query: When was the term biochemistry first used?

title: History of biochemistry

text: The history of biochemistry can be said to have started with the ancient Greeks who were interested in the composition and processes of life, although biochemistry as a specific scientific discipline has its beginning around the early 19th century.[1] Some argued that the beginning of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase (today called amylase), in 1833 by Anselme Payen,[2] while others considered Eduard Buchner's first demonstration of a complex biochemical process alcoholic fermentation in cell-free extracts to be the birth of biochemistry.[3][4] Some might also point to the influential work of Justus von Liebig from 1842, Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology, which presented a chemical theory of metabolism,[1] or even earlier to the 18th century studies on fermentation and respiration by Antoine Lavoisier.[5][6]

title: Hans Kornberg

text:
A Commonwealth Fund Exchange Fellowship of the Harkness Foundation enabled him to travel to the USA and work in several biochemistry laboratories. He then returned to the UK where his mentor Hans Krebs had moved to Oxford University and offered him a post there. This partnership produced a paper in "Nature", concerning their discovery of the Glyoxylate cycle, and also a joint book which was the first major publication on biological thermodynamics.
In 1960 he was appointed to the first Chair in Biochemistry at the University of Leicester, which he held until 1975 when he was elected to the Sir William Dunn Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. In 1963 he was awarded the Colworth Medal, the first person to receive it.

title: Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry

text: Fletcher was a long-time friend and institutional ally of Frederick Gowland Hopkins, a pioneering biochemist who was trying to establish "general biochemistry" as a field distinct from either medical physiology or organic chemistry, more a part of biology than medicine. Fletcher lobbied for the Dunn estate to fund Hopkins's proposal, among the over 500 funding proposals submitted. By late 1919, Fletcher was negotiating for a considerable endowment that would allow Hopkins to create an institute solely devoted to biochemistry. The approval of this endowment, ultimately about 210,000 pounds, reversed the declining fortunes of Hopkins's research group, which had been suffering from lack of available academic positions, research space, and able students since World War I. With funding in the works, Hopkins group expanded from 10 researchers in 1920 to 59 in 1925; in 1922 they began using endowment funds and in 1924 the Dunn Institute of Biochemistry opened. Hopkins became the first Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry and head of the new University of Cambridge Department of Biochemistry, and he appointed researchers in a range of specialized fields covering the whole of what he considered the proper, broad domain of biochemistry.

title: Benjamin Moore (biochemist)

text: Educated at Queen's College, Belfast and the Royal University of Ireland, Moore's early positions were in the field of physiology at Yale University, Connecticut, United States and Charing Cross Hospital, London. When the first British department of biochemistry was founded at the University of Liverpool in 1902, after a donation from Liverpool shipowner William Johnston, Moore took up the Johnston Chair, the first chair of biochemistry in the UK.

title: DNA computing

text: DNA computing is a branch of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. The term "molectronics" has sometimes been used, but this term has already been used for an earlier technology, a then-unsuccessful rival of the first integrated circuits; this term has also been used more generally, for molecular-scale electronic technology.

title: Selman Waksman

text: Later he joined the faculty at Rutgers University in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology. At Rutgers, Waksman's team discovered several antibiotics, including actinomycin, clavacin, streptothricin, streptomycin, grisein, neomycin, fradicin, candicidin, candidin. Two of these, streptomycin and neomycin, have found extensive application in the treatment of infectious disease. Streptomycin was the first antibiotic that could be used to cure the disease tuberculosis. Waksman is credited with coining the term antibiotics, to describe antibacterials derived from other living organisms, for example penicillin, though the term was used by the French dermatologist François Henri Hallopeau, in 1871 to describe a substance opposed to the development of life.

title: Chemical equilibrium

text: The effect of electric field on equilibrium has been studied by Manfred Eigen among others.In these applications, terms such as stability constant, formation constant, binding constant, affinity constant, association/dissociation constant are used. In biochemistry, it is common to give units for binding constants, which serve to define the concentration units used when the constant's value was determined.

title: JHSPH Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

text: The Department has changed names three times in its history from the Department of Chemical Hygiene, when it was founded, to the Department of Biochemistry by the time Roger H. Herriott was its Chair in 1948, to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by the time Roger McMacken was its chair in 1990. Yet, since that time it has remained as the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

title: Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford

text:
The department currently has three main buildings:Until 2006, two older buildings housing genetics (the Walter Bodmer building) and biochemistry (the Rudolph Peters building) were also part of the department. However, these were demolished in 2006 to make way for the first phase of the construction of the New Biochemistry building, completed in October 2008. Until 2008 biochemistry also occupied the Donald Woods building and the Hans Krebs Tower, which was demolished in 2014 for the second phase of the construction.
The New Biochemistry building houses interdisciplinary research in the Biosciences including Physiology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Clinical Neurosciences. The Department moved into the purpose-built new biochemistry building during the Autumn of 2008 which was designed to promote interaction and collaboration as well as provide facilities for all staff. The New Biochemistry building houses a substantial amount of contemporary art.

title: Immunostaining

text: In biochemistry, immunostaining is any use of an antibody-based method to detect a specific protein in a sample. The term "immunostaining" was originally used to refer to the immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections, as first described by Albert Coons in 1941. However, immunostaining now encompasses a broad range of techniques used in histology, cell biology, and molecular biology that use antibody-based staining methods.

title: Biomolecule

text: Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).

title: History of biochemistry

text: Anselme Payen discovered in 1833 the first enzyme who called diastase[19] and in 1878 German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) coined the term enzyme, which comes from Greek ενζυμον "in leaven", to describe this process. The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word ferment used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms.

title: Biochemistry

text:
Researchers in biochemistry use specific techniques native to biochemistry, but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas developed in the fields of genetics, molecular biology and biophysics. There has never been a hard-line among these disciplines in terms of content and technique. Today, the terms "molecular biology" and "biochemistry" are nearly interchangeable. The following figure is a schematic that depicts one possible view of the relationship between the fields:a. Fructose is not the only sugar found in fruits. Glucose and sucrose are also found in varying quantities in various fruits, and indeed sometimes exceed the fructose present. For example, 32% of the edible portion of date is glucose, compared with 24% fructose and 8% sucrose. However, peaches contain more sucrose (6.66%) than they do fructose (0.93%) or glucose (1.47%).Poirot, Marc; Soules, Regis; Mallinger, Arnaud; Dalenc, Florence; Silvente-Poirot, Sandrine. Biochimie. Oct2018, Vol. 153, pp. 139–149
Afify, Heba M. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2016, Vol. 8 Issue 3, pp. 200–207

title: Supermolecule

text: The term supermolecule (or supramolecule) was introduced by Karl Lothar Wolf "et al." ("Übermoleküle") in 1937 to describe hydrogen-bonded acetic acid dimers. The study of non-covalent association of complexes of molecules has since developed into the field of supramolecular chemistry. The term supermolecule is sometimes used to describe supramolecular assemblies, which are complexes of two or more molecules (often macromolecules) that are not covalently bonded. The term supermolecule is also used in biochemistry to describe complexes of biomolecules, such as peptides and oligonucleotides composed of multiple strands.

title: Biochemistry

text:
The term "biochemistry" itself is derived from a combination of biology and chemistry. In 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler used the term ("biochemie" in German) as a synonym for physiological chemistry in the foreword to the first issue of "Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie" (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) where he argued for the setting up of institutes dedicated to this field of study. The German chemist Carl Neuberg however is often cited to have coined the word in 1903, while some credited it to Franz Hofmeister.
It was once generally believed that life and its materials had some essential property or substance (often referred to as the "vital principle") distinct from any found in non-living matter, and it was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life. Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper on the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially. Since then, biochemistry has advanced, especially since the mid-20th century, with the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarisation interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labeling, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. These techniques allowed for the discovery and detailed analysis of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell, such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and led to an understanding of biochemistry on a molecular level. Philip Randle is well-known for his discovery in diabetes research is possibly the glucose-fatty acid cycle in 1963.He confirmed that fatty acids reduce oxidation of sugar by the muscle. High fat oxidation was responsible for the insulin resistance.

title: Biochemistry (Stryer)

text: Biochemistry is a common university textbook used for teaching of biochemistry. It was initially written by Professor Lubert Stryer and published by W. H. Freeman in 1975. It has been published in regular editions since. It is commonly used as an undergraduate teaching textbook or reference work.

text: The Department of Biochemistry of Oxford University is located in the Science Area in Oxford, England. It is one of the largest biochemistry departments in Europe. The Biochemistry Department is part of the University of Oxford's Medical Sciences Division, the largest of the University's four academic divisions and ranked first in the world for biomedicine.

