query: When was the U.S. Republican party formed?

title: History of the United States Republican Party

text: The first anti-Nebraska local meeting where Republican was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a Ripon, Wisconsin schoolhouse on March 20, 1854.[6] The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the name Republican was held near Jackson, Michigan on July 6, 1854. It declared their new party opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates. The Midwest took the lead in forming state party tickets while the eastern states lagged a year or so. There were no efforts to organize the party in the South, apart from St. Louis and a few areas adjacent to free states. The party initially had its base in the Northeast and Midwest.

title: Kansas Republican Party

text: In 1912, factionalism exacerbated by the national Howard Taft – Theodore Roosevelt split, caused the two Kansas Republican factions to split the party with members of the Insurgent faction running their own candidates in some elections in opposition to the Kansas Republican Party's official candidate. Many Republican voters did not vote, resulting in lower voter turnout than in 1908. As a result, the Republicans lost the gubernatorial race, by 29 votes, lost control of the State Senate and House, and lost five of eight Congressional seats. Democratic presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson won Kansas. Former Governor Walter Stubbs defeated incumbent U.S. Senator Charles Curtis in the primary election, but then lost to the Democrat in the general election. In December, some Kansas Republicans attended a meeting in Chicago to form a separate Progressive Party.

title: Republicrat

text:
Another usage of the term puts the words together in order to voice the not unheard-of opinion that the two mainstream American political parties are the same with different names. Often, this usage expresses the sentiment of ordinary citizens who see all politicians as serving the same special interests and make little distinction between the two parties.
Earl Killian's U.S. political glossary defines the term as "a portmanteau of the words "Republican" and "Democrat"...used to symbolize the one-party nature of U.S. politics, when it comes to issues on which the dominant parties of the two-party system agree...In this view...Republicrats is then the name of the single U.S. political party, and the Republicans and Democrats are seen as factions of this one-party system, rather than as true independent parties."

title: Conservative Democrat

text: The 1828 presidential election marked the beginning of the Democratic Party as a modern, mass-based political party. The opposition to Andrew Jackson in the Democratic-Republican party splintered off into the short-lived National Republican Party, which later combined with other opponents of Jackson to form the Whig Party. Jackson's supporters dropped the "Republican" part of the name and became known as the Democratic Party. Andrew Jackson is notable as the first U.S. President to be elected from the frontier rather than from the East Coast.

title: 1807 United States Senate election in New York

text: The incumbent U.S. Senator John Smith ran for re-election as the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party. At this time the Democratic-Republican Party was split in two factions: the "Lewisites" (allies of Governor Morgan Lewis), and the "Clintonians" (allies of Mayor of New York DeWitt Clinton). The Federalist Party which had only small minorities in both houses of the State Legislature was allied in State politics with the Lewisites, the smaller faction, thus forming a bloc large enough to outvote the Clintonians. Nevertheless, for the election of a U.S. Senator both Democratic-Republican factions united supporting Smith.

title: Republicanism in Spain

text: Following the Restoration, diverse republican parties appeared once again, for example Castelar's "Partido Demócrata"—later the "Partido Demócrata Posibilista" (PDP) – and Cristino Martos's "Partido Progresista Demócrata". Nonetheless, these parties, immersed in a system of inequal censitary suffrage between 1878 and 1890, were unable to compete with the large dynastic parties: the Liberal-Conservative Party of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Liberal Party of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. Later Francisco Pi formed the "Partido Republicano Democrático Federal" (PRDF), Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla and José María Esquerdo created "Partido Republicano Progresista" (PRP), and Nicolás Salmerón established the "Partido Republicano Centralista" (PRC). These parties contributed a diverse set of independent republican deputies to the Spanish parliament. Factions of the PDP and the PRP branched off and fused to form the "Partido Republicano Nacional". In 1898 the "Fusión Republicana" was formed, and in 1903 the creation of the Republican Union Party attempted to represent and fuse all streams of republican thought. However, two parties split from the Republican Union: Alejandro Lerroux's "Partido Republicano Radical" and Vicente Blasco's "Partido de Unión Republicana Autonomista". In that time the Catalan "Centre Nacionalista Republicà" (CNR) appeared. Following the acts of "Tragic Week" in Barcelona in 1909, republican parties and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ("PSOE" in Spanish) joined together to form the "Conjunción Republicano-Socialista", at the same time as the Catalan sectors of the Republican Union, the CNR, and the PRDF formed the Republican Nationalist Federal Union. Later Melquiades Álvarez split from the "Conjunción Republicano-Socialista" to form the Reformist Party.

title: Maine Republican Party

text:
The Republican Party formed in Maine in 1854 due to Prohibition and the abolitionist movement. Hannibal Hamlin left the Democratic Party because of the slavery issue and helped form the Republican Party. He was the state's first Republican governor. In 1860, he became the first Republican Vice President after Abraham Lincoln won the presidency.
From the 1860s until 1900, James G. Blaine rose as a dominant Republican figure. He was the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, a U.S. Senator, and Secretary of State for three Republican administrations. He ran for President in 1884 but lost to Grover Cleveland. In the late 1800s, Thomas B. Reed served in the House of Representatives for three terms. He started many reforms and was sometimes referred to as "Czar Reed". "Reed's Rules of Order" are still used in Maine Legislatures.

title: Political party

text: The splintering of the Democratic-Republican Party in the aftermath of the contentious 1824 presidential election led to the re-emergence of political parties. Two major parties would dominate the political landscape for the next quarter-century: the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, established by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and from other Anti-Jackson groups. When the Whig Party fell apart in the mid-1850s, its position as a major U.S. political party was filled by the Republican Party.

title: Two-party system

text: There is general agreement that the United States has a two-party system; historically, there have been few instances in which third party candidates won an election. In the First Party System, only Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party were significant political parties. Toward the end of the First Party System, the Republicans dominated a one-party system (primarily under the Presidency of James Monroe). Under the Second Party System, the Democratic-Republican Party split during the election of 1824 into Adams' Men and Jackson's Men. In 1828, the modern Democratic Party formed in support of Andrew Jackson. The National Republicans were formed in support of John Quincy Adams. After the National Republicans collapsed, the Whig Party and the Free Soil Party quickly formed and collapsed. In 1854, the modern Republican Party formed from a loose coalition of former Whigs, Free Soilers and other anti-slavery activists. Abraham Lincoln became the first Republican president in 1860.

title: Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)

text: An earlier party named "Nation Party" had existed from 1948 to 1953, when it was outlawed. The founders of the party, led by Osman Bölükbaşı, subsequently formed the Republican Nation Party ("Cumhuriyetçi Millet Partisi"), which next merged with the Peasants' Party of Turkey to form the Republican Villagers Nation Party ("Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi" – CKMP).

text: The 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries and caucuses will be a series of electoral contests taking place within all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories. Sanctioned by the Republican Party, these elections are designed to select the 2,472 delegates to send to the Republican National Convention, who will select the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2020 election. The delegates also approve the party platform and vice-presidential nominee.

title: Tennessee Republican Party

text: Republicans won a historic victory in Tennessee's 2008 elections, when the party won majorities in both houses of the Tennessee General Assembly for the first time since the Reconstruction Era election of 1868. Smith was unanimously re-elected at the end of 2008 to a full two-year term as chairman for calendar years 2009 and 2010. In April 2009, Smith announced her resignation in order to run for Congress in Tennessee's 3rd congressional district in the August 2010 Republican primary.The Tennessee Republican Party controls the governor's office and a majority in the Tennessee Senate and the Tennessee House of Representatives. Republicans hold both of the state's U.S. Senate seats and 7 of the state's 9 U.S. House seats.

title: National Republican Congressional Committee

text: The NRCC was formed in 1866, when the Republican caucuses of the House and Senate formed a "Congressional Committee". It supports the election of Republicans to the House through direct financial contributions to candidates and Republican Party organizations; technical and research assistance to Republican candidates and Party organizations; voter registration, education and turnout programs; and other Party-building activities. It is a registered 527 group.

title: Maine Republican Party

text:
The Maine Republican Party controls no statewide offices after the 2018 elections. It holds a minority in the Maine Senate and the Maine House of Representatives. It also holds one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, but neither of the state's U.S. House seats.
The Maine Republican Party caused a stir during its 2010 convention when the historically moderate party passed a constitutionally conservative platform supported by "Tea Party" activists. The new platform calls for the elimination of the United States Department of Education and the Federal Reserve System, the rejection of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (because it would give foreign entities control over U.S. citizens), a freeze and prohibition on stimulus spending, and the prosecution of perpetrators of the "global warming myth". It also demands a "return to the principles of Austrian Economics", and the assertion that healthcare is "not a right" but "a service" that can be addressed only by using "market based solutions". Indeed, the platform says, "The principles upon which the Republican Party was founded, to which we as Citizens seek return, and to which we demand our elected representatives abide, are summarized as follows:During the 2012 Maine caucuses, the Maine Republican Party received heavy criticism for mistakes and omissions in voter tallies. The Waldo County GOP Committee called for a censure of Chairman Charlie Webster for his handling of the controversy.

