query: When was David Mirkin born?

title: David Mirkin

text: David Mirkin (born September 18, 1955) is an American feature film and television director, writer and producer. Mirkin grew up in Philadelphia and intended to become an electrical engineer, but abandoned this career path in favor of studying film at Loyola Marymount University. After graduating, he became a stand-up comedian, and then moved into television writing. He wrote for the sitcoms Three's Company, It's Garry Shandling's Show and The Larry Sanders Show and served as showrunner on the series Newhart. After an unsuccessful attempt to remake the British series The Young Ones, Mirkin created Get a Life in 1990. The series starred comedian Chris Elliott and ran for two seasons, despite a lack of support from many Fox network executives, who disliked the show's dark and surreal humor. He moved on to create the sketch show The Edge starring his then-partner, actress Julie Brown.

title: Treehouse of Horror VI

text: In the final scene of the episode, Homer is sent to the real world in the first ever live-action scene in "The Simpsons". It was filmed on Ventura Boulevard in Studio City and directed by David Mirkin, who later said that Fox "couldn't have been less supportive" because they thought it would be too expensive. The scene involves a crane shot which pulls back as the credits are shown. Fox "begrudgingly" allowed Mirkin to use a crane for the ending. The scene was filmed on a sidewalk with the crane on the street and Mirkin was not able to fully stop traffic for the shot. Because of this, when the camera swings around, a line of cars can be seen backed up on the street. Mirkin was also disappointed in the quality of the camera pan, again blaming the lack of support from Fox and the inability to halt the traffic.

title: And Maggie Makes Three

text: The episode was written by Jennifer Crittenden, and directed by Swinton O. Scott III. This was the first episode Scott directed for the show. Crittenden also made her debut as a writer for "The Simpsons" in this episode. Crittenden was taking a beginners' writing program at 20th Century Fox when former "The Simpsons" showrunner David Mirkin hired her on the show. Crittenden's only writing experience before that had been as an intern on the "Late Show with David Letterman". 20th Century Fox introduced Crittenden to Mirkin, and Mirkin read a script of hers that he liked. When Mirkin first talked to Crittenden, he thought she was a really nice woman who was very mature. Crittenden was only 23 years old at the time, but Mirkin liked her and he hired her.

title: The Last Temptation of Homer

text: The episode was written by Frank Mula and directed by Carlos Baeza. The idea was conceived by the then-show runner David Mirkin. When he was hired to work on "The Simpsons", one of his goals was to study the aspect of Homer's character if he was "really tempted away" from Marge. Mirkin wanted to find out what would happen in a situation where Homer finds himself attracted to another woman. "The Simpsons" creator Matt Groening had previously written an episode for the show's third season, called "Colonel Homer", where Homer finds himself attracted to a country singer named Lurleen Lumpkin. In that episode, Lurleen immediately had a "crush" on Homer, but Homer was not aware of it until later on. With this episode, Mirkin wanted Homer to immediately know he was attracted to Mindy. Mirkin thought it was a "great exploration" to see what happened to Homer in this particular case. The episode did not get the usual amount of laughs at the animatic test screening, which made the staff worry it was not as funny as they expected. Mirkin said it had to do with the fact that because there were very "subtle" performances in the episode, the animation had to be "exactly right" for it to be funny. Baeza and David Silverman, another animation director on the show, worked "hard" on the episode. Mirkin said from the very beginning it was a "huge group effort" from both the writing and the animation staff.

title: Homer the Great

text: Although "Homer the Great" was written by John Swartzwelder, the story was suggested by executive producer David Mirkin. Mirkin did not have enough time to write the episode and asked Swartzwelder to do it. Mirkin came up with the idea while driving home from a rewrite early in the morning and listened to a religious radio station where they were talking about Freemasonry. Mirkin decided it would make a great episode, where many people in Springfield were members of a Masonic society and Homer was left on the outside and felt neglected.

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin left The Edge during its run and became the executive producer and showrunner of The Simpsons for its fifth and sixth seasons. Mirkin has been cited as introducing a more surreal element to the show's humor, as shown by his first writing credit for the show, "Deep Space Homer", which sees Homer Simpson go to space as part of a NASA program to restore interest in space exploration. He won four Primetime Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award for his work on The Simpsons. Mirkin stood down as showrunner after season six, but produced several subsequent episodes, co-wrote The Simpsons Movie (2007) and in 2013 remains on the show as a consultant. Mirkin has also moved into feature film direction: he directed the films Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997) and Heartbreakers (2001).

title: David Mirkin

text: As of 2012 Mirkin still works part-time on the show as a consultant, helping with the re-write process.[55][56] The show's nine-month production cycle allows him to contribute to each episode in some form, whilst engaging in other projects as well.[3] Mirkin also co-wrote The Simpsons Movie in 2007,[57] and the 3D animated short The Longest Daycare in 2012, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[58] Mirkin won four Primetime Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award for his work on The Simpsons.[6]

title: David Mirkin

text: Still hoping to work on Cheers, Mirkin sent a spec script of an episode of Taxi to Cheers writers Ken Levine and David Isaacs. The two approved and offered Mirkin a freelance job writing one of the final nine episodes of the show's first season, pending their commissioning by NBC. The episodes were commissioned, but Mirkin's agent rejected the Cheers job without telling his client, failing to see why Mirkin would want to work on what was then the lowest-rated comedy on television. Mirkin sacked the agent and signed on with Robb Rothman. Rothman knew Dan Wilcox, the executive producer of Newhart, which like Cheers was more character-focused. Rothman persuaded Wilcox to hire Mirkin. Mirkin wrote a freelance script and in 1984 beat seven other writers to a staff position on the series.[7] He served as a writer and supervising story editor, before being promoted to executive producer and showrunner after one and a half years.[4][6][7][8] Mirkin "felt [Newhart] was where I belonged. I'd finally come to a place in my life where everything I'd ever wanted had come together."[7] In 1987, he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for Newhart.[9] It was the first nomination the show had received in that category and for the first episode Mirkin wrote as the series' showrunner.[10] Mirkin directed several of the Newhart episodes he wrote because he saw directing as "a means of protecting the writing". A philosophy he carried into his later work, Mirkin felt that "being the head writer... was not enough; you had to see the material through its execution– especially the weirder stuff. You had to be right there to make sure every sick idea didn't lose any disturbing nuance."[3] Mirkin left Newhart in 1988, desiring to work on a single-camera sitcom.[7]

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin was born and raised in Philadelphia and graduated from Northeast High School in 1973.[1] His father was a computer engineer until his death in 1960.[2][3] Mirkin's older brother Gary worked as a television engineer for the Philadelphia NBC affiliate, KYW-TV, now a CBS owned-and-operated station.[3] Throughout his childhood, Mirkin had an interest in film, and explored both writing and filming.[2] Mirkin has described himself as a "nerd" and was often in trouble as a child because he was "in another world". At high school, he felt the teaching was "too slow" and was allowed by his teachers to "skip class two to three days a week".[4]

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin's tenure on The Simpsons has been cited as a period where the series evolved to focus more on abstract and surreal stories and humor. A. O. Scott notes that "several veterans recall the 'crazy David Mirkin years' as a time of wild inventiveness."[31] In The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History (2009), John Ortved describes Mirkin's era as moving the show away from more "realistic" emotional and character-based stories to "pure comedy" and "surreal" humor.[32] In a 2004 interview with Animation Magazine, Mirkin stated that he felt that he "brought [the show] back to a more story-oriented" approach and increased the focus on characters and their emotions, although "at the same time still keeping it surreal and weird".[8] Mirkin moved the show's focus toward Homer Simpson, and also developed some of its secondary characters, including Apu Nahasapeemapetilon.[8][25] He also strongly opposed censorship and network interference, telling post-production supervisor Colin A.B.V. Lewis to ignore the list of changes sent by the Fox censors.[33] He aimed to put "as much blood and guts" as possible into the episode "Treehouse of Horror V" as an attack on the censors.[34]

title: David Mirkin

text: Ortved—using interviews with writers Bob Kushell and Brent Forrester and Mirkin's assistant Charleen Easton—describes Mirkin as an "outsider" on the show, with the writing staff, at least initially, divided with respect to Mirkin's comedy and leadership style.[35] Forrester described the latter as "a little bit dictatorial".[36] Mirkin conducted the show's writing sessions in one room, rather than splitting the writers into two groups, as later showrunners would do, and often worked late into the night.[3][36] Some praised Mirkin's leadership, including Appel, who felt that "the shows were great under him."[36] Others criticised him, including Kushell, who clashed with Mirkin over the episode "A Star is Burns", a crossover with The Critic.[37] In 2004, Mirkin stated that he "really wasn't at all intimidat[ed] to join [the show's writing] crew", because he "had worked with and written with" many of his fellow writers previously and concluded that, "[I took] this show in a direction that is more personal to me. I did that, had a great time doing that, and everyone was very receptive to that."[8] Mirkin's era and style of humor are popular amongst the show's fans.[25]

