query: How many seasons did Canada's Worst Handyman have?

title: Canada's Worst Handyman

text: Canada's Worst Handyman was a Canadian television series on Discovery Channel, based on a one-off 2004 episode of Britain's Worst DIYer. The show was produced by Proper Television, whose president, Guy O'Sullivan, was the director of the original Britain's Worst Driver series until its 2003 cancellation and shared its production with Canada's Worst Driver, including executive producer and host Andrew Younghusband. Like sister series Canada's Worst Driver, there have been similar adaptations in other English-speaking countries, in the United States in 2011, with America's 10 Worst DIYers and in Britain with a Britain's Worst 2005 spin-off series, Britain's Worst DIYer. Six seasons of the show have been completed. On January 10, 2013, the series' Facebook page posted a statement that the show is "on hiatus with an unknown date for relaunch."[1] In June 2014, Discovery Channel Canada started canvassing for couples at www.badhandyman.ca.[2] The new version of the show airs in 2015 under the title Blood, Sweat & Tools, featuring couples instead of individual handymen.[3]

title: Canada's Worst Handyman (season 1)

text: Canada's Worst Handyman 1 was the first-ever season of the Canadian reality TV show "Canada's Worst Handyman," which aired on the Discovery Channel, based on the UK Channel 4 Television Corporation's "Britain's Worst Driver." The show is considered to be a sister show of "Canada's Worst Driver" (itself an adaptation of "Britain's Worst Driver"), as "Canada's Worst Handyman" shares much of its production crew with "Canada's Worst Driver." As with subsequent years, five people, nominated by their family or friends, enter the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre to improve their handyman skills, in an effort to not be named Canada's Worst Handyman. This year, the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre is located in a public housing complex building in the Regent Park neighborhood of Toronto that has since been demolished to make way for a supermarket.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 5

text: Canada's Worst Handyman 5 is the fifth season of "Canada's Worst Handyman", a Canadian series which attempts to improve the handyman skills of five contestants, nominated by their peers. It airs on Discovery Channel Canada.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 3

text: Dez is quickly written off as not the worst by the experts. Casey briefly receives consideration due to Marnie building what is effectively the whole room, but the experts eventually agree that Casey did show enough skill not to be named the worst. Charmaine expects to be named the worst due to completing very few challenges, but she avoids being in the bottom two mostly due to the experts feeling that she was the hardest worker, even if it didn't always pay off, and that despite its flaws, her room has the best overall design. Geoff makes the case that Joe is the worst (for completing only two of the major challenges, and having terrible design in his room), while Tex is nominated by Jo (for his persistent work on the plumbing that did not pay off, as well as the questionable design and the questionable use of his time). At the final assembly to determine who will be taking home the worst trophy for Canada's Worst Handyman, Dez, Casey, and Charmaine are quickly told to step aside. The similarities between the two are obvious, but Joe is eventually named Canada's Worst Handyman as Tex is far more skilled. As his final task, he demolishes his own room, before vowing that in a year's time, he will no longer be Canada's Worst Handyman.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 5

text: As was obvious to nearly everyone, the worst is either Deen or Simon. Deen appears to be confident of his chances in avoiding being Canada's Worst Handyman (though Andrew warns him of being overconfident), as he had declared his room finished 30 minutes before the others, while leaving serious mistakes unaddressed. Simon admits to a lack of focus, and admits to his shortfalls. The experts' deliberation is not shown, but in the end, Deen, who had not been named the worst in any particular episode, is ultimately named Canada's Worst Handyman, after being frequently injured due to doing things in an unsafe manner throughout rehab. As he hoists the wolf-shaped Canada's Worst Handyman trophy, everyone else gives him one final wolf howl in his honour.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 4

text: Canada's Worst Handyman 4 is the fourth season of "Canada's Worst Handyman", a Discovery Channel Canada series which seeks to find the worst amateur home renovator in Canada. In this season, five contestants arrive at the "Handyman Rehabilitation Centre", located at the Pow Wow Point Lodge, a 100-year-old country retreat near Huntsville, Ontario. Along with their nominators, each contestant competes in challenges meant to improve their do-it-yourself skills, including one where all the contestants must work together as a group. At the end of each episode, host Andrew Younghusband and two judges determine the most improved and the worst contestant in each episode: the most improved being rewarded with the responsibility in leading the next episode's group challenges, while the worst being punished with a further one-on-one tutorial with Andrew. At the end of the last episode, the worst of the five contestants is given the namesake title—Canada's Worst Handyman.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 4

text: As explained by Andrew, no one is given the titles of most improved or worst, and Brian P becomes the first contestant ever removed from any "Worst Handyman" series. The incident brought an unusually serious sense of tense drama to an otherwise humorous, lighthearted show featuring clumsy and troubled handymen as they struggle to improve themselves. Brian P's exit also made him statistically the worst handyman in the show's history, having failed every single challenge during the four episodes he participated in (every other candidate on the show passed at least one challenge during the first four episodes of any given season).

title: List of Canada's Worst Handyman episodes

text: Darryl and Keith meet atop the roof of the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre, where one will be named Canada's Worst Handyman and a final special lesson awaits them. As Andrew explains, Keith was not handy because he never bothered to play with tools, while Darryl was not handy because he was never allowed to use them. Keith had made the largest mess in the final exam, while Darryl had made the single largest blunder. Between the two, though, Darryl wins out, and Keith is named "Canada's Worst Handyman" for his overall lack of focus: Keith had taken 34 breaks during the final exam and changed projects 14 times, with none of them earning the passing grade.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 2

text: In the bonus segment, the Can-Cam has everyone give their insights on the final day at the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre, as well as each contestant or nominator's picks to be Canada's Worst Handyman.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 2

text: Canada's Worst Handyman 2 was the second season of the Canadian reality TV show "Canada's Worst Handyman," which aired on the Discovery Channel. As with the past season, five contestants and their nominators enter the "Handyman Rehabilitation Centre," where a series of challenges await them. This year, the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre is located at a warehouse just east of Toronto. At the end of the series, one contestant is given the show's dubious namesake title. Unlike the previous season, when the focus was on home renovation, the focus of this season was on the increasing trend in garage and shed renovation. In each episode, contestants partake in a series of challenges, with one contestant being named the most improved handyman and another being named the worst. At the end of the series, the contestant with the worst shed overall is given the title of Canada's Worst Handyman. The five sheds, as well as one built by the experts, have been sold to the one lucky and five unlucky bidders on eBay, sight unseen. The winning bidders will also appear on the final episode of the series (which traditionally is a recap episode) as the shed is being delivered to them. The proceeds of the eco-shed sale goes to Habitat for Humanity Canada.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 2

text: In the recap episode, the six sheds (the five belonging to the contestants, plus one built by the experts) are delivered to the persons who had bought them sight unseen on eBay. As Canada's Worst Handyman, Terry will be present to personally present his shed to the ones who had purchased his. The six eco-sheds – one each from the contestants and one built by the experts, combined raised over $10000 for Habitat for Humanity Canada. As it is an hour-long drive from the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre to the shed's new owners, the Lange family in Caledon, Ontario, Terry and Andrew reminisce on their time at the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre on the way there.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 6

text: Canada's Worst Handyman 6 is the sixth season of "Canada's Worst Handyman", a Canadian reality television series on Discovery Channel which seeks to improve the do-it-yourselfer skills of five contestants.

title: Handyman Superstar Challenge

text: Handyman Superstar Challenge (also referred to as Superstar Handyman Challenge from the show's first season logo) is a television game show on HGTV Canada, hosted by Karen Bertelsen. The show seeks to find the best handyman in Canada, with the winner originally being awarded the opportunity to host a show on HGTV in the first season, though no prize is explicitly mentioned in subsequent years. However, the winner of "Handyman Superstar Challenge" is traditionally given a guest appearance in a Mike Holmes television series ("Holmes on Homes" or "Holmes Inspection"; "Holmes in New Orleans" did not feature any "Handyman Superstar Challenge" contestants).

