query: What is the average volume of blood in an adult human?

title: Blood volume

text: A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters, with females and males having approximately the same blood volume.[1] Blood volume is regulated by the kidneys.

title: Specific volume

text: The average density of human blood is 1060 kg/m. The specific volume that correlates to that density is 0.00094 m/kg. Notice that the average specific volume of blood is almost identical to that of water: 0.00100 m/kg.

title: Xenotransfusion

text: Xenotransfusion uses non-human animals to aid in the shortage of blood for blood transfusion in humans. Although there needs to be more study on the topic some scientists are already considering the idea to use Sus scrofa domesticus (pigs) for blood transfusion. To come up with this answer they tested many animals to see which one was the best candidate for blood donation. As a result, pig red blood cells (pRBCs) showed more characteristics similar to that of a human. Starting with RBC diameters (pig 6 μm: human 7.2 μm) and RBC counts (pig 5.7 to 6.9 million/ll; human 4.2 to 6.2 million/ll) and, RBC average lifespan (86 vs. 120 days). Current evidence shows that pRBCs will function normally in humans due to a relation between porcine blood groups and human ABO group system. In addition, it is possible to produce pigs with type O blood and it is also possible to genetically modify the pig to make its blood more compatible with humans. Sus scrofa domesticus’s blood will be used to save lives and to increase blood quantity. The organism will be kept alive and no serious harm will be involved in XTF. It will be similar to how blood is removed from humans. Only 10% of the animal’s blood volume will be used each time, therefore, it is ethically acceptable to raise pigs for periodical blood collection as it does not damage the health of the animal. It will also be ethical to use pRBCs on humans since it will not cause a severe harm on human’s health. At the moment XTF is not a real necessity because a lot of people are willing to donate their blood and there is not a significant shortage on blood. However, it represents a great opportunity for new science as well as an unlimited blood bank for blood transfusions.

title: Recent human evolution

text:
Inuit adaptation to high-fat diet and cold climate has been traced to a mutation dated the Last Glacial Maximum (20,000 years ago). Average cranial capacity in modern human populations varies in the range of 1,200 to 1,450 cm (adult male averages). Larger cranial volume is associated with climatic region, the largest averages being found in populations of Siberia and the Arctic.
Both Neanderthal and EEMH had somewhat larger cranial volumes on average than modern Europeans, suggesting the relaxation of selection pressures for larger brain volume after the end of the LGM.

title: Brain size

text: Studies on human brain size, largely based on participants of European ancestry, tend to find an average adult brain volume of 1260 cubic centimeters (cm) for men and 1130 cm for women. There is, however, substantial variation between individuals; one study of 46 adults, aged 22–49 years and of mainly European descent, found an average brain volume of 1273.6 cm for men, with a range of 1052.9 to 1498.5 cm, and 1131.1 cm for women, with a range of 974.9 to 1398.1 cm.

title: Red blood cell

text: The blood's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules. Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen in the body (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body.[20][21]

title: Blood volume

text: The table at right shows circulating blood volumes, given as volume per kilogram, for healthy adults and some animals.[6] However, it can be 15% less in obese and old animals.[6]

title: Lung volumes

text: The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air.

title: Mean corpuscular volume

text: The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell). The measure is attained by multiplying a volume of blood by the proportion of blood that is cellular (the hematocrit), and dividing that product by the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in that volume. The mean corpuscular volume is a part of a standard complete blood count.

title: Human skin

text: In terms of surface area, the skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger). For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the body, and between men and women and the young and the old. An example is the skin on the forearm which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female. The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings. The average human skin cell is about 30 micrometers in diameter, but there are variants. A skin cell usually ranges from 25-40 micrometers (squared), depending on a variety of factors.

title: Red blood cell

text: In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults.[3] The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute).[4] Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells.[5][6] Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells.

title: Venipuncture

text: The volume of the blood sample collection is very important in experimental animals. All nonterminal blood collection without replacement of fluids is limited up to 10% of total circulating blood volume in healthy, normal, adult animals on a single occasion and collection may be repeated after three to four weeks. In case repeated blood samples are required at short intervals, a maximum of 0.6 ml/kg/day or 1.0% of an animal's total blood volume can be removed every 24 hours. The estimated blood volume in adult animals is 55 to 70 ml/kg body weight. Care should be taken for older and obese animals. If blood collection volume exceeds more than 10% of total blood volume, fluid replacement may be required. Lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) is recommended as the best fluid replacement by National Institutes of Health (NIH). If the volume of blood collection exceeds more than 30% of the total circulatory blood volume, adequate care should be taken so that the animal does not suffer from hypovolemia.

title: Red blood cell

text: A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2–8.2 µm[16] and a thickness at the thickest point of 2–2.5µm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8–1µm, being much smaller than most other human cells. These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL[17] with a surface of about 136 μm2, and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without membrane distension.

title: Lung volumes

text: The average human respiratory rate is 30-60 breaths per minute at birth, decreasing to 12-20 breaths per minute in adults.

title: Macrocytic anemia

text: The term macrocytic is from Greek words meaning "large cell". A macrocytic class of anemia is an "anemia" (defined as blood with an insufficient concentration of hemoglobin) in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are larger than their normal volume. The normal erythrocyte volume in humans is about 80 to 100 femtoliters (fL= 10 L). In metric terms the size is given in equivalent cubic micrometers (1 μm = 1 fL). The condition of having erythrocytes which (on average) are too large, is called macrocytosis. In contrast, in microcytic anemia, the erythrocytes are smaller than normal.

title: Volume expander

text: When blood is lost, the greatest immediate need is to stop further blood loss. The second greatest need is replacing the lost volume. This way remaining red blood cells can still oxygenate body tissue. Normal human blood has a significant excess oxygen transport capability, only used in cases of great physical exertion. Provided blood volume is maintained by volume expanders, a rested patient can safely tolerate very low hemoglobin levels, less than 1/3 that of a healthy person.

title: Circulatory system

text: The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood and blood vessels. It includes the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. The systemic circulation can also be seen to function in two parts – a "macrocirculation" and a microcirculation. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7% of their total body weight. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.

title: Blood

text: About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.

title: Fluid compartments

text: The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood, a complex mixture with elements of a suspension (blood cells), colloid (globulins), and solutes (glucose and ions). The blood represents both the intracellular compartment (the fluid inside the blood cells) and the extracellular compartment (the blood plasma). The other intravascular fluid is lymph. It too represents both the intracellular compartment (the fluid inside its lymphocytes) and the extracellular compartment (the noncellular matrix of the lymph, which is roughly equivalent to serum). The average volume of plasma in the average (70 kg) male is approximately 3.5 liters. The volume of the intravascular compartment is regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure gradients, and by reabsorption by the kidneys.

title: Doripenem

text: On average, about 8.1% of plasma proteins attached to doripenem; it is separate from drug concentrations of plasma. Doripenem’s distribution volume is close to that of extracellular fluid volume in humans (18.2 L). When doripenem is essentially stable, the average volume of distribution is approximately 16.8 L. Within the few of the body’s fluids and tissues, Doripenem is filtered successfully as well as reaching concentration levels that are able to restrain from more vulnerable bacteria than what is required.

title: Renal blood flow

text: In the physiology of the kidney, renal blood flow (RBF) is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time. In humans, the kidneys together receive roughly 25% of cardiac output, amounting to 1.1 L/min in a 70-kg adult male. RBF is closely related to renal plasma flow (RPF), which is the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time.

title: Human

text: It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about , while the worldwide average height for adult human females is about . Shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals, but tends to be typical in the extremely aged. Through history human populations have universally become taller, probably as a consequence of better nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions. The average mass of an adult human is for females and for males. Like many other conditions, body weight and body type is influenced by both genetic susceptibility and environment and varies greatly among individuals. (see obesity)

title: Red blood cell indices

text: Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average volume of a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hematocrit (Hct) by the concentration of red blood cell count.

title: Phosphorus

text: An average adult human contains about 0.7 kg of phosphorus, about 85–90% in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids (~1%). The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65–1.1 weight% in adults. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates. An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 1–3 grams of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of phosphate ions such as and . Only about 0.1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, paralleling the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells.

title: 3-Methylhistidine

text: The normal concentration of 3-methylhistidine in the urine of healthy adult humans has been detected and quantified in a range of  micromoles per millimole (μmol/mmol) of creatinine, with most studies reporting the average urinary concentration between 15–20 μmol/mmol of creatinine. The average concentration of 3-methylhistidine in human blood plasma has been detected and quantified at 2.85 micromolar (μM) with a range of  μM. The average concentration of 3-methylhistidine in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been detected and quantified at 3.82 μM with a range of  μM.

title: Blood

text: Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight,[3][4] with an average density around 1060kg/m3, very close to pure water's density of 1000kg/m3.[5] The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres (11USpt),[4] which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also called corpuscles or "formed elements") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.

title: Crab louse

text: The female lays about three eggs a day. The eggs take 6–8 days to hatch, and there are three nymphal stages which together take 10–17 days before the adult develops, making a total life cycle from egg to adult of 16–25 days. Adults live for up to 30 days. Crab lice feed exclusively on blood, and take a blood meal 4–5 times daily. Adults are 1.5–2.0 mm long and flattened. They are much broader in comparison to head and body lice. Adults are found only on the human host and require human blood to survive. If adults are forced off the host, they will die within 24–48 hours without a blood feeding. Pubic lice are transmitted from person to person most-commonly via sexual contact, although fomites (bedding, clothing) may play a minor role in their transmission.

title: Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling

text: After the blood samples are obtained, they are placed into tubes containing anticoagulants in order to stop the blood from clotting. If the blood sample was obtained at the site close to the placenta, a fetal blood confirmation test should be done to ensure no mixing of fetal and maternal blood occurred before the diagnostic tests are done on the blood. Fetal red blood cells (RBC) are usually bigger than maternal RBCs, and the average volume of RBCs, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), is one of the methods used to determine whether or not the fetal blood has been contaminated. Another method, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) determination, can detect maternal blood because maternal blood has high levels of hCG. The hemoglobin alkaline denaturation test (Apt test) can detect the presence of maternal blood, which is indicated by a color change from red to brown when the sample is added to alkali reagent. Blood typing would also detect maternal blood, as the I antigen only occurs in adults. The Kleihauer–Betke test can detect very small amounts of maternal blood before the third trimester of pregnancy by monitoring hemoglobin elution in acid because adult and fetal hemoglobin elute differently in acid. Finally, a white blood cell count can detect maternal blood in the sample, as fetal white blood cells are primarily leukocytes, while maternal white blood cells are mostly neutrophils. If amniotic fluid infiltrated the sample, then there would be a reduction in the volume of RBCs, white blood cells, and platelets in the sample. Also, patterns consistent with amniotic fluid would be visible in the sample.

title: Aminopterin

text: Massive aminopterin overdosage in humans (i.e. > 40 mg AMT in an average 70 kg adult), should be approached with an initial leucovorin dose of 100 mg (50 mg/m), given intravenously and continued at 6 hour intervals until the hematological abnormalities are improved (likely 8–12 courses or more). Additionally, to prevent reversible aminopterin-mediated nephrotoxicity manifesting as increases in serum creatinine and which further delays drug elimination, urinary alkalinization with and volume expansion should be considered in cases of massive aminopterin overdosage, particularly those involving greater than 100 mg AMT in an average 70 kg adult human.

title: Brugia malayi

text:
Human: "B. malayi" undergoes further development in the human as well as sexual reproduction and egg production.
1-2 The infective larvae (L3) actively penetrate the skin through the bite hole and develop into adults in the lymphatic system over a span of 6 months. Adult worms can survive in the lymphatic system for 5–15 years
3. The male and female adult worms mate and the females produce an average of 10,000 sheathed eggs (microfilaria) daily The microfilariae enter the blood stream and exhibit nocturnal periodicity and subperiodicity.
4. Another mosquito takes a blood meal and ingests the microfilariae. Infection depends on the mosquito taking a blood meal during a periodic episode – when microfilariae are present in the bloodstream.


query: What was the budget for Mary Poppins Returns the film?

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: As of January30,2019, Mary Poppins Returns has grossed $166 million in the United States and Canada, and $154 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $320 million, against a production budget of $130 million.[4][38]

title: Mary Poppins

text: In the books there are five Banks children: Jane (the eldest), Michael, fraternal twins John and Barbara, and Annabel. Jane and Michael are the eldest and go on most of the magical adventures with Mary Poppins; they are the most prominent and vocal of the Banks children. John and Barbara are toddler twins who only start going on adventures in the second book. Annabel is the youngest and is born midway through the second book. Though the ages of the children are never made explicit, Jane is estimated to be around seven years old in "Mary Poppins", and John and Barbara have their first birthday in the same book and appear to be around two years old when Annabel is born. Only Jane and Michael appear in the film and stage musical. In the film they are portrayed by Karen Dotrice and Matthew Garber; in the 2018 sequel, they are portrayed as adults by Emily Mortimer and Ben Whishaw; in the 2004 BBC Radio 4 drama, they are played by Sophie Stuckey and Jonathan Bee. John and Annabel appear in the 2018 film Mary Poppins Returns, but are presented as being Michael's children, rather than his siblings. Michael also has a third child in the film named Georgie (most likely named after Michael's father).

title: Mary Poppins (film)

text: Outside, they meet Bert, working as a screever; Mary Poppins uses her magic to transport the group into one of his drawings. While the children ride on a carousel, Mary Poppins and Bert go on a leisurely stroll. Mary Poppins later enchants the carousel horses, and participates in a horse race, which she wins. While being asked to describe her victory, Mary Poppins announces the nonsense word "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious". However, the outing is ruined when a thunderstorm dissolves Bert's drawings, returning the group to London.

title: Sherman Brothers

text: Victory Canteen, 1971 (Ivar Theatre, L.A.) Over Here!, 1974 (Broadway, NY) Dawgs, 1983 (Variety Arts Center, L.A.) Busker Alley, 1995 (U.S. Tour) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2002 (London) Mary Poppins, 2004 (London) On the Record 2004-5 (U.S. Tour) (several songs included) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2005 (Broadway, NY) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2005 (UK Tour) Busker Alley, 2006 (Broadway, NY – *one night only) Mary Poppins, 2006 (Broadway, NY) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2007 (Singapore) Mary Poppins, 2008 (UK Tour) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, 2008 (Second UK Tour) Mary Poppins, 2008 (Gothenburg) Mary Poppins, 2009 (First US Tour) Mary Poppins, 2009 (Copenhagen) Mary Poppins, 2009 (Budapest) Mary Poppins, 2009 (Shanghai) Mary Poppins, 2009 (Australia) Mary Poppins, 2009 (South Africa) Mary Poppins, 2009 (Scheveningen) Mary Poppins, 2009 (Helsinki) Mary Poppins, 2012-13 (Second US Tour) A Spoonful of Sherman, 2014 (London) A Spoonful of Sherman, 2017 (London) A Spoonful of Sherman, 2018 (UK/Ireland Tour)

title: Mary Poppins (film)

text: Mary Poppins is a 1964 American musical fantasy film directed by Robert Stevenson and produced by Walt Disney, with songs written and composed by the Sherman Brothers. The screenplay is by Bill Walsh and Don DaGradi, based on P. L. Travers's book series "Mary Poppins". The film, which combines live-action and animation, stars Julie Andrews in her feature film debut as Mary Poppins, who visits a dysfunctional family in London and employs her unique brand of lifestyle to improve the family's dynamic. Dick Van Dyke, David Tomlinson, and Glynis Johns are featured in supporting roles. The film was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California using painted London background scenes.

title: Mary Poppins (character)

text: Mary Poppins in the Disney film, as portrayed by Julie Andrews, is also fairly stern but at the same time more gentle, cheerful, and nurturing of the two Banks children of whom she is in charge. Mary also has a friendship with Bert (Dick Van Dyke), a jack-of-all-trades who is quite at home with Mary's brand of magic. She also is less vain and selfish (although there are a couple of references to her vanity when she replaces a dingy wall mirror with a more elegant one, and sings a duet with her reflection), and far more sympathetic towards the two children than the nanny in the original stories. Emily Blunt portrayed Mary Poppins in the sequel "Mary Poppins Returns".

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: A sequel to Mary Poppins had been gestating in development hell since its release in 1964. Walt Disney attempted to produce a sequel a year later, but was rejected by author P. L. Travers, who dismissed Disney's first adaptation. In the late 1980s, then-chairman of Walt Disney Studios Jeffrey Katzenberg and vice-president of live-action production Martin Kaplan approached Travers with the idea of a sequel set years after the first film, with the Banks children now as adults and Julie Andrews reprising her role as an older Mary Poppins. Travers again rejected the concept, except for Andrews' return, suggesting a sequel set one year after the original film with Andrews reprising the role, but her idea was shot down too because it was impossible to deal with her, who also imposed her own rules, including Poppins' clothing and barring it from being red.[3]

title: Mary Poppins (film)

text:
The next day, the wind changes, meaning Mary Poppins must leave. A happier Mr. Banks is found at home, having fixed his children's kite, and takes the family out to fly it. In the park, the Bankses meet Mr. Dawes Jr, who reveals his father died laughing from the joke, and re-employs Mr. Banks as a junior partner. With her work done, Mary Poppins flies away, with Bert bidding her farewell, telling her not to stay away too long.
The first novel in the "Mary Poppins" series was the film's main basis. According to the 40th Anniversary DVD release of the film in 2004, Disney's daughters fell in love with the "Mary Poppins" books and made him promise to make a film based on them. Disney first attempted to purchase the film rights to "Mary Poppins" from P. L. Travers as early as 1938 but was rebuffed because Travers did not believe a film version of her books would do justice to her creation. In addition, Disney was known at the time primarily as a producer of cartoons and had yet to produce any major live-action work. For more than 20 years, Disney periodically made efforts to convince Travers to allow him to make a "Poppins" film. He finally succeeded in 1961, although Travers demanded and got script approval rights. The Sherman Brothers composed the music score and were also involved in the film's development, suggesting the setting be changed from the 1930s to the Edwardian era. Pre-production and song composition took about two years.

title: Emily Blunt

text: That same year, Blunt played the title character in Rob Marshall's musical fantasy film "Mary Poppins Returns", which served as a sequel to the 1964 film, in which Poppins was played by Julie Andrews. Writing for "Variety", Owen Gleiberman found Blunt to be "practically perfect in every way" and added that she "inhabits Mary Poppins’ snappishly entrancing spirit, and in the musical numbers she generates her own spit-spot radiance". She received SAG Award nominations for both "A Quiet Place" and "Mary Poppins Returns", winning for the former, and was nominated for a Golden Globe for the sixth time, for the latter film.

title: Mary Poppins

text:
The film received widespread acclaim from critics and audiences, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture with Julie Andrews winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Mary Poppins. The film won an additional four Oscars for Best Original Song ("Chim Chim Cher-ee"), Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Score. The movie takes place in the year 1910.
In 1983, the story was adapted by the Soviet Union's Mosfilm studios into the Russian-language TV musical film "Мэри Поппинс, до свидания!" ("Mary Poppins, Goodbye"), starring Natalya Andreychenko (acting) and Tatyana Voronina (singing) as Mary Poppins, Albert Filozov as George Banks, and Oleg Tabakov as Miss Andrew.

title: Mary Poppins Returns (soundtrack)

text: Mary Poppins Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the film of the same name. The music and score for the film was composed by Marc Shaiman, with song lyrics written by Scott Wittman and Shaiman. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 7, 2018.

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as a "comforting nostalgia-fest" and "satisfaction in spit-spot fashion" as well as commended the performances of Blunt and Miranda (who he referred to as "endlessly charming") as well Marshall's knack on musical numbers and Shaiman's "swinging delight" original score.[53] The Atlantic's Christopher Orr remarked that: "Mary Poppins Returns serves as a reminder that, for all its global scope and hegemonic ambition, Disney still has a little magic left up its sleeve." Orr called it as a "highly likable diversion" and similarly praised the film for balancing the familiar and the new. He also found Blunt's version of Mary Poppins as "excellent" and described it as "a little chillier and more austere" while referring it as "truer to the spirit of the heroine of P. L. Travers’s books".[54] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film with three out of five stars, praising Blunt's unique portrayal of the titular character while referring the film as an "industrial-strength sugarplum" and felt that the sequel didn't live up to the 1964 original, but nevertheless praised the film in which he remarked: "Mary Poppins Returns shows it has the power to leave you deliriously happy".[55] Time magazine's Stephanie Zacharek wrote that "Mary Poppins Returns honors the spirit of its predecessor". She also highlighted Blunt's interpretation of the titular character (in which she described the performance as close to "Travers’s original vision"), as well as the costumes, production values, and 2D animation sequences, but found fault with Shaiman's and Wittman's songs as one of the film's "weaker points".[56]

title: Mary Poppins Opens the Door

text: The concept of Mary Poppins staying until "the door opens" is used in "Mary Poppins Returns".

title: Mary Poppins (film)

text: Never at ease with the handling of her property by Disney or the way she felt she had been treated, Travers would never again agree to another Poppins/Disney adaptation. So fervent was Travers' dislike of the Disney adaptation and of the way she felt she had been treated during the production, that when producer Cameron Mackintosh approached her about the stage musical in the 1990s, she acquiesced on the condition that he used only English-born writers and no one from the film production were to be directly involved with creating the stage musical.In December 2018, Walt Disney Pictures released the film "Mary Poppins Returns". The film takes place 20 years after "Mary Poppins", and features a standalone narrative based on the remaining seven books in the series. Rob Marshall directed, while John DeLuca and Marc Platt served as producers, with Emily Blunt starring as Poppins, and Dick Van Dyke returning in a cameo to portray Mr. Dawes Jr.. Karen Dotrice also appeared in a cameo role.

title: Mary Poppins (film)

text: Travers was an adviser to the production. However, she disapproved of the dilution of the harsher aspects of Mary Poppins' character, felt ambivalent about the music, and so hated the use of animation that she ruled out any further adaptations of the later "Mary Poppins" novels. She objected to a number of elements that actually made it into the film. Rather than original songs, she wanted the soundtrack to feature known standards of the Edwardian period in which the story is set. Disney overruled her, citing contract stipulations that he had final say on the finished print. Much of the Travers–Disney correspondence is part of the Travers collection of papers in the Mitchell Library of New South Wales, Australia. The relationship between Travers and Disney is detailed in "Mary Poppins She Wrote", a biography of Travers, by Valerie Lawson. The biography is the basis for two documentaries on Travers, "The Real Mary Poppins", and Lisa Matthews' "The Shadow of Mary Poppins". Their relationship during the development of the film was also dramatized in the 2013 Disney film "Saving Mr. Banks".

title: Mary Poppins (film)

text: A sequel, "Mary Poppins Returns", was released in 2018, making it one of the longest gaps between film sequels in cinematic history at 54 years.

title: Mary Poppins

text: The books were adapted by Walt Disney into a musical film titled "Mary Poppins" (1964), starring Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke. The film "Saving Mr. Banks" (2013) depicted the making of the 1964 film. Disney’s sequel to the 1964 film, "Mary Poppins Returns", was released in 2018, and stars Emily Blunt as Poppins.

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: Walt Disney Pictures announced the film in September 2015. Marshall was hired later that month, and Blunt and Miranda were cast in February 2016. Principal photography lasted from February to July 2017, and took place at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England. Mary Poppins Returns held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on November 29, 2018, and was released in the United States on December 19, 2018, making it one of the longest gaps between film sequels in cinematic history at 54 years.[5][6]

title: Floral Magician Mary Bell

text: "Floral Magician Mary Bell" is influenced by "Mary Poppins" or "Mary Poppins (film)", or both. The protagonists of "Mary Bell Picture Book" are Jane and Michael, the same names that appear in "Mary Poppins".

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: Mary Poppins Returns is a 2018 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall, with a screenplay written by David Magee and a story by Magee, Marshall, and John DeLuca. Based on the book series Mary Poppins by P. L. Travers,[1] the film is a sequel to the 1964 film Mary Poppins, and stars Emily Blunt as the eponymous character with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Ben Whishaw, Emily Mortimer, Julie Walters, Dick Van Dyke, Angela Lansbury, Colin Firth, and Meryl Streep in supporting roles. Set in 1930s London, twenty-five years after the events of the original film, it sees Mary Poppins, the former nanny of Jane and Michael Banks, returning after a family tragedy.

title: Mary Poppins

text: The title of the film "Saving Mr. Banks" (as explained in dialogue at the film's climax) arises from the interpretation that Mary Poppins is actually not there to save the children, but to save their father. The film surmises that Travers wrote the Mary Poppins novels as a form of atonement for her inability as a child to save her own father from his own flaws. This theme of fatherly salvation notably formed the basis of the major dramatic moments in the 1964 film, including the climax involving Mr Banks' somber nighttime walk through London.

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: Marshall has confirmed that a potential third Mary Poppins film with Blunt is in development as he stated that P. L. Travers wrote eight books in total with plenty more material to mine.

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: On March 4, 2018, Disney released a teaser trailer for the film, with the release date of December 25.[31][32] On September 17, 2018, Disney released an official trailer which revealed new footage, a snippet of an original song from the film, "The Place Where Lost Things Go", and announced December 19 as the new release date for the film.[33] On October 22, 2018, Disney released a special look on Dancing with the Stars' "Disney Night" which teased an original song from the film, "Can You Imagine That".[34] On November 15, 2018, Disney released a sneak peek which teased another original song from the film, "Trip a Little Light Fantastic".[35] On November 22, 2018, Disney released a special episode of 20/20 on ABC called "Mary Poppins Returns: Behind the Magic" which included an extended look of the film.[36] On November 26, 2018, advance tickets for Mary Poppins Returns went on sale along with the digital pre-order of the soundtrack and the release of two tracks off the soundtrack, "The Place Where Lost Things Go" and "Trip a Little Light Fantastic."[37]

title: Mary Poppins (soundtrack)

text: Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of the 1964 film "Mary Poppins", with music and lyrics written by songwriters Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman, and adapted and conducted by Irwin Kostal.

title: Paul Gemignani

text: Gemignani served as one of two music supervisors (Michael Higham) for Disney's 2018 musical film "Mary Poppins Returns." His contribution earned him a Guild of Music Supervisors Awards nomination for Best Music Supervision for Films Budgeted Over $25 Million. The film starred Emily Blunt as the titular character and Lin-Manuel Miranda as Jack.

title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Mary Poppins is a musical with music and lyrics by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (the Sherman Brothers) and additional music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, and a script by Julian Fellowes. The musical is based on the similarly titled Mary Poppins children's books by P. L. Travers and the 1964 Disney film, and is a fusion of various elements from the two, including songs from the film.

title: Rob Marshall

text: Marshall directed Disney's film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods" (2014), and produced the film under his Lucamar Productions banner. His next film was the sequel to the 1964 film "Mary Poppins", titled "Mary Poppins Returns", reuniting two "Into the Woods" actresses: Emily Blunt as the title character and Meryl Streep in a supporting role.

title: Mary Poppins

text: In the books, the Banks have three domestic workers in addition to Mary Poppins: Ellen, Mrs. Brill, and Robertson Ay. Ellen is the maid and although she loves the children, she hates having to look after them when there is no nanny in the house. She almost always has a cold. Mrs. Brill is the cook; she particularly dislikes Ellen. She is often grumpy for no reason. Robertson Ay is the jack of all trades. He is a young boy (mid-teens) and is very lazy and forgetful, doing such things as putting bootblack on Mr Banks's hat, thus ruining it. In "Mary Poppins Comes Back", it is hinted that he is a character in a story that Mary Poppins tells the children about a king who is led astray by The Fool (Jester) and that he is the Fool. The film depicts Mrs. Brill and Ellen (played by Reta Shaw and Hermione Baddeley, respectively), but not Robertson Ay; the musical includes Mrs. Brill and Robertson Ay, without Ellen. Only Ellen appears in the 2018 film, portrayed by Julie Walters. No mention is made of what happened to Mrs. Brill.

title: Mary Poppins Returns

text: Edward Hibbert as Mary Poppins' Parrot Umbrella. He was previously voiced by David Tomlinson in the original film (Tomlinson also portrayed George Banks in the same film).[1] Chris O'Dowd as Shamus the Coachman Dog, who is an Irish Setter in the animated Royal Doulton Bowl sequence.[1] Mark Addy as Clyde the Horse in the animated Royal Doulton Bowl sequence.[1]

title: Mary Poppins

text: On 14 September 2015, Disney announced a new "Mary Poppins" film was to be made, with a new plot and new songs, although in P. L. Travers' final will, another movie version was not to be made according to her wishes. The film is directed by Rob Marshall and written by David Magee. Songs are composed by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman, who both received support from Richard Sherman, who, along with his late brother-collaborator Robert Sherman wrote the iconic song score of the original "Mary Poppins" film. The film is not a reboot or remake of the original 1964 film; in this film Mary Poppins revisits the now-adult Banks children from the first film and takes charge of the three children of Michael Banks. It is loosely based on the other seven "Mary Poppins" books by Travers, and expands beyond them. Emily Blunt stars as Mary Poppins, alongside Lin-Manuel Miranda in the role of Jack, a similar character to Dick Van Dyke's "Bert" from the first film. It was announced on 31 May 2016 that the film would be titled "Mary Poppins Returns" and would take place in Depression-era London, 25 years after the events of the original film. Emily Mortimer and Ben Whishaw play grown-up Jane and Michael Banks. The release date was 21 December 2018 in the US and the UK.


query: When was Sang Min Leo Whang born?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Sang Min Leo Whang (November 10, 1962- ) is a South Korean psychologist, author, and popular political commentator. His has empirically investigated "the Korean Peoples' identity & their mass-psychology" by connecting it to a variety of issues such as self, online world identity, consumption behavior, love & relationships, power desire and political decision making.[1][2] He has mainly researched the different psychological types of people and how the human mind works in on and offline settings. His most well-known projects are WPI (Whang's Personality Inventory),[3][4] research on the identities of online game players, and research on politicians' public images.[5] Whang has been a professor at Sejong University from 1994-1997 and at Yonsei University from 1994-2016. In January 2016, he was dismissed from his position as a tenured professor at Yonsei University, by excuse of violating an ethical rule, 'having a job outside of professorship without the permission of the university president.' There is controversy and speculation surrounding his dismissal. The unusual dismissal of a tenured professor from his position was a retaliatory decision made because of Whang's criticism against Geun-hye Park, the 11th President of South Korea. She was later impeached and dismissed from the presidency. Whang's dismissal was planned and executed by the late president of Yonsei University, Gap Young Cheung who denied his involvement of this case as a president of university. The late president Gap Young Cheung had a strong reputation that he had wished to hold a government or Blue House position during Ms. Park's presidency. After the impeachment of Ms. Park, Cheung retired from the university and remained as an honorary professor. Whang's dismissal is appreciated as an example of an evidence of latent oppression on academia by power. Dr. Whang currently runs a podcast WhangShimSo, where he provides free consultations on personal and career conflicts, and commentates on the diverse social issues in Korean Society.[6]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: <Sang Min Whang’s summarized speech from “Mi Hwa Kim’s Everybody” radio program, May 22nd, 2012>

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Park: But there was no instance of taking a bribe.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: That is an excellent point. In Korean society living as a woman, and a moment ago being able to be less corrupt and also being sacred because of being a woman, when we say that what does that woman mean? Does it mean different genitals between a man and a woman or a difference in roles?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: But do you know where the difference comes from when we say woman or man?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: After receiving his BA in psychology in 1985, Sang Min Whang continued his studies at East Graduate School under professor Bong Yeon Suh's guidance. And in September 1986, he received a scholarship from The Korea Foundation for Advanced Studies to study Social Cognitive Development under Sheldon White's guidance in Harvard University's psychology doctorate program.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Sung Joo Kim, who was the co-chair of the presidential campaign committee of Saenuri party at the time, visited Yonsei University in protest and demanded Whang's resignation from professorship in relation to this incident and appeared on Hyun Jung Kim's news show and testified that she received a promise from Yonsei University to send Sang Min Whang to the disciplinary action committee.[38] Sung Joo Kim's comment that “Yonsei University promised sending Sang Min Whang to the disciplinary action committee” as she demanded Whang's resignation shows Yonsei University's decision to terminate Whang is not unrelated to the Geun Hye Park regime.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: 1) Q Methodology Development In order to find a method that can investigate the characteristics of each individual living in a sociocultural environment instead of assuming an absolute and immutable attribute, Sang Min Whang organized a seminar called “What is Research Methodology?” with his students after starting his post in Yonsei University. One of the people invited to this seminar was Heung Gyu Kim, a former professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, who introduced Q Methodology to Whang. Afterwards, Whang studied the different thoughts people had from each other on various topics such as “Internet Psychology,” “Future Electronic Products,” etc. According to Sang Min Whang, Q Methodology makes it possible to do a quantum-mechanical interpretation of the mind unlike the existing factor analysis that was being used in psychology. That is, psychology based on the existing R-technique factor analysis defines each factor as an absolute characteristic that everyone has and only differs in the extent, while Q Methodology made it possible to deduce how each factor comes together differently and manifests in different ways according to each individual in different environments. It applied the fact that like how the subject can be conscious of the observer and decide on its movements and change, an individual can be aware of her environment and her own characteristics to manifest them (Refer to Q Workshop Manual). Afterwards, Sang Min Whang felt the limitation of interpreting each factor deduced from Q Methodology analysis as one characteristic according to the traditional analysis method. This was because he thought there was a need to separate the positive, easily shown disposition and the negative or hidden disposition that both appear within a single factor instead of abstractly lumping them together. In order to overcome this limitation, he divided the statements arranged according to the weight attributed to each statement into high, middle, and low and interpreted them as each different characteristics drawn from one factor. Afterwards, the middle-ranked statement was excluded because it could not reveal a clear disposition about the relevant factor and one factor was interpreted by being divided into two extreme dispositions shown by the highest-ranked statement and lowest-ranked statement. This is the principle of “extremes meet” being applied to Q Methodology and by interpreting one factor into two extreme dispositions, not only was it clearer how each disposition shows itself in a studied society and but it also became possible to show each characteristics’ interaction with one another. In addition, by dividing one factor into two extremes, it was possible to find out in Q Methodology research that proceeds with a comparatively small number of participants not only the disposition that is easily admitted by people or accepted in a societal situation (mainstream), but also the characteristic people are reluctant to show or only a minority of people have (non-mainstream). This new interpretative method based on Q Methodology is found in a number of Sang Min Whang's research. 2) Research on Koreans’ Psychology, “How to define and measure Korean peoples’ personalities?”

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: So that is an issue of genitals as a woman what role…

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Gap Young Cheung, who removed Sang Min Whang from Yonsei University, was one of the figures being mentioned as a nominee for the first chief of staff or the minister of economy under Geun Hye Park's regime, but he unable to take a government post.[26] Afterwards, he tried for reappointment of Yonsei University's president, but failed after “being ranked as the lowest among potential candidates on performance and qualifications in an opinion gathering session by Yonsei University faculty.”[27] After the next term (18th) president of Yonsei University was decided to be Yong Hak Kim, the dismissal procedure for Whang progressed quickly. Gap Young Cheung signed the dismissal resolution on his last day of his president term and announced it is “chance” that the two dates coincide.[28] Some analyze Gap Young Cheung's removal of Sang Min Whang, who continued to maintain a critical tone of Geun Hye Park's regime on a daily basis, as a move Cheung made to become appointed to public office under Geun Hye Park's regime. However, Gap Young Cheung claimed in an interview with the press that he “did not know” about Sang Min Hwang's dismissal from Yonsei University's professorship and that he only followed the decision of the disciplinary committee even though he was Yonsei University's president when the dismissal process was in progress.[29] These actions by Gap Young Cheung along with the illicit admission of Yoo Ra Chung into Ewha University is analyzed as a case of how university personnel have transformed into, not people who pursue learning, but rather agents of political power under Geun Hye Park's regime.[30][31]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: The attempt to discipline Sang Min Whang in 2015 was not the first time. In 2014, he was sent to the disciplinary action committee for “lack of research production and negligence in teaching students,” but the charge fell apart after it was revealed not to be true. This is because in 2014 when Sang Min Whang was sent to the disciplinary action committee, he did 5 presentations in international and domestic academic societies and published 1 dissertation and the book <<The Person that is me>>. Also, he was on the editing staff for the Journal of Human Subjectivity and was editor-in-chief of the Korean Society for the Study of Human Subjectivity. In the following year of 2015, he published <<The New Consumer Psychology: Scanning buying behavior with MRI of the Mind>> through Routledge, America's publishing company specializing in social sciences.[33] In addition, when the genital scandal arose, Sung Joo Kim who was the co-chair of the Presidential Campaign Committee for Saenuri party, visited Yonsei University demanding Sang Min Whang's resignation from professorship and revealed that she was promised disciplinary action by Yonsei University. It was brought up that Sung Joo Kim may be a member of the hidden power organization called “eight fairies” related to the Soon Sil Choi scandal, but she denied the allegation.[34]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Afterwards, Yuna Kim's side dropped the suit against Sang Min Whang saying “we do not want to be caught up in this anymore.” However, the possibility was mentioned that this decision was made conscious of the potential controversy that may rise when the fact comes out that Yuna Kim cannot normally become a student teacher because she did not attend almost all of the undergraduate classes at Korea University if the defamation lawsuit progressed and the problem of “whether [Yuna Kim] went to teaching practice diligently” and “whether [Kim] has the qualifications to practice teaching” had to be proven. Some compared Yuna Kim with ex-Tae Kwon Do athlete Dae Sung Moon's example and the opinions “raising national prestige itself does not give [star athletes] the right to skip school” and “this needs to be a starting point to face the inconvenient truth that we cannot foster ‘studying athletes’” were raised.[42]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang; Mother. Being a mother means having given birth to children, right? In Korean society living as a woman does not mean being born with genitals different from man, but it means [a difference in] role, when does that most representative thing about that role appear?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: There was no instance of taking a bribe because none was given. If it was given, it would have been taken.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Sang Min Whang's research that became grounds for termination was “An Investigation into the President’s Image” that started in 2014. It was shown the image the public has of the president can be divided into 8 types through this research. The following is the body of the research explanation that was published in Shin Dong Ah.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Sang Min Whang thought there needs to be a tool differentiated from the western psychology tests to measure “Koreans’ psychology” because Asians and Westerners define and think about “the self” in different ways. In the field of personality study, the Big 5 Theory of Personality (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) was already known to exist through Costa & McCrae and others’ research.[11] However, Sang Min Whang thought these five factors would combine and manifest in different ways depending on the sociocultural environment and an individual's experience and beliefs. According to the metaphor he uses frequently, it is important to know the fact that “when making bread, the ingredients you need are ‘flour,’ ‘eggs,’ ‘milk,’ ‘yeast,’ and ‘butter.’ But the bread is not the ingredient. It only becomes bread when you mix the ingredients together to make the dough, proof it, put it in the oven, and bake it. Likewise, a persons’ mind becomes known not by the score from individual psychological traits or factors, but only after going through a larger frame that can look at those comprehensively.” (<<Reading the Mind (2016), 325p>>[12] He was able to classify two dimensional types, the self that yourself sees (I), and the self that others see (Me) based on Q Methodology and after constructing many statements indicating Koreans’ emotion, lifestyle, and behavior pattern based on the Big 5 Theory of Personality. The way Koreans define themselves have been differentiated into 5 types: (I) Realist, Romantist, Humanist, Idealist, and Agent, and the way they define themselves using others as a medium (Me) was differentiated into these 5 types: Relation, Trust, Manual, Self, and Culture. His findings empirically proved how William James’ theory that the “self” is a combination of “the self that yourself thinks of (I)” and “the self that others see (Me)” manifests itself in a specific sociocultural setting and WPI (Whang's Personality Inventory) has been organized as a personality test that is being used in counseling and education.[13][14][15]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: <<WPI (Whang’s Personality Inventory)>>

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: In May 2015, Sang Min Whang researched the types of image the public has about the then President Geun Hye Park using Q Methodology and published his findings in the monthly magazine ”[20] According to Whang’s research, people perceived Ms. Park mainly as a “puppet.” The “puppet” image the majority of people had of Ms. Park was divided into more detailed types: foolish ruler, our VIP, and face Madame. The study simultaneously found the public expected a president with the image of a “leading hero” as an alternative to Park. This meant the public already knew through her image that Park is incompetent and, at the same time, only a sort of “ceremonious figure” with someone else calling the shots. She was being perceived as a leader that did not have the ability to govern a nation.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: It is a difference in roles, right? For example, what is one of the more representative roles?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Since his postdoctoral fellowship, Sang Min Whang focused on the “human mind that operates in the Internet.” Under the guidance of Rob Kling at University of California, Irvine, he started research on the mind in the PC network environment and was a pioneer in early research on the virtual world. He accurately predicted that shopping and other real life activities will occur over the Internet and classified the characteristics of the type of person who first finds new electronic products and the characteristics of the consumer that spreads the use of new electronic products. (Refer to <<Digital Freaks Decide Future Consumption>>)[9]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Sang Min Whang said “[I] did not [use the word “genitals” to] belittle women as a whole but used [the word] as an academic term to differentiate between societal role and biological difference,” but Sung Joo Kim retorted, “his action is one of not being able to distinguish things you should say and things you should not say.” On this, Sang Min Whang analyzed if Sung Joo Kim “is idolizing candidate Park as a divine being and not as a person then it shows the state of mind as is that considers the word “genitals” as profane and blasphemous.”

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Sang Min Whang who was a regular on CBS Radio’s “Mi Hwa Kim’s Everybody” program criticized colleges’ preferential treatment of its sports stars on May 22, 2012.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Professor Ho Geun Lee from Yonsei University, who agreed to an interview with Dong-A Ilbo newspaper, claimed that if Whang had only “violated the prohibition on holding a job outside of professorship and the prohibition on engaging in commercial activity” then he would not have been dismissed and implied that Whang was dismissed because he was negligent in carrying out his duties as a professor. Lee cited examples such as Whang's absence from meetings with professors, scheduling all of his courses to teach on one day during the week, and managing an outside research lab named Wisdom Center even though Whang did a lot of research. However, it was confirmed Sang Min Whang did not receive any salary or engage in any commercial activity for profit and only conducted research by accepting projects through Wisdom Center. In Korea and in the U.S., it is difficult for the excuse “holding another office outside of professorship” to be the grounds for dismissal because many professors in both countries establish their own research labs to work more freely on research or they hold offices at companies in related areas of study.[25] Ultimately, according to Lee's interview, Yonsei University presented the reasons that Whang was “negligent” because he did not attend the professor meetings and fit all of his courses into one day to remove a tenured, full professor with satisfactory research performance. This kind of measure taken by Yonsei University is one of the examples of how people who satirized Geun Hye Park were oppressed under the regime.

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Unlike Sang Min Whang's intention to discuss “Korean universities’ utilizing students as a means for gaining publicity and the preferential treatment of elite sports athletes,” he became embroiled in the controversy of “fact checking Yuna Kim’s teaching practice.” A teacher from Yuna Kim's teaching practice site, Seoul Jinseon Girls' High School, refuted in an interview on “Mi-hwa Kim’s Everybody” to “please check the fact that [Yuna Kim] is coming to school and diligently coming to practice teaching” and on June 6 Yuna Kim's management company, All That Sports, sued Sang Min Whang for slander saying “there are parts of what he said that are untrue that he spoke of as if it were true and because that damages the athlete’s honor we are taking legal measures.” However, they also left the possibility of dropping the lawsuit open by saying, “we can drop the suit at any time if professor Whang apologizes for the false information that was not checked.”[40]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: In <<The President and Louis Vuitton>>, Sang Min Whang thought (luxury good) consumption and elections clearly showed how Koreans’ dress up their desires instead of saying what they want, thinking that if they choose the vaguely “good thing,” it will produce the results they want. When you make a decision to dress up your desire without being able to distinguish between “what you really want” and “what you are saying you want,” you feel “duped” and cannot be satisfied even after spending money. On the other hand, he suggested “the mind’s MRI,” a development from Q Methodology, for suppliers to use as a method to diagnose the consumer's hidden desire and the desire they freely talk of in a societal setting.[17][18][19]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: When we say a woman is less corrupt than a man, in that instance is the difference between a woman and a man a difference in genitals or are we talking about a difference in how they live?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: After publishing his “President Geun Hye Park Image” research in Shin Dong Ah magazine, Sang Min Whang was sent to Yonsei University's disciplinary committee for “violation of prohibition on holding a job outside of professorship and violation of prohibition on engaging in commercial activity”[21] and the former Yonsei University president, Gap Young Cheung, who was being mentioned as a potential minister nominee in Geun Hye Park's regime, passed the dismissal motion on his last day in office on January 29, 2016.[22] Yonsei University has claimed there is no relation between Sang Min Whang's research and the exclusionary disciplinary action and that he was removed because of “holding concurrent offices,” but through the Soon Sil Choi affair it was proven Sang Min Whang's research predicted the hidden commander's existence. The retaliatory decision to dismiss a tenured professor, along with Yoo Ra Chung's illicit admission incident, showed that universities lost academic autonomy and became an instrument of political power.[23][24]

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: And then raising children. Isn’t being a woman a phenomenon that happens because of it? When looking at that we say that person is a woman. We don’t say she is a woman because her genitals are different from a man. But is candidate Geun Hye Park in that situation? Is she in a category that coincides with that woman or no? Did candidate Geun Hye Park get married? Did she give birth to children? Did she raise children?

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: Whang: Not long ago a person who was an assemblywoman from Saenuri party [said] to a small business CEO…

title: Sang-Min Whang

text: [Gordian Knot Episode 219 relevant section recording (Sang Min Whang / ●: Jong Jin Park)]


query: When did Spiderman: Enter the Spiderverse release?

title: Spider-Verse

text: The idea of bringing together alternate versions of Spider-Man was also explored in various video games and Ultimate Spider-Man animated series, with the 2018 animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse serving as an adaptation of this story arc.

title: Black Spiderman

text: "Black Spiderman" is a song by American rapper Logic featuring singer Damian Lemar Hudson. It was released on April 13, 2017, through Visionary Music Group and Def Jam Recordings, as the second single from his third studio album "Everybody". It was awarded a 2017 MTV Video Music Award for "Best Fight Against the System." The song was produced by Logic, 6ix and DJ Khalil.

title: Black Spiderman

text: The song's accompanying music video premiered on April 13, 2017 on Logic's Vevo account on YouTube. In August 2017, "Black Spiderman" was awarded an MTV Video Music Award for "Best Fight Against the System."

title: Italian Spiderman

text: Waking up in Captain Maximum's lair he witnesses how the professor is forced to use the powers of duplication on one of Captain Maximum's henchmen. Italian Spiderman is forced to watch as the professor is shot by Maximum. The furious Italian Spiderman attacks Maximum's henchmen, killing many in a surprisingly gory battle sequence. Despite Italian Spiderman's efforts the Professor dies but in his last moments gives the Italian Spiderman the potion. Italian Spiderman again attacks the headquarters of Captain Maximum. Despite having the potion, Italian Spiderman overwhelms by his powers alone the newfound army (showing in the process to have a venomous bite and removable moustaches that can double as razor-sharp boomerangs). Later, Italian Spiderman returns home with the Professor's niece, Jessica (Susanna Dekker). When a gigantic Captain Maximum lays siege to the city, Italian Spiderman finally drinks the potion, growing to the same height of Captain Maximum and battling him until the titles roll.The project began as a trailer for a non-existent film, produced as a student film at Flinders University by director Dario Russo for his final year Screen Production project. The "trailer" was shot, over the course of one day, on 16 mm film using an older style camera to achieve an authentic look for the films of that era.

title: Neil Barrett (fashion designer)

text: Over the years, Neil has also provided wardrobes for movie productions including Spiderman 2 and Spiderman 3, I-Robot, and .

title: The Most (Swedish band)

text: The Most first full-length album "Auto-Destructive Art" was released on May 17, 2013. A pre-release took place in Liverpool, UK with three live gigs at the famous Cavern Club for the International Pop Overthrow music festival. The first video from the album was for a song titled "Spiderman". The second video from the album became the track "So Wrong". It was released in August that same year.

title: Spiderman of the Rings

text: Spiderman of the Rings is the fourth studio album by the American electronic musician Dan Deacon, released by Carpark Records on May 8, 2007. The album was released on white vinyl by Wildfire Wildfire Records.The single from this album, "The Crystal Cat," was #84 on "Rolling Stone's" list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007, and "Wham City" was #30 on Pitchfork's "Top 100 Tracks of 2007".

title: Italian Spiderman

text: A trailer was released, followed by a full-length feature made up of ten mini-episodes.

title: Bloom (Tasmin Archer album)

text: When it was finally released, EMI were still not very supportive of it and didn't push a marketing campaign as big as they had done with her debut album, which damaged sales of the singles and the album itself. When released, the album went fairly unnoticed, only peaking at #95 in the album charts, and the two singles released off the album did not enter the UK top forty. The album was released around Europe and Japan, but EMI America refused to release the album in the USA, and therefore Archer is seen as a one-hit wonder there.

title: Italian Spiderman

text: ""Italian Spiderman theme"/"Bangarang"" Enzo Bontempi (Record Kicks / Soulful Torino Records RK45 017/STR003)

title: Italian Spiderman

text:
As soon as Professor Bernardi gives Italian Spiderman the asteroid, he is attacked by the terrible Captain Maximum (Leombruno Tosca) who is interested in using the asteroid for his own evil plans. Foiled in his attempt to steal the asteroid from Bernardi, he transforms the Professor into a snake. Captain Maximum later intercepts the Italian Spiderman and takes the asteroid, although he gives Italian Spiderman a chance to win it by beating Maximum in a surf contest. When Captain Maximum notices the obviously superior surfing skills of Italian Spiderman, Maximum attempts to win by cheating. His efforts fail, however, as Italian Spiderman summons the help of penguins (which hurl themselves at Captain Maximum and his henchwomen) and wins.
When Italian Spiderman returns home, he is again attacked by Captain Maximum's henchmen, where a tranquiliser dart causes the hero to collapse.

title: Jim Jannard

text: In 2005, Jannard started Red Digital Cinema Camera Company. In 2007, Red released the Red One which was used to shoot "Wanted", "Che", "The Informant", and "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo". In 2010, Red released the Red Epic which was used to shoot "The Amazing Spiderman", "", "Prometheus", "" and "The Great Gatsby" as well as many other feature films.

title: Everybody (Logic album)

text: "Black Spiderman" was released as the album's second single on April 13, 2017. The song features a guest appearance from Damian Lemar Hudson, with Logic and 6ix, who also produced the track, alongside DJ Khalil.

title: Elsagate

text: Also in February, The Awl published an article on "Webs and Tiaras" and similar channels, describing their content as "nonsensically nightmarish" with titles like "Frozen Elsa gets CHICKEN FEET!", "Frozen Elsa gets BRAIN BELLY!", "Frozen Elsa & Anna TEAR SPIDERMAN APART!", "EVIL SANTA KIDNAPS Frozen Elsa & Spiderman!", or "Frozen Elsa FLUSHES Spiderman in Toilet!". The website commented that the videos were "pretty twisted for children's content: some videos involve Elsa giving birth, and in some others, Spiderman injects Elsa with a brightly colored liquid. You half expect the scenarios to be porn setups." In most videos, the like and dislike options were disabled, making it impossible to know how many users were actually engaging with them. Many videos featured hundreds of comments in gibberish, some being written by similar channels in an apparent attempt to attract more clicks.

title: Peter Griffin (singer)

text:
His first release was the 7" single "I Hate the Music" in 1977, followed by "I'm in the Race" in 1978.
In 1979, he released "Spiderman" as his third single. Shortly thereafter, the 12" version was released and the song became a major club hit that year.

title: Italian Spiderman

text: Italian Spiderman is an Australian film parody of Italian action–adventure films of the 1960s and 1970s, first released on YouTube in 2007. The parody purports to be a "lost Italian film" by Alrugo Entertainment, an Australian film-making collective formed by Dario Russo, Tait Wilson, David Ashby, Will Spartalis and Boris Repasky.

title: R. Arumugam

text: Datuk Arumugam Rengasamy (also known as Spiderman) was a legendary Malaysian national football player from Selangor. His long arms and difficult saves earned him the nickname "Spiderman". He was born on 31 January 1953 in Port Klang, Selangor. He started his football career at a young age.

title: Natalia (Belgian singer)

text:
Notes
A. "I Survived You", "Heartbreaker" and "Still with Me" were only released digitally.
B. "Razorblade" did not enter the Flemish Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 5 on the Ultratip chart.
C. "Anyone Out There" did not enter the Flemish Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 15 on the Ultratip chart.
D. "Synchronize" did not enter the Flemish Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 12 on the Ultratip chart.
E. "Conqueror" did not enter the Flemish Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 16 on the Ultratip chart.
F. "Hear That Sound" did not enter the Flemish Ultratop 50, but peaked at number 2 on the Ultratip chart."Met Hart En Soul" (English: "With Heart and Soul") was written by Natalia and a ghost-writer.
It is about her early life and career. The book was released on 8 October 2007.Official sites:

title: Italian Spiderman

text: The trailer stars "Franco Franchetti" (David Ashby) as "Italian Spiderman" and features "Jessica" portrayed by actress Susanna Dekker, in the infamous scene with the line "Fammi un macchiato, pronto".

title: Alain Robert

text: The book was released for the Asian market in April by Blacksmith Books in Hong Kong with the subtitle "The true story of Alain Robert, the real-life Spiderman" (). In September it was released by Maverick House Publishers in the UK for the English language market across Europe. This edition has the subtitle "The Story of the Human Spider" ().

title: The Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom's Revenge!

text: In 1996, "Computer Gaming World" declared "Spiderman/Captain America vs. Doctor Doom" the 27th-worst computer game ever released.

title: Record Kicks

text: In 2008 Record Kicks released the soundtrack for Australian film parody of Italian b-movies of the 60's and 70's Italian Spiderman.

title: Great DJ

text: When "Great DJ" was re-released it did not enter the UK Singles Chart until one week after the individual re-release of single "That's Not My Name" went to number one.

title: James Valitchka

text: The book is based on an autobiography of Valitchka's life as one day when he was feeling upset he realized that "Spiderman did not have a dad, he lived with his aunt and uncle, Batman did not have a dad, he lived with his butler and Superman lived with adopted parents." Valitchka's strong faith in God and this connection with his superheroes gave him the strength and determination to turn his life around. That year he wrote his bestselling book and won first place in a writing contest with over 700 entries.

title: 2018 Rally Italia Sardegna

text: The Citroën pairing of Kris Meeke and Paul Nagle were entered into the rally, but were subsequently withdrawn when the team released Meeke from his contract. The team did not enter another crew in their place.

title: List of UK top-ten singles in 2004

text: Original songs from various films entered the top 10 throughout the year. These included "Thunderbirds" (from "Thunderbirds"), "We Are" ("Spiderman 2"), "Car Wash" ("Shark Tale") and "Misunderstood" ("").

title: List of Super Hero Squad toys

text: Web slinging spiderman and green goblin pack with spiderman house and green goblin bank. The Gamma Lab Adventure is a re-release of the Bank Heist Battleground playset, with Hulk replacing Doctor Octopus.

title: Black Spiderman

text: "Black Spiderman" debuted at number 87 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 80 the Canadian Hot 100 for the chart dated May 6, 2017.

title: Dan Deacon

text: His next two releases were the EPs "Twacky Cats" on Comfort Stand Recordings and "Acorn Master" on Psych-o-path Records. "Spiderman of the Rings" was Deacon's first commercially distributed full-length album, released by Carpark Records in May 2007. The album was well received and was included in the Best New Music section of "Pitchfork".

title: Italian Spiderman

text: On 24 October 2011, a video announcement was made declaring the end of the Italian Spiderman project and the formation of a new production company between Dario Russo and David Ashby, called Dinosaur. The same video also officially announced the duo's television show, "Danger 5".

title: Brian Dougans

text: Dougans has co-designed 2 synthesizers with English electronics company DIGITANA. The SX-1 analogue synthesizer and the Halia ( stand alone digital sampler synth ) - ( Halia still in development ) - The SX-1 has been received with critically acclaim and has been used in - Spiderman (into the spiderverse) / Netflix The Innocents / National Geographics One Strange Rock )


query: What is the language of the Navajo's called?

title: Navajo language

text: Navajo or Navaho (/ˈnævəhoʊ, ˈnɑː-/;[3] Navajo: Diné bizaad [tìnépìz̥ɑ̀ːt] or Naabeehó bizaad [nɑ̀ːpèːhópìz̥ɑ̀ːt]) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, by which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North America. Navajo is spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, especially on the Navajo Nation. It is one of the most widely spoken Native American languages and is the most widely spoken north of the Mexico–United States border, with almost 170,000 Americans speaking Navajo at home as of 2011. The language has struggled to keep a healthy speaker base, although this problem has been alleviated to some extent by extensive education programs on the Navajo Nation.

title: Robert W. Young

text: The 1987 edition of "TNL" is the primary reference grammar of Navajo. Young, Morgan and Sally Midgette also produced the "Analytical Lexicon of Navajo" (1992), organizes the lexicon by roots and stems, one of the primary elements in the verbs of the language.In July 1996, Robert Young and William Morgan were honored in the Navajo Nation Council Chambers for their work on the Navajo language. The two were presented with Pendleton blankets embroidered with the seal of the Navajo Nation by members of the Navajo Language Academy, including Paul Platero, Ellavina Perkins, Alyse Neundorf, and MaryAnn Willie. The Academy was founded that year and formally incorporated in 1999, to train teachers in scientific study of the Navajo language. In January 2006, the Linguistic Society of America honored Robert Young, then 93, at their Annual Meeting, presenting him with the Kenneth Hale Award, stating: ""The Navajo Language" is remarkable for its structure and the robustness of its documentation. It’s two key parts, a grammar with appendices and a dictionary, interrelated by an ingenious system of cross-referencing. Because Navajo is a polysynthetic language with a rich verbal morphology, a fully inflected word is a complex entity. In accordance with the wishes of native speakers, the dictionary entries are fully inflected form; each word is capable of being inflected in a number of different ways, determined by use and by principles that are not entirely understood. Their system links the dictionary entries to the conjugation and paradigm patterns that that particular word may appear in, thus reflecting a native speaker’s knowledge and providing a map of morpheme distribution and co-occurrence restrictions. The dictionary thus stands as an implemented model of a polysynthetic lexicon, while at the same time providing robust documentation of the language. In addition to this, each and every entry contains examples of the inflected word, as it is used, in full utterances, effectively presenting an etymology of a given word, as well as documentation of the Navajo language as it was spoken in the mid-twentieth century."

title: Navajo language

text: Both original and translated media have been produced in Navajo. The first works tended to be religious texts translated by missionaries, including the Bible. From 1943 to about 1957, the Navajo Agency of the BIA published Ádahooníłígíí ("Events"[34]), the first newspaper in Navajo and the only one to be written entirely in Navajo. It was edited by Robert W. Young and William Morgan, Sr. (Navajo). They had collaborated on The Navajo Language, a major language dictionary published that same year, and continued to work on studying and documenting the language in major works for the next few decades.[21] Today an AM radio station, KTNN, broadcasts in Navajo and English, with programming including music and NFL games;[35] AM station KNDN broadcasts only in Navajo.[36] When Super Bowl XXX was broadcast in Navajo in 1996, it was the first time a Super Bowl had been carried in a Native American language.[37] In 2013, the 1977 film Star Wars was translated into Navajo. It was the first major motion picture translated into any Native American language.[38][39]

title: Paul Platero

text: Platero has taught the Navajo language at institutions including Swarthmore College and the Navajo Language Academy, and has also participated in language revitalization efforts to promote the use of Navajo among Navajo youth.

title: Code talker

text: Philip Johnston, a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles, proposed the use of the Navajo language to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II. Johnston, a World War I veteran, was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo and was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently. Many Navajo enlisted shortly after Pearl Harbor and eagerly contributed to the war effort. "What happened to the Navajo were social conflicts", Navajo code talker Albert Smith said. "But this conflict involved Mother Earth being dominated by foreign countries. It was our responsibility to defend her."

title: Navajo language

text: The vast majority of Navajo vocabulary is of Athabaskan origin.[86] However, the vocabulary size is still fairly small; one estimate counted 6,245 noun bases and 9,000 verb bases, with most of these nouns being derived from verbs.[80] Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, Navajo did not borrow much from other languages, including from other Athabaskan and even Apachean languages. The Athabaskan family is fairly diverse in both phonology and morphology due to its languages' prolonged relative isolation.[86] Even the Pueblo peoples, with whom the Navajo interacted with for centuries and borrowed cultural customs, have lent few words to the Navajo language. After Spain and Mexico took over Navajo lands, the language did not incorporate many Spanish words, either.[87]

title: Languages of the United States

text: According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys, the largest Native American language-speaking community by far is the Navajo. Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, with 178,000 speakers, primarily in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Altogether, Navajo speakers make up more than 50% of all Native American language speakers in the United States. Western Apache, with 12,500 speakers, also mostly in Arizona, is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it. Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.

title: Fort Defiance, Arizona

title: Intercultural bilingual education

text: The Navajo language has the most speakers of any indigenous language in the U.S. The Rock Point school was created in an attempt to improve student achievement among the Navajo people in Rock Point, New Mexico as well as improve self-image of individuals who did not speak the prestige language. Navajo is the primary language spoken by the majority of people in this area and children were not doing well due to low English proficiency, which in turn resulted in low reading and math scores. In the late 1960s and early 1970s there was a bilingual-bicultural program created for kindergarten through 6th grade. The classroom time was jointly taught in English and Navajo with a heavier dependence on Navajo in the earlier years. Despite this program, Navajo has fewer and fewer children entering kindergarten fluent each year, which may suggest the need for future programs.

title: Native Americans and World War II

text:
In February 1942, a civilian named Philip Johnston came up with the idea of using the Navajo language as military code. Johnston, a missionaries' son, grew up on a reservation and understood the complexity of the Navajo language. By September 1942, the American government had recruited several hundred Native Americans who spoke both Navajo and English to translate English words into the Navajo language to foil enemy understanding. Often working behind enemy lines, the code talkers were commended for their bravery and gained respect from fellow soldiers. Until its declassification in 1968, the code that these Navajo developed remains the only oral military code to never have been broken by an enemy.
Only in respect.
The code itself was composed of carefully selected Navajo words that used poetic circumlocution so that even a Navajo speaker would not be able to understand the communications without training. For example, there were no words in the Navajo language for military machines, weapons, or foreign countries, so these words were substituted with words that did exist in the Navajo language. For example, Britain was spoken as "between waters" (toh-ta), a dive bomber was a "chicken hawk" (gini), a grenade was a "potato" (ni-ma-si) and Germany was "iron hat" (besh-be-cha-he).

title: Navajo Language Academy

text: The Navajo Language Academy (NLA; Navajo "Diné Bizaad Naalkaah") is a non-profit educational and advocacy organization which focuses on the Navajo language.

title: Navajo language

text: A 1991 survey of 682 preschoolers in the Navajo Reservation Head Start program found that 54 percent were monolingual English speakers, 28 percent were bilingual in English and Navajo, and 18 percent spoke only Navajo. This study noted that while the preschool staff knew both languages, they spoke English to the children most of the time. In addition, most of the children's parents spoke to the children in English more often than in Navajo. The study concluded that the preschoolers were in "almost total immersion in English".[31] An American Community Survey taken in 2011 found that 169,369 Americans spoke Navajo at home– 0.3 percent of Americans whose primary home language was not English. Of primary Navajo speakers, 78.8 percent reported they spoke English "very well", a fairly high percentage overall but less than among other Americans speaking a different Native American language (85.4 percent). Navajo was the only Native American language afforded its own category in the survey; domestic Navajo speakers represented 46.4 percent of all domestic Native language speakers (only 195,407 Americans have a different home Native language).[1] As of July 2014, Ethnologue classes Navajo as "6b" (In Trouble), signifying that few, but some, parents teach the language to their offspring and that concerted efforts at revitalization could easily protect the language. Navajo had a high population for a language in this category.[32] About half of all Navajo people live on the Navajo Nation, an area spanning parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah; others are dispersed throughout the United States.[18] Under tribal law, fluency in Navajo is mandatory for candidates to the office of the President of the Navajo Nation.[33]

title: Navajo Nation

text: The Navajo Nation operates Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta', a Navajo language immersion school for grades K-8 in Fort Defiance, Arizona. Located on the Arizona-New Mexico border in the southeastern quarter of the Navajo Nation, the school strives to revitalize Navajo among children of the Window Rock Unified School District. Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta' has thirteen Navajo language teachers who instruct only in the Navajo language, and no English, while five English language teachers instruct in the English language. Kindergarten and first grade are taught completely in the Navajo language, while English is incorporated into the program during third grade, when it is used for about 10% of instruction.[64]

title: Navajo Nation Museum

text: The museum and its director Manuelito Wheeler (Navajo) have a great interest in reviving and preserving the Navajo language, and in making it accessible to a greater number of Navajos. They worked with LucasFilm to create a Navajo-dubbed version of "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope"; the project was completed in 2013. In 2015 they spent a full year collaborating with Pixar on a Navajo-language version of "Finding Nemo". Great care was taken in selecting Navajo voice actors and in producing linguistically accurate dubbing. The film, "Nemo Hádéést'íí", premiered in Albuquerque in 2016 and played in select cities throughout the southwest. It was very well received by Navajo audiences.

title: Navajo language

text: The Navajo Nation operates Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta', a Navajo language immersion school for grades K-8 in Fort Defiance, Arizona. Located on the Arizona-New Mexico border in the southeastern quarter of the Navajo Reservation, the school strives to revitalize Navajo among children of the Window Rock Unified School District. Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta' has thirteen Navajo language teachers who instruct only in the Navajo language, and no English, while five English language teachers instruct in the English language. Kindergarten and first grade are taught completely in the Navajo language, while English is incorporated into the program during third grade, when it is used for about 10% of instruction.[41]

title: Robert W. Young

text: The men continued their work of analysis and documentation of Navajo; in 1980, 1987 they published "The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary," representing "a huge increase in descriptive coverage" of the language. The 1987 edition included new appendices and grammar sections. It established itself as the major reference grammar of the Navajo language. Young, Morgan and Sally Midgette also produced the "Analytical Lexicon of Navajo" (1992), which re-organizes the lexicon by root, one of the principle elements in verbs and nouns of Athabaskan languages.

title: Navajo Language Academy

text: The NLA differs from such related organizations as the Navajo Nation Division of Diné Education, Diné College, and the Navajo Language Teachers Association in focusing on scientific research on the Navajo language and on teaching Navajo people, especially language teachers, how to carry out linguistic research and to use existing reference materials.

title: Navajo

text: The Navajos are speakers of a Na-Dené Southern Athabaskan language known within the language as Diné bizaad (lit. 'People's language'). The language comprises two geographic, mutually intelligible dialects. The Apache language is closely related to the Navajo Language; the Navajos and Apaches are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside.[4] Speakers of various other Athabaskan languages located in Canada may still comprehend the Navajo language despite the geographic and linguistic deviation of the languages.[5] Additionally, some Navajos speak Navajo Sign Language, which is either a dialect or daughter of Plains Sign Talk, as well as some being speakers of Plains Sign Talk itself.[6]

title: Navajo language

text: Blair, Robert W.; Simmons, Leon; & Witherspoon, Gary. (1969). Navaho Basic Course. Brigham Young University Printing Services. Goossen, Irvy W. (1967). Navajo made easier: A course in conversational Navajo. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press. Goossen, Irvy W. (1995). Diné bizaad: Speak, read, write Navajo. Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf. ISBN0-9644189-1-6 Goossen, Irvy W. (1997). Diné bizaad: Sprechen, Lesen und Schreiben Sie Navajo. Loder, P. B. (transl.). Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf. Haile, Berard. (1941–1948). Learning Navaho, (Vols. 1–4). St. Michaels, AZ: St. Michael's Mission. Platero, Paul R. (1986). Diné bizaad bee naadzo: A conversational Navajo text for secondary schools, colleges and adults. Farmington, NM: Navajo Preparatory School. Platero, Paul R.; Legah, Lorene; & Platero, Linda S. (1985). Diné bizaad bee naʼadzo: A Navajo language literacy and grammar text. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute. Tapahonso, Luci, & Schick, Eleanor. (1995). Navajo ABC: A Diné alphabet book. New York: Macmillan Books for Young Readers. ISBN0-689-80316-8 Witherspoon, Gary. (1985). Diné Bizaad Bóhooʼaah for secondary schools, colleges, and adults. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute. Witherspoon, Gary. (1986). Diné Bizaad Bóhooʼaah I: A conversational Navajo text for secondary schools, colleges and adults. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute. Wilson, Alan. (1969). Breakthrough Navajo: An introductory course. Gallup, NM: The University of New Mexico, Gallup Branch. Wilson, Alan. (1970). Laughter, the Navajo way. Gallup, NM: The University of New Mexico at Gallup. Wilson, Alan. (1978). Speak Navajo: An intermediate text in communication. Gallup, NM: University of New Mexico, Gallup Branch. Wilson, Garth A. (1995). Conversational Navajo workbook: An introductory course for non-native speakers. Blanding, UT: Conversational Navajo Publications. ISBN0-938717-54-5. Yazzie, Sheldon A. (2005). Navajo for Beginners and Elementary Students. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Press. Yazzie, Evangeline Parsons, and Margaret Speas (2008). Diné Bizaad Bínáhoo'aah: Rediscovering the Navajo Language. Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf, Inc. ISBN978-1-893354-73-9

title: Navajo language

text: Navajo is most closely related to Western Apache, with which it shares a similar tonal scheme[10] and more than 92 percent of its vocabulary. It is estimated that the Apacheean linguistic groups separated and became established as distinct societies, of which the Navajo were one, somewhere between 1300 and 1525.[11] As a member of the Western Apachean group, Navajo's next closest relatives is the Mescalero-Chiricahua language.[12] Navajo is generally considered mutually intelligible with all other Apachean languages.[13]

title: Navajo language

text: However, data collected in 1980 showed that 85 percent of Navajo first-graders were bilingual, compared to 62 percent of Navajo of all ages– early evidence of a resurgence of use of their traditional language among younger people.[25] In 1984, to counteract the language's historical decline, the Navajo Nation Council decreed that the Navajo language would be available and comprehensive for students of all grade levels in schools of the Navajo Nation.[23] This effort was aided by the fact that, largely due to the work of Young and Morgan, Navajo is one of the best-documented Native American languages. In 1980 they published a monumental expansion of their work on the language, organized by word (first initial of vowel or consonant) in the pattern of English dictionaries, as requested by Navajo students. The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary also included a 400-page grammar, making it invaluable for both native speakers and students of the language. Particularly in its organization of verbs, it was oriented to Navajo speakers.[26] They expanded this work again in 1987, with several significant additions, and this edition continues to be used as an important text.[21]

title: Peggy Speas

text: Peggy Speas has been heavily involved with the preservation of North American Native Languages, with focus on Navajo. She is a founding member of the Navajo Language Academy, where she has served as president for two years. Founded in 1997, the Academy is a nonprofit organization which promotes the study and preservation of Navajo. In the end of 1999, she finished her term as an associate editor on the journal, "Language". Speas is a co-author on the book "Diné Bizaad Bináhoo'aah": Rediscovering the Navajo Language, which is now used as the official state textbook for the Navajo language in New Mexico. In 2011, she was recognized as a Spotlight Scholar for her over 20 years of work in preserving North American Native Languages.

title: Gladys Reichard

text: She returned to work with Navajo during the middle 1930s and continued until the early 1950s. She started a Navajo school in which she worked with students to develop a practical orthography for the Navajo language. During the 1940s, she undertook a broader analysis of Navajo language, belief system, and religious practice which culminated in the two volume study, "Navaho Religion," published in 1950 by the Bollingen Foundation. An extensive collection of her notes on Navajo ethnology and language is held by the Museum of Northern Arizona.

title: Eskimo

text: In 1977, the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) meeting in Utqiagvik, Alaska, officially adopted Inuit as a designation for all circumpolar native peoples, regardless of their local view on an appropriate term. As a result, the Canadian government usage has replaced the (locally) defunct term Eskimo with "Inuit" ("Inuk" in singular). The preferred term in Canada's Central Arctic is "Inuinnaq", and in the eastern Canadian Arctic "Inuit". The language is often called "Inuktitut", though other local designations are also used. Despite the ICC's 1977 decision to adopt the term "Inuit", this was never accepted by the Yupik peoples, who likened it to calling all Native American Indians "Navajo" simply because the Navajo felt that that's what all tribes should be called.

title: Robert W. Young

text: As a linguist, Young worked primarily on programs related to analyzing and expanding documentation of the Navajo language, encouraging its written use, and education in the language. He collaborated with Navajo scholar William Morgan on all his major projects. From the 1940s through the 1950s, they produced a variety of reading materials in Navajo, and three "important works on lexicon and grammar." The first was a dictionary, "The Navajo Language" (1943), organized by root, as one of the principal elements in the verbs of the Athabaskan languages.

title: Navajo language

text: Robert W. Young and William Morgan (Navajo), who both worked for the Navajo Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, developed and published a practical orthography in 1937. It helped spread education among Navajo speakers.[20] In 1943 the men collaborated on The Navajo Language, a dictionary organized by the roots of the language.[21] In World War II, the United States military used speakers of Navajo as code talkers– to transmit top-secret military messages over telephone and radio in a code based on Navajo. The language was considered ideal because of its grammar, which differs strongly from that of German and Japanese, and because no published Navajo dictionaries existed at the time.[22]

title: Navajo grammar

text: Navajo is a "verb-heavy" language — it has a great preponderance of verbs but relatively few nouns. In addition to verbs and nouns, Navajo has other elements such as pronouns, clitics of various functions, demonstratives, numerals, postpositions, adverbs, and conjunctions, among others. Harry Hoijer grouped all of the above into a word-class he called "particles" (i.e., Navajo would then have verbs, nouns, and particles). Navajo has no separate words that correspond to the "adjectives" in English grammar: verbs provide the adjectival functionality.

title: Navajo language

text: The Native American language education movement has been met with adversity, such as by English-only campaigns in some areas in the late 1990s. However, Navajo-immersion programs have cropped up across the Navajo Nation. Statistical evidence shows that Navajo-immersion students generally do better on standardized tests than their counterparts educated only in English. Some educators have remarked that students who know their native languages feel a sense of pride and identity validation.[27] Since 1989, Diné College, a Navajo tribal community college, has offered an associate degree in the subject of Navajo.[28] This program includes language, literature, culture, medical terminology, and teaching courses and produces the highest number of Navajo teachers of any institution in the United States. About 600 students attend per semester.[29] One major university that teaches classes in the Navajo language is Arizona State University.[30] In 1992, Young and Morgan published another major work on Navajo: Analytical Lexicon of Navajo, with the assistance of Sally Midgette (Navajo). This work is organized by root, the basis of Athabaskan languages.[21]

title: Navajo language

text: Only one Navajo word has been fully absorbed into the English language: hogan (from Navajo hooghan) – a term referring to the traditional houses.[88] Others with limited English recognition include chindi (an evil spirit of the deceased),[89] and Kayenta (a place name, from tééʼndééh 'game pit where wild animals fall into deep water').[90] The taxonomic genus name Uta may be of Navajo origin.[91] It has been speculated that English-speaking settlers were reluctant to take on more Navajo loanwords compared to many other Native American languages, including the Hopi language, because the Navajo were among the most violent resisters to colonialism.[92]

title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The Long Walk of the Navajo , also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo (), refers to the 1864 deportation and attempted ethnic cleansing of the Navajo people by the government of the United States of America. Navajos were forced to walk from their land in what is now Arizona to eastern New Mexico. Some 53 different forced marches occurred between August 1864 and the end of 1866. Some anthropologists claim that the "collective trauma of the Long Walk...is critical to contemporary Navajos' sense of identity as a people".