query: When did Issac Asimov publish his rules on robotics?

title: Three Laws of Robotics

text: In The Rest of the Robots, published in 1964, Asimov noted that when he began writing in 1940 he felt that "one of the stock plots of science fiction was... robots were created and destroyed their creator. Knowledge has its dangers, yes, but is the response to be a retreat from knowledge? Or is knowledge to be used as itself a barrier to the dangers it brings?" He decided that in his stories robots would not "turn stupidly on his creator for no purpose but to demonstrate, for one more weary time, the crime and punishment of Faust."[2]

title: I, Robot

text: The collection shares a title with the 1939 short story "I, Robot" by Eando Binder (pseudonym of Earl and Otto Binder), which greatly influenced Asimov. Asimov had wanted to call his collection "Mind and Iron", and initially objected when the publisher made the title the same as Binder's. In his introduction to the story in "Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories" (1979), Asimov wrote:"The New York Times" described "I, Robot" as "an exciting science thriller [which] could be fun for those whose nerves are not already made raw by the potentialities of the atomic age." Describing it as "continuously fascinating", Groff Conklin "Unreservedly recommended" the book. P. Schuyler Miller recommended the collection "For puzzle situations, for humor, for warm character, [and] for most of the values of plain good writing".At least three of the short stories from "I, Robot" have been adapted for television. The first was a 1962 episode of "Out of this World" hosted by Boris Karloff called "Little Lost Robot" with Maxine Audley as Susan Calvin. Two short stories from the collection were made into episodes of "Out of the Unknown": "The Prophet" (1967), based on "Reason"; and "Liar!" (1969). The 12th episode of the USSR science fiction TV series "This Fantastic World", filmed in 1987 and entitled "Don't Joke with Robots", was based on works by Aleksandr Belyaev and Fredrik Kilander as well as Asimov's "Liar!" story.

title: Mark Tilden

text: Tilden later referred to his early robots as "wimpy" for the results of their programming using Isaac Asimov's Three Rules of Robotics. He accordingly promulgated another set of three rules for what he called "wild" robots, essentially survivalists.

title: Robotics

text: According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the word "robotics" was first used in print by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story ""Liar!"", published in May 1941 in "Astounding Science Fiction". Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and technology of electrical devices is "electronics", he assumed "robotics" already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimov's other works, he states that the first use of the word "robotics" was in his short story "Runaround" (Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942), where he introduced his concept of The Three Laws of Robotics. However, the original publication of "Liar!" predates that of "Runaround" by ten months, so the former is generally cited as the word's origin.

title: Human guise

text: Isaac Asimov considered humanoid robots (androids) in the novel "Robots and Empire" and the short stories "Evidence" and "The Tercentenary Incident", in which robots are crafted to fool people into mistaking them as human. Some of Asimov's robots respond to human distrust and antipathy by passing as human and influencing human development for its own good. In Asimov's novella "The Bicentennial Man", the robot Andrew gradually replaces his mechanical body with organic components, but only on the 200th anniversary of the start of his organic conversion, when he allows his positronic brain to "decay" and thus abandons his immortality, does he become accepted as "human".

title: The Billiard Ball

text: "The Billiard Ball" is a science fiction short story by American author Isaac Asimov, written in September 1966 and first published in the March 1967 issue of "If". It appeared in Asimov's 1968 collection "Asimov's Mysteries", in his 1973 collection "The Best of Isaac Asimov", in his 1986 collection "Robot Dreams" and in "The Complete Stories, Vol. 2".

title: The Robots of Dawn

text: The Robots of Dawn is a "whodunit" science fiction novel by American writer Isaac Asimov, first published in 1983. It is the third novel in Asimov's "Robot" series.

title: Robots and Empire

text: In his memoir "I. Asimov" (1994), Asimov explained that following his commercial and critical success with "The Robots of Dawn", he decided to write "Robots and Empire" with the intentions of making Daneel, "the real hero of the series," the novel's protagonist; and that "Robots and Empire" would create a bridge to the later volumes of his future history. About this second aim, Asimov said that he was persuaded against it by Lester del Rey and Judy-Lynn del Rey, his long-time friends and the editors of Del Rey Books, who thought that the fans of Asimov's series of novels would rather that Asimov kept the "Robot" and "Empire"/"Foundation" universes separate. On the other hand, his editors at Doubleday Books – his hardcover book publisher – encouraged Asimov to do what deep-down he wanted to do. From then on, Asimov proceeded with his plans for unifying the two series.

title: Robot

text: Possibly the most prolific author of the twentieth century was Isaac Asimov (1920–1992)[181] who published over five-hundred books.[182] Asimov is probably best remembered for his science-fiction stories and especially those about robots, where he placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many of his works.[183][184] Asimov carefully considered the problem of the ideal set of instructions robots might be given in order to lower the risk to humans, and arrived at his Three Laws of Robotics: a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; a robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; and a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.[185] These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this.

title: Robbie (short story)

text: "Robbie" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was his first robot story and writing commenced on June 10, 1939. It was first published in the September 1940 issue "Super Science Stories" magazine as "Strange Playfellow", a title that was chosen by editor Frederik Pohl and described as "distasteful" by Asimov. A revised version of "Robbie" was reprinted under Asimov's original title in the collections "I, Robot" (1950), "The Complete Robot" (1982), and "Robot Visions" (1990). "Robbie" was the fourteenth story written by Asimov, and the ninth to be published. The story is also part of Asimov's "Robot" series, and was the first of Asimov's positronic robot stories to see publication.

title: Galley Slave

text: "Galley Slave" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, originally published in the December 1957 issue of "Galaxy"; it was later included in the collections "The Rest of the Robots" and "The Complete Robot". Asimov identified it as his favorite among those of his robot stories featuring the character of Susan Calvin.

title: Reason (short story)

text: "Reason" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, first published in the April 1941 issue of "Astounding Science Fiction" and collected in "I, Robot" (1950), "The Complete Robot" (1982), and "Robot Visions" (1990). It is part of Asimov's "Robot" series, and was the second of Asimov's positronic robot stories to see publication.

title: Isaac Asimov

text: Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his "Three Laws of Robotics" and the "Foundation" series. Furthermore, the "Oxford English Dictionary" credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words "robotics", "positronic" (an entirely fictional technology), and "psychohistory" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term "robotics" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word "psychohistory", the word "robotics" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. "" featured androids with "positronic brains" and the first-season episode "Datalore" called the positronic brain "Asimov's dream".

title: I, Robot

text: Mickey Zucker Reichert was asked to write three prequels of "I, Robot" by Asimov's estate, because she is a science fiction writer with a medical degree. She first met Asimov when she was 23, although she did not know him well. She is the first female writer to be authorized to write stories based on Asimov's novels; follow-ups to his Foundation series were written by Gregory Benford, Greg Bear and David Brin. The prequels were ordered by Berkley Books, and consist of:In 2004 "The Saturday Evening Post" said that "I, Robot"'s Three Laws "revolutionized the science fiction genre and made robots far more interesting than they ever had been before." "I, Robot" has influenced many aspects of modern popular culture, particularly with respect to science fiction and technology. One example of this is in the technology industry. The name of the real-life modem manufacturer named U.S. Robotics was directly inspired by "I, Robot". The name is taken from the name of a robot manufacturer ("United States Robots and Mechanical Men") that appears throughout Asimov's robot short stories.

title: Robots and Empire

text: Robots and Empire is a science fiction novel by the American author Isaac Asimov and published by Doubleday Books in 1985. It is part of Asimov's "Robot" series, which consists of many short stories (collected in "I, Robot", "The Rest of the Robots", and "The Complete Robot") and several novels ("The Caves of Steel", "The Naked Sun", and "The Robots of Dawn").

title: Isaac Asimov

text: The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of "I, Robot" that Asimov hoped would lead to "the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie "I, Robot", starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled "Hardwired", with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, "The Bicentennial Man", was expanded into a novel "The Positronic Man" by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie "Bicentennial Man", starring Robin Williams.

title: Isaac Asimov's Robot City

text: Isaac Asimov's Robot City is a series of novels written by various authors and loosely connected to Isaac Asimov's "Robot" series. It takes place between "The Robots of Dawn" and "Robots and Empire". Each volume is complete in itself, but they form a continuing series. The novels were written in response to a writing challenge issued by Asimov to write a series involving the Three Laws of Robotics, which brought about a collaboration of several authors. Asimov provided outlines for stories which filled in the gap between Asimov's own robot stories and his "Foundation" series, explaining the disappearance of the robots prior to the establishment of the galactic empire. "Isaac Asimov's Robots and Aliens" followed in this series, with the same protagonists and many other characters. The common theme of all books of both series is the interaction between the characters and autonomous cities run and populated by robots (the "robot cities" of the series title). Robot City was also released as a mystery game for the PC in 1995. The player takes the role of Derec.