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 4

text: As to who Canada's Worst Handyman is, though, Geoff argues the case for Brian, as Johnnie had markedly improved. Gail, however, thinks Johnnie is Canada's Worst Handyman. Between the two, she thinks of Brian as "a whiner" while Johnnie as "incompetent": Brian simply needs to be set straight while Johnnie needed more experience. Gail's opinion eventually wins out, and Johnnie is eventually named Canada's Worst Handyman. Johnnie had conceded this (the other nominees having thought Brian was worse), and, as the Canada's Worst Handyman trophy is given to him, he sings for his captive audience an operatic rendition of his own ineptitude.

text: This is a list of episodes for the first season of the Canadian television series "Canada's Worst Handyman", where the worst contestant, as determined by 25 challenges over 12 days, is given the dubious title.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman

text: In each season, typically five contestants and their nominators arrive at the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre, where they partake in a three-week (16 filming days over 18 days) renovation project there, consisting of challenges that are designed to improve the contestants' handyman skills, in an effort to not be named Canada's Worst Handyman. Each contestant and nominator pair are assigned colour-coded workplaces and otherwise work separately on their respective projects. Prior to entering the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre, each contestant performs a challenge in their own home, to be aired in the first episode; this is colloquially referred to as the "home challenge." Since season two, each challenge is judged on a pass/fail system, based on whether challenges are completed within the allotted time limit (typically two to three times the time needed for a professional to perform the challenge). Nominators are expected to assist their nominees (though, as of season five, they are unable to directly offer suggestions as to the proper course of actions, so as to not take charge of the challenge themselves) and contestants may freely help each other upon the completion of their challenges. Contestants may also revisit a previous challenge on their own time if they had failed the challenge or was otherwise incomplete. Each episode also contains a group challenge, where the five contestants, typically without their nominators, must perform a challenge together. Starting with the second group challenge, one contestant is deemed the foreman and is given the task of leading the other four. The foreman concept was instituted starting with the second group challenge in the first season as a reaction to how bad the contestants had worked together for the first group challenge and it has stayed with the series since. At the end of each episode, two judges and host Andrew Younghusband inspect the contestants' worksites and after each contestant is interviewed, deliberate on which contestant had improved the most and which contestant was named the worst. The contestant named the most improved is given the "golden hard hat" (a tool belt was given in the first two seasons) and is rewarded with the privilege of leading the next group challenge. The contestant named the worst (who may also be the most improved contestant) must "hang their head in shame" and nail their portrait to a "wall of shame" and is treated to a private "homework challenge" with Andrew. The experts reserve the right to not name the most improved handyman or to name more than one contestant as the worst, though the former has never occurred and the latter only once. On rare occasions, nominators may also be awarded the most improved or the worst for helping or hindering their nominees. On one occasion, the contestant and their nominator pair was collectively the most improved and worst. Throughout the entire process, the experts teach the contestants the various skills they may need in order to perform the challenge in classroom sessions. Starting in the third season, the experts also perform each and every challenge themselves before the contestants are given the challenges, partly as a demonstration to the contestants and partly to show that the tasks can be done correctly and within the time limit. During the challenge the experts observe each contestant from the show's production facilities, or in later seasons, the "expert's room." The experts may also intervene in the event of a gross safety violation or other serious incident or if a contestant is otherwise unprepared for the challenge (such as prerequisite challenges not being close to completion). The final episode of each season differs in many details, but is centered on a list of tasks that all contestants must finish. For the first season, this was the "handyman final exam," where contestants must work together to fully renovate an apartment in an extended group challenge. For the second season, the list was used in a group challenge where the contestants and nominators as a whole must finish every shed, with the final challenge being moving their sheds out of their workshop, while in subsequent seasons each contestant is given their own lists for the tasks that they must finish in their workspaces so as to make their rooms presentable for a series of clients; furthermore, the list must be completed in the order stated therein, typically corresponding to the order in which the challenges were originally presented. The contestant with the worst finished product, as determined by the clients, experts and Andrew, is named Canada's Worst Handyman.

title: Blood, Sweat & Tools

text: The series is the successor of "Canada's Worst Handyman" and has a broadly similar format, but with an emphasis on rewarding competent handiwork rather than finding the nation's worst handyman. The couples are divided into teams, who are each tasked with undertaking a number of handiwork-related challenges, with the overall goal of improving their skills and confidence. At the end of each episode, the most improved couple is awarded a prize (unlike "Canada's Worst Handyman," no one is named the worst). At the end of the series, a $50,000 cash prize is given to the most improved couple as voted on by the public.Before naming the most improved team, the experts drop a bombshell; prior to the final episode, two teams will be eliminated. They do not tell the teams how or when this will occur, but hint that as of now, they consider the Blue Team to be the worst of the five due to leaving jobs unfinished and having shown no improvement in their ability to work together. The Red Team are also privately concerned that any repeat of their careless safety violations could result in them being thrown off the show if they commit a bad enough mistake.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 6

text: In expert evaluations, Geoff expresses his disappointment in Ajay, while Matt expresses his enjoyment in doing handiwork. Rob admits he still has to work on not injuring himself, while Dan also admits in helping to work with his wife. Charlene admits to learning a lot, even if she needed help from other contestants or the experts in speeding up on a number of occasions. Rob is quickly agreed to be nowhere near the worst of the group, as despite the occasional accident he managed a relatively decent quality of work throughout and finished the most tasks. Matt is also agreed to definitely not be the worst, having made impressive progress from the start of the season and also doing some solid work. Harsher words are given to Dan, whose work the experts consider to be generally mediocre, and they also note that he continued to make the same mistakes (particularly not reading instructions) throughout the season; even with that, however, they agree that his work is not the worst of the five, and Natasha adds that she feels a lot more comfortable working with him now. Ajay and Charlene are therefore left as the bottom two, and Geoff and Gail both name Ajay as Canada's Worst Handyman, as his claims of success do not match the reality of his results, and they felt that he ultimately learned nothing from his time on the show. However, Andrew does not accept the results, stating that Charlene should be Canada's Worst Handyman as she frequently needed help to complete her assignments. However, both experts argue that Charlene has at least learned her lessons, and that even though his work was better, Ajay should be named the worst as a means of deflating his overconfidence. Still, both experts eventually capitulate and name Charlene as Canada's Worst Handyman.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 5

text: In this season, the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre is located at the Delta Upsilon fraternity house in London, Ontario. As with the past season, contestants must purchase the supplies they need, this time to renovate individual rooms in the frat house. Group challenges this season center on the renovation of a central kitchen.

text: Darryl was named the episode's most improved handyman due to his overall attitude and first impressions, while Barry was named the worst because he did not listen to the instructions given by the experts – a fact that Barry in fact admitted to, and in retrospect, was deserving of. His extra lesson: a lesson in listening skills, where Andrew asked Barry to do one instruction until he got it right.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 5

text: "Canada's Worst Handyman 5" has been a ratings success for Discovery Channel, with a record 500,000 viewers tuning in on its first airing, more than any other non-sports show on a specialty channel airing on the same day.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman

text: Like its sister series, the contestants are chosen by nominations submitted to Proper Television. Canada's Worst Driver and Canada's Worst Handyman are filmed alternately, with each season of Driver followed by a season of Handyman (except for the first season, in which Handyman was filmed during the summer and Driver was filmed during the winter, Driver has been filmed during the summer and Handyman was filmed during the winter). Nominations for the next season of one are accepted shortly before the airing of a season of the other on Discovery Channel. Candidates may be nominated by multiple nominators, though, like its sister series, only one nominator accompanies the contestant to the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 2

text: Only one expert returns from "Canada's Worst Handyman 1":In this episode, the five contestants arrive at the Handyman Rehabilitation Centre. Prior to entering rehabilitation, the contestants were asked to specify the dimensions of their shed, along with a birdhouse-sized replica. At the end of the episode, Jeff, by virtue of never having done anything considered handiwork prior to rehab and nailing three boards together in this episode during the skills evaluation, is deemed the most improved handyman of this episode, while Candace, whose self-proclaimed "renovation skills" contrasted with it taking her 171 tries and five minutes to hammer in a single nail, was deemed the worst. Her extra lesson was in the use of hammers of all sorts.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman (season 1)

