query: When was the first Spider-Man movie released?

title: Spider-Man in film

text: The first live-action film based on Spider-Man was the unauthorized short Spider-Man by Donald F. Glut in 1969. This was followed by Spider-Man, an American made-for-television film that premiered on the CBS network in 1977. It starred Nicholas Hammond and was intended as a backdoor pilot for what became a weekly episodic TV series.

title: Spider-Man 3

text: In March 2004, with "Spider-Man 2" being released the coming June, Sony had begun developing "Spider-Man 3" for a release in summer 2007. By the release of "Spider-Man 2", a release date for "Spider-Man 3" had been set for May 2, 2007 before production on the sequel had begun. The date was later changed to May 4, 2007. In January 2005, Sony Pictures Entertainment completed a seven-figure deal with screenwriter Alvin Sargent, who had penned "Spider-Man 2", to work on "Spider-Man 3" with an option to write a fourth film.

title: The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)

text: The comic was released in June, named "Amazing Spider-Man: The Movie" #1–2, written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards. A trade paperback was published collecting the two-parter a week before the film's release, entitled "Amazing Spider-Man: The Movie Prelude", which also included "The Amazing Spider-Man" issues #75–77.

title: Spider-Man in video games

text: After the critical success of both the first "Spider-Man" film and the video game releases, Marvel ordered a wider selection of titles to coincide with the release of "Spider-Man 2". The flagship titles being Treyarch's "Spider-Man 2" for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Nintendo GameCube, which extended the open environment concept started by their previous title. Unlike the previous generation of games based on the film, Treyarch's game was not released for the PC, and in its stead was an original game developed by Fizz Factor. The reasons for this remain unclear, and Fizz Factors game did not include the open environment gameplay as seen in Treyarch's game and appeared to be targeted towards a younger audience, despite the game being marketed the same as the console release. Later, in 2005, another version of "Spider-Man 2", this time for Sony's handheld, the PlayStation Portable; which debuted in the first quarter of the year along with the system, was released. The PSP version of "Spider-Man 2" was one of the first action games for the PSP, in which Spider-Man has to stay at a certain height, and Vulture is exclusive to the PSP version. The PlayStation, Xbox and GameCube received high critical acclaim and is often the basis for comparison for other "Spider-Man" video games.

title: The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)

text:
Arad later explained, "We were working on what we called "Spider-Man 4" and it was the same team [as with the first three films]. The problem was we didn't have a story that was strong enough and warranted ... another movie. And Sam Raimi ... realized we [didn't] have a good reason to make another one. And between [him] and Tobey and obviously the studio, we all went into it not feeling good about the next story." Tolmach said one reason to restart the series was that the producers felt the core Spider-Man story was that of a boy becoming a man. Screenwriter Steve Kloves did a polish of Sargent's script, saying he had originally declined the opportunity to do so but relented "as a favor" to the filmmakers. "I also really wanted to write for Emma Stone, because I like to write for women and I particularly like Emma," he explained. "So ...I did basically character and dialogue, and that was enjoyable for me. So that was my hand in it. And I did a little plot work, but a lot of the plot was done." He did "a little bit" of dialog for Peter Parker / Spider-Man. In April 2012, writer-director Paul Feig said that Webb "invited me on set, and I did a little bit of writing for that movie, for one of the high school scenes".
Days after announcing Raimi's departure, the studio announced that Webb, whose previous film "(500) Days of Summer" was his directorial debut, would direct the reboot. Tolmach, now president of Columbia Pictures and Amy Pascal, co-chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment, said they looked for a director who could give sharp focus to Parker's life. Webb said he "was a little sceptical at first—you feel the presence of those other movies. But then I was like, 'How could I walk away from this? What an opportunity!'" Webb said in the press release announcing him that, "Sam Raimi's virtuoso rendering of Spider-Man is a humbling precedent to follow and build upon. The first three films are beloved for good reason. But I think the Spider-Man mythology transcends not only generations but directors as well. I am signing on not to 'take over' from Sam. That would be impossible. Not to mention arrogant. I'm here because there's an opportunity for ideas, stories, and histories that will add a new dimension, canvas, and creative voice to Spider-Man." Webb felt Spider-Man is different from the "Harry Potter" franchise, which is based on a few novels and "more like James Bond" because "there's so much material in Spider-Man that there are so many stories to tell and so many characters." He described the film as "not a remake" explaining that "we're not making Sam's movie again. It's a different universe and a different story with different characters."

title: Spider-Man (Japanese TV series)

text: In 2004, Toei began renegotiating with Marvel for the rights to release the series on DVD in Japan. The Region 2 DVD box set was released on December 9, 2005, and includes all 41 episodes and the movie on seven discs, as well as a booklet which features every publicity still of Spider-Man shot for the series. On July 2006, Bandai released a series of toys related to the Toei's "Spider-Man" TV series, such as the Soul of Chogokin GX-33 Leopardon toy robot (with a Spider-Man figure included), the "Soul of Soft Vinyl" Spider-Man action figure, and a Popynica Spider-Machine GP-7 toy car.

title: Spider-Man in other media

text: "The Amazing Spider-Man" is a game based on the 2012 movie of the same name for the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One, A sequel "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" was released in 2014 along with the movie of the same name. Spider-Man was voiced by Sam Riegel for both of these games.

title: Spider-Man: Edge of Time

text: Spider-Man: Edge of Time is a 2011 video game developed by Beenox, based on the superhero Spider-Man. The game was directed by Gerard Lehiany. The story, written by Peter David, Ramiro Belanger and Gérard Lehiany, involves both Peter Parker, the original Spider-Man, and Miguel O'Hara, Spider-Man 2099. The game is considered the sequel to 2010's "", although Spider-Man Noir and Ultimate Spider-Man are not featured, yet they are mentioned. Gameplay contains a "cause-and-effect" system in which one Spider-Man's actions will affect the other and vice versa. It was released on October 4, 2011 in North America and on October 14, 2011 in Europe. "Edge of Time" is the second Spider-Man title to be developed by Beenox, following "Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions" of 2010, and the first released since Activision and Marvel's decision to make Beenox their lead developer on future Spider-Man games.

title: 550 Madison Avenue

text: The Sony Tower appears in the original Spider-Man game "Spider-Man" (2000) in the first level of the game. as well as in the 2002 video game, "Spider-Man: The Movie," in the level "Oscorp's Gambit". This is probably because Sony owns the rights to Spider-Man. The tower later appears in the game's sequel, "Spider-Man 2," as a building in the free-roaming Manhattan map. It also appears in "Marvel's Spider-Man (2018 video game)" (2018) in the free roam.

title: Marvel Studios

text: The next film licensed from Marvel Studios was "Spider-Man" by Columbia Pictures, directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as Spider-Man. The film was released on May 3, 2002, grossing $403,706,375 in the United States and Canada and $821,708,551 worldwide. The early success of "Spider-Man" led the film's studio to issue a seven-figure advance for a sequel. Arad spoke of the deal, "Movies make sequels. Therefore, it's a big economic luxury to know that a movie's going to get a second and third. This is a business of precedence." According to a Lehman Brothers analysis, the Studios made only $62 million for the first 2 Spider-Man movies. Marvel was making more from half the consumer product licensing fees while making relatively little from the movie, but was enough for Marvel to regain its financial footings. In October 2002, Marvel Studios announced deals for Sub-Mariner and Prime with Universal Studios.

title: Spider-Man

text: Spider-Man was featured in a trilogy of live-action films directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero. The first "Spider-Man" film of the trilogy was released on May 3, 2002; followed by "Spider-Man 2" (2004) and "Spider-Man 3" (2007). A third sequel was originally scheduled to be released in 2011, however Sony later decided to reboot the franchise with a new director and cast. The reboot, titled "The Amazing Spider-Man", was released on July 3, 2012; directed by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield as the new Spider-Man. It was followed by "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" (2014). In 2015, Sony and Disney made a deal for Spider-Man to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tom Holland made his debut as Spider-Man in the MCU film "" (2016), before later starring in "" (2017); directed by Jon Watts. Holland reprises his role as Spider-Man in "" (2018) and will do so again in "" (2019) and "" (2019). Jake Johnson voiced Spider-Man in "". Chris Pine also voiced a version of Peter Parker in the film.

