query: Who is head of the World Trade Organization?

text: The current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo of Brazil, since 1 September 2013.[2]

title: Dean Acheson

text: In 1944, Acheson attended the Bretton Woods Conference as the head delegate from the State department. At this conference the post-war international economic structure was designed. The conference was the birthplace of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the last of which would evolve into the World Trade Organization.

title: Product/process distinction

text: The product/process distinction is used by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a way to determine whether or not a complaint filed by an importing nation is valid and warrants trade barriers against the exporting nation. Under WTO rules, an importing nation can lodge a complaint with the WTO that the exporting nation uses methods for obtaining or producing the good in question that the importing nation finds to be immoral or unethical. If the independent World Trade Organization Advisory Board, made up of a panel of international law and trade experts, finds that the importing nation has a legitimate complaint, enforces said ethical standards for domestic production, and isn't trying to merely skirt its free trade obligations, then the Board will rule that trade barriers are justified. Despite what World Trade Organization officials have said, in practice the World Trade Organization finds these complaints illegitimate the vast majority of the time.

title: João Bernardo Vieira II

text: In 2004, Vieira began his career in public service in Guinea-Bissau by serving as the Head of Multilateral Agreements in the Ministry of Trade. In this capacity he represented Guinea-Bissau in the multilateral trade negotiations of the World Trade Organization.

title: Fair trade coffee

text: The fair trade labeling organizations having most of the market share and who sell through supermarkets refer to a definition developed by FINE, an association of four international fair trade networks (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), Network of European World shops and European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)). The standards developed by Fairtrade Labelling Organization are the most widely used.

title: Jean-Daniel Gerber

text: In the late 1970s, Jean-Daniel Gerber was a Swiss delegate to the World Trade Organization (WTO). He subsequently headed up the Developing Countries Section at Switzerland’s then Federal Office for Foreign Economic Affairs. He then moved to the Swiss Embassy in Washington as head of the Finance, Economics and Trade Division.

text: The Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Australia to the World Trade Organization is an officer of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the head of the Permanent Mission of the Commonwealth of Australia to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva, Switzerland. The position has the rank and status of an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and continues Australia's representation to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT; 1948–1995), as a charter member joining the WTO to replace the GATT on 1 January 1995. The Permanent Mission to the WTO is based with the Australian Permanent Mission and Consulate-General in Geneva. Prior to 1983, the role of Australia's representative on the GATT was filled by the Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations Office in Geneva.

title: Indian Trade Service

text: The Department of commerce is headed by a Secretary who is assisted by a Special Secretary & Financial Adviser, three Additional Secretaries, thirteen Joint Secretaries and Joint Secretary level officers and a number of other senior officers. Keeping in view the large increase in workload in matters related to World Trade Organization (WTO), Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), free trade agreements (FTAs), Special Economic Zones (SEZs), joint study groups (JSGs) etc., two posts each of Joint Secretaries and Directors were created in the Department during 2008-09.

title: Organ trade

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) has also played a prominent role in condemning the illegal organ trade. The WHO first declared organ trade illegal in 1987, stating that such a trade violates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It also condemns the practice on the grounds that it "is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and human trafficking.” In 1991, at the 44th World Health Assembly, it approved nine guiding principles for human organ transplant. The principles clearly stated that organs cannot be the subject of financial transactions. On May 22, 2004, these guidelines were slightly amended at the 57th World Health Assembly. They are intended for the use of governments worldwide. These global initiatives have served as a helpful resource for establishing medical professional codes and a legal framework for the issue, but have not provided the sanctions required for enforcement.

title: Organ trade

text: Legalization of human organ trading has been opposed by a variety of human rights groups. One such group is Organs Watch, which was established by Nancy Scheper-Hughes – a medical anthropologist who was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ-selling rings. Scheper-Hughes is famous for her investigations, which have led to several arrests due to people from developing countries being forced or fooled into organ donations. Like the World Health Organization, Organs Watch seeks to protect and benefit the poverty-stricken individuals who participate in the illegal organ trade out of necessity.

title: World Trade Organization

text: (Heads of the precursor organization, GATT):

title: World Fair Trade Organization

text: WFTO-Europe, formerly known as IFAT Europe (International Federation for Alternative Trade), is formed by 84 members, amongst them Fair Trade organizations, Fair Trade networks and support organizations. It represents the European chapter of the World Fair Trade Organization.

title: World Trade Organization

text: The above five listings are the additional functions of the World Trade Organization. As globalization proceeds in today's society, the necessity of an International Organization to manage the trading systems has been of vital importance. As the trade volume increases, issues such as protectionism, trade barriers, subsidies, violation of intellectual property arise due to the differences in the trading rules of every nation. The World Trade Organization serves as the mediator between the nations when such problems arise. WTO could be referred to as the product of globalization and also as one of the most important organizations in today's globalized society.

title: Commonwealth free trade

text: In response to the lack of progress achieved in the Doha round of trade liberalisation negotiations in the World Trade Organization, Commonwealth Heads of Government, at their 2005 Summit in Malta, endorsed the idea of pursuing trade agreements among Commonwealth member states.

text: The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is responsible for supervising the administrative functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Because World Trade Organizations' decisions are made by member states (through either a Ministerial Conference or through the General Council), the Director-General has little power over matters of policy - the role is primarily advisory and managerial. The Director-General supervises the WTO secretariat of about 700 staff and is appointed by WTO members for a term of four years.[1]

title: Foreign relations of Laos

text: Laos is also a member of the International Olympic Commission (IOC), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Mekong Group, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Pacific Alliance (as observer), Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), United Nations, United Nations Convention on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Universal Postal Union (UPU), World Federation of Trade Unions, World Health Organization (WHO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), World Tourism Organization, World Trade Organization (observer).

title: Agriculture in Taiwan

text: Agriculture-related affairs in Taiwan is handled by Council of Agriculture (COA), headed by Minister Chen Chih-ching, and its division Agriculture and Food Agency. Taiwan houses the headquarter of World Vegetable Center. Taiwan is also the member of world organizations related to agriculture, such as Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and World Trade Organization.

title: World Fair Trade Organization

text: The World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), is a global association of 401 organizations who are committed to improving the livelihoods of economically marginalised producers. WFTO has members in 76 countries. Members are primarily fair trade enterprises, whose business model is verified by independent audit and peer review. Verification is at enterprise level, which covers all aspects of the business and supply chain. WFTO verification should not be confused with commodity certification systems, such as Fairtrade certification, where only a component of the product is covered. The WFTO product label can only be used by verified fair trade enterprises, which consist of producer cooperatives and associations, export marketing companies, importers, retailers, national and regional fair trade networks and Fair Trade Support Organizations. WFTO is democratically run on a one member one vote basis. WFTO was created in 1989 and was formerly the International Federation of Alternative Traders ("IFAT").

title: Organ trade

text: Another argument against organ markets is that they will give rise to a pressure to sell organs which would harm all people (even those who did not participate directly in the market). Under the current ban on the organ trade, debtors and heads of families in the developed world face little pressure to sell their organs. If a person's creditors or dependents suggest that she sell her kidney to raise money, she could refuse on the grounds that it is illegal. In contrast, if organ sales were legalized, a destitute individual could face pressure from family and creditors to sell a kidney – and possibly endure social consequences such as scorn or guilt if she declined. Legalizing organ sales would create this unwanted pressure (and attendant disapproval) for all poor individuals, regardless of whether or not they wished to sell their kidneys. Thus a legal prohibition on selling organs is warranted to protect poor people from this undesirable pressure.

title: Joakim Reiter

text: In addition to heading the Department for International Trade Policy with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden, he held the positions of Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Sweden to the World Trade Organization and senior-level positions with the Swedish National Board of Trade.

title: World Trade Organization

text: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world.

title: Black market

text: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. The WHO justifies these actions by stating, "Payment for ... organs is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and human trafficking." Despite these ordinances, it was estimated that 5% of all organ recipients engaged in commercial organ transplant in 2005. Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by Global Financial Integrity estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $600 million and $1.2 billion per year with a span over many countries.

title: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003

text: Trade ministers from 146 members of the World Trade Organization, representing 93 percent of global Commerce, convened in Cancun, Mexico, in September 2003. The goal of this meeting was to set a direction for nations among the World Trade Organization to come to agreements and negotiations about agriculture, non agricultural market access, services, and special treatment for developing countries. The negotiations were supposed to be reached by January 1, 2005. Although the agreements had a set date to come to terms, the Cancun Ministerial Conference ended up failing in their mission and did not come to any firm decisions to fix the problem. They failed to make global trade negotiations concrete and founded at that time, so the next steps were uncertain. Although the intentions of this Organization were noble, they were unsuccessful but opportunity was sought after to learn from this failure. Within the committee, there exists a hierarchy within the World Trade Organization. It is made up of trade Administrators that come from all the different sectors of the WTO. The Fifth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, also known as the WTO Fifth Ministerial Conference and abbreviated as MC5, was held at the Cancún Centro de Convenciones, Cancún, Mexico from September 10 to September 14, 2003.