title: Biochemistry

text: At its broadest definition, biochemistry can be seen as a study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life, in this sense the history of biochemistry may therefore go back as far as the ancient Greeks. However, biochemistry as a specific scientific discipline has its beginning sometime in the 19th century, or a little earlier, depending on which aspect of biochemistry is being focused on. Some argued that the beginning of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase (today called amylase), in 1833 by Anselme Payen, while others considered Eduard Buchner's first demonstration of a complex biochemical process alcoholic fermentation in cell-free extracts in 1897 to be the birth of biochemistry. Some might also point as its beginning to the influential 1842 work by Justus von Liebig, "Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology", which presented a chemical theory of metabolism, or even earlier to the 18th century studies on fermentation and respiration by Antoine Lavoisier. Many other pioneers in the field who helped to uncover the layers of complexity of biochemistry have been proclaimed founders of modern biochemistry, for example Emil Fischer for his work on the chemistry of proteins, and F. Gowland Hopkins on enzymes and the dynamic nature of biochemistry.

title: Stock solution

text: In biochemistry, the term is often used to refer to a concentrated solutions, from which one can dilute into a working concentration of solution...

title: Frank Young (biochemist)

text: As a research fellow Young studied diabetes at the University of Aberdeen and the University of Toronto. At the age of 34 he was awarded his first chair when appointed in 1942 as the Professor of Biochemistry at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, University of London. Thereafter his advancement was rapid, becoming professor of biochemistry at UCL in 1945 and then, in 1949, being elected as the third Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry at Cambridge University, a post he was to hold for the ensuing 26 years. His Cambridge appointment coincided with his election in March 1949 to Fellowship of the Royal Society.

text:
The Department of Biochemistry at Oxford University began as the physiological chemistry section of the Physiology Department, and acquired its own separate department and building in the 1920s. In 1920, Benjamin Moore was elected to the position of the Whitley Professor of Biochemistry, the newly established Chair of Biochemistry at Oxford University. He was followed by Rudolph Peters in 1923, and an endowment of £75,000 was soon granted by the Rockefeller Foundation for the construction of a new building for the Department of Biochemistry, purchase of its equipment, and its maintenance. The Biochemistry Department building opened in 1927.
In 1954, Hans Krebs was appointed the Whitley Chair of Biochemistry, and his appointment brought greater prominence to the department. He brought with him the Medical Research Council unit established to conduct research on cell metabolism. In 1955, a second professorship in the department, the Iveagh Chair of Microbiology, was established with funding from Guinness and the sub-department of Microbiology created, with Donald Woods its first holder. The eight-storey Hans Krebs Building was constructed in 1964 with funds from the Rockefeller Foundation. Krebs was succeeded by Rodney Porter in 1967. Genetics was brought into the Biochemistry Department when Walter Bodmer was appointed the first Professor of Genetics in 1970. The Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, first established in the Zoology Department with support from Krebs and also linked to the Physical Chemistry Laboratory of the Chemistry Department, became part of the Biochemistry Department. It moved into the Rex Richards building built in 1984, with David Phillips the Professor in Molecular Biophysics. The Oxford Glycobiology Institute, then headed by Raymond Dwek and housed in the Rodney Porter Building, opened in 1991.

title: Carbon chauvinism

text: The term was used as early as 1973, when scientist Carl Sagan described it and other human chauvinisms that limit imagination of possible extraterrestrial life. It suggests that human beings, as carbon-based life forms who have never encountered any life that has evolved outside the Earth’s environment, may find it difficult to envision radically different biochemistries.

title: Synergy

text: Etymologically, the "synergy" term was first used around 1600, deriving from the Greek word “synergos”, which means “to work together” or “to cooperate”. If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field (describing “the cooperation of human effort with divine will”), in the 19th and 20th centuries, "synergy" was promoted in physics and biochemistry, being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s.

title: Victoria Metcalf

text: Victoria Metcalf was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, then moved to Invercargill when she was 4. She graduated in 1996 with BSc(Hons) First Class in Biochemistry, University of Otago. In 2002 she completed her PhD in Biochemistry at Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago.

title: Epistasis

text: Terminology about epistasis can vary between scientific fields. Geneticists often refer to wild type and mutant alleles where the mutation is implicitly deleterious and may talk in terms of genetic enhancement, synthetic lethality and genetic suppressors. Conversely, a biochemist may more frequently focus on beneficial mutations and so explicitly state the effect of a mutation and use terms such as reciprocal sign epistasis and compensatory mutation. Additionally, there are differences when looking at epistasis within a single gene (biochemistry) and epistasis within a haploid or diploid genome (genetics). In general, epistasis is used to denote the departure from 'independence' of the effects of different genetic loci. Confusion often arises due to the varied interpretation of 'independence' among different branches of biology. The classifications below attempt to cover the various terms and how they relate to one another.

title: Bioorganic chemistry

text: Bioorganic chemistry is a rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. While biochemistry aims at understanding biological processes using chemistry, bioorganic chemistry attempts to expand organic-chemical researches (that is, structures, synthesis, and kinetics) toward biology. When investigating metalloenzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry. Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.

title: Mass versus weight

text: W. Use of the Terms "Mass" and "Weight." [NOTE 1, See page 6] When used in this handbook, the term "weight" means "mass". The term "weight" appears when inch-pound units are cited, or when both inch-pound and SI units are included in a requirement. The terms "mass" or "masses" are used when only SI units are cited in a requirement. The following note appears where the term "weight" is first used in a law or regulation.

title: Receptor (biochemistry)

text: In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell. When such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response, e.g. a change in the electrical activity of a cell. There are three main ways the action of the receptor can be classified: relay of signal, amplification, or integration. Relaying sends the signal onward, amplification increases the effect of a single ligand, and integration allows the signal to be incorporated into another biochemical pathway. In this sense, a receptor is a protein-molecule that recognizes and responds to endogenous chemical signals, e.g. an acetylcholine receptor recognizes and responds to its endogenous ligand, acetylcholine. However, sometimes in pharmacology, the term is also used to include other proteins that are drug targets, such as enzymes, transporters, and ion channels.

title: In silico medicine

text: The term "in silico" was first used in 1989 at a workshop "Cellular Automata: Theory and Applications" by a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The term "in silico radiation oncology", a precursor of generic "in silico" medicine was coined and first introduced by G. Stamatakos in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2002. The same researcher coined and introduced the more generic term "in silico oncology". "In silico" medicine is considered an extension of previous work using mathematical models of biological systems. It became apparent that the techniques used to model biological systems has utility to explain and predict dynamics in the medical field. The first fields in medicine to use "in silico" modeling were genetics, physiology and biochemistry. The field saw a dramatic influx of data when the human genome was sequenced in the 1980s and 1990s. Concurrently the increase in available computational power allowed for modeling of complex systems that were previously impractical.

title: History of biochemistry

text: The term “biochemistry” itself is derived from the combining form bio-, meaning "life", and chemistry. The word is first recorded in English in 1848,[7] while in 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler used the term (Biochemie in German) in the foreword to the first issue of Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) as a synonym for physiological chemistry and argued for the setting up of institutes dedicate to its studies.[8][9] Nevertheless, several sources cite German chemist Carl Neuberg as having coined the term for the new discipline in 1903,[10][11] and some credit it to Franz Hofmeister.[12]

title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: A 1980 letter in "Trends in Biochemistry Sciences" noted the confusion in the literature and the essentially arbitrary distinction made between prosthetic groups and coenzymes group and proposed the following scheme. Here, cofactors were defined as an additional substance apart from protein and substrate that is required for enzyme activity and a prosthetic group as a substance that undergoes its whole catalytic cycle attached to a single enzyme molecule. However, the author could not arrive at a single all-encompassing definition of a "coenzyme" and proposed that this term be dropped from use in the literature.


query: Why is it called Resident Evil?

title: Resident Evil

text: Resident Evil, known in Japan as Biohazard,[lower-alpha 1] is a media franchise created by Shinji Mikami and Tokuro Fujiwara[1][2] and owned by the Japanese video game company Capcom. The franchise focuses on a series of survival horror games and incorporates live-action films, animations, comic books, novels, audio dramas, and merchandise. The story follows outbreaks of zombies and other monsters created mainly by the Umbrella Corporation.

title: Resident Evil 5

text: The game remains the best-selling title in the "Resident Evil" franchise, outselling its closest rivals "Resident Evil 6" and "Resident Evil 4" by more than 2 millions and 3.5 million units respectively as of April 2018. The original release of "Resident Evil 5" was Capcom's best-selling individual edition of a game until March 2018, when "'s" sales reached 7.5 million units, compared to 7.3 million for "Resident Evil 5" at the time. As of September 2018, when taking into consideration the sales of all versions and re-releases of titles, "Resident Evil 5" was the second best-selling Capcom game overall, behind "Street Fighter II".

title: Resident Evil: Afterlife

text: In 2013, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two-disc set containing the first four films in the series. It was called The 4 Movie Resident Evil Collection.

title: Resident Evil 3: Nemesis

text: "Resident Evil 3" was developed by Capcom and produced by Shinji Mikami, who worked on the original "Resident Evil" and "Resident Evil 2". After the release of "Resident Evil 2", Capcom was working on multiple "Resident Evil" projects and a team led by Hideki Kamiya developed what was planned to be the next main installment. According to "Resident Evil 3" scenario writer Yasuhisa Kawamura, the intended game "was loosely set on a luxury cruise liner and had a general plot where HUNK was attempting to bring back a sample of the G-Virus" featured in "Resident Evil 2". However, Capcom realised that the game would not be complete in time for a PlayStation release due to Sony's announcement of the PlayStation 2, so the project was cancelled. As Capcom did not want fans to wait some years for a new game, the company promoted one of its other projects as the third main canonical game while Kamiya's team moved onto "Resident Evil 4".

