query: When was the schooner invented?

title: Schooner

text: According to the language scholar Walter William Skeat, the term schooner comes from scoon, while the sch spelling comes from the later adoption of the Dutch spelling ("schoener"). Another study suggests that a Dutch expression praising ornate schooner yachts in the 17th century, "een schoone Schip", may have led to the term "schooner" being used by English speakers to describe the early versions of the schooner rig as it evolved in England and America.[2] The Dutch word "schoon(e)" means nice, clean, good looking.

title: Schooner

text: Multi-masted staysail schooners usually carried a mule above each staysail except the fore staysail. Gaff-rigged schooners generally carry a triangular fore-and-aft topsail above the gaff sail on the main topmast and sometimes also on the fore topmast (see illustration), called a gaff-topsail schooner. A gaff-rigged schooner that is not set up to carry one or more gaff topsails is sometimes termed a "bare-headed" or "bald-headed" schooner. A gaff schooner may carry a square topsail atop the foremast. A schooner with no bowsprit is known as a "knockabout" schooner. A "cat-rigged" schooner not only has no bowsprit but has no headsails, and has the foremast set as far forward as possible.[18]

title: Imperial Brazilian Navy

text: When Emperor Pedro II was declared of legal age and assumed his constitutional prerogatives in 1840, the Armada had over 90 warships: six frigates, seven corvettes, two barque-schooners, six brigs, eight brig-schooners, 16 gunboats, 12 schooners, seven armed brigantine-schooners, six steam barques, three transport ships, two armed luggers, two cutters and thirteen larger boats.

title: Larinda

text: On September 28, 2003, the schooner was at Halifax Harbour at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic preparing to sail to Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and then home to Cape Cod. when Hurricane Juan struck. "Larinda" was moored north of the corvette "HMCS Sackville" when the corvette broke loose and rammed the schooner. According to the Canadian Coast Guard, winds reached up to . The schooner took on large amounts of water and sank just after the hurricane ended early on September 29. The sinking took place so quickly that only a few documents were saved, although all of the crew escaped unharmed. The schooner was raised by a crane and barge on October 17, 2003. However the schooner was badly contaminated by harbour sewage. Mahan was unable to afford repairs and decontamination and was forced to sell "Larinda". "Larinda" was purchased by Arthur Scott and Charlene Corkum of St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia who completed repairs and now use the schooner to promote a cottage and restaurant complex. The Mahan family sued "Sackville's" owners, the Naval Memorial Trust in 2009 for $815,000 but the Nova Scotia Supreme Court dismissed the case on August 4, 2011, concluding that the Trust had taken all necessary and appropriate precautions to secure "Sackville".

title: Schooner

text: The Schooner Yacht Wyvern R.Y.S. 205 tons. 1840 German former pilot schooner Atalanta Canadian schooner, Pacific Grace, 2001 US schooner Red Witch of Chicago Two-masted fishing schooner Amphitrite, the world's oldest seagoing yacht Finnish schooner Linden Spirit of Bermuda, a Bermuda-rigged schooner. French topsail schooner La Recouvrance Topsail schooner Pride of Baltimore II French Navy two-masted schooner Étoile US topsail schooner Californian Dutch topsail schooner Oosterschelde Four-masted schooner, Margaret Todd under sail. The Margaret Todd in Bar Harbor, Maine Staysail schooner Rich Harvest Western Union, flagship of State of Florida and the City of Key West

title: Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil

title: San Pedro (steam schooner)

text: The steam schooner San Pedro (1899-1920) was the first vessel constructed by John Lindstrom's shipbuilding yard at Aberdeen, Washington in 1899. She was one of many steam schooners constructed by the yard that year, (which included the "Aberdeen", "Henry Wilson" and "W.H. Kruger") and weighed 456 tons. On October 3, 1905, the "San Pedro" accompanied the tugboat "Pomo" when the latter was towing the lumber schooner "Santa Barbara", damaged by grounding, to Hunter's Point, California.

title: HMS Decouverte (1806)

text: On 7 February Campbell was cruising between Altavella and the Main, when he discovered three vessels, two French schooner privateers and an English ship, their prize. One schooner escaped after a running battle. "Decouverte" succeeded in driving the other schooner and the ship on shore. Next morning, when Campbell sailed in to take possession of the two vessels, he found the enemy still in possession, covered by small arms fire from the shore. The British were able by cannon fire to drive the French from the ship. Campbell sent a request to the schooner under a flag of truce that she surrender the ship, together with whatever prisoners might be on board the schooner. The schooner's captain refused. Campbell then deployed a boarding party that set fire to the ship. The water was too shallow for the British to be able to get closer to the schooner, but Campbell was confident that she was wrecked on the rocks. The ship was "Matilda", of Halifax, Nova Scotia, which had been sailing to Jamaica.

title: George S. Patton

text: Patton had a personal schooner named "When and If". The schooner was designed by famous naval architect John G. Alden and built in 1939. The schooner's name comes from Patton saying he would sail it "when and if" he returned from war.

title: Schooner barge

text: Even though steamboats were used for time-critical routes such as for passengers and mail, schooners were still economical to use for bulk cargoes such as grain, wood, or iron ore. Steam tugs were introduced on the Great Lakes that could tow one or more barges. Since old schooners were available, they could be adapted to towing service with reduced crews. When winds were favorable, the schooner barge could have one or two sails rigged to save fuel in the steam tug. Eventually schooner-rigged wooden ships were purposely built for use as barges. The concept was later extended to salt-water use, with, for example, the United States Navy converting some schooners for use as barges for coal.

title: Sweepstakes (schooner)

text: Today, "Sweepstakes" is said to be picture perfect, where the hull remains intact. "Sweepstakes" is located approximately 50 yards from the head of Big Tub Harbour and remains in the water at a depth of 20 feet. The bow area of the boat contains the windlass and portions of the starboard railings remain unharmed. The stern name-board has been removed and currently is on display at the Bruce County Museum in Southampton. In the middle of the schooner is the center-board box, with the centerboard inside. This extends from keel to deck. The aft-deck of the "Sweepstakes" has collapsed, causing the stern-post to fall, where it now lies on the bottom of Big Tub Harbour. The Fathom Five National Marine Park has made repairs to the slowly deteriorating schooner to keep the deck from collapsing. Although "Sweepstakes" deteriorates a little more each year, it is said to be one of the best preserved 19th-century Great Lakes schooners that has been found and is considered one of the most popular shipwrecks in the Fathom Five National Marine Park. Nearby is another popular visited shipwreck, the "City of Grand Rapids". The schooner gives a good depiction of what a typical Great Lakes schooner looked like. Contrary to previous advisories when entering the shipwreck, this must be done with caution; entry of the schooner is no longer accessible to divers. The Fathom Five National Marine Park officials have put up fencing to prevent entry into the schooner. This reduces any further damage to the schooner which could be caused by the exhaled bubbles of the divers.

title: Schooner

text: Adventure, 1926 design by Thomas McManus as a "knockabout" schooner. When she retired in 1953 she was the last American dory fishing trawler left of what was a prosperous and numerous fleet of Grand Banks fishing schooners. Adventuress, 1913 B.B. Crowninshield design America, eponym of the America's Cup American Eagle, the last schooner to be launched from Gloucester in the 1930s – 14 or more times winner of the Gloucester Schooner Festival races, only topped by the new, steel hulled Columbia. Bluenose, a Canadian racing and fishing vessel Brutus, one of the vessels of the First Texas Navy Casco, yacht which Robert Louis Stevenson chartered in 1888 for his voyage to the South Seas Charming Betsy, the eponym of a famous canon of statutory interpretation City of New York (1885 ship) Columbia (schooner), 1923 the final development of the Gloucester fishing schooner design. Lost with all hands in August 1927. A steel replica was built by Eastern Shipbuilding in Panama City, Florida and launched in August 2014. Clotilde, the last ship to bring African slaves to the United States Delawana, a Canadian fishing vessel and race winner Demeter (fictional in Dracula, by Bram Stoker), a Russian schooner transporting Count Dracula from the Balkans to London Duncan, (fictional in In Search of the Castaways) by Jules Verne, referred to as a "yacht" but described as a two-mast topsail schooner with combined sail/steam propulsion Effie M. Morrissey, now Ernestina, the oldest surviving Grand Banks fishing schooner USS Enterprise, fired the first shots in the First Barbary War. Later rebuilt as a brig and fought in the War of 1812. Enterprize, the ship that brought the first European settlers to Melbourne, Australia Esperanto (schooner), Gloucester, Massachusetts fishing schooner, winner of the 1920 International Fisherman's Cup Fram, the legendary Norwegian polar ship used by both Nansen and Amundsen in their exploration of the poles Grace Bailey (formerly Mattie), built in 1885 as a coastal schooner, she began running passengers in 1939 out of Camden, Maine and has been since, making her the oldest continuously operated sail excursion vessel in the United States. Gringo, 1886, Italian schooner. Rebuilt by Fernando Zuccaro in the 1990s in Argentina. Still sailing the South Atlantic Hesper and Luther Little, two of the last four-masted schooners to be built in the United States HMS Halifax, built as Nova Scotia Packet in 1765, well documented early colonial schooner USS Hannah, the first armed American naval vessel Hispaniola (fictional in Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island) Independence, one of the vessels of the First Texas Navy Invincible, one of the vessels of the First Texas Navy USS James S. Chambers (1861) La Amistad, ship on which a famous slave revolt occurred Lewis R. French (schooner), currently the oldest schooner in the US. Liberty, one of the vessels of the First Texas Navy Liverpool Packet, a famous Nova Scotian privateer schooner Nellie J. Banks, Canadian rum runner HMS Pickle, carried the news of Nelson's victory and death at Trafalgar back to Britain Pride of Baltimore, a Baltimore Clipper re-creation sunk in a white squall Rich Harvest, a 72-foot ferrocement staysail schooner, infamous as the "offshore off-licence" Roseway, 1925 built in Essex, Massachusetts. The only known surviving example of a fishing schooner built specifically with racing as the objective RYS Royalist, sailed to Borneo by James Brooke, enabling him to become 1st White Rajah of Sarawak San Antonio, one of the vessels of the Second Texas Navy, and sister ship to the La Amistad, San Jacinto, and San Bernard San Bernard, one of the vessels of the Second Texas Navy, and sister ship to the La Amistad, San Antonio, and San Jacinto San Jacinto, one of the vessels of the Second Texas Navy, and sister ship to the La Amistad, San Antonio, and San Bernard Separación Dominicana, the first armed Dominican Navy vessel Thomas W. Lawson, the only seven-masted schooner Wawona, built at Fairhaven, California for the lumber trade and the largest three-masted schooner built We're Here, from Rudyard Kipling's book Captains Courageous Western Union, last surviving authentic working tall ship built in Florida, also the flagship of the State of Florida and the flagship of the city of Key West When and If, 1939 designed by John G. Alden for then Colonel George S. Patton Wolf (schooner), flagship of the Conch Republic. She is a steel hull Merritt Walter design. Wyoming, the largest wooden schooner Zaca, a wood-hulled schooner appropriated by the US Navy for local patrol of the San Francisco area in World War II Zavala, one of the vessels of the Second Texas Navy, and the first Steamship-of-War in the Western Hemisphere Zodiac, 1924 William Hand Jr. design.