title: Organ trade

text: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. Despite ordinances against organ sales, this practice persists, with studies estimating that anywhere from 5% to 42% of transplanted organs are illicitly purchased. Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by Global Financial Integrity estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $600 million and $1.2 billion per year, with a span over many countries. These countries include, but are not limited to:Criminal networks increasingly engage in kidnappings, especially of children and teenagers, who are then taken to locations with medical equipment. There they are murdered and their organs harvested for the illegal organ trade. Poverty and loopholes in legislation also contribute to the illegal trade of organs.

title: Legatum Institute

text: The think tank has been widely characterised as influential in the Brexit debate. In July 2017, soon after the UK's EU referendum result, Legatum Institute formed the Special Trade Commission, headed by Shanker Singham (who backed remain in the run-up to the EU referendum) and included former New Zealand Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the World Trade Organization Crawford Falconer as a commissioner. This group provided reports looking at the UK's future trade negotiations. The Special Trade Commission's work was seen by some commentators as pushing for a "hard Brexit", a claim denied by the Institute, who said their role was to support the referendum result and took no public position in the lead-up to the EU referendum.

title: Moldova

text: Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.

title: History of the World Trade Organization

text: The World Trade Organization's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation – notably the Bretton Woods institutions known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A comparable international institution for trade, named the International Trade Organization was successfully negotiated. The ITO was to be a United Nations specialized agency and would address not only trade barriers but other issues indirectly related to trade, including employment, investment, restrictive business practices, and commodity agreements. But the ITO treaty was not approved by the U.S. and a few other signatories and never went into effect.[5][6][7]

title: History of the Republic of Singapore

text: A new foreign ministry was established and was headed by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam who helped to assert Singapore's independence and established diplomatic relations with other countries. The participation in international organizations also helped to boost trade through cooperation. Singapore later co-founded the ASEAN on 8 August 1967, joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970, and later the World Trade Organization.

title: Amina Mohamed

text: From 1990 to 1993, Mohamed acted as a Legal Advisor to Kenya's mission at the UN head office in Geneva, Switzerland. There, she worked alongside officials from the International Labour Organization, World Health Organization and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization. She took a brief sabbatical to pursue higher studies in the UK, before returning to diplomatic service in Geneva. In 1997, Mohamed began serving as Legal Advisor to the Kenyan delegation at the UN Security Council.

title: Cooperation for Fair Trade in Africa

text:
The history of fair trade started in the late 1940s in America, with the emergence of a number of organizations whose goal was to target corporations that symbolize the abuse of capitalism.
In 1946 the organization Ten Thousand Villages was created, and was the first official organization to support the idea of fair trade, and equal distribution of trade benefits.
The first formal World Fair Trade shops can also be traced back to America, where in 1958 outlets for needlework and small jewelry from Puerto Rico were sold at shop fronts.
The movement also saw growth in Europe, headed by Oxfam UK who sold craft good made by Chinese refugees in Oxfam shop front. Oxfam UK protested against the inequality existent within global capitalism, and established the first Fair Trade Organization in 1964.
The movement was gained further support after the 1968 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which was held in Delhi. The conference addressed the issues faced by developing countries on the international political floor, putting emphasis on the creation of equitable trade agreements.
In 1973 Fair Trade Original was responsible for expanding the field of fair trade goods, importing the first fairly traded coffee from Guatemala. After the success of the Guatemalan coffee in the UK, the fair trade range expanded to include tea, cocoa, sugar, wine, spices and rice.
By 2008, coffee accounted for 64% of Fair Trade certified products in the United States. In 2009, the market share of Fair Trade products in the UK was valued at £300 million.

title: Gravity model of trade

text:
The model was first introduced in economics world by Walter Isard in 1954. The basic model for trade between two countries ("i" and "j") takes the form of
In this formula G is the constant, F stands for trade flow, D stands for the distance and M stands for the economic dimensions of the countries that are being measured. The equation can be changed into a linear form for the purpose of econometric analyses by employing logarithms. The model has been used by economists to analyse the determinants of bilateral trade flows such as common borders, common languages, common legal systems, common currencies, common colonial legacies, and it has been used to test the effectiveness of trade agreements and organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) (Head and Mayer 2014). The model has also been used in international relations to evaluate the impact of treaties and alliances on trade (Head and Mayer).


query: What's the temperature water boils at?

title: Boiling point

text: The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at 100°C (212°F) at sea level, but at 93.4°C (200.1°F) at 1,905 metres (6,250ft) [3] altitude. For a given pressure, different liquids will boil at different temperatures.

title: Azeotrope

text: In general, a negative azeotrope boils at a higher temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Negative azeotropes are also called "maximum boiling mixtures" or "pressure minimum" azeotropes. An example of a negative azeotrope is hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 20.2% and 79.8% water (by mass). Hydrogen chloride boils at −84 °C and water at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 110 °C, which is higher than either of its constituents. The maximum temperature at which any hydrochloric acid solution can boil is 110 °C. Other examples:

title: Rice cooker

text: The bowl is filled with rice and water. During cooking, the rice/water mixture is heated at full power. The water reaches a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F); it cannot get hotter than its boiling point (all the energy goes into vapourizing the water). At the end of cooking there will be no free water left; most will have been absorbed by the rice, and some boiled off. As heating continues, the temperature can now rise above boiling point; this makes the thermostat trip. Some cookers switch to low-power "warming" mode, keeping the rice at a safe temperature of approximately 65 °C (150 °F); simpler models switch off.

title: Pressurized water reactor

text: Pressure in the primary circuit is maintained by a pressurizer, a separate vessel that is connected to the primary circuit and partially filled with water which is heated to the saturation temperature (boiling point) for the desired pressure by submerged electrical heaters. To achieve a pressure of , the pressurizer temperature is maintained at 345 °C (653 °F), which gives a subcooling margin (the difference between the pressurizer temperature and the highest temperature in the reactor core) of 30 °C (54 °F). As 345 °C is the boiling point of water at 155 bar, the liquid water is at the edge of a phase change. Thermal transients in the reactor coolant system result in large swings in pressurizer liquid/steam volume, and total pressurizer volume is designed around absorbing these transients without uncovering the heaters or emptying the pressurizer. Pressure transients in the primary coolant system manifest as temperature transients in the pressurizer and are controlled through the use of automatic heaters and water spray, which raise and lower pressurizer temperature, respectively.

title: Hopper cooling

text: The heat needed to boil water is thus equivalent to a 540 °C rise in temperature, or about 7 times that needed to raise the temperature of the water from ambient to boiling.

title: Boiling

text: Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. There are two main types of boiling: nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapour form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapor forms on the surface. Transition boiling is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types. The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F but is lower with the decreased atmospheric pressure found at higher altitudes.

title: Nuclear reactor heat removal

text:
In boiling water cooled reactors (BWR) and partly in pressure water cooled reactors (PWR and PHWR) the heat transfer is made with a vapor phase in the cooling medium, which is why this type of heat transfer is called heat transfer in a biphasic system. This allows obtaining much higher transfer coefficients than the one-phase heat transfer described in the Dittus-Boelter equation.
Increasing the flow of heat, reducing the agent flow and lowering the pressure can lead to increased temperature of the cooled surface. If the temperature of the fluid in the channel section that we consider is lower than the boiling temperature under local pressure conditions, the vaporization is limited to the immediate vicinity of the surface and in this case the boiling is called submerged boiling. There is no proportionality between the heat flow and the difference between the surface temperature and the coolant temperature that allows the definition of a heat transfer coefficient similar to the one-phase case. In this situation we can use the equation of Jens and Lottes, which establishes a connection between the difference formula_47 between the surface temperature and the boiling temperature of the cooling agent under local pressure conditions formula_48 below the thermal flux formula_20:

title: Brewing

text: While boiling, it is useful to recover some of the energy used to boil the wort. On its way out of the brewery, the steam created during the boil is passed over a coil through which unheated water flows. By adjusting the rate of flow, the output temperature of the water can be controlled. This is also often done using a plate heat exchanger. The water is then stored for later use in the next mash, in equipment cleaning, or wherever necessary. Another common method of energy recovery takes place during the wort cooling. When cold water is used to cool the wort in a heat exchanger, the water is significantly warmed. In an efficient brewery, cold water is passed through the heat exchanger at a rate set to maximize the water's temperature upon exiting. This now-hot water is then stored in a hot water tank.

title: Multi-stage flash distillation

text:
When the plant is operating in steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows, or is pumped, through the heat exchangers in the stages and warms up. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added. After the heater, the water flows through valves back into the stages that have ever lower pressure and temperature. As it flows back through the stages the water is now called brine, to distinguish it from the inlet water. In each stage, as the brine enters, its temperature is above the boiling point at the pressure of the stage, and a small fraction of the brine water boils ("flashes") to steam thereby reducing the temperature until an equilibrium is reached. The resulting steam is a little hotter than the feed water in the heat exchanger. The steam cools and condenses against the heat exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier.
The total evaporation in all the stages is up to approximately 15% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. With increasing temperature there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 120 °C appears to be a maximum, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C.

