query: When did Star Trek first air?

title: Where No Man Has Gone Before

text: "Where No Man Has Gone Before" is the third episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series, Star Trek. Written by Samuel A. Peeples and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on September 22, 1966.

title: Robert April

text: When Roddenberry submitted his first proposal for "Star Trek" to MGM Studios in 1964, his name for the starship commander was "Robert M. April" (another name, Captain James Winter, was also considered). The proposal was rejected, and "Star Trek" did not become a television reality until later that year when NBC accepted the premise, by which time the captain was changed to "Christopher Pike".

title: Star Trek: Adventure Gaming in the Final Frontier

text: Michael Scott designed his Star Trek game universe nearly nine years before (TNG) (1987–1994) first aired. The game's designer built his "game universe" when there was no official canon, and he borrowed heavily from ideas in the Star Trek original series and the Star Trek animated series.

title: Star Trek: First Contact

text: Throughout multiple script revisions a number of titles were considered, including "Star Trek: Borg", "Star Trek: Destinies", "Star Trek: Future Generations" and "Star Trek: Generations II". The planned title of "Resurrection" was scrapped when Fox announced the title of the fourth "Alien" film; the film was rebranded "First Contact" on May 3, 1996.

title: Star Trek expanded universe

text: From the show's debut up until the end of the first season of "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "TAS" was considered part of "Star Trek" canon. Then, from the end of the first season of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" on May 16, 1988 (when all licenses for "Star Trek" spin-off fiction were renegotiated) up to June 27, 2007, "TAS" was "decanonized". However, on June 27, 2007, "Star Trek"s official website incorporated information from "TAS" into its library, recanonizing it.

title: Star Trek (Bantam Books)

text: After completing his second "Star Trek" novel, "World Without End" (1979), Haldeman was "fed up…" and left the "Star Trek" 'enterprise' at "warp factor five," finding the work of writing in-universe restraining. Haldeman told Jeff Ayers, in "Voyages of Imagination" (2006), that he wrote the first novel to explore writing when "all the main characters are already known to the readers," and he did not expect to do a second.

title: Star Trek: Short Treks

text: After signing a deal to expand the "Star Trek" franchise on television, Kurtzman announced "Short Treks" as the first such project in July 2018. The first four episodes aired from October 2018 to January 2019, between the and of "Discovery". In January 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for two additional animated episodes that are set to air following the conclusion of "Discovery"s second season.

title: Star Trek spin-off fiction

text: After the release of "", DC Comics became the "Star Trek" comic licensee, publishing stories from 1984 set in the movie era (see "Star Trek DC comics"). In 1988, the series ended when Paramount withdrew its license at the advice of Richard Arnold following a series of disputes between Arnold and DC Comics, specifically with the comic's main author, Peter David. After a year's hiatus DC's second "Star Trek" series was launched with an adaptation of "". Original stories took place in the large gap between "Star Trek V" and "", but did not continue from the previous series, so storylines from that series were either ignored or rewritten. Although more limited in scope than the first series due to restrictions from Paramount – which included a prohibition by Richard Arnold against the creation and use of original and non-series-related ongoing characters in the comic stories – and the controversial removal of Peter David as head writer, the series still lasted 80 issues. Howard Weinstein, who like David was also a "Star Trek" novelist, took over writing the comic with issue No. 20, and used the opportunity to flesh-out some of the changes between "Star Trek V" and "VI", such as Sulu's promotion to captain of the "Excelsior".

title: Star Trek: The Original Series

text: "Star Trek" made celebrities of its cast of largely unknown actors. Kelley had appeared in many films and television shows, but mostly in smaller roles that showcased him as a villain. Nimoy also had previous television and film experience but was not well known either. Nimoy had partnered previously with Shatner in a 1964 episode of "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Project Strigas Affair," and with Kelley (as a doctor) in a 1963 episode of "The Virginian", "Man of Violence," both more than two years before "Star Trek" first aired. Before "Star Trek", Shatner was well known in the trade, having appeared in several notable films, played Cyrano de Bergerac on Broadway, and even turned down the part of Dr. Kildare. However, when roles became sparse he took the regular job after Jeffrey Hunter's contract was not renewed. After the episodes aired, many performers found themselves typecast because of their defining roles in the show. ("Star Trek: The Next Generation" actor Michael Dorn stated in 1991, however: "If what happened to the first cast is called being typecast, then I want to be typecast. Of course, they didn't get the jobs after "Trek". But they are making their sixth movie. Name me someone else in television who has made "six" movies!")

title: Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home

text: "The Voyage Home" opened theatrically in North America on Thanksgiving weekend, November 26, 1986. Since "Star Trek" had traditionally performed poorly internationally, the producers created a special trailer for foreign markets that de-emphasized the "Star Trek" part of the title, as well as retelling the events of "The Wrath of Khan" and "The Search for Spock". Winter recalled that the marketing did not seem to make a difference. "The Voyage Home" was the first "Star Trek" film shown in the Soviet Union, screened by the World Wildlife Fund on June 26, 1987, in Moscow to celebrate a ban on whaling. Attending the screening with Nimoy, Bennett was amazed the film proved as entertaining to the Russians as it did with American audiences; he said "the single most rewarding moment of my "Star Trek" life" was when the Moscow audience applauded at McCoy's line, "The bureaucratic mentality is the only constant in the universe. We'll get a freighter." Bennett believed it was a clear "messenger of what was to come".

title: Star Trek: The Animated Series

text: Star Trek: The Animated Series ("ST: TAS"), originally aired as Star Trek and as The Animated Adventures of Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek, is an American animated science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 8, 1973 to October 12, 1974 on NBC, spanning 22 episodes over two seasons. The second series in the "Star Trek" franchise, it is the first sequel to "". Set in the 23rd century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS "Enterprise" as it explores the Milky Way galaxy.

title: The Man Trap

text: The episode was not the first to be broadcast in the United Kingdom, which instead premiered "Star Trek" on BBC One with "Where No Man Has Gone Before" on July 12, 1969. The episodes continued to be broadcast in a different order than they had appeared in the United States. "The Man Trap" was shown nearly three months later on October 4 as the 13th episode. This was during the period when the channel was still broadcasting only in black and white; it was not until "" on November 15 that the series was shown in color. During subsequent repeats of "Star Trek", the channel reverted to NBC's schedule and showed "The Man Trap" as the first episode. Canadian network CTV aired episodes of the first season of "Star Trek" on Tuesday nights instead of Thursdays and so ran "The Man Trap" on September 6, 1966, two days before NBC. Airing American programs early was a common practice among Canadian broadcasters in order to avoid direct competition for viewers and advertisers with American border stations airing the same program at the same time. The practice became obsolete once simultaneous substitution of commercials was permitted.

title: List of Star Trek: Enterprise episodes

text: "" is an American science fiction television series that originally aired on the UPN network from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. Until the episode "" towards the start of the , the series was called simply "Enterprise" without the "Star Trek" prefix. The series aired for 98 episodes across four seasons, centring on the adventures of the 22nd century starship "Enterprise". They are the first deep space explorers in Starfleet, using the first Warp 5 equipped vessel. It was set within the universe of the "Star Trek" franchise, with the series placed earlier in the chronology than "".

title: Star Trek: The Role Playing Game

text: FASA designed their "Star Trek" game universe nearly five years before "" ("TNG") (1987-1994) was first broadcast. The game's designers built their "game universe" when there was no official canon, and they borrowed heavily from ideas in the "Star Trek" original series, the "Star Trek" animated series, fan fiction, and the works of the late "Star Trek" novelist John M. Ford.

title: To the Stars: The Autobiography of George Takei

text: He recounts a chance encounter with William Shatner shortly after filming the pilot to "Star Trek", where at first Shatner did not recognize him. He also recounts other tensions between himself and Shatner. Takei played character Nim in John Wayne's "The Green Berets", and when he returned to "Star Trek" found that some of his lines had been given to a new character, Pavel Chekov, played by Walter Koenig. He recounts his jealousy at hearing this news. Takei describes the filming of "" and his attempts to inject more substance into his character of Sulu. When he heard that there was a plan to replace the original "Star Trek" cast with new crew members for "", Takei rallied fans at twelve consecutive Star Trek conventions, and Paramount Studios dropped plans to change the crew. In "", Takei's character Sulu is Captain of the starship "Excelsior", and plays an integral role in rescuing the starship "Enterprise".