title: Runaround (story)

text: "Runaround" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, featuring his recurring characters Powell and Donovan. It was written in October 1941 and first published in the March 1942 issue of "Astounding Science Fiction". It appears in the collections "I, Robot" (1950), "The Complete Robot" (1982), and "Robot Visions" (1990). "Runaround" features the first explicit appearance of the Three Laws of Robotics, which had previously only been implied in Asimov's robot stories.

title: Isaac Asimov

text: Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished "Grow Old With Me" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of "Pebble in the Sky". Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of "Paul French". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with "The Martian Way and Other Stories" in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as "I, Robot" and his "Foundation" stories and novelettes as the three books of the "Foundation trilogy". More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as "The Rest of the Robots".

title: The Rest of the Robots

text: The Rest of the Robots is a collection of eight short stories and two full-length novels by American writer Isaac Asimov, published in 1964. The stories, centred on positronic robots, are all part of the "Robot" series, most of which take place in the "Foundation" universe. Another collection of short stories about robots, "I, Robot", was re-published in the previous year, which is why Asimov chose to title the collection as "The Rest of the Robots". None of the short stories in this collection were in "I, Robot", however all of them were later included in "The Complete Robot", and both novels about Elijah Baley were also published separately.

title: Isaac Asimov

text: His "positronic" robot stories—many of which were collected in "I, Robot" (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection "The Complete Robot" (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.

title: Three Laws of Robotics

text: On May 3, 1939, Asimov attended a meeting of the Queens (New York) Science Fiction Society where he met Earl and Otto Binder who had recently published a short story "I, Robot" featuring a sympathetic robot named Adam Link who was misunderstood and motivated by love and honor. (This was the first of a series of ten stories; the next year "Adam Link's Vengeance" (1940) featured Adam thinking "A robot must never kill a human, of his own free will.")[3] Asimov admired the story. Three days later Asimov began writing "my own story of a sympathetic and noble robot", his 14th story.[4] Thirteen days later he took "Robbie" to John W. Campbell the editor of Astounding Science-Fiction. Campbell rejected it, claiming that it bore too strong a resemblance to Lester del Rey's "Helen O'Loy", published in December 1938—the story of a robot that is so much like a person that she falls in love with her creator and becomes his ideal wife.[5] Frederik Pohl published the story under the title “Strange Playfellow” in Super Science Stories September 1940.[6][7]

title: Robot series (Asimov)

text: Most of Asimov's robot short stories, which he began to write in 1939, are set in the first age of positronic robotics and space exploration. The unique feature of Asimov's robots are the Three Laws of Robotics, hardwired in a robot's positronic brain, with which all robots in his fiction must comply, and which ensure that the robot does not turn against its creators.

title: Robot Dreams (short story)

text:
"Robot Dreams" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov exploring the unbalance of robot/human relationships under Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. It was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1987. It won the Locus Award for Best Short Story in 1987.
"Robot Dreams", along with 20 other short stories by Asimov, was published in "Robot Dreams" in 1986 by Berkley Books.

title: Three Laws of Robotics

text: The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The Three Laws or known as Asimov's Laws) are a set of rules devised by the science fiction author Isaac Asimov. The rules were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround" (included in the 1950 collection I, Robot), although they had been foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. The Three Laws, quoted as being from the "Handbook of Robotics, 56th Edition, 2058 A.D.", are:

title: Isaac Asimov's Robot City: Cyborg

text: Isaac Asimov's Robot City: Cyborg is a 1987 novel by William F. Wu. It is part of the series Isaac Asimov's Robot City, which are inspired by Isaac Asimov's "Robot" series, and his "Foundation" novels.

title: Eando Binder

text: Under the Eando name, the Binders wrote some published science fiction, including stories featuring a heroic robot named Adam Link. The first Adam Link story, published in 1939, is titled "I, Robot". An unrelated collection of stories by Isaac Asimov, also entitled "I, Robot", was published in 1950. The name was chosen by the publisher, against Asimov's wishes.

title: Norby

text: Norby is a fictional robot created by Janet Asimov and Isaac Asimov who stars in his own series of children's science fiction books, "The Norby Chronicles". His first appearance was in the 1983 book "Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot", in total he appeared in 11 novels in the 'Norby' series. According to Isaac Asimov, although Janet Asimov did 90% of the work, his "name was wanted on the book for the betterment of sales [and he] went over the manuscript and polished it a bit."The 'Norby' novels were combined into collections (each with a new cover image and title) by Ace Books:

title: Liar! (short story)

text: "Liar!" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It first appeared in the May 1941 issue of "Astounding Science Fiction" and was reprinted in the collections "I, Robot" (1950) and "The Complete Robot" (1982). It was Asimov's third published positronic robot story. Although the word "robot" was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his 1920 play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots), Asimov's story "Liar!" contains the first recorded use of the word "robotics" according to the "Oxford English Dictionary". The events of this short story are also mentioned in the novel "The Robots of Dawn" written by the same author.

title: I, Robot (film)

text: The premise of robots turning on their creators—originating in Karel Čapek's play "R.U.R.", and perpetuated in subsequent robot books and films—appears infrequently in Asimov's writings. In fact, Asimov stated explicitly, in interviews and in introductions to published collections of his robot stories, that he entered the genre to protest what he called the Frankenstein complex—the tendency in popular culture to portray robots as menacing. His story lines often involved roboticists and robot characters battling societal anti-robot prejudices.

title: Isaac Asimov

text: After writing "Victory Unintentional" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his "Foundation" stories—later collected in the "Foundation" trilogy: "Foundation" (1951), "Foundation and Empire" (1952), and "Second Foundation" (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and "Robot "series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to "Evidence", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.


query: What is the most common breed of chicken used for commercial meat production?

title: Broiler

text: A broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) is any chicken that is bred and raised specifically for meat production.[1] Many typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin. Most commercial broilers reach slaughter-weight between four[2] and seven weeks of age, although slower growing breeds reach slaughter-weight at approximately 14 weeks of age. Due to extensive breeding selection for rapid early growth and the husbandry used to sustain this, broilers are susceptible to several welfare concerns, particularly skeletal malformation and dysfunction, skin and eye lesions and congestive heart conditions. Management of ventilation, housing, stocking density and in-house procedures must be evaluated regularly to support good welfare of the flock. The breeding stock (broiler-breeders) do grow to maturity but also have their own welfare concerns related to the frustration of a high feeding motivation and beak trimming. Broilers are usually grown as mixed-sex flocks in large sheds under intensive conditions.

title: Indonesian cuisine

text: The most common poultry consumed is chicken and duck, however to a lesser amount, pigeon, quail and wild swamp bird such as watercock are also consumed. Traditionally, Indonesians breed free-ranged chicken in the villages known as "ayam kampung" (village chicken). Compared to common domesticated chicken, these village chicken are thinner and their meat are slightly firmer. Various recipes of "ayam goreng" (fried chicken) and "ayam bakar" (grilled chicken) are commonly found throughout Indonesia. Other than frying or grilling, chicken might be cooked as soup, such as "sup ayam" and "soto ayam", or cooked in coconut milk as "opor ayam". Chicken satay is also commonly found in Indonesia, it is a barbecued meat on skewer served with peanut sauce. Popular chicken recipes such as "ayam goreng kalasan" from Yogyakarta, "ayam bakar padang" from Padang, "ayam taliwang" from Lombok, "ayam betutu" from Bali, and "ayam goreng lengkuas" (galangal fried chicken).

title: Rosecomb

text: The Rosecomb is a breed of chicken named for its distinctive comb. Rosecombs are bantam chickens, and are among those known as true bantams, meaning they are not a miniaturised version of a large fowl. Rosecombs are one of the oldest and most popular bantam breeds in showing, and thus have numerous variations within the breed. An ornamental chicken, they are poor egg layers and not suited for meat production.