title: Ballahoo-class schooner

text: William James wrote scathingly of the "Ballahoo" and subsequent "Cuckoo"-class schooners, pointing out the high rate of loss, primarily to wrecking or foundering, but also to enemy action. He reports that they were "sent to 'take, burn, and destroy' the vessels of war and merchantmen of the enemy". The record suggests that none seem to have done so successfully. In the only two (arguably three) cases when the "Cuckoo"-class schooners did engage enemy vessels, in each case the enemy force was much stronger and overwhelmed the "Cuckoo"-class schooners.

title: HMS Halstarr (1807)

text: On 24 April 1805, HMS "Franchise" was off Curaçao when she sighted a schooner that anchored under the guns of the fort of Port Maria. "Franchise" sailed in and fired on the fort and on the schooner for an hour before "Franchise" could cut the schooner out. The schooner turned out to be a tender to "Kenau Hasselar". The schooner had a crew of a lieutenant and 35 men, but a number escaped ashore, leaving behind 24 of their wounded compatriots, as well as the surgeon and the lieutenant. "Franchise" had one man seriously wounded and two men slightly wounded. The schooner was carrying lumber and rice.

title: USS Shawsheen (1855)

text:
On 22 June, during a reconnaissance in Bay River, "Shawsheen" captured schooner, "Henry Clay", up Spring Creek. She then sent an armed boat up Dimbargon Creek to capture a small unnamed schooner carrying turpentine.
Perhaps her most productive day came on 20 July when she took five schooners—"Sally", "Helen Jane", "Elizabeth", "Dolphin" and "James Brice"—near Cedar Island, in the Nuese River. Nine days later, she captured the schooner, "Telegraph", in Rose Bay, North Carolina.

title: Rachel Wall

text: When George went to the sea on a fishing schooner after the newlyweds moved to Boston, Rachel took up a job as a servant. When George came back, he brought with him five sailors and their lovers, and persuaded Rachel to join them. In one week, the party had spent all their money and the schooner set sail again, upon which George suggested they all become pirates. He borrowed another schooner from a friend, and the party set sail.

title: HMS Saint Christopher (1806)

text: Tancock had returned to command of "Saint Christopher" by 18 July when she captured the schooner "Henrietta Adelaide", Lind, master. Then on 12 September "St Christopher" captured the schooner "Julia and Sally", De Gasy, master. On 6 October "St Christopher" captured the Danish schooner "Speculator".

title: List of Dutch inventions and innovations

text: A schooner is a type of sailing vessel with fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts, the foremast being no taller than the rear mast(s). Such vessels were first used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century (but may not have been called that at the time). Schooners first evolved from a variety of small two-masted gaff-rigged vessels used in the coast and estuaries of the Netherlands in the late 17th century. Most were working craft but some pleasure yachts with schooner rigs were built for wealthy merchants and Dutch nobility. Following arrival of the Dutch-born prince William III the Orange on the British throne, the British Royal Navy built a Royal yacht with a schooner rig in 1695, HMS "Royal Transport". This vessel, captured in a detailed Admiralty model, is the earliest fully documented schooner. "Royal Transport" was quickly noted for its speed and ease of handling and mercantile vessels soon adopted the rig in Europe and in European colonies in North America. Schooners were immediately popular with colonial traders and fishermen in North America with the first documented reference to a schooner in America appearing in Boston port records in 1716. North American shipbuilders quickly developed a variety of schooner forms for trading, fishing and privateering. According to the language scholar Walter William Skeat, the term "schooner" comes from "scoon", while the "sch" spelling comes from the later adoption of the Dutch spelling ("schoener"). Another study suggests that a Dutch expression praising ornate schooner yachts in the 17th century, "een schoone Schip", may have led to the term "schooner" being used by English speakers to describe the early versions of the schooner rig as it evolved in England and America.

title: Peggy of Castletown

text: She is clinker-built and was schooner-rigged with a bowsprit. A set of her spars is preserved with her, along with her armament (six cannon and two stern chasers) and the winding gear employed to draw her into the boathouse. She is the oldest surviving schooner in the world and the oldest surviving example of the shallop hull form. She was fitted with sliding keels (progenitors of the modern daggerboard) not long after the invention of the technology by John Schank, and she is the oldest surviving example of such a vessel.

title: J. W. Clise (schooner)

text:
The schooner was later in the 1920s bought by "Putnam Lumber Company" in Shamrock (Florida) who sold it in 1939.
The sources does not say who bought the schooner in 1939, when it foundered it was of Tampa, Florida, USA.

title: John Faunce Leavitt

text: In his works, both on canvas and paper, Leavitt's passion for the old schooners was palpable. "There was a time when spars and rigging made a commonplace pattern against the Maine sky", Leavitt wrote in "Wake of the Coasters". "It was in 1938 when the last cargo-carrying schooner was launched in the State of Maine, yet today there seem to be very few who remember when the reaches and thoroughfares swarmed with coasting schooners. Perhaps that is because the sight was so taken for granted."

title: HMS Maria (1805)

text: On 26 July 1807, His Majesty's schooners "Maria", under Henderson's command, and captured the schooner "Atlantic". On 2 August, "Maria" was in company with"Pert" when they captured the schooner "Governor MKean". Then on 4 October, "Maria" was in company with "Jason", "Hart", and "Pert" when they captured the schooner "Rebecca". However the prize money for these vessels arrived in 1809, too late to be of much use to "Maria"s crew.

title: French schooner Ortensia (1807)

text: On the morning of 16 July 1808, Captain John Holligsworth of "Minstrel" was off Veruda, when he observed a schooner anchor off "Paul's". As "Minstrel" approached, the crew of the schooner fired her guns at "Minstrel" and then ran schooner ashore "on one of the Bryone Islands", where they abandoned her. The schooner turned out to be the Italian schooner "Ortenzia", pierced for 16 guns but carrying only ten. She had had a crew of 56 men under the command of "lieutenant de fregate" Stalamini. Hollingsworth opined that she would be useful in His Majesty's service as she was a "very fast sailing Vessel... Copper bottomed, nearly new".

title: Brazilian Navy

title: Martin Welch

text: Martin Leander Welch (1864–1935) was a fishing schooner captain out of Gloucester, Massachusetts. He was captain of the Esperanto in 1920 when it defeated the Canadian schooner Delawana in the first International Fishing Schooner Championship Races in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

title: Schooner

text: A popular legend holds that the first schooner was built by builder Andrew Robinson and launched in Gloucester, Massachusetts where a spectator exclaimed "Oh how she scoons", scoon being similar to scone,[3] a Scots word meaning to skip along the surface of the water.[4][5] Robinson replied, "A schooner let her be."[6] The launch is variously described as being in 1713 or 1745.[2] Naval architects such as Howard Chapelle have dismissed this invention story as a "childish fable",[7] but some language scholars feel that the legend may support a Gloucester origin of the word.[8]

title: Tombstone City: 21st Century

text: If a Morg is killed adjacent to one of the exits, the cactus placed there blocks off the exit for the remainder of the game day. When all exits are blocked, the schooner is automatically moved to somewhere outside the sixteen blocks. If the schooner is killed at this point, the new schooner appears somewhere else on the screen.