title: Atmospheric pressure

text: Pure water boils at at earth's standard atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure around the water. Because of this, the boiling point of water is lower at lower pressure and higher at higher pressure. Cooking at high elevations, therefore, requires adjustments to recipes or pressure cooking. A rough approximation of elevation can be obtained by measuring the temperature at which water boils; in the mid-19th century, this method was used by explorers.

title: Hiking equipment

text: Water must be purified of harmful living organisms and chemicals. Some commercial filters can remove most organisms and some harmful chemicals, but they are not 100% effective. Distillation filters, purifies, and removes some harmful chemicals. Chemicals with a lower or about equal boiling point of water are not eliminated by distilling. Iodine or chlorine dioxide solutions or tablets can be used to purify water. It can be boil water in a fire-resistant pot or water bottle. Water can be boiled in some flammable materials like bark because the water absorbs the heat. Pasteurization takes place at temperatures lower than boiling point, but knowing the temperature of the water and calculating the duration of treatment can be difficult. This technique is useful when only non-durable containers are available. Sunlight can be used with a clear container. Filters made from heat-treated diatomaceous earth can also be used.

title: Water

text: Solutes such as salts and sugars found in water affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as air pressure, which is in turn affected by altitude. Water boils at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher elevations. One mole of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by , and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by ; similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers water's freezing point.

title: Vacuum cooling

text: The technology is based on the phenomenon that as the vapour pressure on a liquid reduces, its boiling point reduces. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure. When the pressure above a liquid is reduced, the vapour pressure needed to induce boiling is also reduced, and the boiling point of the liquid decreases. By reducing pressure we can even boil off water at lower temperatures. This rapid evaporation of moisture from the surface and within the products due to the low surrounding pressure, absorbs the necessary latent heat for phase change from the product itself. This latent heat required for evaporation is obtained mostly from the sensible heat of the product and as a consequence of this evaporation the temperature of the product falls and the product can be cooled down to its desired storage temperature.

title: Coddled egg

text: There are two methods of coddling eggs. The first is to cook the egg in its shell, by immersing it in near-boiling water. This can be done either in a pan where the water is kept below boiling point, or by pouring boiling water over the egg and letting it stand for 2 to 5 minutes, based on starting temperature of the eggs, number of eggs cooked at once and amount of boiling water used.

title: Desalination

text: Originally stemming from ocean thermal energy conversion research, low-temperature thermal desalination (LTTD) takes advantage of water boiling at low pressure, even at ambient temperature. The system uses pumps to create a low-pressure, low-temperature environment in which water boils at a temperature gradient of between two volumes of water. Cool ocean water is supplied from depths of up to . This water is pumped through coils to condense the water vapor. The resulting condensate is purified water. LTTD may take advantage of the temperature gradient available at power plants, where large quantities of warm wastewater are discharged from the plant, reducing the energy input needed to create a temperature gradient.

title: Boiling

text: The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C or 212 °F. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of the liquid. For this reason, high elevation cooking generally takes longer since boiling point is a function of atmospheric pressure. In Denver, Colorado, USA, which is at an elevation of about one mile, water boils at approximately 95 °C or 203 °F. Depending on the type of food and the elevation, the boiling water may not be hot enough to cook the food properly. Similarly, increasing the pressure as in a pressure cooker raises the temperature of the contents above the open air boiling point.

title: Water cooling

text: Water cooling also has a boiling point temperature of around 100 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Engines operating at higher temperatures may require a pressurized recycle loop to prevent overheating. Modern automotive cooling systems often operate at to raise the boiling-point of the recycling water coolant and reduce evaporative losses.

title: Vapor pressure

text: Like all liquids, water boils when its vapor pressure reaches its surrounding pressure. In nature, the atmospheric pressure is lower at higher elevations and water boils at a lower temperature. The boiling temperature of water for atmospheric pressures can be approximated by the Antoine equation:

title: Superheated water

text: Superheated water is liquid water under pressure at temperatures between the usual boiling point, and the critical temperature, . It is also known as "subcritical water" or "pressurized hot water." Superheated water is stable because of overpressure that raises the boiling point, or by heating it in a sealed vessel with a headspace, where the liquid water is in equilibrium with vapour at the saturated vapor pressure. This is distinct from the use of the term superheating to refer to water at atmospheric pressure above its normal boiling point, which has not boiled due to a lack of nucleation sites (sometimes experienced by heating liquids in a microwave).

title: Maple syrup

text: Open pan evaporation methods have been streamlined since colonial days, but remain basically unchanged. Sap must first be collected and boiled down to obtain pure syrup without chemical agents or preservatives. Maple syrup is made by boiling between 20 and 50 volumes of sap (depending on its concentration) over an open fire until 1 volume of syrup is obtained, usually at a temperature over the boiling point of water. As the boiling point of water varies with changes in air pressure the correct value for pure water is determined at the place where the syrup is being produced, each time evaporation is begun and periodically throughout the day. Syrup can be boiled entirely over one heat source or can be drawn off into smaller batches and boiled at a more controlled temperature.

title: Steam distillation

text: When a mixture of two practically immiscible liquids is heated while being agitated to expose the surface of each liquid to the vapor phase, each constituent independently exerts its own vapor pressure as a function of temperature as if the other constituent were not present. Consequently, the vapor pressure of the whole system increases. Boiling begins when the sum of the vapour pressures of the two immiscible liquids just exceeds the atmospheric pressure (approximately 101 kPa at sea level). In this way, many organic compounds insoluble in water can be purified at a temperature well below the point at which decomposition occurs. For example, the boiling point of bromobenzene is 156 °C and the boiling point of water is 100 °C, but a mixture of the two boils at 95 °C. Thus, bromobenzene can be easily distilled at a temperature 61 °C below its normal boiling point.

title: Pressure cooking

text: In an ordinary, non-pressurized cooking vessel, the boiling point of water is at standard pressure; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to vaporize into steam. In a sealed pressure cooker, the boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in superheated water. At a pressure of 1 bar or approximately above the existing atmospheric pressure, water in a pressure cooker will reach a temperature of . The boiling temperature of water (and water-based liquids) is determined by the ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure cookers always require liquid in order to cook food under pressure. Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the steam increases and pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature. The heat applied to the liquid by the heat source continues to create more steam pressure, and increases the temperature of the liquid. Both the liquid and steam are at the same temperature. Once the selected pressure level is reached, the pressure regulator on the lid releases any excess steam, and the heat can be lowered to maintain the pressure and save energy, since the pressure will increase no further.

title: Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad

text: Hot box is an energy efficient therrmocol box which keeps the temperature constant for hours, saving energy and fuel. It is ideal for rice cooking and for keeping normal food items hot. Rice is cooked in boiled water. The boiling point of water is and will not increase with further heating. When rice is cooked normally, the fire is maintained until it is cooked. If the water temperature can be maintained at without further heating, fuel is saved. This is what the Hot Box is designed to do. Rice is cooked in water until it has boild and the bowl is put in the Hotbox until it is fully cooked.

title: Microwave oven

text: Any form of cooking will destroy some nutrients in food, but the key variables are how much water is used in the cooking, how long the food is cooked, and at what temperature.[44] Nutrients are primarily lost by leaching into cooking water, which tends to make microwave cooking healthier, given the shorter cooking times it requires.[45] Like other heating methods, microwaving converts vitamin B12 from an active to inactive form; the amount of conversion depends on the temperature reached, as well as the cooking time. Boiled food reaches a maximum of 100°C (212°F) (the boiling point of water), whereas microwaved food can get locally hotter than this, leading to faster breakdown of vitamin B12. The higher rate of loss is partially offset by the shorter cooking times required.[46]

title: RBMK

text: The nominal temperature of the cooling water at the inlet of the reactor is about and the outlet temperature , at pressure in the drum separator of . The pressure and the inlet temperature determine the height at which the boiling begins in the reactor; if the coolant temperature is not sufficiently below its boiling point at the system pressure, the boiling starts at the very bottom part of the reactor instead of its higher parts. With few absorbers in the reactor core, such as during the Chernobyl accident, the positive void coefficient of the reactor makes the reactor very sensitive to the feedwater temperature. Bubbles of boiling water lead to increased power, which in turn increases the formation of bubbles. After 1986 absorbers were introduced in the fuel assembly, permanently assuring a negative void coefficient at the cost of higher enrichment requirements of the uranium fuel.