title: Urban chicken

text: While there are over 300 different breeds of chickens, most people choose between a select few breeds. Most chicken owners are looking for a high-producing egg layer, cold- and heat-hardy, docile, quiet, non-broody, and aesthetically pleasing chicken breed. Many commercial chickens raised in factories for white eggs are white leghorns. This breed is noisy, but has a very high production of eggs and rarely go broody, and they are not very docile, cold-hardy or aesthetically pleasing. Urban chicken owners often choose a red-sex link hybrid similar to production brown-egg producers (Isa Browns, HyLine Browns), another hybrid among the Red and Black Sex-links, or chickens known as "heritage breeds," including the Rhode Island Red, Barred Rocks, Buff Orpingtons, Brahmas, Wyandottes, etc. These breeds generally fit more of the categories that urban chicken owners are looking for.

title: Bulgarian cuisine

text: Main courses are very typically water-based stews, either vegetarian or with lamb, goat meat, veal, chicken or pork. Deep-frying is not common, but grilling - especially different kinds of sausages - is very prominent. Pork is common, often mixed with veal or lamb, although fish and chicken are also widely used. While most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is popular for grilling meats appetizers (meze) and in some main courses. As a substantial exporter of lamb, Bulgaria's own consumption is notable, especially in the spring.

title: Reconstituted meat

text: Meat slurry is not designed to sell for general consumption; rather, it is used as a meat supplement in food products for humans, such as chicken nuggets, and food for domestic animals. Poultry is the most common meat slurry; however, beef and pork are also used.

title: Poultry farming in the United States

text: In the United States, laying hens are butchered after their second egg laying season. In Europe, they are generally butchered after a single season. The laying period begins when the hen is about 18–20 weeks old (depending on breed and season). Males of the egg-type breeds have little commercial value at any age, and all those not used for breeding (roughly fifty percent of all egg-type chickens) are killed soon after hatching. Such "day-old chicks" are sometimes sold as food for captive and falconers birds of prey. The old hens also have little commercial value. Thus, the main sources of poultry meat a hundred years ago (spring chickens and stewing hens) have both been entirely supplanted by meat-type broiler chickens.

title: Chicken as food

text:
In the United States in the 1800s, chicken was more expensive than other meats and it was "sought by the rich because [it is] so costly as to be an uncommon dish." Chicken consumption in the U.S. increased during World War II due to a shortage of beef and pork. In Europe, consumption of chicken overtook that of beef and veal in 1996, linked to consumer awareness of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease).
Modern varieties of chicken such as the Cornish Cross, are bred specifically for meat production, with an emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced by the animal. The most common breeds of chicken consumed in the U.S. are Cornish and White Rock.

title: Silkie

text: All Silkies have black or bluish skin, bones and grayish-black meat; their Chinese language name is "wu gu ji" (烏骨雞), meaning 'black-boned chicken'. Melanism which extends beyond the skin into an animal's connective tissue is a rare trait, and in chickens it is caused by fibromelanosis, which is a rare mutation believed to have begun in Asia. The Silkie and several other breeds descended from Asian stock possess the mutation. Disregarding color, the breed does not generally produce as much as the more common meat breeds of chicken.

title: Poultry farming in the United States

text: By the late 1950s, poultry production had changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants could grow birds by the tens of thousands, radically impacting labor practices alongside farming techniques. Chickens could be sent to slaughterhouses for butchering and processing into prepackaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Meat-type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks whereas only fifty years ago it took three times as long. This is due to genetic selection and nutritional modifications (and not the use of growth hormones, which are illegal for use in poultry in the US and many other countries). Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability and lower cost has made chicken a common meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over the cholesterol content of red meat in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption of chicken.

title: Intensive animal farming

text: By the late 1950s, poultry production had changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants could grow birds by the tens of thousands. Chickens could be sent to slaughterhouses for butchering and processing into prepackaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Meat-type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks, whereas only fifty years ago it took three times as long. This is due to genetic selection and nutritional modifications (but not the use of growth hormones, which are illegal for use in poultry in the US and many other countries). Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability and lower cost has made chicken a common meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over the cholesterol content of red meat in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption of chicken.

title: Broiler

text: The commercial production of broiler chickens for meat consumption is a highly industrialized process. There are two major sectors: (1) rearing birds intended for consumption and (2) rearing parent stock for breeding the meat birds.

title: Texel sheep

text: What is now known as the British Texel has proven to be a huge success in the British Isles, with many stud rams being used in commercial flocks for the production of meat. The breed has shown that its hardy nature and ability to finish for slaughter in a competitive period of time has been well suited to the requirements of the British food market. These qualities have helped the Texel breed become the most popular terminal sire breed in the UK.

title: Urban chicken

text: Meat chickens are different than egg-laying chickens for urban chicken owners. Chicks sold specifically as meat chickens are sometimes called broiler chickens. As with egg-laying breeds, there is a variety of meat chicken breeds. These chickens are butcher-ready in a short time period after hatching. Some breeds grow to full size in as little as 5 weeks. Other breeds grow for up to 12–14 weeks until the butcher date. Meat chickens provide urban chicken owners the ability to know where their meat is coming from, and how it was raised.

title: List of chicken breeds

text:
In the 21st century, chickens are frequently bred according to predetermined breed standards set down by governing organizations. The first of such standards was the British Poultry Standard, which is still in publication today. Other standards include the Standard of Perfection, the Australian Poultry Standard, and the standard of the American Bantam Association, which deals exclusively with bantam fowl. Only some of the known breeds are included in these publications, and only those breeds are eligible to be shown competitively. There are additionally a few hybrid strains which are common in the poultry world, especially in large poultry farms. These types are first generation crosses of true breeds. Hybrids do not reliably pass on their features to their offspring, but are highly valued for their producing abilities.
All chickens lay eggs, have edible meat, and possess a unique appearance. However, distinct breeds are the result of selective breeding to emphasize certain traits. Any breed may technically be used for general agricultural purposes, and all breeds are shown to some degree. But each chicken breed is known for a primary use.

title: Morocco

text: Beef is the most commonly eaten red meat in Morocco, usually eaten in a "Tagine" with vegetables or legumes. Chicken is also very commonly used in Tagines, knowing that one of the most famous tagine is the Tagine of Chicken, potatoes and olives. Lamb is also consumed, but as Northwest African sheep breeds store most of their fat in their tails, Moroccan lamb does not have the pungent flavour that Western lamb and mutton have. Poultry is also very common, and the use of seafood is increasing in Moroccan food. In addition, there are dried salted meats and salted preserved meats such as kliia/khlia and "g'did" which are used to flavor tagines or used in "el ghraif" a folded savory Moroccan pancake.

title: List of chicken breeds

text: Many common strains of cross-bred chickens exist, but none breed true or are recognized by poultry breed standards. Thus, though they are extremely common in flocks focusing on high productivity, cross-breeds do not technically meet the definition of a breed. Most cross-breed strains are sex linked, allowing for easy chick sexing.

title: Intensive animal farming

text: On average, a chicken lays one egg a day, but not on every day of the year. This varies with the breed and time of year. In 1900, average egg production was 83 eggs per hen per year. In 2000, it was well over 300. In the United States, laying hens are butchered after their second egg laying season. In Europe, they are generally butchered after a single season. The laying period begins when the hen is about 18–20 weeks old (depending on breed and season). Males of the egg-type breeds have little commercial value at any age, and all those not used for breeding (roughly fifty percent of all egg-type chickens) are killed soon after hatching. The old hens also have little commercial value. Thus, the main sources of poultry meat 100 years ago (spring chickens and stewing hens) have both been entirely supplanted by meat-type broiler chickens.

title: List of chicken breeds

text:
Many breeds were selected and are used primarily for producing eggs, these are mostly light-weight birds whose hens do not go broody often.
Most farms and homesteads use dual-purpose breeds for meat production. Some breeds are raised mainly for meat:

title: Broodiness

text: Because hens stop laying when they become broody, commercial poultry breeders perceive broodiness not as a normal physiological process, but as an impediment to egg and poultry meat production. With domestication, it has become more profitable to incubate eggs artificially, while keeping hens in full egg production. To help achieve this, there has been intense artificial selection for non-broodiness in commercial egg laying chickens and parent stock of poultry. As a result of this artificial selection, broodiness has been reduced to very low levels in present-day breeds of commercial fowl, both among egg-laying and meat-producing breeds.