title: Carrier Dove (schooner)

text: An earlier schooner named "Carrier Dove" was built in 1854 at Wolfe Island, Ontario. She sunk on the American side of Lake Ontario March 3, 1876, when the boat was "swept from her moorings and dragged underneath another schooner."

title: USS Julia Hamilton (SP-1460)

text: The background of the schooner is not clear but "Julia Hamilton" was definitely in commission as an Oyster Police Force boat when featured in a "Harper's Weekly", March 1, 1884, illustration of oyster pirates "attaching the police schooner "Julia Hamilton"" related to one of the incidents of the oyster war. In February 1884 some hundred oyster pirates in some twenty vessels were at work dredging illegally when challenged by Captain John Insley of "Julia Hamilton". They opened fire cutting the schooner's rigging to pieces and driving the police below decks even though the police had responded with the schooner's six pounder gun. The pirates boarded the schooner but called a truce when one of the pirates was killed. Captain Insley agreed to withdraw, resulting in accusations of cowardice after he refused to engage the pirates again. Local citizens appealed to Governor Robert McLane with the result the steamer "William T. Hamilton" was armed and "Julia Hamilton" reequipped and armed and directed to protect the oyster beds.

title: French frigate Franchise (1797)

text: "Franchise" was off Curaçao on 24 April 1805 when she sighted a schooner that anchored under the guns of the fort of Port Maria. "Franchise" sailed in and fired on the schooner and the fort before she could cut her out. The schooner turned out to be a tender to the Dutch frigate "Kenau Hasselar". The schooner had a crew of a lieutenant and 35 men, but a number escaped ashore, leaving behind 24 of their wounded compatriots, as well as the surgeon and the lieutenant. "Franchise" had one man seriously wounded and two men slightly wounded. The schooner was carrying lumber and rice.

title: Tancook Schooner

text: Many Tancook boats were built for yachtsmen of the Chester region. Mahone Bay was a popular yachting area and the handsome sea kindly schooners made good cruisers when outfitted for pleasure sailing. Working boats were also bought and converted for yachting. The "Airlie" of the Nova Scotia Schooner Association is one surviving example of a working schooner converted to pleasure.


query: When did the UK adopt the metric system?

title: Metrication in the United Kingdom

text: Adopting the metric system was discussed in Parliament as early as 1818 and some industries and even some government agencies had metricated, or were in the process of metricating by the mid-1960s. A formal government policy to support metrication was agreed by 1965. This policy, initiated in response to requests from industry, was to support voluntary metrication, with costs picked up where they fell. In 1969 the government created the Metrication Board as a quango to promote and coordinate metrication. In 1978, after some carpet retailers reverted to pricing by the square yard rather than the square metre, government policy shifted, and they started issuing orders making metrication mandatory in certain sectors. In 1980 government policy shifted again to prefer voluntary metrication, and the Metrication Board was abolished. By the time the Metrication Board was wound up, all the economic sectors that fell within its remit except road signage and parts of the retail trade sector had metricated.

title: Metrication in the United Kingdom

text: Many sectors of the industry did agree to a programme coordinated by the Metrication Board, with metrication of pre-packaged goods being introduced on a commodity by commodity basis. In 1977 when a carpet retailing chain reneged on an industry-wide agreement to use metric units (carpeting at £8.36 per square yard being much more appealing to the customer than carpeting at £10.00 per square metre), it became necessary for the first time to use legislation to enforce metrication rather than to rely on a voluntary adoption of the system.[30][61]

title: Foot (unit)

text: Most of the various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system. The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817, having used the "mesures usuelles" under Napoleon and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871.

title: Metrication Board

text: Two years later, after taking a poll of its members, the Confederation of British Industry informed the government that they favoured the adoption of the metric system, though some sectors emphasised the need for a voluntary system of adoption. The metrication programme in the United Kingdom was to have five phases:

title: Metrication

text: During the next eighty years a number of Parliamentary select committees recommended the adoption of the metric system, each with a greater degree of urgency, but Parliament prevaricated. A Select Committee report of 1862 recommended compulsory metrication, but with an "Intermediate permissive phase"; Parliament responded in 1864 by legalising metric units only for 'contracts and dealings'.[40] The United Kingdom initially declined to sign the Treaty of the Metre, but did so in 1883. Meanwhile, British scientists and technologists were at the forefront of the metrication movement – it was the British Association for the Advancement of Science that promoted the CGS system of units as a coherent system[41]: 109 and it was the British firm Johnson Matthey that was accepted by the CGPM in 1889 to cast the international prototype metre and kilogram.[42]

title: History of the metre

text: The metric system, that is the system of units based on the metre, was officially adopted in France on 10 December 1799 (19 frimaire An VIII) and became the sole legal system of weights and measures from 1801. After the restoration of the Empire, in 1812, the old names for units of length were revived but the units redefined in terms of the metre: this system was known as ", and lasted until 1840, when the decimal metric system was again made the sole legal measure. In the meantime, the Netherlands had adopted the metric system from 1816, the first of several countries to follow the French lead. Noteworthy the Helvetic Republic had adopted the metre shortly before to collapse in 1803.

title: Metrication in India

text: Metrication or metrification is the process of converting to the metric system based on the International System of Units (SI). India's conversion to the metric system occurred in stages between 1955 and 1962. The metric system in weights and measures was adopted by the Indian Parliament in December 1956 with the "Standards of Weights and Measures Act", which took effect beginning 1 October 1958. The "Indian Coinage Act" was passed in 1955 by the Government of India to introduce decimal coinage in the country. The new system of coins became legal tender on April 1957, where the rupee consists of 100 paise. For the next five years, both the old and new systems were legal. In April 1962, all other systems were banned. This process of metrication is called "big-bang" route, which is to simultaneously outlaw the use of pre-metric measurement, metricise, reissue all government publications and laws, and change education systems to metric.

title: Metrication

text: In 1895 another Parliamentary select committee recommended the compulsory adoption of the metric system after a two-year permissive period. The 1897 Weights and Measures Act legalised the metric units for trade, but did not make them mandatory.[40] A bill to make the metric system compulsory in order to enable the British industrial base to fight off the challenge of the nascent German base passed through the House of Lords in 1904, but did not pass in the House of Commons before the next general election was called. Following opposition by the Lancashire cotton industry, a similar bill was defeated in 1907 in the House of Commons by 150 votes to 118.[40]

title: Metrication

text: The metric system was officially introduced in France in December 1799. In the 19th century, the metric system was adopted by almost all European countries: Portugal (1814);[36] Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (1820); Switzerland (1835); Spain (1850s); Italy (1861); Romania (1864); Germany (1870, legally from 1 January 1872);[56] and Austria-Hungary (1876, but the law was adopted in 1871).[32] Thailand did not formally adopt the metric system until 1923, but the Royal Thai Survey Department used it for cadastral survey as early as 1896.[57] Denmark and Iceland adopted the metric system in 1907.

title: Medieval weights and measures

text: This system is no longer in use since the adoption of the metric system in 1864.See:There were several variants. The Castilian is shown.In Sweden, a common system for weights and measures was introduced by law in 1665. Before that, there were a number of local variants. The system was slightly revised in 1735. In 1855, a decimal reform was instituted that defined a new Swedish inch as 1/10 foot. It did not last long, because the metric system was subsequently introduced in 1889. Up to the middle of the 19th century there was a death penalty for falsifying weights or measures.

title: Metrication

text: Most countries have adopted the metric system officially over a transitional period where both units are used for a set period of time. Some countries such as Guyana, for example, have officially adopted the metric system, but have had some trouble over time implementing it.[3] Antigua and Barbuda, also "officially" metric, is moving toward total implementation of the metric system, but slower than expected. The government had announced that they have plans to convert their country to the metric system by the first quarter of 2015.[4] Other Caribbean countries such as Saint Lucia are officially metric but are still in the process toward full conversion.[5] In the United Kingdom the metric system is the official system for most regulated trading by weight or measure purposes, but some imperial units remain the primary official unit of measurement. As of 2018 the UK has only partially metricated.

title: Metrication

text: According to the US Central Intelligence Agency's online The World Factbook (2016), the metric system has not been adopted by Myanmar (also known as Burma), Liberia and the US.[6] The United States (and its associated states; the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands and Palau)) officially use US customary units as does Liberia.[7] Myanmar officially uses the Burmese units of measurement. According to The [Liberian] Observer, Liberia are committed to adopting the metric system in the future.[7] Some sources now identify Liberia as metric, and the government of Myanmar has stated that the country would metricate with a goal of completion by 2019.[8][9] Both Myanmar and Liberia are substantially metric countries, trading internationally in metric units. Sierra Leone switched to selling fuel by the litre in May 2011.[10]

title: Units of measurement in France

text: When this legislation was introduced, the metric system was beginning to take hold across Europe. Switzerland and the German state of Baden had both defined their "Fuß" (foot) as being 300 mm and the German state of Hessen-Darmstadt has defined its "Fuß" as being 250 mm. Moreover, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, Lombardy and Venice had all adopted the metric system, albeit with local names for the "metre", "kilogram" and so on. The metric system was given a boost when the German "Zollverein" (Customs Union) introduced the "Zollpfund" of 500 g in 1850.