title: Star Trek: The Role Playing Game

text: FASA developed its game in the mid-1980s, when the only new on-screen "Star Trek" material was the second through fourth movies, and fans received new material in other forms eagerly. Paramount Pictures, the company with the right to grant licenses to produce "Star Trek"-related materials to other companies, gave its stamp of approval to many printed works, and there were no claims that these materials were or were not canon. They borrowed freely from each other - the game includes background from the 1980 book "Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology", while the 1987 book "Mr. Scott's Guide to the Enterprise" includes elements from the FASA background - and fans believed that if Paramount's name was on something, it must be valid "Star Trek". Many players therefore were dismayed when "Star Trek: The Next Generation" began to air in 1987 with what they saw as "changes" to a pre-established universe.

title: Trekkie

text: The entire cast reunited for the first time at an August 1975 Chicago convention that 16,000 attended. ""Star Trek" Lives!", an early history and exploration of Trekkie culture published that year, was the first mass-market book to introduce fan fiction and other aspects of fandom to a wide audience. By 1976 there were more than 250 "Star Trek" clubs, and at least three rival groups organized 25 conventions that attracted thousands to each. While discussing that year whether to name the first Space Shuttle "Enterprise", Jim Cannon, Gerald R. Ford's domestic policy advisor, described Trekkies as "one of the most dedicated constituencies in the country". "Unprecedented" crowds visited a 1992 "Star Trek" exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, and in 1994, when "Star Trek" reruns still aired in 94% of the United States, over 400,000 attended 130 conventions. By the late 1990s an estimated two million people in the United States, or about 5% of 35 million weekly "Star Trek" watchers, were what one author described as "hard-core fans".

title: Trekkie

text:
Some actors, such as Nichelle Nichols, were unaware of the size of the show's fandom until the conventions, but major and minor cast members began attending them around the United States. The conventions so grew in popularity that the media cited Beatlemania and Trudeaumania as examples to describe the emerging "cultural phenomenon". 6,000 attended the 1973 New York convention and 15,000 attended in 1974, much larger figures than at older events like the 4,500 at the 32nd Worldcon in 1974. By then the demand from Trekkies was large enough that rival convention organizers began to sue each other. The first UK convention was held in 1974 and featured special guests George Takei and James Doohan. After this, there was an official British convention yearly.
Because "Star Trek" was set in the future the show did not become dated, and by airing during the late afternoon or early evening when other stations showed news programs it attracted a young audience. The reruns' great popularity—greater than when "Star Trek" originally aired in prime time—caused Paramount to receive thousands of letters each week demanding the show's return and promising that it would be profitable. (The fans were correct; by the mid-1990s "Star Trek"—now called within Paramount "the franchise" and its "crown jewel"—had become the studio's single most-important property, and Paramount sponsored its first convention in 1996.)

title: Bjo Trimble

text: Trimble contributed to the first encyclopedic collection of data for "Star Trek", the Star Trek Concordance, which contains cross-referenced details on every character, setting, event and device in every episode of the original "", its incarnation and, in later editions of the book, the "Star Trek" films. According to former "Trek" archivist Richard Arnold, the "Concordance" was used as a primary source of official canon by writers of the "Star Trek" Universe when he first started working at Paramount.

title: Star Trek: The Original Series

text:
"Star Trek"s ratings continued to decline during the second season. Although Shatner expected the show to end after two seasons and began to prepare for other projects, NBC nonetheless may have never seriously considered canceling the show. As early as January 1968, the Associated Press reported that "Star Trek"s chances for renewal for a third season were "excellent". The show had better ratings for NBC than ABC's competing "Hondo", and the competing CBS programs (#3 "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." and the first half-hour of the #12 "CBS Friday Night Movie") were in the top 15 in the Nielsen ratings. Again, demographics helped "Star Trek" survive. Contrary to popular belief among its fans, the show did not have a larger audience of young viewers than its competition while on NBC. The network's research did, however, indicate that "Star Trek" had a "quality audience" including "upper-income, better-educated males", and other NBC shows had lower overall ratings. The show was unusual at the time in its serious discussion of contemporary societal issues in a futuristic context, unlike "Lost in Space" which was more "campy" in nature.
The enthusiasm of "Star Trek"s viewers surprised NBC. The network had already received 29,000 fan letters for the show during its first season, more than for any other except "The Monkees". When rumors spread in late 1967 that "Star Trek" was at risk of cancellation, Roddenberry secretly began and funded an effort by Bjo Trimble, her husband John and other fans to persuade tens of thousands of viewers to write letters of support to save the program. Using the 4,000 names on a mailing list for a science-fiction convention, the Trimbles asked fans to write to NBC and ask ten others to also do so. NBC received almost 116,000 letters for the show between December 1967 and March 1968, including more than 52,000 in February alone; according to an NBC executive, the network received more than one million pieces of mail but only disclosed the 116,000 figure. Newspaper columnists encouraged readers to write letters to help save what one called "the best science fiction show on the air". More than 200 Caltech students marched to NBC's Burbank, California studio to support "Star Trek" in January 1968, carrying signs such as "Draft Spock" and "Vulcan Power". Berkeley and MIT students organized similar protests in San Francisco and New York.

title: Mission to Horatius

text: The first original "Star Trek" novel for adults, "Spock Must Die!", was not published until February 1970. While Whitman did not publish any other "Star Trek" novels, it did publish a range of coloring books based on the series. "Mission to Horatius" was re-published by Pocket Books in February 1999 to celebrate the publisher's 20th anniversary of holding the official "Star Trek" license. Editor John J. Ordover stated, when interviewed for Jeff Ayers' "Voyages of Imagination", that it was reprinted for fun, and that when pitched he had explained that Paramount Studios held the rights to the book as Whitman had gone out of business. He added "It was selling for $50 at conventions. So why not do a reissue? It was the first "Star Trek" novel ever done and the first one I read." In order to re-publish the work, Pocket Books bought a second-hand copy from science fiction author Dayton Ward.

title: Star Trek Into Darkness

text: On September 10, 2012, Paramount confirmed the film's title as "Star Trek Into Darkness". Abrams had indicated that unlike some of the earlier films in the franchise, his second "Star Trek" would not include a number in its title. This decision was made to avoid repeating the sequel numbering which began with "", or making a confusing jump from "Star Trek " to "Star Trek 12". Lindelof addressed the team's struggle to agree on a title: "There have been more conversations about what we're going to call it than went into actually shooting it... There's no word that comes after the colon after "Star Trek" that's cool. Not that "Star Trek: Insurrection" or "First Contact" aren't good titles, it's just that everything that people are turned off about when it comes to "Trek" is represented by the colon". Of the titles proposed, he joked that he preferred "Star Trek: Transformers 4" best because the title is "technically available".

title: James T. Kirk

text: Shatner did not expect "Star Trek" to be successful, so when it was cancelled in 1969, he assumed it would be the end of his association with the franchise. He went on to voice Kirk in the animated "Star Trek" series, star in the first seven "Star Trek" films, and provide voice acting for several games. "" director and writer Nicholas Meyer, who had never seen an episode of "Star Trek" before he was assigned to direct, conceived a ""Hornblower" in outer space" atmosphere, unaware that those books had been an influence on the show. Meyer also emphasized parallels to Sherlock Holmes, in that both characters waste away in the absence of stimuli: new cases for Holmes; starship adventures for Kirk.

title: Star Trek: Discovery (season 1)

text: On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new "Star Trek" television series to premiere in January 2017, "on the heels" of the ' 50th anniversary in 2016, to be developed specifically for the on-demand service CBS All Access. In February 2016, Bryan Fuller was announced as the new series' showrunner. Fuller began his career writing for the series "" and "", and had publicly called for "Star Trek" to return to television for years. When he first met with CBS about the series, the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be, and Fuller proposed an anthology series where each season would be a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series. CBS told Fuller to start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first, and so he began further developing the prequel concept. In June, Fuller announced that the first season would consist of 13 episodes, and a month later, at "Star Trek"s 50th anniversary San Diego Comic-Con panel, he revealed the series' title to be "Star Trek: Discovery." He also said it would be set in the "Prime Timeline" alongside the previous "Star Trek" series.