title: Livestock in the Basque Country

text: Beef cattle are the most popular livestock farmed in the Basque Country, being present in approximately 62% of all livestock farms of that region. Between 1999 and 2009, the average number of cattle present on each farm rose by about 88.3%, making cattle the most rapidly increasing group of livestock during that time. One explanation for this increased attraction to beef cattle farming is that the production of beef meat easily involves other industries such as dairy and cereal, allowing for more economic opportunities and collaborations. Almost a quarter of livestock gross production is beef meat. Some common breeds of cattle in the Basque Country include Betizu, Monchina, Pirenaica, and Terreña. However, the breed that is used most often in the meat industry is Pirenaica. Of all of the breeds used in meat production in this region, this is the only breed that is completely native to the Basque Country.

title: Poultry farming in Kenya

text: The Kari Improved kienyeji chicken is a local indigenous chicken distributed by Homerange Poultry Kenya. The breed was developed by the Kenya Agricultural Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) in 2012 as a dual purpose chicken which is ideal both for meat and also for egg production. The breed is comparatively cheaper to rear as it can be free ranged and is highly resistance to diseases. The breed also matures faster i.e. it starts production at 4.5 months of age. The breed is available commercially as Day Old chicks or month old chicks that may be obtained from Homerange Poultry Kenya ( http://www.homerangepoultry.com )

title: Cuniculture

text: Rabbits have been raised for meat production in a variety of settings around the world. Smallholder or backyard operations remain common in many countries, while large-scale commercial operations are centered in Europe and Asia. For the smaller enterprise, multiple local rabbit breeds may be easier to use. Many local, 'rustico', landrace or other heritage type breeds may be used only in a specific geographic area. Sub-par or "cull" animals from other breeding goals (laboratory, exhibition/show, wool, pet) may also be used for meat (particularly in smallholder operations).

title: Sebright chicken

text: The first poultry breed to have its own specialist club for enthusiasts, Sebrights were admitted to poultry exhibition standards not long after their establishment. Today, they are among the most popular of bantam breeds. Despite their popularity, Sebrights are often difficult to breed, and the inheritance of certain unique characteristics the breed carries has been studied scientifically. As a largely ornamental chicken, they lay tiny, white eggs and are not kept for meat production.

title: Fried chicken

text: Before the industrialization of chicken production, and the creation of broiler breeds of chicken, only young spring chickens (pullets or cockerels) would be suitable for the higher heat and relatively fast cooking time of frying, making fried chicken a luxury of spring and summer. Older, tougher birds require longer cooking times at lower temperatures. To compensate for this, sometimes tougher birds are simmered till tender, allowed to cool and dry, and then fried. (This method is common in Australia.) Another method is to fry the chicken pieces using a pan-fried method. The chicken pieces are then simmered in liquid, usually, a gravy made in the pan that the chicken pieces were cooked in. This process (of flouring, frying and simmering in gravy) is known as "smothering" and can be used for other tough cuts of meat, such as swiss steak. Smothered chicken is still consumed today, though with the exception of people who raise their own chickens, or who seek out stewing hens, it is primarily made using commercial broiler chickens.

title: Cornish chicken

text: The Cornish or Indian Game is a breed of chicken from the county of Cornwall in England. Cornish chickens, as well as crosses of Cornishes, are the most-used breed in the chicken meat industry. They are heavy, muscular birds that lay brown eggs.

title: Plymouth Rock chicken

text: Because of its many good qualities – tasty meat, good egg production, resistance to cold, early feathering, easy management, good sitting – the Plymouth Rock became the most widespread chicken breed in the United States until the time of World War II. With the advent of industrial chicken farming, it was much used in the development of broiler hybrids, but began to fall in popularity as a domestic fowl.

title: Poultry

text: It is widely agreed that the mallard ("Anas platyrhynchos") is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck ("Cairina moschata"), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in "haute cuisine", duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.

title: Hainanese chicken rice

text: Hainanese chicken rice is a common dish in Thailand where it is called "khao man kai" (), literally meaning "chicken-oil rice". The chickens used in Thailand for this dish can be free range chickens of local breeds, resulting in a leaner and tastier dish, but increasingly meat chickens from large scale poultry farms are being used. "Khao man kai" is served with a garnish of cucumbers and occasionally chicken blood tofu and fresh coriander, along with a bowl of "nam sup", a clear chicken broth which often contains sliced daikon. The accompanying sauce is most often made with tauchu (also known as yellow soybean paste), thick soy sauce, chilli, ginger, garlic and vinegar.

title: Cuniculture

text:
In contrast to the multitude of breeds & types used in smaller operations, breeds such as the New Zealand and the Californian, along with hybrids of these breeds, are most frequently utilized for meat in commercial rabbitries. The primary qualities of good meat-rabbit breeding stock are growth rate and size at slaughter, but also good mothering ability. Specific lines of commercial breeds have been developed that maximize these qualities - rabbits may be slaughtered as early as seven weeks and does of these strains routinely raise litters of 8 to 12 kits. Other breeds of rabbit developed for commercial meat production include the Florida White and the Altex.
Rabbit breeding stock raised in France is particularly popular with meat rabbit farmers internationally, some being purchased as far away as in China in order to improve the local rabbit herd.

title: Solid white (chicken plumage)

text:
Since 1959 it had been reported that recessive white "c" allele in homocygosis significantly reduces body growth rate and body size in a magnitude of 4-10%. This was later confirmed in meat-type chickens by the researches of Fox and Smyth, and in egg-type breeds by the research of Mèrat and coworkers. This is a serious drawback to the poultry meat-type production which remains unsolved to the present day. A white or very light undercolor is essential for the efficient processing of broilers and decrepit layers in slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, however White Plymouth Rock, a typical "recessive white" breed, continues to be used as the female side of most commercial broiler crosses, while White Cornish continues to be used as the male side. As a result, most modern broiler chickens are homozygous "c"/"c".
It is of importance to the meat breeding industry to know the magnitude of the depression in growth rate caused by the recessive white genotype in the commercial stocks.Also, several other pigment dilution genes, have been reported to depress growth rate. The experimental results of Fox and Smyth in 1985 also proved that "c" (recessive white) and "I" (dominant white) do not act in additive manner in influencing growth rate, and more importantly, the depression observed for "recessive white" was not enhanced by the presence of "dominant white" ("I"). As part of the future strategy of the genetic work on the parent stocks of the male side It would not be necessary to eliminate segregating "dominant white" from recessive white lines, but it would be economically advantageous to remove "recessive white" from the male lines.
The occurrence of solid white plumage is widespread among avian species. Such phenotypes result mostly from single mutations associated with absence of melanin deposition.


query: When was the Tokyo Dome built?

title: Tokyo Dome

text: Tokyo Dome(東京ドーム,Tōkyō Dōmu, TYO: ) is a stadium in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. Construction on the stadium began on May 16, 1985, and it opened on March 17, 1988. It was built on the site of the Velodrome, adjacent to the predecessor ballpark, Kōrakuen Stadium. It has a maximum total capacity of 57,000 depending on configuration, with an all-seating configuration of 42,000.[3][4][5]

title: Tokyo Dome City

text: It includes the world's largest roofed baseball stadium, known as Tokyo Dome (nicknamed "Big Egg"); an amusement park known as Tokyo Dome City Attractions (formerly Kōrakuen Yūenchi); and Korakuen Hall. In May 2003, a spa resort known as LaQua opened for business near Tokyo Dome City Attractions. It also hosts character shows for Toei Company's Toei Superheroes, including the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series.

text: 10th Anniversary: Fantasia in Tokyo Dome (stylized as "KODA KUMI 10th Anniversary ～FANTASIA～ in TOKYO DOME") is the 11th live DVD released by Japanese singer Koda Kumi, released on March 18, 2011.

title: Fantastic Story in Tokyo Dome

text: Fantastic Story in Tokyo Dome featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

title: Korakuen Hall

text: It was announced that a new version of Korakuen Hall would be built in Tokyo Dome City, with a construction finish time of around 2008, and it would hold 2,500–3,000 people. After construction completes, Tokyo Dome Corporation, which owns the original Korakuen Hall as well as the Tokyo Dome, would continue to rent out the original Korakuen Hall, lowering rental prices (currently it costs 1,500,000 Yen to rent) to allowing smaller promotions to use the building on a regular basis.

title: Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome

text: Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It took place on January 4, 1998 in the Tokyo Dome. Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was the seventh January 4 Tokyo Dome Show held by NJPW. The show drew 55,000 spectators and $6,000,000 in ticket sales. One of the focal points of the show was the retirement of wrestling legend Riki Choshu, who would wrestle five times that night against select opponents in what was billed as the "Riki Road Final Message 5", the completion of month-long "retirement tour" for Choshu. The show also featured successful defenses of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which made Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome the first January 4 Tokyo Dome show to not have a single championship change hands. Besides the five "Riki Road Final Message 5" matches the show featured eight additional matches.