title: President of the United States

text: Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid–1790s, but political factions, from which organized parties evolved, began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the Federalist Party, while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic-Republican Party.[112]

title: Missouri Republican Party

text: The Missouri Republican Party is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in the U.S. state of Missouri. The party Chairman is Todd Graves, brother of Missouri congressman Sam Graves. Graves was unanimously elected to the position on January 7, 2017.Republicans hold four of the state's six statewide offices, a supermajority in the Missouri House of Representatives and a supermajority in the Missouri Senate. Republicans also hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats and six of its eight U.S. House of Representatives seats.

text: The 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries and caucuses were a series of electoral contests taking place within all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories, occurring between February 1 and June 7. Sanctioned by the Republican Party, these elections are designed to select the 2,472 delegates to send to the Republican National Convention, who selected the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, Donald Trump. The delegates also approved the party platform and vice-presidential nominee.

title: Grant administration scandals

text: The Liberal Republican movement lasted from 1870 to 1875 and at times it is difficult to distinguish between party members, both Democrat and Republican, who adopted all or parts of the Liberal Republican reform agenda. President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Amnesty Act of 1872, a Liberal Republican platform, that gave amnesty to former Confederates. Another instance occurred when the Democratic Party reluctantly and chaotically melded with the Liberal Republican Party in the presidential election of 1872, in support of the reformer, Horace Greeley. The height of the Liberal Republican era in the U.S. Congress was from the periods of 1873 to 1875 with 7 Liberal Republicans in the Senate and 4 Liberal Republicans in the House of Representatives.

title: Politics of Louisiana

text: In the 2008 elections, Louisiana sent a mixed result, with the election of U.S. Senator John McCain for President and the reelection of Democratic U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu. The other senator is Republican David Vitter. Republicans hold six of the seven U.S. Representative seats from Louisiana. By contrast, in 1960, not a single Republican served in either house of the Louisiana legislature. The first Republicans to serve in the legislature since Reconstruction were not elected until 1964, and both—Morley A. Hudson and Taylor W. O'Hearn—came from Shreveport. In 2010, several Democrats switched parties bringing the state house under Republican control. In 2011, the special election victories of Fred Mills and Jonathan Perry switched the balance of power in the state senate, leaving Republicans in control of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction. Also the party switch of Attorney General Buddy Caldwell caused the Republican party to control every statewide office. However, this was broken in 2015, when Democrat John Bel Edwards won the governor's race.

title: Socialist Republican Party (Bolivia)

text:
In 1943 after Gualberto Villarroel’s revolution, the Republican Socialist Party, the Genuine Republican Party, Liberal party and Revolutionary Left Party formed the opposition Antifascist Democratic Front.
On 10 November 1946, the Republican Socialist Party merged with the Genuine Republican Party, the United Socialist Party and Independent Socialist Party to form the new Republican Socialist Unity Party.

text: With the election of Ulysses S. Grant in 1868, the Radicals had control of Congress, the party and the army and attempted to build a solid Republican base in the South using the votes of Freedmen, Scalawags and Carpetbaggers,[9] supported directly by U.S. Army detachments. Republicans all across the South formed local clubs called Union Leagues that effectively mobilized the voters, discussed issues and when necessary fought off Ku Klux Klan (KKK) attacks. Thousands died on both sides.[12]

title: Political party strength in U.S. states

text: , Gallup polling found that 31% of Americans identified as Democrat, 24% identified as Republican, and 42% as Independent. Additionally, polling showed that 46% are either "Democrats or Democratic leaners" and 39% are either "Republicans or Republican leaners" when Independents are asked "do you lean more to the Democratic Party or the Republican Party?"

title: Ryukyu independence movement

text: In elections in late 1950, the Democratic League (then titled Republican Party) was defeated by the Okinawa Social Mass Party (OSMP), formed by Tokyo University graduates and schoolteachers from Okinawa who were against the U.S. military administration and advocated return to Japan. Media editorials in late 1950 and early 1951, under Senaga's control, criticized the OSMP (pro-reversion) and concluded that U.S. rule would be more prosperous than Japanese rule for Ryukyu. In February 1951, at the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly, the pro-U.S. conservative Republican Party spoke for independence, Okinawa Socialist Party for a U.S. trusteeship, while the OPP (previously pro-independence) and OSMP advocated for reversion to Japan, and in March the Assembly made a resolution for reversion.

title: Mack Mattingly

text: Mattingly first became active in politics in 1964 when he served as chairman of U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater's campaign for President in Georgia's 8th congressional district. Goldwater carried Georgia. Two years later, Mattingly would help Bo Callaway organize the Georgia Republican Party and joined his ticket as a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives against Congressman W. S. Stuckey, Jr. Mattingly lost the race but was elected a member of the Georgia Republican Party State Executive Committee and served as Vice Chairman from 1968 until 1975. He served as Chairman of the Georgia Republican Party from 1975 to 1977 when he began exploring a race for the U.S. Senate.

title: Nebraska Republican Party

text: The Nebraska Republican Party currently controls all six statewide offices, both of the state's U.S. Senate seats, and all three of the state's U.S. House seats. While the Nebraska state legislature is officially non-partisan, Republicans hold a supermajority in its chamber when taking into account legislators' political affiliations.

title: Tennessee Republican Party

text: Upon its entry into the Union in 1796 Tennessee was strongly Democratic-Republican. Tennessee became a two-party system for more than 20 years during the Jacksonian era. The Democratic Party was formed by Jackson followers and this party was dominant against the rival Whig Party led by Henry Clay. But in 1835, there was a turn in power of party and a Whig governor was elected. Tennessee after the Civil War was part of the Democratic South for about a century. East Tennessee however remained strongly Republican. Even though the state was predominantly Democratic two different presidential elections won the state of Tennessee in 1920 and 1928. In the 1960s and 1970s Republicans made a push into the Democratic power when in 1966, Howard Baker was elected US senator. Then again Republicans made another push, when Winfield Dunn was elected governor, the first Republican Governor in over 50 years.

title: Republican State Committee of Delaware

text: The modern era of the Republican Party of Delaware has largely consisted of the party trading off stretches of dominance with the opposing Democratic Party. Since World War II, the Republican party of Delaware has had its time of prominence and powerlessness. A great example of this is displayed in the form of the "Big Three" of Delaware politics during the mid-1900s. Two Republicans, John Williams and J. Caleb Boggs, compromised 2/3 of the "Big Three" in Delaware politics. Williams would end up serving in the U.S. Senate from 1946 to 1971 while Boggs won seven statewide elections consisting of governor, U.S. House of Representatives, and U.S. Senate from 1947 to 1973. While Boggs and Williams dominated the federal sector of politics in Delaware, the third member of the "Big Three", Elbert N. Carvel, controlled the state sector and served as governor on two separate terms. Even with two powerful political figures in office, Carvel and the Democratic party provided enough competition to eventually turn back control of the Federal sector over to the Democrats. The control for the state of Delaware remains a similar battle today, with one party gaining control only to lose it to its opposition. From 1949 to 2008, the Republican party has held the position of Governor for 29 years compared to the 30 years held by Democrats. Even more telling of this "time trading" is the governor position in recent years. Despite dominating the state Governor position from 1977 to 1993, the Republican Party has been unable to defeat its Democratic counterparts since then will all governor elections being won by Democrats since 1993. To this day, the Republican party remains gridlocked with the Democratic Party with neither side able to completely convert voters over to their side.

title: Republican Party of Louisiana

text: The state party believes that the government should enable citizens to attain jobs and a living wage. In times when the U.S. is suffering economically, the party supports the reduction of government spending.The Republican Party of Louisiana controls six of seven of the statewide constitutional offices and holds a majority in the Louisiana House of Representatives and in the Louisiana Senate. The party also holds both of the state's U.S. Senate seats and six of the seven U.S. House seats. The party membership is overwhelmingly white European American in ethnicity.

title: John Curtiss Underwood

text: When the Republican Party was being formed, Underwood became one of its first supporters in Virginia, and in 1856 he traveled to the party's convention in Philadelphia, where John C. Fremont was nominated for U.S. President. Underwood's vigorous campaign for Fremont, the Republican Party, and abolitionism led to his receiving death threats, so in 1857 he temporarily left Virginia for New York and wrote of his persecution in an account published in "The New York Times".

title: Ray Metcalfe

text: Metcalfe was twice elected to the Alaska House of Representatives as a Republican. He formed the Republican Moderate Party of Alaska in 1986, to oppose the religious right who he felt had invaded and taken over the Republican Party. Shortly after Metcalfe formed the RMP, the leaders of the Republican Party sued him for forming a group using the term "Republican" without their permission. Metcalfe won in Superior Court and the Republican Party did not appeal.

title: Democratic-Republican Party

text: The Democratic-Republican Party (formally the Republican Party) was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison around 1792 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton, who was Secretary of the Treasury and chief architect of George Washington's administration. From 1801 to 1825, the new party controlled the presidency and Congress as well as most states during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress and included many politicians who had been opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology, republicanism. They distrusted the Federalist tendency to centralize and loosely interpret the Constitution, believing these policies were signs of monarchism and anti-republican values. The party splintered in 1824, with the faction loyal to Andrew Jackson coalescing into the Jacksonian movement (which would soon acquire the name Democratic Party), the faction led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay forming the National Republican Party and some other groups going on to form the Anti-Masonic Party. The National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and other opponents of Andrew Jackson later formed themselves into the Whig Party.