title: David Mirkin

text: Heartbreakers, Mirkin's second film as a feature director, was released in 2001. Mirkin rejected the project three times because he disliked the script. While he liked the idea of a mother and daughter con-woman team, he found the writing "really broad", and "it had no emotion in it." Eventually, Mirkin was allowed to rewrite the script himself, which he did in a year's time. He filmed the project in Florida and Los Angeles and had a cameo appearance in the film as Jack's lawyer.[6] Reactions to both the film and Mirkin's direction of it were more varied compared to Romy and Michele's High School Reunion.[62] Roger Ebert said the film was not "as sly and has no ambition to be [as] charming" as Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, "but in a season of dreary failed comedies it does what a comedy must: It makes us laugh".[63] Chris Hewitt of Empire wrote that "Mirkin's direction is a little flat, but he's clearly having tremendous fun,"[64] but Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today opined that Mirkin "never gets the timing right and allows the story to drag with little internal logic".[65]

title: David Mirkin

text: He got his first job writing for television on the sitcom Three's Company in 1983.[6] Through his cousin, Mirkin met writer George Tricker who became his mentor.[7] Tricker wrote for the Three's Company spin-off The Ropers so Mirkin wrote a spec script for an episode of The Ropers. Although rejected by the producers of The Ropers, Three's Company creator Bernie West was impressed by the script and Mirkin began pitching ideas for that series instead. Mirkin pitched to the series' story editors for several years without success because they had very limited script buying power. He was eventually able to pitch to the show's producers, who bought a script from him, and then hired him as a staff writer.[7] Mirkin was apprehensive about the job because he was aiming to work on Cheers, a show more focused on character-driven humor which Mirkin preferred writing, but felt he could not turn the opportunity down.[7] Mirkin considered Three's Company to have "a classic French farce structure", as "the characters were so stupid they could never say anything clever." This meant Mirkin had to adapt his preference for character-driven comedy to fit the show; it "forced you to put all the cleverness into the plot, a much more difficult thing to do. The plot had to get all the laughs". Mirkin felt the experience "taught [him] a lot about structure" which greatly aided his later work on character-focused shows.[2][7]

title: Get a Life (TV series)

text:
In the DVD commentary for the series by David Mirkin, he discusses the development of the Chris Peterson character and the series in great detail.
Mirkin states that the Chris Peterson character was originally somewhat based on Dennis the Menace, i.e. "What would Dennis The Menace have been like when he was 30 years old?" In the pilot, "Terror on the Hell Loop 2000", Chris Peterson was a fully functioning, wisecracking adult who is beating the system. However, as the series went on, he became a darker, more psychotic, character. According to Mirkin, the main character was made more likeable in the pilot to get the network to agree to order the series, and once the series was ordered, the producers took the character in the darker direction that was always intended.

title: The PTA Disbands

text: The episode was written by Jennifer Crittenden. She came into the writers' room and pitched the idea that there should be a teachers' strike in an episode. Then-show runner David Mirkin thought the episode had a lot of potential, and much of it is based on his experience as a child with schools running out of money. Despite the title of the episode, at no point does the PTA (Parent-Teacher Association) actually disband. The title was suggested by Mirkin and was intended to poke fun at Crittenden, who thought the most exciting part of the teachers going on strike would be that the PTA might disband. In addition to this, Mirkin added a character to the episode who, on thinking the PTA has disbanded, jumps panicking out of a window. He jumps back in the same window when he is told the PTA has not disbanded.

title: Treehouse of Horror V

text: David Mirkin attempted to put "as much blood and guts" into the episode as he could. This was because Mirkin was disappointed by complaints from Congress regarding the amount of violence in the show and their attempts for it to be censored. He later called it "the most [...] disturbing Halloween show ever". The opening sequence, in which Marge states the episode could not be shown and plays some live action stock footage, was also in reaction to this. Mirkin said he thinks Halloween shows can be "scary as well as fun".

title: David Mirkin

text: In 1991, Mirkin wrote a pilot with Julie Brown entitled The Julie Show, starring Brown, but NBC did not produce it.[18] Several people at the network enjoyed it and commissioned The Edge, a sketch comedy show also written by Mirkin and Brown, with Mirkin directing. NBC opted against production, but Fox ran it from 1992 to 1993.[18] Mirkin had long wished to produce a sketch show,[10] and designed The Edge to be "fast-paced" and "some skits overlap, end abruptly or are broken into segments", in order to maintain attention.[19] The Edge was a ratings success and was supported by the network. Mirkin considered it "the first time I experienced the feeling of having a hit that I created. It just kept building and growing."[10] The show's material often inflamed its targets,[18] particularly producer Aaron Spelling. Spelling objected to a sketch mocking his series Beverly Hills, 90210, another Fox show, and its lead actress Tori Spelling, who is his daughter.[18][20] He demanded a public apology and that no further episodes contain the parody, threatening to sue. The show's production company TriStar Television refused, while Mirkin responded: "The thing about these parodies is they don't hurt a show. It's only cross-promotion. The viewers who like the show always come back the next week. What's upsetting to me is it shows absolutely that Mr. Spelling has no sense of humor."[20] Mirkin left his role as executive producer of The Edge during its run.[18][21] The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that Mirkin had been "forced off the show", due to the negative reaction of Spelling and others,[18] though in 2012, Mirkin stated that he left the series after refusing to accept a substantially reduced budget. The show's producers Sony failed to persuade him to stay but he returned to the series to produce its final "Best Of" compilation.[10]

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin wanted to produce a surreal, Monty Python-esque, single-camera comedy series. He had a development deal with Newhart's producers MTM Enterprises and persuaded them to buy the rights to produce a pilot for an American adaptation of the British sitcom The Young Ones.[10] The pilot was entitled Oh No, Not Them!, and featured Nigel Planer from the original series, as well as Jackie Earle Haley and Robert Bundy.[12][13] Mirkin had wanted to cast comedian Chris Elliott in the pilot, but was prevented by Fox, which wanted Elliott for another show. Oh No, Not Them!, in Mirkin's words, "tested through the floor" because it was too "surreal" and "sarcastic" and was not picked up.[10][12] Mirkin and Elliott decided to develop a show together, along with Adam Resnick. In 1990, they created the sitcom Get a Life, which was conceived as a dark, surreal, psychotic version of the cartoon Dennis the Menace.[12] The show stars Elliott as Chris Peterson, a 30-year-old newspaper delivery boy who still lives with his parents, and who is increasingly losing his grip on reality.[14][15] Fox was lukewarm about the idea, but Mirkin convinced them to order a pilot by understating how dark the show would be. The network executives disliked the pilot after seeing an initial run-through, but Mirkin felt that this was because they "didn't get" the show and opted not to change it. The executives enjoyed the finished pilot and it was aired.[12] However, throughout the show's run, the network's initially negative attitude prevailed. According to Mirkin, many of the executives struggled to understand it and objected to the darkness and surrealism of the show's humor, which included the frequent death of Elliott's character, and regularly threatened to shut down production.[10][12] After its first season, on the insistence of the network, Chris moves out of his parents' garage, attempts to get additional jobs to his paper route, and attempts to get a girlfriend. However, Mirkin and Elliott refused to "[compromise on] the essential goofiness of the show".[16]

title: Get a Life (TV series)

text: The show was a creation of Elliott, Adam Resnick (like Elliott, a writer for "Late Night with David Letterman"), and writer/director David Mirkin (former executive producer/showrunner for "Newhart" and later for "The Simpsons"). Mirkin was executive producer/showrunner of the series and also directed most of the episodes. Notable writers of the series included Charlie Kaufman, screenwriter of "Being John Malkovich"; and Bob Odenkirk, co-creator of "Mr. Show with Bob and David" and "Tenacious D".

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin is a vegetarian.[51] In the early 1990s, Mirkin was in a relationship with actress Julie Brown, with whom he had worked on The Julie Show and The Edge.[18][71]

title: David Mirkin

text: —Mirkin on his decision to leave Nehwart[7]

title: Team Homer

text: Former show runner of "The Simpsons" David Mirkin thought the episode was "really fun" because there were "lots of characters" in it and it featured "lots of terrific animation". Mirkin liked that viewers could see the different characters "team up" and how they pair off. "It's kind of cool to see them hang around like this. Particularly Homer's group which has some nice emotion and they really comes together as a group", Mirkin commented.

title: David Mirkin

text: After season six, Mirkin suggested Oakley and Weinstein take over as showrunners, but remained on the show in an advisory capacity, helping them with technical aspects of the show such as editing and sound mixing, and attending table readings of the scripts.[24][48] He was the executive producer for three other episodes from season seven: "Lisa the Vegetarian", "Radioactive Man" and "Team Homer".[49][50] "Lisa the Vegetarian" was approved by Mirkin after the story was pitched by Cohen; Mirkin had just become a vegetarian himself, and so many of Lisa's experiences in the episode were based on his own.[51] Mirkin flew to London to record the episode's guest stars Paul and Linda McCartney at Paul's recording studio,[52] where the McCartneys spent an hour recording their parts. Mirkin later said that recording with the McCartneys was one of the most "amazing" experiences of his life and considers the episode to be one of his favorites.[51] Mirkin returned to the role of showrunner to produce the episodes "The Joy of Sect" and "All Singing, All Dancing" for season nine.[53] He pitched the plot for "The Joy of Sect", because he was attracted to the notion of parodies of cults, calling them "comical, interesting and twisted".[54]