title: Resident Evil: Retribution

text: When Ada and Alice encounter each other the first time they recreate a scene from "Resident Evil 4" in their brief fight. An element from "Resident Evil 4", a parasite called Las Plagas plays a part in the film and allows the undead to "run around, ride motorbikes, and shoot machine guns." An action scene inspired by "Resident Evil 5" where the characters are driving a Hummer while being chased by zombies is featured, but for the film the Hummer was changed to a Rolls Royce Phantom. The metal bug on Jill Valentine's chest can be seen in "Resident Evil 5".

title: Resident Evil

text: Four computer animated horror films based on the Resident Evil franchise were produced.[41][42][43] Starring in these movies is Leon Kennedy, Claire Redfield, and Ada Wong, as well as original characters new to the canon. The four films are Biohazard 4D-Executer (2000), Resident Evil: Degeneration (2008), Resident Evil: Damnation (2012), and Resident Evil: Vendetta (2017).

title: Resident Evil 4

text: Capcom announced in October 2018 that "Resident Evil 4" would be published for the Nintendo Switch sometime in 2019, along with releases of "Resident Evil" and "Resident Evil Zero".

title: Nemesis (Resident Evil)

text: In 2000, Simon & Schuster published a novelization of "Resident Evil 3", written by S. D. Perry. Though left unchanged for the most part, the Nemesis is immediately recognized as a modified Tyrant in the novel, which Jill Valentine dubs the "Nemesis" after thinking about why it hunts her. Instead of mutating due to having taken damage, the Nemesis transforms voluntarily towards the conclusion of the story in its pursuit of Jill, with its second form from the game being its actual appearance beneath the coat.

title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" was developed by Capcom and produced by Jun Takeuchi, who directed "" and produced "". Keiji Inafune, promotional producer for "Resident Evil 2" and executive producer of the PlayStation 2 version of "Resident Evil 4", supervised the project. Production began in 2005 and at its peak, over 100 people were working on the project. In February 2007, some members of Capcom's Clover Studio began working on "Resident Evil 5" while others were working on "", which debuted for the Wii. Yasuhiro Anpo, who worked as a programmer on the original "Resident Evil", directed "Resident Evil 5". He was one of several staff members who worked on the original game to be involved in "Resident Evil 5" development. The game's scenario was written by Haruo Murata and Yoshiaki Hirabayashi, based on a story idea by concept director Kenichi Ueda. Takeuchi announced that the game would retain the gameplay model introduced in "Resident Evil 4", with "thematic tastes" from both "Resident Evil 4" and the original "Resident Evil".

title: Ada Wong

text: Ada is voiced by Sally Cahill in "Resident Evil 2", "Resident Evil 4" and "Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles", by an unnamed actress in "Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles", and by Courtenay Taylor in "Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City", "Resident Evil: Damnation" and "Resident Evil 6". Cahill described the character as "a totally hip, modern, kick ass femme fatale who could handle weapons awesomely" and stated that she loved Ada's "resilience, her strength with still being sexy and very female". Taylor said: "Obviously, they want the voice you auditioned with, but seeing Ada made me give her characteristics. She's sort of cat-like and she walks very quietly and you can tell she's very lithe. She's sort of effortless, so that was great."

title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: IGN has featured Leon on the list of things they would like to see in "Resident Evil 6", calling him one of the two main characters of the series along with Chris Redfield, and describing him in the article about the best zombie fighters as the "straight-laced hero" of "Resident Evil". The IGN character guide made another comparison between Chris and Leon, calling the latter the "determined guy clawing his way up the ladder". Gameplanet's Aylon Herbet wrote that if both Leon and Chris would share starring roles in a "Resident Evil" game it would be "awesome", believing both of them to be the main protagonists of the series. In 2010, GameDaily predicted that Leon, along with Claire Redfield, would be the protagonist of the next main "Resident Evil" title, citing the series' pattern of alternating protagonists and Leon's last such appearance in "Resident Evil 4". In 2013, GamesRadar staff included Leon among the 30 best characters in the three decades of Capcom's history, stating that "he’s been battling Chris Redfield for the top spot as resident "Resident Evil" lead, but to us there’s no contest between the cool, fashionable Leon and the bullish Chris."

title: Resident Evil 3: Nemesis

text: Upon its release on the PlayStation console, "Resident Evil 3" received very positive reviews from critics. GameSpot editor James Mielke considered it the most sophisticated and accomplished "Resident Evil" game in terms of graphics and gameplay. "Official UK PlayStation Magazine" called "Resident Evil 3" "a modern-day classic", concluding that the game "creates a believable environment, populates it with a host of evil adversaries and uses Raccoon City's urban sprawl to enhance the fiendish puzzles." "Computer and Video Games" ("CVG") remarked that the game preserves the best features of its predecessors and adds "some exciting new elements". Similarly, "Edge" described it as an "engrossing" game despite its similarity to its predecessors, and viewed the mercenaries minigame as a valuable addition to the game.

title: Deep Fear

text: "Weekly Famitsu" gave it a score of 30 out of 40. "Gamespot" gave it a score of 7.8 out of 10. Both "Deep Fear" and "Resident Evil" have been criticized for the voice acting and dialogue. Multiple publications, have noted the similarity between "Deep Fear" and "Resident Evil", going so far to call the game a "Resident Evil clone". "1up.com" listed it as one of the top 5 "Resident Evil Rip-offs" of all time. They questioned Sega's decision to not release the game in North America, feeling that it could have been a quality survival horror series.

title: Resident Evil

text: The first entry in the series was the first game to ever be dubbed a "survival horror", a term coined for the new genre it initiated,[6] and its critical and commercial success[7] led to the production of two sequels, Resident Evil 2 in 1998 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis in 1999, both for the PlayStation. A port of Resident Evil 2 was released for the Nintendo 64. In addition, ports of all three were released for Microsoft Windows. The fourth game in the series, Resident Evil – Code: Veronica, was developed for the Dreamcast and released in 2000, followed by ports of Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3. Resident Evil Code: Veronica was later re-released for Dreamcast in Japan in an updated form as Code: Veronica Complete, which included slight changes, many of which revolved around story cutscenes. This updated version was later ported to the PlayStation 2 and GameCube under the title Code: Veronica X.

title: Tyrant (Resident Evil)

text: The events of "Resident Evil Zero" and "Resident Evil" chronicle the Umbrella Corporation's development of the Tyrant prototypes, the T-001 (the Proto-Tyrant) and T-002. Though the early Tyrants are defeated in their first encounters, Umbrella manages to use the battle data from those defeats to produce other, more efficient Tyrants in the later installments of "Resident Evil". Numerous Tyrants have been created throughout the game series' storyline, such as Tyrant T-078 and the mass-produced Bandersnatches from "", Hypnos from "Resident Evil Survivor", Thanatos from "Resident Evil Outbreak" and T-0400TP from "" each with its own defining characteristics. A revamped version of Tyrant also existed in "Resident Evil 5" during the game's development, but not in the finished product. The final boss battle of "Resident Evil: Revelations" is also with a variation of the Tyrant (created by that game's T-Abyss virus), but this is debatable.

title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: In 2004, Capcom announced a series of outfits based on Leon's clothing, called "Leon's Collection". Other Leon merchandise include two action figures by Hot Toys, three action figures by NECA, and more from several other manufacturers, including by Palisades Toys, ToyBiz, and Capcom itself. At Halloween Horror Nights 2013 held at Universal Orlando, Leon was featured as one of two main characters in a haunted house called "Resident Evil: Escape from Raccoon City", based on "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis".

title: Resident Evil

text: Despite earlier announcements that the next game in the series would be released for the PlayStation 2, which resulted in the creation of an unrelated game titled Devil May Cry, series' creator and producer Shinji Mikami decided to make the series exclusively for the GameCube.[8] The next three games in the series—a remake of the original Resident Evil and the prequel Resident Evil Zero, both released in 2002, as well as Resident Evil 4—were all released initially as GameCube exclusives. Resident Evil 4 was later released for Windows, PlayStation 2 and Wii (as well as downloadable HD versions for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, which were released in tandem with an HD port of Resident Evil: Code Veronica X). In addition, the GameCube received ports of the previous Resident Evil sequels. Despite this exclusivity agreement between Capcom and Nintendo, Capcom released several Resident Evil titles for the PlayStation 2 that were not considered direct sequels.

title: Resident Evil 4

text: "Resident Evil 4" was ported to the PlayStation 2 after Capcom stated that it did not fall under the exclusivity deal with Nintendo. It was released in North America on October 25, 2005. The largest addition is "Separate Ways", a new scenario for Ada written by Haruo Murata. According to producer Masachika Kawata, the Separate Ways campaign was something thought up by the PS2 porting team and was added after getting approval from Shinji Mikami. The port was later included with "" and "Resident Evil Outbreak" as part of the compilation "Resident Evil: The Essentials". The PlayStation 2 version featured two standard and collector's bundles from pre-orders. The standard package included the game and a T-shirt, while the collector's bundle also included a figurine of Leon, and the soundtrack "Biohazard Sound Chronicle Best Track Box". This quickly sold out, and a second pressing was released that included an Ada figurine. Another, called the "Resident Evil 4: Premium Edition", was packaged in a SteelBook media case, along with the art book, a documentary DVD, and a cel art of Ada.