query: Where are tornadoes most common in the world?

title: Tornado climatology

text: Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development.[1] The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley.[2] Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe, South Africa, Philippines, Bangladesh, parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern and southeast Brazil, northern Mexico, New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.[3][4]

title: Tornado climatology

text: Europe has about 300 tornadoes per year[24] – much more than estimated by Alfred Wegener in his classic book Wind- und Wasserhosen in Europa ("Tornadoes and Waterspouts in Europe"). They are most common in June–August, especially in the inlands – rarest in January–March. Strong and violent tornadoes (F3–F5) do occur, especially in some of the interior areas and in the south – but are not as common as in parts of the US. As in the US, tornadoes are far from evenly distributed. Europe has some small "tornado alleys" – probably because of frontal collisions as in the south and east of England,[25] but also because Europe is partitioned by mountain ranges like the Alps. Parts of Styria (Steiermark) in Austria may be such a tornado alley, and this county has had at least three F3 tornadoes since 1900.[26] F3 and perhaps one F4 tornado have occurred as far north as Finland.

title: Climate of Alabama

text: Tornadoes occur frequently in Alabama during the spring and fall months, these tornadoes can be devastating and even deadly.– these are common throughout the state, although the peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama, along with Kansas, has the most reported F5/EF5 tornadoes than any other state – according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to October 31, 2006. An F5 tornado is the most powerful of its kind. Several long – tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state except for Texas and Mississippi. The Super Outbreaks of April 1974 and April 2011 both badly affected Alabama. The northern part of the state – along the Tennessee Valley – is one of the areas in the US most vulnerable to violent tornadoes . The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season (November and December) along with the spring severe weather season.

title: 1998 Eastern tornado outbreak

text: Hardest hit areas from the June 2 tornado outbreak included Pennsylvania, which reported 22 tornadoes on June 2 (and a total of 45 tornadoes from May 31 to June 2), western Maryland, where 5 tornadoes occurred, and West Virginia, where some counties in the Potomac Highlands reported their first tornado in recent history. Tornadoes were also observed in New York, Virginia, Ohio, Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina. The most damaging tornado hit Carnegie, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, at 5:55 PM EDT. There, 50 injuries and $13 million in damage were reported. The deadliest tornado, an F3 on the Fujita Scale, hit near Meshoppen, Pennsylvania, in Wyoming County, around 10:30 PM EDT. This tornado caused 2 fatalities, 15 injuries and $2.2 million in damage. The most violent tornado hit Frostburg, Maryland, in Allegany County, at 9:43 PM EDT. 5 persons were injured, and $5 million in property damage was reported. It was the first F4 tornado to have hit the state of Maryland since the National Weather Service began keeping records in 1950. The Frostburg Tornado had moved southeast from Somerset County, Pennsylvania, where it was rated F3.

title: Tornadoes of 2011

text: On March 23, more tornadoes and severe weather developed with the most significant tornadoes touching down in East Tennessee where significant damage was reported. Near Greenback in Blount County, an EF3 tornado was confirmed with severe damage in the area. Another notable tornado touched down in southwestern Pennsylvania, most notably in Hempfield Township, Pennsylvania. It was rated EF2.

title: Tri-State Tornado

text: The Tri-State Tornado of Wednesday, March 18, 1925 was the deadliest tornado in United States history. It was also the most exceptional tornado during a major outbreak of at least 12 known significant tornadoes, spanning a large portion of the Midwestern and Southern United States. This one tornado alone inflicted 695 fatalities, more than twice as many as the second deadliest, the Great Natchez, Mississippi Tornado of May 7, 1840. The track left by the tornado was the longest ever recorded in the world as it crossed from southeastern Missouri, through southern Illinois, then into southwestern Indiana. Although not officially rated by NOAA, it is recognized by most experts (such as Tom Grazulis and Ted Fujita) as an F5 tornado, the maximum damage rating issued on the Fujita scale.

title: Hamilton, Ontario, tornado of 2005

text: Southern Ontario usually receives about a dozen tornadoes each year, with most of them occurring between May and September. April and October tornadoes are much less common, and tornadoes rarely occur outside of those time frames. This November 9 tornado was the latest one recorded in Ontario since an F2 tornado hit near Exeter on December 12, 1946. The only other tornado this late in the season occurred near Leamington on November 29, 1919.

title: List of tornadoes by province (Canada)

text: On average, around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in Southern Ontario, the southern Canadian Prairies and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the second country in the world with the most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are EF0 to EF2 (F0 to F2) in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated EF3 (F3) or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of 225 km/h (140 mph).

title: Gustnado

text:
A gustnado is a short-lived, shallow surface-based vortex which forms within the downburst emanating from a thunderstorm. The name is a portmanteau of "gust front tornado", as gustnadoes form due to non-tornadic straight-line wind features in the downdraft (outflow), specifically within the gust front of strong thunderstorms. Gustnadoes tend to be noticed when the vortices loft sufficient debris or form condensation cloud to be visible although it is the wind that makes the gustnado, similarly to tornadoes. As these eddies very rarely connect from the surface to the cloud base, they are very rarely considered as tornadoes. The gustnado has little in common with tornadoes structurally or dynamically in regard to vertical development, intensity, longevity, or formative process --as classic tornadoes are associated with mesocyclones within the inflow (updraft) of the storm, not the outflow.
The average gustnado lasts a few seconds to a few minutes, although there can be several generations and simultaneous swarms. Most have the winds of an EF-0 or EF-1 tornado (up to 110 mph or 177 km/h), and are commonly mistaken for tornadoes. However, unlike tornadoes, the rotating column of air in a gustnado "usually" does not extend all the way to the base of the thundercloud. Gustnadoes actually have more in common with whirlwinds. They are not considered true tornadoes (unless they connect the surface to the ambient cloud base) by most meteorologists and are not included in tornado statistics in most areas. Sometimes referred to as spin-up tornadoes, that term more correctly describes the rare tornadic gustnado that connects the surface to the ambient clouded base, or more commonly to the relatively brief but true tornadoes that are associated with a mesovortex.

title: Climate of the United States

text: Because of contrasting air masses, the Great Plains, the Midwest, and the southern United States have frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during both the spring and the summer. In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else in the world. They usually can touch down during the spring and the summer. The strip of land from north Texas north to Nebraska and east into Southern Michigan is known as Tornado Alley, where many houses have tornado shelters and where many towns have tornado sirens. Stretching across Mississippi and Alabama, Dixie Alley has experienced both tornadoes and violent thunderstorms, with peak tornado season coming on as early as February and waning by May. Florida also reports many tornadoes, but these rarely are very strong. The southern US has a second tornado season during the autumn. Generally, the area at greatest risk for tornadoes migrates northward from February to June, peaking in the Gulf States in February and March, the Ohio Valley and lower Midwest in April, southern and central Plains and central Midwest in May, and Northern Plains and upper Midwest (Dakotas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) in June.

title: Tornado climatology

text: Tornadoes are most common in spring and least common in winter.[6] The seasonal transition during autumn and spring promotes the development of extratropical cyclones and frontal systems that support strong convective storms. Tornadoes are also common in landfalling tropical cyclones, where they are focused in the right poleward section of the cyclone. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices, which persist until landfall.[7] However, favorable conditions for tornado development can occur any time of the year.

title: Panavia Tornado

text: As a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capable of undertaking more mission profiles than the anticipated strike mission; various operators replaced multiple aircraft types with the Tornado as a common type – the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicated electronic countermeasures (ECM) were phased out – either by standard Tornados or modified variants, such as the Tornado ECR. The most extensive modification from the base Tornado design was the Tornado ADV, which was stretched and armed with long range anti-aircraft missiles to serve in the interceptor role.

title: Tornado climatology

text: Tornadoes are common in many states but are most common to the west of the Appalachian Mountains and to the east of the Rockies. The Atlantic seaboard states – North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia – are also very vulnerable, as well as Florida. The areas most vulnerable to tornadoes are the Southern Plains and Florida, though most Florida tornadoes are relatively weak. The Southern United States is one of the worst-affected regions in terms of casualties.

title: Hurricane Rita tornado outbreak

text: As a result of Hurricane Rita, 101 tornadoes were confirmed over nearly a two-day period, though only 87 tornado reports were received by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). Most of the tornadoes occurred in Mississippi, where 55 tornadoes were confirmed. The strongest tornado throughout the outbreak was an F3 tornado which struck areas of southeastern Louisiana late on September 24, injuring three people. Despite the large number of tornadoes, only one death resulted, which occurred as a result of an F1 tornado in Mississippi on September 24. However, another F1 tornado near Starkville, Mississippi injured seven people on September 25 making it the tornado with the most injuries during the outbreak. The same tornado was also the costliest, causing $2 million in damages. Overall, tornadoes during the outbreak killed one person and injured 23, and caused $18.373 million in damages.