text: Unlike "Canada's Worst Driver," none of the contestants are eliminated; instead, at the end of each episode, one will be named the most improved, while another will be named the worst. Also, the time frame for "Canada's Worst Handyman" is much shorter, lasting only two weeks, as opposed to the eight weeks for "Canada's Worst Driver," with each episode being chronicled one or two days, as opposed to a week for "Canada's Worst Driver." On the sixth episode, the five contestants will work together to refurbish an apartment in ten hours, with the one with the worst individual performance being named Canada's worst handyman. Like "Canada's Worst Driver," the contestants "are" accompanied by their nominators, who are allowed to assist them in their various tasks. Each episode (except the finale) also features a "group challenge," which is done by the five contestants as a group. Except for the first group challenge, each of the group challenges has a contestant named as the project's foreman and the foreman designation is given to the most improved contestant for the previous week; this particular twist was added when the judges saw how badly they performed at the first group challenge without a designated leader. The contestant named the worst in each show is obligated to "hang their head in shame" and nail a picture of themselves along a "wall of shame" and be personally tutored by Younghusband on an aspect leading to their nomination.The five contestants for the first season are as follows:

title: Canada's Worst Driver

text: Like its sister series, the contestants are chosen by nominations submitted to Proper Television. Until 2011, when Canada's Worst Handyman was cancelled and later replaced in 2015 with Blood, Sweat & Tools, Canada's Worst Driver and Canada's Worst Handyman were filmed alternately, with each season of Driver followed by a season of Handyman (except for the first season, in which Handyman was filmed during the summer and Driver was filmed during the winter, Driver has been filmed during the summer and Handyman was filmed during the winter). Nominations for the next season of one are accepted shortly after the airing of another on Discovery Channel. Candidates may be nominated by multiple nominators, though only one nominator accompanies the contestant to the Driver Rehabilitation Centre.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 2

text: As a result of Terry being named Canada's Worst Handyman, the person in the blue colors has been named Canada's Worst Handyman twice in a row.

title: Canada's Worst Driver

text: Canada's Worst Driver is a Canadian television series on Discovery Channel, based on Britain's Worst Driver and is part of the Worst Driver television franchise. The series is produced by Proper Television, whose president, Guy O'Sullivan, was the director of the original Britain's Worst Driver series until its cancellation in 2003. O'Sullivan served as executive producer of Canada's Worst Driver until his death in April 2017, doubling as executive producer of sister series Canada's Worst Handyman until its cancellation in 2011. As such, Canada's Worst Driver is considered to be the production company's flagship show and, with 14 seasons aired as of December 2018, the longest-running of any Worst series to date. Unlike other Worst series around the world, where being a graduate is rewarded with a new car while the Worst Driver has their car destroyed, Canada's Worst Driver emphasizes the learning process of the contestants and the science of driving and is often more serious than any other Worst Driver version around the world, awarding no prizes aside from a trophy at the end of each season for being named the worst (with the exception of season twelve, in which, despite ultimately being named the worst, Krystal McCann wasn't even worthy of being awarded the trophy, leading to Tyler Dupont becoming the first-ever nominee to be awarded the "Final Graduate" trophy), as the point of the show is to educate rather than entertain, as other versions are mainly comedic. The series is also aired dubbed in French in Canada as Les Pires Chauffards Canadiens on the Z channel. Until 2011, when Canada's Worst Handyman was cancelled and later replaced in 2015 with Blood, Sweat & Tools, Canada's Worst Driver and Canada's Worst Handyman were the two highest-rated programs on Discovery Channel Canada.

text: With the final exam finished, Greg and Robin believe that everyone is still in the running for Canada's Worst Handyman: Darryl for the lack of planning skills, Jeannie for doing too little overall, Barry for not following directions, Keith for taking too many breaks, and Merle because he is doing things too quickly. When the final exam is evaluated, only one (Merle's bathroom sink installation) of the contestants' eight completed works are given a passing grade. The final verdict: although Barry's two floors were both awful, he is not Canada's Worst Handyman, as he has admitted to learning by failure. Jeannie is also free to go because, although she had injured herself, she quickly got right back into the game. Darryl's poor carpentry skills meant that he could still be Canada's Worst Handyman, while Keith's wallpapering meant that he, too, was still in the running. As for Merle, knowing how to do things right and getting the skills needed to get off his duct tape addiction, his aversion to measuring, and, above all else, get his daughter's room finished makes him definitely not Canada's Worst Handyman. As he leaves, he makes a celebratory dance.

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 4

text:
This is the first season in which Canadian Tire is the primary sponsor. Furthermore, unlike previous years contestants will not be given the materials or tools that they need: instead, they must purchase them from a nearby Canadian Tire store while keeping under budget. The overall theme to this season is the question of what is considered "good enough", in addition to working outdoors in the cold winter ("Canada's Worst Handyman" has been filmed in the winter since "Canada's Worst Handyman 2", but was held primarily indoors in previous years).
Original airdate: May 4, 2009

title: Canada's Worst Handyman 2

text: This left the two contestants with their sheds in pieces: Terry and Ruth. Although Greg and Jill vehemently differed on who is worse (Greg claiming that Ruth is the worst because she was slow, prone to giving up, and had the least amount of work done, while Jill puts Terry as the worst due to his lack of commitment to the instructions, including having his shed exceed the show's limits in all three dimensions, and also due to the quality of his work having dropped considerably after Harvey left), eventually they agree: over the course of the series, one took pride in their work but failed to deliver, while the other did not. The final factor was clearly visible: while Ruth was visibly disappointed in the fact that her shed had to be cut up, Terry revelled and fully enjoyed what amounted to tearing his shed down. Because of this, Terry Cress, despite the fact that he finished more challenges than Ruth and was the only contestant to be named most improved twice, is named Canada's Worst Handyman.


query: Where was Eli Heckscher born?

title: Eli Heckscher

text: Heckscher was born in Stockholm, son of the Jewish Danish-born businessman Isidor Heckscher and his spouse Rosa Meyer, and completed his secondary education there in 1897. He studied at Uppsala University and Gothenburg University, completing his PhD in Uppsala in 1907. He was professor of Political economy and Statistics at the Stockholm School of Economics from 1909 until 1919, when he exchanged that chair for a research professorship in economic history, finally retiring as emeritus professor in 1945. In 1929 Heckscher founded the Institute for Economic History Research.

title: August Heckscher

text: August Heckscher (August 26, 1848 – April 26, 1941) was a German-born American capitalist and philanthropist.

title: Internationalization

text: The Heckscher-Ohlin model (H-O model), also known as the "factors proportions development", is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics. It builds on David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage by predicting patterns of commerce and production based on the factor endowments of a trading region. The model essentially says that countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factor(s) of production and import products that utilize the countries' scarce factor(s).

title: Eli Heckscher

text: Eli Heckscher's son was Gunnar Heckscher (1909-1987), a political scientist and the leader of what would later become the Swedish Moderate Party 1961–1965. His grandson is the Social Democratic politician Sten Heckscher.

title: Eli Heckscher

text: Eli Filip Heckscher (24 November 1879 – 23 December 1952) was a Swedish political economist and economic historian.

title: Johann Gustav Heckscher

text: Johann Gustav Wilhelm Moritz Heckscher (born 26 December 1797 in Hamburg; died 7 April 1865 in Vienna) was a German politician.

title: International trade theory

text: In the early 1900s, a theory of international trade was developed by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. This theory has subsequently become known as the Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model). The results of the H–O model are that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.

title: Bertil Ohlin

text: In 1930 Ohlin succeeded Eli Heckscher, his teacher, as a professor of economics, at the Stockholm School of Economics. In 1933 Ohlin published a work that made him world-renowned, "Interregional and International Trade". In this Ohlin built an economic theory of international trade from earlier work by Heckscher and his own doctoral thesis. It is now known as the Heckscher–Ohlin model, one of the standard model economists use to debate trade theory.

title: William S. Heckscher

text: Heckscher was commissioned in 1931 to paint a portrait of Gustav Pauli, the director of Kunsthalle Hamburg. While at work in Pauli's office, they were interrupted by a strange little man unknown to Heckscher. The man, apparently a colleague of Pauli, immediately launched into some Dürer problem that was troubling him. The stranger's animated discussion with Pauli left Heckscher astounded at the depth of the man's insight. Intrigued, Heckscher followed Panofsky to his office and all but begged to study under him. Panofsky was thoroughly unimpressed by Heckscher's education—he had never finished high school—but Heckscher persisted, and Panofsky eventually relented, telling him of a program to support gifted students who had not completed high school. Heckscher passed the rigorous examination and was accepted into the University of Hamburg, but was only grudgingly given a seat in the back of Panofsky's seminar.