title: The Greatest Generation (podcast)

text: The podcast, which is released the Tuesday after a new episode of "Star Trek: Discovery" is aired, reviews each episode in the same format as "The Greatest Generation". When "Star Trek: Discovery" is off the air, the podcast is released monthly with Pranica and Harrison discussing "Star Trek" related news, interviewing guests and reviewing other "Star Trek" media related to "Star Trek: Discovery", such as comics and specific episodes of "."

title: Star Trek (film series)

text: "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry first suggested the idea of a "Star Trek" feature in 1969. When the original television series was canceled, he lobbied to continue the franchise through a film. The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to begin work on a feature film in 1975. A series of writers attempted to craft a suitably epic screenplay, but the attempts did not satisfy Paramount, so the studio scrapped the project in 1977. Paramount instead planned on returning the franchise to its roots with a new television series, "". The massive worldwide box office success of "Star Wars" in mid-1977 sent Hollywood studios to their vaults in search of similar sci-fi properties that could be adapted or re-launched to the big screen. When Columbia's "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" had a huge opening in late December 1977, Paramount was convinced that science fiction films other than "Star Wars" could do well at the box office, and production of "Phase II" was cancelled in favor of making a "Star Trek" film.

title: List of Star Trek: The Original Series episodes

text: On October 4, 1988, Paramount Pictures aired a two-hour television special, hosted by Patrick Stewart, called "The Star Trek Saga: From One Generation to the Next", which featured, for the first time, a full-color television presentation of "The Cage". In some markets, the special did not air until October 15, 1988. In the United States, "The Cage" was first released to DVD in December 2001. It was later included on the final disc in both the original and "remastered" season 3 DVD box sets (listed with the original air date of October 15, 1988).

title: Trekkie

text:
The first fan convention devoted to the show occurred on 1 March 1969 at the Newark Public Library. Organized by a librarian who was one of the creators of "Spockanalia", the "Star Trek Con" did not have celebrity guests but did have "slide shows of 'Trek' aliens, skits and a fan panel to discuss 'The Star Trek Phenomenon.'" Some fans were so devoted that they complained to a Canadian TV station when it preempted an episode in July 1969 for coverage of Apollo 11.
However, the Trekkie phenomenon did not come to the attention of the general public until after the show was cancelled in 1969 and reruns entered syndication. The first widely publicized fan convention occurred in January 1972 at the Statler Hilton Hotel in New York, featuring Roddenberry, Isaac Asimov, and two tons of NASA memorabilia. The organizers expected 500 attendees at the "First International "Star Trek" Convention" but more than 3,000 came; attendees later described it as "packed" and like "a rush-hour subway train". By then more than 100 fanzines about the show existed, its reruns were syndicated to 125 American TV stations and 60 other countries, and news reports on the convention caused other fans, who had believed themselves to be alone, to organize.

title: Joachim (Star Trek)

text:
While this was one of several Star Trek roles for Scott, he:
made his most memorable Trek appearance as Khan's son, Joachim, in "Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan". Not only did he get a featured role in the best Star Trek movie ever, but he got to play opposite Ricardo Montalban. The two entered into a friendship which is still alive and well today. Recently, when Ricardo received a lifetime achievement award, Judson was the presenter.

title: James Doohan

text: Although he continued to work with William Shatner in the "Star Trek" films, Doohan did not get along well with him and was once quoted as saying, "I like Captain Kirk, but I sure don't like Bill." He was the only former "Star Trek" co-star to decline to be interviewed by Shatner for Shatner's first "Star Trek: Memories" book about the show, nor did he consent to do so for Shatner's follow-up book, "Star Trek: Movie Memories", though Shatner mentioned in the latter that the icy relationship between the two started to thaw when both men were working on "Star Trek Generations" in 1993-94. At Doohan's final August 2004 convention appearance, Doohan and Shatner appeared to have mended their relationship.

title: Star Trek Timelines

text: Disruptor Beam approached CBS about a "Star Trek" game when they had been developing for a year. Jon Radoff, CEO of Disruptor Beam, described the process of licensing "Star Trek" as "very competitive". Officially announced in April 2014, "Star Trek Timelines" is a 3D/2D game built in Unity 5. Its first live demo was at PAX East 2015, and the first playable tutorial experience was later debuted at "Star Trek" Las Vegas 2015.


query: Did Hurricane Dora reach Georgia?

title: Hurricane Dora

text: Later on September7, Dora re-strengthened into a Category3 hurricane. Approaching the east coast of Florida, Dora's motion became erratic, making a few cyclonic loops. Around 04:00UTC on September10, the hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida, with winds of 115mph (185km/h). Two hours later, Dora weakened to a Category2 hurricane. However, deterioration then slowed, with the hurricane falling to tropical storm intensity over Jefferson County on September11. Dora then briefly drifted over southwestern Georgia, until turned east-northeastward late the next day. Early on September14, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone several hours later. The remnants of Dora moved rapidly northeastward and dissipated offshore Newfoundland early on September16.

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: After peaking in intensity, Dora encountered cooler waters and increased wind shear. On August 14, Dora crossed into the central Pacific Ocean as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; the duty of hurricane warnings were transferred from the National Hurricane Center to the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Dora again encountered favorable conditions, and on August 15, re-intensified to major hurricane status, as it passed 200 miles (320 km) south of Big Island, Hawaii. The secondary peak intensity was brief, as weakening occurred after the forward speed increased. Dora passed 65 miles (105 km) south of Johnston Island on August 18, before turning west-northwest, and on August 19, the system crossed the International Date Line as a 70 mph (115 km/h) tropical storm; the Joint Typhoon Warning Center tracked the remainder of the duration of Dora. The storm encountered stronger wind shear, and by August 21, winds decreased below tropical storm force. On August 23, the circulation became exposed from the main convection, and at 1800 UTC, Tropical Depression Dora dissipated about 450 miles (725 km) northeast of Wake Island.

title: Hurricane Dora

text: Upon being classified on September1, Dora turned towards the northwest and intensified.[2] Several reconnaissance missions into the storm indicated that it attained hurricane status during the afternoon of September2;[1] however, in the official Atlantic hurricane database, it is not listed as reaching this intensity until the nighttime hours.[2] Increasing in size and strength,[1] Dora attained winds of 100mph (155km/h) early on September3, the equivalent of a Category2 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[2] At the time, meteorologists expected the storm to maintain a northwesterly course and be steered over open waters by a trough associated with Hurricane Cleo to the west.[3][4] However, Dora "missed" the trough and gradually turned towards the west on September6.[3] That day, the hurricane attained its peak intensity as a Category4 equivalent storm with winds estimated at 130mph (215km/h) and a central pressure of 942mbar (hPa; 27.82inHg).[2]

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: With a total track of 6,500 miles (10,500 km), Hurricane Dora had the second longest track of a Pacific hurricane, behind only Hurricane John of 1994; the length of the track of Dora was more than four times the basin average. Dora was also the first Pacific hurricane to come close enough to be detected by radar. In addition, the hurricane was the first tropical cyclone to move across all three Pacific basins since John in 1994.

title: Hurricane Dora (2011)

text: Hurricane Dora was the strongest tropical cyclone in the northeastern Pacific in 2011. Dora developed from a tropical wave south of Honduras on July 18. Moving northwestward in favorable conditions, the system quickly intensified to tropical storm status and attained hurricane intensity the next day. Rapid intensification ensued shortly thereafter, bringing the storm to its peak intensity on July 21 as a Category 4 hurricane, with a minimum barometric pressure of 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). However, the storm's path into an area with cool sea surface temperatures and wind shear caused Dora to quickly deteriorate and weaken. By July 24, Dora had degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area west of the Baja California Peninsula. Dora brought stormy conditions to the southwestern Mexico coast and the Baja California Peninsula throughout its existence. Remaining off the coast from its formation to dissipation, Dora's effects on land were slight. However, the outer rainbands of the hurricane caused flooding and mudslides in southern Mexico and Guatemala, while rough surf toppled a lighthouse and damaged 60 restaurants along the coast. The hurricane's remnants contributed to heightened shower and thunderstorm activity across New Mexico and Arizona in late July.