title: Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident

text: In a water-cooled power reactor (or in a water-filled spent fuel pool, SFP), if a power surge occurs as a result of a reactivity initiated accident, an understanding of the transfer of heat from the surface of the cladding to the water is very useful. In a French study, metal pipe immersed in water (both under typical PWR and SFP conditions), was electrically heated to simulate the generation of heat within a fuel pin by nuclear processes. The temperature of the pipe was monitored by thermocouples and for the tests conducted under PWR conditions the water entering the larger pipe (14.2 mm diameter) holding the test metal pipe (9.5 mm outside diameter and 600 mm long) was at 280 °C and 15 MPa. The water was flowing past the inner pipe at "circa" 4 ms and the cladding was subjected to heating at 2200 to 4900 °C s to simulate an RIA. It was found that as the temperature of the cladding increased the rate of heat transfer from the surface of the cladding increased at first as the water boiled at nucleation sites. When the heat flux is greater than the critical heat flux a boiling crisis occurs. This occurs as the temperature of the fuel cladding surface increases so that the surface of the metal was too hot (surface dries out) for nucleation boiling. When the surface dries out the rate of heat transfer decreases, after a further increase in the temperature of the metal surface the boiling resumes but it is now film boiling.

title: Azeotrope

text:
A well-known example of a positive azeotrope is 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by mass) boils at 78.2 °C.
Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C, water boils at 100 °C, but the azeotrope boils at 78.2 °C, which is lower than either of its constituents. Indeed, 78.2 °C is the minimum temperature at which any ethanol/water solution can boil at atmospheric pressure. In general, a positive azeotrope boils at a lower temperature than any other ratio of its constituents. Positive azeotropes are also called "minimum boiling mixtures" or "pressure maximum" azeotropes.

title: Nucleate boiling

text: Nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (T) by between to . The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling.

title: Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion

text: There are three characteristics of liquids which are relevant to the discussion of a BLEVE:Typically, a BLEVE starts with a container of liquid which is held above its normal, atmospheric-pressure boiling temperature. Many substances normally stored as liquids, such as CO, propane, and other similar industrial gases have boiling temperatures, at atmospheric pressure, far below room temperature. In the case of water, a BLEVE could occur if a pressurized chamber of water is heated far beyond the standard . That container, because the boiling water pressurizes it, is capable of holding "liquid" water at very high temperatures.

title: Leidenfrost effect

text: The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer keeping that liquid from boiling rapidly. Because of this 'repulsive force', a droplet hovers over the surface rather than making physical contact with it. This is most commonly seen when cooking: one sprinkles drops of water in a pan to gauge its temperature: if the pan's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, the water skitters across the pan and takes longer to evaporate than in a pan with a temperature below the Leidenfrost point but still above boiling. It is named after Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, who discussed it in "A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water" in 1751.

title: Hopper cooling

text: Although hopper cooling is inefficient, in terms of the amount of heat removed for the size of the water jacket, it does maintain the cylinder temperature at a low temperature. Provided that the hopper does not boil dry, the temperature cannot exceed the 100ºC atmospheric boiling point of water. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage: it maintains a low operating temperature, helping to preserve the fragile piston rings and exhaust valves of these early engines. However it also limits efficiency of operation, as the engine cannot run at a higher and more efficient operating temperature.


query: When was the Turkish Gendarmerie founded?

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: Since the term Gendarmerie was noticed only in the Assignment Decrees published in the years following the declaration of Tanzimat in 1839, it is assumed that the Gendarmerie organization was founded after that year, but the exact date of foundation has not yet been determined. Therefore, taking the June 14 of "June 14, 1869", on which Asâkir-i Zaptiye Nizâmnâmesi was adopted, June 14, 1839 was accepted as the foundation date of the Turkish Gendarmerie.[4]

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: The Gendarmerie General Command (Turkish: Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı) is a service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas), as well as assuring internal security and general border control along with carrying out other specific duties assigned to it by certain laws and regulations. The Gendarmerie is essentially a governmental armed security and law enforcement force of military nature.

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: As a part of the Turkish Armed Forces, the General Command of the Gendarmerie is subordinate to the Turkish General Staff in matters relating to training and education in connection with the Armed Forces, and to the Ministry of the Interior in matters relating to the performance of the safety and public order duties. The Commander of the Gendarmerie reports to the Minister of the Interior.

title: France

text: When acting as general purpose police force, the Gendarmerie encompasses the counter terrorist units of the Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National Gendarmerie ("Escadron Parachutiste d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale"), the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group ("Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale"), the Search Sections of the National Gendarmerie ("Sections de Recherche de la Gendarmerie Nationale"), responsible for criminal enquiries, and the Mobile Brigades of the National Gendarmerie ("Brigades mobiles de la Gendarmerie Nationale", or in short "Gendarmerie mobile") which have the task to maintain public order.

title: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

text:
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program recorded 25,825–30,639 casualties to date, 22,729–25,984 of which having died during the first insurgency, 368–467 during the cease-fire and 2,728–4,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from 1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:
The conflict's casualties between 1984 and March 2009 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Gendarmerie, General Directorate of Security and since then until June 2010 according to Milliyet's analysis of the data of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following:
The Belgium-based Crisis Group keeps track of casualties linked to the Kuridsh–Turkish conflict. This data is limited to proper Turkey, and does not include casualties from preemptive operations in Syria or Iraq.

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: After 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, Ottoman prime minister Mehmed Said Pasha decided to bring some officers from Britain and France to establish a modern law enforcement organization. After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Gendarmerie achieved great successes, particularly in Rumelia. In 1909, the Gendarmerie was affiliated with the Ministry of War, and its name was changed to the Gendarmerie General Command (Ottoman Turkish: Umûm Jandarma Kumandanlığı).

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: In 2017, around 310 civilians, including 90 children and women, have been killed by the Turkish gendarmerie at the Syrian-Turkish border since the beginning of the Syrian civil war.[5]

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: The Turkish Gendarmerie comprises the following commands:[6]

title: List of General Commanders of the Turkish Gendarmerie

text: This list includes General Commanders of the Turkish Gendarmerie (), who were, in their time of service, nominal heads of the Turkish Gendarmerie.

title: Levent Ersöz

text: Levent Ersöz (born 19 April 1954) is a former Turkish general in the Turkish Gendarmerie, who was head of the Gendarmerie's JITEM intelligence department. He was considered a key defendant in the Ergenekon trials, and on 5 August 2013 was sentenced to 22 years and six months. A trial charging Ersöz with the death of Turkish President Turgut Özal in 1993 began in September 2013.

title: Ottoman Army (1861–1922)

text: The Turkish Gendarmerie was a unit which was employed on police duties (police duties among civilian populations). Gendarmerie was a paramilitary unit because it was not included as part of a state's formal armed forces. It was established in 1903. Organized under infantry gendarmerie and the cavalry gendarmerie. These were small units. The largest unit was the regiment. They were distributed across the administrative units under Valis. The number changed with the security needs.

title: Ottoman Gendarmerie

text: After 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, Ottoman prime minister Mehmed Said Pasha decided to bring some officers from Britain and France to establish a modern law enforcement organization. After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Gendarmerie achieved great successes, particularly in Rumelia. In 1909, the Gendarmerie was affiliated with the Ministry of War, and its name was changed to the Gendarmerie General Command ().

title: Hulusi Sayın

text: Hulusi Sayın (Elazığ, 28 April 1926 – Ankara, 30 January 1991) was a general in the Turkish Gendarmerie, and may have been involved with the Gendarmerie's JITEM intelligence unit. He retired in 1989 and become an adviser to the Prime Minister's office. He was assassinated outside his home in January 1991; the assassination was claimed by left group Dev Sol. At the time of his death Sayın was known to be advocating a peaceful solution to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.

title: Ottoman Gendarmerie

text: Since the term Gendarmerie was noticed only in the Assignment Decrees published in the years following the declaration of Tanzimat in 1839, it is assumed that the Gendarmerie organization was founded after that year, but the exact date of foundation has not yet been determined. Therefore, taking the June 14 of "June 14, 1869", on which "Asâkir-i Zaptiye Nizâmnâmesi" was adopted, June 14, 1839 was accepted as the foundation date of the Turkish Gendarmerie.

title: Arif Doğan

text: Arif Doğan (born Kırıkhan, Hatay Province, 1945 – 17 October 2014) was a commander in the Turkish Gendarmerie, and said to be one of the founders of the Gendarmerie's JITEM intelligence unit. He was a defendant in the Ergenekon trials, and in August 2013 was sentenced to 47 years in prison. He has stated in court that he founded JITEM in the late 1980s on the orders of Gendarmerie Commander Gen. Burhanettin Bigalı, with the approval of the Chief of Staff (Necip Torumtay) and of the Interior Ministry, and transferred control to Veli Küçük in 1990. He had previously claimed to have founded JITEM on his own initiative, and to have "frozen" it in 1990.

title: Gendarmerie

text: Some of the more prominent modern gendarmerie organizations include the French National Gendarmerie, Italian Carabinieri, Spanish Civil Guard, Portuguese National Republican Guard and the Turkish Gendarmerie.

title: Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy

text: The Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy () is an academy for the training of personnel of the Turkish Gendarmerie and the Turkish Coast Guard located in Ankara, Turkey.