title: Moio (unit)

text: The measurement was used until the time of the Portuguese Wars of Liberation in the 1830s when the country and the colonial empire adopted the metric system and in Brazil, when the country adopted the metric system. Not long after its adoption, along with other old units, traditional moios continued to be used.In Rio de Janeiro, an alqueiro equaled to 13.5 liters and 681 Parisian cubic inchesIn Porto, an Oportan alqueire equalled to 830 Parisian cubic inches and 16.462 litresConsidering the goods, there were measurements for them:

title: Metric prefix

text: Some of the prefixes formerly used in the metric system have fallen into disuse and were not adopted into the SI. The decimal prefix "myria-" (sometimes also written as "myrio-") (ten thousand) as well as the binary prefixes "double-" and "demi-", denoting a factor of 2 and (one half), respectively, were parts of the original metric system adopted by France in 1795. These were not retained when the SI prefixes were internationally adopted by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960.

title: Metrication in Australia

text: Although there was debate in Australia's first Parliament after federation to consider adopting the metric system, metric units first became legal for use in Australia in 1947 when Australia signed the Metre Convention (or "Convention du Mètre"). However, Imperial "Weights and Measures" were most commonly used until the Commonwealth government began the metric changeover in the 1970s. In 1960, SI units were adopted as a worldwide system of measurement by international agreement at the General Conference on Weights and Measures. The metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela and mole were defined as base units in this system and units formed from combinations of these base units were known as "derived units". SI units were subsequently adopted as the basis for Australia's measurement standards, whereby they were defined as Australia's legal units of measurement.

title: Myanmar units of measurement

text: The traditional Burmese units of measurement are still in everyday use in Myanmar (also known as Burma). According to the CIA Factbook, Myanmar is one of three countries that have not adopted the International System of Units (SI) metric system as their official system of weights and measures. However, in June 2011, the Burmese government's Ministry of Commerce began discussing proposals to reform the measurement system in Burma and adopt the metric system used by most of its trading partners, and in October 2013, Dr. Pwint San, Deputy Minister for Commerce, announced that the country was preparing to adopt the metric system.

title: UK Metric Association

text: The UK Metric Association, or UKMA, is an advocacy group in the United Kingdom that argues for Metrication in the United Kingdom and aims to persuade the general public into its way of thinking about the metric system. UKMA argues that the continued use of two incompatible systems of measurement causes misunderstanding, confusion and mistakes, undermines consumer protection, wastes children's education, results in additional costs and is against the national interest.

title: Metrication Ordinance

text: The Metrication Ordinance was enacted in 1976 in Hong Kong. The law allowed a gradual replacement of the Imperial units and Chinese units of measurement in favour of the International System of Units Metric System. The adoption was facilitated under the government's Metrication Committee.

title: Metric system

text: The International System of Units has been adopted as the official system of weights and measures by all nations in the world except for Myanmar, Liberia, and the United States, while the United States is the only industrialised country where the metric system is not the predominant system of units. There are 192 countries that predominantly use the metric system and 3 that do not.

title: Unit of measurement

text: As of the 21st Century, multiple unit systems are used all over the world such as the United States Customary System, the British Customary System, and the International System. However, the United States is the only industrialized country that has not yet completely converted to the Metric System. The systematic effort to develop a universally acceptable system of units dates back to 1790 when the French National Assembly charged the French Academy of Sciences to come up such a unit system. This system was the precursor to the metric system which was quickly developed in France but did not take on universal acceptance until 1875 when The Metric Convention Treaty was signed by 17 nations. After this treaty was signed, a General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was established. The CGPM produced the current SI system which was adopted in 1954 at the 10th conference of weights and measures. Currently, the United States is a dual-system society which uses both the SI system and the US Customary system.

title: Metrication in the United Kingdom

text: The introduction of the metric system was a topic at the Fifth Commonwealth Standards Conference that was held in Sydney in 1962.[32] The following year a poll by the British Standards Institute (BSI) revealed that the majority of its members favoured a transition to the metric system and two years later (1965), after taking a poll of its members, the Confederation of British Industry informed the government that they favoured the adoption of the metric system, though some sectors emphasised the need for a voluntary system of adoption.[33][34]

title: Screw thread

text: However, internationally, the metric system was eclipsing inch-based measurement units. In 1947, the ISO was founded; and in 1960, the metric-based International System of Units (abbreviated "SI" from the French "Système International") was created. With continental Europe and much of the rest of the world turning to SI and ISO metric screw thread, the UK gradually leaned in the same direction. The ISO metric screw thread is now the standard that has been adopted worldwide and is slowly displacing all former standards, including UTS. In the U.S., where UTS is still prevalent, over 40% of products contain at least some ISO metric screw threads. The UK has completely abandoned its commitment to UTS in favour of ISO metric threads, and Canada is in between. Globalization of industries produces market pressure in favor of phasing out minority standards. A good example is the automotive industry; U.S. auto parts factories long ago developed the ability to conform to the ISO standards, and today very few parts for new cars retain inch-based sizes, regardless of being made in the U.S.

title: Metrication Board

text: The question of whether or not to convert British trade and industry to metric was the subject of a UK Government White Paper in 1951, itself the result of the Hodgson Committee Report of 1949 which unanimously recommended compulsory metrication and currency decimalisation within ten years. The report said "The real problem facing Great Britain is not whether to adhere either to the Imperial or to the metric system, but to maintain two legal systems or to abolish the Imperial." The report also recommended that any change should be done in concert with the Commonwealth (former Empire) and the USA, that the UK adopt a decimal currency and that the UK and US harmonise their respective definitions of the yard using the metre as a reference.

title: Metrication

text: During the nineteenth century the metric system of weights and measures proved a convenient political compromise during the unification processes in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. In 1814, Portugal became the first country not part of the French Empire to officially adopt a metric system. Spain found it expedient in 1858 to follow the French example and within a decade Latin America had also adopted the metric system. There was considerable resistance to metrication in the United Kingdom and in the United States, though once the United Kingdom announced its metrication program in 1965, the Commonwealth followed suit.

title: Dutch units of measurement

text: In 1816, the Netherlands and France were the only countries in the world that were using variations of the metric system. By the late 1860s, the German Zollverein and many other neighbouring countries had adopted the metric system, so in 1869 the modern names were adopted ("Wet van 7 April 1869, Staatsblad No.57"). A few of the older names remained officially in use, but they were eliminated when the system was further standardised by the 1937 Act on Weights and Measures ("IJkwet"), though the "pond" is now used colloquially to mean "half" a kilogram.

title: Myria-

text: Myria- (symbol my) is a now obsolete decimal metric prefix denoting a factor of 10 (ten thousand). It originates from the Greek μύριοι ("mýrioi") (myriad). The prefix was part of the original metric system adopted by France in 1795, but was not adopted when the SI prefixes were internationally adopted by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960.

title: Cooking weights and measures

text: The metric system was officially adopted in the UK, for most purposes, in the 20th century and both imperial and metric are taught in schools and used in books. It is now mandatory for the sale of food to also show metric. However, it is not uncommon to purchase goods which are measured and labeled in metric, but the actual measure is rounded to the equivalent imperial measure (i.e., milk labeled as 568 mL / 1 pint). In September 2007, the EU with Directive 2007/45/EC deregulated prescribed metric packaging of most products, leaving only wines and liqueurs subject to prescribed EU-wide pre-packaging legislation; the law relating to labelling of products remaining unchanged.

title: Outline of the metric system

text: History of the metric system – the metric system developed from a decimal system of measurement adopted by France after the French Revolution.

title: Metrication in Ireland

text: Ireland inherited the imperial system of measurement from the United Kingdom, and these units continued to be used after Irish independence. In 1980 the European Union asked all of its member states to convert to the metric system, and in Ireland and the UK this process was originally to have been completed by 2009. Metrication progressed in Ireland with, for example, the changeover to metric on road signs and speed limits being completed by 2005. By 2007 the changeover was far from complete, so the EU abandoned its policy to make the metric system compulsory for Ireland and the UK, allowing for both the metric and imperial systems to remain in use indefinitely. The metrication process is still ongoing in Ireland, with both measurements widely used.

title: Metrication

text: Whilst most countries in the world are using the metric system as their official system of weights and measures, some countries have not committed to adopting it, or have adopted it as their official system but have not completed the process of full metrication.


query: Who created differential equations?

title: Differential equation

text: Differential equations first came into existence with the invention of calculus by Newton and Leibniz. In Chapter 2 of his 1671 work "Methodus fluxionum et Serierum Infinitarum",[1] Isaac Newton listed three kinds of differential equations:

title: Differential equation

text: Many fundamental laws of physics and chemistry can be formulated as differential equations. In biology and economics, differential equations are used to model the behavior of complex systems. The mathematical theory of differential equations first developed together with the sciences where the equations had originated and where the results found application. However, diverse problems, sometimes originating in quite distinct scientific fields, may give rise to identical differential equations. Whenever this happens, mathematical theory behind the equations can be viewed as a unifying principle behind diverse phenomena. As an example, consider the propagation of light and sound in the atmosphere, and of waves on the surface of a pond. All of them may be described by the same second-order partial differential equation, the wave equation, which allows us to think of light and sound as forms of waves, much like familiar waves in the water. Conduction of heat, the theory of which was developed by Joseph Fourier, is governed by another second-order partial differential equation, the heat equation. It turns out that many diffusion processes, while seemingly different, are described by the same equation; the Black–Scholes equation in finance is, for instance, related to the heat equation.