title: Spider-Man in video games

text: "Spider-Man and the X-Men in Arcade's Revenge", the first Spider-Man cross platform game, was released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. It was first developed for the Super NES in 1992 by Software Creations (who went on to produce several games for Marvel) and published by LJN. The game was later ported to the Sega Genesis in 1993. The game involves rescuing four of the mutant superhero X-Men (Wolverine, Cyclops, Storm, Gambit) from an assassin named Arcade. The player must navigate Spider-Man in search of the captured heroes (who join Spider-Man when found), fighting a variety of super villains. Software Creations later adapted the game to the Game Boy in 1993 and to Game Gear in 1994.

title: List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series

text: "Spider-Man 2" opened in US theaters on June 30, 2004. This entry focuses on Peter Parker's struggles, as he tries to manage both his personal life and his duties as Spider-Man. He also has to stop the film's main villain, Doctor Octopus (Alfred Molina), a man who becomes insane after an experiment of his goes haywire. "Spider-Man 2" was less successful in its first week of release, taking first place at the box office with around $88 million at 4,152 locations. Nonetheless, the sequel set several box office records at the time and broke the record for best opening day title ever, previously held by the preceding "Spider-Man" film. It eventually made more than $783 million worldwide but still stands as the lowest-grossing in the trilogy. However, it also stands as the best received film in the franchise. Movie critics believed the second installment had better humor and action sequences than its predecessor and that it was "unusually good" for its genre. A writer for website IGN said this film had "a better flowing storyline, more emotional depth, and a less ridiculous looking supervillain, Spider-Man 2 elevated the series to just about everything that comic fans love about the character." The website also ranked "Spider-Man 2" as being the third best superhero film of all-time on their 2005 list. "Time" magazine also named the sequel the third best superhero movie on their top-ten list published in 2011.

title: Lego Spider-Man

text: Lego Spider-Man is a product range of the Lego construction toy, based on the first two Spider-Man movies. The theme was first introduced in 2002 as a sub-brand of the Lego Studios theme, to tie in with the release of the first "Spider-Man" film. Three new sets were released in 2003, this time without the Lego Studios branding. In 2004, 7 new sets were introduced, to tie-in with the "Spider-Man 2" movie. After this, the line was discontinued, and the rights to the third film in the series "Spider-Man 3" were sold instead to rival company MEGA Brands, resulting in a "Spider-Man 3" range of the Mega Bloks toy. However, in 2012 LEGO released a set based on the "Ultimate Spider-Man" animated series in their Marvel Superheroes line.

title: Peter Parker (Spider-Man film series)

text: After the success of Sam Raimi's first Spider-Man film, a was released in 2003, which served as a one-off continuation to the first Spider-Man film and was considerably darker, grittier, adult-oriented and mature in tone and direction, compared to other Spider-Man adaptations, but lacked the presence of Aunt May, ignored the events of "Spider-Man 2" and "Spider-Man 3" and ended in a cliffhanger after only one season, which consisted of 13-episodes and received a generally positive reception from critics and audiences.

title: Spider-Man in film

text: The rights to further films featuring the character were purchased in 1985, and moved through various production companies and studios before being secured by Sony Pictures Entertainment (Columbia Pictures) for $10 million (plus 5% of any movies' gross revenue and half the revenue from consumer products),[1] who hired Sam Raimi to direct Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007) starring Tobey Maguire. The first two films were met with positive reviews from critics, while the third film received a more mixed response. In 2010, Sony announced that the franchise would be rebooted. Marc Webb was hired to direct, with Andrew Garfield starring, and The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) was released to positive reviews. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) saw mixed reviews.

title: Spider-Man in video games

text: "The Amazing Spider-Man", developed by Rareware and released in 1990 was the first in a trilogy for the newly introduced Game Boy. The game was published by LJN (a subsidiary of Acclaim), the first of a series of games published based on licensed Marvel characters. The gameplay involves running across New York City chasing supervillains to locate Mary Jane Watson. "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" was developed by B.I.T.S and released in 1992. The game is a side-scrolling beat-'em up. Spider-Man attempts to clear his name after he is accused of a crime committed by the Hobgoblin. "", the third in the series, was released in 1993 by B.I.T.S. "" by Australian company Beam Software was released in 1991 for the Game Boy. The game is much like "Operation Wolf", with the Punisher shooting villains while protecting the innocent. Spider-Man appears between the action to offer advice on how to beat upcoming levels and swings in to rescue hostages once their captors have been shot. "The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin", developed and published by Sega and released in 1990, was the first game featuring "Spider-Man" on Sega consoles. The game premiered on the Master System and Genesis in 1991, followed by the Game Gear in 1992, and to the Sega CD in 1993. Fundamentally, the game is the same on each platform with each iteration including new levels, enhanced graphics and a few incremental improvements to the gameplay. The story involves Spider-Man trying to collect six keys from six villains to defuse a bomb in New York planted by the Kingpin. Spider-Man has a finite supply of web fluid and the only way to replenish is to take photos, most profitably of the supervillains, to sell to the "Daily Bugle".

title: Tobey Maguire

text:
In 2001, Maguire took a role that featured his youthful-sounding voice, a beagle puppy named Lou, in the family movie "Cats & Dogs".
In 2002, Maguire starred in "Spider-Man", based on the popular Marvel Comics superhero. The film was a major success and made him into a star. He reprised the role in the sequels "Spider-Man 2" (2004) and "Spider-Man 3" (2007), and has also provided the voice of Spider-Man for the video game adaptations of the films. All three movies went on to be part of the highest-grossing movies each year.

title: Superman vs. The Amazing Spider-Man

text: In the early 1970s author and literary agent David Obst suggested to Marvel Comics publisher Stan Lee and DC Comics editorial director Carmine Infantino that there should be a feature film crossover featuring Marvel's Spider-Man and DC's Superman characters. However, there was already a Superman movie planned by Warner Bros. (the first Superman movie in that franchise), and a series of Spider-Man TV movies, so instead the two companies settled for an oversize comic book entitled "Superman vs. the Amazing Spider-Man: The Battle of the Century." The comic was published in 1976 and featured the two title characters, Mary Jane Watson and Lois Lane, J. Jonah Jameson and Morgan Edge and the villainous Doctor Octopus and Lex Luthor. It was the second time the two U.S. comic book giants published a joint venture, the first being 1975's "MGM's Marvelous Wizard of Oz".

title: Spider-Man 3

text: "Spider-Man 3" was commercially released in sixteen territories on May 1, 2007. The film was released in Japan on May 1, 2007, three days prior to the American commercial release, to coincide with Japan's Golden Week. "Spider-Man 3" was also released in China on May 3, 2007 to circumvent market growth of unlicensed copies of the film. The studio's release of a film in China before its domestic release was a first for Sony Pictures Releasing International. By May 6, 2007, "Spider-Man 3" opened in 107 countries around the world.