title: 1956 Atlantic hurricane season

text: On September 10, a tropical depression developed over the Bay of Campeche. Later that day, Hurricane Hunters observed winds of tropical storm force, indicating that the depression had become Tropical Storm Dora, with winds of about 40 mph (65 km/h). Dora moved generally westward due to a ridge to its north. A reconnaissance flight on September 11 estimated hurricane-force winds, but reanalysis assessed these as being unrepresentative of Dora's true strength. Early on September 12, Dora peaked at 60 mph (95 km/h) shortly before striking land near Tuxpan with a minimum central pressure of . It quickly dissipated early the next day, although the storm produced heavy rains across the region. The deluge caused a landslide as well as flooding, including along a river near San Andrés Tuxtla. In Puebla, there were 13 deaths and 20 injuries after a bus crashed into a washed out portion of the highway from Tuxpan to Mexico City. Overall, Dora caused 27 deaths in the country, but minor damage.

title: Hurricane Dora

text: Overall, Hurricane Dora was responsible for five deaths and $280million in damage, much of which occurred in Florida.[9]

title: 2011 Pacific hurricane season

text:
On July 5, an area of showers and thunderstorms formed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec associated with a broad area of low pressure. The system slowly organized, and the National Hurricane Center designated the system Tropical Depression Three-E on July 7. By the next day, the tropical depression gained enough organization to be named Calvin. Calvin strengthened into a hurricane and attained peak strength early on July 9 before rapidly weakening later that day. Calvin degenerated into a remnant low early on July 10. During the next 3 days, Calvin's remnants quickly moved to the west, while dissipating rapidly. On July 13, Calvin's remnants dissipated completely, just to the east of the Central Pacific Ocean.
In the early morning hours of July 14, a tropical wave had moved off the Colombian coast. The wave gained convection as it moved into the southwestern Caribbean Sea, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began to monitor the disturbance, giving it a 10% chance of development into a tropical cyclone. Over the rest of the day, the storm continued to move westward until it moved ashore on the Nicaragua/Costa Rica border the next day. On July 16, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring the area of low pressure off the coast of Guatemala. Slowly organizing, the low pressure area had gained enough strength to be declared Tropical Depression Four-E during the morning hours of July 18. Just three hours later, the system was upgraded to Dora, the fourth tropical storm of the 2011 Pacific hurricane season. Continuing to organize, Dora reached hurricane strength late on July 20, before rapidly intensifying into a major hurricane later the next day. Strengthening further, Dora reached a peak of 155 mph (250 km/h) early on July 21, making it a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale. However, after entering cooler waters, Dora began to weaken the next day. On July 23, Dora was downgraded to a tropical storm, and the next day, Dora was no longer a tropical cyclone. As a remnant low, the circulation began to curve around the high-pressure area that had steered Dora for much of its existence on July 25. Early on July 26, the remnants of Hurricane Dora dissipated completely, over Central Baja California.

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: On August 16, forecast models predicted Dora would bypass Johnston Island a short distance to the south, with some concerns of a direct hit on the island. As a result of the threat, about 1,200 workers and residents evacuated Johnston Atoll to Hawaii. Prior to leaving, workers secured construction equipment and other loose items. Some biologists on Johnston Atoll were concerned that the hurricane would severely impact the reproductive cycle of over 150,000 birds in the Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, a concern expressed after Hurricane John in 1994 killed 80% of the bird population during its impact on Johnston Atoll. Additionally, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center predicted Dora would strike Wake Island as a minimal typhoon, though it did not occur.

title: 1964 Atlantic hurricane season

text: Approaching the east coast of Florida, Dora's motion became erratic, making a few cyclonic loops. Around 04:00 UTC on September 10, the hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida, with winds of . Two hours later, Dora weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. However, deterioration then slowed, with the hurricane falling to tropical storm intensity on September 11. Dora then briefly drifted over southwestern Georgia, until turned east-northeastward late the next day. Early on September 14, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and became extratropical several hours later. The remnants of Dora moved rapidly northeastward and dissipated offshore Newfoundland early on September 16.

title: 1993 Pacific hurricane season

text: On June 27, a tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa and crossed the Atlantic with no further development. On July 9, the wave entered the Eastern Pacific, depicted with little in the way of heavy thunderstorm activity. However, on July 11, deep convection significantly increase in association with the disturbance, and it is estimated that a tropical depression formed three days later, at 1200 UTC. Embedded within an area of low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, the depression quickly strengthened into a tropical storm, receiving the name "Dora", six hours after formation. Moving towards the west, Dora attained hurricane status at 1800 UTC on July 15, and Category 2 status by early on July 16. Strengthening further, Dora reached major hurricane status early the following morning, and reached its peak intensity of with a minimum barometric pressure of early on July 17. Moving west to west-northwest around the periphery of a subtropical high, the hurricane began to enter cooler sea surface temperatures (SST's) and higher wind shear. Thus, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm by 1800 UTC on July 18. The following afternoon, Dora weakened to a tropical depression, and dissipated early on July 21. No deaths, damage, or associated impact because of the system was reported to the National Hurricane Center.

title: Hurricane Dora (2011)

text: After development, Dora was steered towards the northwest by a ridge over the Southwestern United States. Situated in an area of favorable atmospheric conditions and warm sea surface temperatures, the tropical cyclone quickly strengthened, developing an intermittent eye before being classified as a hurricane at 1800 UTC on July 19. At the time, the storm was roughly 245 mi (400 km) south-southwest of Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca. Upon reaching hurricane status, Dora began an episode of rapid intensification as its inner structure became more well-defined and its eye more permanent. At the same time, mesovorticies within the eye—often indicators of intense tropical cyclones—were noted on satellite imagery. By 1800 UTC on July 20, Dora had attained the threshold for major hurricane status. After acquiring some characteristics of an annular hurricane early on July 21, Dora reached its peak intensity at 1200 UTC that day with a minimum barometric pressure of 929 mbar (hPa; 27.43 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), making it a high-end Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: On August 12, Dora reached its peak intensity of 140 mph (220 km/h), while the barometric pressure dropped to a minimum of 943 mbar. Shortly after its peak intensity, Dora underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, resulting in a brief weakening before again restrengthening to winds of 140 mph (220 km/h), late on August 13. Dora never strengthened any further, as the storm encountered cooler waters and light wind shear.

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: Hurricane Dora was one of few tropical cyclones to track across all three north Pacific basins. The fourth named storm, third hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season, Dora developed on August 6 from a tropical wave to the south of Mexico. Forming as a tropical depression, it gradually strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dora later that day. Thereafter, Dora began heading in a steadily westward, before becoming a hurricane on August 8. Under warm sea surface temperatures (SST's) and low wind shear, the storm continued to intensify, eventually peaking as a 140 mph (220 km/h) Category 4 hurricane on August 12. While passing south of Hawaii, Dora significantly fluctuated in intensity, ranging from peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane to a low-end Category 1 hurricane. While crossing the International Dateline on August 20, Dora weakened to a tropical storm. After weakening to a tropical depression on August 22, Dora dissipated on August 23 while centered several hundred miles north of Wake Island.

title: 1889 Atlantic hurricane season

text: A tropical storm formed on May 16, north of the British Virgin Islands. It strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane, over 400 miles from the coast of Georgia, on May 20. It reached a maximum wind speed of 80 mph/130 km/h that evening then curved away from the mainland and dissipated on May 21. This hurricane did not affect land, but was the first May hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin, and remains one of only four such systems known today.

title: Hurricane Dora

text: The name "Dora" had replaced "Donna" on the hurricane lists, and it was retired from the Atlantic hurricane lists and replaced with "Dolly" for the 1968 season.