title: Partial differential equation

text: In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains beforehand unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives. PDEs are used to formulate problems involving functions of several variables, and are either solved by hand, or used to create a computer model. A special case is ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which deal with functions of a single variable and their derivatives.

title: Differential equation

text: A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives. (This is in contrast to ordinary differential equations, which deal with functions of a single variable and their derivatives.) PDEs are used to formulate problems involving functions of several variables, and are either solved in closed form, or used to create a relevant computer model.

title: Frobenius solution to the hypergeometric equation

text: The solution of the hypergeometric differential equation is very important. For instance, Legendre's differential equation can be shown to be a special case of the hypergeometric differential equation. Hence, by solving the hypergeometric differential equation, one may directly compare its solutions to get the solutions of Legendre's differential equation, after making the necessary substitutions. For more details, please check the hypergeometric differential equation.

title: D'Alembert's formula

text: All second order differential equations with constant coefficients can be transformed into their respective canonic forms. This equation is one of these three cases: Elliptic partial differential equation, Parabolic partial differential equation and Hyperbolic partial differential equation.

title: Linear differential equation

text: The highest order of derivation that appears in a differentiable equation is the "order" of the equation. The term that does not depend on the unknown function and its derivatives is sometimes called the "constant term" of the equation (by analogy with algebraic equations), even when this term is a non-constant function. If the constant term is the zero function, then the differential equation is said "homogeneous", as it is a homogeneous polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives. The equation obtained by replacing, in a linear differential equation, the constant term by the zero function is the "associated homogeneous equation". A differential equation has "constant coefficients" if only constant functions appear as coefficients in the associated homogeneous equation.

title: Hill differential equation

text:
In mathematics, the Hill equation or Hill differential equation is the second-order linear ordinary differential equation
where "f(t)" is a periodic function. It is named after George William Hill, who introduced it in 1886.

title: Vannevar Bush

text: Starting in 1927, Bush constructed a differential analyzer, an analog computer that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables. This invention arose from previous work performed by Herbert R. Stewart, one of Bush's masters students, who at Bush's suggestion created the integraph, a device for solving first-order differential equations, in 1925. Another student, Harold Hazen, proposed extending the device to handle second-order differential equations. Bush immediately realized the potential of such an invention, for these were much more difficult to solve, but also quite common in physics. Under Bush's supervision, Hazen was able to construct the differential analyzer, a table-like array of shafts and pens that mechanically simulated and plotted the desired equation. Unlike earlier designs that were purely mechanical, the differential analyzer had both electrical and mechanical components. Among the engineers who made use of the differential analyzer was General Electric's Edith Clarke, who used it to solve problems relating to electric power transmission. For developing the differential analyzer, Bush was awarded the Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1928.

title: Exact differential equation

text: In mathematics, an exact differential equation or total differential equation is a certain kind of ordinary differential equation which is widely used in physics and engineering.

title: Linear differential equation

text: This is an ordinary differential equation (ODE). A linear differential equation may also be a linear partial differential equation (PDE), if the unknown function depends on several variables, and the derivatives that appear in the equation are partial derivatives. In this article, only ordinary differential equations are considered.

title: Differential equation

text: The theory of differential equations is closely related to the theory of difference equations, in which the coordinates assume only discrete values, and the relationship involves values of the unknown function or functions and values at nearby coordinates. Many methods to compute numerical solutions of differential equations or study the properties of differential equations involve the approximation of the solution of a differential equation by the solution of a corresponding difference equation.

title: Differential calculus

text:
A differential equation is a relation between a collection of functions and their derivatives. An ordinary differential equation is a differential equation that relates functions of one variable to their derivatives with respect to that variable. A partial differential equation is a differential equation that relates functions of more than one variable to their partial derivatives. Differential equations arise naturally in the physical sciences, in mathematical modelling, and within mathematics itself. For example, Newton's second law, which describes the relationship between acceleration and force, can be stated as the ordinary differential equation
The heat equation in one space variable, which describes how heat diffuses through a straight rod, is the partial differential equation
Here is the temperature of the rod at position and time and is a constant that depends on how fast heat diffuses through the rod.

title: Ponytail

text: The researchers developed a general continuum theory for a bundle of hairs, treating each hair as an elastic filament with random intrinsic curvature. From this they created a differential equation for the shape of the bundle relating the elasticity, gravity, and orientational disorder and extracted a simple equation of state to relate the swelling pressure to the measured random curvatures of individual hairs. The equation itself is a fourth order non linear differential equation.

title: Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations

text: Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, for instance in physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.

title: Functional differential equation

text: FDE is the general form for more specific types of differential equations that are used in numerous applications. There are delay differential equations, integro-differential equations, and so on.

title: Equation

text: A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives. (This is in contrast to ordinary differential equations, which deal with functions of a single variable and their derivatives.) PDEs are used to formulate problems involving functions of several variables, and are either solved by hand, or used to create a relevant computer model.

title: Differential equation

text: Complex differential equation Exact differential equation Functional differential equation Initial condition Integral equations Numerical methods for solving differential equations Picard–Lindelöf theorem on existence and uniqueness of solutions Recurrence relation, also known as 'difference equation' Abstract differential equation

title: Differential equation

text: Differential equations are described by their order, determined by the term with the highest derivatives. An equation containing only first derivatives is a first-order differential equation, an equation containing the second derivative is a second-order differential equation, and so on.[11][12] Differential equations that describe natural phenomena almost always have only first and second order derivatives in them, but there are some exceptions, such as the thin film equation, which is a fourth order partial differential equation.

title: Differential equation

text: A delay differential equation (DDE) is an equation for a function of a single variable, usually called time, in which the derivative of the function at a certain time is given in terms of the values of the function at earlier times. A stochastic differential equation (SDE) is an equation in which the unknown quantity is a stochastic process and the equation involves some known stochastic processes, for example, the Wiener process in the case of diffusion equations. A differential algebraic equation (DAE) is a differential equation comprising differential and algebraic terms, given in implicit form.

title: Linear differential equation

text:
A "solution" of a differential equation is a function that satisfies the equation.
The solutions of a homogeneous linear differential equation form a vector space. In the ordinary case, this vector space has a finite dimension, equal to the order of the equation. All solutions of a linear differential equation are found by adding to a particular solution any solution of the associated homogeneous equation.

title: Ordinary differential equation

text: Among ordinary differential equations, linear differential equations play a prominent role for several reasons. Most elementary and special functions that are encountered in physics and applied mathematics are solutions of linear differential equations (see Holonomic function). When physical phenomena are modeled with non-linear equations, they are generally approximated by linear differential equations for an easier solution. The few non-linear ODEs that can be solved explicitly are generally solved by transforming the equation into an equivalent linear ODE (see, for example Riccati equation).

title: List of nonlinear partial differential equations

text: See also Nonlinear partial differential equation, List of partial differential equation topics and List of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.

title: EcosimPro

text:
Differential equation
To familiarize yourself with the use of EcosimPro, first create a simple component to solve a differential equation. Although EcosimPro is designed to simulate complex systems, it can also be used independently of a physical system as if it were a pure equation solver. The example in this section illustrates this type of use. It solves the following differential equation to introduce a delay to variable "x":

title: Functional differential equation

text: Unlike ODEs, which are equations containing a function of one variable and its derivative for the same input, functional differential equations are equations containing a function and some of its derivatives for different input values.The simplest type of FDE, called the retarded functional differential equation (RDE) or retarded differential difference equation, is of the form

title: Bernoulli differential equation

text: is called a Bernoulli differential equation where formula_2 is any real number and formula_3 and formula_4. It is named after Jacob Bernoulli who discussed it in 1695. Bernoulli equations are special because they are nonlinear differential equations with known exact solutions. A famous special case of the Bernoulli equation is the logistic differential equation.

title: Partial differential algebraic equation

text: where:The relationship between a PDAE and a partial differential equation (PDE) is analogous to the relationship between an ordinary differential equation (ODE) and a differential algebraic equation (DAE).

title: Linear differential equation

text: The study of these differential equations with constant coefficients dates back to Leonhard Euler, who introduced the exponential function , which is the unique solution of the equation such that . It follows that the th derivative of is and this allows solving homogeneous linear differential equations rather easily.

text: Stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) generalize partial differential equations via random force terms and coefficients, in the same way ordinary stochastic differential equations generalize ordinary differential equations.

title: Partial differential equation

text: The geometric interpretation of this condition is as follows: if data for are prescribed on the surface , then it may be possible to determine the normal derivative of on from the differential equation. If the data on and the differential equation determine the normal derivative of on , then is non-characteristic. If the data on and the differential equation "do not" determine the normal derivative of on , then the surface is characteristic, and the differential equation restricts the data on : the differential equation is "internal" to .If a PDE has coefficients that are not constant, it is possible that it will not belong to any of these categories but rather be of mixed type. A simple but important example is the Euler–Tricomi equation

title: History of numerical solution of differential equations using computers

text: According to Mary Croarken in her paper "Computing in Britain During World War II," by 1945, the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory created by John Lennard-Jones utilized the latest computing devices to perform the equations. These devices included a model "differential analyser," and the Mallock machine, described as "an electrical simultaneous equation solver." According to Croarken, the Ministry was also interested in the new arrival of a differential analyzer accommodating eight integrators. This exotic computing device built by Metropolitan-Vickers in 1939 consisted of wheel and disk mechanisms that could provide descriptions and solutions for differential equations. Output resulted in a plotted graph.