title: Resident Evil (film)

text: Screen Gems released "Resident Evil: Resurrected Edition", a 2-disc package containing "Resident Evil" and "Resident Evil: Apocalypse", on September 4, 2007.

title: Alice (Resident Evil)

text: Although the name Alice was given as the character's name prior to "Resident Evil"'s release and is listed in the credits, her name is not actually spoken in the first film, it is first spoken in "Resident Evil: Apocalypse". Also in "Apocalypse", at the end of the film, Jill Valentine and Carlos Olivera, posing as Umbrella personnel, produce an identification document in which Alice is called Janus Prospero. A promotional document released by Screen Gems called "The Raccoon City Times" further confirm that Alice is a nickname and Janus Prospero is the character's real name. However, in the novelization of "Resident Evil: Apocalypse", her name is Alice Abernathy.

title: Resident Evil

text: A Resident Evil theme restaurant called Biohazard Cafe & Grill S.T.A.R.S. opened in Tokyo in 2012.[45] Halloween Horror Nights 2013, held at Universal Orlando, featured a haunted house titled Resident Evil: Escape from Raccoon City, based on Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis.[46]

title: Graded absolutism

text: According to graded absolutism, in moral conflicts, the dilemma is not that we are obligated to opposites, because greater absolutes are not opposites of lesser absolutes, and evil is not the opposite of good but is instead the privation of good. Since evil is the privation of good, only the privation of the greater good counts as evil, since whenever there is a moral conflict, we are only obligated to the greater good. The real dilemma is that we cannot perform both conflicting absolutes at the same time. 'Which' absolutes are in conflict depends on the context, but which conflicting absolute is ‘greater’ does not depend on the context. That is why graded absolutism is also called 'contextual absolutism' but is not to be confused with situational ethics. The conflict is resolved in acting according to the greater absolute. That is why graded absolutism is also called the 'greater good view', but is not to be confused with utilitarianism.

title: Resident Evil

text: Resident Evil Archives is a reference guide of the Resident Evil series written by staff members of Capcom. It was translated into English and published by BradyGames. The guide describes and summarizes all of the key events that occur in Resident Evil Zero, Resident Evil, Resident Evil 2, Resident Evil 3, and Code: Veronica. Along with the main plot analysis, it also contains character relationship charts, artwork, item descriptions and file transcripts for all five games. A second Archives book was later released in December 2011 and covers Resident Evil 4, Resident Evil 5, the new scenarios detailed in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles and Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, and the 2008 CGI movie, Resident Evil: Degeneration. The second Archives volume was also translated by Capcom and published by BradyGames.

title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon is voiced by Paul Haddad in "Resident Evil 2", by Paul Mercier in "Resident Evil 4", "Resident Evil: Degeneration" and "Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles", and by Matthew Mercer in "Resident Evil 6" and "Resident Evil: Damnation". Mercer described himself as a fan and friend of Mercier and said that he felt honored to take over as the voice of Leon. In an interview, he also detailed his interpretation of Leon and talked about the changes being made to the character. In the "Resident Evil 2" commercial directed by George A. Romero, Leon was portrayed by Brad Renfro. For the remake of the original "Resident Evil 2", Leon was modeled after male model Eduard Badaluta.

title: Resident Evil Zero

text: On May 26, 2015, Capcom announced that a remastered version of the game was in development, "Resident Evil Zero HD Remaster". The success of the high-definition remaster of "Resident Evil" inspired producer Tsukasa Takenaka to provide the same treatment to that game's prequel. Takenaka recognized that many "Resident Evil" fans preferred the old style of gameplay pre-"Resident Evil 4", and so he reasoned that the HD remasters were to provide that same gameplay experience on modern hardware. The remaster was produced by Tsukasa Takenaka and the team was made up of many members from the original team, including director Koji Oda. Takenaka was glad Oda was on board, as this ensured Oda's original vision of the game would not be tarnished. "Resident Evil Zero HD Remaster" was released on January 19, 2016. A retail compilation called "Resident Evil Origins Collection" that includes "Resident Evil HD Remaster" and "Resident Evil Zero HD Remaster" was released on January 22, 2016.

title: Resident Evil 4

text: On March 23, 2011, high-definition remastered versions of both "" and "Resident Evil 4" were announced to be in development for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, as part of the "Resident Evil: Revival Selection" series. The ports are to feature all the bonus content from the previous releases, including "Separate Ways". On July 23, 2011, Capcom announced at Comic-Con 2011 that "Resident Evil 4" would be released on September 20, 2011 for the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Games on Demand. In Japan, "Resident Evil 4" and "Resident Evil Code: Veronica" were released on a single disc with the title "Biohazard Revival Selection" on September 8, 2011. For North America and Europe, both games, including Resident Evil 4 HD, were only released as downloads on Xbox Live Games on Demand and PlayStation Network. On February 27, 2014, Capcom released Resident Evil 4 Ultimate HD Edition for Microsoft Windows. The port features improved graphics and many other enhancements that were included in "Resident Evil 4 HD". "Resident Evil 4" was re-released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 30, 2016.

title: Resident Evil

text: The plots of the animated Resident Evil films, Resident Evil: Degeneration, Resident Evil: Damnation and Resident Evil: Vendetta are set between the events of the major installments.

title: Resident Evil (1996 video game)

text: In 2004, readers of "Retro Gamer" voted "Resident Evil" as the 37th top retro game, with the staff calling it "one of the finest horror-themed games ever" and adding that "full of shocks, surprises and perfectly poor B-movie dialogue, "Resident Evil" is the gaming equivalent of "Night of the Living Dead"." It entered the "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008" for the "Worst Game Dialogue Ever." "Stuff" ranked it as the 3rd best PlayStation game of all time.

title: Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

text: The game was co-developed by Capcom and Cavia and produced by Masachika Kawata, who was behind the PlayStation 2 port of "Resident Evil 4". At E3 2006, Capcom officially announced that development was already underway for an exclusive "Resident Evil" game for the Wii and mentioned that it would take advantage of the console's unique Wii Remote controller, giving players a new experience. Members of Capcom's Clover Studio, who created such games as "Viewtiful Joe" and "Ōkami", were called upon to help develop the game.

title: Resident Evil

text: Tokyo Marui also produced replicas of the guns used in the Resident Evil series in the form of gas blow-back airsoft guns. Some models included the STARS Beretta featured in Resident Evil 3, and the Desert Eagle in a limited edition that came with other memorabilia in a wooden case, along with the Gold Lugers from Code: Veronica and the "Samurai Edge" pistol from the Resident Evil remake. Other merchandise includes an energy drink called "T-virus Antidote".

title: Resident Evil

text: Using horror elements, puzzle solving, and a lot of action, most of the games in the main Resident Evil series have been released to positive reviews. Some of the games, most notably Resident Evil, Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 4, have been bestowed with multiple Game of the Year honors and often placed on lists of the best video games ever made.


query: How expensive are whistles?

title: Tin whistle

text: In recent years a number of instrument builders have started lines of "high-end," hand-made whistles, which can cost hundreds of dollars US each — expensive in comparison to cheap whistles, but nevertheless cheaper than most other instruments. These companies are typically either a single individual or a very small group of craftsmen who work closely together. The instruments are distinguished from the inexpensive whistles in that each whistle is individually manufactured and "voiced" by a skilled person rather than made in a factory.

title: Cowa!

text: Upon entering the forest, Maruyama has José whistle since he is apparently the only one who can, while Paifu practices his whistling since José will eventually get exhausted. José, instead of getting fatigued from whistling, suddenly falls ill to the Monster Flu as well. Their fear of the monster finding them becomes a reality and they are attacked by the forest monster Baroaba. Maruyama holds his own against the behemoth and tells Paifu to start learning how to whistle immediately before they are killed. Although several attempts had been unsuccessful, Paifu finally prospered in whistling and Baroaba is literally downsized by the sound, proving the weakness true, and is pounded by Maruyama. Before Maruyama finishes him off, he discovers that Baroaba only attacks to protect the forest's rare wildlife; Baroaba apologizes for the misunderstanding and decides to help them get to their destination, the witch's house.

title: Physics of whistles

text: At any particular flow speed it is possible for one of several loops to be dominant, depending on how that speed was achieved. In a number of the whistles described here, Stage I is associated with the development of a single vortex in the distance between initiation of the flow instability and initiation of the feedback signal.

title: Transcendental whistling

text: While the English lexicon has diverse whistling vocabulary, such as whistled language and whistle register, it lacks a standard translation equivalent for Chinese "changxiao", literally "long whistle/whistling". Direct translations fail to denote the word's supernatural aspects: "whistling without a break" (Giles 1948), "long whistle" (Kroll 1983), "prolonged whistle" (Egan 1994), and "long piercing whistle" (Hegel 1998). Explanatory translations are more meaningful to English readers; the commonly used "transcendental whistling" was coined by Victor Mair (1996, 1998) and adopted by other authors (e.g., Minford 2014—"and" many famous whistlers were "xian" "transcendents"). Some less common renderings are "cosmic 'whistling'" (Chan 1996), "Taoist mediative [sic] whistle" (Hegel 1998), and "cosmic whistle" (Varsano 1999).

