query: When were the X-Men first introduced by Marvel?

title: X-Men

text: Within the Marvel Universe, the X-Men are widely regarded to have been named after Professor Xavier himself. The original explanation for the name, as provided by Xavier in The X-Men #1 (1963), is that mutants "possess an extra power ... one which ordinary humans do not!! That is why I call my students ... X-Men, for EX-tra power!"[4]

title: Modern Age of Comic Books

text:
The sales boom began to wane in the mid to late 1990s, due to the crash of the speculators' market and the effect it had on the industry. Marvel declared bankruptcy in 1996, and as a result, scaled back all of their franchises, including X-Men. A number of "X-books" were canceled, and the amount of limited series published, as well as general merchandise, was reduced.
In the early 2000s, a series of blockbuster "X-Men" movies have kept the X-Men franchise healthy, and have resulted in a larger market presence outside of comics. In 1999-2000, a new animated series, "" debuted, while new toys have been developed and sold since the success of the first "X-Men" feature film. The comic books themselves have been reinvented in series such as Grant Morrison's "New X-Men" and the "Ultimate X-Men", which, like Marvel's other "Ultimate" series, is an alternative universe story, starting the X-Men tale anew. This was done for "X-Men", and other books, because Marvel feared that the long and complex histories of the established storylines of certain titles were scaring off new readers.

title: Ch'od

text: Dave Cockrum created the Starjammers with the intent of having them star in their own series. However, when he submitted the concept for Marvel's two try-out series, "Marvel Spotlight" and "Marvel Premiere", he was repeatedly informed that these series were booked for two years solid. Running out of patience, Cockrum showed the Starjammers to "X-Men" writer Chris Claremont, and convinced him to use the characters for this series. He first appeared in "X-Men" #104 (April 1977).

title: Craig Kyle

text: Kyle and frequent collaborator Christopher Yost are perhaps best known for the creation of mutant character X-23, teenage female clone of Wolverine. In 2003, Kyle and Yost co-wrote the episodes of "" that introduced X-23 to the "X-Men: Evolution" universe. Marvel executives were impressed with X-23’s reception on TV, and subsequently asked Yost and Kyle to adapt the character into comics, first by writing the character into a six issue eponymous mini-series, and then by taking over writing chores (as of issue #20) on the "New X-Men" (formerly "New X-Men: Academy X") title, bringing X-23 in as a regular character. The success of X-23's first miniseries ("X-23: Innocence Lost") prompted Marvel to order a second six-issue miniseries with Kyle and Yost at the helm, titled "X-23: Target X".

title: List of X-Men comics

text: The X-Men are a team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by the Marvel Comics. The X-Men first appeared in the self-titled X-Men comic, cover dated September 1963. Due to the X-Men's immense popularity, Marvel has launched dozens of spin-off series, called "X-Books," throughout the years.

title: Guardian (Marvel Comics)

text: He was originally called "the Canadian Shield", after the rock formation, but when Byrne introduced the character in "X-Men" this name was rejected by publisher Marvel Comics because of their fictional organization S.H.I.E.L.D. Byrne then suggested "Guardian", but this was also rejected due to the numerous extant Marvel characters under that name, so "X-Men" scripter Chris Claremont came up with Weapon Alpha and later Vindicator. These names were used for the character's initial appearances in "X-Men" #109, 120-121, and 139-140. Byrne disliked both these names, and when he was assigned the writing and penciling of the newly launched "Alpha Flight" comic, he quickly had "Vindicator" change names to his earlier suggestion, "Guardian."

title: E Is for Extinction

text: "E is for Extinction" was the first story arc from Grant Morrison's run on the Marvel Comics title . The story was published in "New X-Men" #114–116 in 2001 (formerly titled "X-Men", the series was renamed "New X-Men" at the request of Grant Morrison, but retained its original numbering). The storyline began Grant Morrison's revamp of the X-Men franchise, introducing a new status quo for the X-Men and the mutant community of the Marvel Universe as a whole.

title: Storm (Marvel Comics)

text: Storm first appeared in 1975 in the comic book "Giant-Size X-Men" #1, written by Len Wein and pencilled by Dave Cockrum. In this comic, Wein uses a battle against the living island Krakoa to replace the first-generation X-Men of the 1960s with new X-Men. Storm was an amalgam of two characters Cockrum created: The Black Cat and Typhoon. The Black Cat had Storm's costume, minus the cape, and was submitted for the new X-Men's original lineup. However, during a hiatus in the new X-Men project, other female cat characters like Tigra were introduced, making the Black Cat redundant.

title: Death of X

text: "Death of X" was a limited series event that was first announced by Marvel in early spring 2016. To help build anticipation for the limited series, in May 2016 Marvel announced the release of variant covers for other titles that would relate to the upcoming limited series depicting various X-Men facing potentially fatal situations. Also to help promote it, Marvel announced the release of a digital comic called "Inhumans vs. X-Men: Terrigenocide" as a tie-in to their mobile game . "X-Men" writer Jeff Lemire and "Inhumans" writer Charles Soule were set to co-write with Aaron Kuder on art. In July 2016 the authors were interviewed about how this limited series event would impact it will have on future issues of "X-Men" and "Inhumans" titles. That same month Entertainment Weekly released an article detailing how "Death of X" was going to finally reveal what happened in the eight-month gap between Secret Wars and the All New, All Different Marvel lineup.

title: X-Men (comic book)

text: The 2010 "X-Men" series was the third ongoing series to launch with the title following the first series (volume 1) in 1963 and the (volume 2) in 1991. To distinguish itself from the other contemporary X-Men titles, this third volume of "X-Men" was conceived as a title that would focus on the mutants' role in the wider Marvel Universe and "...firmly integrate the X-Men in the Marvel Universe." As a result, the initial story arcs featured a guest appearance from characters from the Marvel Universe ranging from Spider-Man to Blade.

title: Hepzibah (comics)

text: Dave Cockrum created the Starjammers with the intent of having them star in their own series. However, when he submitted the concept for Marvel's two try-out series, "Marvel Spotlight" and "Marvel Premiere", he was repeatedly informed that these series were booked for two years solid. Running out of patience, Cockrum showed the Starjammers to "X-Men" writer Chris Claremont, and convinced him to use the characters for this series. She first appeared in "X-Men" #107 (October 1977).

title: Death of X

text: Everyone at Marvel remained tight-lipped as to the meaning of the title, with many fans speculating that it meant Marvel was going to use this event to officially kill off the X-Men and replace them with the Inhumans due to rumors of movie rights disputes between Marvel Studios and 20th Century Fox (who currently own the film rights to the X-Men). This theory became even more popular due to the increased popularity for Inhuman characters after many were introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe on "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." as well as the fact Marvel increased their Inhuman presence in their comics ever since the Infinity and Inhumanity story arcs.

title: Alternative versions of Rogue

text: In the Ultimate Marvel continuity, Rogue is first introduced in the story arc "Return to Weapon X" as a prisoner of Weapon X and she worked with Juggernaut and Nightcrawler. In this version, her name appears to be Marian Carlyle. Her powers are exploited to steal sensitive information on the location and layout of The Xavier Institute for Gifted Children. Using this information, agents of Weapon X storm the school and capture the X-Men. Rogue is released along with the X-Men, Juggernaut, and Nightcrawler, when a combination of the Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy and S.H.I.E.L.D rescues them and destroys Weapon X's facility. Though offered a place on the X-Men, she joins the Brotherhood. She later joins the X-Men in the "Return of the King" arc.

title: Alternative versions of Cyclops

text: In the Ultimate Marvel continuity, Scott is introduced as the straight-laced field leader of the X-Men. Cyclops's age in the Ultimate Marvel continuity is 18 as of his first appearance. His parents died in a plane crash, and he is estranged from his "older" brother Alex, with whom he hasn't spoken since joining the X-Men. Before becoming part of Professor Xavier's dream, Scott dated a young woman named Lorna Dane. Scott is unable to ask his crush Jean Grey on a date, and when she sleeps with Wolverine, Scott leaves the X-Men and joins Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy. Magneto considers Scott a potential heir and urges him to pursue a relationship with his daughter. However, after seeing the lengths to which Magneto will go to fulfill his dream, Scott then betrays the brotherhood

title: Dazzler (Marvel Comics)

text: After this, the character went on to a notable run as an X-Men member, before disappearing completely for much of the 1990s and early 2000s, barring occasional cameos. With the launch of "New Excalibur", she returned to monthly publication for the first time as a prominent cast member in over fifteen years. When Marvel canceled "New Excalibur", Dazzler was brought back as a supporting character in Uncanny X-Men written by Matt Fraction. In February 2010, Marvel published a one-shot "Dazzler" special by writer Jim McCann and artist Kalman Andrasofszky. The 2012 series "X-Treme X-Men" features Dazzler as the leader of a dimension-hopping X-Men team. Dazzler appeared in the 2012 volume of "Uncanny X-Men" as an agent of superspy outfit S.H.I.E.L.D.