title: Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor

text: During peacetime, it is bestowed upon the Commanders of the Turkish Army, the Turkish Navy, the Turkish Air Force and the Turkish Gendarmerie who have successfully completed at least a year in their posts.

title: Turkish Armed Forces

text: The Gendarmerie General Command, or Turkish Gendarmerie, is responsible for maintaining law and order in rural areas which do not fall under the jurisdiction of regular police forces. The Gendarmerie has around 200,000 active personnel. The Jandarma Özel Harekat (Gendarmerie Special Operations Command) units of the Turkish Gendarmerie are trained for riot control, urban warfare and counter-terrorism warfare. The Turkish Coast Guard is responsible for maintaining law and order in the Turkish territorial waters. It has around 2,200 active personnel. It is responsible to the Interior Ministry during peacetime. In peacetime, the Grendarmerie and the Coast Guard fall under the control of the Ministry of the Interior, not the Turkish Armed Forces.

title: Şemdinli incident

text: The Şemdinli incident occurred on 9 November 2005 when a bookshop in Şemdinli, Hakkari Province, Turkey was attacked with grenades. One person died and several were injured in the attack on the Umut bookshop. The attack was carried out by Turkish Gendarmerie personnel, who were caught in the act by local residents. The men are said to have worked for the Gendarmerie's JITEM intelligence unit. Two hand grenades were thrown, and a further two retrieved from the car of Kaya and İldeniz, which was registered to the local Gendarmerie. In 2010 grenades with the same serial number were found in a house in Erzincan as part of the Ergenekon investigation. The incident has been compared with the Susurluk scandal for the light it casts on the Turkish "deep state".

title: İsmail Selen

text: İsmail Selen (1931, Bolu - 23 May 1991, Ankara) was a retired general in the Turkish Gendarmerie. He was assassinated in 1991. DHKP/C member Necmi Suma was sentenced to 12 years for his murder. In 2011 Col. Arif Doğan claimed that the Turkish Gendarmerie's Cem Ersever had ordered Selen's assassination.

title: Coast guard

text: The Turkish Coast Guard of the Republic of Turkey () is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces and was initially founded in 1859. During peacetime, it is under the command of the Ministry of Interior. However, during war or emergency time, it falls under the command of the Turkish Navy. On July 13, 1982, it was assigned to the Turkish Gendarmerie becoming both a military and a law enforcement service. Finally, the organization obtained its current form on January 1, 1985.

title: Ottoman Army (1861–1922)

text: From historical perspective, there was a Gendarmerie performing the same functions before 1903. Since the term Gendarmerie was noticed only in the Assignment Decrees published in the years following the Edict of Gülhane in 1839, it is assumed that the Gendarmerie organization was founded after that year, but the exact date of 'unit foundation' is not that date. Historically, there is also a manual,"Asâkir-i Zaptiye Nizâmnâmesi," which was adopted in June 14 of 1869, which is accepted as the organizational foundation. After the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, Ottoman grand vizier Mehmed Said Pasha decided to establish a modern law enforcement organization, and a military mission (military missions section) is formed for this task. After the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Gendarmerie achieved great successes, particularly in Rumelia.

title: Gendarmerie (Romania)

text: The Romanian Gendarmerie is a full member of the Association of the European and Mediterranean Police Forces and Gendarmeries with Military Status (FIEP), along with the National Gendarmerie, the Italian Carabinieri, the Spanish Guardia Civil, the Portuguese Guarda Nacional Republicana, the Turkish Gendarmerie, the Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie and the Dutch Royal Marechaussee.

title: Şemdinli incident

text: Locals pursued the attacker from the scene to a car parked nearby, where two others were waiting. Police intervened to protect the three from the crowd, and detained them. The three turned out to be Turkish Gendarmerie personnel. Local TV showed the locals searching the car and "brandishing weapons and documents they had found in the trunk of the car. These included identity cards indicating that Kaya and Ildeniz were gendarmerie intelligence officers, an apparent death list of alleged PKK sympathizers and diagrams of the home and workplace of the bookshop’s owner, whose name was also on the death list." Two grenades were retrieved from the car, which was registered to the local Gendarmerie. Other items retrieved from the car included rifles, official documents, and "a list with the bombed bookstore marked with a red cross."

title: Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization

text: Jandarma İstihbarat ve Terörle Mücadele or Jandarma İstihbarat Teşkilatı (abbr. JİTEM or JİT; English: "Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism" or "Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization") is the controversial wing and intelligence agency of the Turkish Gendarmerie. JİTEM was active in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[1] After the Susurluk scandal, former prime ministers Bülent Ecevit[2] and Mesut Yılmaz[3] have confirmed the existence of JİTEM.

title: Işık Koşaner

text: On 4 August 2006, General Koşaner was appointed as the Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie. He was followed by General Avni Atila Işık as the Gendarmerie commander, when he took over the command of Turkish Army on 30 August 2008. On 8 August 2010, General Koşaner was appointed as the Chief of the General Staff and took up the position on 30 August 2010.

title: Ottoman Gendarmerie

text: Gendarmerie units both sustained their internal security duties and took part in the national defence at various fronts as a part of the Armed Forces during the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.

title: Defense of Van (1915)

text: As early as 5 November 1914, a major attack by the Russians on the 3rd Army's defensive lines in the Van Province was under way. This offensive complicated Turkish perceptions of Armenian intentions. The Russians began larger operations toward Saray and Van by 19 November. In November, the Turkish Gendarmerie units of the provincial security apparatus of the Governors changed hands, reverting to Turkish military command. This change included the units commanded by the governor of Van. The Van Gendarmerie and Van reserve cavalry divisions were assigned to the Third Army. The Van Gendarmerie Division was placed under the command of Major Ferid, while Governor Djevdet kept only a small contingent.

title: Gendarmerie General Command

text: In 1974, Gendarmerie Commando Units and Gendarmerie Aviation Units took part in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.


query: How many installments does Gran Turismo currently have?

title: Gran Turismo 4

text: Gran Turismo is a PlayStation Portable game developed by Polyphony Digital. The game was announced at the E3 Sony press conference on May 11, 2004, the same conference where Sony announced the PlayStation Portable. It has since been delayed repeatedly and its completion has been pushed back. At E3 2009, Gran Turismo PSP was finally confirmed for an October 1, 2009 date, and was launch title for the PSP Go.[16] The game was intended to be an exact port of Gran Turismo 4, although it could include cars from Gran Turismo 5 Prologue and cars to be featured in Gran Turismo 5.[17]

title: Vision Gran Turismo

text: On 4 April 2018, Audi Sport GmbH teased their Vision Gran Turismo car under the YouTube channel of "Gran Turismo". The car was revealed four days later in fully functioning form, and in the "Gran Turismo Sport" game, as the "Audi e-tron Vision Gran Turismo". Another Audi was revealed along with the e-tron, but instead scraps the "e-tron" moniker and uses a 3.4-liter turbocharged V6, making it a hybrid. This car was simply named the "Audi Vision Gran Turismo".

title: Gran Turismo 5

text: The game was first revealed at E3 2005 under the name "Vision Gran Turismo". This was not "GT5" as we know it today but simply "Gran Turismo 4" (for the PlayStation 2) with more cars on track and PC-rendered footage. The PlayStation 3 would not be released until November 11, 2006 and with no Gran Turismo game in the console's launch line-up. Various bits of information and news was revealed about the game from then on but it was not for another three years that the public got a chance to have a proper look at "GT5".

title: Gran Turismo (2009 video game)

text: As part of its promotion of the game, Sony had a crane built at GamesCom in Cologne, Germany that would hang the journalists 15 meters above the ground to try out the game. Sony Canada has also been known to advertise the game on various billboards in the Toronto, Ontario region. Sony also ran a TV commercial campaign, with one advertisement shot at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. It featured a real Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 competing against a person playing "Gran Turismo" in the passenger seat. The real Corvette was driven by Rhys Millen while Tanner Foust drove the same car in the game. "Gran Turismo" is available as both a Universal Media Disc (UMD) at retail and as a digital download from the PlayStation Store. Users are able to install part of "Gran Turismo" on their memory stick. The install takes about 1GB of space. The UMD still needs to be in the PSP's UMD drive to run the game. The loading times of the game are drastically reduced after installing.

title: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue

text: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue (グランツーリスモ5 プロローグ, "Guran Tsūrisumo 5 Purorōgu") is a racing video game developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue" is a precursor and sampling of "Gran Turismo 5", and replaced "Gran Turismo HD Concept". The "Prologue" suffix is a self-reference to "Gran Turismo 4 Prologue" which was released one year before the full version of "Gran Turismo 4".

