query: Who made the first rubber balloon?

title: Toy balloon

text: The first rubber balloons were made by Professor Michael Faraday in 1824 for use in his experiments with hydrogen at the Royal Institution in London. "The caoutchouc is exceedingly elastic", he wrote in the Quarterly Journal of Science the same year. "Bags made of it...have been expanded by having air forced into them, until the caoutchouc was quite transparent, and when expanded by hydrogen they were so light as to form balloons with considerable ascending power...." Faraday made his balloons by cutting round two sheets of rubber laid together and pressing the edges together. The tacky rubber welded automatically, and the inside of the balloon was rubbed with flour to prevent the opposing surfaces joining together.[8]

title: Two-balloon experiment

text: The key to understanding the behavior of the balloons is understanding how the pressure inside a balloon varies with the balloon's diameter. The simplest way to do this is to imagine that the balloon is made up of a large number of small rubber patches, and to analyze how the size of a patch is affected by the force acting on it.

title: Slingshot

text: A home-made derivative of a slingshot also exists, consisting of a rubber balloon cut in half and tied to a tubular object such as the neck of a plastic bottle, or a small pipe. The projectile is inserted through the tube and into the cut balloon, and the user stretches the balloon to launch the projectile. These so-called "balloon guns" are sometimes made as a substitute to ordinary slingshot, and is often used to create the "shotgun" effect with multiple projectiles fired at once.

title: Sophie Blanchard

text: She was not the first woman balloonist. On 20 May 1784, the Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and a Miss de Lagarde had taken a trip on a tethered balloon in Paris. Neither was she the first woman to ascend in an untethered balloon: in Blanchard's time, Citoyenne Henri, who had made an ascent with André-Jacques Garnerin in 1798, was widely credited with that ballooning first, although the honour actually belonged to Elizabeth Thible. Thible, an opera singer, had made an ascent to entertain Gustav III of Sweden in Lyon on 4 June 1784, fourteen years before Citoyenne Henri. Blanchard was, however, the first woman to pilot her own balloon and the first to adopt ballooning as a career.

title: Balloon

text: Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons filled with a liquid, usually water, instead of a gas, and intended to be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying to get each other wet, as a game, competition, or practical joke. By forcing water out the open end of a water balloon, it is possible to use it as a makeshift water gun.

title: Water balloon

text: A water balloon or water bomb is a latex rubber balloon filled with water. Water balloons are used in a summer pastime of cooling off through water balloon wars. Water balloons are also popular for celebrations, including celebrating Holi and Carnival in India, Nepal, and several other countries.

title: Neil Tillotson

text: Working at Hood Rubber in the 1920s as a researcher, Tillotson lost his job as a result of the Great Depression. Out of desperation and boredom, Tillotson discovered a way to make latex balloons economically. He founded the Tillotson Rubber Company in 1931 to produce them. His first product was hand-painted balloons in the shape of a cat's head, but he soon branched out into other offerings. In 1931, despite the Depression, Tillotson Rubber made USD $85,000 in sales (equivalent to $1.2 million in 2009).

title: Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

text: Anthony "Tony" Frederick Sarg loved to work with marionettes from an early age. After moving to London to start his own marionette business, Sarg moved to New York City to perform with his puppets on the street. Macy's heard about Sarg's talents and asked him to design a window display of a parade for the store. Sarg's large animal-shaped balloons, produced by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio, replaced the live animals in 1927. A popular belief was that a balloon version Felix the Cat balloon was the first character balloon in the parade back in 1927. Macy's also claimed that, but Felix actually made his first appearance in 1931.

title: Project Mogul

text: The early Mogul balloons consisted of large clusters of rubber meteorological balloons, however, these were quickly replaced by enormous balloons made of polyethylene plastic. These were more durable, leaked less helium, and also were better at maintaining a constant altitude than the early rubber balloons. Constant-altitude-control and polyethylene balloons were the two major innovations of Project Mogul.

title: Space hopper

text: The space hopper is a heavy rubber balloon about in diameter, with two rubber handles protruding from the top. A valve at the top allows the balloon to be inflated by a bicycle pump or car tire pump.

title: Toy balloon

text: Inflatable foil balloons are made from plastics, such as aluminized PET film. Foil balloons are not elastic like rubber balloons, so that detailed and colorful pictures printed on their surfaces are not distorted when the balloon is inflated. Foil balloons are thus named because they sometimes have a metallic coating to make them shiny, however there have been concerns about metallic balloons causing short circuits when caught in overhead power lines. [11] Because metallic balloons can cause power outages like on overhead catenary train lines [12], it is recommended that the metallic balloons not only be tied by a string or ribbon with no metal in it, but also securely tied down by a weight to prevent the balloon from floating away and some train operators either issue advisories on how to handle balloons or ban balloons altogether. When no longer required, it is recommended to cut the balloon to release the helium and dispose of in a garbage container.

title: Inflatable

text: A balloon is an inflatable flexible filled with air and also gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide or oxygen. Modern balloons can be made from materials such as Natural latex rubber, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, while some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders . latex rubber balloons are used for children playing amusement it is cheap toys for rural people's children it also use as decorative purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications. The inventor of the natural latex rubber balloon, (the most common balloon) was Michael Faraday in 1824, via experiments with air and various gases.

title: Cluster ballooning

text: Cluster ballooning is a form of ballooning where a harness attaches a balloonist to a cluster of helium-inflated rubber balloons.

title: Balloon

text:
Balloons are used for decorating birthday parties, weddings, corporate functions, school events, and for other festive gatherings. The artists who use the round balloons to build are called "stackers" and the artists who use pencil balloons to build are called "twisters." Most commonly associated with helium balloon decor, more recently balloon decorators have been moving towards the creation of air-filled balloon decorations due to the non-renewable natural resource of helium limited in supply. The most common types of balloon decor include arches, columns, centerpieces, balloon drops, sculptures, and balloon bouquets. With the increased aptitude for balloon twisting as well as balloon stacking, the rise of the deco-twister manifests itself as the combination of stacking techniques as well as twisting techniques to create unique and interesting balloon decor option.
Party balloons are mostly made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees, and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber's elasticity makes the volume adjustable.

title: Toy balloon

text: A toy balloon or party balloon, is a small balloon mostly used for decoration,[1] advertising and children's toys. Toy balloons are usually made of rubber or aluminized plastic, and inflated with air or helium. They come in a great variety of sizes and shapes, but are most commonly 10 to 30 centimetres in diameter. Toy balloons are not considered to include "sky lanterns" (hot-air paper balloons), although these too are or were used as child toys in some parts of the world.

title: Two-balloon experiment

text: Equilibria are also possible in which both balloons have the same size. If the total quantity of air in both balloons is less than "N", defined as the number of molecules in both balloons if they both sit at the peak of the pressure curve, then both balloons settle down to the left of the pressure peak with the same radius, "r"natural rubber balloon once again goes up. This is due to a number of physical effects that were ignored in the James/Guth theory: crystallization, imperfect flexibility of the molecular chains, steric hindrances and the like. As a result, if the two balloons are initially very extended, other outcomes of the two-balloon experiment are possible, and this makes the behavior of rubber balloons more complex than, say, interconnected soap bubbles. In addition, natural rubber exhibits hysteresis: the pressure depends not just on the balloon diameter, but also on the manner in which inflation took place and on the initial direction of change. For instance, the pressure during inflation is always greater than the pressure during subsequent deflation at a given radius. One consequence is that equilibrium will generally be obtained with a lesser change in diameter than would have occurred in the ideal case. The system has been modeled by a number of authors, for example to produce phase diagrams specifying under what conditions the small balloon can inflate the larger, or the other way round.

