." In a 2004 review for "Philadelphia City Paper", Sam Adams recognizes the importance of "Spook"’s questioning of politics and race in America, despite some other technical weaknesses. Adams writes: "the movie's sly polemicism has arguably aged better than the revolutionary rhetoric that inspired it", and notes that the conflict within "Spook" in its use of stereotypical imagery along with its revolutionary political message: "Hailed as a landmark and denounced as racist, 'The Spook Who Sat by the Door' is, at the very least, still worth arguing over."

title: Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight

text: The Modern Age debut of the supervillain known as the Spook. Bruce Wayne attends a weekend business retreat at a secluded ski resort. When the power goes out and one of the guests winds up dead, Bruce switches into Batman mode. The Dark Knight fights the Spook and his henchman Darwin. Eventually, the Spook blows up the house, sending the few survivors fleeing on a private jet. When the Spook shows up aboard the plane, Batman fights him again, but the new villain disappears. Batman then exposes one of the survivors as the Spook’s accomplice.

title: Lisa Faulkner

text: In the TV show "Spooks", her character Helen Flynn suffered a particularly gruesome fate. In only the second episode of the first series, Faulkner's character had her hand and face burnt in a deep fat fryer before being shot in the head at point-blank range, setting a precedent for later deaths in "Spooks". In 2004, she starred on ITV as D.S. Emma Scribbins ("Scribbs") in "Murder in Suburbia", wherein she played a CID policewoman in company with Caroline Catz, who played her gaffer, D.I. Ashurst. The show returned for a second series in 2005, with Scribbs adopting the then popular fashion style of "boho-chic". In 2006, she starred in the TV series "New Street Law".

title: Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.

text: Sid & Marty Krofft belong to the fifth generation of a family of puppeteers who had been successfully putting on puppet shows around the country, including "Le Puppet de Paris", an adult puppet show. They had created the puppets for Hanna-Barbera's children's TV show "The Banana Splits". In 1968 the NBC TV network asked them to create a Saturday morning TV show, and after a year of development the "H.R. Pufnstuf" program was launched in September 1969. The program includes various puppet characters and a boy named Jimmy who live in fantasy land called "Living Island". The island has walking trees and books that talk. The show was very successful and generated various spin-off products such as toys, games, comic books, lunch boxes and Kellogg's cereal commercials.

title: Los Bochincheros

text:
Los Bochincheros was a popular children's program created in Chile that ran from 1976 to 1983. It premiered on the Chilevisión TV channel. It was hosted by Tío Memo and Tía Pucherito, a young
couple, who after a few years living in Uruguay, returned to Chile and created the TV show. "Los Bochincheros" was one of the most widely viewed TV shows in Chile and El Salvador during the 1980s.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: The series continued with a film, Spooks: The Greater Good, which was released on 8 May 2015.[1][2]

title: Spook Squad

text: Spook Squad is a British children's television gameshow created by BBC Scotland. It ran on CBBC's section BBC1 and BBC2 from 6 January 2004, to 30 March 2004. The gameshow featured three children contestants entering a haunted castle in Scotland to assist Professor MacAbre in hunting ghosts before they reach their "death day" and gain superpowers. The show was filmed in Fyvie Castle.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Following the success of Torchwood (the BBC Three Doctor Who spin-off series) the controller of BBC Three, Julian Bellamy, announced in December 2006 a Spooks spin-off entitled Spooks: Code 9 (working titles: Rogue Spooks and Spooks: Liberty).[57][58] The show started filming in Bradford in 2008 and the first[59] and second episodes were broadcast on 10 August 2008. It was not well received by critics, who said "the script is poor and the acting little better" (The Sunday Times)[60] and the production "utterly uninspired and stale" (Digital Spy),[61] "daft and unconvincing" (The Telegraph),[62] "an utterly cynical venture" that "given its patronising awfulness ... actually damages the Spooks brand" (The Guardian).[63]

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Sangster, Jim: Spooks Confidential: The Official Handbook (2003), Contender Books (London) ISBN1-84357-069-6 Episode guide of the first two seasons, and background information on MI5 and the making of the series Spooks: The Personnel Files (2007), Headling Publishing Group (London) ISBN978-0-7553-3397-4 Detailed MI5 personnel files of eight of the show's main characters: Adam Carter, Danny Hunter, Zoe Reynolds, Tom Quinn, Ruth Evershed, Harry Pearce, Zafar Younis and Malcolm Wynn-Jones, presented through a compilation of transcripts, reports and forms. Spooks: Behind the Scenes (2006), Orion Books (London) ISBN0-7528-7610-4 Background information on British intelligence and episode guides for the first four series Spooks: Harry's Diary: Top Secret (2007), Headling Publishing Group (London) ISBN978-0-7553-3398-1 The untold stories of Spooks, and MI5, as seen from the perspective of Harry Pearce, the Spooks team leader Adam Carter: Revealed (2008), Headling Publishing Group (London) ISBN978-0-7553-3401-8 Revealing the truth about Adam Carter after his death, explaining the true details of his childhood, the extraordinary responsibilities he took on as a teenager, and how he nearly betrayed his country but never betrayed the people he loved.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Video games based on the show were created by Preloaded for promotional purposes. In 2005, the video game The Grid (a promotion for Spooks series 3) was nominated for a Webby Award under the category of Best Game.[64]