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: Late on August 8, the storm consisted primarily of central dense overcast, but minimal banding features. At 00:00 UTC on August 9, Dora intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. Several hours later, an eye with a diameter of about 6–12 mi (10–19 km) developed, and the cyclone organized further. Thus, it was predicted that Dora would soon reach Category 3 intensity. The storm strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane around 00:00 UTC on August 10. In a forecast discussion by the National Hurricane Center nine hours later, it was noted that a mid-troposhperic ridge would track eastward, thus causing Dora to move in a west-northwestward motion. However, the hurricane instead continued westward or slightly north of due west. Late on August 10, deep convection significantly expanded and became more symmetric, while Dvorak intensity estimates indicated that Dora reached Category 4 intensity. A predicted weakening trend led the National Hurricane Center to note that Dora was likely near peak intensity.

title: 1987 Pacific hurricane season

text:
A tropical depression that had organized on July 15 while located south of Cabo San Lucas. The depression strengthened into a tropical storm that same day while located around 215 mi (345 km) west of Acapulco. Dora headed west-northwest and slowly strengthened. It reached its peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) on July 17. It then steadily weakened, becoming a depression two days later. Dora dissipated on July 20 while located west of Cabo San Lucas.
A tropical disturbance developed into a tropical depression on July 22 near the coast of Mexico. It initially headed westward and strengthened into a tropical storm the same day it formed. It strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the season, on July 24 as an upper-level cyclone pulled the system north. After peaking as a low-end Category 2 hurricane on July 25, land interaction weakened the hurricane to Category 1 as it made landfall west of Manzanillo. The rough topography weakened Eugene, and the hurricane was only a depression when it emerged into the Gulf of California. It promptly dissipated on July 26.

title: Hurricane Dora (2011)

text: The origins of Hurricane Dora can be traced back to a tropical wave that emerged off the western African coast on July 7. The disturbance tracked into the Caribbean Sea seven days later without any signs of development. However, the system encountered an enhanced flow of moisture in the southwestern Caribbean, allowing for organization and the formation of a broad low-pressure area on July 15. Upon tracking into the eastern Pacific, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) judged the storm to have had a low chance developing into a tropical cyclone. The next day, thunderstorm activity erupted around the system, and at 1500 UTC on July 18, the NHC declared the vigorous disturbance to have reached tropical depression status; in post-season analysis, the NHC found that Dora was already a tropical storm by this point after developing six hours earlier.

title: 1898 Georgia hurricane

text: The 1898 Georgia hurricane was a major hurricane that hit the U.S. state of Georgia, as well as the strongest on record in the state. It was first observed on September 29, although modern researchers estimated that it developed four days earlier to the east of the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane maintained a general northwest track throughout its duration, and it reached peak winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) on October 2. That day, it made landfall on Cumberland Island in Camden County, Georgia, causing record storm surge flooding. The hurricane caused heavy damage throughout the region, and killed at least 179 people. Impact was most severe in Brunswick, where a storm surge was recorded. Overall damage was estimated at $1.5 million (1898 USD), most of which occurred in Georgia. In extreme northeastern Florida, strong winds nearly destroyed the city of Fernandina, while light crop damage was reported in southern South Carolina. After moving ashore, the hurricane quickly weakened and traversed much of North America; it continued northwestward until reaching the Ohio Valley and turning northeastward, and it was last observed on October 6 near Newfoundland.

title: 1999 Pacific hurricane season

text: Dora weakened to Category 1 strength as it entered the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility on August 14. However, it briefly restrengthened into a Category 3 as it passed south of Hawaii on August 16. Dora then began weakening for the final time as it passed south of Johnston Atoll on August 18. At the atoll, Dora produced large waves and wind gusts between 40 and 45 mph (75 and 85 km/h). In Hawaii, heavy surf on the Big Island forced the closure of beaches, campsites, and hiking trails in the districts of Kau and Puna. On August 20, Dora crossed the International Date Line, shortly before weakening to a tropical storm. Due to vertical wind shear, it did not re-strengthen in the western Pacific basin. The storm weakened and fell to tropical depression intensity early on August 22. Dora dissipated late on the following day, while situated several hundred miles east of Wake Island.

title: 1999 Pacific hurricane season

text: In August, Hurricane Dora, the strongest storm of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season, produced gusty winds and large waves on Johnston Atoll and the island of Hawaii, though minimal damage was left in its wake. After crossing the International Date Line on August 20, Dora became the first tropical cyclones to exist in all three basins of the North Pacific – Eastern, Central, and Western – since Hurricane John in 1994. Hurricane Eugene also existed in the Eastern and Central Pacific, but dissipated on August 15 while south of the main Hawaiian Islands, well before reaching the International Date Line. Nonetheless, it produced up to of rainfall on the Big Island of Hawaii. In the remainder of August, there was a series of short-lived tropical cyclones that did not effect land, including Tropical Depression Nine-E, Tropical Storm Fernanda, and Tropical Depression Eleven-E.

title: Hurricane Dora

text: 1898 Georgia hurricane List of Atlantic hurricanes List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of Florida hurricanes (1950-1974)

title: 1964 Atlantic hurricane season

text: The effects of Hurricanes Cleo, Dora, and Isbell combined were devastating to Florida. Cleo also brought destruction to portions of the Caribbean, especially Guadeloupe and Haiti. After moving inland, Cleo brought flooding to states such as Virginia. Overall, the storm caused 219 deaths and about $187.5 million in damage. Dora lashed much of North Florida and southeastern Georgia with hurricane-force winds, leaving five fatalities and around $280 million in damage. In October, Isbell brought strong winds and several tornadoes to Florida, as well as flooding to Cuba and The Carolinas. Isbell killed seven people and left approximately $30 million in damage.

title: Hurricane Dora

text: Hurricane Dora was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall over the First Coast of Florida. The sixth tropical storm and second hurricane of the 1964 season, Dora developed from a tropical wave near the coast of Senegal on August28. After a reconnaissance aircraft flight on September1, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dora. It then curved northeastward and continued to strengthen. By early on September3, Dora became a Category1 hurricane. Six hours later, the storm reached Category2 intensity. Intensification slowed somewhat, though Dora became a Category3 on September5. Deepening further, the storm peaked as a Category4 with maximum sustained winds of 130mph (215km/h) early the following day. At 18:00UTC on September6, Dora weakened to a Category3 hurricane, then a Category2 hurricane while curving westward early the following day.

title: 1999 Pacific typhoon season

text: Hurricane Dora, the strongest storm of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season, crossed the International Date Line and entered the western Pacific on August 19. The final advisory from the Central Pacific Hurricane Center was written while Dora was still in the eastern Pacific as a minimal hurricane. As the storm crossed the Date Line, the JTWC assumed responsibility for the storm and downgraded it to a tropical storm on its first advisory. Once in the West Pacific, Tropical Storm Dora turned towards the northwest and weakened further as wind shear increased. Dora weakened to a tropical depression on August 22 well to the north of Wake Island and drifted to the north before dissipating the next day.

title: 1981 Pacific hurricane season

text: Based on satellite imagery and data from a nearby ship, "Yamazuru", a tropical depression formed far away from land on July 10. Passing north of Clipperton Island, the depression began to strengthen under favorable atmospheric conditions, and was designated Tropical Storm "Dora" twelve hours after formation. Moving towards the west-northwest, Dora attained hurricane status on July 13; subsequently, the ship "Amestelmolen" reported seas of , a minimum barometric pressure of , and winds as it passed north of the storm's center. As Dora reached its peak intensity of 90 mph (150 km/h) on June 14, a well-defined eye became apparent on satellite imagery, and the storm turned more towards the west. Cooler ocean temperatures below 74 °F (23 °C) subsequently caused the hurricane to weaken, and it was downgraded to a tropical storm on July 15. The storm's structure further deteriorated the following day, and Dora dissipated over southwest of Cabo San Lucas, without affecting land.