title: Spider-Man: Far From Home

text: The first trailer for "Spider-Man: Far From Home" was shown at Sony's CCXP Brazil panel on December 8, 2018, with Holland and Gyllenhaal in attendance to promote the film. The footage did not acknowledge the events of "Infinity War" or "Endgame", with Steven Weintraub of Collider describing it as a continuation of "the "Spider-Man" universe" only. The first trailer was publicly released on January 15, 2019, after Holland premiered it on his Instagram. A second, international version of the trailer was also released, which featured slight differences. Alex Abad-Santos of "Vox" felt the trailer "arrived at a curious time" given the last time Parker was seen, he had died in "Infinity War". Abad-Santos added that the trailer was "a roundabout way" that Parker and others would be revived in "Endgame". Other news outlets also commented on Parker's appearance in the trailer given the events of "Infinity War", with Zack Straf of IndieWire pointing out that, while it appeared Parker does return, the audience was still left wondering how he returns. Adam Chitwood of Collider said, "This trailer looks exactly like a sequel to "Spider-Man: Homecoming". It’s cute and fun, and I love the idea of sending the kids on a European vacation. Adding Nick Fury to the mix also increases the stakes from an MCU standpoint, and I like that Jake Gyllenhaal‘s Mysterio is only revealed in mysterious fashion". However, he added that "Far From Home" felt "the tiniest bit less special" when "judged so closely to [the animated film] """, given the latter's success as an "animated masterwork". Chitwood also spoke to the teaser poster released for the film, calling it "really fun, leaning into the whole 'summer vacation' vibe of the film as the iconic Spider-Man mask is covered in travel stickers," with the stickers potentially hinting at all the locations in the film. Graeme McMillian of "The Hollywood Reporter" felt the trailer was crafted in a way that presented the Elementals as the threat, when if fact, they could turn out to be "massive illusions on behalf of Mysterio as part of as-yet-unknown scheme", with Mysterio the true threat. He added, "Such a deception not only allows the audience to be as thrown off the scent as the movie’s hero, but it also gives "Far From Home" the opportunity to stay as grounded as "Spider-Man: Homecoming" was, in terms of narrative scale". McMillian's colleague Richard Newby stated "The main takeaway from the trailer is that "Spider-Man: Far From Home" is deftly blending old and new school elements of the Spider-Man mythos, for a result that feels surprisingly fresh", and concluded, ""Spider-Man: Far From Home" looks like a strong next step in Spider-Man’s story, with enough intrigue and heart to make it a fitting first chapter of the MCU’s next phase." Newby was also excited about the inclusion of Nick Fury in the film, as it would allow Spider-Man "to become established in another corner of the MCU". "Forbes"s senior contributor Scott Mendelson noted "the sheer confidence on display" from Sony with the teasers since Sony was "in a place where they are on a winning streak when it comes to Spidey movies" after the successes of "Homecoming", "Venom", and "Into the Spider-Verse". The trailer received 130 million views in 24 hours, surpassing "Homecoming" (116 million views) as the most viewed Sony Pictures trailer in that time period.

title: Sinister Six

text:
So far, two of the six members of the Sinister Six have made an appearance in the MCU. The Vulture appeared as the main antagonist in "Spider-Man: Homecoming" and with the recent release of the trailer for "", Mysterio has now become part of the MCU. The characters of Mac Gargan and Shocker were also used in minimal roles in "Spider-Man: Homecoming", and could possibly become part of the Sinister Six in the future.
, The first animated Spider-man Film also turned out to secretly be the first Sinister Six film. Although never officially labeled as such, this movie features a team of villains that shared many similar features to The Sinister Six. This Sinister Six incarnation Featured Kingpin (Wilson Fisk) as their leader, the other members included Doctor Octopus (Olivia Octavius),Prowler (comics)(Aaron Davis),Green Goblin(Norman Osborn),Scorpion (Marvel Comics),Tombstone (comics). The movie features this team fighting against a team of spider-people to try and turn on a reality merging device to try and bring back Wilson Fisk's wife and son.

text: The first film in the franchise, "Spider-Man", was released to US theaters on May 3, 2002. Its story follows Peter Parker (played by Tobey Maguire), a high-school student who turns to crime-fighting in New York, under the alias of Spider-Man, after developing spider-like powers. The film sees him develop friendships with Harry Osborn (James Franco) and his love interest, Mary Jane Watson (portrayed by Kirsten Dunst). "Spider-Man" was praised for staying faithful to the comic series and for being an enjoyable movie, with Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" finding the film to be "unusually good" for its genre. Raimi's 2002 release topped the box office with ticket revenue totaling to $114.8 million. By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed over $820 million.

title: Spider-Man in video games

text: "The Amazing Spider-Man" is a game based on the movie of same name that was released in 2012. The game was developed by Beenox and Activision, the same developers of "" and "". Sam Riegel voices Spider-Man and in the iOS version of the game, Yuri Lowenthal voices Spider-Man.

title: Spider-Man in film

text: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 became the first Spider-Man movie released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 1, 2016. October 17, 2017 saw Sony release the home video release of Homecoming on UHD and other home video formats[144] as well as sets featuring all of their other Spider-Man movies on UHD. This included Spider-Man: Limited Edition Collection, which includes all three Raimi films, and The Amazing Spider-Man: Limited Edition Collection, which includes both Webb films.[145]

title: The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The pilot and two pair of episodes were released as movies internationally by Columbia Pictures as "Spider-Man", "Spider-Man Strikes Back", and "".

title: Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse

text: "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse" was released by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label on December 14, 2018. In April 2015, Sony had made its first official announcement that a new animated Spider-Man film was in development, scheduling release for July 20, 2018. It would be the first animated Spider-Man feature film, and would be independent of the timelines of other Spider-Man universe films. At the end of 2015, the release date was changed to December 21, and two years later, moved up one week. Sony premiered the film at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on December 1, 2018, and included tributes to Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.

title: Spider-Man (2002 video game)

text: Spider-Man (also known as Spider-Man: The Movie) is a 2002 action-adventure video game based upon the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, and is also loosely based on the film "Spider-Man". The game was developed by Treyarch and published by Activision, and released in 2002 for Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. The game has many scenes and villains that did not appear in the film. It was followed by "Spider-Man 2" two years later to promote the release of the second film. In 2007, to promote the release of the third film, "Spider-Man 3" was released. Tobey Maguire and Willem Dafoe were the only actors who reprised their roles from the film.

title: IMAX

text: Though they were not filmed with IMAX cameras, "Skyfall" and "The Amazing Spider-Man" were optimized for IMAX digital screens when they were released. Both movies were filmed in high-resolution cameras and the digital negative ratio was equal to that of the IMAX Digital frame. "Skyfall" increased the visual information of the entire film while "Amazing Spider-Man" optimized the finale battle with the Lizard. When James Cameron's "Titanic" was restored and re-released in theaters there was also specially made an open-matte version for IMAX. In 2010 after years of successful IMAX DMR releases, Warner Bros. signed a deal to release up to 20 feature films in IMAX up to 2013, including educational documentaries that were in production.

title: Beenox

text: In 2006, they returned to original game development, with "Bee Movie Game", inspired by the feature film from DreamWorks Animation. As part of Activision's E3 2007 media blitz, it was announced that Beenox was the developer behind the Windows version of Activision's Spider-Man game "" which was released in October 2007. Beenox employs about 150 employees who are developing games for consoles such as PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii. They released the Xbox 360, PS2, PS3, Wii and PC versions of "Monsters vs. Aliens" and console versions of "Guitar Hero Smash Hits". Beenox later created the Spider-Man games "", "", "The Amazing Spider-Man" and "The Amazing Spider-Man 2".

title: The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)

text: Spider-Man and Lizard PEZ dispensers were revealed at the November 2011 Comic-Con first depicted the film's Lizard. In December 2011, it was revealed that Mega Brands had the rights to produce construction sets. A Marvel Select Spider-Man action figure by Diamond Select Toys was announced in January 2012—the fifth Marvel Select Spider-Man figure, but the first based on a film. The first look at a Hasbro action figure of the film's version of Spider-Man was revealed at the July 2011 Comic-Con. Hasbro made a radio control speed-climbing figure. Minimates made action figures from the film. Other companies releasing action figures for the film include Hot Toys, MediCom and Kaiyodo. OPI Products released a collection of "The Amazing Spider-Man" nail polish. Trading cards were also available.


query: Who founded Humanism?

title: Humanism

text: Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it.[1] The term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of the 19th century to refer to a system of education based on the study of classical literature ("classical humanism"). Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. It views humans as solely responsible for the promotion and development of individuals and emphasizes a concern for man in relation to the world.[2]

text: The John Humphrey Centre for Peace and Human Rights is a human rights education organization headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. It is one of the few human rights education organizations in Canada. It was founded in 1998 in honour of John Humphrey who helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

text: The Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa was founded and established in 1998 in Banjul, the Gambia, by two human rights lawyers, Julia Harrington and Alpha Fall, who had worked for the Secretariat of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.