title: Super Warriors in Tokyo Dome

text: Super Warriors in Tokyo Dome featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

title: Are You Happy? (album)

text: To support their new album, Arashi performed a live tour, ARASHI LIVE TOUR 2016-2017 Are You Happy?, performing at all the major dome stadiums in Japan. They had 18 performances beginning on November 11 at the Sapporo Dome, followed by Tokyo Dome on November 19, Kyocera Osaka Dome on December 2, Nagoya Dome on December 16, Tokyo Dome on December 26, 2016, and Fukuoka Dome on January 6, 2017.

title: January 4 Tokyo Dome Show

text: The first two January 4 Tokyo Dome Shows were also the last two WCW/New Japan Supershows. Since 2007, when the event was renamed "Wrestle Kingdom in Tokyo Dome", the Dome shows have been broadcast on pay-per-view (PPV). As of 2017, all the Dome shows have featured championship matches, including several titles not owned by NJPW. On three occasions (1998, 2006 and 2013), no titles changed hands during the show. Some of the earlier January 4 show attendance numbers have been disputed. Officially, the 1993 Tokyo Dome show set the attendance record with 63,500 fans packing the Tokyo Dome, while according to Dave Meltzer, the 1998 show holds the record with an attendance of 55,000. Unofficially, the 2007 and 2011 Dome shows drew the lowest gates with only 18,000 in attendance. As of 2017, the January 4 shows have hosted 282 matches (not including dark or pre-show matches), 94 of which were title matches leading to 44 title changes in total. The had a 16-match card, the largest of any of the shows, while 2001, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016 featured 9 matches, the lowest number of matches on a show.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: Tokyo Dome is part of a greater entertainment complex known as Tokyo Dome City, built of the grounds of the former Tokyo Koishikawa arsenal. Tokyo Dome City includes an amusement park and Tokyo Dome City Attractions (formerly Kōrakuen Grounds). This amusement park occupies the former Korakuen Stadium site and includes a roller coaster named Thunder Dolphin and a hubless Ferris wheel. The grounds also have an onsen called Spa LaQua, various shops, restaurants, video game centers, the largest JRA WINS horse race betting complex in Tokyo, and Oft Korakuen, which caters to rural horse races.

title: Wrestle Kingdom 12

text: Wrestle Kingdom 12 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on January 4, 2018, at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan. It was the 27th January 4 Tokyo Dome Show, which is NJPW's biggest annual event and has been called "the largest wrestling show in the world outside of the United States" and the "Japanese equivalent to the Super Bowl".

title: Live at the Tokyo Dome

text: Live at the Tokyo Dome is a live album by The Rolling Stones, released in 2012. It was recorded at the Tokyo Dome in Japan in 1990. The album was released exclusively as a digital download through Google Music on 10 July 2012, and subsequently on the Stones Archive Store on 11 July 2012.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: Madonna performed at Tokyo Dome seven times, the first time in 1993 with five sold-out shows at dome on December 13, 14, 16, 17 and 19 during her The Girlie Show Tour,[15] Thirteen years later, Madonna returned to perform at Tokyo Dome with two sold out shows in front of 71,231 fans at the venue on September 20 and 21, 2006, as part of her Confessions Tour.[16]

title: Wrestle Kingdom 11

text: Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on January 4, 2017, at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan. It was the 26th January 4 Tokyo Dome Show, which is NJPW's biggest annual event and has been called "the largest wrestling show in the world outside of the United States" and the "Japanese equivalent to the Super Bowl".

title: Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome

text: Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: In December 2012, Big Bang performed at Tokyo Dome for their Alive Tour.[30] After successfully performing for 55,000 audience in 2012, they returned to Tokyo in 2013 for their Japan Dome Tour and bringing in 152,420 fans for a 3-day concert.[31] In 2014, they returned to Tokyo for their X Tour and performed for 3 days bringing in 150,000 fans.[32]

title: Tokyo Dome

text: Tokyo Dome's original nickname was "The Big Egg", with some calling it the "Tokyo Big Egg". Its dome-shaped roof is an air-supported structure, a flexible membrane supported by slightly pressurizing the inside of the stadium.

title: Shin Megami Tensei IV

text: "Shin Megami Tensei IV" takes place in a world separate from the rest of the "Shin Megami Tensei" games, even though recurring demons and abilities are present. The two main locations are the Eastern Kingdom of Mikado, a feudal society inspired by Medieval Europe which is secretly controlled by angels; and Tokyo, a modern-era city enclosed in a rock dome and overrun by demons. Prior to the game's events, when Tokyo became a demon stronghold and was threatened with destruction by angels, a member of Tokyo's Counter-Demon Force tamed the God , fusing with him to create the protective dome over Tokyo. Mikado is built on the dome's surface. After the dome is created, only twenty years pass in Tokyo while over a thousand years pass in the Kingdom of Mikado. Remnants of Tokyo's technology, studied by the Mikado church as "mystic relics", remain scattered throughout the land.

title: Bunkyo Civic Center

text: The is the government building for Bunkyo ward in Tokyo, Japan. Its 25th floor houses a free observation deck. The building was completed in 1994. It has been described as a "colossal Pez candy dispenser" by "The Japan Times". The building is near the Tokyo Dome, Tokyo Dome Hotel, Tokyo Dome City, and Tokyo Dome City Attractions.

title: WCW/New Japan Supershow III

text: WCW/New Japan Supershow III (known as Fantastic Story in Tokyo Dome in Japan) took place on January 4, 1993 from the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan. The show would be the third and final show available on pay-per-view in the United States under the name WCW/New Japan Supershow. In Japan the show was promoted under the name "Fantastic Story in Tokyo Dome" and was the second annual NJPW January 4 Dome Show, NJPW's premier event of the year.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: Rain was the first Korean artist to perform at the Tokyo Dome. His concert at the Tokyo Dome on May 25, 2007 attracted nearly 45,000 people.[17]

title: January 4 Tokyo Dome Show

text: The January 4 Tokyo Dome Show is a professional wrestling event produced annually on January 4 in the Tokyo Dome by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), a Japan-based professional wrestling promotion. NJPW has promoted events in the Tokyo Dome on January 4 since 1992. The January 4 Tokyo Dome Show has since became NJPW's premier annual event and the biggest event in Japanese wrestling, similar to what WrestleMania is for WWE and American professional wrestling.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: Mick Jagger was the first international act to play in the Tokyo Dome on March 22 and 23, 1988. Bon Jovi followed suit and played at the Tokyo Dome on 31 December 1988. The band has since performed total of 19 concerts at Tokyo Dome, most recently in 2010 as part of The Circle Tour. Mariah Carey's three sold out shows at the Dome during her 1996 Daydream World Tour on March 7, 10 and 14 set records when all 150,000 tickets sold in under 3 hours. She later performed at the Dome for 4 nights during her 1998 Butterfly World Tour on January 11, 14, 17, 20 and 2 nights during her 2000 Rainbow World Tour on March 7 and 9. Overall, Carey performed at the Tokyo Dome 9 sold out concerts to date.[7] She holds the record for the most number of shows performed at the venue for a female solo artist, both in her country of origin and international. The second is Janet Jackson with a total of 8 shows, who performed at the Dome in 1990, selling out four shows in 7 minutes, setting a record for the fastest sellout in the history of Tokyo Dome.[8] This record was later surpassed by Japanese rock band L'Arc~en~Ciel.[7]

title: Tokyo Dome City Hall

text: Tokyo Dome City Hall is a facility for sport, fashion show, circus, and live music, located in Tokyo, inside of Tokyo Dome City. It is on the opposite corner of the Tokyo Dome, and hosts a variety of events at any given time, including boxing and live concerts. Naming rights of the hall was purchased by Japan Credit Bureau (JCB), a credit card company, so it opened as JCB Hall, from Mar. 19, 2008 to Mar. 30, 2011.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: On December 22, 2007, Hey! Say! JUMP held their debut concert Hey! Say! JUMP Debut & First Concert Ikinari! in Tokyo Dome. They became the youngest group ever to perform in Tokyo Dome with the average age of 15.7 years old.[19]

title: Tokyo Dome

text: On July 22, 2007, Kinki Kids held their 10th anniversary concert at Tokyo Dome, which drew a crowd of about 67,000 fans, making it the biggest concert ever held at the Dome. The record was previously held by Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi in 1992 when his concert drew an audience of 65,000.[18]

title: Tokyo Dome City

text: The Tokyo Dome City contains the Tokyo Dome Hotel, a 43-story hotel that is easily visible from the street and from the Tokyo Subway Suidobashi Station, which is only two blocks away.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: On May 2012, Korean group Super Junior performed at Tokyo Dome for their Super Show 4 world concert tour. It was the first time that the group performed at the Tokyo Dome. Super Junior performed at Tokyo Dome for two nights from May 12–13 part of their world tour‘Super Show 4’along with 110,000 fans filling up the entire venue forming their signature sapphire blue ocean.[27] Following their successful Super Show 4 during the previous year, Super Junior held their concert for their 2013 Super Show 5 world tour at Tokyo Dome. With their two-day tour on July 27–28, 2013, Super Junior was able to bring approximately 110,468 audience.[28] Super Junior again held a concert at the Tokyo Dome for their third world concert tour, Super Show 6 in October 2014. There were an estimated 112,388 fans who attended the concert.[29] In 2018 Super Junior returns to Tokyo Dome after four years with his Super Show 7 World Tour on November 30 and December 1.