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin was the executive producer and showrunner for the animated sitcom The Simpsons, during its fifth and sixth seasons (1993–1995).[22][23] Following the end of the show's fourth season, most of the original staff members left the show; only Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Conan O'Brien and Dan McGrath remained, and O'Brien soon left to replace David Letterman as host of Late Night.[24] Executive producers James L. Brooks and Richard Sakai hired Mirkin following his exit from The Edge.[10][25] He had been asked to join the show's writing team when it started in 1989, but decided instead to work on Get a Life.[3][26] He was a fan of The Simpsons before being hired for the show,[8] and started work in November 1992. Due to the show's long production cycle, season five did not air until the following September.[27] Mirkin was the program's first solo showrunner.[6] Due to the high staff departure at the end of season four, Mirkin "pretty much had to build [the] show from the ground up again", and noted that this "was exciting but also a big challenge".[8] He hired several new writers, including Richard Appel, David X. Cohen, Jennifer Crittenden, Greg Daniels, Bob Kushell, Jace Richdale and Mike Scully.[28][29][30]

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin started out as a stand-up comedian in 1982 and performed across the United States, including at The Comedy Store, where he became a regular, and at The Improv.[6] The first joke he used in his routine was, "Is it just me or has everybody been coughing up blood lately?" Mirkin considers the joke to be "an insight into the way [he writes]".[2] Stand-up comedy was the most profitable and easily accessible route Mirkin found into the comedy industry, but "it wasn't a lifestyle that [he] particularly coveted," especially due to the traveling required.[2]

title: Jennifer Crittenden

text: Crittenden has written five episodes for "The Simpsons", the first being "And Maggie Makes Three" (1995) and the latest being "The Twisted World of Marge Simpson" (1997). Crittenden was taking a beginners' writing program at 20th Century Fox when former "The Simpsons" show runner David Mirkin hired her on the show. Crittenden's only writing experience before that had been as an intern on the "Late Show with David Letterman". 20th Century Fox had introduced Crittenden to Mirkin, and Mirkin read a script of hers that he liked so he hired her.

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin pitched the plots for the episodes "The Last Temptation of Homer", "Bart's Girlfriend" and "Homer the Great".[8][43][44][45] He also produced the show's sole two-part episode "Who Shot Mr. Burns?", which aired as the finale of season six and the premiere of season seven. The writers decided to write the episode in two parts with a mystery that could be used as a contest.[46] Mirkin suggested Maggie Simpson as the culprit because he felt it was funnier and wanted the culprit to be a family member.[47]

title: David Mirkin

text: Mirkin was attached to direct Sports Widow in 2004, a comedy starring Reese Witherspoon as a disregarded housewife who seeks to become an expert in American football in order to regain her husband's attention; the project has never been completed.[55][66][67] Mirkin is a fan of the musician James Taylor; Taylor guest starred in "Deep Space Homer" and Mirkin directed the music videos for his songs "Enough to Be on Your Way" and "Sea Cruise".[6][10][68][69] As of 2012, Mirkin will write, direct and co-produce a biopic of businessman Richard Branson, based on his memoir Losing My Virginity.[3][70]

title: David Mirkin

text: In 1999, several of the Fox executives who had disliked Get a Life came to Mirkin and apologized for the way they had treated the show, stating that they now found it funny. They commissioned Mirkin to write, produce and direct a similarly-themed show of his choice. Mirkin produced a pilot for Jeff of the Universe, a "sarcastic" parody of the science fiction genre. The executives who had disproved of Get a Life had since moved from the Fox Network to Fox Studios, and they liked this new show. However, the new executives at Fox did not, and chose not to air the show. Mirkin often plays clips from the show at the talks he does at colleges; they receive a positive response.[12][15]

title: David Mirkin

text: After leaving Newhart, Mirkin wrote freelance scripts for It's Garry Shandling's Show and The Tracey Ullman Show.[3][5][8] Garry Shandling asked Mirkin to co-create The Larry Sanders Show with him. Mirkin did not have time, but worked as writer and consultant on the show's first season, and later returned to direct the 1998 final season episode "The Beginning of the End".[5][6][10][11]


query: When was the Caldecott Medal first established?

title: Caldecott Medal

text: The award is named for Randolph Caldecott, a nineteenth-century English illustrator. Rene Paul Chambellan designed the Medal in 1937. The obverse scene is derived from Randolph Caldecott's front cover illustration for The Diverting History of John Gilpin (Routledge, 1878, an edition of the 1782 poem by William Cowper), which depicts Gilpin astride a runaway horse.[2][3] The reverse is based on "Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie", one of Caldecott's illustrations for the nursery rhyme "Sing a Song of Sixpence".

title: Sylvester and the Magic Pebble

text: "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble" earned Steig the 1970 Caldecott Medal, his first of many Caldecott and Newbery Medal honors. The book was nominated for the 1970 National Book Award for Young People's Literature (losing out to Isaac Bashevis Singer's "A Day of Pleasure"). In 1978, "Sylvester and the Magic Pebble" was given the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award.

title: John Rocco

text: Rocco was a runner-up for the American Library Association Caldecott Medal, which annually recognizes the best in U.S. children's picture book illustration, when "Blackout" was named a Caldecott Honor Book in 2012.Another artist illustrated the first edition dustjacket for at least the first Camp Half-Blood novel by Rick Riordan, namely "The Lightning Thief". Before the end of the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" subseries (2005 to 2009), all volumes were in print with stylistically matching dustjackets illustrated by Rocco. New cover illustrations from a single Rocco painting that spans all five books were introduced early in 2014.

title: Caldecott Medal

text: Jon Klassen became the second person to win both the Caldecott and the Greenaway and the first to win both for the same work: This Is Not My Hat won the Caldecott in 2013 and the Greenaway in 2014.[13][14] It was released on October 9, 2012, by Walker Books in the UK and by its American subsidiary Candlewick Press in the US.[15][16]

title: Caldecott (disambiguation)

text: The Caldecott Medal is an award for children's book illustration.

title: Mr. Rabbit and the Lovely Present

text: Mr. Rabbit and the Lovely Present, written by Charlotte Zolotow and illustrated by Maurice Sendak, is a 1962 pictures book published by HarperCollins. It was a Caldecott Medal Honor Book for 1963 and was one of Sendak's Caldecott Honor Medal of a total of seven during his career. Sendak won the Caldecott Medal in 1964 for "Where the Wild Things Are", which he both authored and illustrated. "Mr. Rabbit and the Lovely Present" was re-issued by HarperCollins in 1999 in hardcover format as part of a project to re-issue 22 Sendak works, including several authored by Zolotow.

title: Caldecott Medal

text: Robert Lawson alone has won both a Caldecott Medal and a Newbery Medal, the 1941 Caldecott for They Were Strong and Good and the 1945 Newbery for Rabbit Hill. He both wrote and illustrated both books.

title: Tuesday (book)

text: Tuesday, written and illustrated by David Wiesner, is a 1991 picture book published by Clarion Books. "Tuesday" received the 1992 Caldecott Medal for illustrations and was Wiesner's first of three Caldecott Medals that he has won during his career. Wiesner subsequently won the Caldecott Medal in 2002 for "The Three Pigs", and the 2007 medal for "Flotsam".

title: Picture book

text: In 1938, the American Library Association (ALA) began presenting annually the Caldecott Medal to the most distinguished children's book illustration published in the year. The Caldecott Medal was established as a sister award to the ALA's Newbery Medal, which was awarded to a children's books "for the most distinguished American children's book published the previous year" and presented annually beginning in 1922. During the mid-forties to early fifties, honorees included Marcia Brown, Barbara Cooney, Roger Duvoisin, Berta and Elmer Hader, Robert Lawson, Robert McCloskey, Dr. Seuss, Maurice Sendak, Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire, Leo Politi, Tasha Tudor, and Leonard Weisgard.

title: Kevin Henkes

text: Kevin Henkes (born November 27, 1960) is an American writer and illustrator of children's books. As an illustrator he won the Caldecott Medal for "Kitten's First Full Moon" (2004). Two of his books were Newbery Medal Honor Books, "Olive's Ocean" in 2004 and "The Year of Billy Miller" in 2014. His picture book "Waiting" was named both a 2016 Caldecott Honor Book and a Geisel Honor Book. It was only the second time any author has won that combination of awards.

title: Caldecott Medal

text: Illustrator Gail E. Haley has won both the Caldecott and the Kate Greenaway Medal, the comparable British award for children's book illustration (not restricted to picture books). She won the Caldecott for A Story a Story (Atheneum Books, 1970) and the Greenaway for The Post Office Cat (The Bodley Head, 1976). Haley and her second husband lived in England from 1973 to 1980.[12] From about 2000 the British award is open to all illustrators.

title: The Amazing Bone

text: The Amazing Bone is a 32-page picture book by William Steig from 1976. It was nominated for the Caldecott Medal in 1977; however, Leo & Diane Dillon's "" won, so "The Amazing Bone" only received the Caldecott Honor Award. It was the first of Steig's few books in which the main character is a female.

title: Chris Raschka

text: "Yo! Yes?" was a Caldecott Honor Book in 1994 but Raschka may be most famous for his "Hello, Goodbye Window", winner of the 2006 Caldecott Medal, and his book "A Ball for Daisy," which won the 2012 Caldecott Medal.

title: Frederic G. Melcher

text: Melcher proposed the Caldecott Medal in 1937 to honor children's picture books. Named for British illustrator Randolph Caldecott, the medal is presented annually for the "most distinguished picture book for children".