title: Jinn

text:
Similar to the Islamic idea of spiritual entities converting to one's own religion can be found on Buddhism lore. Accordingly, Buddha preached among humans,Devas, Asura spiritual entities who are like humans subject to the cycle of life, that resembles the Islamic notion of Jinn, who are also ontologically placed among humans in regard of
eschatological destiny.

title: Great Britain

text: The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland. Human footprints have been found from over 800,000 years ago in Norfolk and traces of early humans have been found (at Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex) from some 500,000 years ago and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago.

text: The Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR) was founded in 1994. The group was founded by exiled students who left the country in the early 70s and 80s. They resumed life in other countries as business men and various professions. They returned in 1994 upon the introduction of multi party elections. The group decided to use their experience and expertise to promote the protection of human rights. The only remaining member of the founding group is current executive director Undule Mwakasungura.

title: Pneumocystis jirovecii

text: At first, the name "Pneumocystis carinii" was applied to the organisms found in both rats and humans, as the parasite was not yet known to be host-specific. In 1976, the name ""Pneumocystis jiroveci"" was proposed for the first time, to distinguish the organism found in humans from variants of "Pneumocystis" in other animals. The organism was named thus in honor of Czech parasitologist Otto Jirovec, who described "Pneumocystis" pneumonia in humans in 1952. After DNA analysis showed significant differences in the human variant, the proposal was made again in 1999 and has come into common use.

text: The World Federation of Doctors Who Respect Human Life is an international pro-life medical organization advocating the fetal right to life. The federation also opposes human embryo research and in vitro fertilization. It was founded at an international congress in the Netherlands in June 1974, with a submission on behalf 70,000 doctors.

title: Human Rights Activists in Iran

text: Human Rights Activists in Iran (also known as HRAI and HRA) is a non-political non-governmental organization composed of advocates who defend human rights in Iran. HRAI was founded in 2006.

text: The Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation, or CHRR, is a human rights non-governmental organisation in Malawi. It was founded in February 1995 as a non-profit, apolitical, voluntary organization registered under the Trustees Incorporation Act of 1962. The organization was founded by former students exiles who returned home to the promises of a new democracy in 1994.

title: Dehradun Literature Festival

text: It was founded in 2016 by Anurag Chauhan, who is the founder of Humans For Humanity. It is an Initiative of Humans For Humanity & Heads Up Canvas. Author Shobhaa De is the brand ambassador of Dehradun Literature Festival.

title: Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights

text: The Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights (BYSHR) is a human rights organization of Bahrain founded in March 2005 which was active in the Bahraini uprising. The group "organises training workshops, monitors and documents human rights violations and participates in forming a regional network for young human rights activists in eight Arab countries". Mohammed al-Maskati serves as its president. The organization was found by Mohammed al-Maskati and Hussain Jawad (who also served as its Vice-President) among others.

title: Humane education

text: Another experimental-vs-control study compared the effect of the Roots and Shoots humane education program on elementary students in several schools in two cities in the United States. The authors found that "[s]tudents who participated in the humane education program showed stronger growth in both of these outcomes compared with students in the control group". However, they did not find differences in disruptive behaviors between students who participated in the humane education program and the control program (a chess club). Overall, the authors state that "[e]ffects appeared strongest on attitudes; behavioral effects were found to be largely limited to behaviors directly addressed by the humane education program".

title: Humane King Sutra

text: The Humane King Sutra () is found in Taisho No. 245 and 246. Many scholars have suspected this sutra to be composed in China but not all scholars agree with this viewpoint. There are two versions: the first is called the "Humane King Perfection of Wisdom Sutra" (仁王般若波羅蜜經), while the second is called the "Humane King State-Protection Perfection of Wisdom Sutra" (仁王護國般若波羅蜜經), more idiomatically the "Prajnaparamita Scripture for Humane Kings Who Wish to Protect their States". Both sutras are found in the prajnaparamita section of the Taisho Tripitaka.

title: Human capital

text: Human capital is the stock of knowledge, habits, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. Human capital theory is closely associated with the study of human resources management as found in the practice of business administration and macroeconomics. The original idea of human capital can be traced back at least to Adam Smith in the 18th century. The modern theory was popularized by Gary Becker, an economist and Nobel Laureate from the University of Chicago, Jacob Mincer, and Theodore Schultz. As a result of his conceptualization and modeling work using Human Capital as a key factor, the Nobel Prize for Economics, 2018, was awarded (jointly) to Paul Romer who founded the modern innovation-driven approach to understanding economic growth.

title: Human mortality from H5N1

text: H5N1 infections in humans are generally caused by bird to human transmission of the virus. Until May 2006, the WHO estimate of the number of human to human transmission had been "two or three cases". On May 24, 2006, Dr. Julie L. Gerberding, director of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, estimated that there had been "at least three." On May 30, Maria Cheng, a WHO spokeswoman, said there were "probably about half a dozen," but that no one "has got a solid number." The cases of suspected human to human transmission that continue to be found have been isolated and contained, and include transmission among members of a family in Sumatra, Indonesia in June 2006 as well as earlier and later instances arising in other countries. However, no pandemic strain of H5N1 has yet been found. The key point is that, at present, "the virus is not spreading efficiently or sustainably among humans."

title: Front Line Defenders

text: Front Line Defenders or The International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders is an Irish-based human rights organisation founded in Dublin, Ireland in 2001 to protect human rights defenders at risk, i.e. those who work non-violently to uphold the human rights of others as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

title: Kalman H. Silvert

text: He was part of the group of scholars who founded the Latin American Studies Association in 1966 to bring together scholars for many disciplines into one organization. He served as an adviser to the Ford Foundation, which aided the formation of LASA. He subsequently became LASA's first president. According to Richard McGee Morse who participated in LASA’s founding, “If we wanted to set proper standards for Latin American studies, if we were concerned with the mix of intellectual curiosity and moral commitment, or of sciences and humanities (indeed, Science and Humanity), the founding president had to be Kal Silvert.”

title: Civil Rights Defenders

text: Civil Rights Defenders was founded in 1982 as the Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights ("Svenska Helsingforskommittén för mänskliga rättigheter") to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Final Act, along with Helsinki Committees for Human Rights in several countries. Gerald Nagler, who also co-founded the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, was the founder of the Swedish Helsinki Committee, and then also Chairman of the organisation from 1992 until 2004. Robert Hårdh led the organisation as Secretary General from 2000 until 2009 and then as Executive Director until 2017 .

title: Human Rights Foundation (New Zealand)

text: Members of the Management Committee include Margaret Bedggood, who was the Chief Commissioner of the Human Rights Commission (New Zealand) from 1989-1994 (during which time the Human Rights Act 1993 was passed) and was on Amnesty International's Executive Committee from 1999-2005, and Tim McBride, who wrote the New Zealand Handbook of Civil Liberties and was a founding member of the Human Rights Foundation.

title: Jamaicans for Justice

text: Jamaicans for Justice (JFJ) is a non-profit, non-partisan human rights organization in Jamaica. JFJ was founded in 1999 in Kingston, Jamaica. The group was co-founded by Jamaican human rights activist Dr. Carolyn Gomes who in 2008 was awarded the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights. The organization is most widely known for providing legal support to hundreds of victims of state abuse in Jamaica and litigation of human rights issues before Jamaican and international tribunals.

title: Execution of Jeffrey Landrigan

text: Landrigan was found guilty of murdering Chester Dean Dyer during an armed burglary. The jury found Landrigan guilty of murder and Landrigan himself prevented his defense attorney from presenting any mitigating evidence. The judge who sentenced him to death described Landrigan as "a person who has no scruples and no regard for human life and human beings".