title: Tornado climatology

text: The reason for the peak period for tornado formation being in the spring has much to do with temperature patterns in the U.S. Tornadoes often form when cool, polar air traveling southeastward from the Rockies overrides warm, moist, unstable Gulf of Mexico air in the eastern states. Tornadoes therefore tend to be commonly found in front of a cold front, along with heavy rains, hail, and damaging winds. Since both warm and cold weather are common during the springtime, the conflict between these two air masses tends to be most common in the spring. As the weather warms across the country, the occurrence of tornadoes spreads northward. Tornadoes are also common in the summer and early fall because they can also be triggered by hurricanes, although the tornadoes caused by hurricanes are often much weaker and harder to spot. Winter is the least common time for tornadoes to occur, since hurricane activity is virtually non-existent at this time, and it is more difficult for warm, moist maritime tropical air to take over the frigid Arctic air from Canada, occurrences are found mostly in the Gulf states and Florida during winter (although there have been some notable exceptions). There is a second active tornado season of the year, late October to mid-November. Autumn, like spring, is a time of the year when warm weather alternates with cold weather frequently, especially in the Midwest, but the season is not as active as it is during the springtime and tornado frequencies are higher along the Atlantic Coastal plain as opposed to the Midwest. They usually appear in late summer.

title: Tornado climatology

text: Some people mistakenly believe that tornadoes only occur in the countryside. This is hardly the case. While it is true that the plains states are the most tornado-prone places in the nation, it should be noted that tornadoes have been reported in every U.S state, including Alaska and Hawaii. One likely reason tornadoes are so common in the central U.S is because this is where Arctic air, cold fronts that have not been "weakened" yet first collide with warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. As these fronts head further east, they sometimes lose their strength as they travel over more warm air. For this reason, tornadoes are not as common on the East Coast as they are in the Midwest. However, they have happened on rare occasion, such as the F3 twister that struck Limerick Township, Pennsylvania near Philadelphia on 27 July 1994,[17] the F2 twister that struck the northern suburbs of New York City on 12 July 2006,[18] the EF2 twister in the borough of Brooklyn on 8 August 2007, or the F4 twister that struck La Plata, Maryland on 28 April 2002.

title: List of 21st-century Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

text: On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in Southern Ontario, the southern Canadian Prairies and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the second country in the world with the most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of . Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation.

title: Tornado preparedness

text: Injuries sustained during a tornado vary in nature and in severity. The most common injuries experienced during a tornado are complex contaminated soft tissue wounds and account for more than 50% of the cases seen by emergency rooms following a tornado. These wounds will most likely be contaminated with soil and foreign bodies due to high wind speeds caused by tornadoes. Fractures are the second most common injury obtained after a tornado strikes and account for up to 30% of total injuries. Head injuries are also commonly reported during a tornado, but severe head injuries only account for less than 10% of the total. Even though only 10% of reported head injuries are severe, they are the most common cause of death following a tornado. Blunt trauma to the chest and abdomen are also injuries obtained following a tornado, but only account for less than 10% of overall injuries.

title: Selsey

text: Selsey's climate is classified as warm and temperate. Although Selsey is in one of the sunnier areas of the UK, there is rainfall throughout the year and even the driest month still has rain. Probably the most problematic climatic hazard is wind. The town is situated in an area where tornadoes and waterspouts are common. A tornado in 1986 damaged 200 houses and cut a swathe 70 metres wide. Another tornado in 1998 left an estimated £10m of destruction and damaged Patrick Moore's observatory.

title: René Schwall

text: René Schwall (born 29 January 1971) is a German sailor. He competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics. In the Tornado World Championships, which are organized by the International Sailing Federation, Schwall has won 3 gold medals, ranking him as a world champion during 1993, 1997, and 2000. He has also been awarded two silver and two bronze medals for other years in the Championships. He is currently ranked as the fourth most awarded Tornado medalist in open sailing. Schwall was born in the German town of Kiel, where the first Tornado World Championships were held since 1968, three years before his birth.

title: Climate of Texas

text: Thunderstorms are very common in Texas, especially the eastern and northern portion. Texas is part of the Tornado Alley section of the country. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the Union, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.[4] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April, May, and June.[17]

title: Tornado

text: Tornadoes are most common in spring and least common in winter, but tornadoes can occur any time of year that favorable conditions occur.[22] Spring and fall experience peaks of activity as those are the seasons when stronger winds, wind shear, and atmospheric instability are present.[78] Tornadoes are focused in the right front quadrant of landfalling tropical cyclones, which tend to occur in the late summer and autumn. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices, which persist until landfall.[79]

title: Tornado climatology

text: Tornadoes can form in any month, providing the conditions are favorable. For example, a freak tornado hit South St. Louis County Missouri on 31 December 2010, causing pockets of heavy damage to a modest area before dissipating. The temperature was unseasonably warm that day. They are least common during the winter and most common in spring. Since autumn and spring are transitional periods (warm to cool and vice versa) there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air, resulting in thunderstorms. Tornadoes in the late summer and fall can also be caused by hurricane landfall.

title: Supercell

text: The Tornado Alley is a region of the central United States where severe weather is common, particularly tornadoes. Supercell thunderstorms can affect this region at any time of the year, but they are most common in the spring. Tornado watches and warnings are frequently necessary in the spring and summer. Most places from the Great Plains to the East Coast of the United States and north as far as the Canadian Prairies, the Great Lakes region, and the St. Lawrence River will experience one or more supercells each year.

title: List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

text: This page lists tornadoes and tornado outbreaks which have touched down in Canada prior to the 21st century. On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in Southern Ontario, the southern Canadian Prairies and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the country with the second most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of . Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation.

title: Climate of Minnesota

text: Tornadoes are possible in Minnesota from March–November, but the peak tornado month is June, followed by July, May, and August. Tornadoes are most common in the southern half of the state, which is located on the northern edge of Tornado Alley. Just over a third of tornadoes in Minnesota strike between 4:00 pm and 6:00 pm. The state averages 27 tornadoes per year, 99% of which have ratings of F2 or weaker. On average Minnesota has an F5 tornado once every 25 years. Some of the notable Minnesota tornadoes and outbreaks are:

title: Tornadoes of 2006

text: The most severe tornadoes reported were two F4 tornadoes. They took place on March 12 in Monroe City, Missouri and on September 22 in Crosstown, Missouri. The deadliest single tornado was on April 2 in Newbern, Tennessee where 16 people were killed (out of 29 in the outbreak). The most destructive tornado outside the US was on November 7 in Saroma, Hokkaido, Japan, where nine people died.

title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Although favorable conditions for tornadoes in the United States can occur at any time, they are most common in spring and least common in winter. Because spring is a transitional period for the climate, there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air, resulting in more thunderstorms. Tornadoes can also be spawned by landfalling tropical cyclones, which usually occur in late summer and autumn. In the United States, thunderstorms capable of producing tornadoes usually form when the temperature is at its highest, typically from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.

title: Candlestick Park tornado

text: In the decades following the tornado, reassessments on the history of the storm have been made; most notably the Jackson, Mississippi branch of the National Weather Service and meteorologist Thomas P. Grazulis both indicate that there were two separate tornadoes. Based on reports from residents who experienced the tornado, a second one formed as the original dissipated, a common occurrence in cycling supercell thunderstorms. Though there is agreement on this feature, the results have not been implemented into the National Climatic Data Center's severe weather database, thus it is still officially considered one tornado. According to the study by Grazulis, the tornado dissipated over Leake County and a second tornado, estimated at F2 strength, touched down in Pickens County, Alabama. However, this leaves a gap in the track over Neshoba County where one person was killed.

title: World Wrestling Professionals

text: In highlights from the first season, Tornado became the 100% Heavyweight Champion on the second show and defended the championship for most of its run until being dethroned by the much larger competitor Goonga in the final episode. Tornado won a tournament where the winner would be awarded the WWP Heavyweight World Title, but seeing as he was already the champion he retained the championship. Sando Paji defeated Tornado to win the 100% Championship but refused to accept the title and it was awarded back to Tornado. Ananzi and Jason Steele were featured prominently on the show, with Steele winning a title contender's tournament that lasted several weeks and Ananzi winning a crucial ladder match against Angelico that awarded the winning team keys to a new vehicle. A controversial angle aired where one of the wrestlers competing on the Indian team died in the ring as a result of injuries inflicted by the Nigerian wrestler Kilimanjaro, which later led to an angle where the passed wrestler returned.


query: Who first identified metabolism?

title: History of biochemistry

text: One of the most prolific of these modern biochemists was Hans Krebs who made huge contributions to the study of metabolism.[27] Krebs was a student of extremely important Otto Warburg, and wrote a biography of Warburg by that title in which he presents Warburg as being educated to do for biological chemistry what Fischer did for organic chemistry. Which he did. Krebs discovered the urea cycle and later, working with Hans Kornberg, the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.[28][29][30] These discoveries led to Krebs being awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology in 1953,[31] which was shared with the German biochemist Fritz Albert Lipmann who also codiscovered the essential cofactor coenzyme A.