title: Essential Marvel

text: The Essential range launched in October 1996 with the joint release of "Essential X-Men" vol. 1, "Essential Wolverine" vol. 1 and "Essential Spider-Man" vol. 1. While "Essential Spider-Man" started with Spider-Man's first appearance in the Silver Age (collecting "Amazing Fantasy" #15 and "Amazing Spider-Man" #1-20), Marvel chose to skip ahead to "Giant Sized X-Men" #1 and "Uncanny X-Men" #94-119, the relaunch of the title that sparked the X-Men's popularity in the late 1970s and 1980s. The decision to skip the original X-Men in favor of starting with the more well known "All-New, All-Different" X-Men was controversial, though Marvel ultimately went back and began a new collection of Essential volumes, titled "Essential Classic X-Men", to collect the earliest X-Men stories (originally titled "Essential Uncanny X-Men").

title: Cyclops (Marvel Comics)

text: In Cyclops's first appearance in "X-Men" #1, he is already leading the X-Men under tutelage of Professor X. Later, Scott's origin is first presented in "Uncanny X-Men" #38–42 and later refined in "Uncanny X-Men" #144 and "Uncanny X-Men" #156. In 2010, Marvel released "X-Men Origins: Cyclops" #1 that describes the character's childhood through his joining the X-Men.

title: Iceman (Marvel Comics)

text: A mainstay in most X-Men titles, Iceman has been a main character in both "Uncanny X-Men" and the second volume of "X-Men" and was also featured in "The Champions" from 1975 to 1978 and "The New Defenders" from 1983 to 1986 as a member. He was a main character in the first volume of "X-Factor", and a star in flashback stories when he was a teenager in "X-Men: The Hidden Years" and "X-Men: First Class".

title: X-Men in other media

text:
The X-Men is a fictional superhero team created by Marvel Comics that appear in comic books and other forms of media.
The X-Men made their first animated appearance on "The Marvel Super Heroes" TV series in 1966 with Professor X commanding the original X-Men line-up of Cyclops, Beast, Marvel Girl, Angel, and Iceman. In this episode the X-Men are not referred to as the "X-Men" but rather as the Allies for Peace.

title: X-Treme X-Men

text: X-Treme X-Men is the name of two comic book series published by Marvel Comics, the first from 2001 through 2004, and the second from 2012 through 2013. All 46 issues of the first series were written by Chris Claremont, and featured a globetrotting X-Men team led by Storm. The first 24 issues were drawn by Salvador Larroca, and the final 22 issues were drawn by Igor Kordey.

title: X-Men vs. Street Fighter

text: A sequel to "X-Men vs. Street Fighter" was released by Capcom in 1997. "Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter", while similar in terms of gameplay and art style, replaces a majority of the "X-Men" cast with characters from other Marvel Comics properties, such as Captain America and Spider-Man. The game is notable for introducing "assists" into the "Marvel vs. Capcom" series, which allow players to summon their off-screen character to perform an attack during battle. Like "X-Men vs. Street Fighter", the game was ported to the Sega Saturn and PlayStation, which were released in 1998 and 1999, respectively.

title: List of X-Men limited series and one-shots

text: The X-Men are a group of superheroes in the Marvel Comics universe. The X-Men first appeared in the self-titled "X-Men" comic, cover-dated September 1963. Due to the X-Men's immense popularity, Marvel has launched dozens of spin-off limited series.

title: X-Treme Sanctions Executive

text: The X-Treme Sanctions Executive is a fictional paramilitary police force appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, in particular those featuring the X-Men, and related spinoffs. The organization is charged with keeping the peace between mutants and humans in the Marvel Comics universe. The team was first mentioned in "X-Treme X-Men" #40, when Storm presents her team with an offer to join a new, government-backed squad, and debuts in "Uncanny X-Men" #445 (August 2004).

title: Graymalkin

text: Graymalkin first appeared in Marvel Comics' 2008 series "Young X-Men" #1 during a prophetic vision by X-Men character Blindfold. His first full appearance was in "Young X-Men" #3. His previously unknown background was explored in "" #3. While featured primarily in the ongoing "Young X-Men" series, Graymalkin has appeared as a background character in various other Marvel X-Men titles, including "Secret Invasion: X-Men" and "Wolverine and Power Pack."

title: X-Men

text: In 2000, Claremont returned to Marvel and was put back on the primary X-Men titles during the Revolution revamp. He was later removed from the two flagship titles in 2001 and created his spin-off series, X-Treme X-Men. X-Men had its title changed to New X-Men and writer Grant Morrison took over. The book is often referred to as the Morrison-era, due to the drastic changes he made, beginning with "E Is For Extinction," where a new villain, Cassandra Nova, destroys Genosha, killing sixteen million mutants. Morrison also brought reformed ex-villain Emma Frost into the primary X-Men team, and opened the doors of the school by having Xavier "out" himself to the public about being a mutant. The bright spandex costumes that had become iconic over the previous decades were replaced by black leather street clothes reminiscent of the uniforms of the X-Men films. Morrison also introduced Xorn, who would figure prominently in the climax of his run. Ultimate X-Men set in Marvel's revised imprint was also launched, while Chuck Austen began his controversial run on Uncanny X-Men.

title: Chris Claremont

text: During his 17 years as "X-Men" writer, Claremont wrote or co-wrote many classic X-Men stories, such as "The Dark Phoenix Saga" and "Days of Future Past". Comics writers and historians Roy Thomas and Peter Sanderson observed that "'The Dark Phoenix Saga' is to Claremont and Byrne what the 'Galactus Trilogy' is to Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It is a landmark in Marvel history, showcasing its creators' work at the height of their abilities." Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "The controversial story created a sensation and "The X-Men" became the comic book to watch." In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Claremont and Byrne's run on "The X-Men" second on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels". Claremont and artist Frank Miller crafted a "Wolverine" limited series in 1982. With artist Walt Simonson, Claremont produced "The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans" in 1982, an intercompany crossover between the top-selling Marvel and DC titles. The New Mutants were introduced by Claremont and Bob McLeod in "Marvel Graphic Novel" #4 (Dec. 1982) and received their own ongoing series soon after. The second X-Men film was loosely based on his "X-Men" graphic novel "."

title: Dazzler (Marvel Comics)

text: The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Dazzler is introduced as a punk rock singer in "Ultimate X-Men" #42. She briefly joins Emma Frost's Academy of Tomorrow when promised a record deal, but joins the X-Men after they rescue her from a Sentinel attack. There she is called "Dazzler" after the name of her band.

title: Mimic (comics)

text: Calvin first encountered the X-Men when he got into a fight with X-Men members Beast and Iceman in their civilian identities and duplicated their powers to defeat them. He later came across Marvel Girl, realizing this after gaining Marvel Girl's telekinetic power. Rankin decided to seek out the X-Men in a plot to get to the machine and make their powers his permanently. Taking the costumed identity "Mimic", he went to their mansion and battled the X-Men. He then escaped them, taking Marvel Girl hostage and drove to a cave, knowing the rest would follow. As the others came near, he regained their abilities, and he used Cyclops's optic power to break through the rubble to the machine. The other X-Men freed Marvel Girl and battled Mimic. Initially, he gained the upper hand and activated the machine after using Professor X's power to understand how the machine worked, but his powers were removed by Ronald's device, as Professor Xavier had expected. Xavier then wiped his memory and let him go.

title: Christopher Yost

text: Christopher Yost graduated from the University of Michigan with a film and video degree. With no clear sense of which direction to take his career in, he got into advertising in the Detroit area, producing TV commercials. He later interned, in 2002, in Marvel Comics' west coast office. His spec film scripts got attention from Marvel executives who hired Yost to write episodes of the TV series "". In 2003, Yost and Kyle co-wrote the episodes that introduced mutant character X-23, female clone of the popular X-Men character Wolverine. Marvel executives were impressed with X-23’s reception on TV, and asked Yost and Kyle to adapt the character into comics, first by writing a six-issue mini-series titled "X-23: Innocence Lost", and then by taking over writing chores (as of issue #20) on the "New X-Men" title, bringing X-23 in as a regular character. Yost and Kyle also co-wrote a second X-23 six-issue miniseries, titled "X-23: Target X" as well as "X-Force". Yost also wrote "", the first in a series of adaptations of Orson Scott Card's "Ender's Game" by Marvel.

title: Roger Cruz

text: When Art & Comics Studio first introduced Brazilian artists to the American comic book market, he was given the opportunity to work as an artist for Marvel Comics on the titles "Ghost Rider", "Hulk", "Uncanny X-Men", "X-Men Alpha", "X-Patrol", "Generation X", "X-Calibre", "X-Factor", "X-Man", "Avengers: Timeslide" and "Silver Surfer". He also worked for DC Comics, where he provided art for one issue of the comic book "Batman Chronicles".

title: Amazing X-Men

text: Starting in 2013, Marvel began using the title "Amazing X-Men" for an ongoing X-Men series written by Jason Aaron and illustrated by Ed McGuinness. The first arc of the book is a continuation of a storyline in "Wolverine and the X-Men" and sees a team of X-Men searching for deceased member Nightcrawler in the afterlife. With "All-New X-Men" featuring time-displaced original X-Men, "Uncanny X-Men" featuring Cyclops's renegade X-Men team, "Wolverine and the X-Men" featuring the Jean Grey School's staff and students in the school setting, and "X-Men" featuring an all-female X-Men team, "Amazing X-Men" became the main title to feature Wolverine's X-Men team, replacing Marjorie Liu's "Astonishing X-Men", which ended a month before. The premiere issue featured Firestar in her first appearance as a member of the X-Men, though she made her Marvel Comics debut in Uncanny X-Men #193 (1985) as a member of the X-Men's rival team, the Hellions.