title: Hurricane Dora (1999)

text: A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on July 23. It tracked through the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea for several days with minimal development. By August 4, the system entered the Pacific Ocean, accompanied by disorganized convection. During the next 24 hours, satellite imagery noted evidence of a low-level circulation, as well as the formation of curved convective banding. As a result, it is estimated that Tropical Depression Seven-E developed at 00:00 UTC on August 6, while located about 335 miles (540 km) south of Acapulco. Three hours later, the National Hurricane Center began issuing advisories on the depression and forecasted significant intensification. Despite initial vertical wind shear, the depression steadily intensified and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dora later that day. Upon becoming a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center noted "there would seem to be no reason why Dora should not strengthen", citing decent outflow on the western side of the storm and ocean temperatures of nearly . Although the center began difficult to locate on satellite imagery on August 7, Dvorak T-numbers did not indicate a decrease in intensity. Tracking west-northwestward and then westward along a decaying subtropical ridge, Dora continued to intensify and was upgraded to a hurricane on August 8 based on the Dvorak technique.

title: Hurricane Dora

text: Around 12:20a.m. EST on September10, Hurricane Dora made landfall about 6mi (9.7km) north of St. Augustine, Florida, with sustained winds between 115 and 125mph (185 and 205km/h).[1] Although estimated to have been a Category3 at landfall, the highest winds onshore were believed to have been in the Category2 range.[6] Striking northeastern Florida, Dora became the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the region.[1] Once onshore the storm gradually weakened, losing hurricane status about 24hours later, and began a gradual turn towards the northeast. During the morning of September12, Dora became almost stationary over the southern border between Alabama and Georgia. However, the storm rapidly accelerated and re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on September14 near the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Hours after moving over water, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants of Dora were last mentioned on September16 off the northeast coast of Newfoundland.[2]

title: Hurricane Dora

text: Hurricane Dora was first identified as a broad area of low pressure on August28, 1964, as it moved off the west coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean near Dakar, Senegal.[1] Traveling west-southwestward,[2] the system brushed the Cape Verde Islands the following day. By August31, images from the eighth Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS VIII) depicted a developing storm with a central dense overcast, banding features and cirrus outflow. Observations from ships in the vicinity of the storm indicated decreasing barometric pressures and wind gusts up to 40mph (65km/h). On September1, reconnaissance aircraft flew into the system and determined that it had already become a tropical storm, with sustained winds reaching 60mph (95km/h). Shortly thereafter, the first advisory was issued on Tropical Storm Dora and the center was estimated to be roughly 850mi (1,370km) east of Trinidad.[1][3]


query: How many churches are there in Rome?

title: Churches of Rome

text: There are more than 900 churches in Rome,[1] including some notable Roman Catholic Marian churches. Most, but not all, of these are Roman Catholic.

title: Albania's Golgotha

text: The "Il Messaggero" of Rome reported of "heinous massacres" of the Albanians in the Vilayet of Kosovo. The French ""L'Humanité"" reported of plundering, massacres and destruction. Freundlich called for the Great Powers help in order to protect the "defenseless population against an army with a state" referring to how the Albanians did not resist the invading Serb forces but were, despite their cooperation, massacred. He mentions how Serb soldiers, in the village of Kumanovo, set fire to houses, and smoked the inhabitants out and then shooting them. The reports include descriptions of how Catholic Albanians and priests were murdered by the Serb armies and how the Serbian Orthodox Church violently converted Albanian Catholics to Orthodoxism. In Albania, many Catholic churches were robbed, including Orthodox ones. Manhunts were carried out by Serb officers who killed many Albanians, and houses and whole villages were burned down with the inhabitants being burned alive or shot down as they fled. Much of the food was stolen by the Serb soldiers from the Albanian villagers, leading to starvation and disease.

title: Orientales omnes Ecclesias

text:
In his encyclical, Pope Pius XII explains that many trials and persecutions took place in the last three hundred and fifty years, but that the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church always came out strong. He reminds of the many favours and assistances the Church received from Rome and how his papal predecessors always supported the independent culture and rite of the Oriental Church. In the last part of the encyclical, he addresses the grievances facing the Ukrainians in 1945. Aware of the persecution of the faithful and expects even more:While most Oriental Christians belong to an Orthodox Church, some like the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church Church, are united with Rome, which allowed them to keep their own Oriental liturgy and Church laws. The Ruthenian Catholic Church is located in Ukraine. Ruthenian Catholics call themselves Rusyns. They are closely related to the Ukrainians and speak a dialect of the same language. The traditional Rusyn homeland extends into northeast Slovakia and the Lemko region of southeast Poland. Until 1922, the area was largely a part of Austria-Hungary. After becoming Polish, which follows the Latin Rite, Polonisation and significant problems for all Orthodox, including united Christians developed. Some Ruthenians resisting Polonisation, felt deserted by the Vatican and returned to the Orthodox Church. After World War II, in 1945, Polish and Slovakian areas became part of the Soviet Union, which exerted pressure on the Ruthenians and other Ukrainians united with Rome, to sever relations and join the Orthodox Church, headed the Patriarch of Moscow.
It was claimed that (1) the union with Rome was a Polish conspiracy to dominate and wipe out the culture of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church: (2) United orthodox faithful and priests had to suffer under Polish bishops of the Latin Rite and Polonisation. (3) But now they are liberated by the glorious Soviet Army under the leadership of the incomparable Marshal Joseph Stalin and therefore, continued ties to Rome are no longer necessary. The new Patriarch Alexius I called on Catholics for a separation from Rome:Pope Pius XII answered: "Who does not know, that Patriarch Alexius I recently elected by the dissident bishops of Russia, openly exalts and preaches defection from the Catholic Church in a letter lately addressed to the Ruthenian Church, a letter, which contributes not a little to the persecution?" He mentions the United Nations proclamation that religious persecution will never happen again. "This had given us hope that peace and true liberty would be granted everywhere to the Catholic Church, the more so since the Church has always taught, and teaches, that obedience to the ordinances of the lawfully established civil power, within the sphere and bounds of its authority, is a duty of conscience. But, unfortunately, the events we have mentioned have grievously and bitterly weakened, have almost destroyed, our hope and confidence so far as the lands of the Ruthenians are concerned.

title: Pietro Alfieri

text: For many years, Alfieri was the professor of singing at the English College in Rome. He is remembered chiefly for his scientific writings and his collections of music of the old masters. Perhaps his most valuable work is his "Raccolta di Musica Sacra" in seven large volumes, a reprint of the sixteenth-century church music, mostly by Palestrina, which was supplemented by later and smaller collections, such as "Excerpta ex celebrioribus de musicâ viris" (Rome, 1840), and "Raccolta di Motetti" (Rome, 1841). On plain chant he published "Accompagnamento coll' organo" (Rome, 1840); "Ristabilmento del canto e della musica ecclesiastica" (Rome, 1843); "Saggio storico del canto Gregoriano" (Rome 1845); "Prodromo sulla restaurazione de' libri di canto Gregoriano" (Rome, 1857). He also translated into Italian Catel's "Traité d'harmonie" and contributed to the "Gazzetta musicale di Milano" and other periodicals many articles on church music of great value to the student.

title: Cardinal (Catholic Church)

text:
In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the "cardinal" priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin "cardo" means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.
While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

title: Epistle to the Romans

text:
From Adam Clarke:
At this time, the Jews made up a substantial number in Rome, and their synagogues, frequented by many, enabled the Gentiles to become acquainted with the story of Jesus of Nazareth. Consequently, churches composed of both Jews and Gentiles were formed at Rome. According to Irenaeus, a 2nd-century Church Father, the church at Rome was founded directly by the apostles Peter and Paul. However, many modern scholars disagree with Irenaeus, holding that while little is known of the circumstances of the church's founding, it was not founded by Paul:

title: Giovanni Battista Vaccarini

text: As a church architect, Vaccarini introduced into Sicily the church plans of the Renaissance which had passed Sicily by. However, many of his churches are based on the designs of churches he had seen in Rome. The church of S. Agata in Catania, for instance, is based on Sant'Agnese in Agone (Rome).

title: Catholic Church

text: In the account of the Confession of Peter found in the Gospel of Matthew, Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which Christ's church will be built. The Catholic Church considers the Bishop of Rome, the pope, to be the successor to Saint Peter. Some scholars state Peter was the first Bishop of Rome. Others say that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was Bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome. Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural presbyters was adopted, and that later writers retrospectively applied the term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself. On this basis, Oscar Cullmann, Henry Chadwick, and Bart D. Ehrman question whether there was a formal link between Peter and the modern papacy. Raymond E. Brown also says that it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of local bishop of Rome, but that Christians of that period would have looked on Peter as having "roles that would contribute in an essential way to the development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown says, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome, the bishop of the city where Peter died, and where Paul witnessed to the truth of Christ, as the successor of Peter in care for the church universal".