title: Fermentation lock

text: The use of perforated rubber balloons offers an easy and inexpensive alternative to conventional airlocks: as used primarily in homebrewing, the balloon is stretched over the orifice of the fermentation vessel and, if necessary, tightened with rubber bands. The balloon is then perforated with a needle. These punctures, while not completely airtight, sufficiently protect the vessel's contents from contamination and allow the gases produced by fermentation to evacuate from the vessel as the pressure rises and the balloon inflates.

title: Balloon

text: Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures (see balloon modelling). The balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon, these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially. A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons.

title: Toy balloon

text: Every toy balloon has an opening (or mouth) through which gases are blown into it, followed by a connecting tube known as the neck. Balloons are usually filled by using one's breath, a pump, or a pressurized gas tank. The opening can then be permanently tied off or clamped temporarily. Foil balloons are typically self-sealing. By filling a balloon with a gas lighter than air, such as helium, the balloon can be made to float. Helium is the preferred gas for floating balloons, because it is inert and will not catch fire (like hydrogen) or cause toxic effects when inhaled. Small, light objects (postcards, in balloon mail for example) are sometimes placed in balloons along with helium and released into the air and, when the balloon eventually falls, the object inside might be found by another person. Rubber balloons can also be filled with liquids (usually water) and can burst when they impact a solid object. Liquid-filled balloons are commonly referred to as water balloons or water bombs and used in playful fights, and sometimes vandalism.

title: Union Army Balloon Corps

text: The silk material balloon used by the Confederates was of a design by Dr. Edward Cheves of Savannah, Georgia. Dr. Cheves had the silk material sewn together by seamstresses and then covered the silk material with a varnish made by melting rubber in oil. The balloon was filled with a coal gas and launched from a railroad car that its pilot, Edward Porter Alexander, had positioned near the battlefield. In late June 1862, Alexander made a few ascents in the balloon and was able to signal his observations of the battlefield to men on the ground using a wigwag system that he had devised. The coal gas used in the balloon was only able to keep the balloon aloft for about three to four hours at a time.

title: Whoopee cushion

text: Such similar noise can also be made with an inflated rubber balloon, by releasing the opening and letting it deflate. The escaping air causes the opening to vibrate and make noise as the balloon is propelled away.

title: Balloon

text: A balloon is a flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, air or water. Modern day balloons are made from materials such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, and can come in many different colors. Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders, such as the pig bladder. Some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloon's properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a wide range of applications.

title: Mackintosh

text: However, an exhaustive history of the invention of the Mackintosh was published by Schurer in 1952. The essence of Macintosh's process was the sandwiching of an impermeable layer of a solution of rubber in naphtha (derived from tar) between two layers of fabric. Syme did not propose the sandwich idea and his paper did not mention waterproofing. Waterproofing garments with rubber was an old idea, and was practised in pre-Columbian times by Aztecs, who impregnated fabric with latex. Later, French scientists made balloons gas-tight (and incidentally, impermeable) by impregnating fabric with rubber dissolved in turpentine, but this solvent was not satisfactory for making apparel.

title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: The Japanese designed two types of balloons. The first was called the "Type B Balloon" and was designed by the Japanese Navy. It was in diameter and consisted of rubberized silk. The type B balloons were sent first and mainly used for meteorological purposes. The Japanese used them to determine the possibility of the bomb-carrying balloons reaching North America. The second type was the bomb-carrying balloon. Japanese bomb-carrying balloons were in diameter and, when fully inflated, held about of hydrogen. Their launch sites were located on the east coast of the main Japanese island of Honshū.

title: Berlin scientific balloon flights

text: The tethered balloon "Meteor" was made from varnished silk and could reach an altitude of about 800 meters when filled with 130 cubic meters of coal gas. The measurement balloon "Cirrus", made from the same material, was a former military tethered balloon with a fill volume of 250 cubic meters. On its fifth flight it carried measurement instruments to an altitude of almost 22 kilometers. "Cirrus II" was made of rubberized silk of lower quality and had a volume of 400 cubic meters.

title: Fair Rubber Association

text: Fairly Traded condoms are one of the first products applying the Fair Trade criteria of the Fair Rubber Association. Other products include: Mattresses, household gloves, flip flops, balloons, hot water bottle, rubber boots, elastic bands, rubber band balls, … In its founding year and the first full year of its existence, the members of the Fair Rubber Association purchased almost 150 metric tons of natural rubber under the Association's criteria, which means Fair Trade premium payments of almost EUR 75,000. The workers who received this extra money used it, among other projects, to

title: Jean Piccard

text: Developed with John Akerman of the University of Minnesota and piloted by Jean Piccard in 1937 in Rochester, Minnesota, the first multi-celled balloon was called "The Pleiades" and was made of 98 latex rubber balloons. In a letter to Robert Gray of the Dewey and Almy Chemical Co. later published in "Time" magazine, Piccard describes how he broke balloons with a hunting knife and revolver to control his descent. A TNT charge released the cluster as he expected but sent burning excelsior down that destroyed the first "Pleiades". He suggested to Gray that rock wool in place of excelsior would prevent similar accidents in the future.

title: Toy balloon

text: Latex rubber toy balloons were introduced by pioneer rubber manufacturer Thomas Hancock the following year in the form of a do-it-yourself kit consisting of a bottle of rubber solution and a condensing syringe. Vulcanized toy balloons, which unlike the earlier kind were unaffected by changes in temperature, were first manufactured by J.G. Ingram of London in 1847 and can be regarded as the prototype of modern toy balloons.[9]

title: Dunno

text: Doono proposes to build a hot air balloon and go on an adventure. He and his friends begin extracting rubber, weaving the basket, and making emergency parachutes out of dandelions. A large rubber balloon is then inflated, fastened to the basket, and filled with hot air. The parachutes and other supplies are loaded, and sixteen seats are accommodated for. Everyone helps with preparations except for Dunno, who is too busy bossing everyone around and providing useless advice. The day of the departure comes, and Doono, Dunno, and fourteen other Mites come on board. Shot takes with him his dog, Dot. By this time, half the town still does not believe the balloon will be able to fly, but the balloon successfully rises off the ground, and all the shorties of Flower Town cheer. Gunky waves to Dunno from the ground but Dunno shuns him.

title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: The balloon had to carry about of gear. At first the balloons were made of conventional rubberized silk, but improved envelopes had less leakage. An order went out for ten thousand balloons made of "washi", a paper derived from mulberry bushes that was impermeable and very tough. It was only available in squares about the size of a road map, so it was glued together in three or four laminations using edible "konnyaku" (devil's tongue) paste – though hungry workers stealing the paste for food created some issues. Many workers were nimble-fingered teenaged school girls. They assembled the paper in many parts of Japan. Large indoor spaces, such as sumo halls, sound stages, and theatres, were required for the envelope assembly.


query: How many episodes does The Red Green Show have?