title: Traditions of the Georgia Institute of Technology

text: Although not as popular as "stealing the T," the whistle has been stolen several times. The first ever Tech whistle installed in the late 1890s was stolen in 1902. The whistle was returned to Dean Griffin in 1949 as a retirement gift. The second theft of the whistle occurred in 1963, when a group of students nicknamed the "Magnificent 7" stole the whistle. Fearing Institute repercussions, the group returned the whistle in the spring of 1964. The whistle was again stolen in 1978 by a group nicknamed the "Committee of Five". The whistle was also stolen in 1969 and 1997. Both times the whistle was returned almost immediately after its theft. In 1969, the whistle was given to the student body president as a graduation gift a month after its theft and the 1997 theft was solved when President Clough found the whistle on his lawn a day after its theft.

title: Humphrey Bogart

text: Bogart's cremated remains were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Glendale, California, in the Garden of Memory, Columbarium of Eternal Light. He was buried with a small, gold whistle once part of a charm bracelet he had given to Lauren Bacall before they had married. On it was inscribed an allusion to a line from the film "To Have and Have Not", which Bacall had said to him shortly after their first meeting: "You know how to whistle, don't you, Steve? You just put your lips together and blow". The inscription read: "If you want anything, just whistle."

title: Transcendental whistling

text: The anonymous (c. 8th century) "Xiaozhi" 嘯旨 "Principles of Whistling" is included in several collections of Tang dynasty literature, such as the "Tangdai congshu" 唐代叢書. According to the (c. 800) "Fengshi wenjian ji" 封氏聞見記, written by Feng Yan 封演, the "Xiaozhi" was written in 765 by a judge Sun Guang 孫廣, who is otherwise unknown. The titular word "zhǐ" 旨 means "intention; aim; meaning", and the translator E. D. Edwards (1957: 218) says the text is about "How to Whistle". Paul W. Kroll (1983: 250) translates "Xiaozhi" as "Directives on Whistling".

title: Elmo Tanner

text:
Tanner joined the Ted Weems band as a singer in 1929 and became a prominent feature of the group. Tanner's whistling talent was unveiled by accident. In high spirits on their way to their next performance, the band members were singing, yelling and whistling on the bus. When Tanner joined in, Weems was impressed enough to add a whistling segment to one of the band's sets. Tanner whistled the "Show Boat" song, "Make Believe"; the audience asked for an encore. Tanner's whistling became so popular that Perry Como, another featured performer in the band, said “The whistler was the whole band.” On occasion, Tanner's lips would pucker up, interfering with his whistling. Although generally noted for his graciousness as a bandleader, Weems would have fun at Tanner's expense, running him through the most difficult songs in his repertoire when he noticed Tanner was struggling.
Tanner became known as "Whistler’s Mother’s Boy", "The Whistling Troubador," and "the nation’s best-known whistler". Tanner was noted for the ease with which he hit high notes and performed trills. He had the ability to whistle while triple-tonguing, and like Bing Crosby, he was able to whistle from his throat due to the muscles in his larynx. His range was from low G to high B. Professional whistler Joel Brandon has named Tanner as a "top pick". Ted Weems considered Tanner's whistling so important to his band, he insured the musician's throat with Lloyd's of London for $10,000 in 1939. The policy provided payment for any medical expenses related to Tanner's possible inability to whistle and included payment to the holder if Tanner was unable to perform.

title: Blue box

text: Before the technical details were published in the Bell System Technical Journal it was discovered by many, some very unintentionally and to their annoyance, that a 2600 Hz tone, used by AT&T Corporation as a steady signal to mark currently unused long-distance telephone lines, or "trunk lines", would reset those lines. Joe Engressia (known as Joybubbles) accidentally discovered it at the age of 7 by whistling (with his mouth). He and other famous phone phreaks, such as "Bill from New York" and "The Glitch", trained themselves to whistle 2600 Hz to reset a trunk line. They also learned how to route phone calls by . At one point in the 1960s, packets of the Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal included a free gift: a small whistle that, by coincidence, generated a 2600 Hz tone when one of the whistle's two holes was covered. The phreaker John Draper adopted his nickname "Captain Crunch" from this whistle. Others would utilize exotic birds such as canaries, which are able to hit the 2600 Hz tone with the same effect.

title: Transcendental whistling

text: The semantic field of "shào" includes whistling sounds and whistle instruments (for instance, "hūshào" 呼/忽/唿哨 "to whistle", "húshào" 胡哨 "a whistle signal", "kǒushào(r)" 口哨 "a whistle (instrument and sound)", "shàozi" 哨子 "a whistle"), birds ("niǎoshào" 鳥哨 "birdcall", "shàoyīng" 哨鷹 "chanting goshawk", "gēshào" 鴿哨 "whistle tied to a pigeon"), and (whistle-signaling) guards ("shàobīng" 哨兵 "sentinel; sentry; guard", "fàngshào" 放哨 "to stand sentry", "liàowàngshào" 瞭望哨 "watchtower; lookout post").

title: Steam whistle

text: When the lever (10) is pulled (usually via a pull cord), the valve opens and lets the steam escape through the orifice. The steam will alternately compress and rarefy in the bell, creating the sound. The pitch, or tone, is dependent on the length of the bell; and also how far the operator has opened the valve. Some locomotive engineers invented their own style of whistling.

title: Tin whistle

text: It is common to score music for the whistle using standard musical notation. The tin whistle is not a transposing instrument - for example, music for the D tin whistle is written in concert pitch, not transposed down a tone as would be normal for transposing instruments. Nevertheless, there is no real consensus on how tin whistle music should be written, or on how reading music onto the whistle should be taught. However, when music is scored for a soprano whistle it will be written an octave lower than it sounds, to spare ledger lines and make it much easier to read.

title: Shepherd's whistle

text: They are also produced commercially. Simple whistles may cost less than 1 USD in bulk; expensive ones may be quite ornate. They are commonly made of plastic, aluminum, stainless steel, silver, brass, titanium, Corian, jade, buffalo horn and other materials.

title: J Hudson & Co

text: In 1883 Hudson began tinkering in his toolshed to make gadgets to sell, including whistles. After observing local police struggling to communicate with rattles, he realised that his whistle could be used as a tool. As the story goes, Hudson, a violin player, accidentally dropped his violin and it shattered on the floor. Observing how the discordant sound of the breaking strings travelled, Hudson had the idea to put a pea in the whistle. This gave it an ear splitting rattle that could grab attention even a mile away. After a demonstration at Scotland Yard, Hudson had his first sale.

title: Minnie Riperton

text: Riperton had a coloratura soprano vocal range. Aside from her various hits, she is perhaps best remembered today for her ability to sing in high head voice (occasionally the whistle register which is often mistakenly mixed up with the former), in which she had rare facility. She is known as The Nightingale, and a Songbird. Her rare ability to enunciate in the high registers set her apart from most other whistle-register singers. This feature is most notably heard in the song "Here We Go" (a duet with Peabo Bryson), where she sings "here we go" in the whistle register. Whistle-register enunciation can also be heard in songs such as "Inside My Love," "Adventures in Paradise," "Expecting," "Only When I'm Dreaming," and also in "Teach Me How to Fly" and "Like a Rolling Stone" with the Rotary Connection.

title: Samba band

text: A samba band normally consists of Tamborims , Snare drums (Caixa), Agogo bells, surdos, Ganzás / Chocalho (shakers), Cuíca, Timbal, Pandeiro, and the Repinique (often played by the leader for calls) whistles (at the beginning to give the samba a beat). The Apito is often used by the leader to signal breaks and calls. Other instruments have been added in many samba bands such as frigideira, 4 stringed guitars, 7 stringed guitars, trombones and Singers. A small set of samba drums in the UK costs around £300. More expensive sets come with more drums enabling more players to join; a convenience due to how many would usually take place in the orchestra.

title: Emmett Till

text: According to some versions, including comments from some of the kids standing outside the store, Till may have wolf-whistled at Bryant. Till's cousin, Simeon Wright, who was with him at the store stated Till whistled at Bryant, saying "I think [Emmett] wanted to get a laugh out of us or something," furthering "He was always joking around, and it was hard to tell when he was serious." Wright stated that following the whistle he became immediately alarmed saying "Well, it scared us half to death," and "You know, we were almost in shock. We couldn't get out of there fast enough, because we had never heard of anything like that before. A black boy whistling at a white woman? In Mississippi? No." Wright stated "the Ku Klux Klan and night riders were part of our daily lives". Following his disappearance, a newspaper account stated that Till sometimes whistled to alleviate his stuttering. His speech was sometimes unclear; his mother said he had particular difficulty with pronouncing "b" sounds, and he may have whistled to overcome problems asking for bubble gum. She said that, to help with his articulation, she taught Till how to whistle softly to himself before pronouncing his words.