title: Tokyo Dome

text: In July 2009, TVXQ, the first Korean Group who performed in Tokyo dome, played the last two shows of their 4th Live Tour 2009: The Secret Code at the Tokyo Dome.[20]

title: Live at Tokyo Dome

text: Live at Tokyo Dome (stylized as LIVE AT TOKYO DOME) is the sixth video album by Japanese heavy metal band Babymetal. The album contains footage from the and was released on April 12, 2017 by BMD Fox Records and Toy's Factory. The album features the live performances at Tokyo Dome on September 19 and September 20, 2016, which concluded the band's world tour.


query: Is Zac MacGuire married?

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac tries to support Leah when the courts decide to give custody of Billie's daughter Luc to Ash. Despite his acts of goodwill, Leah is convinced their marriage is at breaking point and files for divorce, much to Zac's shock and disbelief. Zac continually tries to win her back but his attempts prove futile and he fails. After having a chat and a drink with Nate Cooper, Zac ends up drunk and heads over to Leah's. He climbs onto the roof and Roo and Leah watch him in shock. After making a heartwarming speech to Leah that he will always love her, Zac trips and falls from the roof, sustaining near fatal injuries. He is rushed into hospital afterwards and manages to make a full recovery. Hunter visits him whilst he is resting and Zac makes a remark about when he and Charlotte broke up, causing Hunter to question whether Zac is really his father. Zac eventually finds out about the test and reassures Hunter that he is his father by telling him that he and Charlotte were in an on-off relationship around the time of his conception, ridding Hunter of all doubt. Hunter bins the test but curiosity takes him over and he reads it, finding out that Zac is in fact not his father. Zac goes to leave the bay, wanting to take Hunter with him, but Hunter tells him he is not his father and convinces him to just leave the Bay. With his marriage to Leah no longer functional and hit by Hunter not being his son, Zac then leaves for his new teaching post in Vietnam to join Evie and Matt.

title: Hannah Wilson (Home and Away)

text: Hannah comes to Summer Bay to ask Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen) for his help, when she believes their niece and nephew are being brainwashed by a cult that Zac's brother, Ethan (Matt Minto), has got them involved in. Howarth explained "Hannah hasn't seen Zac in years, because he's been estranged from his brother. Hannah's sister, Sarah, was married to Ethan, but died a year ago. Hannah has been looking after the kids and helping her brother-in-law. She's played a real motherly role with them." Zac initially thinks Hannah is over reacting, but decides to go and see Ethan and his children at the camp. Howarth said that Hannah has been to the camp a few times and has got a bad feeling about what goes on there. Ethan gives Hannah and Zac a tour; passing the place off as a group enlightening camp. Howarth called the storyline "hard-hitting" and added that it was not a smooth transition to life in the Bay. When Hannah arrives in Summer Bay she is in a lonely stage of her life. She feels as though she has no one due to her sister's death. The town provides a community atmosphere which Hannah embraces and Howarth added that her character wants to share this with Oscar and Evelyn.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: After he started teaching at the high school, Zac almost lost his job when student Holly Chapman (Sacha Vivian-Riding) developed an intense crush on him and then accused him of trying to start an inappropriate relationship with her. Clausen said the storyline was the most interesting that he had ever worked on. Exploration of the character's background began when his family were introduced in late 2013 and Zac briefly became romantically involved with his sister-in-law Hannah Wilson (Cassie Howarth). Zac later married Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) and learned that he had fathered a son. After the break down of his marriage, Zac departed the Bay on 25 May 2017.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac attends Billie's funeral after she dies of intreateable cancer. Sam returns to the bay a few weeks later, much to Zac and Leah's annoyance. She constantly tries to win Zac over and even tries to kiss him and question the state his marriage is in, but fails nonetheless. Zac asks Leah for support, but she constantly pushes him away. Zac, overwhelmed and frustrated, goes to Sam to talk with her, culminating in them having a one-night stand. Zac feels guilty after the encounter and keeps it from Leah and VJ. However, the truth soon comes to mind when Matt eventually finds out. Zac then goes away from the bay to attend a teacher's conference. At the same time, Evie and Matt organise their wedding, which Zac can't make it to. However he makes it just after the ceremony and hands Evie the rings of her deceased parents. Evie and Matt leave soon after.

title: List of Home and Away characters (2013)