title: Caldecott Medal

text: Beside the Caldecott Medal, the committee awards a variable number of citations to worthy runners-up, called the Caldecott Honors or Caldecott Honor Books. The "Honor" was introduced in 1971, but some runners-up had been identified annually and all those runners-up were retroactively named Caldecott Honor Books.[2] The number of Honors or runners-up had always been one to five, and it had been two to four since 1994, until five were named in 2013 and six in 2015. The Honor Books must be a subset of the runners-up on the final ballot, either the leading runners-up on that ballot or the leaders on one further ballot that excludes the winner.[4]

title: Caldecott Medal

text: The latest winner of the Caldecott Medal, awarded in 2019, is Sophie Blackall for Hello Lighthouse (Little, Brown, 2018).[10]

title: Caldecott Medal

text: Two people have won three Caldecott Medals.

title: The Emperor and the Kite

text: The Emperor and the Kite, written by Jane Yolen and illustrated by Ed Young, is a 1967 picture book. "The Emperor and the Kite" was a Caldecott Medal Honor Book for 1968 and was Young's first Caldecott Honor Medal of a total of three during his career. Young won the Caldecott Medal in 1968 for "The Emperor and the Kite", which he illustrated.

title: Caldecott Medal

text: The Randolph Caldecott Medal annually recognizes the preceding year's "most distinguished American picture book for children", beginning with 1937 publications. It is awarded to the illustrator by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA).[1] The Caldecott and Newbery Medals are the most prestigious American children's book awards.

title: Learn to Draw

text: David Wiesner, multiple Caldecott Medal winning illustrator, recalled watching Jon Gnagy every Saturday morning, and says ""this" guy was an artist." Richard Egielski, also a "Caldecott Medal" winner said "I loved the Jon Gnagy show."

title: Leonard S. Marcus

text: -"A Caldecott Celebration: Six Artists and Their Paths to the Caldecott Medal" (Walker, 1998)

title: Caldecott Medal

text: Smith, Irene (1957). A History of the Newbery and Caldecott Medals. New York: Viking Press.

title: Andy and the Lion

text: Andy and the Lion, written and illustrated by James Daugherty, is a 1938 picture book published by Puffin Books. "Andy and the Lion" was a Caldecott Medal Honor Book for 1939 and was Daugherty's first Caldecott Honor Medal of a total of two during his career. Daughetry won the Caldecott Medal in 1957 for "Gillespie and the Guards", which he both authored and Illustrated. "Andy and the Lion" was re-issued by Viking Press in 1967 in hardcover format. It was the fifteenth printing of March 1967. A modern retelling of the Androcles And The Lion common folktale about a young boy who loves to read about lions.

title: A Visit to William Blake's Inn

text: A Visit to William Blake's Inn: Poems for Innocent and Experienced Travelers is a children's picture book written by Nancy Willard and illustrated by Alice and Martin Provensen, published by Harcourt Brace in 1981. The next year Willard won the annual Newbery Medal and the Provensens were one runner-up for the Caldecott Medal from the professional children's librarians. "William Blake's Inn" was the first Newbery-winning book to also be named a Caldecott Honor Book. "Last Stop on Market Street" later won the 2016 Newbery Medal and a Caldecott Honor.

title: Randolph Caldecott

text: Randolph Caldecott (; 22 March 1846 – 12 February 1886) was an English artist and illustrator, born in Chester. The Caldecott Medal was named in his honour. He exercised his art chiefly in book illustrations. His abilities as an artist were promptly and generously recognised by the Royal Academy. Caldecott greatly influenced illustration of children's books during the nineteenth century. Two books illustrated by him, priced at a shilling each, were published every Christmas for eight years.

title: Kevin Henkes

text: Henkes' first book, "All Alone", was published in 1981 by Greenwillow Books. More than 30 books followed, including "Chrysanthemum" and "Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse". In 1994 Henkes was a runner-up for one of the premier American Library Association children's book awards, the Caldecott Medal for "Owen", one of his mouse books. In 2004, he was a runner-up for the Newbery Medal for "Olive's Ocean." The next year he won the Caldecott Medal for "Kitten's First Full Moon", recognizing that as the year's best children's picture book published in the U.S. All of his books to date have been published by Greenwillow Books.

title: Hello Lighthouse

text: The book also won the 2019 Caldecott Medal. Caldecott Medal Committee Chair Mary Fellows said that, “Children will delight in immersing themselves in the captivating discoveries each new look at ‘Hello Lighthouse’ will bring.”

title: Picture book

text: In 1931, Jean de Brunhoff's first Babar book, "The Story Of Babar" was published in France, followed by "The Travels of Babar" then "Babar The King". In 1930, Marjorie Flack authored and illustrated "Angus and the Ducks", followed in 1931 by "Angus And The Cats", then in 1932, "Angus Lost". Flack authored another book in 1933, "The Story about Ping", illustrated by Kurt Wiese. The "Elson Basic Reader" was published in 1930 and introduced the public to "Dick and Jane". In 1930 "The Little Engine That Could" was published, illustrated by Lois Lenski. In 1954 it was illustrated anew by George and Doris Hauman. It spawned an entire line of books and related paraphernalia and coined the refrain "I think I can! I think I can!". In 1936, Munro Leaf's "The Story of Ferdinand" was published, illustrated by Robert Lawson. "Ferdinand" was the first picture book to crossover into pop culture. Walt Disney produced an animated feature film along with corresponding merchandising materials. In 1938 to Dorothy Lathrop was awarded the first Caldecott Medal for her illustrations in "Animals of the Bible", written by Helen Dean Fish. Thomas Handforth won the second Caldecott Medal in 1939, for "Mei Li", which he also wrote. Ludwig Bemelmans' "Madeline" was published in 1939 and was selected as a Caldecott Medal runner-up, today known as a Caldecott Honor book.

title: Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears

text: The book won a Caldecott Medal in 1976 for the Dillons. It was the first of their two consecutive Caldecott wins; the second was for "".

title: Kate Greenaway Medal

text:
Year of presentation after 2006.
Gravett won her second medal for her fourth book, with cover title "Little Mouse's Emily Gravett's Big Book of Fears".Kay and Ness won both the Greenaway and Carnegie Medals for "A Monster Calls", the first such double. Two illustrators of Carnegie Medal-winning books had been runners-up for the Greenaway, Charles Keeping ("The God Beneath the Sea", 1970) and Michael Foreman ("City of Gold", 1980).Klassen, a Canadian, won the 2013 Caldecott Medal for "This Is Not My Hat", recognising the previous year's "most distinguished American picture book for children". This marks the first time that the same book has won both the Greenaway and Caldecott medals and Klassen is the first Greenaway winner from Canada.
Chris Riddell became the first triple winner in the history of the award, having previously won in 2001 and 2004.The CILIP Carnegie & Kate Greenaway Children's Book Awards (homepage). Sponsored by CILIP and others. Retrieved 2012-05-06.


query: What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the human brain?

title: Neurotransmitter

text: The most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain.[6] The next most prevalent is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, or GABA, which is inhibitory at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate. Although other transmitters are used in fewer synapses, they may be very important functionally: the great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter systems, often acting through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system. The addictive opiate drugs exert their effects primarily as functional analogs of opioid peptides, which, in turn, regulate dopamine levels.

title: AI aftermath scenarios

text: Most scientists believe that AI research will at some point lead to the creation of machines that are as intelligent, or more intelligent, than human beings in every domain of interest. There is no physical law precluding particles from being organised in ways that perform even more advanced computations than the arrangements of particles in human brains; therefore superintelligence is physically possible. In addition to potential algorithmic improvements over human brains, a digital brain can be many orders of magnitude larger and faster than a human brain, which was constrained in size by evolution to be small enough to fit through a birth canal. While there is no consensus on "when" artificial intelligence will outperform humans, many scholars argue that whenever it does happen, the introduction of a second species of intelligent life onto the planet will have far-reaching implications. Scholars often disagree with one another both about what types of post-AI scenarios are "most likely", and about what types of post-AI scenarios would be "most desirable". Finally, some dissenters argue that AI will never become as intelligent as humans, for example because the human race will already likely have destroyed itself before research has time to advance sufficiently to create artificial general intelligence.

title: Outline of the human brain

text: While the emphasis below is on physical brain structure, functional aspects are also included. Mind concepts (as in mind vs. body), and cognitive and behavioral aspects, are introduced where they have at least a fairly direct connection to physical aspects of the brain, neurons, spinal cord, nerve networks, neurotransmitters, etc.

title: Neuropeptide Y

text: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY has been identified as the most abundant peptide present in the mammalian central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is secreted alongside other neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate.

title: Adolescence

text: Three neurotransmitters that play important roles in adolescent brain development are glutamate, dopamine and serotonin. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. During the synaptic pruning that occurs during adolescence, most of the neural connections that are pruned contain receptors for glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters. Because of this, by early adulthood the synaptic balance in the brain is more inhibitory than excitatory.