title: Charles Heckscher

text: Heckscher was born October 2, 1949. He is the son of August Heckscher II, the former Parks Commissioner of New York City, and Claude (née Chevreux) Heckscher. He is also the grandson of Gustave Maurice Heckscher, a pioneer aviator with seaplanes and real estate developer, and the great-grandson of August Heckscher, a German-born American capitalist and philanthropist.

title: Sten Heckscher

text: Sten Heckscher (born 29 July 1942, in Stockholm) is a Swedish lawyer and Social Democratic politician. He is the son of the former right-wing politician Gunnar Heckscher and grandson of economist Eli Heckscher.

title: Heckscher–Ohlin theorem

text: The Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model, developed by Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin (his student). In the two-factor case, it states: "A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good."

title: The Heckscher Foundation for Children

text:
The Heckscher Foundation for Children was founded in 1921 by German-born industrialist, financier and philanthropist August Heckscher. Responding to a request for a donation for the purchase of a bus by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, August Heckscher donated a Manhattan property on Fifth Avenue from 104th to 105th Street that opened as The Heckscher Foundation for Children
in 1922 and provided housing for children and community activities.

title: August Heckscher

text: Heckscher was born in Hamburg, Germany. He was the son of Johann Gustav Heckscher (1797-1865) and Marie Antoinette Brautigan.

title: August Heckscher II

text: Heckscher was born in Huntington on Long Island on September 16, 1913. He was the son of Gustave Maurice Heckscher (1884–1967) and Frances Louise Vanderhoef. His parents divorced in 1927 and his mother remarried to John M. P. Thatcher in 1931. His brother was Gustave Maurice Heckscher, Jr.

title: Heckscher State Parkway

text: The Heckscher State Parkway (formerly known as the Heckscher Spur) is an parkway on Long Island, New York, in the United States. The parkway, located entirely within the Suffolk County town of Islip, begins at the south end of the Sagtikos State Parkway in West Islip, from where it continues west as the Southern State Parkway. It proceeds east as a six-lane parkway through Brentwood and Central Islip, loosely paralleling New York State Route 27 (NY 27). At Islip Terrace, the Heckscher Parkway turns southward, crossing NY 27 before ending at the toll barrier for Heckscher State Park in Great River. The parkway comprises the eastern portion of New York State Route 908M (NY 908M), an unsigned reference route, with the Southern State Parkway occupying the western section. In order to avoid confusion, the highway is signed as an extension of the Southern State Parkway west of the NY 27 interchange (exit 44).

title: William S. Heckscher

text: Wilhelm Sebastian Martin Hugo Heckscher was born in Hamburg, Germany on December 14, 1904. He was the son of Hulda Foerster and Siegfried Heckscher, a lawyer and director of the Hamburg America Line. His maternal grandfather was the astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Foerster.

title: Charles Heckscher

text: Charles Heckscher (born October 2, 1949) is a professor in the Department of Labor Studies and Employment at Rutgers University, and director of the Center for Workplace Transformation at Rutgers.

title: Eli Heckscher

text: Bertil Ohlin, "Heckscher, Eli Filip", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 18, pp.376–381.

title: Heckscher State Parkway

text:
Heckscher State Park, formerly known as Deer Range State Park, dates back to 1925. At that time, the construction of the Northern State Parkway was opposed by area residents as they believed it would hurt their ability to hunt foxes in the area. Their representatives in the New York State Legislature refused to provide money for a park, leading a group to contact August Heckscher, a local philanthropist. He donated $262,000 (1929 USD) to the Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) and got land appropriated for a new park, which became Deer Range State Park. On June 2, 1929, the park was rededicated in the name of August Heckscher. Former Governor Alfred E. Smith, LISPC chairman and highway designer Robert Moses, and Heckscher all made remarks at a ceremony for the name change, and Heckscher was presented with a bronze tablet honoring his work. Heckscher died in April 1941.
A two-lane highway providing access from NY 27A to Heckscher State Park was constructed in 1929. This highway became the basis for what eventually became the Heckscher State Parkway. Plans for the parkway called for it to extend northwest to a junction at Bay Shore Road in West Islip, where the Heckscher, Southern, Sagitkos and Captree Parkway (now the Robert Moses Causeway) would meet. Thus, when the extension of the Southern State Parkway opened in November 1949, the junction was built to accommodate the proposed Heckscher Parkway. In 1952, the state acquired the W. Bayard Cutting estate in Great River. Projections made at this time called for the Heckscher Parkway to be constructed by 1954 so the Cutting land could be turned into an arboretum.

title: August Heckscher

text: Heckscher eventually became a multimillionaire and a philanthropist. He started "The Heckscher Foundation for Children" and created playgrounds in lower Manhattan and in Central Park. The Heckscher Playground in Central Park is the park's largest playground. He created Heckscher Park in the town of Huntington and created the Heckscher Museum of Art. The State of New York purchased nearly 1,500 acres in East Islip with money donated by Heckscher to create Heckscher State Park, made famous for hosting summer concerts for 35 years of the New York Philharmonic.

title: William S. Heckscher

text: In 1940, Heckscher was detained in London as an enemy alien. He was sent to an internment camp in Farnham, Quebec, where he was held for eighteen months. During this time, he organized an informal prison school to help foreign internees prepare for university entrance examinations. Heckscher was released from internment early, on Christmas Day 1941, after the intervention of Canadian senator Cairine Wilson and John Lovejoy Elliott.

title: Bertil Ohlin

text: Ohlin's name lives on in one of the standard mathematical models of international free trade, the Heckscher–Ohlin model, which he developed together with Eli Heckscher. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 together with the British economist James Meade "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements".

title: Stockholm School of Economics

text: The most well known scholars of the Stockholm School of Economics are arguably the economists Eli Heckscher (professor of economics and statistics 1909–1929, professor of economic history 1929–1945), and Bertil Ohlin (professors of economics). Heckscher is also known as the founder of economic history as an independent academic discipline and his work "Svenskt Arbete och Liv" is a fundamental work within this subject.

title: Gunnar Heckscher

text: Heckscher was born in Djursholm, son of economist Eli Heckscher. He graduated from Uppsala University in 1927 and obtained a PhD 1934. He lectured in political science at Uppsala between 1933 and 1941 and at what later became Stockholm University between 1941 and 1948. He was Dean of the Social Institute of Stockholm 1945-1954. He became a professor in 1948 and worked at both the Social Institute and at Stockholm University.

title: Eli Heckscher

text: According to a bibliography published in 1950, Heckscher had, as of the previous year, published 1148 books and articles, among which may be mentioned his study of Mercantilism, which had been translated into several languages, and a monumental Economic history of Sweden in several volumes. Heckscher is best known for a model explaining patterns in international trade (Heckscher-Ohlin model) that he developed with Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics.

title: Underconsumption

text: Underconsumption theory dates to the earlier economic theory of mercantilism, and an early history of underconsumptionism is given in "Mercantilism," by Eli Heckscher, vol. ii, which was cited and discussed by John Maynard Keynes in "The General Theory," Chapter 23. Notes on Mercantilism, The Usury Laws, Stamped Money and Theories of Under-Consumption, section VII Underconsumption was a small part of mercantilist theory, in Heckscher's view, but was discussed by a number of authors.

title: Eli Heckscher

text: Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History, Findlay, Ronald, Rolf G. H. Henriksson, Håkan Lindgren and Mats Lundahl, eds., The MIT Press, 2007.

title: Heckscher–Ohlin model

text: The Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model) is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics. It builds on David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage by predicting patterns of commerce and production based on the factor endowments of a trading region. The model essentially says that countries export products that use their abundant and cheap factors of production, and import products that use the countries' scarce factors.[1]

title: August Heckscher

text: In 1867, Heckscher immigrated to the United States. He initially worked in his cousin Richard Heckscher's coal mining operation as a laborer, studying English at night. Several years later he formed a partnership with his cousin under the name of Richard Heckscher & Company. The firm was eventually sold to the Reading Railroad. Heckscher then turned to zinc mining and organized the Zinc and Iron Company, becoming vice-president and general manager. In 1897, it was consolidated with other zinc and iron companies into the New Jersey Zinc Company with Heckscher serving as the general manager.


query: What is the national anthem of France?

title: La Marseillaise

text: "La Marseillaise" (French pronunciation:[la maʁsɛjɛːz]) is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" ("War Song for the Rhine Army").