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: The Red Green Show is a Canadian sitcom. It premiered January 4th, 1991 and ended April 7, 2006. It aired 300 episodes, 11 specials, and 1 film.[1][2]

title: The Red Green Show

text: Ranger Gord's "educational" safety cartoons (featuring anthropomorphic animals that looked like Red and Harold) and occasional advice segments with Dalton Humphrey, Winston Rothschild and Mike Hamar. In the season Mike Hamar was introduced, he would often try to help Red around the lodge, but with humorously disastrous results due to mis-communications or Mike trying to imitate Red's corner-cutting shortcuts. Hap Shaughnessy appeared in many segments and always told Red outlandish stories about his life and occasionally another character, who would doubt Hap's claims and start making jokes about them. Among other things, Hap claims to have been an astronaut, to have fought Sonny Liston, to have invented television and basketball, and to have once advised Walt Disney on how many fingers to put on Mickey Mouse.

title: The Red Green Show

text: The title character of "The Red Green Show", Red (Steve Smith) is the leader of Possum Lodge and a self-proclaimed handyman who is constantly extolling the virtues of duct tape ("the handyman's secret weapon"). He is married to Bernice Green and does not have any children. He is seldom seen without his trademark red-and-green suspenders and Canadian military field maneuvers cap.

title: Geothermal Escapism

text: The episode was received positively by critics. Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an A-, saying "The concept episodes of "Community" usually work best when they hook in to some emotional element in the show’s core. So it makes sense that the show would haul out a concept episode for the episode where Troy leaves, and it makes even more sense that that concept would be “post-apocalyptic,” because Troy’s departure feels like the end of the world for the characters on the show, just as surely as it does for many of the show’s fans." He did, however, criticize the episode's focus on more than just Glover, saying "it’s a little weird to me that the show took the final appearance of Troy and mostly made it a story about other people. I get why that was done, and I think the story as it played was more or less fine. But the show felt slightly separated from Troy from the very first episode this season, and to have that continue all the way through his departure was slightly disappointing when it comes to one of the show’s best characters. The final act of this episode, where Troy admits that he, too, is scared to be leaving but has to go, then takes his leave, is really great stuff, and it goes a long way to filling in some of those blanks. But if there’s a reason I hold the episode at a slight remove, it’s because of how the story seems aimed slightly off."

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: The show moved to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation starting with episode 145. Also the show moved to Ici Radio-Canada Télé.

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: Retitled "The Red Green Show" starting with episode 162.

title: Traffic light rating system

text: Food may be labelled with a traffic light label showing how much fat, saturated fats, sugar and salt are in that food by using the traffic light signals for high ("red"), medium ("amber") and low ("green") percentages for each of these ingredients. Foods with 'green' indicators are healthier and to be preferred over those with 'red' ones. The label is on the front of the package and easier to spot and interpret than Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) labelling which will continue. The GDA is difficult to understand for many, including children, and does not lend itself to quick comparisons. The use of traffic light labelling is supported by many physician groups including the British Medical Association and welcomed by consumers. Despite worries from some in the food industry that red foods would be shunned, the British Medical Association, Food Standards Agency and others agree that consumers interpret the labels sensibly and realise they can have red foods as a treat, and these labels are easier to understand than lists of percentages.

title: Red Wing FFA

text: The Agricultural Open House is a large event put on by the FFA Chapter to display what the agriculture department does in Red Wing High School, and also how agriculture is used all throughout the community in Red Wing, and surrounding areas. The students in the FFA chapter work hard to get local businesses, colleges, commodities, and many more supporters to attend on this day to show what they do and educate the students and community. This event is open to all of the city of Red Wing, and all of Red Wing High School. On the day of the event, students display their agricultural experience projects they have been working on through the year, colleges promote their school, and educate people on their agricultural departments. The students also have the Goodhue County Dairy Princesses attend the event to talk about what they do and how they benefit the community. This event educates the city of Red Wing on the agricultural side of the community and continues to grow every year.

title: CeeLo Green

text: The following year, on February 5, Green appeared in the Super Bowl halftime show with Madonna. On March 31, 2012, Green appeared in the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards. On August 8 of that year, he played J.C. Carpenter in the TV Land sitcom "The Soul Man", in the episode "J.C. Carpenter's Gospel Show". Ten days later, he guest starred in the Nickelodeon show "How to Rock" in the episode "How to Rock Cee Lo". That year, he also lent his voice to the animated feature "Hotel Transylvania" as Murray the Mummy.

title: Dunces and Dragons

text:
The episode received positive reviews from media critics. In her review for the "Sunday Gazette-Mail", Jacqueline Cutler wrote that "The yellow invertebrate, in his brown shorts and white shirt, is not going to corrupt children." She was positive on the episode and said, "Nothing offensive or suggestive. But a point of logic irks: How can a crab father a whale? 'Adoption,' explains my son, the fan." She rated the episode for three categories—Grade C for the "Mom" category, A for Sis, and A- for Bro.
In his review for the DVD Talk, Paul Mavis positively reacted to the episode. He said "'Dunces & Dragons' puts a new spin on the old "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" theme and it's fun to see how the show's writers have adapted the characters from the show into this medieval setting." He added "This episode is also good because it shows an abnormally self-confident SpongeBob. I can't fathom (get it?) why fans of the show wouldn't like these new episodes, because they certainly haven't lost their silliness ... or their occasional edge ... Fans of "SpongeBob SquarePants" will find something to love in this set, if for no other reason, because it brings back many familiar supporting characters and features SpongeBob at what he does best: making us laugh."

title: The Red Green Show

text: Bill (Rick Green) is the star of the "Adventures with Bill" segment, in which he and at least one other character (usually Red) attempt to perform relatively simple tasks or try a sport or game in the clumsiest, most accident-prone way possible. (These segments are done in a silent home-movie format with a voiceover by Red.) Bill rarely actually speaks, and has only appeared on the main set of the show in the second season (still silently) and in the series' final episode — these are also the only times Bill is ever seen in colour (though he shows up in colour at the end of the credits sequence for the first season, at least), since the "Adventures" segments are shown in black & white. When something goes wrong, as it invariably does each episode, Bill can be heard as a muffled scream; these are anticipation of injury, not actual injury, such as Bill screaming as he falls off the ladder, not when he hits the ground. In some segments, Bill can be heard speaking in gibberish, but the explanation for not hearing him clearly is usually that the camera they use for these segments has a weak microphone. Later in the show's history, the "Adventures with Bill" segment was expanded to include more characters, and not necessarily Bill himself.

title: Nightswimming (Awake)

text: Many commentators praised the storylines of the "red reality", but criticized the arcs of the "green reality". This episode marked the first absence of Rex, as well as the show's two therapists: Dr. Jonathan Lee (BD Wong) and Dr. Judith Evans (Cherry Jones). Although it was the eighth broadcast episode, it was scheduled to be the fifth episode. The music featured in this installment was by Otis Redding. Michael is seen shirtless in two scenes of this episode, one of which was filmed at an actual campus swimming pool. During filming, a woman who was near the swimming pool confronted Isaacs about his nudity. Several of the episode's themes have been critically examined. It was filmed in Los Angeles, California, while eight guest actors starred in this episode.

title: Steve Smith (comedian)

text: In 1991 Smith starred in "The Red Green Show". In all, 300 episodes of the series were produced. In 1997, Smith was credited as his alter-ego, Red Green, in "Pavement", an episode of the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim show "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". In 2002 the full-length movie "Duct Tape Forever" was produced. Smith writes a syndicated newspaper column as Red Green, distributed by Newspaper Enterprise Association. In 2009, as a public service announcement by the Ontario Provincial Police and the Ontario Power Generation, Smith supplied his voice as a talking fish warning the dangers of illegal fishing near government hydro dams. In 2004 Smith hosted a show on Space called "Steve Smith Playhouse".