query: What is the religion in Venezuela?

title: Religion in Venezuela

text: Venezuela, like most South American nations, Christianity is the largest religion, with a predominantly Catholic population.

title: Religion in Venezuela

text: Venezuela is also notable for its significant syncretic religious traditions, most notably those revolving around the figures of Maria Lionza and Jose Gregorio Hernandez.

title: Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon

text: After answering in the affirmative, Part II proceeds to use the tools of evolutionary biology and memetics to suggest possible theories regarding the origin of religion and subsequent evolution of modern religions from ancient folk beliefs. Part III analyzes religion and its effects in today's world: Does religion make us moral? Is religion what gives meaning to life? What should we teach the children? Dennett bases much of his analysis on empirical evidence, though he often points out that much more research in this field is needed.

title: Sociology of religion

text: This definition also does not stipulate what exactly may be considered sacred. Thus later sociologists of religion (notably Robert Neelly Bellah) have extended Durkheimian insights to talk about notions of civil religion, or the religion of a state. American civil religion, for example, might be said to have its own set of sacred "things": the flag of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., etc. Other sociologists have taken Durkheim's concept of what religion is in the direction of the religion of professional sports, the military, or of rock music.

title: Antisemitism in Venezuela

text: According to the "Antisemitism in Venezuela 2013" report by the Venezuelan Confederation of Israelite Associations (CAIV), "distorted news, omissions and false accusations" of Israel originate from Iran's Press TV and Hispan TV, are repeated by the Russia's RT News and Cuba's Prensa Latina, and Venezuela’s state media, including SIBCI, AVN, TeleSUR, Venezolana de Televisión (VTV), Alba TV, La Radio del Sur, Radio Nacional de Venezuela (RNV), YVKE Mundial, Correo del Orinoco and Ciudad CCS. CAIV continues, stating that the media accuses Zionism of being a "predator movement", that "anti-Semitic authors pretend to establish differences between Jewish religion and the Zionist movement" and that the Venezuelan government's media uses anti-Semitic themes.

title: Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty

text: The Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty is a 1978 treaty between territory of the Netherlands and Venezuela which delimits the maritime boundary between territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Venezuelan territory. When the treaty was concluded in 1978, the treaty set out the boundary between what was known as the Netherlands Antilles and Venezuela. Today, it establishes the boundary between Aruba and Venezuela, between Curaçao and Venezuela, and between the BES islands and Venezuela.

title: Geneva Agreement (1966)

text: The Geneva Agreement establishes the creation of a Mixed Comission composed of representatives of Venezuela and British Guyana (United Kingdom, despite being signatory part to the treaty, has no participation in the comission) which within a period of 4 years would have to decide what could be the solution to the borderline problem, once this period has expires, the Protocol of Port Spain between Guyana, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela was signed in 1970 for which it was frozen, for a term of 12 years, part of the Geneva Agreement. In 1982, Venezuela decided not to ratify the Protocol of Port Spain and returned to what was established in the agreement.

title: Economy of Venezuela

text:
August 24, 2017 President Trump imposed sanctions on the state debt of Venezuela which ban to make transactions with state debt of Venezuela including the participation in debt restructuring.
November 13, 2017 the technical default period ended and Venezuela didn’t pay coupons on its dollar eurobonds. This caused a cross default on other dollar bonds. November 30 ISDA committee consisting of 15 biggest banks admitted default on state debt obligations what in its turn entailed payments on CDS.

title: Michael Nugent

text: Nugent criticised the question “What is your religion?” in the 2011 Irish census. He said the census should instead ask “Do you have a religion?” and “If so, what is it?” He asked nonreligious Irish people to tick the No Religion box. He warned that joke responses to the religion question in the census, being categorised as “not stated”, potentially contribute to an underreporting of the number of non-religious people.

title: Religion

text: Regarding religion and science, Albert Einstein states (1940): "For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action; it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts…Now, even though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other, nevertheless there exist between the two strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies. Though religion may be that which determine the goals, it has, nevertheless, learned from science, in the broadest sense, what means will contribute to the attainment of the goals it has set up."

title: Religion in Venezuela

text: The influence of the Catholic Church was introduced in its colonization by Spain. According to a 2011 poll (GIS XXI), 88 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), and the remaining 17 percent Protestant, primarily Evangelicals (in Latin America Protestants are usually called Evangelicos). The Venezuelans without religion are 8% (atheist 2% and agnostic or indifferent 6%), almost 3% of the population follow other religion (1% of them are of santeria).[1]

title: World religions

text: Since the late twentieth century, the paradigm has faced critique by scholars of religion like Jonathan Z. Smith, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered "major". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially constructed category.

title: Constitution of Venezuela

text: The Constitution of 1999 was the first constitution approved by popular referendum in Venezuelan history, and summarily inaugurated the so-called "Fifth Republic of Venezuela" due to the socioeconomic changes foretold in its pages, as well as the official change in Venezuela's name from the "República de Venezuela" ("Republic of Venezuela") to the "República Bolivariana de Venezuela" ("Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"). Major changes are made to the structure of Venezuela's government and responsibilities, while a much greater number of human rights are enshrined in the document as guaranteed to all Venezuelansincluding free education up to tertiary level, free health care, access to a clean environment, right of minorities (especially indigenous peoples) to uphold their own traditional cultures, religions, and languages, among others. The 1999 Constitution, with 350 articles, is among the world's longest, most complicated, and most comprehensive constitutions.

title: Religion in Venezuela

text: In Venezuela, a population of Santeria followers has been growing since 2008.[3] The rituals can cost 40,000 bolivars and include the slaughtering of a rooster, a chicken, or a goat.[4]

title: Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela

text: The Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela refers to the period before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 16th century, known as the Pre-Columbian era. It covers the history of what are now known as the indigenous peoples of Venezuela.

title: United Kingdom census, 2011

text: During the consultation on the 2011 census the British Humanist Association raised several concerns about question 20, "What is your religion?". The BHA argued it was a leading question, and suggested that it should be phrased as two questions, "Do you have a religion?" and "If so, what is it?". It contended that by placing the religion question near the ethnicity question it would encourage some responders to associate religion with cultural identity. The BHA also ran adverts during March 2011 encouraging the use of the 'no religion' box in the questionnaire

title: Crisis in Venezuela

title: Philosophy of religion

text: A general question which philosophy of religion asks is what is the relationship, if any, between morality and religion. Brian Davies outlines four possible theses: Monotheistic religions who seek to explain morality and its relationship to God must deal with what is termed the Euthyphro dilemma, famously stated in the Platonic dialogue "Euthyphro" as: "Is the pious (τὸ ὅσιον, i.e. what is morally good) loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" Those who hold that what is moral is so "because" it is what God commands are defending a version of the Divine command theory.

title: María Lionza

text: The indigenous religion of María Lionza, similar in most aspects to Santería, lies in the mountain of Sorte, in Yaracuy state, Venezuela, which is central to the religion. Therein is located the "Altar Mayor" or principal altar. As such, it is the main destination of pilgrimage from elsewhere in Venezuela and a place for people from the Caribbean to come to pay homage to the goddess. Though pilgrims come here all year round, the most important day is October 12. On this day, all the principal shamans and priests of María Lionza come together to pay homage to their Queen. Many of them do a tribal show called "Baile de las Brasas", where they do traditional dances, including dances over coals.

title: American civil religion

text: American civil religion is a sociological theory that a nonsectarian quasi-religious faith exists within the United States with sacred symbols drawn from national history. Scholars have portrayed it as a cohesive force, a common set of values that foster social and cultural integration. The very heavy emphasis on nondenominational religious themes is quite distinctively American and the theory is designed to explain this. The concept goes back to the 19th century, but in current form, the theory was developed by sociologist Robert Bellah in 1967 in his article, "Civil Religion in America". The topic soon became the major focus at religious sociology conferences and numerous articles and books were written on the subject. The debate reached its peak with the American Bicentennial celebration in 1976. There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the document of the United States Constitution, along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights as cornerstones of a type of civic or civil religion or political religion. Political sociologist Anthony Squiers argues that these texts act as the sacred writ of the American civil religion because they are used as authoritative symbols in what he calls the politics of the sacred. The Politics of the Sacred, according to Squiers are "the attempt to define and dictate what is in accord with the civil religious sacred and what is not. It is a battle to define what can and cannot be and what should and should not be tolerated and accepted in the community, based on its relation to that which is sacred for that community."

title: Pepito (sandwich)

text: The pepito is a common street food in Venezuela and Mexico and originates in Barquisimeto, the capital of the state of Lara in Venezuela. The pepito is one of the most popular street foods in Venezuela. It is purveyed at some restaurants and department stores in Mexico City. In Venezuela, they are sometimes sold by street vendors, who often provide several sauces that can be added atop the sandwich. The customer can typically tell the vendor what ingredients and toppings to use on the sandwich in Venezuela.