title: Gran Turismo (2009 video game)

text: Originally titled "Gran Turismo 4 Mobile", the game was initially to have a release date sometime in April 2005 — however, it was notably absent from the 2004 Tokyo Game Show and then from E3 2005, a year after it was first announced. At the end of 2005, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that the game would be pushed back to sometime in 2006. Despite no news for most of 2006, Kazunori Yamauchi assured audiences that "Gran Turismo" for the PSP was still in development and on its way. Development was slowed to focus priorities on "Gran Turismo 4" on the PlayStation 2 and "Gran Turismo 5" on the PlayStation 3. Polyphony president Kazunori Yamauchi wanted the game to be a "fully specced" title, not merely "a subset to the series". Yamauchi also cited difficulty in designing the game for the PSP Go. As the Go features a relocated analog nub, the developers had to make adjustments to ensure the experience felt the same as with a standard PSP. Polyphony Digital's busy schedule with releases of "Gran Turismo 4", "Tourist Trophy", "Gran Turismo HD", and "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue" also slowed "Gran Turismo"'s development. The company also refused to outsource the game to another developer, describing that move as "unthinkable." Several other titles were considered, including "Gran Turismo 4 Mobile", "Gran Turismo 5 Portable", and "Gran Turismo Portable". The title "Gran Turismo Spyder" was also considered, but was dropped as the developers felt that both it and the "Gran Turismo 4 Mobile" title did not represent a "fully-specced Gran Turismo."

title: Gran Turismo 5

text: "Gran Turismo 5's" marketing campaign started on November 18, 2010 with a TV commercial featuring the fictional marketing character Kevin Butler as part of Sony Computer Entertainment's "It Only Does Everything" advertising campaign for their video game products in North America. The commercial depicts Butler as the 'VP of Add More Awesome' explaining how he made Gran Turismo 5 "more awesome" by adding more features that were previously thought impossible.

title: Audi e-tron Vision Gran Turismo

text: The Audi e-tron Vision Gran Turismo is available for virtual driving in the Polyphony Digital racing game, "Gran Turismo Sport". Two versions exist in the game, with one of them (which does not exist in the real world) scrapping the "e-tron" moniker and opting for a 3.4-liter turbocharged V6 engine with hybrid assistance from a single electric motor.

title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: In acknowledgment of the Mount Panorama Circuit’s inclusion in Gran Turismo 6, the City of Bathurst in Australia unveiled a new street called ‘Gran Turismo Drive’ in December 2013. Mayor of Bathurst, Cr Gary Rush said “Driving a lap of our world famous motor racing circuit is a life changing experience for those who have the chance, and the Bathurst Regional Council is very excited about opening up the Mount Panorama experience through the launch of "Gran Turismo 6".”

title: Music of the Gran Turismo series

text: The volume on the Gran Turismo 4: Prologue disc if extracted contains the complete set of Gran Turismo 3 and Gran Turismo Concept music tracks, albeit PAL music scores. The Gran Turismo 4 trailer that screened at E3 in 2004 featured two tracks, What To Believe and Break Down by Daiki Kasho.

title: Vision Gran Turismo

text: The next month had the unveiling of two Vision Gran Turismo cars that were both made available on 25 July 2014, and are from two separate brands, the "Nissan CONCEPT 2020 Vision Gran Turismo" from Nissan, and the "Aston Martin DP100 Vision Gran Turismo" from Aston Martin. The cars are the seventh and eighth cars to feature in the program, respectively. Both cars have swooping aerodynamic profiles and are heavily inspired by design elements from the brands' past vehicles.

title: Gran Turismo 2

text: After the unexpected success of "Gran Turismo", lead developer Kazunori Yamauchi planned to make "Gran Turismo 2" "an even better product". SCEA's marketing director (Ami Blaire) had high hopes, stating "the overwhelming and continuing popularity of "Gran Turismo" clearly positions "Gran Turismo 2" to be one of the hottest titles available for the holidays and beyond". Jack Tretton (sales vice president of SCEA) had similar enthusiasm, expecting "Gran Turismo 2" to "fly off the shelves faster than the original, continuing the momentum of this incredible franchise".

title: Music of the Gran Turismo series

text: "Gran Turismo" featured two different opening songs. For the American and PAL versions is a Gran Turismo remix of the Manic Street Preachers song Everything Must Go. The opening music for the Japanese version is "Moon Over The Castle", composed by Masahiro Andoh of the band named T-Square ; this music is used for the opening movie in the Japanese version of every "Gran Turismo" primary game to date (as well as the Asian version of Gran Turismo 4). The North American and PAL versions of the game featured a soundtrack composed of instrumentals and famous bands, whereas the Japanese version used the "Gran Turismo Original Soundtrack", a completely original score.

title: Majorette (toy manufacturer)

text: Recently, Majorette has been manufacturing some cars from the Vision Gran Turismo Lineup from the game series Gran Turismo. The cars include Mercedes-Benz AMG Vision Gran Turismo, Nissan Concept 2020 Vision Gran Turismo, Alpine Vision Gran Turismo, Infiniti Concept Vision Gran Turismo, Mitsubishi XR-PHEV Vision Gran Turismo and Peugeot Vision Gran Turismo.

title: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue

text: "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue" is the first mass-produced Gran Turismo game to feature online multiplayer. Up to 16 players can play online at once in GT5 Prologue. Since "Gran Turismo 5's" development cycle is so long, GT5 Prologue's servers are no longer available after two years of being online and the gaming only serving as a prologue. "Gran Turismo 4" for the PlayStation 2 was intended to be an online game but this feature was pulled prior to the game's release to avoid further delays; a beta of "GT4" online was even released. "Gran Turismo HD Concept" also featured an online feature but only on a Time Trial basis.

title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: In an interview with Japanese magazine "Famitsu" (and translated by "Polygon"), series creator Kazunori Yamauchi mentioned that ""Gran Turismo Sport" would be coming to the PlayStation 4 console, possibly "in a year or two [from 2013]". He also mentioned that it will be based on the same physics engine that "Gran Turismo 6" uses. In an interview with "GamesTM" magazine, Kazunori Yamauchi mentioned a release for "Gran Turismo Sport" sometime in 2016/2017. He also spoke about how much more powerful the game will be on PlayStation 4 and how much easier it is to develop on the console versus "Gran Turismo 6" on the PlayStation 3. "Gran Turismo Sport" was later announced at Paris Games Week. Sony originally claimed that "Sport" is a separate entry, but Yamauchi later confirmed that it is a main entry in the series.

title: Gran Turismo HD Concept

text: Gran Turismo HD Concept (グランツーリスモHDコンセプト "Guran Tsūrisumo HD Konseputo") is the first installment of the "Gran Turismo" racing series to be released on the PlayStation 3. It was made available as a free download which was released on the PlayStation Store on December 24, 2006. A Blu-ray Disc version, called "Install Disc", was released in Japan in limited quantities in September 2007. This game is intended to be a sneak preview, in the likes of "Gran Turismo Concept", preceding the release of a full version title, but the "Gran Turismo HD" project was canceled and replaced by "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue".

title: Gran Turismo Sport

text: Similar to its predecessors, "Gran Turismo Sport" is a racing game and includes two game modes: "Sports Mode" and "Arcade Mode". Online racing is also featured in the game. The game has been described as different from the "Prologue" titles seen in the past in the series and features more content. Unlike "Gran Turismo 5" and "Gran Turismo 6", the game does not feature dynamic weather system and day-night cycle. However, players still have the option to modify the race's time of day before entering the race. It includes 177 cars and 27 configurations of 19 locations to race on. For the first time in the series, the game features Porsche vehicles included in the game after Electronic Arts' licensing rights to the Porsche brand had expired (previous "Gran Turismo" games only included Ruf as a substitute).

title: Gran Turismo 6

text:
On November 19, 2014, Update 1.14 was released, featuring a special safety car based on the BMW M4 and an update to Suzuka Circuit to its current specifications. The update was done for the circuit as seen before the update had been scanned before renovations made between 2007 and 2009. This update also added support for the MoTeC i2 Professional Data Analysis Software.
On February 27, 2015, Update 1.16 was released, marking the return of the popular original track: Mid-Field Raceway (it was the second-most requested track to return to the series since it did not appear in GT5). The track has undergone a lot of major changes in favor of high definition, though many of the track sectors remain unchanged from Gran Turismo 4. The update also added body paint compatibility for the Chevrolet Chaparral 2X Vision Gran Turismo and the Mazda LM55 Vision Gran Turismo.

title: Tsukuba Circuit

text: The track has appeared in numerous video games, including "iRacing", "Forza Motorsport", "2", "3", and "4", "Gran Turismo 4", "Gran Turismo PSP", "Gran Turismo 5", "6", and "Sport", "Tourist Trophy", "Enthusia Professional Racing", "rFactor", Assoluto Racing, and "D1 Grand Prix". The track is commonly used for tuner events and has appeared in the final installment of the Shuto Kousoku Trial series, "SKT Max". The circuit has also gained popularity because of its heavy use by Best Motoring to test and race a variety of vehicles.

title: Gran Turismo official steering wheel

text: The G29 Driving Force Racing Wheel is based upon the G27 and the Driving Force GT and it is compatible with the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PC. It was released in 2015 to replace the G27. Like the G27, it is also not an official Gran Turismo steering wheel. However it is supported in Gran Turismo's latest installment, Gran Turismo Sport.