text: Evelyn "Evie" MacGuire, played by Philippa Northeast, made her first screen appearance on 3 September 2013. The character and casting was announced in late August 2013. Evelyn is the niece of established character Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen) and the twin of Oscar MacGuire (Jake Speer). Oscar and Evelyn are introduced to the show when Zac visits them after he is told that their father, Ethan (Matt Minto), has got them involved in a cult. Evelyn was happy to be living at the camp, but her brother disliked it. Describing her character, Northeast stated "Evelyn believes strongly in the value of family, having lost her mother at an early age and witnessing her father try to deal with the repercussions. This, in turn, has strengthened the sibling bond she shares with Oscar, in whom she finds comfort and entertainment." She called Evelyn gentle, but said that she has "a sharp sense of humour" and will voice her feelings, especially is she feels that her opinions are not being heard.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac is liked by the students and Holly Chapman develops a crush on him. Holly flirts repeatedly with Zac, but he dismisses her advances which upsets her. Natalie warns Zac about Holly's behaviour, before she leaves Summer Bay to find her mother. Holly later claims that Zac sexually harassed her and Zac is suspended while Bianca investigates. Holly threatens to throw herself off a cliff, but Zac manages to stop her. Bianca is fired after she speaks out in defence of Zac, but a student protest sees her reinstated. Zac develops feeling for Bianca, but when he learns that she almost postponed her wedding, he apologises and makes Bianca realises how much she loves her fiancé. Zac's sister-in-law, Hannah Wilson, comes to the Bay asking for Zac's help in rescuing their niece and nephew from a cult that Zac's brother, Ethan, has got them involved in.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Shortly before the wedding, the police informed Zac that the body of his niece Denny Miller (Jessica-Grace Smith) had been found. Zac and Leah made the "difficult decision" to cancel the wedding.[25] However, Evie points out that Denny would not have wanted to be the reason they did not get married, and Zac and Leah decided to hold the ceremony in the grounds of Summer Bay House.[25] VJ walked his mother down the aisle, while Oscar, Matt and Zac's son Hunter King (Scott Lee) were Zac's groomsmen. The ceremony was interrupted by Zac's former girlfriend Charlotte King (Erika Heynatz), who "lets rip" at the guests.[25] Clausen told Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap, "She really tries her best to ruin the day, but Zac and Hunter manage to get her out of there. Zac and Leah eventually tie the knot – nothing will stop them from getting married right now!"[25] During the reception, Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) informed Denny's family that Charlotte was her killer. Clausen said Zac's feelings of guilt and anger turned the happiest day of his life into the "most terrible".[25] He believed that if it was not for him, Charlotte would never have come to the Bay. Charlotte was shot and killed that same day, leading to a whodunit storyline. Clausen added that Zac was capable of her murder.[25]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Hunter's presence later caused Zac and Leah's relationship to become strained.[27] Hunter made it clear to Leah that he wanted Zac to himself and when she voiced her concerns about him, Zac refused to believe his son was up to no good.[27] When Hunter pretended to drown during a trip to the beach, his actions caused Zac to stand Leah up. Nicodemou told an Inside Soap columnist, "After Leah hears that Hunter didn't want to go to hospital, she thinks it was just a plot to get his mum and dad back together."[27] Zac was upset when Leah accused Hunter, as he believed she should trust him. Realising that there would be a time where Zac would have to choose between her and Hunter, Leah decided to make the decision for him and ended their engagement.[27]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: After Zac's ex-girlfriend Charlotte King moved to the Bay, her teenage son Hunter King also turned up and it emerged that Zac was his father.[26] Hunter eventually told Zac his identity during a community fundraising banquet for Leah, whose house was burnt down. Lee explained that Hunter could no longer stand to see Zac with his "other family" and felt invisible, so he wanted to be noticed when he told Zac the truth.[26] Zac was unaware that he had fathered a child with Charlotte and was "gobsmacked" by the revelation. He demanded answers from Charlotte and struggled to understand why she had kept such a secret from him, causing him to reject Hunter.[26] Lee called Zac's reaction "a massive slap in the face", as he had been waiting his whole life to meet his father.[26]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac drifts apart from Hannah and begins drinking. When Oscar finds Zac passed out in the back of his car, Oscar opts to drive him home. Oscar accidentally hits Tamara Kingsley (Kelly Paterniti) when he takes his eyes off the road, and is not aware of what he has done until later when Zac believes it was his fault. Zac tries to protect Oscar by taking the blame, but Oscar eventually confesses to the police. Zac decides to move in with Leah and she kisses him at a school event. They begin dating, but decide to keep their relationship a secret from Leah's son VJ to protect him. However, Matt Page films them kissing and shows the footage to the other students and VJ. When Zac finds out VJ has a tattoo, he agrees to keep it from Leah, but she is angry with him when she does find out. Zac tries to stay out of VJ's life, but Leah asks him for help when VJ plans to leave school.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: In September 2014, Zac began a relationship with his friend Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou). Nicodemou first hinted at a romance between Zac and Leah the previous year, saying that she had received many comments from viewers asking when the characters were going to get together.[18] She also said "Leah was initially quite standoffish with the character of Zac, as she didn't quite know how to take him. Now they've become really good mates".[18] After Zac and Leah became closer, Leah developed a crush on Zac and they shared a moment while they took part in a high school fundraiser.[19] When student Matt Page (Alec Snow) realised that Leah liked Zac, he tricked her into kissing him by telling her that Zac had not sold any kisses at the kissing booth.[20] When Leah initially refuses, Matt joked that she must really like Zac, so she kissed him to prove Matt wrong. But she became embarrassed and quickly left.[20] A show spokesperson noted that up until that point, Zac took his friendship with Leah for granted and that it was up to him to decide whether they became romantically involved.[19]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: The following year, Zac decided to propose to Leah. Clausen explained, "For Zac, this proposal is about not wanting to waste any more time. He and Leah have been through so much. Leah's had two close calls, but they've weathered the worst of the storm. Now Zac wants to show her how much he loves her."[23] As he asked VJ for his permission, he was overheard by Chris Harrington (Johnny Ruffo).[23] Chris convinced Zac to stage an elaborate proposal during the surf carnival on the beach. Clausen said Zac initially wanted to do something simple, but he just got caught up in Chris's plans.[23] Leah's friends led her to the beach, where she found Zac with an engagement ring asking her to be his wife.[23] Leah turned down the proposal, but later accepted a more simple one at home.[24]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Sam rejects Zac's book and Zac believes it's just a ploy for Sam to get back at him for turning her down. However, he soon realizes the truth that the publishers, and even Leah, are not interested in his book, Leah herself not being impressed after reading it. Sam then leaves the bay to move onto another novelist. Zac books an anniversary meal for him and Leah, who is in the city, at Salt, but Leah never turns up. Bianca, who is back in the bay with Heath, has a drink with him and tries to kiss him afterwards, Zac again resists. When Leah returns from the city. Zac keeps the encounter with Bianca to himself but it soon becomes common knowledge after Heath finds out and punches him.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac MacGuire is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Charlie Clausen. The actor successfully auditioned for the role in 2012 and was told he had won the role on his birthday. Clausen began filming almost immediately and was initially contracted for three years. Clausen had to give up recording his podcast TOFOP at Seven Network's request, as it was deemed a conflict of interest. He made his first screen appearance on 22 January 2013.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Holly Richards (The West Australian) observed that "Zac looks set to be one of the hottest new arrivals at the Bay".[1] While a writer for TVFIX branded him the show's "newest heart-throb".[31] Jaci Stephen from the Daily Mail was attracted to the character, commenting "Monday is a miserable day for Holly, when she tries to kiss Zac and is rebuffed. Try? I'd resort to chloroform for that kind of hot totty."[32] A Sunday Mail reporter branded Zac "ever helpful" and thought he was "better husband material" for Bianca than Heath Braxton.[33] After Zac turned to alcohol and fell out with his family, a journalist for the Coventry Evening Telegraph observed "Zac's hardly flavour of the month at the moment".[34]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac's former girlfriend, Natalie Davison, gets in contact and asks Zac to look out for Casey Braxton when he is admitted to the Crestview Correctional Centre. Zac befriends Casey and provokes him into punching him to earn the respect of other inmates. Zac tries to help Casey when he is targeted by another inmate, but Casey ends up getting attacked, which angers his brother Darryl. Zac tells Natalie he still has feelings for her, and they begin dating. Zac helps Casey to get an early release and arranges for Jamie Sharpe (Hugo Johnstone-Burt) to be transferred, which costs him his job. Zac confronts Natalie when he believes she still has feelings for Brax, and she vows to cut ties with the Braxtons. Zac successfully applies for a teaching position at Summer Bay High. On his first day, Zac takes his class off school property and is reprimanded by principal Bianca Scott.

title: Hannah Wilson (Home and Away)

text: Hannah Wilson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera "Home and Away", played by Cassie Howarth. The character made her first screen appearance on 29 August 2013. She was introduced as part of established character Zac MacGuire's (Charlie Clausen) extended family. Hannah is characterised as a "strong and determined" and very family orientated. She arrives in Summer Bay with newfound responsibility of looking after her dead sister's children Oscar (Jake Speer) and Evelyn MacGuire (Philippa Northeast). She takes a job at the local hospital as a nurse. Her early storylines focused mainly on the MacGuire family and Hannah shared a brief relationship with brother-in-law Zac. Producers created a new partnership between Hannah and Andy Barrett (Tai Hara). The latter being a self-destructive character, their relationship is short-lived following the revelation that he is a drug dealer.

title: List of Home and Away characters (2013)

text: Ethan MacGuire, played by Matt Minto, made his first screen appearance on 2 September 2013. The character and casting was announced in late August 2013. Minto originally auditioned for another role with the serial, but was offered the part of Ethan instead. He began filming in April 2013. Ethan is Zac MacGuire's (Charlie Clausen) estranged brother. He has got himself and his teenage children Evelyn (Philippa Northeast) and Oscar (Jake Speer) involved in a cult and has moved them into the camp. When Zac comes to visit, Ethan greets him "warmly" and tries to pass the cult off as a group enlightenment camp. Zac eventually teams up with Ethan's sister-in-law Hannah (Cassie Howarth) to try to get the children out of the cult, but it proves difficult and Ethan is "hard to fight." The character has also been described as being "controlling". Carena Crawford from "All About Soap" branded the character "Evil Ethan". Ethan departed on 27 January 2014.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: at the Official AU Home and Away website at the Official UK Home and Away website