query: Who was the youngest US president?

title: List of presidents of the United States by age

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42years, 322days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70years, 220days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43years, 163days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73years, 274days old at the time of his election to a second term.

title: 1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election

text: Clinton, at the age of thirty-two, became the youngest Arkansas governor, the youngest governor in the United States since Harold E. Stassen won in Minnesota in 1938 at the age of thirty-one, and the youngest governor in nation at this time. In 1992 he was elected third-youngest U.S. President.

title: List of Presidents of the United States by date of death

text:
The following is a list of Presidents of the United States by date of death, plus additional lists of presidential death related statistics. Of the 44 persons who have served as President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789, 39 have diedeight died while in office.
The oldest president at the time of death was George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of . John F. Kennedy, assassinated at the age of , was the nation's shortest-lived president; the youngest to have died by natural causes was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of .3rd President Thomas Jefferson (July 4, 1826)

title: Presidency of Benigno Aquino III

text: The Presidency of Benigno Aquino III, also known as Benigno Aquino III Administration, began at noon on June 30, 2010, when he became the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino is the third-youngest person to be elected president, and the fourth-youngest president after Emilio Aguinaldo, Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.

title: William H. T. Bush

text: William Henry Trotter "Bucky" Bush, CStJ (July 14, 1938 – February 27, 2018) was an American businessman. He was the youngest son of US Senator Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush, the youngest brother of former President George H. W. Bush, and an uncle of former President George W. Bush and former Florida governor Jeb Bush.

title: Johnson University

text: The college has only had seven Presidents in its 125-year history. After the death of Ashley Johnson, Emma Elizabeth Johnson became president. She was one of the first women to be elected and serve as president of any college in the United States. Alva Ross Brown become president in 1927 and at the age of 21 was one of the youngest college presidents in US Higher Education History. Alva Ross Brown was followed in 1941 by professor and trustee Robert M. Bell as the 4th president of the college. The fifth, Dr. David L. Eubanks was the first President to retire from office but remains one of the longest serving college presidents in the US and later served as the Chief Operating Officer of Johnson University Florida. Across from the Old Main Building is located "Shiloh on the Heights", the final resting place of all the past presidents of the University and a Columbarium.

title: President of Emporia State University

text: To date, the youngest president of Emporia State University has been Lyman Beecher Kellogg, who was the first president of what was the Kansas State Normal. When appointed as the first president of the new state normal school in January 1865, he was only 23 years old. The longest-serving president of the university was Thomas W. Butcher, who held the office for thirty years from 1913 to 1943. The first university alumnus to become its president was Joseph H. Hill in 1906.

title: 1960 United States presidential election

text: During the campaign, Kennedy charged that under Eisenhower and the Republicans the nation had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the Cold War, both militarily and economically, and that as president he would "get America moving again." The Eisenhower administration had established NASA in 1958, but Kennedy believed that the Republican Party had ignored the need to catch up to the Soviet Union in the Space Race. He promised that the new Democratic administration would fully appreciate the importance of space accomplishments for the national security and international prestige of the United States. Nixon responded that, if elected, he would continue the "peace and prosperity" that Eisenhower had brought the nation in the 1950s. Nixon also argued that with the nation engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets, that Kennedy was too young and inexperienced to be trusted with the presidency -Nixon was only four years older than Kennedy. Had Nixon been elected, at 48 years, 11 days, he would have been the fourth-youngest president at the date of inauguration. Kennedy, by contrast, was 43 years, 236 days, on the date of his inauguration; the second-youngest man to begin a Presidency (at 42 Theodore Roosevelt, who assumed the Presidency upon the assassination of President William McKinley 60 years previously, was the youngest).

title: G. K. Vasan

text: G K Vasan was also privileged to be the youngest President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee; making him until today, the only person next to Perunthalaivar K. Kamarajar who held the honour of being the youngest President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.

title: Christophe Castaner

text: In 2004, after having been elected to the regional council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA), he found himself entrusted by the president Michel Vauzelle with responsibility for land use planning. It was the first time this important responsibility fell to an "Alpine" representative, who was also the youngest vice-president of the PACA region. He was re-elected in 2010 and given a new responsibility: employment, economy, higher education and innovation.

title: Eleanor Wilson McAdoo

text: Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo (October 16, 1889 – April 5, 1967) was the youngest daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Wilson had two sisters, Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre. She was an American author who wrote about her father.

title: Galusha Pennypacker

text: Uriah Galusha Pennypacker (June 1, 1841/1844 – October 1, 1916) was a Union general during the American Civil War. He may be the youngest person to hold the rank of brigadier general in the US Army; at the age of 20, he remains the only general too young to vote for the president who appointed him.

title: William Dickinson Hawley

text: He was called to serve St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.), also known as "The Church of the Presidents". He was essentially the church's first rector. When invited to serve it was for "six or twelve months" on a trial basis. He in fact served as rector from 1817 to 1845. Hawley was a friend of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The church's Presidential pew was set apart for that use in December 1817, it was occupied by every president thereafter through Buchanan. In Hawley's rectorship, Presidential worshipers included President John Quincy Adams who was a regular at afternoon services during his term of office. Hawley conducted the funeral of President William Henry Harrison in the East Room of the White House on April 7, 1841. His successor John Tyler was an Episcopalian who, with his family, became regular worshipers at St John's Church. Hawley officiated in the White House for the weddings of Samuel L. Gouverneur to Maria Monroe (the President's youngest daughter) and John Adams II to Mary Catherine Hellen.

title: Florida International University

text: FIU's founding president Charles "Chuck" Perry was appointed by the Board of Regents in July 1969 after a nationwide search. At 32 years old, the new president was the youngest in the history of the State University System and, at the time, the youngest university president in the country. Perry recruited three co-founders, Butler Waugh, Donald McDowell and Nick Sileo. Alvah Chapman, Jr., former "Miami Herald" publisher and Knight Ridder chairman, used his civic standing and media power to assist the effort. In the 1980s, Chapman became chair of the FIU Foundation Board of Trustees.

title: List of University of Florida presidents

text: To date, the youngest president of the University of Florida has been Andrew Sledd, who facilitated the organization of the new university from the consolidation of its predecessor institutions in 1905. When the Florida Board of Control appointed Sledd as the first president of the new state university on June 7, 1905, he was five months short of his thirty-fifth birthday. The longest-serving president of the university was John J. Tigert, who held the office for nineteen years from 1928 to 1947. The first university faculty member to become its permanent president was J. Wayne Reitz in 1955, and the first university alumnus to become its president was Stephen C. O'Connell in 1967.

title: List of French Presidents by longevity

text: The oldest living former president is Valéry d'Estaing, born 2 February 1926 (aged ). He is also the longest-lived president since 21 January 2017 he tied Émile Loubet, who died at the age of 90 years, 354 days. The youngest living former president is Nicolas Sarkozy, born 28 January 1955 (aged ). The youngest living president is the incumbent, Emmanuel Macron, born 21 December 1977 (aged ). The shortest-lived president was Sadi Carnot, who was killed in office at the age of 56 years, 318 days.

title: Good Morning President

text: Kim’s successor is Cha Ji-wook, the youngest Korean president in history who demonstrates excellent diplomatic skills in handling foreign policies. But even this charismatic president, who is a widowed single father, has three major fears — getting injections, questions from his five-year-old son, and candlelight rallies. One day, a young man asks the president to donate one of his rare tissue-type kidneys, which he says can save his father's life. The president struggles to decide whether or not he should go through a fearful medical procedure. He also reconnects with a childhood crush.

title: Mialy Rajoelina

text: The Rajoelinas set some records when the latter became president. Andry Rajoelina was Africa's youngest president, while Mialy Rajoelina, who was in her 30s during her tenure, was Africa's youngest first lady at the time.

title: Eustorgio Salgar

text: Eustorgio Salgar Moreno Salazar (1831–1885) was a lawyer, Colombian general and political figure, who was president of the United States of Colombia from 1870 until 1872. Elected at age 39, he was the youngest President of Colombia.

title: List of Presidents of Tunisia by age

text: This is a list of Presidents of Tunisia by age. The first table charts the age of each Tunisia President at the time of their presidential inauguration (first inauguration if they were elected to multiple and consecutive terms), at the time they left office, and at the time of their death. The following charts present the oldest and youngest president to take office, the oldest and youngest president to leave office and the living former presidents.

title: John Henry MacCracken

text: John Henry MacCracken (September 30, 1875 – February 1, 1948) was an American academic administrator who served as president of Westminster College and Lafayette College. When he was chosen as president of Westminster College in 1899, MacCracken was the youngest college president in the United States. MacCracken was the son of Henry MacCracken, a chancellor of New York University, and the brother of Henry Noble MacCracken, a president of Vassar College.