title: Jebel Faya

text: Although no human fossils have been found at Jebel Faya, Armitage and others have argued that the Assemblage C artifacts, dated to 125,000 years BP, were produced by anatomically modern humans (AMH). This is because Assemblage C resembles contemporary east and northeast African technology more than the technology found at sites elsewhere on the Arabian peninsula. As a result, the evidence at Jebel Faya has been used to support the idea of an early dispersal of AMH from the Horn of Africa across southern Arabia and into southern Asia. According to this theory, modern humans dispersed out of Africa before the eruption of the Toba supervolcano 70-75,000 years BP. This claim is based on excavations at Jwalapuram in India by Petraglia et. al., who argue that assemblages found in pre- and post-Toba eruption layers indicate the continuous presence of AMH. For Petraglia and his colleagues, the presence of AMH at Jebel Faya 125,000 years ago could be evidence of an early dispersal route out of Africa, which humans could have followed to south Asia. However, there is strong opposition to this notion, as critics have argued that the Assemblage C evidence is not enough to confirm the presence of AMH from Africa. According to Paul Mellars, who believes that significant modern human dispersals did not occur until after the Toba eruption, “There's not a scrap of evidence here that these were made by modern humans, nor that they came from Africa.”

title: Hannah Arendt

text: The conception of human rights based upon the assumed existence of a human being as such broke down at the very moment when those who professed to believe in it were for the first time confronted with people who had indeed lost all other qualities and specific relationships - except that they were still human. The world found nothing sacred in the abstract nakedness of being human.

title: American Humane

text: In 2000, American Humane's Farm Animals Services program created the first farm animal welfare label to be overseen by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The program began as "Free Farmed" under Adele Douglass, who left American Humane in 2003, to found Humane Farm Animal Care. American Humane's program is now called "Humane Heartland."

title: African vulture trade

text: Like many other animals, vultures found in West Africa are threatened by human-wildlife conflict. A study done throughout the continent found that although vulture losses could be seen everywhere, the highest total loss per year were in West and East Africa. The killing of many species is an integral part of human livelihood in the region. Human pressures on bushmeat populations are growing more rapidly than national population statistics suggest. Over time the hunting of bushmeat has morphed from traditional subsistence to commercial trade. An increasing population and spread of urbanization has been thought to be one of the leading causes of increases in commercial bushmeat sales. Hunting bushmeat in West Africa is also an important part of the livelihood for many people who live there. It is also a big part of the culture in Central and West Africa because bushmeat is their most important source of protein. Important as this is for the humans who rely on the bushmeat, it puts the survival of many species of vultures found in West Africa at risk.

title: Chlorovirus

text: Recently, chlorovirus ATCV-1 DNA has been found in human oropharyngeal samples. Prior to this is it was not known chlorovirus could infect humans, so there is limited knowledge about infections in people. People who were found to be infected had delayed memory and decreased attention. Humans found to be infected with ATCV-1 showed a decreased visual processing ability and reduced visual motor speed. This led to an overall decline in the ability to perform tasks based on vision and spatial reasoning.

title: History of Israel

text: In the Carmel mountain range at el-Tabun, and Es Skhul, Neanderthal and early modern human remains were found, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found. The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest stratigraphic record in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity, from the Lower Paleolithic to the present day, representing roughly a million years of human evolution. Other notable Paleolithic sites include caves Qesem and Manot. The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans found outside Africa are the Skhul and Qafzeh hominids, who lived in northern Israel 120,000 years ago. Around 10th millennium BCE, the Natufian culture existed in the area.

title: The Human Life Review

text: The Human Life Review is a quarterly journal published by the Human Life Foundation since 1975. It is devoted to explorations of life issues, primarily abortion, as well as neonaticide, medical genetics, prenatal testing, human cloning, fetal tissue experimentation, euthanasia and assisted suicide, and also publishes articles dealing with more general questions of family and society. It was founded by James Patrick McFadden, formerly associate publisher of "National Review", who had also founded the Human Life Foundation, and is now edited by his daughter, Maria McFadden. It was launched from the offices of "National Review", with the support of William F. Buckley.

title: Elioud

text: In some readings of the non-canonical texts, the Nephilim are children whose father is an angel and whose mother is a human and they are the "giants" (also known as Gibborim) referred to in the canonical Book of Numbers. In others, angels and human women produce children who are Gibborim, and the Nephilim have fathers who are Gibborim and human mothers. This ambiguity is also found in the non-canonical Book of Giants, fragments of which were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.

title: Traveller (role-playing game)

text: The setting features various descendants of humanity, who are collectively called "Humaniti". These include the "Solomani", humans emigrated from Earth with the last few thousand years, the "Vilani", humans transplanted from Earth tens of thousands of years ago by the Ancients (see below) who founded the First Imperium, and the "Zhodani", psychic humans ruled by psionically-gifted nobles.


query: Are IP addresses based on location?

title: IP address

text: An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."[2] The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host.

title: Advance-fee scam

text: Tracking phone-based relay services is relatively easy, so scammers tend to prefer Internet Protocol-based relay services such as IP Relay. In a common strategy, they bind their overseas IP address to a router or server located on US soil, allowing them to use US-based relay service providers without interference.

title: Care-of address

text: Used in Internet routing, a care-of address (usually referred to as "CoA") is a temporary IP address for a mobile device. This allows a home agent to forward messages to the mobile device. A separate address is required because the IP address of the device that is used as host identification is topologically incorrect - it does not match the network of attachment. The care-of address splits the dual nature of an IP address, that is, its use is to identify the host and the location within the global IP network.

title: Censorship in Thailand

text: Websites are blocked by Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and/or IP address. However, only about 20% of blocked sites are identified by IP address; the remaining 80% are unable to be identified at a specific physical location. If these sites could be identified as being located in Thailand, legal action could be taken against their operators. Thus, lack of IP address is a major oversight.

title: Virtual hosting

text: There are two main types of virtual hosting, name-based and IP-based. Name-based virtual hosting uses the host name presented by the client. This saves IP addresses and the associated administrative overhead but the protocol being served must supply the host name at an appropriate point. In particular, there are significant difficulties using name-based virtual hosting with SSL/TLS. IP-based virtual hosting uses a separate IP address for each host name, and it can be performed with any protocol but requires a dedicated IP address per domain name served. Port-based virtual hosting is also possible in principle but is rarely used in practice because it is unfriendly to users.

title: Gateway (telecommunications)

text: On an Internet protocol (IP) network, IP packets with a destination outside a given subnet mask are sent to the network gateway. For example, if a private network has a base IPv4 address of 192.168.0.0 and has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, then any data addressed to an IP address outside of 192.168.0.X is sent to the network gateway. IPv6 networks work in a similar way. While forwarding an IP packet to another network, the gateway may perform network address translation.

title: Carrier-grade NAT

text: In cases of banning traffic based on IP addresses, the system might block the traffic of a spamming user by banning the user's IP address. If that user happens to be behind carrier-grade NAT, other users sharing the same public address with the spammer will be mistakenly blocked. This can create serious problems for forum and wiki administrators attempting to address disruptive actions from a single user sharing an IP address with legitimate users.

title: Host Identity Protocol

text: The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is a host identification technology for use on Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The Internet has two main name spaces, IP addresses and the Domain Name System. HIP separates the end-point identifier and locator roles of IP addresses. It introduces a Host Identity (HI) name space, based on a public key security infrastructure.

title: Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol

text: Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) () is a "map-and-encapsulate" protocol which is developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force LISP Working Group. The basic idea behind the separation is that the Internet architecture combines two functions, routing locators (where a client is attached to the network) and identifiers (who the client is) in one number space: the IP address. LISP supports the separation of the IPv4 and IPv6 address space following a network-based map-and-encapsulate scheme (). In LISP, both identifiers and locators can be IP addresses or arbitrary elements like a set of GPS coordinates or a MAC address.

title: Shared web hosting service

text: In IP-based virtual hosting, also called dedicated IP hosting, each virtual host has a different IP address. The webserver is configured with multiple physical network interfaces or virtual network interfaces on the same physical interface. The web server software uses the IP address the client connects to in order to determine which website to show the user. The issue of IPv4 address exhaustion means that IP addresses are an increasingly scarce resource, so the primary justification for a site to use a dedicated IP is to be able to use its own SSL certificate rather than a shared certificate.