title: Human brain

text: Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections of neurons that are linked together to reach their targets. A neuron consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites. Dendrites are often extensive branches that receive information in the form of signals from the axon terminals of other neurons. The signals received may cause the neuron to initiate an action potential (an electrochemical signal or nerve impulse) which is sent along its axon to the axon terminal, to connect with the dendrites or with the cell body of another neuron. An action potential is initiated at the initial segment of an axon, which contains a complex of proteins. When an action potential, reaches the axon terminal it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse that propagates a signal that acts on the target cell. These chemical neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Neurons link at synapses to form neural pathways, neural circuits, and large elaborate network systems such as the salience network and the default mode network, and the activity between them is driven by the process of neurotransmission.

title: Benzodiazepine dependence

text: Withdrawal symptoms are a normal response in individuals having chronically used benzodiazepines, and an adverse effect and result of drug tolerance. Symptoms typically emerge when dosage of the drug is reduced. GABA is the second-most-common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (the most common being glutamate) and by far the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter; roughly one-quarter to one-third of synapses use GABA. The use of benzodiazepines has a profound effect on almost every aspect of brain and body function, either directly or indirectly.

title: Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor

text: The MAOIs work by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase enzymes that, as the name suggests, break down the monoamine neurotransmitters. This leads to increased concentrations of most of the monoamine neurotransmitters in the human brain, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and melatonin. The fact that they are more efficacious than the newer generation antidepressants is what leads scientists to develop newer antidepressants that target a greater range of neurotransmitters. The problem with MAOIs is that they have many potentially dangerous side-effects such as hypotension, and there is a risk of food and drug interactions that can result in potentially fatal serotonin syndrome or a hypertensive crisis. Although selective MAOIs can reduce, if not eliminate these risks, their efficacy tends to be lower.

title: Functional Ensemble of Temperament

text:
By the end of the 20th century, it became clear that the human brain operates with more than a dozen neurotransmitters and a large number of neuropeptides and hormones. The relationships between these different chemical systems are complex as some of them suppress and some of them induce each other’s release during neuronal exchanges. This complexity of relationships devalues the old approach of assigning “inhibitory vs. excitatory” roles to neurotransmitters: the same neurotransmitters can be either inhibitory or excitatory depending on what system they interact with. It became clear that an impressive diversity of neurotransmitters and their receptors is necessary to meet a wide range of behavioural situations, but the links between temperament traits and specific neurotransmitters are still a matter of research. Several attempts were made to assign specific (single) neurotransmitters to specific (single) traits. For example, dopamine was proposed to be a neurotransmitter of the trait of Extraversion, noradrenaline was linked to anxiety, and serotonin was thought to be a neurotransmitter of an inhibition system. These assignments of neurotransmitter functions appeared to be an oversimplification when confronted by the evidence of much more diverse functionality.
Research groups led by Petra Netter in Germany, Lars Farde in Karolinska Institute in Sweden and Trevor Robbins in Cambridge, UK had most extensive studies of the links between temperament/personality traits or dynamical properties of behavior and groups of neurotransmitters

title: Kaitocephalin

text: Kaitocephalin acts by inhibiting glutamate receptors. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system and is involved in learning, memory, and neuroplasticity. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter, so binding of glutamate to its receptors increases ion flow through the postsynaptic membrane. Excess glutamate can lead to cell death and neurological damage through a phenomenon called excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity occurs when calcium ion influx creates a positive feedback loop, leading to breakdown of the cell membrane and apoptosis. This process is part of the ischemic cascade, when low blood supply (ischemia) causes a series of events leading to cell death; this is the mechanism by which strokes cause brain damage. High levels of glutamate have also been linked to the neuronal degeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy.

title: Dunbar's number

text: Comparisons of primate species show that what appears to be a link between group size and brain size, and also what species do not fit such a correlation, is explainable by diet. Many primates that eat specialized diets that rely on scarce food have evolved small brains to conserve nutrients and are limited to living in small groups or even alone, and they lower average brain size for solitary or small group primates. Small-brained species of primate that are living in large groups are successfully predicted by diet theory to be the species that eat food that is abundant but not very nutritious. Along with the existence of complex deception in small-brained primates in large groups with the opportunity (both abundant food eaters in their natural environments and originally solitary species that adopted social lifestyles under artificial food abundances), this is cited as evidence against the model of social groups selecting for large brains and/or intelligence.

title: Alpha-synuclein

text: Alpha-synuclein is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the "SNCA" gene. It is abundant in the brain while smaller amounts are found in the heart, muscles, and other tissues. In the brain, alpha-synuclein is found mainly at the tips of nerve cells (neurons) in specialized structures called presynaptic terminals. Within these structures, alpha-synuclein interacts with phospholipids and proteins. Presynaptic terminals release chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, from compartments known as synaptic vesicles. The release of neurotransmitters relays signals between neurons and is critical for normal brain function.

title: Behavioral epigenetics

text: Epigenetic changes including hypomethylation of glutamatergic genes (i.e., NMDA-receptor-subunit gene NR3B and the promoter of the AMPA-receptor-subunit gene GRIA2) in the post-mortem human brains of schizophrenics are associated with increased levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Since glutamate is the most prevalent, fast, excitatory neurotransmitter, increased levels may result in the psychotic episodes related to schizophrenia. Epigenetic changes affecting a greater number of genes have been detected in men with schizophrenia as compared to women with the illness.

title: The Female Brain (book)

text: The Female Brain is a book written by the American neuropsychiatrist Louann Brizendine in 2006. The main thesis of the book is that women's behavior is different from that of men due, in large measure, to hormonal differences. Brizendine says that the human female brain is affected by the following hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, (oxytocin), neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin), and that there are differences in the architecture of the brain (prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala) that regulates such hormones and neurotransmitters.

title: Glutamate receptor

text: Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation.

title: List of Ship of Theseus examples

text: In Hans Moravec's "Mind Children", an example of mind uploading is given - a human brain is replaced a single neuron at a time by a nanorobot and computer that perfectly simulates the behaviour of the neuron and its neurotransmitters. The end result is a completely digital copy of brain in simulation. However, there are other factors such as the fact that the intricate structure of the brain is changing as the brain learns, so a simulated brain may not learn the same way.

title: Excitatory postsynaptic potential

text:
The neurotransmitter most often associated with EPSPs is the amino acid glutamate, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Its ubiquity at excitatory synapses has led to it being called "the" excitatory neurotransmitter. In some invertebrates, glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction. In the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates, EPP (end-plate potentials) are mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which (along with glutamate) is one of the primary transmitters in the central nervous system of invertebrates.
At the same time, GABA is the most common neurotransmitter associated with IPSPs in the brain. a
However, classifying neurotransmitters as such is technically incorrect, as there are several other synaptic factors that help determine a neurotransmitter's excitatory or inhibitory effects.

title: Calcium

text: Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body. As electrolytes, calcium ions play a vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms and cells: in signal transduction pathways where they act as a second messenger; in neurotransmitter release from neurons; in contraction of all muscle cell types; as cofactors in many enzymes; and in fertilization. Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes as well as proper bone formation.

title: Glutamic acid

text: Glutamate is also a neurotransmitter (see below), which makes it one of the most abundant molecules in the brain. Malignant brain tumors known as glioma or glioblastoma exploit this phenomenon by using glutamate as an energy source, especially when these tumors become more dependent on glutamate due to mutations in the gene "IDH1".

title: Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

text: Glutamate is a major constituent of a wide variety of proteins; consequently it is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. Under ordinary conditions enough is obtained from the diet that there is no need for any to be synthesized. Nevertheless, glutamate is formally classified as a non-essential amino acid, because it can be synthesized from alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, which is produced as part of the citric acid cycle by a series of reactions whose starting point is citrate. Glutamate cannot cross the blood-brain barrier unassisted, but it is actively transported into the nervous system by a high affinity transport system, which maintains its concentration in brain fluids at a fairly constant level.

title: Effects of cannabis

text: Experiments on animal and human tissue have demonstrated a disruption of short-term memory formation, which is consistent with the abundance of C receptors on the hippocampus, the region of the brain most closely associated with memory. Cannabinoids inhibit the release of several neurotransmitters in the hippocampus such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and glutamate, resulting in a major decrease in neuronal activity in that region. This decrease in activity resembles a "temporary hippocampal lesion."

title: Inositol

text: Inositol, or more precisely "myo"-inositol, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in brain and other mammalian tissues, mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation. It is a sugar alcohol with half the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar). It is made naturally in humans from glucose. Each kidney makes 2g a day; so 4g a day total is made. Other tissues synthesize it too, and the highest concentration is in the brain where it plays an important role making other neurotransmitters, and some steroid hormones bind to their receptors.

title: Dendritic spike

text: Dendritic spikes most commonly propagate backwards from the soma to distal dendritic branches. Backward propagation serves a number of functions in the neuron, and these functions vary based on the type of neuron. In general, backwards propagation serves to communicate output information to the post synaptic membrane. In many neurotransmitter releasing neurons, backward propagation of dendritic spikes signals the release of neurotransmitters. For example, Mitral cells seem to serve both as projection neurons and as local interneurons. If the axonal output of mitral cell is shut down by somatic inhibition, local dendritic action potentials cause the mitral cell to release neurotransmitters into the environment. Backward propagation of dendritic spikes has been demonstrated in various neuronal types in the brain but has rarely been studied outside of the brain. Other than neurons in the brain, dendritic spikes have been observed in the neurons of the spinal cord.