title: Jerry L. Greenberg

text: Jerry L. Greenberg is an American Music Executive, who at 32, was the youngest president of any major record company in the recording industry and received that title in 1974 as President of Atlantic Records.

title: List of vice presidents of the United States by age

text: The oldest living vice president is Walter Mondale, born on January 5, 1928 (age ). He also has the distinction of having the longest post-vice presidency in U.S. history, currently at . The youngest living vice president is the incumbent, Mike Pence, born on June 7, 1959 (aged ). The shortest-lived vice president was Daniel D. Tompkins, who died at the age of , only 99 days after leaving office. The longest-lived was John Nance Garner, who died on November 7, 1967 at the age of .

title: List of Presidents of Turkey by age

text: The oldest living former president is Ahmet Necdet Sezer, born 13 September 1941 (aged ). The youngest living former president is Abdullah Gül, born 29 October 1950 (aged ). The youngest living president is the incumbent, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, born 26 February 1954 (aged ).

title: President of Estonia

text: The current President is Kersti Kaljulaid, elected by Parliament on 3 October 2016, becoming the first woman and youngest person ever who holds the position.

title: List of presidents of Umbria

text: The youngest president at the time of the elections was Pietro Conti, who took office at the age of 41; the oldest was Maria Rita Lorenzetti, who finished her term at the age of 57. Germano Marri was the president who presided over most, elected three times and with the longest mandate, with 10 years, 11 months and 6 days, while Francesco Ghirelli with the shorter mandate.

title: List of Presidents of India by longevity

text: All Presidents of independent India so far have been aged over 60 when they assumed office. The median age of accession is roughly 71 years and 8 months, which falls between Prathiba Patil and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. The youngest President to assume office was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who was inaugurated at the age of 64 years, 67 days. The oldest President to assume office was K. R. Narayanan, who was inaugurated at the age of 77.

title: Gilbert E. Patterson

text: Gilbert Earl Patterson (September 22, 1939 – March 20, 2007) was an American Pentecostal-Holiness leader and minister who served as the international Presiding Bishop and Chief Apostle of the Church of God in Christ (COGIC), Inc. Bishop Patterson was the second youngest person to ever be elected Presiding Bishop of COGIC at the age 60 in 2000, second to his predeceased uncle Bishop J. O. Patterson, Sr who was 56 when he was elected Presiding Bishop in 1968.

title: Andy MacPhail

text: MacPhail is the youngest of four sons born to Lee MacPhail, who served as president of the American League. He is the grandson of Larry MacPhail, who with Lee forms the only father-and-son members of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Andy's uncle, Bill MacPhail (Lee MacPhail's brother), was President of CBS Sports and later was President of CNN Sports.

title: G. K. Vasan

text: After becoming a member in Indian National Congress, G K Vasan played a major roles at both National and State Level politics. He became a Secretary (in 2002) of All India Congress Committee and rose to the level of becoming the youngest President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee in 2004; making him only next to Perunthalaivar K. Kamarajar who held the honour of being the youngest President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.


query: What is a Ezhuthachan?

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: Ezhuthachan(pronunciation, Malayalam: എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ, eḻuttacchan), also known as Kadupattan(pronunciation, Malayalam: കടുപട്ടൻ, kaṭupaṭṭan) is a caste native to the Indian state of Kerala.[1][2][3][lower-alpha 1] It is classified as an Other Backward Class by the Government of India under its system of positive discrimination.[6]

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text:
Ezhuthachan married Lakshmi Bhai, Daughter of his political mentor and active congress politician P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan.
He died in 2004 at the age of 95 due to age-related diseases.

title: Ezhuthachan Puraskaram

text: The Ezhuthachan Puraskaram is the highest literary honour that is given by the Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Government of Kerala. The award is named after Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, the father of the Malayalam language and consists of a cash prize of 5,00,000 and a citation. The prize money was enhanced by 50,000 in 2011. The award was instituted in 1993 and Sooranad Kunjan Pillai was its first recipient.

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: There are educational institutions under Ezhuthachan Samajam.[56][57]

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text: V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan (1909–2004) was an Indian freedom fighter, Gandhian, journalist, trade unionist and Indian National Congress leader from Thrissur city in Kerala, India. Ezhuthachan was the founder general secretary of Kochi rajaya prajamandalam which was constituted on 26 January 1941. He is also founder of the now defunct "Deenabandhu" daily published from Thrissur..

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: They mainly belong to the districts of Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Thrissur of Kerala, has also presence outside and other parts of India. There are more people in the teaching sector in the community. Ezhuthachan is a caste who have teaching as a traditional profession.[2] There is an organization representing the community as Ezhuthachan Samajam.[7][8][9][10]

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text:
A group of young people who were displeased with the functioning of political movements in the erstwhile Kochi state, In the meeting held on 26 January 1941, under the leadership of Krishnan Ezhuthachan decided to form the Kochi Rajya prajamandalam. 'To end the sovereignty of Cochin king and to form responsible government' that was the main objective of Praja Mandala. On 9 February 1941 Prajamandal formed with V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan as founder general secretary.
To help the people of the Kingdom of Cochin from ravages caused due to the flooding in 1941, Prajamandalam formed "Cochin flood relief committee". V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan, C. Achutha Menon were secretaries of it. Ezhuthachan actively worked in this organisation by collecting donations and distributing brochures about calamities throughout Kingdom of Cochin.

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text:
Avinissery was one of the main weaving centre of Thrissur. Ezhuthachan actively worked in "Cochi khadhi grama vyavasaya association" an organisation to spread the use of khadi. He also worked actively in the formation of khadi weaving centres in Thrissur and Ernakulam.
In connection with Quit India movement on 5th August 1942 a conference conducted under the leadership of Gandhiji and Nehru for All India Congress Committee at Bombay. Ezhuthachan and S.Neelakanda Iyer attended the conference by representing Praja Mandalam.
As part of Quit India movement Praja Mandala actively participated in strikes. During that time there was strong ban in functioning of the press, Praja Mandala started a newspaper called "Deenabandhu" with V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan as Editor-in-chief.

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan is thought to have belonged to the Ezhuthachan caste, a socioeconomic caste of village school teachers. Modern era historians still differ on their speculations and opinions about it. Following the period of Thunchaththu Ezuthachan, learned people from various other castes adopted and were known by this title, as they had been engaged with the vocation of village school teaching.

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: Ezhuthachan Samajam started functioning from 1906 onwards. The first organizer was a Sanskrit scholar and a teacher Mr.Chakkulliyal Kunjunni Ezhuthachan who was a disciple of legendary Sanskrit scholar and teacher. Revered Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma. He named the organization as Adhyapaka Samajam. Though Adhyapaka Samajam made several reformations in caste customs and rituals, Kunjunni Ezhuthachan's efforts were not successful and he abandoned his project.[12] Ezhuthachan samajam came in to being as a reality when Late Vakil P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan entered the arena. He was the real founder of the Ezhuthachan Samajam and architect of the present day Ezhuthachan community. He was also a freedom fighter, a member of the congress party and also in Cochin State Prajamandal, whose founder was Sri.V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan, his son-in-law. Later Mr.Krishnan Ezhuthachan stepped into the shoes of his mentor and father-in-law, Mr. Kumaran Ezhuthachan as Ezhuthachan Samajam president. Since both were immersed in Congress politics, freedom movement, peasant struggles and also in Cochin state Prajamandal, they found it difficult to continue in the Ezhuthachan Samajam movement. Towards late 1940’s Krishnan Ezhuthachan left the movement, so also Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan. Kumaran Ezhuthachan left the movement after a personal tragedy - The death of his son P.Lakshmanakumar. After 1947 the Ezhuthachan community was orphaned and community became rudderless. There were some attempts to revitalize the community by some spirited people, but it didn’t reach anywhere. The services of Adv. Late M. Krishnankutty is to be mentioned in this context. In the Post era, from 1990’s onwards there was some resurgence in the community. From late 1990’s new thinking is visible in the community. From 2002, Mr.T.G.Ravi came into the scene and revitalized the samajam activities. The present president Prof. Dr. Lakshmanakumar is the grandson of Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan and son of V R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan.[41][55]

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: T. G. Ravi V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan K. N. Ezhuthachan E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan Chembra Ezhuthachanmar

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text:
In 2009 as a part of V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan Janmashadabdhi celebration M.P. Veerendra Kumar received "V.R. Krishananezhuthachan Janmashadabdhi award".
Ezhuthachan gave leadership to a caste based organisation called "Ezhuthachan samajam" due to the honor towards his activities the law college started by "Ezhuthachan samajam" entitled his name.

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text: According to historians and linguists, Ezhuthachan refined the "style" of Malayalam language and it was during his period that Malayalam literature attained its "individuality" and Malayalam became a "fully fledged" independent language. He also brought the language to the level of the non-Brahmins's understanding. Ezhuthachan used Malayalam language to challenge the prevailing social conditions. He is known for using his literary works as a powerful tool against the rule of privileged. Ezhuthachan is also considered as a significant voice of the Bhakti movement in Kerala.

title: Narayaniyam

text: Once, when Bhattathiri, unable to move, was carried into the Guruvayur temple, he met Tunchath Ezhuthachan, an eminent Malayalam poet of the time. Ezhuthachan advised Bhattathiri that he could be cured if he "began his treatment with fish". The disciples of Bhattathiri who heard this were shocked because Bhattathiri was a devout Brahmin and therefore a vegetarian who would consider it sinful to eat fish. Bhattathiri however understood what Ezhuthachan really meant - that he would be cured if he could compose a hymn glorifying the incarnations of Lord Krishna beginning with the fish incarnation, known as Matsya.