title: Advanced Advanced Dungeons & Dragons

text: The episode received generally positive reviews but was considered a less-than-worthy sequel to its predecessor, "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons". Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" rated the episode at a "B+," writing how this episode had a "high hurdle to clear" because of the standard set in the original when it demonstrated how the show does everything it does well. VanDerWerff wrote how the episode "sort-of" measured up to the original and criticized how the episode struggled to wrap up the story. Despite his reservations, he wrote how the episode worked even in spite of these flaws because it was fun to see all the characters playing the game together. He criticized how the conflict between Hank and Hickey felt generic and given less weight when compared to the previous vital conflict between Pierce and saving Fat Neil's life. He praised the casting of David Cross ("Arrested Development", "Mr. Show with Bob and David") as Hickey's son, Hank, and said he liked "the idea [of] having the two of them in the same room — even if they couldn’t stand each other — talking through their issues via the proxy of the game." He also praised the interrogation sequence between Hickey and the Hobgoblins (giving a taste of how Hickey operated as a cop) and praised the sound effects and camera movements that depicted the action in the game. Ultimately, he concluded that the "first D&D episode was much better at telling a compelling story about these characters and what they went through to save someone who wasn’t even one of their own." Rather, this episode "was better at capturing the feel of what it’s like to gather with friends and roll some dice, then laugh about how much fun something so silly can be."

title: The Mint (Australian game show)

text: This quiz, called "Code Red" by the hosts, was on the 2 August 2007 episode of "The Mint". Viewers were told to find and call-in to tell the host "how many reds" are in the puzzle, with little else to explain how to solve it.

title: The Mole (TV series)

text: A standard elimination checks each player's status on whether he or she will continue to the following episode. In most formats, a computer shows a green screen to signify they are continuing or a red screen to show they have earned the lowest score. Poland used red and green feathers, and some versions have used an eye instead.

title: The Red Green Show

text: Winston (Jeff Lumby) is the owner and sole employee of Rothschild's Sewage and Septic Sucking Services. Like Dalton and Mike, Winston is one of Red Green's friends and takes part in the day-to-day operations at Possum Lodge. He is always seen wearing a hard hat, off-white button-down shirt, a bowtie and hip waders. He is generally upbeat and has a positive outlook on life, and is usually able to look on the bright side of things even in the face of certain disaster. He is also a fan of self help speakers Anthony Anthony (whom he likes to quote frequently), Wally Himmler, cited as the author of "How to Have More of Everything" (Episode 80), Ed Big, cited as the author of "Think Big by Ed Big" (Episode 78), and Walter Mollusk, creator of the video, "Seize the Self-Help Course of the Day" (Episode 86).

title: Second Doctor

text: As with his predecessor, all the Second Doctor's original episodes were in black-and-white. Later guest appearances in The Three Doctors (1972–73), The Five Doctors (1983) and The Two Doctors (1985) were in colour. However, Troughton's reign as the Doctor was more notable for what does not exist than for what does, as many of the episodes featuring the Second Doctor were junked by the BBC; a full list of incomplete Doctor Who serials shows how many of these episodes are missing from the BBC Archives.

title: Possum Lake

text: Possum Lodge, home base for the Red Green Show, has dock facilities on the lake, although viewers never see the lake and the lodge at the same time. The lake does appear in episodes that include marina operator Glen Brackston (episode 23, "Canoe Jousting" and many others) and bush pilot Buzz Sherwood near his floatplane "Beauty" tied up to a dock on the lake (episode 70, "The Possum Olympics", for example). Several episodes also have segments featuring water taxi captain Hap Shaughnessy on Possum Lake.

title: Graham Greene (actor)

text: He was a guest star in an episode of the TV series "Numb3rs", as a First Nations chief. He also guest-starred on multiple occasions on "The Red Green Show" as Edgar "K.B." Montrose, an explosives enthusiast. In one episode "Red Green" asks him what he thought of the movie "Dances with Wolves". Greene's reply was that "...the native guy (himself as 'Kicking Bird') was OK. Should have gotten the Oscar. But the rest of it was a yawn! (The Red Green Show 1995 Season 5 Episode 1)

title: How Does She Do It?

text: Cliff Wheatley of IGN gave the episode a 4.5 out of 10, saying, “'How Does She Do It?' is a pretty dull episode of television by any standard, and unfortunately Benoist and a few funny lines aren’t enough to save it. There are too many characters getting a lot of screen time (and Cat not getting enough) without enough presence to keep them interesting, storylines that we’re not invested in, and action that’s not exciting. This episode would have been better left unaired".

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: Season one and two aired on CHCH-TV in Hamilton, Ontario, which aired Steve Smith's previous variety shows: Smith & Smith, Me & Max and The Comedy Mill (which aired in that order). Red Green was a recurring character on all three aforementioned shows. Also aired on CFTM-TV in Montreal, Quebec with the French language Canadian actors in the French language Canadian version of the Red Green Show, "Le Rouge Vert"

title: You Can't Do That on Television

text: Although the slime was usually green, other colors, such as red, blue, yellow, and even black and white, were occasionally used. 1981's "Safety First" episode, which featured white slime as part of a recurring joke in about "wearing white at night," was the first episode known to have used a slime color other than green. The most dramatic example of this was in the 1982 episode "Television," in which Christine is slimed in green, red, blue, yellow and "stripes" (green, red, blue, and yellow at once), while trying to explain about green slime to then-newcomer Vanessa Lindores. This sketch was later seen in the opening to the hit 1987 film "Fatal Attraction". In another memorable moment, the 1986 "Enemies and Paranoia" episode used the word "Free" as a trigger phrase for red slime after the studio was taken over by Russian Communists.

title: The Red Green Show

text: In 2010, Acorn changed formats again, they began releasing compilation sets which contain episodes from multiple seasons all grouped together. The first release, "The Red Green Show: The Infantile Years", features all 72 episodes from the first 3 seasons in a 9-disc set. Extras include introductions by Steve Smith, and Red & Harold character biographies. Seasons 4 through 6 were released in "The Red Green Show: The Toddlin' Years". Seasons 7 through 9 were released in "The Red Green Show: The Delinquent Years". Seasons 10 through 12 were released in "The Red Green Show: The Midlife Crisis Years". On 20 September 2011, Acorn released "The Red Green Show: The Geezer Years", which contains episodes from the final three seasons (13–15).

title: Tucumán amazon

text: The Tucumán amazon is a mostly green short-tailed parrot, medium-sized at long. The green feathers of the upper-body have black margins. There is red plumage on the forehead and fore-crown, and the red does not extend around the white eye-rings. It has red primary wing feathers and no red at the bend of the wing. It has orange thighs and red at base of the green tail. They have a horn coloured beak, orange-yellow irises, and pinkish-grey legs. The male and female are identical in external appearance. Juveniles have less red on the head, green primary wing feathers, green thighs, and grey irises.

title: Red Forman

text: On other occasions, father and son unite to collude in a scheme or plot, share a joke, or even face the displeasure of Kitty together. Many episodes show the respect between the two characters, with Red even admitting on one occasion that his love for Eric does not need to be articulated, it is "just a given". Despite Red's firm stance with his son, he protects Eric when the situation calls for it; for example, in one episode when Bob accuses Eric of being a poor influence on his daughter, Red gives him a cold send-off.

title: Tahit Moos Al-Hallaq

text: All of its episodes show how do people from a low-class treat people from middle or high-class. At the first episode, it showed how do illiterates treat their teacher. At the second episode, it showed how a poor ill man treat the doctor, and many more episodes that show the relations between low and high-class people.

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: The show moved to the Global Television Network and was retitled "The New Red Green Show" starting with episode 73.