title: Mental health in Southeast Africa

text: Some mental illnesses have been linked to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters help nerve cells in the brain communicate. If these chemicals are out of balance or are not working properly, messages may not properly transmit through the brain, leading to symptoms of mental illness. In addition, defects in or Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) to areas of the brain have also been linked to some mental conditions.

title: Altered state of consciousness

text: Alcohol alters consciousness by shifting levels of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" cell (often another neuron). Neurotransmitters can cause inhibitory or excitatory effects on the "target" cell they are affecting. Alcohol increases the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid) in the brain. GABA causes slow actions and inaudible verbal communication that often occur in alcoholics (Berridge, V 2001). Alcohol also decreases the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Suppressing this stimulant results in a similar type of physiological slowdown. In addition to increasing the GABA and decreasing the glutamate in the brain, alcohol increases the amount of the chemical dopamine in the brain, which is one of the addictive causes of alcoholism.

title: Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

text: In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells. It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.

title: Rapid eye movement sleep

text: The REM phase is also known as paradoxical sleep (PS) and sometimes desynchronized sleep because of physiological similarities to waking states, including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized brain waves. Electrical and chemical activity regulating this phase seems to originate in the brain stem and is characterized most notably by an abundance of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, combined with a nearly complete absence of monoamine neurotransmitters histamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

title: Brain

text:
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules.
With few exceptions, each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter, or combination of neurotransmitters, at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons; this rule is known as Dale's principle. Thus, a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, and many others.

title: Lolitrem B

text: BK channels oppose vasoconstriction in blood vessels resulting in vasorelaxation. Blocking the channels leads to vasoconstriction and to an increase in blood pressure. The BK channel α subunit is expressed in muscle and nerve tissue and the BK channels are abundant in the brain. The BK channels modulate neurotransmitter release, the form of the action potential and repetitive firing. Inhibition of the channels can explain why there would be an increased release in excitatory neurotransmitters resulting in tremors, ataxia, hypersensitivity, increased smooth muscle contraction in the colon and an increased heart rate.

title: Dorsal nexus

text: Since glutamate is the most abundant and major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, pathophysiological changes in glutamatergic signaling are likely to affect neurobehavioral plasticity, information processing and large-scales changes in functional brain connectivity.Ketamine, a fast-acting general anesthetic derived from phencyclidine and use as a pediatric inductor, plays a non-well known role in the neural network dynamics at the healthy brain . The administration of ketamine in abnormal brain has the potential of reduce the increased function of the networks that are seen in depression. The therapeutic potential of ketamine may be explained by reversing disturbances in the glutamatergic system and restoring parts of a disrupted neurobehavioral homeostasis where several structural, metabolic, and functional abnormalities have taken place. Long term ketamine treatments lead to cognitive impairment including problems of short-term memory, visual and verbal memory. On the other hand, short term treatments are generally well tolerated and any damage may be reversible.


query: When was Rita Simons born?

title: Rita Simons

text: Rita Joanne Simons (born 10 March 1977) is an English actress, singer, and model from London, who is known for playing Roxy Mitchell in the BBC soap opera EastEnders from 2007 to 2017, when her character was killed off. For her performance on the show Simons received many accolades, including the 2008 National Television Award for Most Popular Newcomer.

title: Rita Simons

text: Simons has made appearances in the Sky 1 dramas Dream Team (2002) and Mile High (2003; as Hannah), as well as the ITV drama London's Burning.[2]

title: Simone Elkeles

text: Simone Elkeles (born April 24, 1970), is an American author known for the teen romance "Perfect Chemistry" trilogy and "How To Ruin" trilogy. She is a New York Times Bestselling young adult author. Simone has won the 2010 RITA Award for Best Young Adult Romance from the Romance Writers of America for her book "Perfect Chemistry". The sequel to "Perfect Chemistry", "Rules of Attraction", appeared on USA Today Best Sellers List and The New York Times Best Sellers List.

title: Rita Stapleton

text: Rita was born and raised in Bluefield, West Virginia, the older of two sisters. She grew to adulthood under very modest circumstances, her father being a coal miner, and her mother a school teacher. When she first arrived in Springfield to take a job as a nurse at Cedars Hospital, Rita began dating Dr. Tim Ryan (Jordan Clarke). However, she soon became interested in Chief of Surgery Ed Bauer (Mart Hulswit), and the two began dating. The two became closer, particularly after Ed helped Rita's elderly mother Viola (Kate Wilkinson) recover from a stroke, and he soon asked Rita to marry him. However, unbeknownst to him, Rita shared a past with his nemesis Roger Thorpe (Michael Zaslow) (who Ed had just found out was the biological father of the child thought to be his, Christina).

title: Rita Repulsa

text: In "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", Rita was born to Master Vile and an unknown woman and had a younger brother named Rito Repulso. At one point her parents got her a fire breathing dragon when she wanted a "cute little planet" instead. Rita then used the dragon to burn down their house. At some point, Rita began working for Lord Zedd in his attempts at conquering the universe. She served as his regent while he was elsewhere. However, Zordon and his army opposed her. Rita managed to steal and corrupt the Dragon Coin. However, Zordon eventually managed to seal Rita and her minions in a space dumpster, though Rita manages to trap Zordon in a time warp.

title: Rita Sullivan

text: Rita invites Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) to live with her when she is made homeless. Rita is shocked when she bumps into her old friend Dennis. As he has since fallen on hard times and is living as a homeless person, he is highly embarrassed when Rita recognises him, and he runs off. She later approaches Dennis Tanner at the soup kitchen and takes him to the Rovers to meet old friends Ken and Emily. Rita develops feelings for Dennis and tells Tina. Dennis feels guilty about living off Rita, and she supports him in his attempts to find a job, but becomes depressed when he gets a job in Birmingham. Rita tells Tina that she loves Dennis and Tina reveals that he feels the same about her. When Rita returns home, she finds Dennis waiting for her. They declare their love for each other and Dennis proposes. On her wedding day in June 2012, Rita is kidnapped by loan shark, Rick Neelan (Greg Wood). He threatens to throw her into the canal, if Tina does not give him a bag of drugs, which she had seized earlier in the day. Tina hands over the bag and the police arrive to arrest Rick. Rita is taken to the registry office and she marries Dennis. Rita is not very happy when Dennis decides he wants to be in the music industry again, so he contacts his old friend Ritchie de Vries (Robin Askwith). She feels insecure when Gloria Price (Sue Johnston) also decides to tag along with the whole idea, and becomes very close with Dennis, and the pair begin flirting. Rita begins a rivalry with Gloria, and when Dennis tries to look young again, Rita isn't very pleased. When they are in The Rovers, Dennis calls Rita "old", telling her that Gloria is ten years younger than her. Rita subsequently throws Dennis out of their house, so he sleeps at Gloria's house on the sofa. The next day, Rita has finally forgiven Dennis for his horrible insult, but when they are in the Bistro having a Valentine's Day meal, Gloria can't help but intervene and tells Rita that Dennis slept at her house the night before. Rita is furious and throws Dennis out again. Just as it seems that Rita and Dennis will live happily ever after, when Gloria announces she is leaving, Dennis decides to leave with Gloria at the last minute. He waves goodbye to Rita from Gloria's car as they drive out of the street and laughs. Rita looks on hurt and embarrassed in front of her friends. Dennis and Gloria don't last long and he returns to the streets when she finishes with him, this results in him having a trip to hospital which Rita finds out about. On visiting Dennis in hospital, Rita tells him that she cannot forgive him for what he has done but offers him her sofa until he can sort himself out. Sometime after living together Dennis begs Rita to take him back, she declines advising him that their marriage is over for good and the sooner he goes the better. In late 2016 Gemma Winter (Dolly-Rose Campbell) comes to live with Rita but clashes with Jenny Bradley who Rita recently came back into contact with.

title: Rita Simons

text: On 12 November 2018, Simons was confirmed to be participating in that year’s series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.[1] She was the fourth to be eliminated on 4 December 2018.

title: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award

text: The jury has been composed of prominent American writers and scholars at least since 1991, when long-time jury chairman Ashley Montagu, a renowned anthropologist, asked poet Rita Dove and scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. to help him judge the large number of books submitted annually by publishers across the disciplines. When Montagu retired in 1996, Gates assumed the chair position. Like Gates, Rita Dove has remained a juror to this day; in 1996 she was joined by evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, writer Joyce Carol Oates and historian Simon Schama. After Gould's death in 2002, psychologist Steven Pinker replaced him on the jury.

title: Rita Sullivan

text: In 2017, Rita starts becoming forgetful, starting when she forgets she bought Gemma a mug. She later accuses Gemma of stealing money that she lent to Gina Seddon (Connie Hyde), which results in Gemma and Rita falling out. They later make up but Rita's forgetfulness starts to get more frequent. She lays a place at the table for Len. Gemma confides in Rosie Webster (Helen Flanagan). When Rita writes a number of cheques for Jenny and her fiancé, Johnny Connor, (Richard Hawley)'s wedding, Gemma tries to prove to her that there's something wrong with her. Rita refuses to believe Gemma, before she collapses. She is taken to hospital, where a specialist diagnoses her with a brain tumour. She later has the tumour removed. Colin Callen (Jim Moir) tells Rita he wants to buy the Kabin. Rita and Gemma later celebrate with their friends when they find out that Rita's tumour was benign.