title: Gran Turismo 4

text: By March 2016, Gran Turismo 4 had shipped 1.27 million copies in Japan, 3.47 million in North America, 6.83 million in Europe, and 180,000 in Asia for a total of 11.76 million copies.[1] It is the second highest-selling game in the Gran Turismo franchise ahead of Gran Turismo but behind Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec respectively.

title: Kingdome

text: Playstation's Gran Turismo Racing series featured the Kingdome in the Seattle Circuit race track, a street circuit based on the roads of Seattle. Seattle Circuit is featured in Gran Turismo 2, Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, Gran Turismo 4,Tourist Trophy and Gran Turismo PSP.

title: Gran Turismo 6

text: The official release of both Vision Gran Turismo cars has yet to be announced. As of 2016, however, Vision GT cars have been ceased from future releases for Gran Turismo 6, owing to the upcoming cessation of support for PlayStation 3.

title: Gran Turismo HD Concept

text: In November 2006, shortly before the release of "Gran Turismo HD Concept" v2.0, Polyphony Digital director Kazunori Yamauchi officially announced a ""revision"" in the ""product strategy"": ""Gran Turismo 5 will be given priority"". Polyphony Digital chose to abandon the planned full version named "Gran Turismo HD," which was previously announced as Vision Gran Turismo at the E3 2005 and was first displayed during the Tokyo Game Show 2006 and was scheduled for a 2007 worldwide release to focus on developing "Gran Turismo 5" instead. Kazunori Yamauchi stated ""Gran Turismo 5 will adopt most of the planned features of Gran Turismo HD"", this is confirmed by the two "Gran Turismo x Skyline" trailers based on "Gran Turismo 4" replay footages and early "Gran Turismo HD Concept" artworks or replay footages and including the line ""Passage to Gran Turismo 5"". ""We are hoping to present [...] several Concept versions, each loaded with various experimental features"" Kazunori Yamauchi added.

title: Honda Beat

text: The car is also featured in Gran Turismo 2 (Mugen tuned), Sega GT, Gran Turismo PSP, Gran Turismo 4, Gran Turismo 5, Gran Turismo 6, and alongside many of its kei sports car contemporaries in for the Super Famicom.

title: Gran Turismo 5

text:
As of March 2013, "Gran Turismo 5" sold over 10 million units. For 13 days, 423,000 copies of the game were sold per day. "Gran Turismo 5" was the best-selling video game for the PlayStation 3 until 2013 when it was beaten by Grand Theft Auto V. The Gran Turismo series as a whole has now totalled more than 65 million units sold so far worldwide and remains the highest-selling PlayStation-exclusive franchise of all time. According to Polyphony Digital, "Gran Turismo 5" shifted 6.37 million units between its launch in November and the end of 2010. As of September 2012,Sony Shipped 9.19 million units of Gran Turismo 5.
Despite a late release in 2010, "Gran Turismo 5" managed to become the 7th best selling PlayStation 3 title in the US, making the game the 2nd best selling exclusive of the year. "Gran Turismo 5" also became the best selling PlayStation 3 exclusive in Europe, including UK.

title: Gran Turismo (series)

text: The sixth annual Gran Turismo Awards was held at the SEMA show in Las Vegas, Nevada. The exhibitors were given a chance to have their car featured in a future version of Gran Turismo as a drivable vehicle, with Gran Turismo creator and series producer Kazunori Yamauchi judging the five finalists to award the "Best in Show" prize.

title: Gran Turismo 4

text: Gran Turismo 4(グランツーリスモ4,Guran Tsūrisumo Fō, commonly abbreviated GT4) is a 2004 racing video game, and the fourth installment in the Gran Turismo series and released for the Sony PlayStation 2. It was developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Computer Entertainment and was released on December 28, 2004 in Japan and Hong Kong (NTSC-J), February 22, 2005 in North America (NTSC-U/C), and March 9, 2005 in Europe (PAL), and has since been re-issued under Sony's 'Greatest Hits' line. Gran Turismo 4 is one of only four titles for the PlayStation 2 that is capable of 1080i output, for another release being Tourist Trophy which was also developed by Polyphony, and based heavily on the physics engine of GT4.

title: Music of the Gran Turismo series

text: All versions of Gran Turismo 4 contain this track list, some of the tracks have formed the basis for many spin off albums, such as Gran Turismo 4 Kicks and the GT4 OST.


query: What is the tallest mountain in South America?

title: Aconcagua

text: Aconcagua (Spanish pronunciation:[akoŋˈkaɣwa]), with a summit elevation of 6,960.8 metres (22,837ft), is the highest mountain in both the Southern and Western Hemispheres.[1] It is located in the Andes mountain range, in the Mendoza Province, Argentina, and lies 112km (70mi) northwest of its capital, the city of Mendoza, about fivekm (3.1mi) from San Juan Province and 15km (9.3mi) from the international border with Chile. The mountain itself lies entirely within Argentina, immediately east of Argentina's border with Chile.[3] Its nearest higher neighbor is Tirich Mir in the Hindu Kush, 16,520 kilometres (10,270mi) away. It is one of the Seven Summits.

title: List of tallest buildings in South America

text:
The first skyscrapers of at least height in South America were built in the 1920s, and included the Martinelli Building in São Paulo,
Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, and the Palacio Salvo in Montevideo. Martinelli was not only the first, but the tallest skyscraper of South America until be surpassed by the Altino Arantes Building, also in São Paulo, in 1947.

title: Cairn Mountain

text: Cairn Mountain () is in the Beartooth Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana. The peak is in the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness in Custer National Forest. Cairn Mountain is south of Granite Peak, the tallest mountain in Montana.

title: List of tallest structures in South America

text: This is an incomplete list of the tallest (pinnacle height > 200 metres) man-made structures of any kind that exist or existed in South America.

title: Geri Winkler

text: In the 1990s he ascended Popocatepetl in Mexico and Muztagh Ata (7546 m) in China. In the summer of 2001, he climbed Elbrus in Russia, the highest mountain in Europe. In the winter of 2002 and 2003, Winkler climbed Aconcagua in Argentina, the tallest mountain in South America.

title: Caracas

text: Caracas is home to two of the tallest skyscrapers in South America: the Parque Central Towers. It has a nominal GDP of 91988 million dollars, a nominal GDP per capita of 18,992 and a PPP GDP per capita of 32,710 dollars. Being the seventh city in GDP and the seventh metropolitan area in population of Latin America. The Parque Central Towers still boast the title of the highest twin towers in Latin America, even though they are no longer the tallest skyscrapers in the region. In Caracas, the tallest skyscrapers are: Parque Central Towers, Banco Mercantil Building, BBVA Provincial Tower and The Twin Towers of El Recreo Shopping Mall in Sabana Grande district. Most of these buildings are located in the center of the city. Unfortunately, Business Center Confinanzas was not completed. If so, it would be the third tallest skyscraper of Caracas.

title: Mount Erymanthos

text:
Erymanthos (, Latin: "Erymanthus", also Olonos (Ωλονός)) is a mountain range in the southern part of Achaea and the northeastern part of Elis. With an elevation of 2,224 meters, it is the fourth-tallest mountain in the Peloponnese peninsula. The summit is located on the boundary of Achaea and Elis. Historically, Mount Erymanthos was part of northwestern Arcadia, where it was the second-tallest mountain range. The northern portion belonged to the historic Achaea.
Mount Skollis is to the west, and many smaller mountains are to the north. Stretching east and southeast is Chelmos, also known as Aroania, which is the name of both a mountain and a village. Chelmos, which can be seen from the mountain, is located to the east, but stretches to the south. The villages of south area of Panachaiko and Omplos are located in an agriculturally rich valley between the peaks of Erymanthos.

title: Mountaineering

text: In North America, Pikes Peak () in the Colorado Rockies (discovered in 1806) was first climbed by Edwin James and two others in 1820. Though lower than Pikes Peak, the heavily glaciated Fremont Peak () in Wyoming was thought to be the tallest mountain in the Rockies when it was first climbed by John C. Frémont and two others in 1842. Pico de Orizaba (), the tallest peak in Mexico and third tallest in North America, was first climbed by U.S. military personnel which included William F. Raynolds and a half dozen other climbers in 1848. Heavily glaciated and more technical climbs in North American were not achieved until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

title: List of tallest buildings in San Antonio

text: The U.S. city of San Antonio, Texas is home to 93 high-rises, 8 of which are skyscrapers that stand at least feet tall. The tallest structure in the city, excluding radio antennas, is the Tower of the Americas, standing tall. Completed for HemisFair '68, it is the tallest structure in Texas (excluding radio antennas) south of Houston, the second-tallest observation tower in the United States, and third-tallest in the Western Hemisphere. The second-tallest structure and tallest building in the city is the Marriott Rivercenter.