title: National anthem of Russia

text: According to Russian , state symbols and signs are not protected by copyright. As such, the anthem's music and lyrics may be used and modified freely. Although the law calls for the anthem to be performed respectfully and for performers to avoid causing offence, it does not define what constitutes offensive acts or penalties. Standing for the anthem is required by law but the law does not specify a penalty for refusing to stand.

title: John William Fenton

text: The lyrics are said to have been chosen for their similarity to the British national anthem. Fenton had stressed the words and music of this specific anthem as illustrating what a Japanese anthem would also need.

title: Anthem of the Slovene nation

text: The words of the current Slovene national anthem are all or part of "Zdravljica", written by the 19th-century Slovene poet France Prešeren; the music was written by the Slovene composer Stanko Premrl in 1905. Emphasising internationalism, it was defined in 1994 as the anthem with the "Act on the national symbols of Slovenia". However, even before the breakup of Yugoslavia, the lyrics and music were together adopted as the anthem by the Socialist Republic of Slovenia on 27 September 1989. Therefore, it was the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, the Republic of Slovenia as a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 8 March 1990 to 25 June 1991, as well.

title: History of the New York Rangers

text: John Amirante was the long-time national anthem singer at Madison Square Garden. He first performed the national anthem at the Garden ice in October 1980, and has also sung for the Knicks and Yankees. In 2009, when Amirante was 74, he was singing the anthem at about half of the Rangers' home games. On April 18, 2015, after a 35-year run, Amirante sang what was thought to be his last National Anthem before Game 2 in Round 1 of the 2015 playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins. The following day, after a negative reaction from fans regarding the decision to forcibly retire Amirante, the Garden announced Amirante would be invited to be a guest anthem singer from time-to-time. On April 17 2018, Amirante passed away at the age of 83.

title: National anthem of Norway

text: In the early 19th century, the anthem "Norges Skaal" was regarded by many as a "de facto" national anthem. From 1820, the anthem "Norsk Nationalsang" (literally, "Norwegian National Anthem") became the most recognised national anthem. It came to be known as "Sønner av Norge" (originally "Sønner af Norge"), after its first stanza. "Sønner av Norge" was written by Henrik Anker Bjerregaard (1792–1842) and the melody by Christian Blom (1782–1861), after the Royal Norwegian Society for Development had announced a competition to write a national anthem for Norway in 1819. "Norsk Nationalsang" ("Sønner af Norge") was announced as the winner. "Blant alle Lande" (also called "Nordmandssang") by Ole Vig has also been used as a national anthem. Henrik Wergeland also wrote an anthem originally titled "Smaagutternes Nationalsang" ("The Young Boys' National Anthem"), and commonly known as "Vi ere en Nation, vi med".

title: Deutschlandlied

text: On 7 March 1990, months before reunification, the Federal Constitutional Court declared only the third stanza of Hoffmann's poem to be legally protected as a national anthem under German penitential law; Section 90a of the Criminal Code ("Strafgesetzbuch") makes defamation of the national anthem a crime – but does not specify what the national anthem is. This did not mean that stanzas one and two were not – at that time – part of the anthem at all, but that their peculiar status as "part of the anthem but unsung" disqualified them for penal law protection because the penal law must be interpreted in the narrowest manner possible, and was not explicit in their regard.

title: Anthem of the Slovene nation

text: Anthem of the Slovene nation () is based on a "carmen figuratum" poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of "Liberté, égalité, fraternité", and is one of the national symbols of Slovenia as a sovereign nation.

title: Amhrán na bhFiann

text:
"The Soldier's Song" was widely if unofficially sung by nationalists. Public perception that it was officially recognised sprang from a concert on 3 February 1924 at the Theatre Royal, Dublin by the Irish Army music school under its German-born director, Colonel Fritz Brasé. As an encore to the concert, Brasé conducted "Irish March, no.1", his medley of Irish patriotic airs, which ended with that of "The Soldier's Song". Most dignitaries present stood up at this point, including Governor-General Tim Healy, Cosgrave and most of the Executive Council, although Richard Mulcahy remained seated. On 28 April 1924, Cosgrave expressed opposition to replacing "The Soldier's Song", which was provisionally used within the State. Sean Lester, Publicist at the Department of External Affairs considered "The Soldier's Song" to be "hardly suitable in words or music" and favoured the music, though not the words, of "Let Erin Remember". This was used as the anthem for the state at the 1924 Olympics in Paris, and other events abroad for the next two years. The "Dublin Evening Mail" held contests in 1924 and 1925 to find verses for a new anthem; the first produced no sufficiently good entry, and the second's winning entry was soon forgotten.
There was concern that the lack of an official anthem was giving unionists an opportunity to persist with "God Save the King". Ewan Morris writes, "While some, perhaps many, nationalists undoubtedly disliked 'The soldier's song', few would have objected so strongly as to refuse to honour it as the national anthem. But for ex-unionists 'The soldier's song' remained anathema, and 'God save the king' continued to be the national anthem they honoured." By 1926 foreign diplomats' protocol offices were requesting copies of the anthem's score. On 12 July 1926, the Executive Council decided to adopt it as the National Anthem, with Cosgrave the driving force in the decision. He wrote to Lester, "there must be uniformity in regard to the national anthem and that for the present the 'Soldier’s song' is to be used for this purpose both at home and abroad". The decision was not publicised. On 20 June 1926, Osmond Esmonde asked President Cosgrave what the National Anthem was, but the Ceann Comhairle Michael Hayes ruled 'If the Deputy desires to investigate any problem in regard to the National Anthem, he cannot ask a question of the President. The President cannot be asked to define what is the National Anthem. It is not part of his functions.' Esmonde instead asked Minister for Defence Peter Hughes what 'as far as the Army is concerned' was the National Anthem. The draft response provided for Hughes stated that 'while no final decision has been come to', "The Soldier's Song" was 'at present accepted as the National Anthem', However, this wording was vetoed by Cosgrave, and in the Dáil chamber Hughes responded simply 'The "Soldier's Song."'

title: Nokor Reach

text:
"Nokor Reach" (Khmer: បទនគររាជ; "Royal Kingdom" or "Majestic Kingdom") is the national anthem of Cambodia; it is based on a Cambodian folk tune and written by Chuon Nath.
The Cambodian national anthem was originally adopted in 1941 and reconfirmed in 1947, around the time of independence from France. In 1970, the monarchy was abolished, thereby replacing the state's national anthem as well. After the communists' victory in 1975, former royalist symbols, including "Nokor Reach", were reinstated for a short while. The Khmer Rouge then replaced it with "Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey" ("Glorious Seventeenth of April"). After the royalist party FUNCINPEC defeated the former communists (Cambodian People's Party) in the 1993 elections, the royalist state anthem was restored.

title: Samar Das

text: When Rabindranath Tagore's song "Amar Shonar Bangla" was chosen as the national anthem of Bangladesh, Das recognized that there was no Western notation of this piece for orchestras to play, as is common for national anthems. Das transcribed Tagore's song into Western notation, and rendered an almost martial version of what was originally a folk song. This version of the national anthem is still played every morning and evening on Bangladesh Television and radio.

title: 2011 Giro d'Italia

text: Much like had occurred at the final podium celebrations for the 2009 Tour de France, the wrong national anthem was played for Contador. Race organizers mistakenly played an old Spanish anthem with lyrics favored by former Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. The Spanish national anthem as it should have been played would have been purely instrumental.

title: National anthem of New Caledonia

text: The national anthem of New Caledonia is "La Marseillaise", the national anthem of France.

title: Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore

text: The Constitution is also silent on what constitutes practising a religion for the purposes of Article 15(1). The local courts have defined the word "practise" by indicating what types of acts are not considered religious practices. In "Nappalli", the Court of Appeal held that singing of the National Anthem and reciting the National Pledge were not religious practices but rather expressions of national patriotism, which were secular acts. The Canadian case "Donald v. The Board of Education for the City of Hamilton" (1945) was distinguished; in that case, singing the national anthem was held to constitute a religious practice because the anthem contained a prayer hymn which "unquestionably reflected some religious character".