title: Rita Simons

text: In December 2011, Simons hosted the annual Action on Hearing Loss concert along with the Mayor of Camden.

title: Rita Simons

text: Simons is best friends with co-star Samantha Womack, who played her on-screen sister Ronnie Mitchell.[5]

title: Rita Simons

text: In August 2004, she married hairdresser Theo Silveston,[3] whom she met through a friend when she was 19. They have twin daughters.[4]

title: Julian Simon

text: Simon was married to Rita James Simon, who was also a longtime member of the faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and later became a public affairs professor at American University. Simon suffered from a long time depression, which allowed him to work only a few productive hours in a day. He also studied psychology of depression and wrote a book on overcoming it. Simon was Jewish. He died of a heart attack at his home in Chevy Chase in 1998 at age 65.

title: Rita Simons

text: Simons was born to Susan (née Franks) and Mark Simons. Both of her parents are Jewish. She has an older brother, Ben. Through her paternal aunt's marriage, Simons is the niece of billionaire businessman Lord Sugar,[2] who is best known for appearing in the BBC reality series The Apprentice.

title: Santa Rita, Pampanga

text: The reliquary is laid open for public veneration every August 17. St. Rita of Cascia (1381) was born in the Italian town of Roccaporena. When her husband and twin sons died, she entered the Augustinian Nuns. The next 40 years of her life saw St. Rita devoting herself to a life of prayer, and works and deeds of charity as dictated by the rules of St Augustine. At age 60, while meditating before the cross, a wound seeming afflicted by a thorn appeared on her forehead. St. Rita began boring the sign of stigmatization which is considered being one with Jesus. Because of the stigmata, she suffered in pain for the next 15 years which she courageously accepted. St. Rita died on May 22, 1457. Her intact and incorrupt body is kept and honored in the shrine at her hometown on Cascia, Italy.

title: Rita Miljo

text: Born Rita Neumann, she joined the League of German Girls (the girls' wing of the Hitler Youth) at age 8. She enjoyed the sports competition, and being able to escape an “overprotective mother”. As for Nazism, she said that “only today, in hindsight, do I understand the total madness we were subjected to”. Her plans to qualify as a veterinarian were thwarted by the postwar West German policy of favouring war veterans for admission to universities. After working in a Hamburg zoo, she followed a mining engineer, Lothar Simon to South Africa in 1953 and became his wife. While married to Simon she became a proficient pilot and he later died, with her 17-year-old daughter, in a 1972 light aircraft crash. Ten years later, she bought the small Lowveld farm that would become her baboon centre. A short-lived second marriage which ended in divorce, was to Piet Miljo, a South African.

title: Ana Rita Machado

text: Ana Rita Gomes Machado (born 17 August 1991 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese television actress. In 2001 when she appeared as "Pipa" in the soap opera "Ganância" ("Greed"). In 2002, she appeared in TVI's "Sonhos Traídos".

title: Rita Simons

text: In December 2009, Simons visited her old secondary school, Watford Grammar School for Girls, to open the Christmas fair.[16]

title: Len Fairclough

text: Len had reconciled himself to being on his own for the rest of his life — and then he met Rita Bates (Barbara Mullaney), who earned her living as a cabaret singer in the rather downmarket Gatsby Club. Although she claimed she was married to Harry Bates (William Simons), they were in fact only a common-law couple; her name was actually Rita Littlewood. Rita had a lot in common with Elsie. She was feisty, independent and was never afraid to stand up to Len, and this was what he wanted in a woman. Elsie was initially very cool towards Rita, but they became firm friends later. After a rocky courtship, Len and Rita married and honeymooned in Tenerife, where Rita had a secured herself a singing job.

title: Rita Simons

text: In July 2011, Simons held an autograph session at the St Nicholas Primary School summer fair in Elstree.[18]

title: Rita Simons

text: Simons appeared as Paulette Bonafonte in the 2017-18 UK tour of Legally Blonde: the Musical in 2017.

title: Rita Simons

text: In July 2018, Simons revealed that she was suffering from ADHD, OCD, anxiety and insomnia.[7]

title: John Waters (columnist)

text: Waters was born in Castlerea, County Roscommon. He had a daughter in 1996 named Róisín with singer Sinéad O'Connor. He suffered from an alcohol addiction until 1989 when he gave it up completely, a decision which he says has transformed his life. He married Rita Simons in December 2014.

title: Rita Sullivan

text: In January 1972, Rita returns to the Street as Rita Bates, living with Harry Bates (William Simons) as his common-law wife and his twelve-year-old son Terry (John Barrett). Initially attracted to Ken Barlow (William Roache), Rita later starts an on-off relationship with Len Fairclough (Peter Adamson). Len arrives at Harry Bates’s house to return a scarf that Rita left in his van. They flirt. Len tells Jerry Booth (Graham Haberfield) and Ray Langton (Neville Buswell) to stay out of the house that evening as he’s entertaining a lady but to tidy up before they go. Ray delays going until Rita arrives so he can see who the woman is. Rita tells Len that her husband is away often working on building motorways. She obviously isn't happy in her marriage. Len tells her how much he likes her but Alf Roberts (Bryan Mosley) interrupts them. Rita is surprised to find out that Len is a councillor.

title: Rita Marley

text: Rita has six children, three from other relationships and three with Bob. Bob adopted Rita's two children as his own and they have the Marley name. Bob has 14 children in total: the two of Rita's that he adopted, three born to Rita, and the remaining eight with separate women. Rita's children are, in order of birth:

title: Rita Sinon

text: Rita Sinon (1943-8 May 1989) was a Kenya-born Seychellois politician who became the first female Minister of Seychelles was when she was appointed Minister for Internal Affairs on 19 September 1986.

title: Rita Simons

text: In March 2008, it was reported that Simons was diagnosed with scoliosis, and that she is two inches shorter than she would be without it.[6]

title: Rita Sullivan

text: In 1992, she becomes Rita Sullivan when she marries Ted Sullivan (William Russell). The marriage only lasts three months, as he dies from a brain tumour. When Rita collapses in her flat in July 1998 from carbon monoxide poisoning, she is saved by her friend Alec. Realising how close he came to losing his best friend, Alec proposes to Rita. She initially turns him down, but later changes her mind and accepts. Their relationship ends several months later when they realise they cannot trust one another. Rita takes in Stacey, a local woman who tried to con Fred Elliott (John Savident) by pretending to be a Thai bride named Orchid. She had previously conned a man named Stuart (Duncan Preston), who locked her in his flat for days at a time and inflicted physical violence on her. Stuart traces her to Rita's home and breaks in, destroying her property. He threatens Rita, and though he is arrested, Rita decides to move house. Rita later moves in with her old friend Doreen Fenwick (Barbara Young), and although they initially get along well, Doreen outstays her welcome. Rita is proposed to by her friend and co-worker Norris Cole (Malcolm Hebden), she turns him down.

title: Roxy Mitchell

text: Rita Simons won the 'Best Newcomer' award at the Digital Spy Soap Awards in 2008 for the part of Roxy and also collected an award at the Dublin awards and the TV Now awards. She also won the National Television Award 2008 for Best Newcomer. Singer Duncan James said that he watches "EastEnders" to follow Roxy. Speaking to "Inside Soap", James said "I like to watch the show and see what they're doing with her character. Purely because Rita is one of my best friends." In August 2017, Simons and Womack were longlisted for Best Exit at the Inside Soap Awards, while Roxy and Ronnie's deaths were longlisted for Best Show-Stopper. Both nominations made their shortlists, but Simons did not win any awards.

title: Rita Simons

text: In December 2010, Simons launched the RNID Christmas Concert where she announced that her five-year-old daughter Maiya is deaf.[17]


query: What is the population of Austria in 2018?

title: Demographics of Austria

text: Population 8,793,370 (July 2018 est.) country comparison to the world: 96th

title: Islam in Austria

text: The last census in Austria that collected data on religion was in 2001. That census found that there were 338,988 Muslims in the country, making up 4.2% of the population. Statistics Austria estimated in 2009 that 515,914 Muslims lived in Austria. Work by Ednan Aslan and Erol Yıldız that used data from the 2009 Statistics Austria report estimated that 573,876 Muslims lived in Austria in 2012, making up 6.8% of the population.

title: Lower Austria

text: Lower Austria ( ; ; ) is the northeasternmost state of the nine states in Austria. The capital of Lower Austria since 1986 is Sankt Pölten, the most recently designated capital town in Austria. The capital of Lower Austria had formerly been Vienna, even though Vienna has not officially been part of Lower Austria since 1921. With a land area of and a population of 1.612 million people, it is the largest state in Austria, and in terms of population second only to the federal state of Vienna.

title: Miss Austria 2018

text: Miss Austria 2018, 1st runner-up had taken over the title of Miss World Austria and will represent Austria in the upcoming Miss World 2018 at Sanya, China.

title: Austria at the 2018 Winter Paralympics

text: Austria sent competitors the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Austria is sending 13 people to compete in three sports: para-alpine skiing, para-snowboarding and cross-country skiing.