title: Online locator service

text: Some online locators determine user location from the user's IP address, rather than asking a user to input his or her location. The company utilizes IP geolocation software from Digital Element to power the “My Local Ace” section of its website. Based on a site visitor’s location, the website can show the visitor how many stores are in their area, as well as a city-level locator map to help the customer find the store closest to their address.

title: Idle scan

text:
The design and operation of the Internet is based on the Internet Protocol Suite, commonly also called TCP/IP.
IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation. It is a connectionless protocol and relies on the transmission of packets. Every IP packet from a given source has an ID that uniquely identifies IP datagram.

title: Realm-Specific IP

text: RSIP lets a host borrow one or more IP addresses (and UDP/TCP port) from one or more RSIP gateways, by leasing (usually public) IP addresses and ports to RSIP hosts located in other (usually private) addressing realms.

title: UCMDB

text: The DDMa component (Discovery and Dependency mapping Advanced) of UCMDB works by scanning ranges of IP addresses within pre-set probe IP ranges, using ping, ICMP echo requests and Nmap to locate live IP addresses and open TCP ports, and IP address harvesting techniques by querying ARP/Cache tables of level 3 network devices. Resulting current IP addresses are then translated into CIs which function as input for deeper level discovery. The pyramid model is designed to ensure that only relevant sources are being queried, resulting in lower network and node load.

title: Network address translation

text: IP masquerading is a technique that hides an entire IP address space, usually consisting of private IP addresses, behind a single IP address in another, usually public address space. The address that has to be hidden is changed into a single (public) IP address as "new" source address of the outgoing IP packet so it appears as originating not from the hidden host but from the routing device itself. Because of the popularity of this technique to conserve IPv4 address space, the term "NAT" has become virtually synonymous with IP masquerading.

title: RTP-MIDI

text: IP stacks need to correlate Ethernet addresses (MAC address) and IP addresses, using a specific protocol named ARP. When a RTP-MIDI application wants to send a packet to a remote device, it must locate it first on the network, since Ethernet does not understand IP-related concepts, in order to create the transmission path between the routers/switches. This is done automatically by the IP stack by sending first an ARP (Address Recognition Protocol) request. When the destination device recognizes its own IP address in the ARP packet, it sends back an ARP reply with its MAC address. The IP stack can then send the RTP-MIDI packet. The next RTP-MIDI packets do not need the ARP sequence anymore, unless the link becomes inactive for a few minutes, which clears the ARP entry in the sender's routing table.

title: IP address blocking

text:
On a website, an IP address block can prevent a disruptive address from access, though a warning and/or account block may be used first. Dynamic allocation of IP addresses by ISPs can complicate incoming IP address blocking, rendering it difficult to block a specific user without blocking many IP addresses (blocks of IP address ranges), thereby creating collateral damage.
IP address blocking can be used to restrict access to or from a particular geographic area—for example, the syndication of content to a specific region. To achieve this, IP addresses are mapped to the countries they have been assigned to. This has been used for example to target Nigerian IP addresses due to the perception that all business originating from the country is fraudulent, thus making it extremely difficult for legitimate businesses based in the country to interact with their counterparts in the rest of the world. To make purchases abroad, Nigerians must rely on proxy servers to disguise the true origin of an Internet request.

title: IPv6 address

text: An IP address serves the purpose of identifying an individual network interface of a host, locating it on the network, and thus permitting the routing of IP packets between hosts. For routing, IP addresses are present in fields of the packet header where they indicate the source and destination of the packet.

title: Google Ads

text: In addition to controlling ad placements through targeting audiences based on location and language usage, ad placements can be refined with Internet Protocol (IP) address exclusion. This feature enables advertisers to exclude specified IP address ranges if they do not want their ads to appear there. Advertisers can exclude up to 500 IP address ranges per campaign.

title: IP Multimedia Subsystem

text: "Charging function addresses" are addresses distributed to each IMS entities and provide a common location for each entity to send charging information. "charging data function" (CDF) addresses are used for offline billing and "Online Charging Function" (OCF) for online billing.IMS-based PES (PSTN Emulation System) provides IP networks services to analog devices. IMS-based PES allows non-IMS devices to appear to IMS as normal SIP users. Analog terminal using standard analog interfaces can connect to IMS-based PES in two ways:

title: Internet censorship in Thailand

title: Virtual hosting

text:
When IP-based virtual hosting is used, each site (either a DNS host name or a group of DNS host names that act the same) points to a unique IP address. The webserver is configured with multiple physical network interfaces, virtual network interfaces on the same physical interface or multiple IP addresses on one interface.
The web server can either open separate listening sockets for each IP address, or it can listen on all interfaces with a single socket and obtain the IP address the TCP connection was received on after accepting the connections. Either way, it can use the IP address to determine which website to serve. The client is not involved in this process and therefore (unlike with name-based virtual hosting) there are no compatibility issues.

title: HTTP cookie

text: Some users may be tracked based on the IP address of the computer requesting the page. The server knows the IP address of the computer running the browser (or the proxy, if any is used) and could theoretically link a user's session to this IP address.

title: Voice over IP

text: In IP telephony, no such direct link between location and communications end point exists. Even a provider having hardware infrastructure, such as a DSL provider, may know only the approximate location of the device, based on the IP address allocated to the network router and the known service address. Some ISPs do not track the automatic assignment of IP addresses to customer equipment.

title: Mobile IP

text: The Mobile IP allows for location-independent routing of IP datagrams on the Internet. Each mobile node is identified by its home address disregarding its current location in the Internet. While away from its home network, a mobile node is associated with a "care-of" address which identifies its current location and its home address is associated with the local endpoint of a tunnel to its "home agent". Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the mobile node through the "tunnel".

title: Geotagging

text: RFC 1876 defines a means for expressing location information in the Domain Name System. LOC resources records can specify the latitude, longitude, altitude, precision of the location, and the physical size of on entity attached to an IP address. However, in practice not all IP addresses have such a record, so it is more common to use geolocation services to find the physical location of an IP address.

title: Virtual hosting

text: Name-based and IP-based virtual hosting can be combined: a server may have multiple IP addresses and serve multiple names on some or all of those IP addresses. This technique can be useful when using SSL/TLS with wildcard certificates. For example, if a server operator had two certificates, one for *.example.com and one for *.example.net, the operator could serve foo.example.com and bar.example.com off the same IP address but would need a separate IP address for baz.example.net.

title: IP address

text: An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[1][2] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

title: CYREN

text:
Cyren provides cloud-based security technology through 19 data centers located worldwide branded as the GlobalView Network. The company maintains a fault-tolerant network, enabling its security system to continue operating even with partial system failure. Cyren uses a patented form of anti-spam detection known as Recurrent Pattern Detection™ (RPD).
The embedded technology sold to vendors and service providers includes software development kit (SDK)-based solutions for inbound anti-spam, anti-virus, Internet Protocol (IP) reputation, URL Filtering and Outbound anti-spam. IP Reputation indexes known bad IP addresses that have been used in spam and other Internet attacks. The IP Reputation check on the Cyren website allows anyone to enter an Internet Protocol (IP) address to check the address' reputation and validity.

title: ARP cache

text: The ARP cache (Address Resolution Protocol) is a collection of ARP entries (mostly dynamic) that are created when an IP address is resolved to a MAC address (so the computer can effectively communicate with the IP address). ARP cache has the disadvantage of being used by hackers and cyber attackers. ARP cache helps the attackers hide behind a fake IP address and do the harm without being caught. Beyond the fact that ARP cache helps the attackers but it also prevents the attacks by "distinguish between low level IP and IP based vulnerabilities".


query: What is the air quality in Los Angeles?