title: The Spooks of Bottle Bay

text: Other spooks include Bed Bug Willy Spook (Ian Allen) and the School Master (Nigel Plaskitt) spook who led the night school that many of the younger ghosts attended. Captain Patch, (Nigel Plaskitt) one of the many spooks who haunted the galleon moored in the harbour, was called upon by Sally and Fred in order to stop Sybil from stealing the Duchess of Dingledale's (Steve Nallon) diamonds.

title: Nuclear Strike (Spooks)

text: The producers also intended to tease the audience that after the brutal killing of Ben Kaplan (Alex Lanipekun) from the previous episode, they would think that things could not get worse for the team, until the nuclear threat in the finale. The scene where the team breaks Connie out was intended to show the audience that the protagonists are willing to go to extreme measures to stop serious threats. Cross wanted to make it a very pure "Spooks" episode by setting up the entire plot in one scene, and then include a chase throughout London between FSB officers and the main characters. Cross enjoyed creating the FSB team featured in the episode, especially as he created them as a Russian version of the "Spooks" protagonists, but also make their base much more lit with windows. The bomb defusal scene was originally set at a graveyard, but the producers decided it would be best to set it underground. Though it took several rewrites, the script remained "fundamentally the same" throughout the writing process.

title: List of Spooks characters

text: The main recurring characters in the TV series "Spooks" include (principals shown in bold):

title: Hustle (TV series)

text: Hustle was largely born from the same production team that created and popularised the early series of Spooks, a similarly-styled drama series first broadcast in 2002.[5] Bharat Nalluri, that series' Executive Director, conceived the idea in early 2002 while filming for the first Spooks series was ongoing.[6] Nalluri pitched the concept to Jane Featherstone, managing director of Kudos Film & Television which was the production company behind Spooks, in the back of a taxi while returning from a day's filming.[6][7] Intrigued by the idea, Featherstone recruited Tony Jordan, the lead scriptwriter of the soap opera EastEnders,[8] to develop it into a workable proposal.[9]

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Spooks (known as MI-5 in some countries) is a British television drama series that originally aired on BBC One from 13 May 2002 to 23 October 2011, consisting of 10 series. The title is a popular colloquialism for spies, and the series follows the work of a group of MI5 officers based at the service's Thames House headquarters, in a highly secure suite of offices known as The Grid. It is notable for various stylistic touches, and its use of popular guest actors. In the United States, the show is broadcast under the title MI-5. In Canada, the programme originally aired as MI5 but now airs on BBC Canada as Spooks.

title: Spooks: The Greater Good

text: Spooks: The Greater Good is a 2015 British spy film, continuing from the British spy series "Spooks" (known as MI-5 in some countries), which aired on BBC One from 2002 to 2011. Jonathan Brackley and Sam Vincent wrote the script, with Bharat Nalluri directing. Peter Firth reprises his role as Harry Pearce, who appeared in all ten series of the programme. Also returning from the TV series are Tim McInnerny as Oliver Mace, Lara Pulver as Erin Watts, Hugh Simon as Malcolm Wynn-Jones, and Geoffrey Streatfeild as Calum Reed. Kit Harington and Jennifer Ehle star as new characters in leading roles.

title: The Neverending Story (TV series)

text: 5. "Spook City" - In the Forbidden Forest, Bastian meets a scared little spook named Gaya, who tells Bastian about her brother Meeka's capture into Spook City.

title: Spooks (TV series)

text: Spooks returned for a ninth series on Monday 20 September 2010 for an eight-episode run.[24]

title: The Spooks of Bottle Bay

text: Nancy Spook - Played by Nigel Plaskitt - Nancy is an Irish spook who lives in the launderette, who often babysits for Baby Spook whilst Sally is at nightschool.

title: Nina Fry

text: She has also appeared in "Casualty" and "Spooks", where she was Nurse Jenny in episode 7, as well as playing Roxanne Duley in a 1997 TV show called "So-Called Friends".