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: Harold Green returns to the series with episode 211, initially in a sporadic form.

title: List of The Red Green Show episodes

text: Bill Smith (Rick Green) returns to the show after four years, starting with episode 246.


query: Is another ice age predicted for the future?

title: Global cooling

text: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases. In the scientific papers which considered climate trends of the 21st century, less than 10% inclined towards future cooling, while most papers predicted future warming.[1] The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.[3] The actual increase in this period was 29%. Paul R. Ehrlich mentioned climate change from greenhouse gases in 1968.[4] By the time the idea of global cooling reached the public press in the mid-1970s temperatures had stopped falling, and there was concern in the climatological community about carbon dioxide's warming effects.[5] In response to such reports, the World Meteorological Organization issued a warning in June 1976 that "a very significant warming of global climate" was probable.[6]

title: Numerical weather prediction

text: These equations are initialized from the analysis data and rates of change are determined. These rates of change predict the state of the atmosphere a short time into the future; the time increment for this prediction is called a "time step". This future atmospheric state is then used as the starting point for another application of the predictive equations to find new rates of change, and these new rates of change predict the atmosphere at a yet further time step into the future. This time stepping is repeated until the solution reaches the desired forecast time. The length of the time step chosen within the model is related to the distance between the points on the computational grid, and is chosen to maintain numerical stability. Time steps for global models are on the order of tens of minutes, while time steps for regional models are between one and four minutes. The global models are run at varying times into the future. The UKMET Unified Model is run six days into the future, while the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' Integrated Forecast System and Environment Canada's Global Environmental Multiscale Model both run out to ten days into the future, and the Global Forecast System model run by the Environmental Modeling Center is run sixteen days into the future. The visual output produced by a model solution is known as a prognostic chart, or "prog".

title: Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera

text: Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera is a theoretical physicist and researcher at the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He disagrees with predictions about future climate change, arguing that proponents ignore the most important factor, which he submits is solar activity. In the summer of 2008, he also predicted the world would soon enter a little ice age.

title: James Croll

text: Croll's theory predicted multiple ice ages, asynchronous in northern and southern hemispheres, and that the last ice ages should have ended about 80,000 years ago. Evidence was just then emerging of multiple ice ages, and geologists were interested in a theory to explain this. Geologists were not then able to date sediments accurately enough to determine if glaciation was synchronous between the hemispheres, though the limited evidence more pointed towards synchronicity than not. More crucially, estimates of the recession rate of the Niagara Falls indicated that the last ice age ended 6,000 to 35,000 years ago – a large range, but enough to rule out Croll's theory, to those who accepted the measurements.

title: Biotic Ligand Model

text:
Currently, the EPA recognizes the use of the BLM in the identification and cleanup of copper. This is because of the extensive characterization and testing performed using copper to predict toxic outcomes of metal exposure in various environmental conditions (pH, DOC, temperature, etc.) . Another version of the BLM is underway by HydroQual who is in the processes of developing the TBLM with Copper and Nickel for predicting metal effects in soil.
The future characterization of metals for the BLM like Ag, Zn, Pb, Al, Ni, and Cd on aquatic systems and organisms will help develop the BLM for a broader range of metals for which it can be certain to predict and assess potential impacts. The BLM is limited as it is only a predictive tool, but it has useful applications in aquatic toxicology.

title: New riddle of induction

text: Goodman poses Hume's problem of induction as a problem of the validity of the predictions we make. Since predictions are about what has yet to be observed and because there is no necessary connection between what has been observed and what will be observed, there is no objective justification for these predictions. Deductive logic cannot be used to infer predictions about future observations based on past observations because there are no valid rules of deductive logic for such inferences. Hume's answer was that observations of one kind of event following another kind of event result in habits of regularity (i.e., associating one kind of event with another kind). Predictions are then based on these regularities or habits of mind.

title: WAIS Divide

text: The core was dated using two methods. The top was dated by counting annual layers to an age of 31,200 years ago. The bottom was dated using stratigraphic methods to an age of 67,748, years at the bottom of the core. The dating was more accurate than other Antarctic ice cores and enables a better understanding of the causes of previous climate changes. This information helps improve predictions of future climate changes.

title: Climate sensitivity

text: In 2008, Farley wrote: "... examine the change in temperature and solar forcing between glaciation (ice age) and interglacial (no ice age) periods. The change in temperature, revealed in ice core samples, is 5 °C, while the change in solar forcing is 7.1 W/m. The computed climate sensitivity is therefore 5/7.1 = 0.7 K(W/m). We can use this empirically derived climate sensitivity to predict the temperature rise from a forcing of 4 W/m, arising from a doubling of the atmospheric from pre-industrial levels. The result is a predicted temperature increase of 3 °C."

title: Future of Earth

text: Historically, there have been cyclical ice ages in which glacial sheets periodically covered the higher latitudes of the continents. Ice ages may occur because of changes in ocean circulation and continentality induced by plate tectonics. The Milankovitch theory predicts that glacial periods occur during ice ages because of astronomical factors in combination with climate feedback mechanisms. The primary astronomical drivers are a higher than normal orbital eccentricity, a low axial tilt (or obliquity), and the alignment of summer solstice with the aphelion. Each of these effects occur cyclically. For example, the eccentricity changes over time cycles of about 100,000 and 400,000 years, with the value ranging from less than 0.01 up to 0.05. This is equivalent to a change of the semiminor axis of the planet's orbit from 99.95% of the semimajor axis to 99.88%, respectively.

title: Global catastrophic risk

text: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred. An ice age would have a serious impact on civilization because vast areas of land (mainly in North America, Europe, and Asia) could become uninhabitable. Currently, the world is in an interglacial period within a much older glacial event. The last glacial expansion ended about 10,000 years ago, and all civilizations evolved later than this. Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon. The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

title: Global cooling

text: The paper of Hays, Imbrie and Shackleton "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages" qualified its predictions with the remark that "forecasts must be qualified in two ways. First, they apply only to the natural component of future climatic trends - and not to anthropogenic effects such as those due to the burning of fossil fuels. Second, they describe only the long-term trends, because they are linked to orbital variations with periods of 20,000 years and longer. Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate".[9]

title: Ice age

text: According to research published in "Nature Geoscience", human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO) will defer the next ice age. Researchers used data on Earth's orbit to find the historical warm interglacial period that looks most like the current one and from this have predicted that the next ice age would usually begin within 1,500 years. They go on to say that emissions have been so high that it will not.

title: Affective forecasting

text: Another problem that can arise with affective forecasting is that people tend to misremember their past predictions. Meyvis, Ratner, and Levav predicted that people forget how they predicted an experience would be beforehand, and thought their predictions were the same as their actual emotions. Because of this, people do not realize that they made a mistake in their predictions, and will then continue to misforecast similar situations in the future. Meyvis et al. ran five studies to test whether or not this is true. They found in all of their studies, when people were asked to recall their previous predictions they instead write how they currently feel about the situation. This shows that they do not remember how they thought they would feel, and makes it impossible for them to learn from this event for future experiences.

title: Climate change in the Arctic

text: The Arctic ocean will likely be free of summer sea ice before the year 2100, but many different dates have been projected. One study suggests 2060–2080 and another suggests 2030. A 2013 study showed that simply extending summertime ice melting trends into the future in a straight line predicts an ice-free summertime Arctic as early as by 2020.