title: Pollution in California

text: Pollution in California relates to the degree of pollution in the air, water, and land of the state of California. Pollution is defined as the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the environment at a faster rate than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form.[1] The combination of three main factors are the cause of notable unhealthy levels of air pollution in California: the activities of over 39 million people, a mountainous terrain that traps pollution, and a warm climate that helps form ozone and other pollutants.[2] Eight of the ten cities in the US with the highest year-round concentration of particulate matter between 2013 and 2015 were in California, and seven out of the ten cities in the US with the worst ozone pollution were also in California.[3] Studies show that pollutants prevalent in California are linked to several health issues, including asthma, lung cancer, birth complications, and premature death.[4] In 2016, Bakersfield, California recorded the highest level of airborne pollutants of any city in the United States.[5]

title: Korean Air

text: Korean Air owns five hotels: two KAL hotels on Jeju island, the Hyatt in Incheon; Waikiki Resort in Hawaii and a hotel/office building called the Wilshire Grand Tower which is being redeveloped. This building in downtown Los Angeles will house the largest InterContinental Hotel in the Americas in what will be the tallest building in Los Angeles.

title: History of Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles continued to spread, particularly with the development of the San Fernando Valley and the building of the freeways launched in the 1940s. When the local street car system went out of business, Los Angeles became a city built around the automobile, with all the social, health and political problems that this dependence produces. The famed urban sprawl of Los Angeles became a notable feature of the town, and the pace of the growth accelerated in the first decades of the 20th century. The San Fernando Valley, sometimes called "America's Suburb", became a favorite site of developers, and the city began growing past its roots downtown toward the ocean and towards the east. The immense problem with air pollution (smog) that had developed by the early 1970s also caused a backlash: Schools were closed routinely in urban areas for "smog days" when the ozone levels became too unhealthy, and the hills surrounding urban areas were seldom visible even within a mile, Californians were ready for changes. Over the next three decades, California enacted some of the strictest anti-smog regulations in the United States and has been a leader in encouraging nonpolluting strategies for various industries, including automobiles. For example, carpool lanes normally allow only vehicles with two/three or more occupants (whether the base number is two or three depends on what freeway you are on), but electric cars can use the lanes with only a single occupant. As a result, smog is significantly reduced from its peak, although local Air Quality Management Districts still monitor the air and generally encourage people to avoid polluting activities on hot days when smog is expected to be at its worst.

title: Air Pollution Control Act

text: California was the first state to act against air pollution when the metropolis of Los Angeles began to notice deteriorating air quality. The location of Los Angeles furthered the problem as several geographical and meteorological problems unique to the area exacerbated the air pollution problem.

title: El Segundo, California

text: Los Angeles International Airport is located immediately to the north of El Segundo. In 2014, an air quality study found harmful ultrafine particles from the takeoffs and landings at Los Angeles International Airport to be of much greater magnitude than previously thought.

title: Health Forecasting (UCLA)

text:
Studies currently available, include: a) Smoking Cessation b) Obesity c) Coronary Heart Disease d) Diabetes e) Population Projections (California and Los Angeles County) f) Placer Air Quality g) The California Endowment Building Healthy Communities Air Quality
Health Forecasting is funded with grants from the following:

title: Inland Empire

text: Air pollution, or suspended particulate matter locally generated from the increased number of automobiles in the area, from point sources such as factories, dust carried into the air by construction activity, and the contribution of similar pollutants from the Los Angeles area has regularly caused the Inland Empire to be at, or near, the bottom of many air quality ratings. In 2004, the EPA rated the San Bernardino-Riverside area as having the worst particulate air pollution in the United States (although the San Joaquin Valley in central California had the worst overall air pollution). Air pollution in the Los Angeles region is still an issue, although improvements have been made over the years. But the problem is exacerbated in the Inland Empire, which is surrounded by mountains on the north and the east. Prevailing winds move bad air eastward from Los Angeles, but once the pollution reaches the Inland Empire it cannot be carried further east as it becomes trapped by the mountains surrounding the region .

title: Pollution in California

text: Although Los Angeles remains the city with the worst ozone pollution, the state of air pollution has been improving.[11] With a population of roughly over 10 million, the Los Angeles area is a large basin with the Pacific Ocean to the west, and several mountain ranges with 11,000-foot peaks to the east and south, Los Angeles is particularly susceptible to high ozone levels.[10] Diesel engines, ports, motor vehicles, and industries are main sources of air pollution in Los Angeles. Frequent sunny days and low rainfall contribute to ozone formation, as well as high levels of fine particles and dust.[12] The strong relationship between Air Quality Index (AQI) and ozone levels may be found on air pollution maps.[13]

title: Los Angeles

text: The smog season lasts from approximately May to October. While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. When the act was passed, California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.

title: South Bay, Los Angeles

text: Local politicians and activists have long denounced the refineries for the amount of air pollution they generate, but in recent years these protests have been muted as the Port of Los Angeles has become the region's dominant polluter. The controversial practice of residue flaring returned to the forefront during the September 12, 2005 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power outage; facing dangerous pressure buildups, refinery operators in Wilmington were forced to flare, resulting in dangerously bad air quality throughout the southeastern South Bay. The incident has renewed calls for restrictions on flaring in non-emergency situations.

title: Pollution in California

text: Air pollution in Los Angeles has caused widespread concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of citizens in Los Angeles consider air pollution to be a “big problem”, and 47% believe that the air quality of Los Angeles is worse than it was 10 years ago.[14] The most recent PPIC Survey of 2018 showed that the strong majority of California adults (72%) and likely voters favor the new state law mandating reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and 56% of adults support the state's cap-and-trade program. In addition, about half of Californians believe state climate policies will lead to more jobs, while the other half expects the price of gasoline to rise.[15] In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area ranked as the 1st most ozone-polluted city, the 4th most polluted city by annual particle pollution, and the 4th most polluted city by 24-hour particle pollution.[16]

title: Hangar One (Los Angeles, California)

text: Hangar No. 1 was built in 1929 and was the first structure built on what was then known as Mines Field. At the time, the airport consisted of a dirt landing strip in the middle of bean and barley fields. The building was constructed by the city for $35,000, and leased to the Curtiss Wright Flying Service. The airport opened in 1930 as the Los Angeles Municipal Airport, and was purchased by the city in 1937 and renamed the Los Angeles Airport. During this period the hangar was used by Charles Lindbergh and the German LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin was tied down near its doors during its stop in Los Angeles. In 1933 and 1936, tens of thousands of spectators lined up near Hangar No. 1 to watch the National Air Races. Commercial passenger air service did not begin at the airport until December 5, 1946.

title: Kirtland Air Force Base

text:
By the mid-1970s, missile development support within the AFSWC reached a plateau—with advanced missiles work entirely focused through the AFSC's Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO) at Los Angeles Air Force Station. SAMSO was a precursor to today's
Space and Missile Systems Center at what is now known as Los Angeles Air Force Base. By September 1974 the function of the AFSWC had become largely obsolete, and in 1976 the center was officially disestablished by the AFSC.

title: Del Aire, California

text: Del Aire is a tiny unincorporated middle-class residential neighborhood next to the giant interchange where Interstate 405 and Interstate 105 meet. It is surrounded by the incorporated cities of Los Angeles, El Segundo, and Hawthorne. Los Angeles Airport Courthouse and the Los Angeles Air Force Base are in the Del Aire area.

title: James Hahn

text: Hahn established the mayor's office of international trade and led two trade trips, one to Asia and one to Mexico. In Asia, Hahn met with South Korean president, Kim Dae-Jung, Beijing mayor, Liu Qi and Shanghai mayor, Chen Liang Yu. He received the medal of honorary citizenship from the mayor of Seoul, Lee Myung-bak, at Seoul city hall. In Beijing, Hahn reached an agreement concerning the 2008 Olympics, designating Los Angeles as gateway to Beijing and enabling Los Angeles firms to be hired to oversee the renovation of the Beijing airport. To boost tourism, Hahn, working with the Los Angeles Convention and Visitors Bureau, launched a program in Japan called "See My LA" with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Los Angeles Dodgers' Kazuhisa Ishii, and partnered with Korean soccer star Hong Myung-bo to encourage Koreans to come to Los Angeles to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the arrival of Koreans in Los Angeles. Other agreements made the Los Angeles Zoo the first in the United States to exhibit a pair of Chinese golden monkeys, regionalized air service by shifting EVA Airlines' operations to Ontario International Airport, and improved air quality by plugging more Asian cargo ships into natural power while docked at the Port of Los Angeles.