title: Julia Barnett Rice

text: After gaining a fair amount of notice, Julia Barnett Rice recruited a number of Columbia University Students to listen, record, and account for the frequent, unbearable noise that was heard in her house. The students accounted how many tugboat whistles occurred and of those how many were unnecessary, leisure whistles between different tugboats. The students found that there were approximately 5,000 unnecessary tugboat horn noises each night.The tugboat captains were not happy with Julia’s efforts to stop their whistling, and quite a bit of controversy occurred because of it. Julia’s efforts eventually gained order that tugboats should not make unnecessary whistling, and when a specific tugboat did, Julia pressed charges and the captain ended up getting a suspension.

title: Claude Steele

text: In 2010, Steele published his first book, "Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us", as part of the "Issues of Our Time" series of books exploring timely issues from the voices of modern intellectuals. "Whistling Vivaldi" focuses on the phenomenon of stereotype threat as it explains the trend of minority underperformance in higher education.

title: Cavemen (Misseri Studio)

text: "Whistling": Red is thinking he could "whistle a happy tune through the whole planet". Red whistles, which surprises Brown. Red giggles, then whistles again. Brown keeps telling Red to make him whistle, but Red keeps whistling many times. Brown tries to whistle, but all that comes out is air. The poor caveman starts sobbing loudly which makes Red shocked. With tears streaming down his cheeks, Brown whimpers. Red tries to comfort him and whistles for him, which makes him happy. Brown tries his best to whistle but then lets out a whistle. He and Red are happy and laugh. At the end, all cavemen whistle together.

title: Sun Deng (recluse)

text:
Ge Fei's "Whistling" tells how the young, famous poet Ruan Ji regularly came to visit the aged hermit Sun Deng on Su
Gate Mountain 蘇門山 in present-day Henan, and play games of "weiqi" "go". During one go game, Sun was silently pondering how to move a piece, and Ruan surprised him. "When the whistling sound suddenly arose, Sun Deng was totally unprepared for it. The strange, strident sound, mixed with the sounds of the billowing pines, reverberated through the valleys of Su Gate Mountain for a long while without expiring." (tr. Mair 1998:43).

title: Quantum gyroscope

text: This phenomenon, known as quantum whistling, occurs when pressure is applied to push a superfluid through a very small hole, somewhat as sound is produced by blowing air through an ordinary whistle. A ring-shaped tube full of superfluid, blocked by a barrier containing a tiny hole, could in principle be used to detect pressure differences caused by changes in rotational motion of the ring, in effect functioning as a sensitive gyroscope. Superfluid whistling was first demonstrated using helium-3, which has the disadvantage of being scarce and expensive, and requiring extremely low temperature (a few thousandths of a Kelvin). Common helium-4, which remains superfluid at 2 Kelvin, is much more practical, but its quantum whistling is too weak to be heard with a single practical-sized hole. This problem was overcome by using barriers with thousands of holes, in effect a chorus of quantum whistles producing sound waves that reinforced one another by constructive interference.

title: Conditional budgeting

text: For planning expenses, the organization shall take a strict analysis regarding the necessity of expenses. Expenses then are grouped according to how important the payment of the respective expenses is regarding to the success and survival of the organization. While in most cases the costs may be assess regarding their importance to the success of the companies, in times of crisis an organization may be forces to rate the importance of their expenses according to the survival or the organization. The four groups of expenses are:These four groups result in minimum expenses, consisting of fixed expenses, and maximum expenses, consisting of all four groups of expenses.

title: Whistle

text: Human whistling unaided by any instrument can be used for musical recreation or as a whistled language for communication over distances too great for articulate speech, among many other purposes. Musical instruments include the nose whistle or nose flute, the tin whistle and the slide whistle. Since a whistle produces a loud sound that carries over a great distance, whistles are useful for signalling. On ships, the boatswain's call is used to alert members of the crew. A dog whistle can be used to train a dog for hunting, herding, or other occupations. Industrial plants often use a steam whistle to signal shift changes or to give alarms of emergencies; steam locomotives were equipped with train whistles for warning and signalling. A small-scaled steam whistle is found on a whistling kettle, to alert the user that the water is boiling. Storage tanks may be equipped with a whistle vent which sounds continually as the tank is being filled; when the tank level covers the vent pipe, the whistle stops and the tank is full.

title: Low whistle

text: Unlike the regular pennywhistle, the low whistle is a relative newcomer to folk music, and some criticise it for attempting to fill a musical role already well served by the tin whistle and Irish flute. To others it is viewed as a "transition instrument" for players seeking to eventually learn the seemingly more prestigious (and expensive) flute or uilleann pipes. While it is true that many skills learnt on the low whistle carry over to these instruments, "some of the greatest players of traditional music have been associated with the low whistle" and have helped foster its reputation as a highly versatile and respected instrument in its own right, with a unique and evocative sound. Much like the Irish flat-backed bouzouki, the low whistle can be seen as a product of a period when experiments in instrumentation were commonplace in traditional music, and musicians sought diverse and innovative means of expression.

title: Tin whistle

text: The tin whistle also features prominently in the soundtrack of the film How to Train Your Dragon, and is connected to the main character, Hiccup.

title: Physics of whistles

text: The title above is used since it is commonly used to describe whistles similar to those used by police in America and elsewhere. There are a number of whistles that operate in the same manner as the police whistle and there are number of whistles that are used by police elsewhere that do not operate in the same manner as the police whistle. The London Metropolitan police use a linear whistle, more like a small recorder. Police whistles are commonly used by referees and umpires in sporting events.

title: Transcendental whistling

text:
"Whistling" tells how the famous poet Ruan Ji regularly came to visit the aged hermit Sun Deng on Su
Gate Mountain 蘇門山 in present-day Henan, and play games of "weiqi" go. During one go game, Sun was silently pondering how to move a piece, and Ruan surprised him. "When the whistling sound suddenly arose, Sun Deng was totally unprepared for it. The strange, strident sound, mixed with the sounds of the billowing pines, reverberated through the valleys of Su Gate Mountain for a long while without expiring." (tr. Mair 1998:43).

title: Whistle

text:
Joseph Hudson set up J Hudson & Co in Birmingham, UK in 1870. With his younger brother James, he designed the 'Acme City' brass whistle. This became the first referee whistle used at association football matches during the 1878–79 Football Association Cup match between Nottingham Forest and Sheffield. Prior to the introduction of the whistle, handkerchiefs were used by the umpires to signal to the players.
In 1883 he began experimenting with pea-whistle designs that could produce an intense sound that could grab attention from over a mile away. His invention was discovered by accident, when he accidentally dropped his violin and it shattered on the floor. Observing how the discordant sound of the breaking strings travelled (trill effect), Hudson had the idea to put a pea in the whistle. Prior to this, whistles were much quieter, and were only thought of as musical instruments or toys for children. After observing the problems that local police were having with effectively communicating with rattles, he realised that his whistle designs could be used as an effective aid to their work.

title: Flambards (TV series)

text:
The series's memorable score was composed by David Fanshawe, who is most famous for his 1972 composition "African Sanctus". Of his score for "Flambards" Fanshawe later wrote,
"On April 5th, 1977, I was on my way to give a talk about my travels in Africa to the Oxfam Annual Staff Conference in Abingdon when, quite by accident, I whistled something, whistled it again, drew five lines and wrote it down. On arrival, I sought out the nearest piano, played the chord of 'A' seventh and whistled again. Just before going on stage, I completed the first phrase by writing it out backwards and indeed whistled it backwards: and that was the beginning of the music for Flambards.A week earlier, producer Leonard Lewis had phoned me, asking if I would like to compose a score for a 13-part series he was producing for Yorkshire Television. He sent me the books of "Flambards" by K.M. Peyton, together with the first part adapted for television by Alan Plater. On meeting the star of Flambards, Christine McKenna, who plays Christina in the series, I was convinced that the whistle was right for the signature tune. Keith Morgan, then Head of Music at Yorkshire Television, got the message and even whistled it back. So, that was how I came to compose five hours of music based on a 3½ bar whistle!"
For the aerial scenes radio controlled model period aircraft were used, the shots framed so that the small size of the aircraft was concealed.


query: In what fictional work does the planet Cybertron feature?

title: Cybertron

text: Cybertron is a fictional planet, the homeworld of the Transformers in the various fictional incarnations of the metaseries and toyline by Hasbro.[1] In the Japanese series, the planet is referred to as "Cybertron" (first shown on Japanese Galaxy Force packaging, although "Cybertron" is the Japanese name for "Autobot") pronounced as Sabertron セイバートロン Seibātoron.[2] Cybertron is populated by mechanical self-configuring modular lifeforms of variable size who can transform into all kinds of machinery. These are called Cybertronians, or Transformers.[3]

title: Cybertron

text: As Unicron bore down on the planet, he sent an agent, Galvatron, ahead to sow terror in his name. But Galvatron chafed in Unicron's service and instead awoke Primus, who possessed Emirate Xaaron and teleported every Transformer back to Cybertron in order to unite them, as Unicron attacked the planet. Although Optimus Prime was able to use the Creation Matrix to destroy Unicron, it seemed that Cybertron was to meet its end by other means - tremors and storms began to pervade the planet, which seemed to be tearing itself apart, forcing the remaining Autobots and Decepticons to flee. In actuality, however, the final wave of Matrix energy released in Unicron's destruction had begun a planet-wide rebirth, which was then guided to conclusion by the Last Autobot, restoring and regenerating Cybertron, which the Autobots then occupied.