title: Looney Tunes River Ride

text: In later years, "Ice Age Adventure" was not received well by visitors to the park. Many of the ride's animatronics were broken and the special effects weren't operating anymore. In 2012, Movie Park Germany promised that a major refurbishment in 2013 would be planned, with characters (like Crash, Eddie, Ellie, Peaches and Buck) and scenes from "Ice Age", "Ice Age: The Meltdown", "" and "". However, the refurbishment was cancelled since the ride didn't quite fit the theme of Nickland. On 1 November 2016, "Ice Age Adventure" performed its last run, and a wreath was laid down at the ride. On 6 December 2016, it was announced that "Ice Age Adventure" would not reopen in 2017, because Movie Park Germany's 10-year licensing of the ride had expired at the end of 2016. The ride's closure was also due to the cancellation of its refurbishment, and it resulted in the retirement of the Scrat, Sid, Diego and Scratte walk-around characters. However, the show building that enclosed "Ice Age Adventure" does not remain unused, as there are already plans for the future, and the ride's queue area was converted into a picnic area, and the souvenir shop still exists, albeit used for "Excalibur - Secrets of the Dark Forest", and the boats used in the ride are used as additional boats for "Bermuda Triangle: Alien Encounter", and "Ice Age 4-D: No Time for Nuts" is still shown at the Roxy 4D-Kino, and one of "Ice Age Adventure"s Diego animatronics can be found in the Roxy 4D-Kino's entrance lobby, and another Diego animatronic and a Manny animatronic can be found as circus animals in "Circus of Freaks" during the Halloween Horror Fest.

title: Arctic sea ice decline

text: Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free". Professor Peter Wadhams of the University of Cambridge is among these scientists. Wadhams and several others have noted that climate model predictions have been overly conservative regarding sea ice decline. A 2013 paper suggested that models commonly underestimate the solar radiation absorption characteristics of wildfire soot. A 2006 paper predicted "near ice-free September conditions by 2040". Overland and Wang (2013) investigated three different ways of predicting future sea ice levels. From sea ice models and recent satellite images it can be expected that a sea ice free summer will come before 2020. The IPCC AR5 (for at least one scenario) estimates an ice-free summer might occur around 2050. The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century. Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s. However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007. Based on the outcomes of several different models, Overland and Wang (2013) put the early limit for a sea ice free summer Arctic near 2040.

title: Global cooling

text: The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due "soon" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use "soon" to refer to periods of thousands of years. A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a "rapid" ice age onset (i.e., less than a century or two) since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years. Some creative ways around this were found, notably one championed by Nigel Calder under the name of "snowblitz", but these ideas did not gain wide acceptance.

title: Inter Ice Age 4

text: Plot elements include submersion of the world caused by melting polar ice, genetic creation of gilled children for the coming underwater age, and a fortune-telling computer predicting the future and advising humans how to deal with it. Because a similar computer in Moscow is being used to make political forecasts, the institute of a Tokyo professor decides to avoid politics and try to foresee the future of an individual. A man is picked, apparently at random, only to be murdered before he can be programmed, but the computer can still read his mind. The resulting involvements are complicated by a climactic shift – Inter Ice Age 4 – which puts Earth underwater.

title: Hubert Lamb

text: Lamb was one of the first to propose that climate could change within human experience, going against the orthodox view of the time that climate could be treated as constant for practical purposes. He developed early theories about the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age. He became known for his prediction of gradual global cooling and a coming glacial period (colloquially an "ice age"), and he subsequently highlighted a more immediate future prospect of global warming.

title: Pleonasm

text: The redundancy of these two well-known statements is deliberate, for humorous effect. (See Yogi_Berra#Yogi-isms.) But one does hear educated people say "my predictions about the future of politics" for "my predictions about politics", which are equivalent in meaning. While predictions are necessarily about the future (at least in relation to the time the prediction was made), the nature of this future can be subtle (e.g., "I predict that he died a week ago"—the prediction is about future discovery or proof of the date of death, not about the death itself). Generally "the future" is assumed, making most constructions of this sort pleonastic. The latter humorous quote above about not making predictions – by Yogi Berra – is not really a pleonasm, but rather an ironic play on words.

title: Ice core

text: Many different kinds of analysis are performed on ice cores, including visual layer counting, tests for electrical conductivity and physical properties, and assays for inclusion of gases, particles, radionuclides, and various molecular species. For the results of these tests to be useful in the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments, there has to be a way to determine the relationship between depth and age of the ice. The simplest approach is to count layers of ice that correspond to the original annual layers of snow, but this is not always possible. An alternative is to model the ice accumulation and flow to predict how long it takes a given snowfall to reach a particular depth. Another method is to correlate radionuclides or trace atmospheric gases with other timescales such as periodicities in the earth's orbital parameters.

title: Ice Age Centre

text: This museum offers a variety of educational history as well as an overview of the future for families to come in and learn more about. The Ice Age Centre was named the Best Tourist Venue of 2012 . Each floor within the building offers different exhibits. The 1st floor contains the exhibits "ICE AGE AND ICE IN OUR ERA". The 2nd floor contains the exhibits "TRACES OF ICE AGE ON THE ESTONIAN TERRITORY." The 3rd floor contains the exhibits "DOES THE FUTURE DEPEND ON US?"

title: Inter Ice Age 4

text: In the third edition of "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction", author and critic John Clute writes of "Inter Ice Age 4": "It is a complex story set in a near-future Japan threatened by the melting polar ice caps. The protagonist, Professor Katsumi, has been in charge of developing a computer/information system capable of predicting human behavior. Fatally for him, this system predicts his compulsive refusal to go along with his associates and his government in the creation of genetically engineered children, adapted for life in the rising seas. Most of the novel, narrated by Katsumi, deals with a philosophical confrontation between his deeply alienated refusal of the future and the computer's knowing representations of that refusal and the alternatives to it. The resulting psychodramas include a mysterious murder and the enlistment of his unborn child into the ranks of the mutated water-breathers."

title: Olivet Discourse

text: One view (Futurism) is that the future Jesus predicted is the unfolding of events from trends that are already at work in contemporary human society. Another prophetic view (Preterism) is that all of these predictions were fulfilled by the time Jerusalem fell in 70 AD.

title: Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire

text: The unresolved larger narrative arc of "Ice and Fire" encourages speculation about future story events. According to Martin, much of the key to "Ice and Fire" story future lies sixteen years in the fictional past of which each volume reveals more. Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed, although Martin heeds story developments to not be predictable. The viewpoint characters, who serve as unreliable narrators, may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events. What the readers believe to be true may therefore not necessarily be true.

title: High-temperature operating life

text: The main aim of the HTOL is to age the device such that a short experiment will allow the lifetime of the IC to be predicted (e.g. 1,000 HTOL hours shall predict a minimum of "X" years of operation). Good HTOL process shall avoid relaxed HTOL operation and also prevents overstressing the IC. This method ages all IC's building blocks to allow relevant failure modes to be triggered and implemented in a short reliability experiment. A precise multiplier, known as the Acceleration Factor (AF) simulates long lifetime operation.

title: West Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: Rapley said, "Parts of the Antarctic ice sheet that rest on bedrock below sea level have begun to discharge ice fast enough to make a significant contribution to sea level rise. Understanding the reason for this change is urgent in order to be able to predict how much ice may ultimately be discharged and over what timescale. Current computer models do not include the effect of liquid water on ice sheet sliding and flow, and so provide only conservative estimates of future behaviour."

title: Predicted outcome value theory

text:
1. Attraction increases as the predicted outcome value increases
2. Prediction of positive future outcomes leads to future interactions
3. Prediction of negative future outcomes ends future interactions
4. People focus and discuss topics in conversations that facilitate positive predicted outcomes

title: Orbital forcing

text: This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a "sudden" ice age (rapid being anything under a century or two), since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future.

title: Larsen Ice Shelf

text: The breakaway process for the iceberg had begun by mid-2016. On 10 November 2016 scientists photographed the growing rift running along the Larsen C ice shelf, showing it running about long with a width of more than , and a depth of . By December 2016, the rift had extended another to the point where only of unbroken ice remained and calving was considered to be a certainty in 2017. This was predicted to cause the calving of between nine and twelve percent of the ice shelf, , an area greater than the US state of Delaware, or twice the size of Luxembourg. The calved fragment was predicted to be thick and to have an area of about . The resulting iceberg was predicted to be among the largest icebergs ever recorded, unless it would break into multiple pieces.