title: National anthem of Russia

text: The music of the national anthem, created by Alexander Alexandrov, had previously been incorporated in several hymns and compositions. The music was first used in the Hymn of the Bolshevik Party, created in 1939. When the Comintern was dissolved in 1943, the government argued that "The Internationale", which was historically associated with the Comintern, should be replaced as the National Anthem of the Soviet Union. Alexandrov's music was chosen as the new anthem by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin after a contest in 1943. Stalin praised the song for fulfilling what a national anthem should be, though he criticized the song's orchestration.

title: National anthem of Russia

text: Before "The Prayer of the Russians" () was chosen as the national anthem of Imperial Russia in 1816, various church hymns and military marches were used to honor the country and the Tsars. Songs used include "Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!" () and "How Glorious is our Lord" (). "The Prayer of the Russians" was adopted around 1816, and used lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky set to the music of the British anthem, "God Save the King". Russia's anthem was also influenced by the anthems of France and the Netherlands, and by the British patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!".

title: List of national anthems

text: Most nation-states have anthems, defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism"; most anthems are either marches or hymns in style. A hymn can become a national anthem by a provision in the state's constitution, by a law enacted by its legislature, or simply by tradition. A royal anthem is a patriotic song similar to a national anthem, but it specifically praises or prays for a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance. Some states use the royal anthem as the national anthem, such as the anthem of Jordan.

title: Swiss Psalm

text: It was composed in 1841, by Alberich Zwyssig (1808–1854). Since then, it has been frequently sung at patriotic events. The Federal Council declined however on numerous occasions to accept the psalm as the official anthem. This was because the council wanted the people to express their say on what they wanted as a national anthem. From 1961 to 1981 it provisionally replaced ("When You Call, My Country", French ; Italian , Romansh ), the anthem by Johann Rudolf Wyss (1743–1818) which was set to the melody of "God Save the Queen". On 1 April 1981, the Swiss Psalm was declared the official Swiss national anthem.

title: National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China

text: After the Kuomintang Anthem became the "de facto" National Anthem of the Republic of China in 1930, the Ministry of Education had invited submissions for a new official national anthem. The music composed by Huang Tzu was eventually chosen in 1936, but the Nationalist Government refused to adopt it as the national anthem. As a compromise, the National Anthem remained unchanged, while Huang Tzu's music was adopted as the National Flag Anthem, with lyrics written in Classical Chinese by Tai Chi-tao, who had also contributed to the lyrics of the National Anthem.

title: La Marseillaise

text: The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795, making it France's first anthem.[8] It later lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X, only being re-instated briefly after the July Revolution of 1830.[9] During Napoleon I's reign, "Veillons au salut de l'Empire" was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was "Partant pour la Syrie". During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, "La Marseillaise" was recognised as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement; as such, it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871, albeit with new lyrics under the title "La marseillaise de la Commune". Eight years later, in 1879, it was restored as France's national anthem, and has remained so ever since.[9]

title: Die Stem van Suid-Afrika

text: The practice of singing two different national anthems had been a cumbersome arrangement during the transition to post-apartheid South Africa. On most occasions, it was usually the first verse of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" that was sung at ceremonies, in both official languages prior to 1994, with some English medium schools in what was then Natal Province singing the first verse in Afrikaans and the second in English. During this period of two national anthems, the custom was to play both "Die Stem" and "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" during occasions that required the playing of a national anthem. However, this proved cumbersome as performing the dual national anthems took as much as five minutes to conclude. In 1997, with the adoption of a new national constitution, a new composite national anthem was introduced, which combined part of "Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika" and part of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" into a single composition in order to form a new hybrid song.

title: National anthem of Mauritania (1960–2017)

text: The "National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania" was Mauritania's former national anthem between 1960 and 2017. Its lyrics are taken from a poem written in the late 18th century by Baba Ould Cheikh. The melody was arranged by Tolia Nikiprowetzky. The anthem was adopted upon independence from France in 1960. The unusual and highly complex rhythm of it makes it extremely difficult to sing; for this reason it is often erroneously listed as wordless. The anthem was replaced by the current national anthem on 16 November 2017, after the Mauritanian constitutional referendum of 2017.

title: National Anthem Bill

text:
The National Anthem Bill is a proposed law of Hong Kong to preserve the dignity of the "March of the Volunteers", national anthem of the People's Republic of China, so that the Hong Kong resident would respect the national anthem. It is proposed to implement the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the National Anthem (the National Anthem Law) by local
legislation.

title: List of historical national anthems

text: An anthem may fall out of use if the country that uses it ceases to exist, or because it adopts a new anthem; the rationale for a new national anthem is often political, perhaps based on a new ruling dynasty or system of government. For example, following the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy, "La Marseillaise", a republican revolutionary song, became France's national anthem in 1795. Conversely, when the monarchy was restored 19 years later, the 16th-century royalist tune "Vive Henri IV" was revived and adapted to create "Le Retour des Princes français à Paris", an overt celebration of the restored government. Following a number of further changes, "La Marseillaise" was readopted in 1870 and remains France's contemporary national anthem. Similar changes have occurred when Libya, Iraq, and South Africa democratized in the 2010s, 2000s, and 1990s respectively, new national anthems were adopted for those countries as well.

title: List of historical national anthems

text: The oldest national anthem defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism" by Dictionary.com is the Polish national anthem "Bogurodzica", "Mother of God". The hymn was created somewhere between the 10th and 13th centuries. Although, it was not the national anthem de jure. The second oldest is the Dutch national anthem "Het Wilhelmus", which was written between 1568 and 1572, but not then given any official status. The first anthem to be officially proclaimed as such was "God Save The Queen", adopted by Great Britain in 1745. "Het Wilhelmus" was declared the national anthem of the Netherlands in 1932; both of these anthems remain in use today. A royal or imperial anthem is a song that is similar in patriotic character to a national anthem, but which specifically praises a monarch, or royal dynasty. Some states have doubled their royal or imperial anthem as their national anthem.

title: Nigeria, We Hail Thee

text:
"Nigeria, We Hail Thee" is the former national anthem of Nigeria, used from independence in 1960 until 1978. Nigeria's present anthem, "Arise, O Compatriots," was adopted in 1978, replacing "Nigeria, We Hail Thee."
"Nigeria, We Hail Thee" was adopted as Nigeria's first national anthem on October 1, 1960. The anthem's lyrics were written by Lillian Jean Williams, a British expatriate who lived in Nigeria when it achieved independence. Frances Berda composed the music for "Nigeria, We Hail Thee."

title: Paraguayan National Anthem

text: It still remains unclear who was responsible for the creation of the music. Some sources claim that Frenchman Francisco Sauvageot de Dupuis was the composer, while others claim it to be the work of the Hungarian-born Francisco José Debali (Debály Ferenc József), who composed the melody of the Uruguayan national anthem. What it is known for sure is that it was the Paraguayan composer Remberto Giménez who in 1933 arranged and developed the version of the national anthem which remains in use by Paraguay today.

title: Himno Nacional Mexicano

text: At the time the Mexican national anthem was written, Mexico was still facing the effects of a bitter defeat in the Mexican–American War at the hands of the United States. The country felt demoralized and also divided, due to the cession of more than half of its territory due to its defeat to the United States. According to historian Javier Garciadiego, who spoke at a 2004 ceremony commemorating the 150th anniversary of the national anthem's adoption, the song disregards divisions and strife and encourages national unity. On that same date, Mexico City and other parts of the country stopped what they were doing and performed a nationwide singing of the national anthem. Individuals from other countries also participated, mostly at diplomatic offices or at locations where a high concentration of Mexican expatriates are found. The national anthem has also been described as one of the symbols of the "Mexican identity".

title: Kassaman

text: Kassaman or Qassaman (, "we pledge"; , "the oath" or "we swear") is the national anthem of Algeria. Moufdi Zakaria authored the lyrics, while the music was composed by Egyptian composer Mohamed Fawzi. The song was adopted as the national anthem in 1962, when the country gained independence from France.

title: Soyons unis, devenons frères

text: It is not, however, the national anthem. New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France, and remains under the sovereignty of the French Republic. Its national anthem is the national anthem of France, La Marseillaise.

text: The "National Anthem of the Republic of China" is the national anthem of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. It was originally adopted in 1937 by the ROC as its national anthem and was used as such until the late 1940s. It replaced the "Song to the Auspicious Cloud", which had been used as the Chinese national anthem before. In mainland China, this national anthem serves a historical role as the current national anthem of the People's Republic of China is the "March of the Volunteers". The national anthem was also adopted in Taiwan on 25 October 1945 after the surrender of Japan.