title: Suksin Lee

text: Lee maintained an interest in factors affecting glucose metabolism upon his return to Korea, where he continued his research with published studies of the Korean diet. Building upon work begun in 1928, he investigated the problem of identifying and quantifying the nutritional elements of the staple Korean diet and its effects on metabolism. He identified nutritional sources in these foods for the healthy development of Korean children and adults during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

title: Metabolic syndrome

text: The previous definitions of the metabolic syndrome by the International Diabetes Federation and the revised National Cholesterol Education Program are very similar and they identify individuals with a given set of symptoms as having metabolic syndrome. There are two differences, however: the IDF definition states that if body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30 kg/m, central obesity can be assumed, and waist circumference does not need to be measured. However, this potentially excludes any subject without increased waist circumference if BMI is less than 30. Conversely, the NCEP definition indicates that metabolic syndrome can be diagnosed based on other criteria. Also, the IDF uses geography-specific cut points for waist circumference, while NCEP uses only one set of cut points for waist circumference regardless of geography. These two definitions are much more similar than the original NCEP and WHO definitions.

title: Drug reaction testing

text: There are four possible categories for each marker: poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer, extensive metabolizer, or ultra-extensive metabolizer. Different testing companies may call these by different names. Extensive metabolizers (that is, people who are extensive metabolizers of a given type) are the most common, and are the type of people for which drugs are designed. Up to 7% of Caucasians are poor metabolizers of drugs metabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme.

title: Metabolic engineering

text: The first step in the process is to identify a desired goal to achieve through the improvement or modification of an organism's metabolism. Reference books and online databases are used to research reactions and metabolic pathways that are able to produce this product or result. These databases contain copious genomic and chemical information including pathways for metabolism and other cellular processes. Using this research, an organism is chosen that will be used to create the desired product or result. Considerations that are taken into account when making this decision are how close the organism's metabolic pathway is to the desired pathway, the maintenance costs associated with the organism, and how easy it is to modify the pathway of the organism. "Escherichia coli" ("E. coli") is widely used in metabolic engineering to synthesize a wide variety of products such as amino acids because it is relatively easy to maintain and modify. If the organism does not contain the complete pathway for the desired product or result, then genes that produce the missing enzymes must be incorporated into the organism.

title: Dmytro Melnychuk

text: The main direction of scientific activity of D.O. Melnychuk and his scientific school is to study the molecular mechanisms of regulation of metabolism in animals and humans and the search and development of methods of correction of their violations. Together with Acad. M.F. Gulyiv grounded biological role of carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions in the metabolism of macromolecules and of energy in heterotrophic organisms, determined a number of physical and chemical patterns of carbamate formation of proteins and the estimates of their role in the regulation of enzyme activity, discovered the molecular mechanisms of systems metabolic homeostasis in cells in violation of the acid-base balance of the body, identified specific proteins membrane of enterocytes of the small intestine of newborn animals involved in the formation of maternal immunity, analyzed role of phospholipids in the prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis, made a significant contribution to disclosure mechanisms of influence changes in bicarbonate concentration and CO2 in the blood on the intensity of the energy, mineral and nitrogen metabolism, discovered the molecular mechanisms of action hypercapnia and how to transfer the animals to the state of natural and artificial hibernation, also proved prospects of developed technique for veterinary and medical anesthetics, identified the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation disorders in diseases of animals and people such as: osteoporosis and osteomalacia, podagra, diabetes, caries, pre- and postnatal and postoperative complications (metabolic acidosis and ketosis), alcohol and ammonium toxicosis, heavy metal toxicosis, feed (food) acidosis in animals and humans, etc. For these research materials published about 700 scientific works, included over 10 monographs and textbooks.

title: Abiogenesis

text: Metabolism-like reactions could have occurred naturally in early oceans, before the first organisms evolved. Metabolism may predate the origin of life, which may have evolved from the chemical conditions in the earliest oceans. Reconstructions in laboratories show that some of these reactions can produce RNA, and some others resemble two essential reaction cascades of metabolism: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, that provide essential precursors for nucleic acids, amino acids and lipids. A study at the University of Düsseldorf created phylogenic trees based upon 6 million genes from bacteria and archaea, and identified 355 protein families that were probably present in the LUCA. They were based upon an anaerobic metabolism fixing carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It suggests that the LUCA evolved in an environment rich in hydrogen, carbon dioxide and iron. Following are some observed discoveries and related hypotheses.

title: Glycogen storage disease type II

text: Glycogen storage disease type II, also called Pompe disease, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder which damages muscle and nerve cells throughout the body. It is caused by an accumulation of glycogen in the lysosome due to deficiency of the lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme. It is the only glycogen storage disease with a defect in lysosomal metabolism, and the first glycogen storage disease to be identified, in 1932 by the Dutch pathologist J. C. Pompe.

title: Normal weight obesity

text:
The term "metabolically obese normal weight" (MONW) refers to people with normal weight and body mass index (BMI), who display some metabolic characteristics which increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the same way as obesity. People with MONW have excess visceral fat, and are predisposed to hyperinsulinemia, insulin-resistance and thus predisposition to type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and premature coronary heart disease orcardiovascular disease.
The BMI does not capture information about percentage body fat (PBF), which is a better predictor of risk due to obesity.
Some studies have suggested that the main factor which explains the metabolic abnormalities in MONW individuals is fat distribution. On the basis of these studies, a scoring method has been proposed to identify MONW individuals, based on the presence of associated diseases or biochemical abnormalities related to insulin resistance.

title: Cetirizine

text: Cetirizine does not undergo extensive metabolism. It is notably not metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system. Because of this, it does not interact significantly with drugs that inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 enzymes such as theophylline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, cimetidine, or alcohol. While cetirizine does not undergo extensive metabolism or metabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzyme, it does undergo some metabolism by other means, the metabolic pathways of which include oxidation and conjugation. Plasma radioactivity attributed to unchanged cetirizine is more than 90% at 2 hours, 80% at 10 hours, and 70% at 24 hours, indicating limited and slow metabolism. The enzymes responsible for transformation of cetirizine have not been identified.

title: Pharmacometabolomics

text: Pharmacometabolomics may be used in a predictive manner to determine the correct course of action in regards to a patient about to undergo some type of drug treatment. This involves determining the metabolic profile of a patient prior to treatment, and correlating metabolic signatures with the outcome of a pharmaceutical treatment course. Analysis of a patient’s metabolic profile can reveal factors that may contribute to altered drug metabolism, allowing for predictions of the overall efficacy of a proposed treatment, as well as potential drug toxicity risks that may differ from the general population. This approach has been used to identify novel or previously characterized metabolic biomarkers in patients, which can be used to predict the expected outcome of that patient following treatment with a pharmaceutical compound. One example of the clinical application of pharmacometabolomics are studies that looked to identify a predictive metabolic marker for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD)., In a study with antidepressant Sertraline, the Pharmacometabolomics Network illustrated that metabolic profile at baseline of patients with major depression can inform about treatment outcomes. In addition the study illustrated the power of metabolomics for defining response to placebo and compared response to placebo to response to sertraline and showed that several pathways were common to both. In another study with escitalopram citalopram, metabolomic analysis of plasma from patients with MDD revealed that variations in glycine metabolism were negatively associated with patient outcome upon treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), an important drug class involved in the treatment of this disease.

title: Jens Nielsen

text: Using his systems biology toolbox developed for microorganisms, Jens Nielsen initiated work on human metabolism. In connection with this he developed a comprehensive genome-scale metabolic model for human cells and he was the first to use a human GEM to illustrate the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer metabolism. His work on human metabolism has involved studies of different diseases such as obesity, NAFLD and NASH, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Jens Nielsen further used human GEMs to identify that combined measurements of several glycosaminoglycans can be used as a very strong biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma, probably the first systems biomarker.

title: Four Inns Walk

text: An MRC (Medical Research Council) respiration and metabolism project, devised to identify the metabolic and biochemical basis for this tragedy, was performed during the 1965 event, with young volunteers.

title: Biomarkers of diabetes

text:
Irisin, a newly identified hormone, was first reported by Bostromet al. in 2012, is a novel myokine which plays an important role in the homeostasis , metabolism and energy balance. Irisin is reported to be involved in insulin resistance in both humans and animal models. Circulating irisin levels progressively decrease with the worsening of the glucose tolerance.
A recent study conducted a comparative cross-sectional evaluation of baseline circulating levels of the novel hormone Irisin and the established adipokine adiponectin with metabolic syndrome, cardio-metabolic variables and cardiovascular disease risk, and they found out that the baseline irisin levels were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome than in subjects without metabolic syndrome.

title: Systemic primary carnitine deficiency

text: In countries with expanded newborn screening, SPCD can be identified shortly after birth. Affected infants show low levels of free carnitine and all other acylcarnitine species by tandem mass spectrometry. Not all infants with low free carnitine are affected with SPCD. Some may have carnitine deficiency secondary to another metabolic condition or due to maternal carnitine deficiency. Proper follow-up of newborn screening results for low free carnitine includes studies of the mother to determine whether her carnitine deficiency is due to SPCD or secondary to a metabolic disease or diet. Maternal cases of SPCD have been identified at a higher than expected rate, often in women who are asymptomatic. Some mothers have also been identified through newborn screening with cardiomyopathy that had not been previously diagnosed. The identification and treatment of these asymptomatic individuals is still developing, as it is not clear whether they require the same levels of intervention as patients identified with SPCD early in life based on clinical presentation.