title: Martian

text: As a writer for "Doctor Who", Brian Hayles created a Martian species of reptilian humanoids called the Ice Warriors, who move stiffly and speak in a husky whisper. Most of the Ice Warriors that the Doctor encounters are brutish and belligerent. As Mars' climate becomes less favorable to sustaining them, the Ice Warriors seek a new planet. These reptilians debuted in "The Ice Warriors" (1967), a "Doctor Who" television serial about an impending ice age in Earth's future. As British scientists try to slow or avert a glacier encroaching on Great Britain, they find an Ice Warrior near their base, frozen in the glacier, and apparently in suspended animation. No one knows the being's identity, but they understand that it is probably from another planet. When the Ice Warrior revives, he attacks Jamie McCrimmon and kidnaps Victoria Waterfield. Other stories set in the future show the Martians eventually become more peaceful and are members of the Galactic Federation, though some want to return to their warlike ways.


query: What is the official currency in Zambia?

title: Zambian kwacha

text: The Kwacha (ISO 4217 code: ZMW) is the currency of Zambia. It is subdivided into 100 Ngwee.

title: Zambia one hundred kwacha note

text:
The old currency unit was divided by 1000, hence, removing three zeros from the preexisting K50,000, K20,000, K10,000, K5,000, and K1,000. The lower denominations of K500, K100, and K50 were also divided by 1000 and were changed into the 1 Kwacha, 50, 10, and 5 Ngwee coins respectively.
On January 23, 2012, the Bank of Zambia proposed certain measures in regards of the redenomination of the Zambian Kwacha. Such recommendations were initially approved by the government, being one of the measures required to address costs associated with the continuous devaluation of the national currency, due to depreciation throughout time, as a direct result of several years of high inflation rates that characterized the national economy during the late decades of the 20th century, and the early years of the 21st century. On 22 August 2012 the Bank of Zambia issued a press release stating that the changeover date for the rebased currency had been set as 1 January 2013.
The recommendations were assented to the parliament on November 3, 2012. Later, The Redomination of Currency Act (Act 8 of 2012) was enacted on December 3, 2012.

title: Revaluation

text: In a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank maintains an officially announced exchange rate by standing ready to buy or sell foreign currency at that rate. In general terms, revaluation of a currency is a calculated adjustment to a country's official exchange rate relative to a chosen baseline. The baseline could in principle be anything from wage rates to the price of gold to a foreign currency. In a fixed exchange rate regime, only a decision by a country's government (specifically, its central bank) can alter the official value of the currency. In contrast, a devaluation is an official "reduction" in the value of the currency.

title: Bank of Zambia

text:
According to its website, the principal responsibility of the bank is to create and implement monetary policy that will maintain the economic stability of the country. The Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration, during the Global Policy Forum, held in Riviera Maya, Mexico in 2011.
The Bank of Zambia has origins in the 1938 formation of the Southern Rhodesia Currency Board, which was based in Harare, in present-day Zimbabwe. The Board's jurisdiction included Northern Rhodesia, now called Zambia and Nyasaland, known as Malawi today.

title: World Englishes

text: As for East Africa, extensive British settlements were established in what are now Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, where English became a crucial language of the government, education and the law. From the early 1960s, the six countries achieved independence in succession; but English remained the official language and had large numbers of second language speakers in Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi (along with Chewa).

title: List of airports in Zambia

text: Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighboring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west.

title: Fixed exchange-rate system

text: A currency board (also known as 'linked exchange rate system") effectively replaces the central bank through a legislation to fix the currency to that of another country. The domestic currency remains perpetually exchangeable for the reserve currency at the fixed exchange rate. As the anchor currency is now the basis for movements of the domestic currency, the interest rates and inflation in the domestic economy would be greatly influenced by those of the foreign economy to which the domestic currency is tied. The currency board needs to ensure the maintenance of adequate reserves of the anchor currency. It is a step away from officially adopting the anchor currency (termed as currency substitution).

title: Zambia Union of Financial Institutions and Allied Workers

text: The union was founded on 17 November 1961 as Rhodesian Society of Bank Officials. Its name was changed to Zambia Union of Bank Officials on 23 November 1970, then Zambia Union of Financial Institutions in 1978. It was given its current name in 1984.

title: Zambian kwacha

text: Prior to independence, the Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound was the legal tender of the short-lived British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia. Banknotes of 10 shillings, 1, 5, and 10 pounds issued by the Central Africa Currency Board were in circulation, together with coins of ½, 1, 3, 6 pence, and 1, 2, 2½, and 5 shillings. After independence, the Bank of Zambia issued the first Zambian currency, the Zambian pound, in 1964. The issued paper bills and coins were of similar denominations as these used before independence, except for the 10 pounds note, which was never issued by the Bank of Zambia.[1] A new design to depict the newly independent country's history and struggle was adopted. The two currencies - the Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound and the Zambian pound, were allowed to circulate in parallel until December 15, 1965, when the South Rhodesian pound bills and coins were withdrawn from circulation, except for the 3 pence coin which was allowed to circulate alongside its Zambian alternative for a brief period.[2]

title: Currency appreciation and depreciation

text:
Currency depreciation is the loss of value of a country's currency with respect to one or more foreign reference currencies, typically in a floating exchange rate system in which no official currency value is maintained. Currency appreciation in the same context is an increase in the value of the currency. Short-term changes in the value of a currency is reflected in changes in the exchange rate.
Following Theory is only that shows relationship between Revenue Project and Currency Appreciation of Country.

title: Standard Chartered Zambia

text: Standard Chartered Zambia, officially Standard Chartered Bank Zambia Plc, is a commercial bank in Zambia and a subsidiary of Standard Chartered. It is licensed by the Bank of Zambia, the central bank and national banking regulator.

title: Proflight Zambia

text: On 30 June 2009 the airline was authorized by the Zambia Competition Commission to form an alliance with Zambezi Airlines. The airline was officially rebranded as Proflight Zambia in 2010.

title: Martin Mubanga

text: Mubanga was living with relatives, in Zambia, when he was arrested by Zambian Police, accompanied by US security officials. He was not charged with any crime in Zambia. He was transported out of Zambia without the US requesting an official extradition. His transport is one of the well-known uses of the technique known in the US as extraordinary rendition.

title: Polish złoty

text: Between 1950 and 1990, a unit known as the złoty dewizowy (which may be roughly translated as the "foreign exchange złoty") was used as an artificial currency for calculation purposes only. It existed because at the time the złoty was not convertible (like most Warsaw Bloc currencies) and its official rate of exchange was set by the government. Additionally several exchange rates existed depending on the purpose of the transaction and who was exchanging; for example, złoty could be exchanged for, say, US dollars at one of several official exchange rates depending on what was to be bought with the hard currency and the entity that was buying. In reverse, it worked when an individual or a business had western currency earnings and wanted (or needed) to convert them into złoty. The exchange rate did not depend on the amount being converted. Visitors from countries outside of the Soviet Bloc were offered a particularly poor exchange rate. Concurrently, the private black-market exchange rate contrasted sharply with the official government exchange rate until the end of communist rule in 1989, when official rates were tied to market rates.

title: University of Zambia

text: The University of Zambia (UNZA) is a public university located in Lusaka, Zambia. It is Zambia's largest learning institution. UNZA was established in 1965 and officially opened to the public on 12 July 1966. It is also the oldest public university in Zambia. The language of instruction is English.