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text: Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, the author of famous "Narayaneeyam", was a friend of Ezhuthachan. It is said that when he sought the advice of Ezhuthachan about how to start his intended book, he gave him a cryptic advice to "start with fish", meaning to start with Matsya avatara - the fish avatar of god Vishnu. Bhattathiri understood the enigmatic message and started composing his poem in the Guruvayur Temple.

title: Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University

text:
According to its website, the objectives of the university are as follows:
M. Phil & Ph. D programmes are offered in A study centre — Ezhuthachan Padana Kendram — is preparing an Ezhuthachan Lexicon and bringing out books on Ezhuthachan with a view to encouraging research on the great poet.

title: K. N. Ezhuthachan

text: "K. N. Ezhuthachan Smaraka puraskaram" is an award given by organisation "Samskara pattambi" in memory of K. N. Ezhuthachan. It was first given in 2014 to Sunil P. Ilayidom. Malayalam short story writer T. P. Venugopalan received "K. N. Ezhuthachan Smaraka puraskaram" in the year 2016 for his work "Kunnumpuram kaarnival"(A compilation of Malayalam short stories).

title: P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan

text: P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan was a politician and lawyer from Thrissur, Kerala. He was a leader of the "Cochin State Congress" a political party formed in 1936. Ezhuthachan was five time member in Cochin Legislative Council.

title: K. N. Ezhuthachan

text: Dr.K. N. Ezhuthachan was born in the village Cherpulassery in Palakkad district, Kerala. As the son of eye specialist and Sanskrit scholar Kudiyirikkal Krishnan Ezhuthachan, Lakshmi amma on 21 May 1911. Ezhuthachan studied basics of Sanskrit from father's Sanskrit school. After passing the "Vidwan examination" he began his career as a teacher and taught at two schools. He also worked as a clerk and stenographer in Bombay for a brief period. Later, he took his Masters degrees in Malayalam, Sanskrit, and English. Besides he learned languages like Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Marathi. In 1953, he joined Madras University as Lecturer and simultaneously worked for his PhD in the same University. After completing his PhD on "Bhashakautaleeyam", Ezhuthachan joined University of Calicut as a Lecturer. He also served as a Senior Research Officer at Kerala State Institute of Languages, Research Fellow of Dravidian Linguistics Association and Visiting Professor at University of Calicut.

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: After the introduction of modern public education system, traditional teaching methods were less important in the society. Many Ezhuthupallis(Traditional Village school) that ran by Ezhuthachans(Kadupattan) were converted to public school with modern teaching method.[52][53] In the 19th century when British rule introduced public education in Malabar, Ezhuthachan community made major contributions in the field of public education of Valluvanad.[54]

title: E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text: E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan (4 January 1924 - 13 December 2005) was a legal expert and writer a native of Chettupuzha, Thrissur, Kerala. Ezhuthachan had served as Magistrate, Deputy secretary at Ministry of Law and Justice (India), Lawyer in the Supreme Court of India etc. He has authored several books. His book "Bharanaghatanakku Oru Bhashyam" had won the "Puthezhan Award".

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text: The madhom is flanked by temples of Rama and Siva and the street has an array of Agraharas (where the twelve Brahmin families migrated along with Ezhuthachan live). At the madhom, some of the instruments used by Ezhuthachan are still preserved. A Sri Chakra and a few idols worshipped by him, the stylus, the wooden slippers, and a few old manuscripts are exhibited for visitors. Ezhuthachan's samadhi is also situated there.

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text: Ezhuthachan was born in Trikkandiyoor, near the present day Tirur municipality. After the birth of his daughter, Ezhuthachan became a monk and wandered throughout southern India before finally building his monastery at modern day Chittoor, Palghat. But at the same time another group believe he was a celebate throughout his life.

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text: Ezhuthachan - although he lived around 16th century AD - is considered as the father of modern Malayalam language and Malayalam literature. No original compositions are attributed to Ezhuthachan. However, his contribution to the Malayalam language through "Adhyatma Ramayanam" is considered unparalleled.

title: Ezhuthachan (caste)

text: There is no clear history about birth or life of Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan available yet. However there is a belief prevails as Thunchathth Ramanujan Ezhuthachan was a member of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) community.[58][59][60][61] Being a vaishnava(Ramanuja) sect member he was called as Ramanujan.[62] And his real name was Thunchan(The youngest child).[63] According to K. Balakrishna Kurup, Thunchchath Ezhuthachan was a member of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) community and Ezhuthachan led his life as a teacher by following celibacy throughout his life. [64][65] E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and independent researcher in local history from Kadampazhipuram, Palakkad; supports conclusion of K. Balakrishna Kurup about Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's caste.[66] Historian Velayudhan Panikkassery also expressing the same opinion.[67]

title: Ezhuthachan Puraskaram

text: The following are the winners of the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram.

title: K. N. Ezhuthachan

text:
Dr.K. N. Ezhuthachan was the author of many books in Malayalam, including short stories, poems, and essays. His book, "The history of the grammatical theories in Malayalam" published in 1975, is considered to be a seminal work in the field of Malayalam grammar. He has also authored a research thesis on
Thunchath Ezhuthachan's "Adhyathma Ramayanam" and scholarly article about Kilippattu.
In addition to these about twenty articles which published in Mathrubhumi weekly, Deshabhimani etc.
The essence of Ezhuthachan's essay is radical thinking, logic and simplicity. His essays are best examples for presenting most things in least words with obvious manner. He was co-author for a Malayalam - Kannada Dictionary also.

text: The university is named after Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, a 16th-century CE Malayalam litterateur whose writings helped develop Malayalam as a language with a script of 51 letters, vocabulary, and literature. Thunchath Ezhuthachan — often described as "the Father of Malayalam language" — was born at Trikkantiyur in Thunchan Parambu in Tirur, in the state of Kerala.

title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

text:
William Logan's Malabar Manual, page 92 - States that Thunjath Ezhuthachan was a man of Sudra(Nayar) caste. According to Arthur Coke Burnell in his book "Elements of South Indian Paleography(Second enlarged and improved edition)" page 42 states Thunchath Ezhuthachan belonged to 'Ezhuthachan (=School master)' caste. Writer K. Balakrishna Kurup also reports the same, in his book . E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and
independent researcher in local history from Kadampazhipuram; supports conclusion of K. Balakrishna Kurup about Ezhuthachan's caste background. Historian also expressing the same opinion.

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text:
V.R Krishnan Ezhuthachan was born in Avinissery, Thrissur on April 25, 1909. As the tenth son of Vadakkoot Nelliparambil Raman Ezhuthachan and Njarasseri valappil Lakshmi amma. He completed his primary education from ezhuthupura(old traditional village school) which functioned in his own home.
After passing the 10th-grade securing gold medal, he completed graduation in Economics and Law(BL) by securing rank. When Gandhiji arrived Thrissur in 1925, Ezhuthachan met him and then stepped into the freedom struggle. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan, an active member of the Cochin State Congress Party, was his mentor in politics.
With the formation and activities of Kochi Rajya prajamandalam, V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan made his own identity in the field of politics.

title: V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan

text: When prjamandal decided to face election. In 1945 Ezhuthachan unanimously elected to Cochin Legislative Council. Ezhuthachan was a member of Travancore-Cochin legislative council representing Nemmara.


query: When was Menachem Z. Rosensaft born?

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Menachem Z. Rosensaft (born 1948 in Bergen-Belsen, Germany) an attorney in New York and the Founding Chairman of the International Network of Children of Jewish Survivors, is a leader of the Second Generation movement of children of survivors,[1] and has been described on the front page of the New York Times as one of the most prominent of the survivors' sons and daughters.[2] He also served as National President of the Labor Zionist Alliance, and was active in the early stages of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. As psychologist Eva Fogelman has written: "Menachem Rosensaft's moral voice has gone beyond the responsibility he felt as a child of survivors to remember and educate. He felt the need to promote peace and a tolerant State of Israel as well. He wanted to bring to justice Nazi war criminals, to fight racism and bigotry, and to work toward the continuity of the Jewish people".[3]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In July 2010, Save a Torah entered into an agreement with the Maryland authorities under which it would cease to provide Holocaust provenances for Torah scrolls unless "there is documentation or an independent verifiable witness to such history."[42] The following year, Youlus was arrested in Manhattan and charged with fraud by the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York.[43] Five months later, when Youlus pleaded guilty to mail fraud and wire fraud in a US federal court, Rosensaft told The New York Times that, "I am gratified that this charlatan will now be fully exposed, as a matter of law, as a petty crook."[44]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In March 2009, Menachem Rosensaft was appointed as general counsel of the World Jewish Congress, the umbrella organization of Jewish communities around the world based in New York.[4] Since 2008, Menachem Rosensaft has been Adjunct Professor of Law at Cornell Law School,[5][6] and he was also Distinguished Visiting Lecturer at Syracuse University College of Law.[7] In 2011 he was appointed lecturer in law at Columbia University Law School where he teaches a course in the law of genocide.[8] He is the editor of God, Faith & Identity from the Ashes: Reflections of Children and Grandchildren of Holocaust Survivors, published by Jewish Lights Publishing.[9]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In September 1981, he was one of the founders of the International Network of Children of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and was elected the organization's first Chairman. Since June 1984, he has had the title of Founding Chairman. Under his leadership, the International Network organized major conferences of children of survivors in New York in 1984 and Los Angeles in 1987, and in 1982, it held the first citywide rally in New York City on behalf of Ethiopian Jewry.[20] Rosensaft also participated in the planning of and programming for the World Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors in Jerusalem in June 1981, and the mass gatherings of thousands of Holocaust survivors in Washington, D.C. (1983), Philadelphia (1985), and New York (1986).