title: Overflow metabolism

text: As an alternative explanation, it was suggested that cells could be limited by the rate with which they can dissipate Gibbs energy to the environment. Using combined thermodynamic and stoichiometric metabolic models in flux balance analyses with (i) growth maximization as objective function and (ii) an identified limit in the cellular Gibbs energy dissipation rate, correct predictions of physiological parameters, intracellular metabolic fluxes and metabolite concentrations were achieved.

title: Utpal Banerjee

text: Banerjee and his researchers are also interested in the study of metabolic control in cancer pathways. In the past, his lab has identified components of signal transduction pathways that participate in oncogenesis. In addition, they have examined the role of the mitochondrion in controlling cell cycle, particularly that when cells become transformed they choose alternate means of metabolism (a phenomenon referred to as the Warburg effect). Also of interest to Banerjee and his team is studying the effect of signal transduction pathways on the control of cellular metabolism and the proper balance between cellular growth and metabolism that goes awry in cancer.

title: Metabolic syndrome

text:
The clinical value of using "metabolic syndrome" as a diagnosis has previously been debated due to different sets of conflicting and incomplete diagnostic criteria. These concerns have led the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes to issue a joint statement identifying eight major concerns on the clinical utility of the metabolic syndrome diagnosis.
The principal argument has been that when confounding factors such as obesity are accounted for, diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome has a negligible association with the risk of heart disease.
Naturally, since the metabolic syndrome is a disorder of energy distribution and storage, fat accumulation explains for a significant proportion of cardiovascular risk. However, obesity without metabolic syndrome does not confer a significant cardiovascular risk, whereas metabolic syndrome without obesity is associated with a significant risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This association of metabolic syndrome with diabetes can be illustrated by generalized lipodystrophy (near complete absence of adipose tissue). The animals and humans with generalized lipodystrophy develop signs of metabolic syndrome in the absence of adipose tissue; and the metabolic syndrome progresses to type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue transplantation in transgenic mice with lipodystrophy can cure the type 2 diabetes.

title: Metabolic network modelling

text: In 2009, Larhlimi and Bockmayr presented a new approach called "minimal metabolic behaviors" for the analysis of metabolic networks. Like elementary modes or extreme pathways, these are uniquely determined by the network, and yield a complete description of the flux cone. However, the new description is much more compact. In contrast with elementary modes and extreme pathways, which use an inner description based on generating vectors of the flux cone, MMBs are using an outer description of the flux cone. This approach is based on sets of non-negativity constraints. These can be identified with irreversible reactions, and thus have a direct biochemical interpretation. One can characterize a metabolic network by MMBs and the reversible metabolic space.

title: Chaetomium cupreum

text: The metabolism of "C. cupreum" is complex. In an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) study conducted by Zhang and Yang in 2007 "C. cupreum" demonstrated a diverse expression of genes related to metabolic pathways. In their study the most represented metabolic pathway was glycolysis demonstrating its importance in mycelia cell metabolism. The second most represented category was porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, the fungi cannot produce chlorophyll but they have a heme biosynthetic pathway. Genes encoding coproporphyrinogen oxidase, an essential enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway were found as well as genes associated with the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle also has a role in its energy metabolism with 18% of metabolic genes relating to TCA cycle function. Saccharide metabolism associated genes were also found for the metabolism of: galactose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, starch, nucleotide sugars, amino sugars, as well as glycoprotein and peptide-protein biosynthesis. Many genes have been identified in this species that support protein biosynthesis and proteolytic systems including: glutamate, methionine and tryptophan metabolism; phenylalanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. Proteases produced by "C. cupreum" are involved in pathogen cell wall breakdown and contribute to its biocontrol activity. Biotechnological interest in "C. cupreum" is related to its production of cellulase and laccase. "C. cupreum" is able to degradae catechin.

title: Essential gene

text: Metabolic modelling. Essential genes may be also predicted in completely sequenced genomes by metabolic reconstruction, that is, by reconstructing the complete metabolism from the gene content and then identifying those genes and pathways that have been found to be essential in other species. However, this method can be compromised by proteins of unknown function. In addition, many organisms have backup or alternative pathways which have to be taken into account (see figure 1). Metabolic modeling was also used by Basler (2015) to develop a method to predict essential metabolic genes. Flux balance analysis, a method of metabolic modeling, has recently been used to predict essential genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma metabolism.

title: Public health genomics

text: Most of the conditions identified in newborn screening are metabolic disorders that either involve i) lacking an enzyme or the ability to metabolize (or breakdown) a particular component of the diet, like phenylketonuria, ii) abnormality of some component of the blood, especially the hemoglobin protein, or iii) alteration of some component of the endocrine system, especially the thyroid gland. Many of these disorders, once identified, can be treated before more severe symptoms, such as mental retardation or stunted growth, set in.

title: Metabolism

text: Classically, metabolism is studied by a reductionist approach that focuses on a single metabolic pathway. Particularly valuable is the use of radioactive tracers at the whole-organism, tissue and cellular levels, which define the paths from precursors to final products by identifying radioactively labelled intermediates and products. The enzymes that catalyze these chemical reactions can then be purified and their kinetics and responses to inhibitors investigated. A parallel approach is to identify the small molecules in a cell or tissue; the complete set of these molecules is called the metabolome. Overall, these studies give a good view of the structure and function of simple metabolic pathways, but are inadequate when applied to more complex systems such as the metabolism of a complete cell.

title: Metascreen

text: The urine specimen of newborns should ideally be collected at 48 hours after birth (or within the first 7 days of birth) and after the newborn had at least a first feed to enable early detection and treatment of any identified metabolic disorder. Most babies will test negative for metabolic disorders, however if the newborn’s test shows an abnormal result, Cordlife will immediately contact the attending physician (for example, the Paediatrician), who will then provide instructions on what to do next.

title: Persistent vegetative state

text: Also, there is evidence of partially functional cerebral regions in catastrophically injured brains. To study five patients in PVS with different behavioral features, researchers employed PET, MRI and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses to sensory stimulation. In three of the five patients, co-registered PET/MRI correlate areas of relatively preserved brain metabolism with isolated fragments of behavior. Two patients had suffered anoxic injuries and demonstrated marked decreases in overall cerebral metabolism to 30–40% of normal. Two other patients with non-anoxic, multifocal brain injuries demonstrated several isolated brain regions with higher metabolic rates, that ranged up to 50–80% of normal. Nevertheless, their global metabolic rates remained <50% of normal. MEG recordings from three PVS patients provide clear evidence for the absence, abnormality or reduction of evoked responses. Despite major abnormalities, however, these data also provide evidence for localized residual activity at the cortical level. Each patient partially preserved restricted sensory representations, as evidenced by slow evoked magnetic fields and gamma band activity. In two patients, these activations correlate with isolated behavioral patterns and metabolic activity. Remaining active regions identified in the three PVS patients with behavioral fragments appear to consist of segregated corticothalamic networks that retain connectivity and partial functional integrity. A single patient who suffered severe injury to the tegmental mesencephalon and paramedian thalamus showed widely preserved cortical metabolism, and a global average metabolic rate of 65% of normal. The relatively high preservation of cortical metabolism in this patient defines the first functional correlate of clinical– pathological reports associating permanent unconsciousness with structural damage to these regions. The specific patterns of preserved metabolic activity identified in these patients reflect novel evidence of the modular nature of individual functional networks that underlie conscious brain function. The variations in cerebral metabolism in chronic PVS patients indicate that some cerebral regions can retain partial function in catastrophically injured brains (Schiff et al., 2002).

title: CYP2C19

text: Genetic polymorphism (mainly CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and CYP2C19*17) exists for CYP2C19 expression, with approximately 3–5% of European and 15–20% of Asian populations being poor metabolizers with no CYP2C19 function. This may reduce the efficacy of clopidogrel (Plavix). The basis for this reduced effect of clopidogrel in patients who have a gene of reduced activity may seem somewhat paradoxical, but can be understood as follows. Clopidogrel is administered as a “prodrug;” that is, a drug that is inactive when taken, and then depends on the action of an enzyme in the body in order to be activated. In patients who have a gene of reduced activity, clopidogrel may not be metabolized to its active form and therefore not achieve pharmacological effect in the body. In patients with an abnormal CYP2C19 variant certain benzodiazepines should be avoided, such as diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), oxazepam (Serax), and temazepam (Restoril). On the basis of their ability to metabolize (S)-mephenytoin or other CYP2C19 substrates, individuals can be classified as extensive metabolizers (EM) or poor metabolizers (PM). Eight variant alleles (CYP2C19*2 to CYP2C19*8) that predict PMs have been identified.

title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone

text: α-PVT was first identified in Japan in 2013. Its metabolism has been described in literature.

title: Disorders of consciousness

text: Metabolic studies are useful, but they are not able identify neural activity within a specific region to specific cognitive processes. Functionality can only be identified at the most general level: Metabolism in cortical and subcortical regions that may contribute to cognitive processes.