title: Kenya–Zambia relations

text: Zambia has on numerous occasions accused Kenya of blocking Zambian made goods, particularly sugar. Zambia has on occasion retaliated by blocking all Kenyan made goods from Zambia. At one time Zambia refused to allow palm oil from Kenya citing that the goods didn't meet the 35% local content. Kenyan processed milk was also not allowed into Zambia at a time as Zambian officials had concerns with standards. Both countries are part of COMESA which is a free trade area aimed at promoting intra-African trade.

title: Currency substitution

text: Official currency substitution helps to promote fiscal and monetary discipline and thus greater macroeconomic stability and lower inflation rates, to lower real exchange rate volatility, and possibly to deepen the financial system. Firstly, currency substitution helps developing countries, providing a firm commitment to stable monetary and exchange rate policies by forcing a passive monetary policy. Adopting a strong foreign currency as legal tender will help to "eliminate the inflation-bias problem of discretionary monetary policy". Secondly, official currency substitution imposes stronger financial constraint on the government by eliminating deficit financing by issuing money. An empirical finding suggests that inflation has been significantly lower in economies with full currency substitution than nations with domestic currencies. The expected benefit of currency substitution is the elimination of the risk of exchange rate fluctuations and a possible reduction in the country's international exposure. Currency substitution cannot eliminate the risk of an external crisis but provides steadier markets as a result of eliminating fluctuations in exchange rates.

title: Zambia

text:
The official language of Zambia is English, which is used to conduct official business and is the medium of instruction in schools. The main local language, especially in Lusaka, is Nyanja (Chewa), followed by Bemba. In the Copperbelt Bemba is the main language and Nyanja second. Bemba and Nyanja are spoken in the urban areas in addition to other indigenous languages which are commonly spoken in Zambia. These include Lozi, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda and Luvale, which feature on the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC)'s local languages section. The total number of languages spoken in Zambia is 73.
The process of urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of words from other indigenous languages and English. Urban dwellers sometimes differentiate between urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefixing the rural languages with 'deep'.

title: Sweden and the euro

text: Matters such as official currency status and legal tender issues are decided by the Swedish parliament, and the euro is not an official currency of any part of Sweden. Nevertheless, politicians from some municipalities (see below) have claimed that the euro is an official currency of their municipalities. This means that the municipality has made an agreement with many shops that they should accept euros (in cash and credit cards). However this is not mandatory for the stores and the status as "official currency" is mostly a marketing device rather than a legal mandate.

title: Black market

text: A government may officially set the rate of exchange of its currency with that of other currencies, typically the US dollar. When it does, the peg often overvalues the local currency relative to what its market value would be if it were a floating currency. Those in possession of the "harder" currency, for example expatriate workers, may be able to use the black market to buy the local currency at better exchange rates than they can get officially.

title: Zambia

text:
The territory of what is now Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911. It was renamed Zambia at independence in 1964.
The new name of Zambia was derived from the Zambezi river (Zambezi may mean "Grand River").

title: Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe

text: The bank traces its history to the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia, founded in 1964, but which succeeded the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1956-1963) which had been liquidated at the collapse of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1963. Prior to 1956 there was a Central African Currency Board from 1953, but which had been established as the Southern Rhodesia Currency Board in 1938 to provide Rhodesian currency, fully backed and bound to British sterling. The local currency which this Board was mandated to supply to Southern Rhodesia (colonial Zimbabwe), Northern Rhodesia (colonial Zambia) and Nyasaland (colonial Malawi) had been established through the Southern Rhodesia Coinage and Currency Act of 1932. The Reserve Bank of Rhodesia (which became the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe at independence) has continued to function, and has grown in operations and staff, through a variety of changes in sovereignty and governmental structure in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe. For over 4 decades the RBZ operated from the Reserve Bank Building along Samora Machel Avenue (formerly Jameson Avenue) adjacent to First Street. In the late 1980s a competition was conducted to design the new building and the winning design was by Clinton & Evans and Architects; they went on to design the Reserve Bank of Malawi Building as well. Construction of the new RBZ building began in 1993 and was fully completed in 1997 but was officially opened by President Robert Mugabe on May 31, 1996. The building is the tallest in Zimbabwe standing at a height of 394 feet with 28 floors above ground.

title: Chilanga (Lusaka), Zambia

text: Because Chilanga is a transitional area between Lusaka Province and Southern Province, Zambia, both Tonga and Nyanja Bantu languages are spoken and understood, although, as with most of Zambia, many other tribal languages are also understood. English is the official language of Zambia, and most people in Chilanga can communicate in English.

title: Zambian kwacha

text: By June 26, 2013, the Bank of Zambia managed to withdraw 3.7 trillion Kwacha in old banknotes, accumulating to about 95.3% of the circulating banknotes. Although the old currency ceased to be legal tender four days later, the Bank of Zambia Deputy Governor, announced that residents who were still holding to the old currency, especially those living in rural areas, could still be able to exchange the old currency for the new one through commercial banks, and other designated agents.[12]

title: Bank of Zambia

text: In 1954 the Southern Rhodesia Currency Board was renamed the Currency Board of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and as the winds of change were strong in Africa at the time, the currency board was transformed into the Bank of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1956.

title: Zambian kwacha

text: The Bank of Zambia announced January 1, 2013 as the changeover date. On the same day, the new redenominated currency became the legal tender of Zambia.[10] The old and new currencies were allowed to circulate side-by-side for a transition period of six months, until 30 June 2013.[11] During this period, the old currency was denoted by 'K', whilst the new one was denoted by 'KR'. After the six-month period, the 'KR' symbol was dropped, and the new currency was referred to by the 'K' symbol.

title: Zambia one hundred kwacha note

text:
The one hundred kwacha note of Zambia is a denomination of the Zambian currency.
The current paper note, first issued in 2013 features the Freedom Statue in Lusaka, the issuing authority of legal tenders in Zambia, in the middle there is the National Assembly, the face value of the banknote in words in the lower left corner, and in numerals in the other three corners and the new printer imprint Giesecke & Devrient at the lower right corner, there is also a Buffalo on the reverse. The obverse features the African fish eagle which is considered as the primary recognition of the Zambian banknote, together with the coat of arms, the signature of the Bank of Zambia Governor and obligation to pay the sum indicated on the banknote, and the face value of the specified banknote and the Baobab Tree.
It is the highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of Zambia since January, 2013 when the three zeros from the preexisting denomination K500, K1,000, K5,000, K10,000, K20,000 and K50,000 were removed.

title: Bureau of Engraving and Printing

text: Initially, the currency processing operations in the Treasury were not formally organized. When Congress created the Office of Comptroller of the Currency and National Currency Bureau in 1863, currency-processing operations were nominally subordinated to that agency and designated the "First Division, National Currency Bureau." For years, however, the currency operations were known by various semi-official labels, such as the "Printing Bureau," "Small Note Bureau," "Currency Department," and "Small Note Room." It was not until 1874 that the "Bureau of Engraving and Printing" was officially recognized in congressional legislation with a specific allocation of operating funds for fiscal year 1875.

title: Zambia Cricket Union

text: Zambia Cricket Union is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Zambia. Its current headquarters is in Lusaka, Zambia. Zambia Cricket Union is Zambia's representative at the International Cricket Council and is associate member and has been a member of that body since 2003. It is also a member of the African Cricket Association.

title: National Sports Council of Zambia

text: National Sports Council of Zambia (NSCZ) is a sports council based in Zambia. They have considerable power in sports policy in Zambia and were responsible for banning Faz president Kalusha Bwalya from all official sporting engagements.