title: Sherpa Fire

text: Air quality advisories were put into effect on June 17 as haze and falling ash were visible in Los Angeles County. The Santa Barbara County AIr Pollution Control District released a statement that said, in part, that while winds are dispersing some of the smoke, there are still pockets of poor air quality as a result of smoky conditions.

title: Coast Guard Air Station Los Angeles

text: Coast Guard Air Station Los Angeles (CGAS Los Angeles) is a United States Coast Guard air station located at Naval Air Station Point Mugu in Point Mugu, California.

title: Air pollution in the United States

text: Air pollution in Los Angeles has caused widespread concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of citizens in Los Angeles consider air pollution to be a “big problem”, and 47% believe that the air quality of Los Angeles is worse than it was 10 years ago. In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area ranked the 1st most ozone-polluted city, the 4th most polluted city by annual particle pollution, and the 4th most polluted city by 24-hour particle pollution.

title: South Coast Air Basin

text:
The South Coast Air Basin—SCAB (or SoCAB) is one of several regional air basin areas designated by the state of California, for the purpose of air quality management and air pollution control in Southern California. The SCAB district was created in 1969. and includes all of Orange County and
the non-desert regions of Los Angeles County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County.
The region covers approximately 17100 km and includes much of the Greater Los Angeles Area which is home to approximately 18 million people.

title: Interstate 710

text: The significant growth of cargo volumes handled at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach has added a large amount of truck traffic to the Long Beach Freeway, since it is the most direct route between the port complex and the railyards in Vernon and East Los Angeles, as well as the Pomona and San Bernardino freeways that connect Los Angeles to railyards in San Bernardino and Colton. The freeway's pavement has been badly damaged as a result, since it was not designed to carry nearly as large of a load of truck traffic. It has also become a major source of air pollution, emanating from diesel-fueled trucks idling in rush-hour traffic congestion and giving cities along its route some of the worst air quality in already smoggy Southern California. In response, an Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report is currently being conducted to analyze possible significant improvements to I-710 between the Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles and the Pomona Freeway (SR-60).

title: Cal State LA Solar Car Team

text:
Major Corporate and Government Agency Sponsors
• AB2766 - Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Committee
• Automobile Club of South-ern California
• Caltrans
• Hewlett-Packard Company
• Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)
• Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
• MacNeal-Schwe-Corporation
• NASA Langley: Center
• Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc.
• Society for the Avancment of Materia Process Engines. (SAMPE)
• South Coast Air Quality Management District
• Southern California Edison
• TRW

title: Center for the Study of Los Angeles

text: In observance of the Los Angeles riots and disturbances of 1992, CSLA sponsors cross-sectional phone surveys of Los Angeles residents to study their overall perceived attitudes and concerns towards the city of Los Angeles. The CSLA Riots Anniversary Survey is conducted every 5th anniversary marking the L.A. riots and disturbances of 1992. The Riots Anniversary Survey provides data on LA residents' perceptions of race/ethnic relations, the Los Angeles Police Department, local government and neighborhood relations, the likelihood for future riots to occur, the overall direction of Los Angeles, and Los Angeles resident quality of life.

text: The SCAQMD includes all of Orange County; and the non-desert regions of Los Angeles and Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, and Riverside County.

title: High-occupancy vehicle lane

text: Also during the early 1970s, ridesharing was recommended for the first time as a tool to mitigate air quality problems. The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) substantial authority to regulate air quality attainment. A final control plan for the Los Angeles Basin was issued in 1973, and one of its main provisions was a two-phase conversion of of freeway and arterial roadway lanes to bus/carpool lanes and the development of a regional computerized carpool matching system. However, it took until 1985 before any HOV project was constructed in Los Angeles County, and by 1993 there were only of HOV lanes countywide.

title: Toxic hotspot

text: Los Angeles is known for the nation's worst air quality and its “sharp inequalities in environmental exposures”. Wilmington, Los Angeles is a neighborhood located on the southern part of Los Angeles, California. 54,512 people live in Wilmington, the median household income is $40,627, about 86 percentage of them are Latino and only 5.1% of Wilmington residents 25 or older have a four-year degree.

title: Beverly Hills, California

text: Beverly Hills and the neighboring city of West Hollywood are together entirely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles. Specifically, Beverly Hills is bordered on the northwest by the Los Angeles neighborhood of Bel-Air and the Santa Monica Mountains, on the east by West Hollywood, the Carthay neighborhood of Los Angeles, and the Fairfax District of Los Angeles, and on the south by the Beverlywood neighborhood of Los Angeles. The area's "Platinum Triangle" is formed by the city of Beverly Hills and the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Bel Air and Holmby Hills.

title: Los Angeles Air Force Base

text: The portion of Fort MacArthur remaining in military use is a sub-base of Los Angeles Air Force Base serving as a housing and administrative annex. Fort MacArthur is in the San Pedro district of Los Angeles, approximately twenty miles south-east of Los Angeles Air Force Base.

title: Bel Air, Los Angeles

text: Bel Air is situated about west of Downtown Los Angeles and includes some of the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. It lies across Sunset Boulevard from the northern edge of the main campus of the University of California, Los Angeles. At the heart of the community sits the Bel-Air Country Club and the Hotel Bel-Air.

title: Interstate 10 in California

text:
Thus, in 1931, what is now I-10 east of Los Angeles had been defined as LR 26 from Los Angeles to Indio and LR 64 from Indio to Arizona. It was signed as US 99 from San Bernardino to Indio, and US 60 came along around 1932 from Los Angeles to Pomona and from Beaumont to Arizona. U.S. Route 70 was extended west from Arizona ca. 1936 along the whole route to Los Angeles, and, between 1933 and 1942, US 99 moved from US 66 to present I-10 between San Bernardino and Los Angeles, forming a three-way concurrency between Pomona and Los Angeles. Old alignments and names include Valley Boulevard, Ramona Boulevard and Garvey Avenue.
I-10 holds the distinction of being the first freeway in Los Angeles. A four-mile section of today's freeway was built between 1933 and 1935 at a cost of $877,000. The "Ramona Boulevard" highway linked downtown Los Angeles to the communities of the southern San Gabriel Valley. The roadway, which opened on April 20, 1935, was dubbed the "Air Line route," and was seen as a major achievement in traffic design.

text: The Los Angeles County Employees Retirement Association (LACERA) is an independent Los Angeles County agency that administers and manages the retirement fund for the County and outside Districts (Little Lake Cemetery District, Local Agency Formation Commission, Los Angeles County Office of Education, and South Coast Air Quality Management District). In 2012, it managed defined benefit pension plans for 156,563 civil servants (members), including 56,752 retirees, making it the largest county retirement system in the United States. In 2018, LACERA’s net assets were worth .

title: San Joaquin Valley

text: Hemmed in by mountains and rarely having strong winds to disperse smog, the San Joaquin Valley has long suffered from some of the United States' worst air pollution. This pollution, exacerbated by stagnant weather, comes mainly from diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles and agricultural operations. Population growth has caused the San Joaquin Valley to rank with Los Angeles and Houston in most measures of air pollution. Only the Inland Empire region east of Los Angeles has worse overall air quality, and the San Joaquin Valley led the nation in 2004 in the number of days with quantities of ozone considered unhealthy by the Environmental Protection Agency. The San Joaquin Valley has been deemed an "extreme non-attainment zone" by the Environmental Protection Agency, meaning residents are exposed to air quality that is confirmed to be hazardous to human health. Although industrial activity, as well as driving, occurs year-round, the air pollution is worse in the winter. San Joaquin County has better air quality than any other region in the San Joaquin Valley, while the Sacramento region and Stanislaus County have the worst.