title: Metabolomic Pathway Analysis

text: As noted above MetPA performs two types of pathway analysis: 1) Pathway (or Metabolite Set) Enrichment Analysis; and 2) Pathway Topological Analysis. Pathway Enrichment Analysis (which is similar to MSEA) identifies which metabolic pathways have compounds (from the input lists) that are over-represented and have significant perturbations to their concentrations. MetPA uses a number of robust statistical measures to identify which pathways and which metabolites are over-represented. Pathway Topological Analysis measures the centrality of a metabolite in a metabolic network or a metabolic pathway. Central or highly important metabolites are “hubs”, located in the center of a metabolic pathway or process. MetPA employs a number of topological assessment tools to measure centrality or “hubness” in an objective manner (called Pathway Impact). Pathway impact is a combination of the centrality and pathway enrichment results. It is calculated adding up the importance measures of each of the matched metabolites and then dividing by the sum of the importance measures of all metabolites in each pathway.

title: Metabolic disorder

text: Metabolic disorders can be present at birth, and many can be identified by routine screening. If a metabolic disorder is not identified early, then it may be diagnosed later in life, when symptoms appear. Specific blood and DNA tests can be done to diagnose genetic metabolic disorders.

title: GCSH

text: Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency in the glycine cleavage system (GCS). Enzymatic analysis has identified three metabolic lesions in NKH, deficiencies of P-, T-, and H-proteins. The first mutation identified in NKH was in the P-protein gene. Subsequently, some patients were found to have mutations in the T-protein gene. The structure, polymorphism, and expression of GCSH could facilitate the molecular analysis of patients with variant forms of NKH that are caused by H-protein deficiency.


query: Is The Last House on the Left a remake?

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: The Last House on the Left is a 2009 American horror-thriller film directed by Dennis Iliadis and written by Carl Ellsworth and Adam Alleca. It is a remake of the 1972 film of the same name, and stars Tony Goldwyn, Monica Potter, Garret Dillahunt, Spencer Treat Clark, Martha MacIsaac, and Sara Paxton. The film follows the parents (Goldwyn and Potter) of Mari Collingwood (Paxton), who attempt to get revenge on a group of strangers, led by a man named Krug (Dillahunt), that have taken shelter at their home during a thunderstorm.

title: Patricia Remak

text: Remak studied tax law at Leiden University. Before she became an MP, she was a ward alderman in the ward Amsterdam south east. Her portfolio contained welfare, sport and finances. In the House of Representatives, her portfolio included finances (taxes), development aid and state expenditure. When she left the House of Representatives, Remak joined the VVD group in the States-Provincial of the province of North Holland in 2003. In June 2005 she left the VVD group, after major political differences' and continued as an independent member of the States-Provincial.

title: Mari Collingwood

text: Mari Collingwood is a fictional character and the primary protagonist of the "The Last House on the Left" series of films. Created by the writer and director Wes Craven, she is portrayed by Sandra Peabody in the 1972 original film and by Sara Paxton in the 2009 remake of the same name. Making her debut appearance in "The Last House on the Left" (1972), Mari serves as the heroine; predating the characters of Nancy Thompson and Sidney Prescott who served as the protagonists of Craven's landmark series "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (1984-1987) and "Scream" (1996-2011), respectively. The 2009 incarnation of the character has been observed by some scholars to follow the "final girl" archetype, contrasting with her original depiction. Outside of film, Mari has appeared in merchandise based on the original film.

title: Monica Potter

text: In 2004, Potter played the role of Alison Gordon in the first "Saw" film. Later Potter worked on television. She was a cast member of the ABC legal drama "Boston Legal" but left during the second season. In 2009, Potter became a cast member of the new TNT series "Trust Me" which was cancelled after the first season due to low ratings. In 2009, she had a lead role in the horror-thriller remake of Wes Craven's "The Last House on the Left", opposite Tony Goldwyn.

title: Sara Paxton

text: Paxton starred in the remake of "The Last House on the Left", playing the lead female character, Mari. The film opened March 13, 2009.

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: Based on 149 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, The Last House on the Left has an overall 42% approval rating from critics and an average score of 4.9 out of 10. The consensus reads: "Excessive and gory, this remake lacks the intellectual punch of the 1972 original."[20] By comparison, on Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 42 based on 27 reviews.[21] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was "B" on an A+ to F scale,[22] with exit polling showing that 57% of the audience was female, 60% was under 25, and with Hispanics and Caucasians making up 36% and 35%, respectively.[16]

title: Dorothy Malone

text: Malone was in "One Sunday Afternoon" (1948) with Morgan and Janis Paige for director Raoul Walsh; this was a remake of "The Strawberry Blonde" (1941), with Malone playing the part played by Olivia de Havilland in the original. She was billed third in "Flaxy Martin" (1949) with Virginia Mayo and Zachary Scott then played a good girl in a Western with Joel McCrea, "South of St Louis" (1949). She and McCrea were re-teamed in "Colorado Territory" (1949), a remake of "High Sierra" (1941), also for Walsh; her last film before she left the studio.

title: The Last House on the Beach

text: The American title refers to Wes Craven's "The Last House on the Left", and Alexandra Heller-Nicholas stated how "combining the nunsploitation subgenre with rape-revenge, the film deviates plot-wise from "The Last House on the Left" substantially, but arrives at a similar ethical conclusion".

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: In August 2006, Rogue Pictures finalized a deal to remake The Last House on the Left with original writer and director Wes Craven as a producer. The company intended to preserve the storyline of the original film.[3] In September 2006, it was announced that Craven had formed a production company, Midnight Pictures, under the umbrella of Rogue Pictures, and the remake for The Last House on the Left was selected as the company's first project.[4] One of the reasons Craven agreed to remake The Last House on the Left was because of the money involved. In 1972, he did not have the budget to film every piece of the story he wanted to tell. With the 2009 remake, a larger budget allowed the filmmakers to pace themselves more during filming, taking more care while shooting, and expand the scope of the story more. One of the ways to accomplish this was for the producers to find a "rising young director to bring a new perspective for the story". According to the producers, who were impressed with Hardcore—which explored the world of teenage prostitution—director Dennis Iliadis was the person they were looking for. Co-producer Cody Zwieg stated, "Hardcore wasn't a genre or a horror film but showed completely believable characters in horrific, realistic situations. Many directors could handle the surface elements, the blood and shock moments of Last House, but Dennis proved that he could do it all without exploiting his characters and their situations." According to Iliadis, the director was quick to accept the responsibility of remaking The Last House on the Left, having already been a fan of Craven's and seen all of his films.[5]

title: The House on the Edge of the Park

text: The House on the Edge of the Park () is a 1980 English-language Italian exploitation horror film written by Gianfranco Clerici and Vincenzo Mannino, and directed by Ruggero Deodato. It stars David A. Hess and Giovanni Lombardo Radice as two criminals who infiltrate a posh gathering in a villa and violently turn against the partygoers after they mock them. The film is a loose remake of "Last House on the Left" (1972), in which Hess also starred.

title: Martha MacIsaac

text: She has appeared in several plays including the 2006 play "The Wild Duck" in which she played Hedwig and was nominated for a Dora Mavor Moore Award for "Outstanding Performance by a Female in a Principal Role - Play". In 2009, she played Paige in a remake of the Wes Craven film "The Last House on the Left". She also performed in three consecutive productions of Soulpepper Theatre Company's "Our Town" as Emily, beginning in 2006.

title: The Last House on the Left (2009 film)

text: The film rights were picked up by Rogue Pictures in 2006, with the remake being the first film produced by Wes Craven's new production studio Midnight Pictures. Craven, who wrote and directed the 1972 original, was interested to see what kind of film could be produced on a large budget, as the limited funds in 1972 forced him to eliminate scenes he had wanted to film to tell a complete story. Alleca's original script included elements of the supernatural, which prompted the studio to reject it and bring in Ellsworth to perform a rewrite. One of the elements director Iliadis wanted to avoid with this film, given its graphic nature, was turning it into torture porn — a subgenre of horror popularized by the Saw franchise. For Craven and Iliadis, The Last House on the Left primarily illustrates how even the most normal of families can be driven to evil acts if pushed too far.

title: The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street

text: A 2003 remake of the episode was produced for the 2002 revival of "The Twilight Zone," but it was renamed "The Monsters Are "On" Maple Street". It starred Andrew McCarthy as Will Marshall and Titus Welliver as Dylan. The difference between the two is that the remake is more about the fear of terrorism. When the power surge happens in the remake, it is caused, not by aliens, but instead by the government, specifically the United States Army, experimenting on how small towns react to the fear of terrorism. In the end, the neighborhood takes out its anger and frustration on a family who never left their house after the power surge occurred, thinking that they caused it since they still have power.

title: Chaos (2005 Dominion film)

text: Chaos is a 2005 American horror film about the rape and murder of two adolescent girls. It is an unofficial remake of Wes Craven's "The Last House on the Left", with all character names changed and a different ending. It stars Kevin Gage and was written and directed by David DeFalco. The film received widespread negative reviews.