query: Is everything an object in Ruby?

title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan.

title: Kirsty Soames

text: Fiz and Tina find Alison and tells her what has happened but she refuses to believe them. When she confronts Kirsty, however, she admits it and promises to tell the police everything but changes her mind when she sees Alison leaving Tina's flat. In court, she stuck to her statement, much to Fiz and Alison's disgust. Alison offers to move in with her and help with Ruby, on condition that she tells the truth but Kirsty refuses, telling Alison that she is not welcome. However, the truth comes out when she finds Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor) looking after Ruby and angrily chucked her out, shouting at Julie for abandoning her and throws a plate at her. She immediately apologizes, blaming her stressful day. The next day, Ruby won't stop crying and Kirsty asks Dr. Carter for sleeping pills but storms out when he refuses. Julie, worried about what she saw, confronts Kirsty but she loses her temper and slaps Julie and gives her a bloody lip, so she runs out. Realising that now everyone will soon know the truth, she breaks down. When Ruby won't stop crying, she shouts at her to shut up. Julie and Sean notice that Ruby has stopped crying and go to investigate, finding the house empty so Brian and Julie go to court but are told that Julie's complaint is not relevant to Tyrone's case and to go to the police if they want to make a formal complaint. Meanwhile, Kirsty and Ruby go into the courtroom and Kirsty admits that she is the monster, not Tyrone. Ruby was taken to social services, Tyrone ended up back in his cell and Kirsty was arrested. She admitted everything to the police and Tyrone was discharged from the court, and Ruby is returned to him. Kirsty sees Tyrone and Fiz walking away with her baby while she is taken to prison.

title: Metaclass

text:
Note in particular the correspondence between Smalltalk's implicit metaclasses and Ruby's eigenclasses of classes.
The Ruby eigenclass model makes the concept of implicit metaclasses fully uniform: every object "x" has its own meta-object, called the "eigenclass" of "x", which is one meta-level higher than "x". The "higher order" eigenclasses usually exist purely conceptually – they do not contain any methods or store any (other) data in most Ruby programs.

title: Function object

text: In Ruby, several objects can be considered function objects, in particular Method and Proc objects. Ruby also has two kinds of objects that can be thought of as semi-function objects: UnboundMethod and block. UnboundMethods must first be bound to an object (thus becoming a Method) before they can be used as a function object. Blocks can be called like function objects, but to be used in any other capacity as an object (e.g. passed as an argument) they must first be converted to a Proc. More recently, symbols (accessed via the literal unary indicator codice_35) can also be converted to codice_36s. Using Ruby's unary codice_37 operator—equivalent to calling codice_38 on an object, and assuming that method exists—the Ruby Extensions Project created a simple hack.

title: Ruby Button

text: In May 2011, it was revealed that Ruby is illiterate. Ruby gets her friend, Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) to write a love letter from their friend, Esther Bloom (Jazmine Franks), to teaching assistant, Amy Barnes (Ashley Slanina-Davies). Shaffer told a columnist from "Inside Soap" that Ruby and Sinead "come up with all this ridiculous, over-the-top stuff" and put up copies of the letter around school. Amy discovers what Ruby and Sinead have done and asks them to write apology letters to Esther. Shaffer explained that Ruby seems worried and does everything she can to get out of writing the letter. Explaining the situation, Shaffer told "Inside Soap" [...] "Sinead realises that it's not because Ruby doesn't want to write the letter - it's because she can't". Esther discovers Ruby's illiteracy and decides to help. Esther's grandmother, Frankie Osborne (Helen Pearson), learns of Ruby's treatment of Esther and threatens to throw her out. However, Esther convinces Frankie to let Ruby stay when she reveals her illiteracy. Esther also tells their school headteacher, Pete Hamill (Peter Mitchell). Shaffer opined that Ruby is grateful to Esther as Ruby "wouldn't have the guts". The actress added that it was "nice" to see Ruby's vulnerability, but said it would not last.

title: Interactive Ruby Shell

text: Interactive Ruby Shell (IRB or irb) is a REPL for programming in the object-oriented scripting language Ruby. The abbreviation irb comes from the fact that the filename extension for Ruby is ".rb", although interactive Ruby files do not have an extension of ".irb".

title: RubyCocoa

text: Some useful applications of RubyCocoa are exploration of a Cocoa object's features with irb interactively, prototyping of a Cocoa application, writing a Cocoa application that combines the features of Ruby and Objective-C and wrapping Mac OS X's native GUI for a Ruby script.

title: Rodeo Ruby Love

text: Rodeo Ruby Love was founded in 2005 by lead singer Zack Melton. Their music is inspired by the church hyms and pop-country radio of Zack Melton's childhood, and the energy of the scene in central Indiana. The band's name Rodeo Ruby Love was inspired by the name of Zack Melton's grandmother, Ruby, and his second favorite Garth brooks song, Rodeo. Rodeo Ruby Love recorded its first album, Your Love Has Made Everything Beautiful (2006), in a basement in Bloomington Indiana. They followed the album by simultaneously releasing two EP's, What Loneliness Can Do To You and Honest To God (2007), and touring through the midwest and southeast. Their second album, Vs. The Great American Cities (2008), was released under Crossroads of America Records.

title: Geocoder (Ruby)

text: Geocoder (Ruby) is a geocoding library for Ruby. Geocoding helps to enhance webpages by presenting location relevant information to the user. When used with Rails, Geocoder adds geocoding functionality such as finding coordinates with street addresses or vice versa in addition to distance calculations for ActiveRecord objects. Since the functionality does not rely on proprietary database functions, finding different geocoded objects in an area works out-of-the-box for databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite.

title: Ruby License

text: MacRuby is an implementation of Ruby 1.9 directly on top of Mac OS X core technologies such as the Objective-C runtime and garbage collector, the LLVM compiler infrastructure and the Foundation and ICU frameworks. MacRuby contains code from the Ruby project and the source code of the most MacRuby examples, unless specified, are covered by the Ruby license.

title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby has been described as a multi-paradigm programming language: it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or functional programming (it has anonymous functions, closures, and continuations; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for introspection, reflection and metaprogramming, as well as support for interpreter-based[93] threads. Ruby features dynamic typing, and supports parametric polymorphism.

title: Watir

text: The COM permits interprocess communication (such as between Ruby and Internet Explorer) and dynamic object creation and manipulation (which is what the Ruby program does to the Internet Explorer). Microsoft calls this OLE automation, and calls the manipulating program an automation controller. Technically, the Internet Explorer process is the server and serves the automation objects, exposing their methods; while the Ruby program then becomes the client which manipulates the automation objects.

title: Distributed object

text: Distributed Ruby (DRb) is a framework for distributed objects using the Ruby programming language.

title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Thoroughly object-oriented with inheritance, mixins and metaclasses[87] Dynamic typing and duck typing Everything is an expression (even statements) and everything is executed imperatively (even declarations) Succinct and flexible syntax[88] that minimizes syntactic noise and serves as a foundation for domain-specific languages[89] Dynamic reflection and alteration of objects to facilitate metaprogramming[90] Lexical closures, iterators and generators, with a block syntax[91] Literal notation for arrays, hashes, regular expressions and symbols Embedding code in strings (interpolation) Default arguments Four levels of variable scope (global, class, instance, and local) denoted by sigils or the lack thereof Garbage collection First-class continuations Strict boolean coercion rules (everything is true except false and nil) Exception handling Operator overloading Built-in support for rational numbers, complex numbers and arbitrary-precision arithmetic Custom dispatch behavior (through method_missing and const_missing) Native threads and cooperative fibers (fibers are a 1.9/YARV feature) Support for Unicode and multiple character encodings. Native plug-in API in C Interactive Ruby Shell (a REPL) Centralized package management through RubyGems Implemented on all major platforms Large standard library, including modules for YAML, JSON, XML, CGI, OpenSSL, HTTP, FTP, RSS, curses, zlib and Tk[92]

title: Ruby Buckton

text: The revelation ruins their relationship. The actresses shared insight: "Ruby just wants to get some security back, everything she thought her life was is totally up in the air"; whilst Charlie was "trying desperately to bridge this gap" The events impact Ruby's self-identity, leaving her feeling confused and her backstory succumb the distortion Charlie causes. Ruby starts to ask herself questions such as "Where do I stand now with everything?" and "How do I reconcile this?". Breeds said it was a "big exploration" and "a journey" for Ruby, with Anderson agreeing.[16] Anderson felt there was a beautiful element to the storyline and opined "Although it is tragic, you feel sorry for Charlie and you can sort of understand where it has all come from."[16] She said that ultimately everyone feels sorry for Ruby, meaning neither are wrong. Furthermore, she said "You are just rooting for them, you just want them to get back to how they were and it is a bit of a journey."[16]

title: Type introspection

text: Type introspection is a core feature of Ruby. In Ruby, the Object class (ancestor of every class) provides Object#instance_of? and Object#kind_of? methods for checking the instance's class. The latter returns true when the particular instance the message was sent to is an instance of a descendant of the class in question. For example, consider the following example code (you can immediately try this with the Interactive Ruby Shell):

title: MagLev (software)

text: Maglev runs inside an image like Smalltalk, offering transparent object persistence to Ruby objects and classes. Object persistence is based on ACID transactions that allow multiple running instances to see a shared object graph. Maglev uses a process-based concurrency model, mapping Ruby threads to Smalltalk Processes, which are scheduled in the VM as green threads.