title: Hands Off Venezuela

text: The organisation was founded by the International Marxist Tendency's Alan Woods, a Welsh Trotskyist and political writer, who wrote an appeal, calling for "defense of the revolutionary process in Venezuela" and to defend the Bolivarian Revolution, to oppose US intervention in Venezuela, and to ensure that information about what was happening in Venezuela would reach the international labour movement.

title: Gabriela Montero

text:
Montero has been outspoken in her support for those who have challenged the government in Venezuela and has deplored the state of the country and the crackdown on protesters.
During a break in a concert, after taking requests from the audience and improvising on them, she told the audience Venezuela was facing a "very, very critical time". It is "one of our great tragedies" she said, adding that few outside the country understood what was going on in Venezuela. She referenced a high murder rate and, to applause, mourned what she called "the loss of our country to violence, to corruption and to the worst possible things you can imagine."

title: World religions

text:
A third criticism of the world religions paradigm is that it encourages an uncritical and "sui generis" model of 'religion'. It presents each of the 'world religions' in an abstracted and essentialised form, failing to take account of hybridization. For instance, in teaching about Christianity it does not refer to reincarnation, because this is not typically regarded as a Christian doctrine, and yet there are Christians who profess a belief in reincarnation.
A fourth criticism is that in choosing to focus attention on the "major" religions, it makes a value judgement as to what constitutes "major" and what does not.

title: Lived religion

text: The concept of lived religion was popularized in the late 20th century by religious study scholars like Robert A. Orsi and David D. Hall. The study of lived religion has come to include a wide range of subject areas as a means of exploring and emphasizing what a religious person does and what they believe. Today, the field of lived religion is expanding to include many topics and scholars.

title: Religion in Venezuela

text: There are small but influential Muslim, Buddhist, and Jewish communities. The Muslim community of about 95,000 is concentrated among persons of Lebanese and Syrian descent living in Nueva Esparta State, Punto Fijo and the Caracas area; Venezuela also has a significant Druze community from the same countries (the current vice president is Druze, showing the small group's influence). Buddhism in Venezuela is practiced by over 52,000 people. The Buddhist community is made up mainly of Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. There are Buddhist centers in Caracas, Maracay, Mérida, Puerto Ordáz, San Felipe, and Valencia. The Jewish community numbers approximately 13,000 and is mainly concentrated in Caracas.

title: List of Presidents of Venezuela

text: Owing to the profound confusion of the Venezuelan War of Independence and the period of Gran Colombia over what is now Venezuela, this page has gaps between 1813 and 1819. For this period in time, historians refer to the Republic of Venezuela as the Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) and the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) as Simon Bolivar twice reestablished the republic. The Congress of Angostura appointed Simón Bolívar "Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830.

title: Irreligion in Latin America

text: In Venezuela secularization has been influencing the country, this is due to the increasing modernization of the country and improvement of education, during the 20th century Venezuela was one of the most religious countries with a dominant Catholicism, although in the early twenty-first century Protestants, atheists, agnostics, among other religions have grown in the country, the most professional people (scientists, doctors, writers, etc.) are often less believers. According to a study by the University of Cambridge, 11.7% of Venezuelans are without religion (atheists 6% and 5.7% of non-religious), also a national study estimated that 6% of Venezuelans are agnostics and 2% atheists (in total of 8% of the population).

title: How Do You Spell God?

text: How Do You Spell God?: Answers to the Big Questions from Around the World is a book on religion by Rabbi Marc Gellman and Msgr. Thomas Hartman of "The God Squad", which answers questions about different religions. Each chapter's title is a question about any religion in general; for example, one chapter asks "What are some of the bad things in religions?", another asks "What question does each religion want to answer the most?", and another asks "What's a religion?".

title: President of Venezuela


query: How many soldiers are in the US Air Force?

title: United States Air Force

text: Along with conducting independent air and space operations, the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2017, the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft, 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites. It has a $161billion budget and is the second largest service branch, with 318,415 active duty airmen, 140,169 civilian personnel, 69,200 reserve airmen, and 105,700 Air National Guard airmen.

title: Frontier Force Regiment

text: Following the operation the United Nations Secretary General's Special Representative, Admiral Jonathan Howe and UNOSOM Force Commander, Lieutenant General Çevik Bir appreciated Pakistani troops' efforts and thanked them for helping the US troops. Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, Deputy Commander of the United Nations Forces in Somalia while praising Pakistani forces' said in a television interview, ""Many of the soldiers are alive today because of the willingness and skill of the Pakistani soldiers who worked jointly in a rescue operation with Malaysian and American soldiers in most difficult and dangerous combat circumstances. Such splendid soldiers to Somalia who we feel proud to serve with. Pakistani soldiers have been completely dependable even in the most difficult circumstances. They have shouldered a huge and dangerous load for UNOSOM and the Somali people.""

title: Air chief marshal

text:
Air chief marshal (Air Chf Mshl or ACM) is a four-star air officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force, where it is the most senior peacetime air force rank. The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries that have historical British influence and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-British air force-specific rank structure.
Air chief marshal is a four-star air officer rank and has a NATO ranking code of OF-9. An air chief marshal is equivalent to an admiral in the Royal Navy or a general in the British Army or the Royal Marines. In other forces, such as the United States Armed Forces and the Canadian Armed Forces, the equivalent four-star rank is general.

title: Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies

text: The centre was launched on 23 August 2007 by Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy, Chief of the Air Staff. Based at the Royal Air Force College, this think tank and research centre claims to bring together academia with serving members of the RAF to analyse how air power has been used in the past and how best it might be used in a modern, complex world of increasing ambiguity. It aspires to act as the RAF’s centre for strategic and conceptual thinking about air power, to "encourage and promote the study of air power, particularly within the Service and academia, but also throughout the broader intellectual community (including the media and think-tanks)".

title: Winograd Commission

text: In the end, the IDF failed to provide an effective military response to the challenges posed. This conclusion must not take away the great willingness of the soldiers, especially reserve soldiers, to serve and fight in the war. There were many instances of heroism, courage, self-sacrifice and devotion of many commanders and soldiers. The air force in particular was superb, however they alone could not prove decisive as the air force was necessarily limited, due to the weaknesses in the overall performance of the IDF.

title: The Settlers II

text: The player also has control over the structure of their military, and is free to change the amount of settlers who become soldiers, the rank of first-line defence soldiers, how many soldiers from each building can be used offensively, how many soldiers counter the enemy if nearby buildings are attacked, and how many soldiers take up positions in buildings in the settlement's centre, further out, and on the borders.

title: Marshal of the air force

text: No air force in an English-speaking country formally uses the exact title "marshal of the air force", although it is sometimes used as a shortened form of the full title. In several Commonwealth air forces and many Middle Eastern air forces the most senior rank is named "marshal of the", followed by the name of the air force (e.g. Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force).

title: Battle of Entebbe

text: Tanzanian forces conducted a light three-day bombardment of the Entebbe peninsula, driving away Amin from his presidential residence and instigating the retreat of many Ugandan forces. On the morning of 7April the Tanzanian 208th Brigade attacked the peninsula. After one of their aircraft was blown up, the Libyans attempted to evacuate via road to Kampala. Many of their units were intercepted and destroyed, while most Ugandan soldiers surrendered. There was little fighting within the town of Entebbe, and the peninsula was secured by the Tanzanians in the late afternoon. Over 300 Libyan soldiers were killed, and at least 200 Ugandan Air Force personnel were captured. The Tanzanians also seized a large amount of Libyan heavy equipment and several Ugandan Air Force jets.

title: German Air Force

text: The commander of the German Air Force is Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz. In 2015 the Air Force uses eleven air bases, two of which host no flying units. Furthermore, the Air Force has a presence at three civil airports. In 2012, the Air Force had an authorized strength of 28,475 active soldiers and 4,914 reservists.

title: Dunkirk (2017 film)

text: The film was noted for its generally realistic representation of the historical evacuation. It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea, limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity. In 1940, destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle, as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion. Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack, and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war. British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers, although Churchill later insisted that the French be evacuated alongside the British. The overall realism of the film was acknowledged by surviving Dunkirk veterans, although Branagh said that some thought it was "louder than the battle".

title: The Settlers II (10th Anniversary)

text: The player also has control over the structure of their military, and is free to change the rank of first-line defence soldiers, how many soldiers from each building can be used offensively, how many soldiers counter the enemy if nearby buildings are attacked, and how many soldiers take up positions in buildings in the settlement's centre, further out, and on the borders. New to the "10th Anniversary" is that the player can order garrisoned soldiers to evacuate any given military complex and redeploy them to any other, allowing the player to move soldiers to where they are needed most.

title: Congo Free State

text: The baskets of severed hands, set down at the feet of the European post commanders, became the symbol of the Congo Free State. ... The collection of hands became an end in itself. "Force Publique" soldiers brought them to the stations in place of rubber; they even went out to harvest them instead of rubber ... They became a sort of currency. They came to be used to make up for shortfalls in rubber quotas, to replace ... the people who were demanded for the forced labour gangs; and the "Force Publique" soldiers were paid their bonuses on the basis of how many hands they collected.