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: I cannot in good conscience mourn my brother as a victim of genocide unless I similarly mourn all other victims of genocide, including the victims at Srebrenica.[58]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: The son of two survivors of the Nazi concentration camps of Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, he was born on May 1, 1948 in the Displaced Persons camp of Bergen-Belsen in Germany. From 1945 until 1950, his father, the late Josef Rosensaft, was chairman of the Jewish Committee of the Bergen-Belsen DP camp and of the Central Jewish Committee in the British Zone of Germany.[10] His mother, the late Dr. Hadassah Bimko Rosensaft, was a member of President Carter's Commission on the Holocaust, and a founding member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.[11]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In December 1988, he was one of five American Jews who met in Stockholm, Sweden, with Yasir Arafat and other senior leaders of the Palestine Liberation Organization, resulting in the PLO's first public recognition of Israel. Writing in Newsweek, he explained that despite an initial reluctance to participate in such a meeting, he concluded that since he had urged others to negotiate with the PLO, "I really had no choice. Since I wanted others to talk to the enemy, I had to be willing to do so as well – not going would be a betrayal of my principles both as a Jew and as a Zionist."[54] For Rosensaft, the very beginning of dialogue was a major accomplishment. "There are miles to go," he said. "But for God's sake, let's start talking. When you talk, you de-demonize the enemy."[55]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In the winter of 2002, Rosensaft sharply attacked the Jewish Museum in New York for trivializing the Holocaust in its exhibition, "Mirroring Evil: Nazi Imagery/Recent Art," by including a display of six lifelike busts of the notorious Auschwitz SS doctor Josef Mengele and such works as "Prada Deathcamp" and the "Giftgas Giftset" of poison gas canisters packaged with Chanel, Hermes and Tiffany& Co. logos.[35] "For a Holocaust survivor to hear that a bust of Mengele is on display at the Jewish Museum will at the least cause nightmares," Rosensaft told Alan Cooperman of the Washington Post. "It's the functional equivalent of painting pornography on Torah scrolls and exhibiting it as art. It may well be art. But it is also offensive to many, many people. ... The intellectual reasons of displaying deliberately provocative art have to give way to the far more real pain that this is going to cause for thousands of Holocaust survivors who are still alive."[36]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In the spring of 1985, Rosensaft was an outspoken critic of President Ronald Reagan's decision to pay homage to fallen German World War II soldiers, including members of Hitler's Waffen SS, at the military cemetery at Bitburg during a state visit to Germany.[28] Addressing some 5,000 Holocaust survivors and their families in Philadelphia on April 21, 1985, Rosensaft said, "For heaven's sake, let him find another cemetery. There must be at least one in all of Germany that does not contain SS men."[29] On May 5, 1985, Rosensaft organized and led a demonstration of survivors and children of survivors at Bergen-Belsen in protest against the visits that day by President Reagan and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl to the mass-graves of Bergen-Belsen and Bitburg.[30] Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel wrote in his memoirs that Rosensaft was "one of the very few to strongly oppose President Reagan in the Bitburg affair."[31]

title: Menachem Youlus

text: On complaint lodged by Menachem Z. Rosensaft, vice president of the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants, the state of Maryland began investigating "Save a Torah". Having looked into the matter, state officials found that Youlus' stories "may be misleading". And, Michael P. Schlein, investigator for the Office of the Secretary of State of Maryland said: "we could probably or reasonably assume they could not be wholly accurate."

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: It is unconscionable and reprehensible for anyone to tell Adisada that the horrors to which her fellow Bosnian Muslims - including quite possibly members of her own family - were subjected at Srebrenica did not constitute a genocide, just as it is unconscionable and reprehensible for anyone to deny the genocide in which my brother, my grandparents, and millions of other European Jews were annihilated.

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Rosensaft elaborated on this theme in a guest sermon at Park Avenue Synagogue in New York City on September 7, 2013, the Saturday between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, in which he concluded that as he remembered his parents on the anniversary of their death, "perhaps God did not hide His face from them after all during the years of the Shoah. Perhaps it was a divine spirit within them that enabled them to survive with their humanity intact. And perhaps it is to that God that we should be addressing our prayers during these Days of Awe and throughout the year."[26]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In 2012, he denounced immigration restrictionists Peter Brimelow and Pat Buchanan as racists who should be shunned from mainstream political debate.[47]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: He was appointed to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council by President Bill Clinton in 1994, and reappointed to a second five-year term in 1999, chairing its Content Committee from 1994 to 2000, its Collections and Acquisitions Committee from 1996 to 2000, and its Committee on Governance from 2000 to 2002. He was a member of the Council's Executive Committee from 1996 until 2003. He is the editor of Life Reborn, Jewish Displaced Persons 1945-1951, published by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2001. In September 2010, President Obama appointed Rosensaft to a third term on the US Holocaust Memorial Council.[15]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Rosensaft publicly confronted the Simon Wiesenthal Center's chief Nazi-hunter and Director for Eastern European Affairs Israeli Holocaust historian Dr. Efraim Zuroff for denying Srebrenica genocide arguing that:

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In October 2000, Rosensaft expressed his utter disillusionment with Arafat. "We believed him," Rosensaft wrote in the Washington Post, "when he said that he and the PLO were committed to a political solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We believed him when he proclaimed an end to terrorism. We were wrong. ... Of course the Palestinians were entitled to self-determination – even independence—but only on terms of mutual respect. The Palestinians' claims of nationhood could not stand separate and apart from their acknowledgment that Israelis are entitled to precisely the same rights. Arafat and his colleagues gave lip service to these lofty sentiments. We believed them. We were wrong. ... Perhaps, in time, the Palestinians will realize that a different leader will better serve them and their cause. Perhaps they will realize that stabbing and stomping Israeli soldiers to death and then parading their mutilated bodies in an obscene triumph is not acceptable behavior in the 21st century. Perhaps. But then, we also believe in the eventual arrival of the Messiah. In the meantime, those of us who wanted so desperately to see Arafat as a positive, constructive presence of any kind must reiterate over and over again: We were wrong."[57]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: I cannot in good conscience condemn the perpetrators of the genocide in which my brother and my grandparents perished unless I also condemn the perpetrators of all other acts of genocide, including the genocide that took place at Srebrenica.

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In March 2010, Rosensaft sparked a formal investigation by the Maryland authorities into the activities of Menachem Youlus, a rabbi and scribe based in a Washington, DC, suburb who had falsely claimed to have "rescued" Torah scrolls that had survived the Holocaust, which he sold to synagogues and Jewish centers through his "Save a Torah" charitable organization.[39] "Any exploitation of the Holocaust for crass commercial purposes is appalling," Rosensaft wrote in the New York Post on March 7, 2010. "Creating false Holocaust histories for Torah schools is despicable."[40]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Rosensaft, who was known to be a supporter of the Israeli peace movement,[51] was elected National President of the Labor Zionist Alliance in early 1988. Shortly thereafter, he confronted Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir at a meeting of the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations. Shamir had called on the American Jewish leadership to support his government's hard-line policies and criticized those who publicly espoused more dovish positions. Rosensaft responded by noting that since Israelis themselves were divided, "Why should we be accused of disloyalty?"[52] "We support Israel fully and identify with her totally," he explained, referring to the more liberal Jewish groups that belonged to the Presidents Conference. "But that does not mean we have to agree with every single decision or policy set by the government or a particular minister. Voicing our concerns does not indicate disloyalty."[53]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: "In late March," reported James Barron of The New York Times on July 26, 2010, Rosensaft wrote to the Maryland attorney general, Douglas F. Gansler, alleging "possible fraud and/or misrepresentation" by Save a Torah. He asked for an investigation into whether Save a Torah had been 'soliciting funds under false pretenses.' Mr. Rosensaft, who is also an adjunct professor at Cornell Law School and teaches a course on World War II war crimes trials, took issue with Rabbi Youlus's description of [a Torah scroll that had allegedly been saved by a priest at Auschwitz who in turn supposedly had given it to Youlus]. 'There is no record of anyone even remotely fitting the description of the priest' Rabbi Youlus said had saved it, Mr. Rosensaft said in the letter. He also took issue with a Torah that Rabbi Youlus said had been at Bergen-Belsen, the concentration camp where Anne Frank died in 1945. Mr. Rosensaft's parents met at Bergen-Belsen. Mr. Rosensaft said that Rabbi Youlus's description of finding a Torah beneath a wooden floor in a barracks was not possible. The original buildings at Bergen-Belsen, he said, were burned to stop a typhus epidemic and the survivors were moved to a former German military installation nearby in May 1945. Mr. Rosensaft said that he was born in that installation in 1948 and returned many times to visit.[41]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Twenty-one years later, on April 17, 2005, he reiterated these views in a speech at Bergen-Belsen on the 60th anniversary of its liberation. The children and grandchildren of the survivors, he declared:

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In 2009, he called on Pope Benedict XVI to publicly condemn controversial bishop Richard Williamson, a member of the Society of Saint Pius X and a noted Holocaust denier.[37] He has also written that Mitt Romney's faith should not be an issue in the 2012 presidential campaign.[38]

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: From September 2000 until December 2003 Rosensaft was a partner in the New York office of a national law firm, representing, among other clients, the Audit Committee and independent Directors of a New York Stock Exchange listed company in connection with an internal investigation of accounting irregularities, a related proceeding brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and class action litigation.[14] In January 2004 he joined a financial services firm in New York City as Special Counsel, becoming its General Counsel in May 2005. He played a key role in guiding the firm through a period of intense regulatory and governmental scrutiny and implementing good governance practices.

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In December 2012, after Youlus had been sentenced to 51 months in jail, Rosensaft wrote told the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) that, "This is extremely important because it sends a message that Holocaust deniers and Holocaust memory exploiters are not part of accepted society. There is very little if any difference between a Holocaust denier and someone like Youlus who exploits Holocaust memories in order to enrich himself."[45] Rosensaft then wrote in the New York Jewish Week that,

title: Josef Rosensaft

text: He was elected by the refugees in the DP camp to the Central Committee of Liberated Jews and served as the chairman of the British sector committee until it was disbanded in 1950. In addition to promoting the rights and interests of the refugees, he was an active opponent of the British policy of restrictive Jewish immigration to the British Mandate of Palestine. He met and married a fellow survivor, doctor Hadassah (Ada) Bimko, in the camp. Their son is noted activist Menachem Z. Rosensaft.

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In April 1987, Rosensaft played a key role in convincing the government of Panama not to give sanctuary to Nazi war criminal Karl Linnas, and in ensuring Linnas' deportation from the United States to the Soviet Union.[32] He also "publicly criticized the German government for failing to provide Holocaust survivors with adequate medical coverage while paying generous pensions to veterans of the Waffen SS,"[33] and he has challenged the multimillion-dollar fee application submitted by the court-appointed lead settlement counsel in a Holocaust-based class action brought against Swiss banks in the name of survivors.[34]

title: Menachem Youlus

text: Menachem Z. Rosensaft, an adjunct professor of law at Cornell University and general counsel of the World Jewish Congress, was skeptical about Youlus's claim of discovering an old Torah at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as his parents were liberated from that camp and the camp was burned down by British Army during World War II.

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Rosensaft has also struggled with the theological implications of the Holocaust. "Where was God when the fires of Auschwitz failed to ignite the universe," he asked at a 1995 commemoration at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. As reported in the New York Times, he "posed the question of how God could be praised if he did not stop the killing. Then he suggested an answer: 'What if God was not with the killers, with the forces that inflicted Auschwitz on humanity?'" He explained that, "To me, the incredible element of the Holocaust is not the behavior of the murderers, because that is pure evil. It is the behavior of the victims and how they remained human and in many ways behaved in a superhuman manner. ... So the God I choose to pray to was at Auschwitz, but it was not in the manner of the victims' deaths, it was in the way in which they lived."[24] Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on New York City, Rosensaft elaborated on his belief that evil is perpetrated by human beings, not by God:

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: Menachem Rosensaft received his B.A. degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1971, together with an M.A. degree in creative writing from the university's Writing Seminars. From 1972 until 1975, he was an Adjunct Lecturer in the Department of Jewish Studies at the City College of the City University of New York and assisted Professor Elie Wiesel in his courses on Holocaust literature and Hasidism. He received a second M.A. degree in modern European history from Columbia University in 1975, and in 1979, he received his J.D. degree from the Columbia University School of Law, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar and Book Review Editor of the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law.

title: Menachem Z. Rosensaft

text: In response to this sermon, Pope France wrote to Rosensaft in a personal email message that:


query: How large is the plastic island in the Pacific Ocean?

title: Great Pacific garbage patch

text: The patch is not easily seen from the sky, because the plastic is dispersed over a large area. Researchers from The Ocean Cleanup project claimed that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometers. The plastic concentration is estimated to be up to 100 kilograms per square kilometer in the center, going down to 10 kilograms per square kilometer in the outer parts of the patch. An estimated 80,000 metric tons of plastic inhabit the patch, totaling 1.8 trillion pieces. 92% of the mass in the patch comes from objects larger than 0.5 centimeters.[4]

title: Antipodes

text: As can be seen on the purple/blue map, the Pacific Ocean is so large that it stretches halfway around the world; parts of the Pacific off the coast of Peru are antipodal to parts of the same ocean off the coast of Southeast Asia. For example, the island of Ko Chang - which is the second or third largest island in Thailand - is nearly antipodal to San Lorenzo Island, which is the largest island of Peru.

title: Mid-Pacific Mountains

text: The Mid-Pacific Mountains (MPM) is a large oceanic plateau located in the central North Pacific Ocean or south of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Of volcanic origin and Mesozoic in age, it is located on the oldest part of the Pacific Plate and rises up to (Darwin Rise) above the surrounding ocean floor and is covered with several layers of thick sedimentary sequences that differs from those of other plateaux in the North Pacific. seamounts are distributed over the MGM. Some of the highest points in the range are above sea level which include Wake Island and Marcus Island.

title: Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)

text: Henderson Island (formerly also San Juan Bautista and Elizabeth Island) is an uninhabited member of the Pitcairn Islands archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean. Its remote location and unsuitability for human habitation have made it the subject of scientific study. Ten of its 51 flowering plants, all four of its land birds and about a third of the identified insects and gastropods are endemic – a remarkable diversity given the island's size. It was previously considered one of the world's last two raised coral atolls whose ecosystems remained relatively unaffected by human contact. However, research in 2017 showed that a large amount of plastic debris has accumulated on the island.

title: Galapagos shark

text: The Galapagos shark is found mainly off tropical oceanic islands. In the Atlantic Ocean, it occurs around Bermuda, the Virgin Islands, Madeira, Cape Verde, Ascension Island, Saint Helena and São Tomé Island. In the Indian Ocean, it is known from Walter's Shoal off southern Madagascar. In the Pacific Ocean, it occurs around Lord Howe Island, the Marianas Islands, the Marshall Islands, the Kermadec Islands, Tupai, the Tuamotu Archipelago, the Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos Islands, Cocos Island, the Revillagigedo Islands, Clipperton Island, and Malpelo. There are a few reports of this species in continental waters off the Iberian Peninsula, Baja California, Guatemala, Colombia, and eastern Australia.

title: Microplastics

text: There is truly a staggering amount of microplastics in our world’s oceans. Though there is debate over exactly how much microplastic is in the world’s oceans a 2015 study estimated that there was between 93 and 236 thousand metric tons of microplastics in the world’s oceans. A study of the distribution of Eastern Pacific Ocean surface plastic debris helps to illustrate how the concentration of plastics in the ocean is on the rise. Though the study admits further research is needed to predict trends in ocean plastic concentration, the study, using data on surface plastic concentration (pieces of plastic km) from 1972-1985 n=60 and 2002-2012 n=457 within the same plastic accumulation zone, found the mean plastic concentration increase between the two sets of data, including a 10-fold increase of 18,160 to 189,800 pieces of plastic km. And though this study is based on data of surface plastic concentration, not specifically microplastic, additional research has found microplastics to account for 92% of plastic debris on the ocean’s surface, which adds context to the study.

title: Plastic pollution

text: A study conducted by Scripps Institution of Oceanography showed that the average plastic content in the stomachs of 141 mesopelagic fish over 27 different species was 9.2%. Their estimate for the ingestion rate of plastic debris by these fish in the North Pacific was between 12000 and 24000 tons per year. The most popular mesopelagic fish is the lantern fish. It resides in the central ocean gyres, a large system of rotating ocean currents. Since lantern fish serve as a primary food source for the fish that consumers purchase, including tuna and swordfish, the plastics they ingest become part of the food chain. The lantern fish is one of the main bait fish in the ocean, and it eats large amounts of plastic fragments, which in turn will not make them nutritious enough for other fish to consume.

title: Gymnothorax annasona

text: Gymnothorax annasona is a moray eel found in the southwest Pacific Ocean, around Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. It was first named by Whitley in 1937, and is commonly known as the Lord Howe Island moray or the Lord Howe moray.