title: Catholic Church

text: In 1949, the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries. The new government also created the Patriotic Church and appointed its bishops. These appointments were initially rejected by Rome, before many of them were accepted. In the 1960s during the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese Communists closed all religious establishments. When Chinese churches eventually reopened, they remained under the control of the Patriotic Church. Many Catholic pastors and priests continued to be sent to prison for refusing to renounce allegiance to Rome.

title: Catholic Church in Italy

text: The pope resides in the Vatican City, enclaved in Rome. Having been a major center for Christian pilgrimage since the Roman Empire, Rome is commonly regarded as the "home" of the Catholic Church, since it is where Saint Peter settled, ministered, served as bishop, and died. His relics are located in Rome along with Saint Paul's, among many other saints of Early Christianity.

title: Hippolytus of Rome

text: In the great compilations of ecclesiastical law that arose in the East since the 3rd century, the Church Orders many canons were attributed to Hippolytus, for example in the Canons of Hippolytus or the Constitutions through Hippolytus. How much of this material is genuinely his, how much of it worked over, and how much of it wrongly attributed to him, can no longer be determined beyond dispute, however a great deal was incorporated into the "Fetha Negest", which once served as the constitutional basis of law in Ethiopia — where he is still remembered as Abulides. During the early 20th century the work known as "The Egyptian Church Order" was identified as the Apostolic Tradition and attributed to Hippolytus; presently this attribution is hotly contested.

title: Lambert Road Baptist Church

text: The first pastor at Lambert Road Baptist Church, Richard Miller, when he arrived in Durban, was quoted as saying, "What faith and hope, how much of love and labour, how many prayers, how many tears, have gone to building the fabric that has now arisen in the Lambert Road Baptist Church, is known to God."

title: Rome: The World's First Superpower

text: The second episode starts at the Roma Termini railway station where we are led to discover how the city of Rome was sacked and razed to the ground by the Gauls who also killed many of its citizens, which led to the construction of a great wall to protect the city from future raids, many parts of the wall are preserved around Rome to the present day.

title: San Crisogono, Rome

text: The shrine was for many centuries the national church of the Sardinians and the Corsicans resident in Rome. Starting with the 16th century, the Corsicans immigrated in the city settled in the Tiber Island and in that part of Trastevere liying between the Port of Ripa Grande and the church. In the interior are buried several commanders of the "Guardia corsa", a militia analogue to the Swiss guard, which was active in Rome between the 15th and the 17th century.

title: Papal primacy

text:
In the Ravenna Document, issued in 2007, representatives of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church jointly stated that both East and West accept the fact of the Bishop of Rome's primacy at the universal level, but that differences of understanding exist about how the primacy is to be exercised and about its scriptural and theological foundations.
The Catholic dogma of the primacy of the bishop of Rome is codified in both codes of canon law of the Catholic Church – the Latin Church's 1983 "Code of Canon Law" (1983 CIC) and the Eastern Catholic Churches' 1990 "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches" (CCEO). The Second Vatican Council's 1964 dogmatic constitution "Lumen gentium" (LG) declared that the "pope's power of primacy" is by "virtue of his office, that is as Vicar of Christ and pastor of the whole Church," and is "full, supreme and universal power over the Church" which he "is always free to exercise." The primacy of the bishop of Rome, according to John Hardon in "Catholic Dictionary", is "primacy of jurisdiction, which means the possession of full and supreme teaching, legislative, and sacerdotal powers in the Catholic Church"; it is authority "not only in faith and morals but Church discipline and in the government of the Church."

title: History of the Catholic Church

text: In the account of the Confession of Peter found in the Gospel of Matthew, Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which Christ's church will be built.[13][14] While some scholars do state Peter was the first Bishop of Rome,[15][lower-alpha 1] others say that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was Bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome.[16] Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural presbyters was adopted,[17][lower-alpha 2] and that later writers retrospectively applied the term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself.[17] On this basis, Oscar Cullmann[19] and Henry Chadwick[20] question whether there was a formal link between Peter and the modern papacy, and Raymond E. Brown says that, while it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of local bishop of Rome, Christians of that period would have looked on Peter as having "roles that would contribute in an essential way to the development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown says, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome, the bishop of the city where Peter died, and where Paul witnessed to the truth of Christ, as the successor of Peter in care for the church universal".[17]

title: History of the East–West Schism

text: Following the Sack of Rome by invading European Goths, Rome became increasingly isolated from the churches in the eastern and southern Mediterranean. This was a situation which suited and pleased many of the patriarchs and bishops of those churches.

title: Appointment of Catholic bishops

text: The bishops of the most important sees sought acceptance from Rome. Some early church fathers attest to the fact that the Church of Rome - in effect its diocese - was the central point of authority. They attest to the Church's reliance on Rome for advice, for mediation of disputes, and for guidance on doctrinal issues. They note, as Ignatius of Antioch (ca 1st century) does, that Rome "holds the presidency" among the other churches, and that, as Irenaeus (ca 2nd century) explains, "because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree" with Rome. They are also clear on the fact that it is full communion with Rome and the bishop of Rome that causes one to be in communion with the Catholic Church. This displays a recognition that, as Cyprian of Carthage (3rd century) puts it, Rome is "the principal church, in which sacerdotal unity has its source." Most of these references were to the entire Church of Rome as such, not necessarily to the Bishop of Rome in his person, but after the role of the pope emerged, the church and its bishop became interpreted in a synonymous way.

title: Catholic Church in Italy

text: Over its two thousand-year history, the Church of Italy grew in size and influence producing and harboring (sometimes before martyrdom) some of the greatest leaders and movers of Catholic Christianity including Priscilla and Aquila; Ignatius of Antioch, martyred in Rome; Polycarp, martyred in Rome and a disciple of John the Evangelist; Agnes, Roman martyr; Lawrence, martyr; Justin Martyr, teacher and martyr; Hippolytus, priest and martyr; Cecilia, Roman martyr; Ambrose of Milan, bishop and Doctor of the Church; Jerome, theologian and Doctor of the Church; Benedict of Nursia, founder of the Benedictine order and of Western monasticism; Leo the Great, bishop of Rome and Doctor of the Church; Gregory the Great, bishop of Rome and Doctor of the Church; Augustine of Canterbury, Roman monk, Benedictine missionary to England, later English bishop; Urban II, pope or Bishop of Rome who called for the First Crusade; Anselm of Canterbury, Italian-born philosopher, Doctor of the Church and later English bishop; Francis of Assisi, mystic and founder of the Franciscans; Bonaventure of Bagnorea, Franciscan theologian and Doctor of the Church; Thomas Aquinas, Dominican theologian, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church; Dante, poet; Catherine of Siena, mystic, reformer, and Doctor of the Church; Monteverdi, composer; Robert Bellarmine of Tuscany, Jesuit theologian and Doctor of the Church; Antonio Vivaldi, priest and composer; Leo XIII, bishop of Rome and social reformer; Pius XII, bishop of Rome; John XXIII, bishop of Rome and initiator of Second Vatican Council, among many others. One could add to this list the founders of various contemporary lay ecclesial movements, notably Luigi Giussani, founder of Communion And Liberation, and Chiara Lubich, founder of the Focolare Movement. Also, Andrea Riccardi, founder of the Community of Sant'Egidio, now one of the great faith based organizations in the world.

title: Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome

text: As the home of the Pope and the Catholic curia, as well as the locus of many sites and relics of veneration related to apostles, saints and Christian martyrs, Rome had long been a destination for pilgrims. The Via Francigena was an ancient pilgrim route between England and Rome. It was customary to end the pilgrimage with a visit to the tombs of Sts Peter and Paul. Periodically, some were moved to travel to Rome for the spiritual benefits accrued during a Jubilee. These indulgences sometimes required a visit to a specific church or churches. Pilgrims need not visit each church.