title: Brunei–Singapore relations

text: The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) has trained many Bruneian soldiers for a period of time. In return Brunei allows Singaporean troops to use their jungles for training. Brunei and Singapore began Exercise Airguard in 1994, which involves joint training between the Royal Brunei Air Force and the Republic of Singapore Air Force, with the states alternating as hosts. The exercises usually involve around 70 personnel from both nations.

title: Beasts of No Nation

text: As Agu is forced to leave his childhood behind, he reminisces about the past: his family, his love of reading and school, his dream of becoming an important doctor, and how he used to read the Bible every day. He thinks about how he and his friend used to play at war and how this war is not the same. He fears that God hates him for killing others, but he soon forces himself to believe that this is what God wants, because “he is soldier and this is what soldiers do in war.” He befriends a mute boy named Strika, and together they face the crimes and hardships of war: looting, rape, killing, and starvation.

title: Private military company

text: Some commentators have argued that there was an exodus from many special operations forces across the globe towards these private military corporations. Units that were allegedly severely affected included the British Special Air Service, the US Special Operations Forces and the Canadian Joint Task Force 2. Finding work in the industry is not difficult for most former soldiers as their personal network of fellow and ex-soldiers is enough to keep them informed of available contracts.

title: Air chief marshal

text: The rank of air chief marshal is also used in the air forces of many countries which were under British influence around the time their air force was founded. This includes many the air forces of many Commonwealth countries. Officers have served in the rank of air chief marshal in the Bangladesh Air Force, Indian Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Sri Lanka Air Force and the Air Force of Zimbabwe. It is also instituted as a rank in the Ghana Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force as member of the Commonwealth of Nations, however not in practice.

title: Air force officer ranks

text: Whilst there is a wide range of air force rank insignia in use, many air forces use army-style rank insignia whilst others follow the Royal Air Force style (shown below).

title: Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War

text: Rebels subsequently took Brega, Ra's Lanuf, and Bin Jawad with Coalition air support. According to a doctor in Ra's Lanuf who treated government casualties from Ajdabiya and the road from Benghazi, the airstrikes caused hundreds of casualties among government forces, morale dropped, and soldiers were faking injuries to escape the fighting. According to the doctor, "the first day, we had 56 seriously wounded. To the head, to the brain, lost arms and legs. Soldiers with a lot of shrapnel in them. It was like that every day after". The doctor said that he did not know how many soldiers were killed, but that soldiers who came to the hospital said that there were 150 dead on the first day of airstrikes, and that there were less after that, as they hid.

title: Flying Hawk

text: "When ten years old, I was in my first battle on the Tongue River. It was an overland train of covered wagons who had soldiers with them. The way it was started, the soldiers fired on the Indians, our tribe, only a few of us. We went to our friends and told them we had been fired on by the soldiers, and they surrounded the train and we had a fight with them. I do not know how many we killed of the soldiers, but they killed four of us. After that we had a good many battles, but I did not take any scalps for a good while. I cannot tell how many I killed when a young man."

title: 57th Wing

text: The 57 WG is home to advanced air combat training. The wing provides training for composite strike forces which include every type of aircraft in the Air Force inventory. Training is conducted in conjunction with air and ground units of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and air forces from US allied nations. The crews do not come to learn how to fly, but instead learn how to be combat aviators.

title: General officer

text:
The following articles deal with the rank of general, or its equivalent, as it is or was employed in the militaries of those countries:
Some countries (such as the United States) use the general officer ranks for both the army and the air force, as well as their marine corps; other nations only use the general officer ranks for the army, while in the air force they use air officers as the equivalent of general officers. They use the air force rank of air chief marshal as the equivalent of the specific army rank of general. This latter group includes the British Royal Air Force and many current and former Commonwealth air forces—e.g. Royal Australian Air Force, Indian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force, etc.

title: Flight sergeant

text: Apart from the RAF, the rank of flight sergeant is also used by many Commonwealth air forces, including the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, the Sri Lanka Air Force, the Ghana Air Force, the Bangladesh Air Force, the Sri Lanka Air Force, the South African Air Force and the Air Force of Zimbabwe. It was also used in the former Royal Rhodesian Air Force. In Canada, since the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, this rank has been replaced by warrant officer. It is also used in the Irish Air Corps, where it is equivalent to the Irish Army rank of company sergeant. The flight sergeant rank in the Indian Air Force was replaced with the rank of junior warrant officer (JWO), which ranks below a warrant officer and above a sergeant.

title: Air force officer ranks

text: Many Air forces of use a rank system similar to Armies, however, the RAF and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries, or those formerly under a British influence, use a different set of ranks loosely based on naval equivalents; Lieutenant, Commander, Captain and Commodore are prefixed for air force use with "Flight", "Wing", "Group" and "Air", respectively (the first three being the units that they used to command).

title: Will Burtin

text: In 1943, Will Burtin was drafted into the United States Army and assigned to the Office of Strategic Services. Burtin was assigned to create gun manuals for the U.S. Air Force and Army Air Force. The manual was called "Gunner's Information File: Flexible Gunnery". These gun manuals were being designed for the young soldiers in training. These manual were considered extremely important because they displayed vital information for trainees on how to handle their new firearm. Burtin, very concerned with the safety of the gunman, took this project very seriously. According to RIT's biography on Burtin, Will stated a gunman "was engaged in serious business in which his life might depend on the swift functioning of his knowledge and equipment". Because many of these soldiers drafted were uneducated and some illiterate, this manual had to be clear, precise, and easy to understand.

title: Battle of Adrianople (1205)

text: The total number of knights under the walls of Adrianople was 300. Accompanying them were a certain number of cavalry and infantry soldiers (likely no more than 1000-1500 people) and the Venetian forces, which, according to some sources, were also as many. This being said, the total amount was not greater than four thousand, yet it is not clear how many soldiers took part in the battle and how many stayed under the walls to continue the siege.

title: Squadron (aviation)

text: Many Eastern European countries use the term "squadron" originating from the french word "Escadrille": Russian Air Force - "Эскадрилья" ["Eskadril'ya"], Ukrainian Air Force - "Ескадрилья" ["Eskadril'ya"], Belarusian Air Force - "Эскадрыльля" ["Eskadryil'ya"], Romanian Air Force - "Escadrila", Bulgarian Air Force - "Ескадрила" ["Eskadrila"], Serbian Air Force - "Ескадрила" ["Eskadrila"], Croatian Air Force - "Eskadrila". The Royal Danish Air Force use the "Eskadrile", also originating from the French "Escadrille".

title: Bermuda Garrison

text:
The BVRC sent a draft to the Lincolns (with volunteers from the other local units attached for the transit) in 1940, following which concern of denuding the garrison meant a moratorium was placed on any further drafts overseas by the local units (although many soldiers were released from their units to train as pilots at the Bermuda Flying School on Darrell's Island). The school only accepted volunteers from amongst those already serving in one of the local army units. Eighty-eight men were sent to the Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm before the school closed in 1942, following which it was reorganised as a recruiting arm for the Royal Canadian Air Force, sending 200 aircrew trainees to that unit. The Bermuda Flying School was headed by Major Montgomery-Moore, DFC, who was also the Commanding Officer of the BVE.
In addition to the British Army and Royal Naval units in Bermuda during the War, a Royal Canadian Navy base, HMCS Somers Isles, operated at the former Royal Naval site at Convict Bay, and four airbases were operated in Bermuda - one by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, the Royal Air Force used RAF Darrell's Island, the US Navy operated flying boats from the US Naval Operating Base, and the US Army Air Force and the RAF shared an airfield built by the US Army, Kindley Field.

title: List of U.S. Air Force acronyms and expressions

text: This is a list of initials, acronyms, expressions, euphemisms, jargon, military slang, and sayings in common or formerly common use in the United States Air Force. Many of the words or phrases have varying levels of acceptance among different units or communities, and some also have varying levels of (usually dependent on how senior the user is in rank). Many terms also have equivalents among other service branches that are comparable in meaning. Many acronyms and terms have come into common use from voice procedure use over communication channels, translated into the NATO phonetic alphabet, or both.

title: Intelligence dissemination management

text:
First and foremost, Net Assessment is nothing but the capability to analyse and measure the strategical assets of each warring side (for example, how many tanks it has, how many soldiers etc.). But Net Assessment is not only the measurement of material matters, but it is also the capability to try to estimate moral assets such as a people's will to fight in a given war, how far a state is capable of waging war, how willing are their generals and soldiers to fight in a war and other moral aspects of warfare in general.
In the US, strategic assessment is one step beyond intelligence estimates, although intelligence analysts may well participate in the "subsequent" process of strategic assessment. The result, called a net assessment in the US and the correlation of forces in the fUSSR, are not themselves contingency plans, but are critical to the formulation of plans. Strategic assessment, above all else, is an examination of interactions, rather than the likely unilateral actions of another side or coalition.

title: Douglas C-47 Skytrain

text: With all of the aircraft and pilots having been part of the Indian Air Force prior to independence, both the Indian Air Force and Pakistan Air Force used C-47s to transport supplies to their soldiers fighting in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947.

title: Atrocities in the Congo Free State