text: This list of the tallest buildings in South America ranks skyscrapers in order by height. South America has historically seen a relatively modest demand for skyscrapers. Most of the continent's high-rises are in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and the tallest buildings are located in Santiago, São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, Valencia and Bogotá, all of which are the biggest financial centers of these countries.

title: List of tallest mountains in the Solar System

text: This is a list of the tallest mountains in the Solar System. The tallest peak or peaks on worlds where significant mountains have been measured are given; in some cases, the tallest peaks of different classes on a world are also listed. At 21.9km, the enormous shield volcano Olympus Mons on Mars is the tallest mountain on any planet in the Solar System. For 40 years, following its discovery in 1971, it was the tallest mountain known in the Solar System. However, in 2011, the central peak of the crater Rheasilvia on the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta was found to be of comparable height.[n 1]

title: Pinnacle Mountain (South Carolina)

text: Pinnacle Mountain is the tallest mountain contained entirely within the state of South Carolina (the state's highest point, Sassafras Mountain, is partially in North Carolina). It is located within Table Rock State Park in Pickens County, South Carolina. The summit of the mountain is accessible by hiking trails, the shortest of which is 4.2 miles one-way and begins at the Table Rock State Park Nature Center.

title: Mountaineering

text:
In 1897 Mount Saint Elias () on the Alaska-Yukon border was summitted by the Duke of the Abruzzi and party. But it was not until 1913 that Denali (), the tallest peak in North America, was successfully climbed by Hudson Stuck. Mount Logan (), the tallest peak in Canada was first summitted by a half dozen climbers in 1925 in an expedition that took more than two months.
In 1879-1880 the exploration of the highest Andes in South America began when English mountaineer Edward Whymper climbed Chimborazo () and explored the mountains of Ecuador. The Cordillera between Chile and Argentina was visited by Paul Güssfeldt in 1883, who ascended the volcano Maipo () and attempted to climb the tallest mountain in the Americas, Aconcagua () that same year but was unsuccessful. The summit of Aconcagua was finally reached on January 14, 1897 by Swiss mountaineer Matthias Zurbriggen during an expedition led by Edward FitzGerald that began in December 1896. The Andes of Bolivia were first explored by Sir William Martin Conway in 1898, who later visited the mountains of Tierra del Fuego on the southern tip of South America.

title: Americas

text: The largest mountain ranges are the Andes and Rocky Mountains. The Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range reach similar altitudes as the Rocky Mountains, but are significantly smaller. In North America, the greatest number of fourteeners are in the United States, and more specifically in the U.S. state of Colorado. The highest peaks of the Americas are located in the Andes, with Aconcagua of Argentina being the highest; in North America Denali (Mount McKinley) in the U.S. state of Alaska is the tallest.

title: William McKinley

text: In 1896, a gold prospector gave McKinley's name to Denali, the tallest mountain in North America at . The Alaska Board of Geographic Names changed the name of the mountain back to Denali in 1975, which is what it was called by locals. The Department of the Interior followed suit in August 2015 as a part of a visit to Alaska by President Barack Obama. Similarly, Denali National Park was known as Mount McKinley National Park until December 2, 1980, when it was changed by legislation signed by President Jimmy Carter.

title: Balangestan

text: Balangestan mountain is a continuation of the south Zagros Mountains. It is one of the tallest mountains in Larestan.

title: Jirisan

text: Jirisan is a mountain located in the southern region of South Korea. It is the second-tallest mountain in South Korea after Jeju Island's Hallasan, and the tallest mountain in mainland South Korea. After Jirisan, Seoraksan is the third tallest mountain in South Korea and the second-tallest mountain on the South Korean mainland.

title: Lambs Knoll

text: Lambs Knoll is a peak of South Mountain on the border of Washington County and Frederick County in the state of Maryland, United States. The peak is the second tallest on South Mountain in Maryland behind Quirauk Mountain.

title: Dahlia

text: Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. "D. australis" occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while "D. coccinea" and "D. imperialis" also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. "Dahlia" is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico

title: Treskavica

text:
Treskavica is a mountain range in Bosnia and Herzegovina, situated in Trnovo municipality just south of city of Sarajevo.
Mala Ćaba (Đokin Toranj) peak at 2088 m (6950 feet), makes Treskavica the tallest of all the mountains circling Sarajevo, and only some 300 m shorter than the tallest mountain in the country. On clear days with good weather, climbers can see far into the distance, up to Montenegro and the Adriatic Sea.

title: List of glaciers

text: Mexico has about two dozen glaciers, all of which are located on Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl), Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, the three tallest mountains in the country.Glaciers in South America develop exclusively on the Andes and are subject of the Andes various climatic regimes namely the Tropical Andes, Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. Apart from this there is a wide range of latitudes on which glaciers develop from 5000 m in the Altiplano mountains and volcanoes to reaching sealevel as tidewater glaciers from San Rafael Lagoon (45° S) and southwards. South America hosts two large ice fields, the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields, of which the second is the largest contiguous body of glaciers in extrapolar regions.

title: Mount Chōkai

text: Chōkai is the second tallest mountain in Tōhoku after Mount Hiuchigatake in Fukushima Prefecture. Although Hiuchigatake in the south is technically the taller mountain, it lies on the border of Kantō region in Gunma, and as such, Chōkai is thought by many to be the tallest true Tōhoku mountain.

title: George Atkinson (climber)

text: Atkinson embarked on a world record attempt to be the youngest person to climb the tallest mountain on each of the seven continents when he was 11 years old. He completed it nearly six years later just a few days before his 17th birthday. He climbed the Mount Kilimanjaro, tallest mountain in Africa first. This was followed by Europe's Mount Elbrus at age 13. Shortly before his 14th birthday Atkinson reached the summit of Australasia's Puncak Jaya and returned safely from the summit despite the arrest of his guides and ultimately his own arrest. Peak four was Aconcagua in South America. At age 16 Atkinson climbed Mount Denali in North America, reaching the summit on 12 July 2010, followed by Mount Vinson the highest mountain in Antarctica. The final peak was the world's highest mountain Mount Everest in Asia. Atkinson completed the record attempt when he reached the summit on 26 May 2011, becoming both the youngest person to complete the Seven Summits.

title: Tempest Mountain

text: Tempest Mountain () is in the Beartooth Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana. The peak is one of the tallest in the Beartooth Mountains, the eighth tallest in Montana and is in the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness of Custer National Forest. Tempest Mountain is less than ENE of Granite Peak, the tallest mountain in Montana.

title: Castle Rock Mountain

text: Castle Rock Mountain () is in the Beartooth Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana. The peak is one of the tallest in the Beatooth Mountains, the tenth-tallest in Montana and is in the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, on the border of Custer and Gallatin national forests. The nearest taller mountain to Castle Rock Mountain is Castle Rock Spire, east. Castle Rock Mountain is flanked by the Sundance Glacier to the north and the Castle Rock Glacier to the south.

title: Clearwater Mountains

text: The South Clearwater Mountains is the southernmost and tallest subrange, with 6 peaks above . The South Clearwaters encompass and its two highest peaks are the Stripe Mountain and the Salmon Mountain.

title: Geography of China

text: The world's tallest mountains, the Karakorum, Pamirs and Tian Shan divide China from South and Central Asia. Eleven of the seventeen tallest mountain peaks on Earth are located on China's western borders. They include the world's tallest peak Mt. Everest (8848 m) in the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and the world's second tallest peak, K2 (8611 m) on the border with Pakistan. From these towering heights in the west, the land descends in steps like a terrace.

title: Mount William (Antarctica)

text: Mount William is a prominent snowy mountain in Antarctica, standing tall, and located north-northeast of Cape Lancaster which is the south extremity of Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. This is the tallest mountain visible from Biscoe Bay, near the south end of the island's Osterrieth Range which also includes Mount Français (the tallest mountain on the island).

text:
Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela are the countries with the most skyscrapers. São Paulo is the South American city with most skyscrapers, and the 4th in the world in high-rise buildings.
The majority of the continent's tallest buildings are residential. Office buildings have not historically been built taller than residential buildings in the region, though this scenario may well change in the next decades, as South America has been experiencing substantial economic growth.

title: Parque Central Complex

text: Within the complex are the Twin Towers of Parque Central which are two skyscrapers that, for decades, have become Caracas' architectural icon. From 1979 (when the West Tower was opened) until 2003, they held the title of tallest skyscrapers in Latin America until they were overtaken by Torre Mayor in Mexico City. Today the Parque Central Towers are South America's second tallest skyscrapers and the third tallest in Latin America, after Gran Torre Santiago in Santiago (Chile) and Torre Mayor in Mexico City. Parque Central towers were the tallest twin buildings in Latin America, now the Edifício Yachthouse in Balneário Camboriú - Brazil, owns the title.

title: Pinus strobus

text: The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and the tallest trees in the present range of "Pinus strobus". One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the Cataloochee Valley of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by the Native Tree Society. Before Hurricane Opal broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements.