query: Which country is the largest exporter of wine?

title: List of wine-producing regions

text: In 2014, the five largest producers of wine in the world were, in order, Italy, Spain, and France. (see list of wine-producing countries for a complete rank).

title: Kavadarci

text: The combined municipalities of Kavadarci and Rosoman use 20% of the Republic of Macedonia’s total landmass () for the cultivation of grapes. The country is the seventh largest exporter of wine to the EU from outside the region. Of the total harvested crop in Kavadarci, 80% are wine grapes and 20% are table grapes. The Tikveš winery processes up to 55 million km of grapes to produce approximately 35 million litres of wine each year. Although the largest and most prolific, Tikveš is by no means the only winery in the city: Others include Chekorovi () and Popov (). The combined wineries in the region export up to 26 countries.

title: Chilean wine

text: A large number of French people immigrated to Chile during the late 20th century, bringing more vinicultural knowledge to the country. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines in the world, and the seventh largest producer. The climate has been described as midway between that of California and France. The most common grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenère. So far Chile has remained free of the phylloxera louse, which means that the country's grapevines do not need to be grafted with phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.

title: Economy of the Western Cape

text: The Western Cape region has been famous for its wine since the late 18th century and exports wine all over the world. In 2010 the Western Cape exported 374.8 million litres of wine. With 100,200ha of vines under cultivation the province is the ninth largest exporter of wine in the world. Distilled wine or brandy is produced in the area long the R62 around the towns of Worcester, Robertson, Barrydale, Calitzdorp and Oudtshoorn. Brandy is also produced around the towns of Paarl, Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Wellington and Grabouw. Brandy from these regions are regarded as amongst the best in the world.

title: New Zealand wine

text: Today, New Zealand's wine industry is highly successful in the international market. New Zealand Winegrowers reported in 2017 that export sales had risen to a new record of NZ $1.66 billion, with a goal to achieve NZ $2 billion and become a top five export industry. To meet the increasing demand for its wines, the entire country's vineyard plantings grew from in 1997 to in 2017. This more than five-fold increase in vineyard area over just two decades has led to a similar increase in sales and export revenue. In 2008, The Economist reported that for the first time, wine overtook wool to become New Zealand's 12th most valuable export at NZ $760 million, up from only NZ $94 million just a decade earlier in 1997. The industry sold 1 billion glasses of wine in nearly 100 countries, and more than 10% of wine sold in Britain for more than £5 was from New Zealand.

title: Italian cuisine

text: Italy produces the largest amount of wine in the world and is both the largest exporter and consumer of wine. Only about a quarter of this wine is put into bottles for individual sale. Two-thirds is bulk wine used for blending in France and Germany. The wine distilled into spirits in Italy exceeds the production of wine in the entirety of the New World. There are twenty separate wine regions.

title: Economy of Georgia (country)

text:
In 2011 Georgia sold wine in total amount of 54 mln USD in 48 countries and alcoholic beverages in total amount of 68 mln USD in 32 countries. Vines and alcoholic beverages are in the top 10 export commodity's list with 2,5% and 3.1% share respectively.
According to National Wine Agency of Georgia export of Georgian wine is increasing. 2011 wine export is 109% higher than 2007 exports. According to 2012 information, Georgia trades wine with 43 countries, selling over 23 million bottles. Biggest export partners for Georgia in wine industry are Ukraine (47.3% of wine export), Kazakhstan (18.9%) and Belarus (6.9%).
In 2011 export of vines, mineral waters and alcoholic beverages exceeded export of all years after 2006.
Georgia is rich with spring waters and production of mineral waters is one of the main spheres of industry. Export of mineral waters in 2011 amounted to 48 mln USD in 35 countries. Share of mineral water in total export is 2.1%.
Food processing industry is developing align with the primary agricultural production and export of processed products is increasing year by year. Export of nuts constituted about 6% of Georgian export (2011) and is among 10 top export commodity list with total amount of 130 mln USD. Nuts was exported in 53 countries.

title: Moldova

text: The country has a well-established wine industry. It has a vineyard area of , of which are used for commercial production. Most of the country's wine production is made for export. Many families have their own recipes and grape varieties that have been passed down through the generations. Milestii Mici is the home of the largest wine cellar in the world. It stretches for 200 km and holds almost 2 million bottles of wine

title: Economy of Switzerland

text: As a developed country with a skilled labor force, the majority of Swiss exports are precision or 'high tech' finished products. Switzerland's largest specific SITC categories of exports include medicaments, glycosides and vaccines, watches, orthopaedic appliances, and precious jewellery. Some raw ores or metals are exported, but the majority of the exports in this category are finished jewellery or other finished products. Agricultural products that Switzerland is famous for such as cheese (0.29%), wine (0.05%), and chocolate (0.39%) all make up only a small portion of Swiss exports. Switzerland is also a significant exporter of arms and ammunition, and the third largest for small calibers which accounted for 0.33% of the total exports in 2012.

title: Brancott Estate

text: In 2000, Montana successfully purchased Corbans Wines, New Zealand's second largest producer at the time, to control 60% of domestic wine sales and a large majority of the country's wine exports. Montana was then itself taken over by the British firm Allied Domecq in 2001 after eventually outbidding Lion Nathan, and four years later Allied Domecq was bought by Pernod Ricard in 2005.

title: Canadian wine

text: Some Canadian wine is exported to the United States, Europe and the Far East. Canada shipped US$4.9 million worth of wine to the United States in 2001. Icewine is a major export product for Canadian wineries. Much of the wine exported overseas is in the form of icewine. The largest importers are Asian countries, particularly China and Japan.

title: Luxembourg wine

text: Luxembourg wine is primarily produced in the southeastern part of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, with vineyards overlooking the Moselle River. Along this river, which for 42 km makes up part of the border between Luxembourg and Germany, wine is made in three countries. There is a continuous history of winemaking along Moselle and in Luxembourg going back to Ancient Roman times. Wine production in 2006/07 was 123,652 hectoliter from of vineyards. Out of total wine exports of 87,776 hectoliter in 2005/06, 71,726 hectoliter or 82% was exported to nearby Belgium. Exports to Germany was the second largest at 8,168 hectoliter, or 9%, and is to a large extent made up of base wine in bulk for the production of blended Sekt rather than being sold bottled with "Luxembourg" anywhere on the label. Therefore, very little Luxembourg wine is seen outside Luxembourg and Belgium.

title: Maule Region

text: Forestry and agriculture, led by wine grape plantations, are the main economic activities. The Maule region is Chile’s leading wine-making region, producing 50% of all the country’s fine export wines, and a number of the largest vineyards are located here. Owing to its high concentration of vineyards, the Curicó valley, which means "black water" in Mapudungun – is considered the core of Chile’s wine industry. Wine-making is a traditional activity, some vineyards dating back to 1830. The increased wine-growing area is matched by the development of the industry’s infrastructure, technology, and equipment.

title: Economy of Italy

text:
In the post-war period, Italy was transformed from an agricultural based economy which had been severely affected by the consequences of the World Wars, into one of the world's most advanced nations, and a leading country in world trade and exports. According to the Human Development Index, the country enjoys a very high standard of living, and has the world's 8th highest quality of life according to "The Economist". Italy owns the world's third-largest gold reserve, and is the third net contributor to the budget of the European Union. Furthermore, the country's private wealth is one of the largest in the world.
Italy is a large manufacturer (overall the second in EU behind Germany) and exporter of a significant variety of products including machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, furniture, food, clothing, and robots. Italy has therefore a significant trade surplus. The country is also well known for its influential and innovative business economic sector, an industrious and competitive agricultural sector (Italy is the world's largest wine producer), and for its creative and high-quality automobile, naval, industrial, appliance and fashion design. Italy is the largest hub for luxury goods in Europe and the third luxury hub globally.

title: Argentine wine

text: Historically, Argentine winemakers were traditionally more interested in quantity than quality with the country consuming 90% of the wine it produces ( per capita according to 2006 figures). Until the early 1990s, Argentina produced more wine than any other country outside Europe, though the majority of it was considered unexportable. However, the desire to increase exports fueled significant advances in quality. Argentine wines started being exported during the 1990s, and are currently growing in popularity, making it now the largest wine exporter in South America. The devaluation of the Argentine peso in 2002 further fueled the industry as production costs decreased and tourism significantly increased, giving way to a whole new concept of enotourism in Argentina.

title: History of wine

text: In the context of wine, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries without a wine tradition are considered New World producers. Wine production began in the Cape Province of what is now South Africa in the 1680s as a business for supplying ships. Australia's First Fleet (1788) brought cuttings of vines from South Africa, although initial plantings failed and the first successful vineyards were established in the early 19th century. Until quite late in the 20th century, the product of these countries was not well known outside their small export markets. For example, Australia exported mainly to the United Kingdom; New Zealand retained most of its wine for domestic consumption; and South Africa was often isolated from the world market because of apartheid). However, with the increase in mechanization and scientific advances in winemaking, these countries became known for high-quality wine. A notable exception to the foregoing is that the Cape Province was the largest exporter of wine to Europe in the 18th century.

title: Australian wine

text: The Australian wine industry is the world's fifth largest exporter of wine with approximately 780 million litres a year to the international export market with only about 40% of production consumed domestically. The wine industry is a significant contributor to the Australian economy through production, employment, export and tourism.

title: Australian cuisine

text: The Australian wine Industry is the fifth largest exporter of wine around the world, with 760 million litres a year to a large international export market and contributes $5.5 billion per annum to the nation's economy. Australians consume over 530 million litres annually with a per capita consumption of about 30 litres – 50% white table wine, 35% red table wine. Wine is produced in every state, with more than 60 designated wine regions totalling approximately 160,000 hectares. Australia's wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country, in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia. Amongst the most famous wine districts are the Hunter Region, Margaret River, Yarra Valley, and Barossa Valley and among the best known wine producers are Penfolds, Rosemount Estate, Wynns Coonawarra Estate and Lindeman's.

title: Portuguese wine

text: Moscatel is a liqueurous wine from the Setúbal Peninsula. Although the region has produced wines since the dawn of nationality, it was in 1797 that the wines of Setúbal were first mentioned. There is another variety of Moscatel wine, the "Moscatel de Favaios", in the "Região Demarcada do Douro", it is made from a different "casta", and the "Galego" (white), while Moscatel Roxo is made upon a "casta" with the same name as the wine.Wine has been one of the most noted Portuguese exports. The country is the seventh largest exporter of the product worldwide, by value.

title: Agriculture in Lebanon

text: Viticulture in Lebanon, which is considered a thriving industry nowadays, is mainly concentrated in the Beqaa Valley with wineries producing an annual amount of approximately 600,000 cases of wine. Wineries like "Chateau Ksara", "Château Kefraya", "Chateau Musar" and "Massaya" grow French wine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Rhone varietals such as Cinsaut, Carignan and Grenache, along with some indigenous grapes like the Musar White, a blend o Obaideh and Merwah. Lebanese wine has an export success, with many wineries exporting over 50% of their production – and in the case of smaller wineries, as much as 90%. Exports cover several European and North American countries, France's Lebanese wine imports for example had 7% of the top 5 imports between the two countries' bilateral trade in 2005.

title: Carmel Winery

text: Carmel Winery manufactures mainly wine, brandy and grape juice. It is the prime producer of wine in Israel, as it produces nearly half of the Israeli wine market, and one of the largest wine producers in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is the first and oldest exporter of wine, brandy and grape juice in the country, and also the largest producer of kosher wine in the world.

title: Israeli wine

text: Today, less than 15% of Israeli wine is produced for sacramental purposes. The three largest producers—Carmel Winery, Barkan Wine Cellars and Golan Heights Winery—account for more than 80% of the domestic market. The United States is the largest export destination. Even though it contains only around one-quarter of the planted acreage as Lebanon, Israel has emerged as a driving force for winemaking in the Eastern Mediterranean, due to its willingness to adopt new technology and its large export market. The country has also seen the emergence of a modern wine culture with upscale restaurants featuring international wines dedicated to an ever-increasing wine-conscious clientele.

title: Moldovan wine

text: In 2014, Moldova was the twentieth largest wine producing country in the world. Most of the country's commercial wine production is for export; 67 million bottles of wine are exported annually, including to Poland, Romania, Russia and United States.

title: Tanzanian wine

text: Simultaneously, in 2002 an Italian engineer started the Central Tanzania Wine company, which today is part of the top three company producing wine in the country. Between 1998 and 2013, wine exports in the country skyrocketed and grew by 900 times. In 1998 the country exported 176 kg worth of wine and in 2013 exported 151,221 kg.

title: Bulgaria

text: Bulgarian cuisine is similar to that of other Balkan countries and demonstrates strong Turkish and Greek influences. Yogurt, lukanka, banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa and kozunak are among the best-known local foods. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a cultural preference for a large variety of salads. Bulgaria was the world's second-largest wine exporter until 1989, but has since lost that position. The 2016 harvest yielded 128 million litres of wine, of which 62 million was exported mainly to Romania, Poland and Russia. Mavrud, Rubin, Shiroka melnishka, Dimiat and Cherven Misket are the typical grapes used in Bulgarian wine. Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy that was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century.

title: Italian wine

text: Italy is the world's largest producer of wine, and is home to some of the oldest wine-producing regions. Its contribution is about 45–50 million hl per year, and represents about one fourth of global production. Italian wine is exported around the world, as popular among Italians. Italians rank fifth on the world wine consumption list by volume with 42 litres per capita consumption. Grapes are grown in every region of the country and there are more than one million vineyards under cultivation.

title: Chios

text: During this period, the island also had become the largest exporter of Greek wine, which was noted for being of relatively high quality (see "Chian wine"). Chian amphoras, with a characteristic sphinx emblem and bunches of grapes, have been found in nearly every country with whom the ancient Greeks traded. These countries included Gaul, Upper Egypt, and Southern Russia.

title: Zonin

text: The Zonin family has been making wine since 1821 and currently operates Italy's largest privately owned vineyard and winemaking complex. The house produces 25 million bottles and exports its wines to 69 countries. The company's headquarters are located in Gambellara in Vicenza province in northeastern Italy. The Zonin family owns of vineyards, divided among 11 estates in seven of the country's most highly regarded winemaking regions: Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto, Friuli, Tuscany, Apulia and Sicily. It also owns the Barboursville Vineyards winery in Barboursville, Virginia. The house produces a wide range of wines, many of them from varieties native to the regions in which the grapes are grown.

title: City of Griffith

text: Griffith has 12 wineries – 5 of whom are on the top 10 exporters list for Australia, all of which are family owned and run businesses. Griffith's largest winery, Casella Family Wines employs 650 people, employment in the wine industry increases during the vintage season (December through to April). The region supplies 75% of NSW wine grapes and exports over $800m worth of wine each year.

title: Culture of Bulgaria

text: Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide; and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. The rich soil, perfect climate and the millennia-old tradition of wine-making, which dates back to the time of the Thracians, contribute to the wide variety of fine Bulgarian wines. As of 2007, Bulgaria produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually, ranking 20th in the world.

title: Argentine wine

text: By the turn of the 21st century there were over 1,500 wineries in Argentina. The two largest companies are Bodegas Esmeralda (which owns the widely exported brand Alamos) and Peñaflor (which owns another widely exported brand Bodegas Trapiche). Between the two of them, these companies are responsible for nearly 40% of all the wine made in Argentina. The Argentine wine industry is fifth worldwide in production and eighth in wine consumption.


query: When was Marxism established?

title: Marxism

text: Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

title: Martin Jacques

text: Two of Jacques's closest collaborators were Eric Hobsbawm and Stuart Hall, and it was in "Marxism Today" that Hobsbawm published his article on 'The Forward March of Labour Halted' ("Marxism Today", September 1978, pp. 279–286) and that Hall published his on 'The Great Moving Right Show' ("Marxism Today", January 1979, pp. 14–20). Through these and other articles, including his own editorials, Jacques and "Marxism Today" were influential voices in critiquing the failures of the Labour Party and of postwar UK corporatist politics, and in understanding the rise of 'Thatcherism' (a term which "Marxism Today" defined and helped to shape - though it did not coin the term - at a time when most analysts regarded Thatcher as no different from previous Conservative prime ministers).

title: Three Worlds Theory

text: Moreover, the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement, in France, and the Maoist Internationalist Movement, in the U.S., sought to establish a Communist International based upon Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, without the ideologic limitations of the Russian and Chinese interpretations of Marxism, and excluded the Three Worlds Theory from their programs, considering it part of Maoism.

title: Criticisms of Marxism

text: Popper believed that Marxism had been initially scientific, in that Marx had postulated a theory which was genuinely predictive. When Marx's predictions were not in fact borne out, Popper argues that the theory was saved from falsification by the addition of "ad hoc" hypotheses which attempted to make it compatible with the facts. By this means, a theory which was initially genuinely scientific degenerated into pseudoscientific dogma. Popper agreed on the general non-falsifiability of the social sciences, but instead used it as an argument against central planning and all-encompassing historiographical ideologies. Popper devoted much attention to dissecting the practice of using the dialectic in defence of Marxist thought, which was the very strategy employed by V.A. Lektorsky in his defence of Marxism against Popper's criticisms. Among Popper's conclusions was that Marxists used dialectic as a method of side-stepping and evading criticisms, rather than actually answering or addressing them: Hegel thought that philosophy develops; yet his own system was to remain the last and highest stage of this development and could not be superseded. The Marxists adopted the same attitude towards the Marxian system. Hence, Marx's anti-dogmatic attitude exists only in the theory and not in the practice of orthodox Marxism, and dialectic is used by Marxists, following the example of Engels' Anti-Dühring, mainly for the purposes of apologetics – to defend the Marxist system against criticism. As a rule critics are denounced for their failure to understand the dialectic, or proletarian science, or for being traitors. Thanks to dialectic the anti-dogmatic attitude has disappeared, and Marxism has established itself as a dogmatism which is elastic enough, by using its dialectic method, to evade any further attack. It has thus become what I have called reinforced dogmatism.

title: Libertarian Marxism

text: De Leonism, occasionally known as Marxism–De Leonism, is a form of syndicalist Marxism developed by Daniel De Leon. De Leon was an early leader of the first United States socialist political party, the Socialist Labor Party of America. De Leon combined the rising theories of syndicalism in his time with orthodox Marxism. According to De Leonist theory, militant industrial unions are the vehicle of class struggle. Industrial unions serving the interests of the proletariat will bring about the change needed to establish a socialist system. The only way this differs from some currents in anarcho-syndicalism is that—according to De Leonist thinking—a revolutionary political party is also necessary to fight for the proletariat on the political field.

title: Rethinking Marxism

text: Rethinking Marxism is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Marxist analyses of economics, culture, and society. It was established in 1988 and has been published by Routledge since 2003 on behalf of the Association for Economic and Social Analysis. The editors-in-chief are Marcus E. Green and Serap Kayatekin.

title: Western Marxism

text: György Lukács's "History and Class Consciousness" and Karl Korsch's "Marxism and Philosophy", published in 1923, are the works that inaugurated Western Marxism. In these books, Lukács and Korsch proffer a Marxism that emphasises the Hegelian components of Karl Marx's thought. Marxism is not simply a theory of political economy that improves on its bourgeois predecessors, nor is it a scientific sociology, akin to the natural sciences. Marxism is primarily a critique, a self-conscious transformation of society. Marxism does not make philosophy obsolete, as vulgar Marxism believes; Marxism preserves the truths of philosophy until their revolutionary transformation into reality.

title: Marxism–Leninism–Maoism

text: Maoism was considered synonymous with Mao Zedong Thought (also known as Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought) from the 1960s onwards—when many anti-revisionist Marxist organisations sided with China following the Sino-Soviet split—until 1993, when the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM) formalised Marxism–Leninism–Maoism as a new and higher stage of Marxism–Leninism. This caused a split in the Maoist movement, with the adherents of Mao Zedong Thought leaving the RIM and congregating around the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations.

title: Post-Marxism

text: Post-Marxism (not to be confused with post-modern Marxism) is a trend in political philosophy and social theory, which deconstructs Karl Marx's writings and Marxism proper, bypassing orthodox Marxism. The term 'post-Marxism' first appeared in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theoretical work, "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy". It can be said that Post-Marxism, as a political theory, was developed at the University of Essex, UK by Laclau and Mouffe. Philosophically, post-Marxism counters derivationism and essentialism (for example, it does not see economy as a foundation of politics and the State as an instrument that "functions" unambiguously and autonomously on behalf of the interests of a given class). Recent overviews of post-Marxism are provided by Ernesto Screpanti, Göran Therborn, and Gregory Meyerson.

title: Under the Banner of Marxism

text: "Problems of philosophy" was established in July 1947 as a successor to "Under the Banner of Marxism".

title: Boricua Popular Army

text: In a training manual dated March 21, 1995, the EPB argued that "in the past the people struggled against injustice without being able to identify the central maladies from which they originated", but that "thanks to [the advent] of Marxism now allowed [them] to identify the origin and reason [behind them]." This assertion would later be quoted when explaining the organization's strategy of "scientific Marxism", which they established as the main basis for their martial methodology. Ojeda Ríos's main thesis states that the 1898 invasion by the United States represented "meddling in the struggle" that the people "had been waging against Spanish colonialism for 400 years".

title: Marxism–Leninism

text: In the 1950s, the de-Stalinisation of the Soviet Union was ideological bad news for the PRC, because Russian interpretations and applications of Leninism and Orthodox Marxism contradicted the Sinified Marxism–Leninism of Mao Zedong — his Chinese adaptations of Stalinist interpretation and praxis for establishing socialism in China. To realise that leap of Marxist faith in the development of Chinese socialism, the Communist Party of China developed Maoism (the Thought of Mao Zedong) as the official state ideology of the People's Republic of China. As the specifically Chinese development of Marxism–Leninism, Maoism illuminated the cultural differences between the European-Russian and the Asian-Chinese interpretations and practical applications of Leninism and Orthodox Marxism in each country. The political differences then provoked geopolitical, ideological, and nationalist tensions, which derived from the different stages of development, between the urban society of the industrialised USSR and the agricultural society of the pre-industrial PRC. The theory-vs-praxis arguments escalated to theoretic disputes about Marxist revisionism, and provoked the Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966), and the PRC and the USSR broke their international relations (diplomatic and political, cultural and economic).[17]

title: Marxism–Leninism

text: In the late 1920s, after the death of Lenin, Stalin established universal ideologic orthodoxy in the Communist Party, the USSR, and the Communist International, with his coinage Marxism–Leninism, a term which redefined theories of Lenin and Marx to establish universal Marxist–Leninist praxis for the exclusive, geopolitical benefit of the USSR.[6][7] In the late 1930s, Stalin's official textbook The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) (1938), made the term Marxism–Leninism common, political-science usage among communists and non-communists.[8]

title: Crisis of Marxism

text: The consequences that followed the crisis of Marxism led to the birth of revisionist Marxism, which subsequently resulted in the emergence of the Social Democracy movement, considered a turning point when Bernstein challenged the central precepts of socialist revolution.

title: Western Marxism

text: Western Marxism also focuses on the works of the Young Marx, where his encounters with Hegel, the Young Hegelians and Feuerbach reveal what many Western Marxists see as the humanist philosophical core of Marxism. However, the Structural Marxism of Louis Althusser, which attempts to purge Marxism of Hegelianism and humanism, has also been said to belong to Western Marxism.

title: Marxism

text: Analytical Marxism Austromarxism Democracy in Marxism Freudo-Marxism Hegelian Marxism Influences on Karl Marx Instrumental Marxism Karl Marx House Karl Marx in film Karl Marx's Theory of History Legal Marxism Libertarian Marxism Living Marxism Marxian Class Theory Marxism and religion Marxism and Freedom Marxism and the U.S.A. Marxism Today Marxist film theory Marxist hip hop Marxist international relations theory Marxism–Leninism The Marxism of Che Guevara Marxist Workers' League (US) Marxists Internet Archive Marx Memorial Library Marx's notebooks on technology Marx's theory of human nature Neo-Marxism Open Marxism Post-Marxism Pre-Marx socialists Reification (Marxism) Rethinking Marxism Revolutionary Marxist League Specters of Marx

title: Martin Jacques

text: As editor of "Marxism Today", Jacques presided over the golden age of the magazine, when its articles received national attention and helped to shape many debates on politics. In a long feature article in the "Financial Times" in November 1982, its chief political commentator Malcolm Rutherford reported that 'One of the most interesting developments in current British politics is taking place in the Communist Party or, more particularly, in the pages of "Marxism Today" ... The issue at stake is whether the British Left will continue to disintegrate or whether, partly through "Marxism Today", it can re-establish itself on a new basis'. The well-known right-wing columnist Peregrine Worsthorne commented in "The" "Sunday Telegraph" seven years later that Jacques had 'transformed "Marxism Today" into a publication which has appeal outside the narrow, coffin-like, confines of the party': he increased the readership from 3,500 to 15,600, at the same time as the membership of the Communist Party declined from 26,000 to 7,500. Neal Ascherson described the magazine as 'the most serious single focus for political discussion' in the late 1970s and 1980s, adding that 'Few read it, but a whole generation chewed over its ideas'. John Birt characterised it as 'open-minded and curious, and respectful of ideas, wherever they have been encountered'. For Ralf Dahrendorf it was 'one of the few forums of intellectual debate at a time at which there is a great silence in many other places'.

title: Antonio Vallejo-Nájera

text: During the Spanish Civil War he supported the nationalists. In 1938, he set up the "Gabinete de Investigaciones Psicológicas de la Inspección de Campos de Concentración de Prisioneros de Guerra" (Psychological Research Bureau of Inspection of Prisoner of War Concentration Camps), a center for psychological investigations. The bureau was established near the San Pedro de Cardeña concentration camp and had fourteen clinics in the nationalist zone. Vallejo Najera carried out experiments on female Spanish Republican Army and International Brigades prisoners to establish "the bio-psychic roots of Marxism" and find the "red gene". For Vallejo Najera, Marxists were genetic retards and Marxism was a mental illness: "A priori, it seems probable that psychopaths of all types would join the Marxist ranks... Since Marxism goes together with social immorality... we presume those fanatics who fought with arms will show schizoid temperaments".

text: In the USSR, Lenin's article “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism” offering a concise exposition of the essence and origin of Marxism was a must-read not only for the students of higher educational establishments, but also for the senior pupils.

title: Karl Korsch

text: In his later work, he rejected orthodox Marxism as historically outmoded, wanted to adapt Marxism to a new historical situation, and wrote in his "Ten Theses" (1950) that "the first step in re-establishing a revolutionary theory and practice consists in breaking with that Marxism which claims to monopolize revolutionary initiative as well as theoretical and practical direction" and that "today, all attempts to re-establish the Marxist doctrine as a whole in its original function as a theory of the working classes social revolution are reactionary utopias."

title: Structural Marxism

text: Structural Marxism arose in opposition to the humanistic Marxism that dominated many western universities during the 1970s. In contrast to Humanistic Marxism, Althusser stressed that Marxism was a science that examined objective structures, and he believed that humanistic, historistic and phenomenological Marxism, which was based on Marx's early works, was caught in a "pre-scientific humanistic ideology".

title: Communism

text: Marxism, first developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-1800s, has been the foremost ideology of the communist movement. Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of scientific socialism, and rather than model an "ideal society" based on intellectuals' design, it is a non-idealist attempt at the understanding of society and history through an analysis based in real life. Marxism does not see communism as a "state of affairs" to be established, but rather as the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design. Therefore, Marxism does no blueprinting of a communist society and it only makes an analysis which concludes what will trigger its implementation and discovers its fundamental characteristics based on the derivation of real life conditions.

title: Babrak Karmal

text: Imprisoned from 1953 to 1956, Karmal befriended fellow inmate Mir Akbar Khyber, who introduced Karmal to Marxism. Karmal changed his name from Sultan Hussein to Babrak Karmal, which means "Comrade of the Workers'" in Pashtun, to disassociate himself from his bourgeois background. When he was released from prison, he continued his activities in the student union, and began to promote Marxism. Karmal spent the rest of the 1950s and the early 1960s becoming involved with Marxist organizations, of which there were at least four in Afghanistan at the time; two of the four were established by Karmal. When the 1964 Afghan Provisional Constitution, which legalised the establishment of new political entities, was introduced several prominent Marxists agreed to establish a communist political party. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA, the Communist Party) was established in January 1965 in Nur Muhammad Taraki's home. Factionalism within the PDPA quickly became a problem; the party split into the Khalq led by Taraki alongside Hafizullah Amin, and the Parcham led by Karmal.

title: Chronique sociale

text:
In 1945 the "Chronique sociale de France" published a special issue "Autour du Marxism" (About Marxism). The authors tried to remain objective. They discussed Marxist dialectics, Marxism as an expression of the proletariat philosophy and the relationship of Marxism to religion.
The journal published the testimony of Pierre Tiberghien in 1952 with a preface that called it a description of the way a Frenchman thought of the activity French Social Catholics, which might not be applicable elsewhere.
During the Algerian War (1954–62) Joseph Folliet and Claude Bernardin established the Lyons Committee for the respect of human rights.
The "Chronique" denounced military and civil abuses in Algeria.

title: Sino-Soviet split

text: As a theoretician of Communism seeking to realise a socialist state in China, Mao Zedong developed and adapted the urban ideology of Orthodox Marxism for practical application to the conditions of pre-industrial China and the Chinese peoples. Mao's Sinification of Marxism established political pragmatism as the first priority for realising the accelerated modernisation of a country and a people; and ideological orthodoxy as the secondary priority to that goal, because Orthodox Marxism originated for practical application to the conditions of the industrialised countries of western Europe.

title: Marxism

text: Anarchism has had a strained relationship with Marxism since Marx's life. Anarchists and many non-Marxist libertarian socialists reject the need for a transitory state phase, claiming that socialism can only be established through decentralized, non-coercive organization. Anarchist Mikhail Bakunin criticized Marx for his authoritarian bent.[64] The phrases "barracks socialism" or "barracks communism" became a shorthand for this critique, evoking the image of citizens' lives being as regimented as the lives of conscripts in a barracks.[65] Noam Chomsky is critical of Marxism's dogmatic strains and the idea of Marxism itself, but still appreciates Marx's contributions to political thought. Unlike some anarchists, Chomsky does not consider Bolshevism "Marxism in practice", but he does recognize that Marx was a complicated figure who had conflicting ideas, while he also acknowledges the latent authoritarianism in Marx he also points to the libertarian strains that developed into the council communism of Rosa Luxemburg and Anton Pannekoek. However, his commitment to libertarian socialism has led him to characterize himself as an anarchist with radical Marxist leanings (see political positions of Noam Chomsky).

title: Marxist schools of thought

text: In his later work, he rejected Orthodox Marxism as historically outmoded, wanting to adapt Marxism to a new historical situation. He wrote in his "Ten Theses" (1950) that "the first step in re-establishing a revolutionary theory and practice consists in breaking with that Marxism which claims to monopolize revolutionary initiative as well as theoretical and practical direction" and that "today, all attempts to re-establish the Marxist doctrine as a whole in its original function as a theory of the working classes social revolution are reactionary utopias".

title: Karl Marx

text: Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought. Followers of Marx have often debated amongst themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world. The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter. In the political realm, these tendencies include Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Luxemburgism and libertarian Marxism. Various currents have also developed in academic Marxism, often under influence of other views, resulting in structuralist Marxism, historical Marxism, phenomenological Marxism, analytical Marxism and Hegelian Marxism.

title: Marxist schools of thought

text: Korsch was especially concerned that Marxist theory was losing its precision and validity—in the words of the day, becoming "vulgarized"—within the upper echelons of the various socialist organizations. His masterwork "Marxism and Philosophy" is an attempt to re-establish the historic character of Marxism as the heir to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

title: Communism

text: Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other communist and Marxist tendencies. They argue that Marxist–Leninist states did not establish socialism, but rather state capitalism. According to Marxism, the dictatorship of the proletariat represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that co-founder of Marxism Friedrich Engels described its "specific form" as the democratic republic. Additionally, according to Engels state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property. Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both, but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion, forced into the CPSU and Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by Trotskyism, which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency.

title: Neo-Marxism

text: Neo-Marxism comes under the broader framework of the New Left. In a sociological sense, neo-Marxism adds Max Weber's broader understanding of social inequality such as status and power to Marxist philosophy. Examples of neo-Marxism include critical theory, analytical Marxism and French structural Marxism.


query: When was the first microphone invented?

title: Microphone

text: The condenser microphone, invented at Western Electric in 1916 by E. C. Wente,[19] is also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone—capacitors were historically called condensers. Here, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. There are two types, depending on the method of extracting the audio signal from the transducer: DC-biased microphones, and radio frequency (RF) or high frequency (HF) condenser microphones. With a DC-biased microphone, the plates are biased with a fixed charge (Q). The voltage maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air, according to the capacitance equation (C = Q⁄V), where Q = charge in coulombs, C = capacitance in farads and V = potential difference in volts. The capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them for a parallel-plate capacitor. The assembly of fixed and movable plates is called an "element" or "capsule".

title: Wireless microphone

text: Another German equipment manufacturer, Beyerdynamic, claims that the first wireless microphone was invented by Hung C. Lin. Called the "transistophone," it went into production in 1962. The first time that a wireless microphone was used to record sound during filming of a motion picture was allegedly on Rex Harrison in the 1964 film "My Fair Lady", through the efforts of Academy Award-winning Hollywood sound engineer George Groves.

title: Microphone

text: The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact) carbon microphone. This was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent (after a long legal dispute) in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention.[5][6][7][8] The carbon microphone is the direct prototype of today's microphones and was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries.[9] Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886.[7][10] This microphone was employed at the first ever radio broadcast, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in 1910.[11][12]

title: Benjamin Bauer

text: The year 2013 marked the 75th anniversary of Bauer’s invention of the Uniphase principle while working for Shure Brothers Incorporated, a microphone manufacturer in Chicago. As a newly graduated engineer, the 25 year-old Bauer developed an acoustical method that produced a directional microphone using only one microphone element.

title: Boom operator (media)

text: The first noted use of a boom mic was on the set of "Beggars of Life" (1928) when director William A. Wellman wanted a tracking shot of two actors walking down a street, and the sound man refused, telling the director that the actors had to be static and the microphone had to be hidden in a flowery vase. Wellman said "that's crazy" and instructed the sound man to put the microphone on a broom-handle and walk along the actors just outside of the frame. According to David O. Selznick, "I was also present on the stage when a microphone was moved for the first time by Wellman, believe it or not. Sound was relatively new and at that time the sound engineer insisted that the microphone be steady. Wellman, who had quite a temper in those days, got very angry, took the microphone himself, hung it on a boom, gave orders to record—and moved it."

title: Amplitude modulation

text: Early experiments in AM radio transmission, conducted by Fessenden, Valdemar Poulsen, Ernst Ruhmer, Quirino Majorana, Charles Harrold, and Lee De Forest, were hampered by the lack of a technology for amplification. The first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on either the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906-1910, or versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter (arc converter), invented in 1903. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in very low quality audio. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna or ground wire; its varying resistance varied the current to the antenna. The limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones; many of the microphones were water-cooled.

title: Francis Blake (telephone)

text: In 1877 Francis Blake invented a carbon microphone for use in the telephone, and patented it before Thomas Edison invented a similar microphone that also used carbon contacts. Blake used a carbon button design that initially would not stay in adjustment, but with later improvements proved to be workable. Alexander Graham Bell hired Blake and put him to work with Emile Berliner who also invented a carbon microphone. The improved Berliner-Blake microphone was standard with the Bell company for many years.

title: Peter L. Jensen

text: He also invented and patented, with Edwin S. Pridham, the first anti-noise self-neutralizing microphone in 1917 which allowed wireless communication between aircraft and the ground. This type later became known as the lip microphone, widely used in the First and Second World Wars.

title: Ribbon microphone

text: In the early 1920s, Drs. Walter H. Schottky and Erwin Gerlach co-invented the first ribbon microphone. By turning the ribbon circuit in the opposite direction, they also invented the first ribbon loudspeaker. A few years later, Dr. Harry F. Olson of RCA started developing ribbon microphones using field coils and permanent magnets. The RCA Photophone Type PB-31 was commercially manufactured in 1931, greatly impacting the audio recording and broadcasting industries. Condenser microphones at the time could not compare to its frequency response. Radio City Music Hall employed PB-31s in 1932. The following year, the 44A came on the scene. Its tone and pattern control helped reduce reverberation. Many RCA ribbon models are still in use and valued by audio engineers.

title: Science and invention in Birmingham

text: 1975: Birmingham inventor Michael Gerzon co-invents the Soundfield microphone. Gerzon studies at the University of Oxford, and is inspired by Alan Blumlein's landmark 1933 development of stereophonic recording and reproduction. The Soundfield range of microphones are now considered the ultimate microphones for recording both stereophonic and multichannel surround formats. Gerzon later plays a large role in the invention of Ambisonics, which is a series of recording and replay techniques using multichannel mixing technology that can be used live or in the studio.

title: Raymond A. Litke

text: Litke invented a wireless microphone in 1957 while employed as an electronics expert at San Jose State College. His supervisor challenged him to invent a microphone to use in educational presentations which would be free of wires.

title: Valve microphone

text: Vacuum tube or electronic valve amplifiers were first used to resolve microphone impedance and output problems. Bell Labs invented the condenser microphones in 1917 and this type of microphone went through many stages of improvement. Because of the invention of valve amplifiers, the production of simple moving coil mics like the Western designed 630A "8 Ball" became possible. This dynamic microphone went on to become one of the mainstays of American microphone production. In this period valves were also then incorporated internally into microphones and valve microphones were hence commercially available.

title: List of Edison patents

text: Edison is credited for contributing to various inventions, including the phonograph, the kinetoscope, the dictaphone, the electric lamp (in particular the incandescent light bulb), and the autographic printer. He also greatly improved the telephone by inventing the carbon microphone. Most of these inventions were not completely original but improvements of earlier inventions. However, one of Edison's major innovations was the first industrial research and development lab, which was built in Menlo Park and West Orange.

title: Pavel Golubitzky

text: Later Golubitskiy telephones were installed at the Nikolaev railway, for official use. In the same, 1883 Golubitsky improved microphone, by typing the microphone with carbon powder. In 1884 Golubitsky began testing onboard telephone, which was able to liaise with the engineer on any railway station. In 1885 they designed a microphone with a centralized location of coal, the proposed power supply system of microphones subscribers from a common battery located at the Central telephone station. This invention enabled the creation of large urban telephone networks. In 1886 Golubitskiy invented the commutator for pairwise connection of several telephone lines.

title: Microphone stand

text: A "boom arm" attaches to the top of the stand so the microphone can move in the horizontal plane. A guitar player, for example, might use this to place the microphone directly in front of his mouth without having the upright portion of the stand in the way of the guitar. It also lets musicians have the microphone closer to the sound source when floor space is at a premium. This can be particularly useful when placing microphones on a drum stand when the microphone stands must compete for space with things like cymbal stands. Boom arms are offered both in fixed length and adjustable (telescoping) lengths.

title: Mārtiņš Saulespurēns

text: Mārtiņš Saulespurēns (born 1943) is an audio engineer who co-founded Blue Microphones with musician Skipper Wise. Saulespurēns also developed the tunable capsule for contemporary microphone design and invented the Champagne Microphone Cable.

title: History of the telephone

text: In 1877 and 1878, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.

title: Microphone

text: An electret microphone is a type of capacitor microphone invented by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West at Bell laboratories in 1962.[21] The externally applied charge described above under condenser microphones is replaced by a permanent charge in an electret material. An electret is a ferroelectric material that has been permanently electrically charged or polarized. The name comes from electr</i>ostatic and magn<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[16764,16770,2,2]}'>et; a static charge is embedded in an electret by alignment of the static charges in the material, much the way a magnet is made by aligning the magnetic domains in a piece of iron.

title: Shure

text: In 1931, Shure and engineer Ralph Glover began development of the first Shure microphone, and the following year, the Model 33N Two-Button Carbon Microphone was introduced, making Shure one of only four microphone manufacturers in the U.S. Shure's first condenser microphone, crystal microphone, and microphone suspension support system (for which they received their first patent) were all introduced that same decade. In 1939, Shure introduced the Model 55 Unidyne Microphone, which went on to become one of the world's most recognized microphones.

title: Raymond A. Litke

text: Litke's wireless microphone was first tested at the Olympic trials held at Stanford University in 1959. Next, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC television) tested the microphone at the Democratic and Republican Conventions in 1960. Candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon were among the first celebrities to use the Vega-Mike. TV anchor John Daly praised Litke's invention on the ABC television news broadcast in July 1960. Daly introduced it to Americans with the words: "This is a Vega-Mike" and went on to explain it "is a wireless microphone, six inches long... without any wires of any kind..." Daly pointed out it could be used to broadcast "within the (convention) hall or outside... without the inconvenience of interconnecting microphone cables..." Even the Federal Communication Commission was impressed with it. The FCC gave him 12 frequencies instead of the one he was seeking.

title: Invention of the telephone

text: The carbon microphone was independently developed around 1878 by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention.

title: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)

text: An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone, which eliminates the need for a power supply by using a permanently charged material. Electret materials have been known since the 1920s, and were proposed as condenser microphone elements several times, but were considered impractical until the foil electret type was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1962 by Jim West, using a thin metallized Teflon foil. This became the most common type, used in many applications from high-quality recording and lavalier use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones.

title: Gauge Precision Instruments

text: In 2007 Chandler Bridges and Rob Chiarelli begin experimentation in loudspeaker and microphone design. In 2008 Gauge Precision Instruments introduces the ECM-87, their first cardioid condenser microphone. Gauge introduced the ECM-47 in 2009, their first multi-pattern Tube microphone. That year Gauge also introduced the USB-87, a Universal Serial Bus powered microphone designed specifically for use with the personal computer, and the ECM-84 and ECM-84SE, their first small diaphragm electret condenser microphone. In 2010, the company introduced the ECM-58, their first hand-held dynamic microphone. The ECM58 was discontinued in April, 2012 and the company introduced the ECM87 Stealth Microphone, an alternate version of the ECM87 Classic. In 2013, the company introduced the MP-1073, their first microphone preamplifier.

title: Noise gate

text: The invention of a technique, called multi-latch gating by Jay Hodgson, common in classical music recordings for years, is often credited to producer Tony Visconti, whose use on David Bowie's "Heroes" may have been the first in rock. Visconti recorded Bowie's vocals in a large space using three microphones placed 9 inches (23 cm), 20 feet (6.1 m), and 50 feet (15.2 m) away, respectively. A different gate was applied to each microphone so that the farther microphone was triggered only when Bowie reached the appropriate volume, and each microphone was muted as the next one was triggered.

title: Carbon microphone

text: The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact) carbon microphone (then called transmitter). This was independently developed around 1878 by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention.

title: Wireless microphone

text: The first recorded patent for a wireless microphone was filed by Raymond A. Litke, an American electrical engineer with Educational Media Resources and San Jose State College, who invented a wireless microphone in 1957 to meet the multimedia needs for television, radio, and classroom instruction. His U.S. patent number 3134074 was granted in May 1964. Two microphone types were made available for purchase in 1959: hand-held and lavalier. The main transmitter module was a cigar-sized device which weighed . Vega Electronics Corporation manufactured the design in 1959, producing it as a product called the Vega-Mike. The device was first used by the broadcast media at the 1960 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. It allowed television reporters to roam the floor of the convention to interview participants, including presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon.

title: Microphone array

text: A microphone array is any number of microphones operating in tandem. There are many applications:Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones, directional microphones, or a mix of omnidirectional and directional microphones distributed about the perimeter of a space, linked to a computer that records and interprets the results into a coherent form. Arrays may also be formed using numbers of very closely spaced microphones. Given a fixed physical relationship in space between the different individual microphone transducer array elements, simultaneous DSP (digital signal processor) processing of the signals from each of the individual microphone array elements can create one or more "virtual" microphones. Different algorithms permit the creation of virtual microphones with extremely complex virtual polar patterns and even the possibility to steer the individual lobes of the virtual microphones patterns so as to home-in-on, or to reject, particular sources of sound. The application of these algorithms can produce varying levels of accuracy when calculating source level and location, and as such, care should be taken when deciding how the individual lobes of the virtual microphones are derived.

title: Soundfield microphone

text: The Soundfield microphone is an audio microphone composed of four closely spaced subcardioid or cardioid (unidirectional) microphone capsules arranged in a tetrahedron. It was invented by Michael Gerzon and Peter Craven, and is a part of, but not exclusive to, Ambisonics, a surround sound technology. It can function as a mono, stereo or surround sound microphone, optionally including height information.

title: Jabra (headset)

text: Jabra has been responsible for several world firsts. These include the world’s first ultra noise-canceling microphone, the world’s first Bluetooth headset, the world’s first professional active noise cancelation headphones certified for all leading Unified Communication platforms, and the world’s first wireless Dolby sports earbuds with integrated heart rate monitor. Jabra also developed the world’s first in-ear integrated microphone and speaker and DSP-based echo and noise cancelation technologies, and invented and patented EarGels™.

title: Soundfield microphone

text: The soundfield mic was invented by Michael Gerzon and Peter Craven. Their theoretical design was developed into a practical microphone system by Calrec Audio Limited, who launched the first soundfield mic in 1978.


query: What is the largest city in Pine County, Minnesota?

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: Pine City is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, in East Central Minnesota. Pine City is the county seat of, and the largest city in, Pine County.[7] A portion of the city is located on the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation. Founded as a railway town, it quickly became a logging community and the surrounding lakes made it a resort town. Today, it is an arts town and commuter town to jobs in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.[8] It is also a green city.[9] The population was 3,127 at the 2010 census.

title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County. Duluth has a population of 86,293 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota. It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior. The largest is Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake, with a population of 279,771 in 2010, the second-largest in the state.

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: In the late 19th century, European settlers came to the Pine City area, which was still heavily forested with thick stands of white pine, some of the largest in the state. When the railroad arrived in Pine City so began a logging expansion. Pine City prospered and grew into a city that had everything needed to serve residents, farmers, and the fast expanding lumber industry. Pine City was platted in 1869.[10] The city was incorporated in 1881.

title: Pine County, Minnesota

text: In 1857, Buchanan County in full and southern portions of Aitkin and Carlton counties were formed from the original Pine County, with Kanabec County organized a year later. In 1861, Buchanan County was dissolved and folded into Pine County. Pine County was re-organized in 1872, with Pine City becoming the new county seat. Pine County has been featured in a series of Mysteries written by Dean Hovey. The titles include: Where Evil Hides, Hooker, Unforgettable, Undeveloped, The Deacon's Demise, and Family Trees.[5] Family Trees won the 2018 Northeastern Minnesota Book Award (NEMBA).

title: Pine City Township, Pine County, Minnesota

text: Pine City Township was organized in 1874.

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: The Pine County Fair takes place in Pine City each year in late July/early August. A highlight of the fair is a three-night demolition derby that is one of Minnesota's largest, drawing several thousand spectators each evening. The five-day event is a free gate fair and also features free on-site parking.

title: Pine County, Minnesota

text: Pine County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,750.[3] Its county seat is Pine City.[4] The county was formed in 1856 and organized in 1872.

title: Minnesota State Highway 361

text: Highway 361 was established in 1969 to maintain unmarked Minnesota Constitutional Route 1 through the cities of Rush City, Rock Creek, and Pine City after U.S. Highway 61 was moved to Interstate 35. The section of Highway 361 between Rock Creek and Pine City was turned back to Pine County maintenance in 2003, and was renumbered Pine County Highway 61. Its previous northern terminus from 1967 to 2003 was at its intersection with old State Highway 324 in Pine City, now marked as Pine County Highway 7. The rest of the roadway was turned over Chisago and Pine counties in 2011.

title: Joseph Edward Therrien

text: Born in Canada, he moved with his parents to Two Harbors, Minnesota in 1882 where he studied law. In 1908, he moved to Pine City, Minnesota. He owned Pine City Abstract Company in Pine City, Minnesota. He served in Lake County, Minnesota government and was county auditor for Pine County, Minnesota. Therrien also served as probate judge for Pine County, Minnesota 1917-1920. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives 1923-1931 and 1943-1947.

title: Rosemount, Minnesota

text: Rosemount is a city in Dakota County, Minnesota, United States, in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The population was 21,874 at the 2010 census. Rosemount was established as a township in 1858 and incorporated as a city in 1972, encompassing the old village of Rosemount and Pine Bend. According to the city's website, there was some debate over whether to name the township Saratoga or Rosemount, with the latter finally being chosen to reflect the town's Irish heritage, and to remain in keeping with the name given to the post office a few years earlier. Rosemount is home to the Pine Bend Refinery, which is the largest oil refinery in Minnesota and the 14th-largest in the United States. Rosemount was also home to a military gunpowder plant in the 1940s called Gopher Ordnance Works. Now, all that remains are the walls.

title: Pine Island, Minnesota

text: Pine Island is a city in Goodhue and Olmsted counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Most of Pine Island is located within Goodhue County, but a small part extends into Olmsted County, making that small portion part of the Rochester metropolitan area. The city's population was 3,263 at the 2010 census.

title: Chengwatana Township, Pine County, Minnesota

text: Chengwatana Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 809 at the 2000 census. Chengwatana Township was organized in 1874. Its name is derived from the Ojibwe "Zhingwaadena" (White-pine Town), applied originally to an Ojibwe village located at the confluence of the Snake River with the St. Croix River. Neighbouring Pine City Township and the City of Pine City get their names from the English translation of "Chengwatana".

title: List of county roads in Pine County, Minnesota

text: County Highway 9 is a road that serves Pine City, Pine City Township, Chegwatana Township and Pokegama Township, Pine County, Minnesota. The road begins at "St. Croix Road Southeast" (CR 8) in Pine City, heads out of Pine City on "East Cross Lake Road", generally heads northeast on "Cross Lake Road" for approximately along portions of former Point Douglas to Superior Military Road, then north for , terminating at "Beroun Crossing Road" (CR 14).

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: Interstate 35 I-35 Business Loop Pine County Road 7 Pine County Road 8 Pine County Road 9 Pine County Road 11 Pine County Road 61 Minnesota State Highway 361 Decommissioned {Now County 61} U.S. Route 61 Decommissioned {Now County 61} Minnesota State Highway 324 Decommissioned {Now County 7}

text: County Highway 7 is a road that serves Pine City, Pine City Township, Royalton Township, Pokegama Township and Grasston. The approximately road begins as continuation "Pine Street" (Kanabec CR 23) in Grasston, which becomes "Pokegama Lake Road" upon entering Pine County. "Pokegama Lake Road" generally heads east and north until reaching its intersection with Interstate Highway 35, enters Pine City as "Hillside Avenue Southwest", and terminates at its intersection with "Main Street" (CR 61). Though the short segment of Pine Street in Grasston between the county line and State Highway 107 (MN 107) is designated as Kanabec CR 23, the sign for the short segment is that of Pine CR 7. The segment within Pine City was originally signed as former State Highway 324 (MN 324) until 2003.

title: Pine City High School

text: Pine City High School is a six-year public high school located in Pine City, Minnesota, a fourth-tier suburb (exurb) of Minneapolis in East Central Minnesota. The school was founded in 1910 and has a current enrollment of approximately 800 students, making it the largest school in Pine County. The nickname for the school's athletic teams is the Dragons.

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: 1804 – The seasonal living of the Ojibwe changed when Europeans arrived.[11] 1837 – With the Treaty of St. Peters, dubbed “White Pine Treaty", lumbering began in the area.[12] 1848 – The Ojibwe community of Chengwatana forms as an official village. 1856 – Chengwatana became the county seat for Pine County. 1872 – Two years after a fire at the Chengwatana courthouse, by popular vote Pine City became the county seat and a new courthouse was built. 1881 – Pine City incorporated as a village west of Chengwatana due to the railroad’s location west of Cross Lake. Chengwatana declined into a ghost town. 1894 – Pine City’s Robinson Park became a staging area, a “ground zero”, for support and relief from the Great Hinckley Fire.[13] 1903 – Adam Bede speaks at Associated Press annual dinner in New York City. 1939 – Pine City built a plain, yellow brick, two-story rectangle city hall but gave the building to the county after becoming nervous it might lose its county seat status because of the need for better office space. Even so, the words “Pine City village hall” were carved over the east entrance. 1952 – The towered, Romanesque Revival style courthouse building built in 1886 was struck by lightning, causing it to burn. 1954 – In a bond issue, the county raised the money needed for a new courthouse and added it onto the north end of the one-time city hall (which ironically is used in part by city hall today), using the same marble wainscoting and terrazzo floors. The words “court house” were carved over the north entrance. 1967 – Interstate 35 was completed through Pine City and by 1961 it was under construction north of Hinckley. 1978 – First International Polkafest held here. 1992 –30-foot tall voyageur statue erected on the north shore of the Snake River, near downtown.[14] 2005 – People around the region hosted first annual East-Central Minnesota Pride in Pine City. 2007 – A few years after a failed attempt to split the county in two, a new courthouse was erected on the northern edge of Pine City near the freeway. 2012 – June 5, with H.R.3220 the Pine City post office was renamed the "Master Sergeant Daniel L. Fedder Post Office".[15][16] 2017 – The Pine City boys' basketball team received national attention in The Wall Street Journal for their offensive philosophy to shoot primarily 3-pointers.[17]

title: Anoka County, Minnesota

text: Anoka County ( ) is the fourth-most-populous county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 339,534. The county seat and namesake of the county is the City of Anoka, which is derived from the Dakota word "anokatanhan" meaning "on (or from) both sides," referring to its location on the banks of the Rum River. The largest city in the county is the City of Blaine, the thirteenth-largest city in Minnesota and the eighth-largest Twin Cities suburb.

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: Lakeside Medical Center is one of the largest employers, with 140 employees. MINPACK, Inc. has 130 employees, and Atscott Manufacturing, 100; both have their headquarters in Pine City.[26] Other large employers in the community include Walmart, Product Fabricators, Inc., Broekema Beltway, ISD 578, Therapeutic Services Agency, Pine County, Community Living Options and Lake Superior Laundry.

title: Pokegama, Minnesota

text: The community is located between Pine City and Henriette; near the intersection of Pine County 7 and Pine County 13.

title: Finlayson Township, Pine County, Minnesota

text: Finlayson Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 506 at the 2000 census. The township's original extent was reduced when the city of Finlayson was incorporated and separated from it.

title: Rutledge, Minnesota

text:
Rutledge is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, at the confluence of the Kettle and Pine Rivers. The population was 229 at the 2010 census.
Pine County 61 serves as a main route in the community. The Willard Munger Bicycle / Snowmobile Trail also passes through Rutledge.

title: Circle Pines, Minnesota

text: Circle Pines is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 4,918 at the 2010 census.

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: When Buchanan County was merged with Pine County in 1861, the county seat was consolidated to Pine City because it was already well-established. Because of its location on the far southern edge of Pine County, there have been attempts over the years to move the county seat to more centrally located Hinckley and Sandstone. However, being the most populous city in the county, Pine City always prevailed as the county seat.

title: Rock Creek, Minnesota

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. It is by far the largest city by area in Pine County and all of East Central Minnesota.

text: County Highway 8 is a road that serves Pine City Township and Pine City. The approximately road begins at the intersection of "Ravine Road" (CR 117) and "St. Croix Road" (CR 118), heads west into Pine City on "St. Croix Road", then on "St. Croix Road Southeast", heads north on "2nd Street Southeast", heads west on "3rd Avenue Southeast", and terminating at "6th Street" (CR 61).

title: Pine City, Minnesota

text: Craig Wright, best known as the writer of HBO's Six Feet Under, set a series of plays in fictitious "Pine City, Minnesota." These have been performed across the United States: The Pavilion, Orange Flower Water, Molly's Delicious, Melissa Arctic and Grace, which takes place in Florida, but is about people who come from Pine City.[44][45][46] Author Dean L. Hovey wrote a series of seven fictional mysteries set in the Pine City area: Where Evil Hides, Hooker, Unforgettable", "Undeveloped", "The Deacon's Demise", and "Family Trees". "Family Trees: A Pine County Mystery" won the 2018 Northeastern Minnesota Book Award fiction category (NEMBA) for its depiction of values, settings, and social issues of the region."[47][48]

title: Pine Springs, Minnesota

text: Pine Springs is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 408 at the 2010 census.

title: Rush City Regional Airport

text: Rush City Regional Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located in Chisago County, Minnesota, one nautical mile northeast of the central business district of Rush City, a city in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States.The airport also serves Pine City, Minnesota and other parts of East Central Minnesota.

text: Pine City Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, located south and east of the city of Pine City. The township population was 1,249 at the 2000 census.


query: What species are featured in the documentary Monkey Thieves?

title: Monkey Thieves

text: Monkey Thieves (Hindi: बंदर चोर), also known as Rebel Monkeys, is a documentary series produced by National Geographic, examining the habits and social interactions of rhesus macaques in the city of Jaipur, in northwestern India. Monkey Thieves follows a family of urban macaques within Jaipur's 'Pink City' and all the drama that comes from living close to humans. The series tells the story of the "Galta Gang", a sixty-strong troop that lives in the Galta Temple, a Hindu temple on the outskirts of Jaipur. This bunch live in luxury because worshipers believe they personify Hanuman, the cherished 'Monkey God' who banished evil in the Indian epic Ramayana. Defending their prized home from invaders including neighboring langur monkeys and other troops of macaques, as well as exploring Jaipur in search of food and adventure, keeps this troop in action.

title: List of Panamanian monkey species

text: At least six monkey species are native to Panama. A seventh species, the Coiba Island howler ("Alouatta coibensis") is often recognized, but some authors treat it as a subspecies of the mantled howler, ("A. palliata"). An eighth species, the black-headed spider monkey is also often recognized, but some authorities regard it as a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey. All Panamanian monkey species are classified taxonomically as New World monkeys, and they belong to four families. The Coiba Island howler, mantled howler, black-headed spider monkey and Geoffroy's spider monkey all belong to the family Atelidae. The white-faced capuchins and Central American squirrel monkey belong to the family Cebidae. the family that includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. The Panamanian night monkey belongs to the family Aotidae, and Geoffroy's tamarin belongs to the family Callitrichidae.

title: Monkey bite

text: Serious infections can result after a monkey bite. Simian herpes B virus is endemic in some species of Asian monkeys. It was first identified by an investigator was bitten by what appeared to be a healthy monkey. The investigator died shortly thereafter from brain inflammation (encephalitis). Subsequent simian-acquired infections with this virus have occurred with mortality rate as high as 80%. Currently, transmission of the virus through a monkey bite almost always is the result of an occupational exposure by biomedical research workers.

title: Olive colobus

text: The olive colobus monkey is a very cryptic and shy animal, which can make the observation and understanding of its behavior difficult. What is known about interactions between olive colobus monkeys and other related species shows that their social structure is very complex. Olive colobus monkeys are found in small groups containing multiple breeding males, several females, and their infants. Though found in groups of only a few individuals, olive colobus monkeys are almost always seen in association with other Cercopithecus monkeys, particularly the Diana monkey. There have been many suggestions as to how this relationship benefits the olive colobus, such as reducing the risk of predation. A piece of evidence that gives support to this idea is the willingness of the olive colobus to travel to higher altitudes in the tree tops to feed when other species are nearby.

title: Manuel Antonio National Park

text: Although Manuel Antonio National Park is Costa Rica's smallest national park, the diversity of wildlife in its is unequaled with 109 species of mammals and 184 species of birds. Both brown-throated three-toed sloth and Hoffmann's two-toed sloth are a major feature, as are three of Costa Rica's four monkey species — the mantled howler monkey, Central American squirrel monkey, and Panamanian white-faced capuchin monkey. black spiny-tailed iguana, green iguana, common basilisk, white-nosed coati and many snake and bat species are also common in the park. Included in the 184 bird species are toucans, woodpeckers, potoos, motmots, tanagers, turkey vulture, parakeets and hawks. Dolphins can be observed there, as well as the occasional migrating whale. Scuba diving, snorkeling, sea kayaking, mountain biking, and hiking provide opportunities to experience the tropical wildlife that enriches Manuel Antonio.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: The remaining Galta troopers leave the temple when offerings dry up, but a close encounter with the monkey catcher sends them scurrying back home.

title: List of Central American monkey species

text:
Geoffroy's spider monkey is the only monkey found in all seven Central American countries, and it is also found in Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico. Other species that have a widespread distribution throughout Central America are the mantled howler, which is found in five Central American countries, and the Panamanian white-faced capuchin ("Cebus imitator"), which is found in four Central American countries. The Coiba Island howler, the black-headed spider monkey, the Panamanian night monkey ("Aotus zonalis"), the Colombian white-faced capuchin ("Cebus capucinus") and Geoffroy's tamarin ("Saguinus geoffroyi") are each found in only one Central American country, Panama. The Central American squirrel monkey ("Saimiri oerstedii") also has a restricted distribution, living only on part of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a small portion of Panama. El Salvador is the Central American country with the fewest monkey species, as only Geoffroy's spider monkey lives there. Panama has the most species, nine, as the only Central American monkey species that does not include Panama within its range is the Guatemalan black howler ("Alouatta pigra").
Geoffroy's tamarin is the smallest Central American monkey, with an average size of about . The Central American squirrel monkey and Panamanian night monkey are almost as small, with average sizes of less than . The Guatemalan black howler has the largest males, which average over . The spider monkey species have the next largest males, which average over .

title: Russell Mittermeier

text: In the late 1970s, Mittermeier undertook one of the first studies of the critically endangered northern muriqui woolly spider monkeys in what would become the Caratinga Biological Station. Mittermeier has been particularly interested in the discovery and description of species new to science. He has described a total of 14 new species (three turtles, four lemurs, an African monkey, and six Amazonian monkeys) and has eight species named in his honor (three frogs, a lizard, two lemurs, a monkey, and an ant). The most recent of these is Mittermeier's saki, "Pithecia mittermeieri", a monkey from the Brazilian Amazon. The lizard, "Anolis williamsmittermeierorum", is named in honor of Mittermeier and American herpetologist Ernest E. Williams.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: At the first season, Kamal is featured as alpha male Tarak's second in command after Tarak disappeared following a battle between the Galta Gang and Zamir's troop, Kamal manages to lead the troop into finishing the battle to keep hold of their temple. Kamal maintains his vigil for the return of Tarak though eventually finds the old leader to have died from his wounds overnight somewhere at the back of the temple. The leadership of the Galta Gang falls to Kamal who manages to gain acceptance from Rani. Their neighbours, the langur monkeys, launch an attack on the temple and Kamal, instead of being upfront defending the troop, flees leading the rest of the Galta Gang fleeing from the temple, leaving Galta Temple in the ownership of the langur monkeys. Kamal continues to fail to impress queen Rani and prove his worth. While still living at the temple, Kamal and Rani ousted half of their troop who formed a splinter troop in the city, and Kamal and the Galta Gang run into them. Once again, Kamal fails to defend the troop and the Galta Gang flees from what were their underlings. However, during a raid in a hospital, Kamal manages to prove his food-finding skills and finally impresses queen Rani, though in that very same day Kamal gets caught in a trap of the 'monkey catcher' and gets driven away for relocation, leaving Rani and her troop without an alpha male.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: Meanwhile, the monkey catcher thought he had plotted a great plan by tricking the group into entering an apartment by providing their favorite cookies and treats. His ultimate plan was to relocate the twins about 90 miles outside of the city, into a forest with other macaques. The monkey catcher's hope was to catch the thieving twins, but only one of them went in with several others in the group. The monkey catcher closed the door, thinking that catching one was better than none. Watching outside were Bipin and the other twin. They heard the screams and cries of the other monkeys and wanted to do something about it. So, after a quick look at the door, the twin unlocked it and Bipin pushed it open. Soon, all the monkeys in the group were free and the monkey catcher's plans were again foiled! And after his heroics, Bipin was welcomed into the gang with open arms!

title: Maderas Rainforest Conservancy

text: Forest fragments on the island of Ometepe, Nicaragua are ecologically fragile due to the lack of native arboreal primate species who will not traverse the fragmented areas. The Maderas Rainforest Conservancy is in the process of obtaining and protecting these forests around the Maderas volcano on Ometepe. The area is home to an extremely biodiverse population of fauna. Of prime interest to the project are the capuchin monkeys ("Cebus capucinus") and howler monkeys ("Alouatta palliata"). Both capuchin monkeys and howler monkeys are seed germinators and seed disperses What has occurred in the area is agricultural deforestation cutting through corridors that these species use to traverse across the forest. Because of this, large pockets of the forest are left without these species and the seed dispersal they provide the forest. The conservancy is currently mapping out and taking a census of the population and a survey of where these primate species are traveling. This will enable the Maderas Rainforest Conservancy to strategically acquire deforested land for a reforestation project of primate corridors.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: Animal caretaker Suresh tries to nurse a mother monkey and her baby back to health,but it is proving difficult. Zamir plots an attack on Tarak and the temple troop,but the attack is shattered.

title: Azuero spider monkey

text: The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund has provided funding for research on the Azuero spider monkey. This research is looking into aspects of what the Azuero spider monkey eats, what constitutes a corridor, and how spider monkeys are key indicators of forest health.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: The following macaques were featured in the show and only these were observed and mentioned as members of the Galta Gang.

title: Maroon leaf monkey

text: When the time produced a high amount of seeds and fruits, they spent most of their feeding time eating that of what they desired. Due to the lack of water intake of the fruits, they are unable to produce those that the Red Leaf monkey enjoys to eat and they must fallback on what is available. During the time that they must fallback on the resources, they would feed on young leaves that are from a flowering plant known as "Spatholobus macropterus". This species of plants are very important to their diet. It has had the total feeding time of 27.6 percent. The leaves that had been consumed had more protein than those that were not consumed. Red Leaf monkeys would feed on different types of leaves due to their abundance. This selection of containing fallback foods of leaves, was in an appearance of the fact that they were trying to obtain both nutrition as well as abundance. When there is an increase of availability of fruits, Red Leaf monkeys expands the time of feeding on seeds by 18 times. As the availability of fruit increases, Red Leaf monkeys' time of feeding raises around 28 percent. With this increase of availability, they eat more species and plants. The seeds within the fruits and plants then become consumed as they feed on these different species of plants and fruits.

title: Robert Knowles (parasitologist)

text: Giuseppe Franchini published in 1927 the first (or what is generally believed to be the first) description of the "Plasmodium" species which is now known as "P. knowlesi". At the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, in 1931 H. G. M. Campbell detected "P. knowlesi" in a macaque imported from Singapore. Campbell showed his discovery to his supervisor L. Everard Napier, who injected the strain into three monkeys, one of which developed symptoms of malaria. Aware of the Protozoological Department's search for a monkey malaria strain, Napier and Campbell gave the infected monkey to the physician Biraj Mohan Das Gupta, working under Knowles. Das Gupta maintained the "Plasmodium" species by serial passage in monkeys until Knowles returned from leave. In 1932, Knowles and Das Gupta published their description of the "Plasmodiium" species and their account of how it could be transmitted from monkey to human by blood passage to three human volunteers. The "Plasmodium" species was named "Plasmodium knowlesi" by Sinton and Mulligan in 1932. The first natural infection of "P. knowlesi" in humans was observed in 1965.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: The Galta Gang splits into two troops, with Bipin, Yash and Tito leading the splinter group into the city—and into the traps of the monkey catcher.

title: Monkey Kingdom

text: Monkey Kingdom is a 2015 American nature documentary film directed by Mark Linfield and Alastair Fothergill and narrated by Tina Fey. The documentary is about a family of monkeys living in ancient ruins founded in the jungles of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka. The film was released by Disneynature on April 17, 2015.

title: Monkey

text: Monkeys or simians are basal Haplorhini as sister of the Tarsiiformes. It consists of the Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (New World monkeys), and other extinct groups. The Catarrhini contains the Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and the Hominoidea (apes). Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are also active during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, particularly Catarrhini.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: The following members below formed the Splinter troop featured in season two of Monkey Thieves, though the first three also appeared in season one.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: Now on the right track, monkey catcher Dhana Lal goes undercover to catch the unruly twins. Bipin, Yash and Tito may have finally found a new troop.<Netflix>

title: Low (band)

text: The 2008 movie "KillShot", starring Mickey Rourke and Diane Lane features the song "Monkey" early in the film. The 2003 documentary film "Tarnation" by Jonathan Caouette features the Low tracks "Laser Beam", "Embrace" and "Back Home Again" alongside tracks by artists such as Red House Painters and The Magnetic Fields. "Laser Beam" also featured on episode 4 season 2 of Misfits. Low was the subject of the 2008 documentary "Low: You May Need a Murderer".

title: List of Costa Rican monkey species

text: Four species of monkey are native to the forests of Costa Rica, the Central American squirrel monkey ("Saimiri oerstedii"), the Panamanian white-faced capuchin ("Cebus imitator"), the mantled howler ("Alouatta palliata") and Geoffroy's spider monkey ("Ateles geoffroyi"). All four species are classified scientifically as New World Monkeys. Two of the species, the Central American squirrel monkey and the white-faced capuchin, belong to the family Cebidae, the family containing the squirrel monkeys and capuchins. The other two species belong to the family Atelidae, the family containing the howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys and muriquis. Each of the four species can be seen in national parks within Costa Rica, where viewing them in natural surroundings is a popular tourist attraction. The only park in which all four species can be seen is Corcovado National Park, on the Osa Peninsula.

title: Pencarrow

text:
The oldest parts of the house probably date from the late 17th or early 18th century, although there was earlier building on the site. The south and east façades are stuccoed stone rubble and brick, while the north side is stone rubble. The west side is built of dressed slate stone with a moulded plinth. The roofs are slate with hipped ends on the south and east fronts.
The surrounding woodlands and gardens, laid out by Sir William Molesworth, the 8th Baronet, between 1831 and 1835, now contain 160 species of specimen conifers, 700 species of rhododendrons and 60 species of camellias, and an Italian garden, a granite rockery and lake. "Araucaria araucana" derives its popular name of "monkey puzzle tree" from what happened when a young specimen of it at Pencarrow was shown to a group of friends of the owner; one of them made the remark "It would puzzle a monkey to climb that"; as the species had no existing popular name, first 'monkey puzzler', then 'monkey puzzle' stuck.

title: Monkey Thieves

text: The twins' troop with newest member Bipin boldly raids a children's birthday party, leading monkey catcher Dhana Lal to attempt a new strategy.<Netflix>

title: List of Central American monkey species

text: At least seven monkey species are native to Central America. An eighth species, the Coiba Island howler ("Alouatta coibensis") is often recognized, but some authorities treat it as a subspecies of the mantled howler, ("A. palliata"). A ninth species, the black-headed spider monkey ("Ateles fusciceps")is also often recognized, but some authorities regard it as a subspecies of Geoffroy's spider monkey ("A. geoffroyi"). In addition, two species of white-faced capuchin monkey have been generally recognized since the 2010s although some primatologists consider these to be a single species. Taxonomically, all Central American monkey species are classified as New World monkeys, and they belong to four families. Five species belong to the family Atelidae, which includes the howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys and muriquis. Three species belong to the family Cebidae, the family that includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. One species each belongs to the night monkey family, Aotidae, and the tamarin and marmoset family, Callitrichidae.

title: Flora and fauna of Cornwall

text: Araucaria araucana derives its popular name of "monkey puzzle tree" from what happened when a young specimen of it at Pencarrow was shown to a group of friends of the owner; one of them made the remark "It would puzzle a monkey to climb that"; as the species had no existing popular name, first 'monkey puzzler', then 'monkey puzzle' stuck.

title: Central American squirrel monkey

text: The Central American squirrel monkey is a member of the family Cebidae, the family of New World monkeys containing squirrel monkeys, capuchin monkeys, tamarins and marmosets. Within the family Cebidae, it is a member of the subfamily Saimiriinae, the subfamily containing squirrel monkeys. It is one of five recognized species of squirrel monkey, and the only species occurring outside South America. The Central American Squirrel Monkey is placed in genus "Saimiri" (Voigt, 1831) along with all the other squirrel monkey species. Among the squirrel monkeys, the Central American squirrel monkey is most closely related to the Guianan squirrel monkey ("Saimiri sciureus") and the bare-eared squirrel monkey ("Saimiri ustus") and these three species form the "S. sciureus" species group. The binomial name "Saimiri oerstedii" was given by Johannes Theodor Reinhardt in honor of his fellow Danish biologist Anders Sandøe Ørsted.

title: Muriqui

text: The muriquis, also known as woolly spider monkeys, are the monkeys of the genus Brachyteles. They are closely related to both the spider monkeys and the woolly monkeys. The two species are the southern ("B. arachnoides") and northern ("B. hypoxanthus") muriquis. They are the two largest species of New World monkeys, and the northern species is one of the most endangered of all the world's monkeys.

title: The Guild of Thieves

text: The player's character is "an aspiring member of the infamous Guild of Thieves" and is to steal all the valuables that can be found in and around an island castle. The game features "extremely atmospheric" descriptions and 30 artistic renditions of key locations. Included in the game package are a faux newsletter of the Guild of Thieves titled "What Burglar" providing instructions and hints for the game, a "Bank of Kerovnia Trading Account Card", a guild contract detailing the arrangement between the player's character and the Guild of Thieves and small dice.