title: Cybertron

text: In the TV series, Cybertron is a planet once used by the Quintessons as a factory with assembly lines creating soldier ("military hardware") and worker ("consumer goods") robots. (Note: This seems to contradict material presented in the first two seasons of the series. The whole series is full of apparent contradictions and inconsistencies.) Following a rebellion which drove the Quintessons off the planet, the workers became the Autobots and the soldiers became the Decepticons. These two factions eventually engaged in civil war, which forms the basis of the various Transformers stories. Some time between the Quintesson occupation and the Autobot/Decepticon war, Cybertron entered a "golden age", with the planet becoming an actual gold color. The energy demands of the war eventually returned Cybertron to its original coloration.

title: List of Transformers planets

text: Velocitron (known as Speedia in "Galaxy Force" and Speed Planet in promotional materials) is a fictional planet featured in "" and is the location of one of four ancient Transformer colonies that lost contact with the home world of Cybertron long ago, along with Earth, Jungle Planet, and Gigantion. Each of these colonies possess a Cyber Planet Key, containing a fragment of the power of Primus. The name Velocitron is used infrequently. The planet is more commonly referred to as "the Speed Planet" or simply "Speed Planet." The planet's full, formal name appears to be "Velocitron, the Speed Planet."

title: Cybertron

text: Geography-wise, the surface of Cybertron is a mystery. Large rivers of liquid criss-cross the planet, though whether this is lava, molten metal, or possibly energon is anyone's guess. In more urbanized areas, such as the city of Tyger Pax, the stone and lava seem to be covered over with steel or other refined metal. However, these incidents took place during the war, so it may have been the result of the devastation Cybertron saw. This liquid is even on the tops of buildings. Internally, Cybertron has similar features to the inside of a Transformer, including gyroscopic joints. While everyone had abandoned Cybertron, the twin Autobot Skids and Mudflap hung out there for a while, and Starscream began organising an army there in secret. The location on Cybertron that is named after Primus is surrounded by the Rad Zone and Uraya.

title: Cybertron

text: Travel between Earth and Cybertron became roughly a half a day's journey, as depicted in the 1986 feature film The Transformers: The Movie. The Decepticons have conquered the planet by 2005, and Cybertron is seen to have at least three moons, two of which are consumed by Unicron. In the aftermath of Unicron's attack on Cybertron, and subsequent defeat, the Autobots are able to reclaim the planet, forcing the Decepticons to retreat to Chaar, a blackened husk of a world. In the final part of "The Rebirth", Vector Sigma absorbed the energies of a near-supernova sun, energizing Cybertron and bringing about a new Golden Age. Unicron's head became an artificial satellite for much of the third season, after his body was destroyed and was reactivated at during the episode Ghost in the Machine, though it appears to have gone dormant again afterwards. It is unknown what became of Unicron's head when Cybertron was moved into near-Earth orbit during the "Rebirth" episodes, but by the time of Beast Wars it is shown that it no longer orbits the planet.

title: Cybertron

text: In this series, Cybertron (サイバトロン, Saibatoron) is shown as a large planet that's surface is completely covered with metal. Large towers on the surface of the planet are clearly visible from space. Nothing organic has yet been seen on this planet leading to speculation that it is a machine itself. Back in the Great War, the Autobots managed to drive the Decepticons from Cybertron after throwing the Allspark through a space bridge. It is usually seen in flashbacks. Recently, in Season 3, scenes on Cybertron have been in present times. They include Blurr's arrival on Cybertron after being transwarped from Earth. Another is the Cybertronian high court meeting to discuss Wasp, the accused Decepticon spy. The real spy, being Shockwave, also leaves Ultra Magnus wounded on Cybertron, being found by Ironhide.

title: List of Transformers: Cybertron characters

text: The benevolent creator of the Transformers, Primus is the true form of the planet Cybertron. Each of the Cyber Planet Keys contains a portion of his power; upon the collection of all but the Gigantion key, Cybertron transformed into Primus's robot mode and defeated Starscream in battle using his own moons as weapons. Subsequently, the acquisition of the Giant Planet key reunited Primus's spark with his body, and he used his power to seal the black hole and recreate Cybertron as a new, idyllic world. His Cyber Key power unleashes energy from his hands which he used on Starscream but he deflects it.

text: This article lists characters that appear in "", the third chapter of the "Unicron Trilogy" series of the Transformers franchise. The series features the entirety of planet Cybertron's civilization evacuating the planet to Earth when it is absorbed by a black hole left via the destruction of Unicron. The Autobots act as the main protagonists of the series, with the Decepticons as the main antagonists. Various characters originate from fictional planets shown throughout the series.

title: Cybertron

text: Cybertron is the home planet of the Transformers in the three television series, Transformers: Armada, Transformers: Energon and Transformers: Cybertron. In the miniseries, Cybertron, Primus' material body, is inhabited by Mini-Cons as well as Autobots and Decepticons, who are unaware the Mini-Cons were weapons forged by Unicron. The war between the Autobots and Decepticons is escalated by Megatron's attempt to gather them. During the escalation, the Mini-Cons liberate themselves and leave the planet in a mass exodus, leading to a four million years (one million years in the Dreamwave comic) stalemate between the two principal forces. Ten years of peace follow Armada (2002–2004) and then Energon (2014). After Cybertron's climax, the planet has an atmosphere more suitable for humans and organic wildlife.

title: Cybertron

text: Cybertron's governing structure during the Beast Wars era is based upon the Pax Cybertronia (Peace of Cybertron). The peace on Cybertron is maintained through a treaty known as the Pax Cybertronia, which – perhaps unfairly – ranks the Predacons as second-class citizens, with the Maximals in control of the planet. Each side is governed by a council;the Maximals governing body is known as the Maximal Imperium while the Predacons' version, the Tripredacus Council, operate out of a satellite orbiting the planet or star, quietly working to their own agenda... an agenda that was sorely disrupted by the rise to power of the renegade, Megatron, who stole a ship and escaped to prehistoric Earth with the intent of altering time.

title: Unicron

text: "When the Autobots are ordered off American soil, they regroup "under" Cybertron and begin working on the teleportation engines that Unicron left there when he transformed the planet. Using these, they make a decisive strike by teleporting the entire Decepticon army to Cybertron, then teleporting "Cybertron" to the far reaches of space. With the engines burnt out and no energy on the planet, the Decepticons are marooned there, at the cost of the Autobots never being able to go home."

title: Matrix of Leadership

text: In "", when he reaches the core of Cybertron, Optimus Prime is given a portion of the core's spark in the form of the Matrix of Leadership. He is told that as long as the Matrix survives, so will the core of Cybertron. In this continuity the purpose of the Matrix of Leadership is to restart the computer core of Cybertron after it completes a purge and healing process to rid itself of dark energon, a process which requires it to shut down for millions of years. This event triggers the exodus of Transformers to leave Cybertron, presumably as no energon is being produced by the deactivated planet. In effect, the Transformers face a planet-wide famine and will starve to death if they stay. This makes Optimus Prime the first Prime of Cybertron to ever possess the Matrix of Leadership. It is not yet a traditional badge of office for the Prime. The Prime immediately before Optimus, Zeta Prime, never carried the Matrix of Leadership as it had not yet existed, and the planet is populated by Transformers who existed before the Matrix of Leadership.

title: Transformers: War for Cybertron

text: The game takes place on the planet Cybertron, prior to the Transformers arrival on Earth. The Autobots and Decepticons are engaged in a civil war. The game can be played starting from either faction's perspective, but begins chronologically with the Decepticon campaign. The game revolves around the use of a substance known as Dark Energon, which the evil Decepticon leader Megatron believes will allow him to return the planet to what he refers to as a golden age.

title: List of Transformers television series

text: The story of "Cybertron" centres on a gigantic black hole, created by the destruction of Unicron at the conclusion of "Energon", which threatens to consume Cybertron and the rest of the universe. This danger brings the ancient Transformer, Vector Prime, back to Cybertron, where he sets the Autobots on a quest for the four Cyber Planet Keys, legendary artifacts of power that can seal the black hole. The keys, however, are scattered on planets throughout the galaxy, and the Autobots must now race from world to world to acquire their power before the Decepticons. Aided with new "Cyber Key Powers" of their own, the Transformers makes allies and enemies on each different world they visit, from the racing-obsessed Velocitron to the bestial Jungle Planet and beyond, on an adventure that has its roots in the ancient past, and sculpts a new future for Cybertron.