title: Ruby (programming language)

text: In 1999, the first English language mailing list ruby-talk began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan.[21] In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote the first book on Ruby, The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese.[14]

title: Sinead O'Connor (Hollyoaks)

text: After being hospitalised, Sinead learns she is pregnant. She steals a photograph of Rhys Ashworth (Andrew Moss) who also died in the crash, giving the impression he is the father of her baby. Shortly after the crash, Jono dies in Ruby's arms from a blood clot. Sinead and Bart decide to raise the baby together, and join Ruby in pressuring Esther to keep her and Bart's involvement in the crash secret. along with Ruby, pressure Esther in to keeping her and Bart's involvement in the crash secret. Sinead and Ruby's mistreatment of Esther escalates to the point that Esther attempts suicide which leads her to require a liver transplant. Sinead and Ruby make a pact to keep quiet about their bullying. However, Ruby feels guilty and admits her involvement to Esther's family. Meanwhile, Diane asks Sinead if she was involved but she denies everything. Diane, however, checks Sinead's laptop and smashes it when she finds the images Sinead posted. Diane convinces Sinead to blame it all on Ruby but Ruby reveals everything at a gathering. The morning after the event, Headmaster Patrick Blake (Jeremy Sheffield) calls Sinead into his office. Sinead shows no remorse and is promptly expelled. She gets a job at Price Slice and after falling off a ladder, learns that she is having a girl. Sinead decides she no longer wants to keep her baby and plans to get rid of it but after talking to Cindy, she decides to give the baby to Diane who initially refuses to raise the baby but later changes her mind.

title: RubyCocoa

text: RubyCocoa is a Mac OS X framework that provides a bridge between the Ruby and the Objective-C programming languages, allowing the user to manipulate Objective-C objects from Ruby, and vice versa. It makes it possible to write a Cocoa application completely in Ruby as well as to write an application that mixes Ruby and Objective-C code. An Apple project called MacRuby was under development to replace RubyCocoa in 2008. A proprietary spin-off called RubyMotion was subsequently released in 2012, available for iOS, OS X and Android.

title: Red-Handed

text: Back in the sheriff's office, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) helps Ruby look for jobs, such as being a bike courier. When Ruby answers the phone and takes messages for Emma, she applauds her for her help and offers her a job as her assistant. Ruby goes to pick up lunch for everyone just as Mary Margaret walks in to tell Emma everything that happened with David. At the diner, Ruby tries to flaunt how happy she is now, but Granny doesn't seem to buy it. She tells Ruby her new job is basically the same as her old one, majorly cutting down Ruby's confidence. When she returns with the food, Emma tells Ruby that she's going to do real police work and help her find David. They follow tracks in the woods when Ruby hears something. With Ruby in the lead, she and Emma find David groaning and barely conscious. He reveals that he doesn't remember anything since leaving the sheriff's office the previous night. At the same time, Ruby doesn’t know how she found him.

title: DataMapper

text: DataMapper is an object-relational mapper library written in Ruby that follows the active record pattern even though the name implies it follows the data mapper pattern. While DataMapper 1 may not have achieved total decoupling between object and database suggested by the data mapper pattern, it appears DataMapper 2 intended to change this ("a la" Virtus, a library adapted from DataMapper). The DataMapper 2 project was renamed before launch and was released as Ruby Object Mapper (ROM) in August 2013.

title: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby is object-oriented: every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers, booleans, and "null"). Variables always hold references to objects. Every function is a method and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of the Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch, mixins and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single instance rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support multiple inheritance, classes can import modules as mixins.

title: RDoc

text:
RDoc, designed by Dave Thomas, is an embedded documentation generator for the Ruby programming language.
It analyzes Ruby source code, generating a structured collection of pages for Ruby objects and methods.
Code comments can be added in a natural style.
RDoc is included as part of the Ruby core distribution. The RDoc software and format are successors to the Ruby Document format (with associated software RD).

title: Ruby McCollum

text: Ruby was allowed to describe how, about 1948, during an extended absence of her husband, she had, in her home, submitted to the doctor. She was allowed to state that her youngest child was his. Yet thirty-eight times Frank Cannon attempted to proceed from this point; thirty-eight times he attempted to create the opportunity for Ruby to tell her whole story and thus explain what were her motives; thirty-eight times the State objected; and thirty-eight times Judge Adams sustained these objections.

title: List of Neighbours characters (2010)

text: Natasha runs into Ruby and Poppy at Harold's Store and tells Ruby to meet up with Michael before she goes. Ruby tells her that she and Poppy have too much to do, but Poppy thinks it is a great idea. Ruby says that she will have to say goodbye to Michael all over again and that it was hard enough the first time. Ruby and Michael are set up by Natasha and they talk. They tell Natasha and Poppy that they have decided to end everything, until Poppy tells them to have an entire relationship in one day. Ruby and Michael enjoy themselves and Michael later tells Ruby that they should not let their relationship go and asks her to stay. Ruby tells Michael that she really likes him, but she cannot abandon her whole life in England. Ruby then tells him that the day is not over yet and they spend all night at the beach. Ruby and Michael say goodbye at Harold's Store, before she and Poppy leave for the airport.

title: Rodeo Ruby Love

text: Rodeo Ruby Love is an pop/rock band that formed in Marion, Indiana. They are signed to Pentimento Music Company, an independent record label. The band gained prominence in 2011, when they toured with Streetlight Manifesto and Reel Big Fish. Rodeo Ruby released its first album, Your Love Has Made Everything Beautiful, in 2006. They have since released two EP's, three more studio albums, and a live album.

title: YARD (software)

text: YARD, is an embedded documentation generator for the Ruby programming language. It analyzes the Ruby source code, generating a structured collection of pages for Ruby objects and methods. Code comments can be added in a natural style.

title: Function object

text:
Because of the variety of forms, the term Functor is not generally used in Ruby to mean a Function object.
Just a type of dispatch delegation introduced by the Ruby Facets project is named as Functor. The most basic definition of which is:

title: Factory Bot (Rails Testing)

text: Factory Bot, originally known as Factory Girl, is a software library for the Ruby programming language that provides factory methods to create test fixtures for automated software testing. The fixture objects can be created on the fly; they may be plain Ruby objects with a predefined state, ORM objects with existing database records or mock objects.

title: Geoff Campbell

text: Geoff developed a romance with Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) just before his departure. Breeds said that there was "a lot of love between them" and that they had a beautiful relationship. She also said that while circumstances changed, their feelings did not. When Geoff and Ruby decided to get intimate, Ruby took the initiative to make it special between them. Breeds thought Geoff and Ruby were a great couple and commented that Geoff had a level of maturity that Ruby's ex-boyfriend did not have. She also enjoyed working with Lewis and believed that they had a good chemistry together. Lewis told "TV Week"'s Carolyn Stewart that it took Geoff and Ruby about a year to work out what was going between them. He continued "I don't want to bring "Twilight" into it – and the vampire dude that I don't like! – but he can't be with the girl he loves and it kills him. That's what Geoff does to Ruby. He soon realises it doesn't help one little bit, but you'll have to watch to see exactly how everything happens!"