title: Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

text: In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared the Kingdom of Italy, making Cavour officially Prime Minister of Italy. Cavour had many difficult issues to consider, including how to create a national military, which legal institutions should be retained in what locations, and especially the future of Rome. Most Italians thought Rome must be capital of a united Italy, but this conflicted with the temporal power of the Pope and also the independence of the Church. Cavour believed that Rome should remain the seat of "a free church in a free state", which would maintain its independence but give up temporal power. Still Austrian Venetia was also a problem. Cavour recognized that Venice must be an integral part of Italy but refused to take a stance on how to achieve it, saying "Will the deliverance of Venice come by arms or diplomacy? I do not know. It is the secret of Providence." A motion approving of his foreign policy passed by a huge majority, basically only opposed by left-wing and right-wing extremist groups.

title: History of papal primacy

text: The evolution of earlier tradition established both Peter and Paul as the forefathers of the bishops of Rome, from whom they received their position as chief shepherd (Peter) and supreme authority on doctrine (Paul). To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the bishops of Rome relied on a letter written in 416 by Innocent I to the Bishop of Gubbio, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. Since Peter was the only apostle (no mention of Paul) to have worked in the West, thus the only persons to have established churches in Italy, Spain, Gaul, Sicily, Africa, and the Western islands were bishops appointed by Peter or his successors. This being the case then, all congregations had to abide by the regulations set in Rome).

title: Fortunatus of Casei

text: Saint Fortunatus of Casei () is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. Tradition makes him a member of the Theban Legion, and thus martyred at Agaunum. However, his relics were situated in the catacombs of Saint Callixtus in Rome until 1746, when Cardinal Guadagni, Roman vicar to Benedict XIV, re-exhumed and displayed Fortunatus’ relics in the collegiate church of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome. It is unclear how the relics of Fortunatus reached Rome from the saint’s supposed place of death in the Swiss Alps.

title: Pope

text: The Catholic Church teaches that Jesus personally appointed Peter as leader of the Church, and the Catholic Church's dogmatic constitution "Lumen gentium" makes a clear distinction between apostles and bishops, presenting the latter as the successors of the former, with the pope as successor of Peter, in that he is head of the bishops as Peter was head of the apostles. Some historians argue against the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome, noting that the episcopal see in Rome can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century. The writings of the Church Father Irenaeus who wrote around AD 180 reflect a belief that Peter "founded and organized" the Church at Rome. Moreover, Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peter's presence in the early Roman Church. Clement of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians, "c." 96, about the persecution of Christians in Rome as the "struggles in our time" and presented to the Corinthians its heroes, "first, the greatest and most just columns", the "good apostles" Peter and Paul. St. Ignatius of Antioch wrote shortly after Clement and in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did. Given this and other evidence, such as Emperor Constantine's erection of the "Old St. Peter's Basilica" on the location of St. Peter's tomb, as held and given to him by Rome's Christian community, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero, although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.

title: Papal primacy

text: The evolution of earlier tradition established both Peter and Paul as the forefathers of the bishops of Rome, from whom they received their position as chief shepherd (Peter) and supreme authority on doctrine (Paul). To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the bishops of Rome relied on a letter written in 416 by Innocent I to the Bishop of Gubbio, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. Since Peter was the only apostle (no mention of Paul) to have worked in the West, thus the only persons to have established churches in Italy, Spain, Gaul, Sicily, Africa, and the Western islands were bishops appointed by Peter or his successors. This being the case then, all congregations had to abide by the regulations set in Rome.

title: Cavour IV Cabinet

title: Historiography of early Christianity

text: According to Christian tradition, the Christian Church was founded by Jesus. In the Gospel according to Matthew, the resurrected Jesus gathered his Twelve Apostles together, issued the Great Commission, and selected Simon Peter as their leader, proclaiming "I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven". Many modern scholars, including some Catholic ones, flatly deny that Jesus ever even intended to found a Church, much less that he did so. Even those scholars who agree that Jesus founded some kind of Church are divided on whether he founded it on Simon Peter or gave him any sort of primacy. Even those scholars who accept that Peter held some sort of primacy among the apostles are divided on the issue of whether Jesus intended that primacy to be continued by others after Peter's death (apostolic succession). Even those scholars who accept that Jesus intended a continuing Petrine primacy are divided on whether this primacy was uniquely devolved upon the Church of Rome; some, for example, following the lead of Cyprian of Carthage, insist that the Petrine primacy is possessed by every bishop throughout the world who stands in legitimate apostolic succession, whether in communion with Rome or not. Even those scholars who accept that a unique Petrine primacy attached to the See of Rome are divided on exactly how and why that primacy became attached to Rome, by what means or succession it was passed down within the See of Rome, whether Rome itself remained true to that primacy, and exactly what authority the primacy legitimately exercises in the world today.

title: Architecture of Rome

text: Rome has an often overlooked, yet rich and diverse Romanesque and Gothic heritage. Many of the first Christian churches in the world were constructed in Rome, and Byzantine churches were mainly based on the Roman basilica. They were often oblong or geometric, long, with three naves and full of rich golden mosaics. Later Romanesque churches in Rome were more round, using the Roman arch. There are few Gothic churches in Rome. Examples of buildings from this period includes the Torre delle Milizie, the Torre dei Conti, and the churches of Santa Maria Maggiore, San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the later part being largely rebuilt in the 19th century), Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santi Quattro Coronati, Santa Prassede, and Santa Maria in Aracoeli. Elaborate tabernacles were popular especially in the 13th century, and basilicas were often full of rich mosaics. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Cosmati family was famous for their mosacis and elegant decoration. They created beautiful marble floors with mosaics, often with inlays of green and red porphyry. Their designs in Rome became so popular that they were known as "cosmatesque".

title: Lusitanian Orthodox Church

text: In the year 1052, the Bishop of Rome, claiming authority over all West, and adding the "Filioque" in the Nicene Creed, leading many (generally Orthodox) churches to leave communion with Rome. In some places in the West, such as in Southern Italy, many bishops resisted.

title: Russian Greek Catholic Church

text: The modern Russian Catholic Church owes much to the inspiration of poet and philosopher Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (1853–1900), who urged, following Dante, that, just as the world needed the Tsar as a universal monarch, the Church needed the Pope of Rome as a universal ecclesiastical hierarch. Following Solovyov's teachings a Russian Orthodox priest, Nicholas Tolstoy, entered into full communion with the See of Rome under the Melkite Greek-Catholic, Byzantine Rite Patriarchate of Antioch. Solovyov received sacramental Extreme Unction from Father Tolstoy believing that in doing so he remained also a faithful member of the Russian Orthodox Church. Orthodox authorities refer to Tolstoy as an apostate and “ex-priest,” but tend to imply that Solovyov still died an Orthodox Christian. Nevertheless, Solovyov never retracted his sentiments in favor of union with the Catholic Church and the See of Rome, and to this day, many Russian Catholics refer to themselves as members of the 'Russian "Orthodox" Church in communion with Rome'.

title: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: The common name of the church, "Eastern Orthodox Church", is a shortened practicality that helps to avoid confusions in casual use. From ancient times through the first millennium, Greek was the most prevalent shared language in the demographic regions where the Byzantine Empire flourished, and Greek, being the language in which the New Testament was written, was the primary liturgical language of the church. For this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as "Greek" (in contrast to the "Roman" or "Latin" church, which used a Latin translation of the Bible), even before the Great Schism of 1054. After 1054, "Greek Orthodox" or "Greek Catholic" marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople, much as "Catholic" did for communion with Rome. This identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. In addition, struggles between Rome and Constantinople to control parts of Southeastern Europe resulted in the conversion of some churches to Rome, which then also used "Greek Catholic" to indicate their continued use of the Byzantine rites. Today, many of those same churches remain, while a very large number of Orthodox are not of Greek national origin, and do not use Greek as the language of worship. "Eastern", then, indicates the geographical element in the Church's origin and development, while "Orthodox" indicates the faith, as well as communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. There are additional Christian churches in the east that are in communion with neither Rome nor Constantinople, who tend to be distinguished by the category named "Oriental Orthodox". While the church continues officially to call itself "Catholic", for reasons of universality, the common title of "Eastern Orthodox Church" avoids casual confusion with the Roman Catholic Church.