title: Spark (Transformers)

text: "Armada" and "Energon" both showed a few Transformers sparks (as orbs of light) transferred to new bodies after their old bodies were too badly damaged to be repaired or destroyed completely. Primus and Unicron's sparks were also shown in "Energon", Primus as a very large glowing orb and Unicron as a small black/green orb. One can suppose that a Transformer himself can send his own spark away sometimes or even use it as a kind of weapon. "" also shows both the Autobots and Decepticons having made an alliances with the humans to find Energon, a fuel source which can be mined on Earth, Mars, and the Moon. In "Cybertron", the cyber planet keys are said to be fragments of the spark of Primus, divided and sent to the four corners of the universe to share the wisdom of Primus. The four master keys (colored gold in the toy line) need to be gathered and inserted into the Omega Lock to awaken the spark of Primus and transform the planet Cybertron. In the toy line the Omega Lock is needed to completely transform Primus, however it does not require the insertion of any of the cyber planet keys. At the end of the Cybertron series, it was decided that the unified planets should join together and bring the once again divided keys to other destinations in the universe to spread the knowledge of Primus even further. Hence, again putting Primus into stasis lock within a reformatted, renewed Cybertron.

title: Thirteen (Transformers)

text: The second version was introduced in IDW Publishing's "" comic continuity, which would introduce the Guiding Hand, five ancient deities created by Primus. They are featured in one of the more prominent myths regarding the creation of the planet Cybertron and its native people. Members included: Primus, the Light-giver and Life-giver; Mortilus, the Death-bringer; Solomus, Wisdom Incarnate; Epistemus, Knowledge Personified; and Adaptus, Blessed with an Infinity of Shapes. According to a religious story related by Cyclonus, the Guiding Hand were formed after the creation of the planet Cybertron when Primus the First Light stood forth on the miracle planet. At the time, he felt a nest of sparks within him and he split his essence into five other vessels. They became a remote but nurturing presence on early Cybertron and populated it with a gesture, thus creating the Transformer race. Under their reign came the First Golden Age of Cybertron which was shattered when Mortilus believed that the Guiding Hand should become a fist against the rest of the universe. As Mortilus stood against Primus, all of Cybertron became divided in a conflict that saw the planet shudder and its first moon being ripped asunder. The Death-bringer was ultimately destroyed in the struggle but the conflict left the remaining members of the Guiding Hand mortally wounded.

title: Transformers: Fall of Cybertron

text: The game tells the story of the Transformers, fictional robotic life forms, and the final days of conflict on their home planet of Cybertron. An origins subplot for the Dinobots is also told, reimagined from the "" continuity. Other subplots also tell an adapted story for several characters. Some of the voice cast from the 1984 series "The Transformers" return to reprise their roles, including Peter Cullen as Autobot leader Optimus Prime and Gregg Berger as Grimlock. Other actors return to reprise their roles from "Transformers: War for Cybertron".

title: Mudflap (Transformers)

text: In episode 31, "United", Scourge, Mudflap, Crumplezone, Ransack and Thundercracker followed Megatron on the Space Bridge to Cybertron. They were joined by Thunderblast, who claimed she'd rather work for Megatron than Starscream.When the Autobots attempted to use a gigantic rocket to move the Jungle Planet back into its orbit, Galvatron attacked and damaged the rocket. The Jungle Planet threatened to crash into Cybertron. The combined strength of Scourge, the Autobots, the former Decepticons (Dark Crumplezone, Ransack, Thunderblast and Thundercracker), and their allies from the various planets (including Mudflap) were able to combine their strength and move the rocket back into place.

title: Cybertron

text: According to Hasbro, Cybertron orbits the star Alpha Centauri and is about the size of Saturn. At some undefined point in Cybertron's ancient past, it was attacked by Unicron, who was fended off by the planet's guardian, Omega Supreme. Omega and four other guardians subsequently entered stasis below the planet's surface, guarding a reservoir of "Super Energon" for its use in the future. Few other facts from this Cybertron's history are available - it is not clear when the Autobots and Decepticon began warring relative to this event. The presence of a sentient energy core named "Primus" at the heart of Cybertron in the Armada/Energon universe suggests its history is some variation of the Primus/Unicron legend. An American-written trading card suggests a story similar to that of the Dreamwave universe - Primus and Unicron are twin heralds, but Unicron turns on Primus and fells him, casting his body into the orbit of a nearby star (alpha Centauri). The card does not state that Primus became Cybertron, but it can be assumed with some degree of certainty.

title: Cybertron

text: In Transformers: War for Cybertron, Cybertron is an Energon lacking planet with many buildings and bridges destroyed. There are several locations from the Generation 1 universe include the Decagon and the Iacon Vaults. According to the teaser trailer for War For Cybertron, Cybertron is a satellite of Alpha Centauri. Several times in the game Transformers will exclaim "Thank Primus!" though he doesn't appear in the game. However the Core of Cybertron, (Isaac C. Singleton, Jr.) may actually be Primus, but is credited simply as "Cybertron" in the game's end credits.

title: List of Transformers planets

text: Cybertron is a fictional planet, the homeworld of the Transformers in the various fictional incarnations of the metaseries and toyline by Hasbro. In the Japanese series, the planet is referred to as "Cybertron" (first shown on Japanese "Galaxy Force" packaging, despite the fact that "Cybertron" is the Japanese name for "Autobot") pronounced as セイバートロン "Seibātoron". Cybertron is populated by mechanical life forms of variable size who can transform into all kinds of machinery. These are called Cybertronians, or Transformers.

title: Cybertron

text: The expanded fiction of the Botcon and OTFCC comic books suggest that Primus experimented with a small planet before actually transforming himself into Cybertron. This world, named Protos, was where he created the first 12 Transformers, each of them themed after an animal of the zodiac. Later, Primus created the Original Thirteen Transformers.

title: Decepticon

text: The Decepticons are a fictional faction of sentient mechanical self-configuring modular robotic lifeforms from the planet Cybertron led by Megatron, and are the main antagonists in the fictional universes of the "Transformers" franchise and related comics and cartoons.

title: Cybertron

text: Cybertron, as presented in the original The Transformers animated series, was considerably smaller than the planet Earth, though how much smaller it was presented as was inconsistent, as were many other things in the series. Entirely metallic on the surface, some of the lowest levels of Cybertron consist of rock and dirt, suggesting a natural beginning to the planet. Its gravity is light enough that humans are able to traverse the surface without any trouble, and it possesses a breathable atmosphere. Water is not uncommon on the planet – lake and rivers have been shown to exist, albeit sparingly. Cybertron is orbited by at least two unnamed moons, but its own place in the cosmos appears unfixed – in 1984, it was clearly shown to exist outside of the Milky Way galaxy; however, nine million years prior, Starscream and Skyfire had been able to fly from the planet to Earth under their own power, suggesting that it may drift freely through space, and had been passing through the Solar system at that point, going on to drift out of the galaxy over the ensuing millennia. Cybertron's moons did not appear until the animated feature The Transformers: The Movie, and no explanation for their existence was given. The moons were also depicted as being mechanical in nature much like Cybertron with metallic surfaces. Unlike Cybertron however, the moons do not appear to have any detectable atmosphere, as Daniel Witwicky, a longtime ally of the Autobots, was required to wear a mechanical "exo suit" that presumably included its own air supply and means to keep organic life forms pressurized against the vacuum of space, something that is not required by humans on Cybetron.

title: Transformers: Retribution

text: Megatron and Optimus find themselves working together against the Quintessons, with the other Autobots and Decepticons following suit. The Quintessons succeed in sending their Sharkticon army to Cybertron, but are unaware that Megatron is a figure of Sharkticon legend who is destined to free them from the Quintessons. He does so by taking possession of the Quintessons' replica Matrix (assuming the "Sharkticon Megatron" form depicted in the "Transformers: Prime" toyline). The invasion of Cybertron is thwarted, and the Quintesson hold over Aquatron-revealed to be a lost colony world of Cybertron-is broken, though Megatron loses the replica Matrix and his Sharkticon form. Alpha Trion is saved from Shockwave by the Wreckers, and concludes the book by noting the existence of a planet that is destined to play a major role in the struggle between Autobot and Decepticon.

title: Cybertron

text: When the Autobots were ordered off American soil, they regrouped under Cybertron and began working on the teleportation engines that Unicron had left there when he transformed the planet. Using these, they were able to make a decisive strike by teleporting the entire Decepticon army to Cybertron, then teleporting Cybertron to the far reaches of space. With the engines now burnt out and no energy on the planet, the Decepticons were marooned there, at the cost of the Autobots never being able to go home.

title: Cybertron (disambiguation)

title: Autobot

text: In all Transformers stories, the Autobots and their adversaries, the Decepticons, originated on the planet Cybertron. The planet is almost always depicted as a purely metallic body.[5] The capital of Cybertron is Iacon. In later issues of the Marvel comic line, Cybertron is shown to have weather, such as rain.[6]

title: Jetfire

text: On Cybertron before the war between the Autobots and Decepticons, Skyfire was a scientist and explorer working with Starscream. Together, they investigated an uncharted planet, actually a prehistoric Earth, where they failed to find any signs of intelligent life. Skyfire wished to scrutinize the planet further, and moving in close enough to the planet, a polar wind storm swept him up and buried him beneath the Arctic ice. Starscream searched for his friend, but was unable to locate him and returned to Cybertron alone.