title: History of Tyrol

text: On the eve of World War I, the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol was populated mainly by Italian speakers (the so-called "Welschtirol", or Trentino). Its border coincided with the present-day border between South Tyrol and Trentino, crossing the Adige valley at Salorno ("Chiusa di Salorno/Salurner Klause"). The existence of areas largely populated by Italian-speaking populations under the rule of the Austrian Empire was a constant cause of friction between Austria and Italy, a national state set on the unification of all Italians. Being part of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria was "an embarrassment, if not a contradiction" for Italy. Italy's fear that it would not get what it wanted in the event of a victorious Triple Alliance caused it to remain neutral during the first year of the war, and the preoccupation that it wouldn't get what it wanted from a victorious Entente either if it remained neutral led it to join the war on the side of the latter. Italy conducted intense negotiations with Austria, which was prepared to part with Trentino in exchange of Italy's neutrality, but Italy wanted (among other things) to reach the Alpine water divide, which it claimed as its 'natural border', a demand which Austria refused, since it would have meant giving up a territory regarded as personal fief by the Habsburg Emperors. On 26 April 1915, Italy signed the Treaty of London, agreeing to declare war against the Central Powers in exchange for the unredeemed territories of Trentino, Gorizia, Trieste and Dalmatia, as well as the part of German Tyrol south of the main Alpine divide. Apart from these territorial gains the alliance change enabled Italy to realise its aspiration: Italian military dominance in the Mediterranean. The ideals of irredentism were used to convince the population of the necessity of the war, but the true motive of the political leadership to join the war was their idea that Italy should become a great European power.

title: Graz

text: Graz () is the capital of Styria and the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2018, it had a population of 325,021 (of which 289,440 had principal residence status). In 2015, the population of the Graz larger urban zone who had principal residence status stood at 633,168.

title: Arnreit

text:
Arnreit is a municipality in Upper Austria in the Rohrbach. It has 1154 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2018). Arnreit is located at an altitude of 604m above sea level in the central area of the Rohrbach district in Mühlviertel.
The municipality includes the following localities (with population as of January 1, 2018):

title: Austria at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

text: Austria participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 October to 18 October 2018.

title: 2018 Upper Austria Ladies Linz

text: The 2018 Upper Austria Ladies Linz was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 32nd edition of the Linz Open, and part of the WTA International tournaments-category of the 2018 WTA Tour. It was held at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria, from 8 to 14 October 2018.

title: Austrians

text: Austrians () are a Germanic nation and ethnic group, native to modern Austria and South Tyrol that share a common Austrian culture, Austrian descent and Austrian history. The English term "Austrians" was applied to the population of Habsburg Austria from the 17th or 18th century. Subsequently, during the 19th century, it referred to the citizens of the Empire of Austria (1804–1867), and from 1867 until 1918 to the citizens of Cisleithania. In the closest sense, the term "Austria" originally referred to the historical March of Austria, corresponding roughly to the Vienna Basin in what is today Lower Austria.

title: Austria

text: Austria is a federal republic with a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federated states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.8 million, is Vienna. Other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked as one of the richest countries in the world by per capita GDP terms. The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. The republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, and is a founder of the OECD. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.

title: Austria

text: In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.

title: Demographics of Austria

text: Urbanization urban population: 58.3% of total population (2018) rate of urbanization: 0.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

title: Municipality (Austria)

text: As of January 1, 2018 there are 15 statutory cities in Austria, 186 other cities, 770 market towns, and 1127 other communes, for a total of 2,098 municipalites. One of these municipalities stands out: the city of Vienna is a statutory city and a state at the same time. At 1,900,000 inhabitants, the national capital also seven times larger than the second most populous city, Graz.

title: Miss Austria 2018

text: In October 7, 2018 it was announced by Miss Austria corporation that the new Miss Austria is Izabela Ion from Vorarlberg.The original winner Daniela Zivkov was officially dethroned by Miss Austria corporation because she lost her title as she has been making appearances scheduled by parties other than the MAC with whom she signed a contract.

title: Antisemitism in contemporary Austria

text: The ADL (Anti-Defamation League) published on 2015 the "ADL Global 100", an international survey conducted in 2013-2014 to measure antisemitic opinions in 100 countries around the world. The survey revealed that 28% of the adult population in Austria harbor antisemitic opinions, as reflected through the DATA: More than 50% of the population expressed agreement with the phrase "Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust", and more than 40% of the population agreed with "Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country" and "Jews have too much power in international financial markets".

title: 2018 Lower Austrian state election

text: The Lower Austrian state election of 2018 was held in the Austrian state of Lower Austria on 28 January 2018. Since 2003 the Austrian People's Party has had a majority of the seats. NEOS contested Lower Austria for the first time and won 3 seats, while the Social Democratic Party of Austria seat share remained unchanged. The Freedom Party of Austria won 8 seats, doubling their standing in the state, while the Greens only defended 3 of their 4 seats. Team Stronach and the KPÖ did not contest the election.

title: Republic of German-Austria

text: The Republic of German-Austria ( or "") was a country created following World War I as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

title: Miss Austria

text:
Traditionally the winner or sometimes the runner up competed at Miss Universe pageant. Between 2005-2012, Austria did not participate at the Miss Universe pageant due to lack sponsorship. In 2013, Miss Austria Organization regained the license to compete at the Miss Universe pageant and send a representative until 2018
Began 2016 Miss Earth Austria becomes a major title of Miss Austria Organization. In 2018 the Miss Earth Austria moved to another franchise holder.
Since 1995 Austria does not compete at Miss International pageant after losing the franchise of the pageant.
Different spelling of names:
http://www.vienna.at/valentina-schlager-ist-miss-austria-2010/news-20100328-08474196

title: Religion in Austria

text: Christianity is the predominant religion in Austria. At the 2001 census, 73.6% of the country's population was Catholic.[5] As of 2018, the number of Catholics has dropped to 56.9% of the population, according to data provided by the Austrian Catholic Church itself.[3] There is a much smaller group of Evangelicals, totalling about 4.7% of the population in 2001, shrunk to 3.3% in 2018.[6] Since 2001, these two historically dominant religious groups in Austria recorded losses in the number of adherents. The Catholic Church reported an absolute drop of 15.7%, the Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed churches of 1.3%. In relative numbers the losses of the smaller Evangelical churches account for 33.7%, compared to Catholic losses which account for 21.9%, since their maximum in 1971.

title: Austria at the 2018 European Athletics Championships

text: Austria are competing at the 2018 European Athletics Championships in Berlin, Germany, from 6-12 August 2018. A delegation of 16 athletes were sent to represent the country.

title: Austria

text: Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.83) in 2018 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.8 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.

title: Miss Austria 2018

text: Miss Austria 2018 is the 89th edition of Miss Austria pageant that was held on September 1, 2018 at Design Center Linz, Linz, Austria. Sarah Chvala of Vienna crowned Daniela Zivkov of Oberosterreich at the end of the event.

title: List of number-one hits of 2018 (Austria)

text: This is a list of the Austrian number-one singles and albums of 2018 as compiled by Ö3 Austria Top 40, the official chart provider of Austria.

title: Demographics of Austria

text: Birth rate 9.5 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th 8.76 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

title: 2018 in Austria

text: Events in the year 2018 in Austria.

title: Municipality (Austria)

text:
In the Republic of Austria, the municipality (, sometimes also ) is the administrative division encompassing a single village, town, or city.
The municipality has corporate status and local self-government on the basis of parliamentary-style representative democracy: a municipal council () elected through a form of party-list system enacts municipal laws, a municipal executive board () and a mayor (, fem. ) appointed by the council are in charge of municipal administration. Austria is currently (January 1, 2018) partitioned into 2,098 municipalities, ranging in population from about fifty (the village of Gramais in Tyrol) to almost two million (the city of Vienna). There is no unincorporated territory in Austria.

title: Central Powers

text: Austria-Hungary regarded the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as being orchestrated with the assistance of Serbia. The country viewed the assassination as setting a dangerous precedent of encouraging the country's South Slav population to rebel and threaten to tear apart the multinational country. Austria-Hungary formally sent an ultimatum to Serbia demanding a full-scale investigation of Serbian government complicity in the assassination, and complete compliance by Serbia in agreeing to the terms demanded by Austria-Hungary. Serbia submitted to accept most of the demands, however Austria-Hungary viewed this as insufficient and used this lack of full compliance to justify military intervention. These demands have been viewed as a diplomatic cover for what was going to be an inevitable Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia.

title: States of Austria

text: The majority of the land area in the states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna, and Burgenland is situated in the Danube valley and thus consists almost completely of accessible and easily arable terrain. The other five states, in contrast, are located in the Alps and thus are comparatively unsuitable for agriculture. Their terrain is also relatively unfavourable to heavy industry and long-distance trade. Accordingly, the population of what now is the Republic of Austria has been concentrated in the former four states since prehistoric times. Austria's most densely populated state is the city-state of Vienna, the heart of what is Austria's only metropolitan area. Lower Austria ranks only fourth with regard to population density even though it contains Vienna's suburbs; this is due to large areas of land being predominantly agricultural. The alpine state of Tyrol, the less alpine but geographically more remote state of Carinthia, and the non-alpine but near-exclusively agricultural state of Burgenland are Austria's least densely populated states. The wealthy alpine state of Vorarlberg is something of an anomaly due to its small size, isolated location and distinct Alemannic culture.