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac visits the camp and is reunited with Ethan. When he realises that his nephew, Oscar, hates the camp, he gives him his phone number and tells him to call if he wants to talk. Oscar is later beaten and Zac asks the Braxton brothers to help him rescue the twins. After getting them away from the cult, Zac and Ricky Sharpe (Bonnie Sveen) attempt to de-program Evelyn. However, she manages to escape and returns to her father. Oscar struggles without his sister and having Zac as a father figure, but eventually Evelyn returns and the family move into the farmhouse. Zac and Hannah become attracted to each other. The twins disappear and Ethan is killed in a bomb explosion at the hospital. Zac and Hannah realise that Ethan kidnapped the twins and they find them in a shipping container. Zac and Hannah decide to put their relationship on hold, and Zac later learns Hannah is dating Andy Barrett.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Clausen said that Zac had "a lot of integrity" despite his past. He continued, "he's a really sort of stand-up guy but he's someone who's had a bit of a shady past and come through that so the benefit of that life experience is he's very non-judgemental, he feels like he can talk to anyone."[1] Clausen also called Zac "a good guy" and said that his mistake ended up dictating every choice he had made since.[2] A writer for the official Home and Away website described Zac as living his life "to the fullest" and loving "deeply and without hesitation."[5] Clausen later branded Zac "an everyman" and thought he was good at providing a contrast to the Braxton family.[6] Clausen also liked that his character was strong and enjoyed the friction between him and other characters. He added that Zac was similar to himself, which he liked and thought it was a challenge to play.[6]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Charlotte dies after being shot and Zac becomes the prime suspect. He is arrested and charged with her murder. Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances) defends Zac, but he is sent to prison on remand. He is attacked by some of the other prisoners and stabbed, despite Tank Snelgrove's (Reece Milne) intervention. Morag finds evidence proving Zac is innocent and he is released.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: When VJ acts up, Matt tells Zac that VJ probably feels like he has lost Zac as a friend. Zac talks to VJ and tells him he can talk to him anytime, but Leah has the final say. After Leah is seriously injured in a bus crash, Zac is forced to take care of VJ and they both struggle. They are later told that Leah may never wake from her coma. Zac thinks about giving up on her, but feels guilty when she wakes up. Leah learns that she has an aneurysm and Zac and VJ try to convince her to have the surgery, but she refuses. She then goes missing in the bush, and after she is found, agrees to have the surgery. Zac proposes to Leah, but she turns him down. She later changes her mind and proposes to him, which he accepts. Zac's ex-girlfriend Charlotte King becomes the new biology teacher at the school. When Leah's house catches fire, Zac goes inside to rescue Oscar and Matt. Billie Ashford (Tessa de Josselin) also goes inside to help to him. The house is destroyed and everyone moves into Summer Bay House. During a fundraiser for the family, Charlotte's son Hunter turns up and reveals that Zac is his father.

title: Charlotte King (Home and Away)

text: Ahead of Charlotte's secret being revealed in August, a reporter for "TV Week" noted that "it could spell chaos for several people". During a community fundraiser for Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) and Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen), Charlotte was caught off-guard when Hunter King (Scott Lee) turned up and told the attendees that he was her son and Zac was his father. Zac was unaware that he had fathered a child with Charlotte and was "gobsmacked" by the revelation. As Charlotte confirmed that Hunter was his son, Zac struggled to understand how she kept it from him and ended up rejecting Hunter. As Zac later forged a relationship with his son, Charlotte realised she still had feelings for him. When Zac and Leah ended their engagement, Charlotte invited Zac to stay with her and Hunter. She then tried to kiss him, but he rejected her.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: In August 2013, further exploration of Zac's background began when his family were introduced. His sister-in-law Hannah Wilson (Cassie Howarth) came to Zac to ask for his help in rescuing their niece and nephew, Evelyn (Philippa Northeast) and Oscar (Jake Speer), from a cult that they have been inducted into by Zac's brother Ethan (Matt Minto).[13] Howarth told TV Week's Jessica Grubb that Hannah and Zac had not seen each other in years, as Zac was estranged from his brother. Hannah had been helping to look after the twins following their mother's death.[14] Zac initially thought Hannah was overreacting, but accompanied her on a visit to see his brother. Howarth observed that Zac did not see the cult for what it was straight away, as Ethan passed it off as a group enlightenment camp.[14]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: In his fictional backstory, Zac was convicted and sent to prison for cultivating and selling marijuana in his twenties. Zac's stint in prison cost him his university girlfriend and "the love of his life" Natalie Davison (Catherine Mack).[1] Mack commented that Zac and Natalie were really in love and thought they would be together forever, until Zac was convicted and they broke up.[4] They had not seen each other since university, until Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) was sent to prison, and Natalie contacted Zac, the prison's education officer, and asked him to look out for Casey.[2][4] Casey was surprised to learn of Zac's connection to Natalie, but overlooked it when he received a beating from a fellow inmate. Younes said that Casey realises that having a friend on the inside was not a bad thing.[4] Zac tried to help Casey out by placing him in the kitchen, but this brought him into contact with his bully Courtney Freeman (Joshua Brennan) and Casey ended up getting attacked for refusing to help deliver drugs.[4] When Casey's brother and Natalie's ex-boyfriend Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) learned about the beating, he confronted Zac demanding to know why he did not prevent it.[4]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac is portrayed as being honest, strong, non-judgmental and someone who lives his life to the fullest. Clausen said he and Zac shared some similarities, which he liked. Zac was introduced as Natalie Davison's (Catherine Mack) former boyfriend. As he was the local prison's education officer, Natalie asked Zac to watch out for new inmate Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes). This brought Zac and Natalie back together and they rekindled their relationship, which had ended when Zac was sent to prison in his twenties.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: After a few months living with Hannah and the twins, Zac developed feelings for his sister-in-law and they tried to start a relationship. However, they decided to put it on hold for the sake of the twins.[17] While Hannah was able to move on, Zac struggled to be around her and watch as she developed a romance with Andy Barrett (Tai Hara).[17] Clausen said, "Zac never thought Hannah would be looking elsewhere for romance or that anyone else had come on the scene. It's a blow to his ego!"[17] When Zac and Hannah stopped communicating, Zac looked through her phone and Hannah caught him. Clausen tried to defend his character's actions, saying that he did not mean to snoop, but Hannah had a right to be angry.[17] While he was cooling off, Zac became depressed and regretful about what had happened, as he still had feelings for Hannah. After running into Bianca, Zac shared a "serious flirtation" with her and they ended up having a one-night stand.[17]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: When Zac finally realised that Ethan was a member of a cult, he decided to team up with the Braxton brothers to help rescue Oscar and Evelyn. Zac knew that the lifestyle of the cult was not healthy for the twins and that they were not happy being there anymore.[15] Nic Westaway, who plays Kyle Braxton, commented "Over the time they have known Zac, the Braxtons have learned to trust his judgement. If he says his brother is bad news, they are going to go with that and try and get the kids out."[15] Zac and the Braxtons had to fight their way out of the camp, but managed to rescue the twins and brought them to Summer Bay.[15] Ethan later followed them to the Bay and was killed during a bomb explosion at the local hospital. Following his funeral, his secret daughter, Denny (Jessica Grace Smith) arrived in town to get to know her family.[16]

title: Zac MacGuire

text: When Tabitha sets up a fake Twitter profile to humiliate Olivia, Zac comes to Olivia's defence and tells the other students that Olivia has been set up. When a small fire breaks out at the school, Zac initially suspects Tabitha is responsible, but Matt later reveals that his sister Ellie caused the fire. When Hunter plans to buy a stolen exam paper, Zac immediately launches an investigation into who he tried to buy it from. Zac then acts as chauffeur at his stepson VJ's wedding to Billie. Zac later goes to meet his book editor Samantha Webster (Cheree Cassidy) at Salt, under the pretence he is meeting a teacher. After a run in with Ash and being seen with Sam by Marilyn Chambers, who thinks he is having an affair, Zac comes clean to Leah and tells her he is not cheating. Leah then meets Sam but tension arouses when she finds out Zac told Sam about her history of troubled marriages. Due to Leah's discomfort with Sam, Zac calls the meeting off. During a later meeting, Sam attempts to kiss Zac who resists. Sam tries harder and disrobes in front of Zac. Zac turns her down and keeps the encounter from Leah.

title: Zac MacGuire

text: Zac can't handle his guilt and admits to Leah that he cheated. She then isolates herself from him and tells him not to tell VJ while she is away at her parents' house. Zac tries to make amends by phoning Leah but she hangs up every time. He tries emailing her, and she replies that she wants him to leave her alone as he cheated. Zac goes out shopping for dinner that night and VJ sees Leah's reply whilst he is out, knowing now that Zac cheated on his mother. VJ, like Leah, isolates himself from Zac and demands he moves out to the Caravan Park. Leah returns from her trip and Zac tries to make amends and he and Leah end up kissing. However, Leah breaks off after she sees the way he looks at her and demands he moves out of the house permanently. Zac rents a caravan and ends up having a chat with John Palmer (Shane Withington), whose court trial is just days away. John gives some advice on how to make amends with Leah. After VJ sees that Zac is at the Caravan Park and not with his mother, he is convinced Zac no longer cares about Leah and takes a punch at Zac, but John restrains VJ before he can do any serious damage.