title: The Old Dark House (1963 film)

text: Tom stumbles upon the fact that the killer is a woman, and he suspects Morgana, but discovers that Cecily is guilty just before she confesses, explaining that she wanted the entire family estate. Cecily runs from the house, and Tom discovers that she has placed time bombs in all of the clocks in the house. Racing against time, he frantically defuses each of the bombs. With moments to spare, he hurls the last bomb out of the window, and it explodes at Cecily's feet.The remake has not been as well received by modern critics as the original film. Craig Butler of the film database Allmovie wrote of the 1963 film, that "When compared with the James Whale original upon which it is based, this remake of "The Old Dark House" is pretty sorry stuff." "Halliwell's Film and Video Guide 2000" describes this film as "a travesty which has nothing to do with the 1932 film and possesses no merit of its own. The cast is left floundering". "The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films" called it "one of the oddest pictures [Hammer Film Productions] ever made", but "strangely endearing."

title: Pixel Force: Left 4 Dead

text: "Pixel Force: Left 4 Dead" is a fan-made version of "Left 4 Dead" by independent video game designer Eric Ruth. It was his first attempt at creating an 8-bit styled remake of a previously existing title. The idea of making an 8-bit remake of "Left 4 Dead" originally took form when he suggested to his friend "wouldn't it be cool if I re-made Left 4 Dead..but like, as an NES style game?", which his friend with a straightforward "Hell yeah!" While developing another game called "Mean Kathleen", he began working on sprites for the four survivors and special infected from "Left 4 Dead" for fun. They turned out well enough, so he decided to expand the sprites more. He noted the composition of the music as the most difficult part of the game's development, due to how Valve's "Left 4 Dead" was designed to have music that is difficult to remake with only four channels of sound. In the end, he was able to accomplish this. Due to the limitations that go along with an 8-bit game, the Survivor and Versus modes from the original "Left 4 Dead" were cut, along with some of the weapons. It was released on January 4, 2010. "Pixel Force: Left 4 Dead" started a series of fan-made retro game remakes of newer games under the "Pixel Force" label; since its release, Ruth has released two more games: "" and "".

title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)

text: On January 29, 2008, "Variety" reported that Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes production company would be rebooting the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise with a remake of the original 1984 film. To provide a freshness to the character, producer Brad Fuller explained that they were abandoning the things that made the character less scary—Freddy would not be "cracking jokes" as had become a staple of his character in later sequels—and focus more on trying to craft a "horrifying movie". There was not agreement among the original crew as to whether it would be a good idea to remake the film. Craven expressed his displeasure, primarily because the filmmakers chose not to have him as a consultant to the film, unlike with the 2009 remake "The Last House on the Left" where he "shepherd[ed] it towards production". In contrast, Robert Englund felt it was time for "A Nightmare on Elm Street" to be remade. Englund liked the idea of being able to "exploit the dreamscape" with CGI and other technologies that did not exist when Craven was making the original "Nightmare on Elm Street" in 1984.

title: A Bay of Blood

text: In the United States, it was originally to be released as "Carnage", but then retitled "Twitch of the Death Nerve". It is also known as simply "Bay of Blood", "Last House on the Left – Part II" (or "Last House – Part II") and "New House on the Left".

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: In the 1980s, Vestron Pictures hired Danny Steinmann to write and direct a sequel, though the film fell apart in pre-production due to rights issues.[76][77] Mario Bava's film Twitch of the Death Nerve was also released under the titles Last House on the Left – Part II, Last House – Part II and New House on the Left.[78]

title: Splatter film

text: By 2009, the box office draw of torture porn films had mostly been replaced in the U.S. by the profitable trend of remaking or rebooting earlier horror films from decades past with the modernization of films such as "Dawn of the Dead" (2004), "The Amityville Horror" (2005), "House of Wax" (2005), "Black Christmas" (2006), "Halloween" (2007), "My Bloody Valentine 3D" (2009), "Friday the 13th" (2009), "The Wolfman" (2010), "The Crazies" (2010), and "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (2010). A number of these remakes, such as "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (2003), "The Hills Have Eyes" (2006) (and its sequel in 2007), "Funny Games" (2008), "The Last House on the Left" (2009), and "I Spit on Your Grave" (2010) were referred to as "torture porn" in press reviews.

title: Horror film

text: Remakes of earlier horror movies became routine in the 2000s. In addition to the remake of Dawn of the Dead (2004), as well as the remake of both Herschell Gordon Lewis' cult classic, 2001 Maniacs (2003), and the remake of Tobe Hooper's classic, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), there was also the 2007 Rob Zombie-written and -directed remake of John Carpenter's Halloween.[64] The film focused more on Michael's backstory than the original did, devoting the first half of the film to Michael's childhood. It was critically panned by most,[65][66] but was a success in its theatrical run, spurring its own sequel. This film helped to start a "reimagining" riot in horror filmmakers. Among the many remakes or "reimaginings" of other popular horror films and franchises are films such as Thirteen Ghosts (2001), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), The Hills Have Eyes (2006), Friday the 13th (2009),[67] Children of the Corn (2009),[68] Halloween (2007), Prom Night (2008), The Omen (2006), Carrie (2002), The Wicker Man (2006), Day of the Dead (2008), Night of the Demons (2009), My Bloody Valentine (2009), Willard (2003), Black Christmas (2006), The Amityville Horror (2005), April Fool's Day (2008), The Fog (2005), The Hitcher (2007), It's Alive (2009), When a Stranger Calls (2006), and The Last House on the Left (2009).

title: Riki Lindhome

text: In 2008, Lindhome had a minor role in the film "Changeling", playing an examination nurse. She continued to guest star on several popular television series including "The Big Bang Theory", "Criminal Minds", and "Pushing Daisies". In 2009, she starred in the feature film remake of the Wes Craven classic "The Last House on the Left".

title: Taken by Trees

text: In November 2009, a cover version of Guns N' Roses hit "Sweet Child o' Mine" was used in the John Lewis Christmas advert. It was announced that the version would be released as their next UK single. It was also used in the promotional trailers for the 2009 remake of The Last House on the Left. The song was also used in the final scene for the 2010 film "Life as We Know It".

title: Wes Craven

text: Craven frequently collaborated with Sean S. Cunningham. In Craven's debut feature, "The Last House on the Left", Cunningham served as producer. They pooled all of their resources and came up with $90,000. Later, in Craven's best-known film, "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (1984), Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes, although he was not credited. Their characters, Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees, appeared together in the slasher film "Freddy vs. Jason" (2003) with Cunningham acting as producer, while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as "Character Creator". Later, in "The Last House on the Left" remake (2009), Cunningham and Craven share production credits.

title: The Last House on the Left (1972 film)

text: In August 2006, Rogue Pictures finalized a deal to remake The Last House on the Left with original writer and director Wes Craven as a producer. The company intended to preserve the storyline of the original film. Craven described his involvement with the remake: "I'm far enough removed from these films that the remakes are a little like having grandchildren. The story, about the painful side effects of revenge, is an evergreen. The headlines are full of people and nations taking revenge and getting caught up in endless cycles of violence."[79] Craven formed Midnight Pictures, a shingle of Rogue, to remake The Last House on the Left as its first project. Production was slated for early 2007.[80] Screenwriter Adam Alleca was hired to write the script for the remake.

title: The People Under the Stairs

text: Craven at one point said he would like to remake the film along with "The Last House on the Left" and "Shocker". However, after the release of the 2009 remake of "The Last House on the Left", news of a remake fell dormant until 2015, when it was announced (shortly before Craven's death) that the director was developing a "People Under the Stairs" TV series for the SyFy Channel.

title: Monica Potter

text: Monica Potter (born Monica Gregg Brokaw; June 30, 1971) is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles in the films "Con Air" (1997), "Patch Adams" (1998), and "Along Came a Spider" (2001). She also appeared in the horror films "Saw" (2004) and the 2009 remake of "The Last House on the Left".

title: Chaos (2005 Dominion film)

text: The sole positive review for both Rotten Tomatoes' and Metacritic's listings came from Ken Fox of "TV Guide"s Movie Guide, who gave it 2½ out of 4 stars and said, "Unlike so many other "Last House on the Left" rip-offs, this virtual remake is reasonably well shot and convincingly acted."

title: Slasher film

text: The remake-era peaked in 2009 under releases of "My Bloody Valentine", "Friday the 13th", "The Last House on the Left", "Sorority Row", "The Stepfather" and "Halloween II"; of those, "Friday the 13th" was most successful selling 8.7 million tickets and "Sorority Row" was least successful with under 1.6 million tickets sold. The following year "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (2010), like the "Friday the 13th" remake, had a large opening weekend but quickly fell off the box office charts after. Straight-to-video remakes "Mother's Day" (2010), "Silent Night" (2012) and "" (2013) were met with little reception or praise; "Curse of Chucky" (2013), a sequel (with elements of a reboot) of the "Child's Play" franchise and the first entry not released in theaters, was well-received and given a sequel of its own in 2017. The reboot "Texas Chainsaw 3D" (2013) acts as a sequel to the 1974 original film, but lackluster box office profits led to its prequel "Leatherface" (2017) to a direct-to-download release ("Leatherface" was filmed in 2015 but shelved for two years).

title: Jonathan Craven

text: Jonathan Craven (born March 20, 1965) is an American writer and director. He is the son of the late filmmaker Wes Craven and Bonnie Broecker. He co-wrote the horror sequel "The Hills Have Eyes 2" and worked on the short-lived NBC horror series "Nightmare Cafe". He manages the group the Chapin Sisters. He also co-produced the 2009 remake of "The Last House on the Left".