title: Oceanic plateau

text:
Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots, mantle plumes, and volcanic islands — such as Iceland, Hawaii, Cape Verde, and Kerguelen. The three largest plateaus, the Caribbean, Ontong Java, and Mid-Pacific Mountains, are located on thermal swells. Other oceanic plateaus, however, are made of rifted continental crust, for example Falkland Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and parts of Kerguelen, Seychelles, and Arctic ridges.
Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States.

title: Angela Sun

text: Sun directed and produced her first feature-length documentary, "Plastic Paradise: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch", examining the plastic pollution in the oceans and its effects on the environment, marine life, and ultimately humans. The Great Pacific garbage patch is a huge collection of trash trapped in a gyre in the Pacific Ocean.

title: Indian Ocean garbage patch

text: In 2010, the 5 Gyres Project set off on the first of its planned series of transoceanic voyages to determine whether the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Ocean gyres were affected in the same way as the North Pacific and North Atlantic gyres. On the Indian Ocean leg of their trip, they travelled between Perth, Australia, and Port Louis, Mauritius (east of Madagascar); each of the water samples they collected in the between contained plastic. They found that the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Ocean gyres were affected in the same way as the North Pacific and North Atlantic gyres. Anna Cummins, cofounder of 5 Gyres Institute called the pollution they found "a thin plastic soup".

title: Great Pacific garbage patch

text: At TEDxDelft2012,[18][19] Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from oceanic gyres. Calling his project The Ocean Cleanup, he proposed to use surface currents to let debris drift to collection platforms. Operating costs would be relatively modest and the operation would be so efficient that it might even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms that divert rather than catch the debris. This avoids bycatch, while collecting even the smallest particles. According to Slat's calculations, a gyre could be cleaned up in five years' time, amounting to at least 7.25million tons of plastic across all gyres.[20] He also advocated "radical plastic pollution prevention methods" to prevent gyres from reforming.[20][21] In 2015, The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the Design Museum's 2015 Designs of the Year awards.[22] A fleet of 30 vessels, including a 32-metre (105-foot) mothership, took part in a month-long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys.[22]

title: Leatherback sea turtle

text: Pacific leatherbacks migrate about 6,000mi (9,700km) across the Pacific from their nesting sites in Indonesia to eat California jellyfish. One cause for their endangered state is plastic bags floating in the ocean. Pacific leatherback sea turtles mistake these plastic bags for jellyfish; an estimated one-third of adults have ingested plastic.[55] Plastic enters the oceans along the west coast of urban areas, where leatherbacks forage, with Californians using upward of 19billion plastic bags every year.[56]

title: Socorro Island

text: The island is part of the northern Mathematicians Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge that became largely inactive 3.5 million years ago when activity moved to the East Pacific Rise. All four islands along with the many seamounts on the ridge are post-abandonment alkaline volcanoes. Socorro Island is unusual in that it is the only dominantly silicic peralkaline volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean.

title: Pacific Ocean

text: This ocean has most of the islands in the world. There are about 25,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean.[42][43][44] The islands entirely within the Pacific Ocean can be divided into three main groups known as Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. Micronesia, which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line, includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest, the Caroline Islands in the center, the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast.[45][46]

title: Epinephelus maculatus

text: Epinephelus maculatus, the highfin grouper, is found in the Pacific Ocean: Eastern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific from Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Philippines, New Guinea, Great Barrier Reef, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, New Ireland, Fiji, Samoa, Palau, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, and Kiribati (Gilbert Islands).

title: Marine debris

text:
Once waterborne, debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of oceanic gyres where currents are weakest. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is one such example of this, comprising a vast region of the North Pacific Ocean rich with anthropogenic wastes. Estimated to be double the size of Texas, the area contains more than 3 million tons of plastic.
Patches may be large enough to be viewed by satellite. For example, when the Malaysian Flight MH370, disappeared in 2014, satellites were scanning the oceans surface for any sign of it, and instead of finding debris from the plane they came across floating garbage. The gyre contains approximately six pounds of plastic for every pound of plankton.

title: White-bellied storm petrel

text: Breeding colonies have been identified in the Lord Howe Island group (Roach Island, Ball’s Pyramid, Muttonbird Island and possibly Blackburn Island), although they are extinct on the main island of Lord Howe itself (Australia'); on Macauley and Curtis Islands in the Kermadec Islands (New Zealand') ; the Austral Islands (French Polynesia) and Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands ('Chile) in the Pacific Ocean; Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island (St Helena to UK') in the Atlantic Ocean; and Île Saint-Paul (French Southern Territories) in the Indian Ocean.

title: List of islands in the Pacific Ocean

text:
This is a list of many of the major Pacific islands, organized by archipelago or political unit. In order to keep this list of moderate size, links are given to more complete lists for countries with large numbers of small or uninhabited islands.(New Hebrides; see also Islands of Vanuatu) Port Vila
North Pacific Islands:

title: Lanternfish

text: A major source of food for many marine animals, lanternfish are an important link in the food chain of many local ecosystems, being heavily preyed upon by whales and dolphins, large pelagic fish such as salmon, tuna and sharks, grenadiers and other deep-sea fish (including other lanternfish), pinnipeds, sea birds, notably penguins, and large squid such as the jumbo squid, "Dosidicus gigas". Lanternfish themselves have been found to feed on bits of plastic debris accumulating in the oceans. At least one lantern fish was found with over 80 pieces of plastic chips in its gut, according to scientists monitoring ocean plastic in the Pacific Ocean's eastern garbage patch.

title: Charybdis natator

text: "Charybdis natator" is found throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans from eastern South Africa and Madagascar north to the Red Sea and across the Indian Ocean, including the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles, to the western pacific where it extends north to Japan and south to northern Australia including Lord Howe Island.

title: Geochelone burchardi

text: It was a large tortoise, similar to those currently found in some oceanic islands like the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean and Aldabra and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

title: Oceania

text: From 1527 to 1595 a number of other large Spanish expeditions crossed the Pacific Ocean, leading to the discovery of the Marshall Islands and Palau in the North Pacific, as well as Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Solomon Islands archipelago, the Cook Islands and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific.

title: Pacific Islands

text: The Pacific Islands are the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Three major groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean are Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia.

title: Central Indo-Pacific

text: The Central Indo-Pacific realm covers eastern shores of the tropical Indian Ocean, including most of the Indian Ocean coast of the Indonesian archipelago, the northern Australian coast, and the Cocos and Christmas islands. It extends through the tropical seas connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans, including the Java Sea in central Indonesia, the South China Sea between the Asian land mass and the Philippine and Malay archipelagos, and the Arafura Sea separating Australia and New Guinea. It includes the seas surrounding island groups of the western Pacific, including the Ryukyu Islands, Caroline Islands, Marianas Islands, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, and Lord Howe Island.

title: Vancouver Aquarium

text:
The Vancouver Aquarium has a program called Ocean Wise Life, which is aimed at promoting sustainable seafood in restaurants, markets, and other food service facilities, as well as ocean conscious plastic use and clothing. Its main thrust is to avoid species whose fishing typically causes large bycatches, species from areas where the habitat will degrade if overfished, and species which themselves are overfished. Ocean Wise works directly with food service companies to select sustainable seafood and actively promote them to the general public. The options are highlighted on participating restaurant menus and display cases with the Ocean Wise symbol, to help consumers make environmentally friendly seafood choices. Today, well over 700 restaurants and food stores in Canada are participants in the Ocean Wise sustainable seafood program.
In 2018, with the overarching organization name change to Ocean Wise Conservation Association, the program formerly called Ocean Wise was changed to Ocean Wise Life, and expanded from sustainable seafood to also include Plastic Wise, which teaches and recommends responsible plastic use and addresses the crisis of ocean plastic, as well as studying the effects of plastic fibers and microfibers in clothing, and how to mitigate the problem.

title: History of Oceania

title: Plastic pollution

text: In the Pacific Gyre, specifically 20°N-40°N latitude, large bodies with floating marine debris can be found. Models of wind patterns and ocean currents indicate that the plastic waste in the northern Pacific is particularly dense where the Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ), 23°N-37°N latitude, meets a southwest-northeast line, found north of the Hawaiian archipelago.

title: Lapita culture

text: The Lapita culture was a prehistoric Pacific Ocean people who flourished in the Pacific Islands from about 1600 BCE to about 500 BCE. Archaeologists believe that the Lapita are the ancestors of historic cultures in Polynesia, Micronesia, and some coastal areas of Melanesia. The characteristics of the Lapita culture are the extension of human settlement to previously uninhabited islands scattered over a large area in the Pacific Ocean, the spread of Oceanic languages in that area, the distinctive geometric dentate-stamped pottery, and the use and widespread distribution of obsidian.

title: Red-tailed tropicbird

text: The red-tailed tropicbird ranges across the southern Indian, and western and central Pacific Oceans, from the African coast to Indonesia, the waters around the southern reaches of Japan, across to Chile, and the Hawaiian Islands, where they are more common on the northwestern islands. There are large breeding colonies on Europa, Aldabra and Christmas Islands in the Indian Ocean, with smaller colonies in Madagascar, where it nests on the tiny island of Nosy Ve, the Seychelles, and Mauritius. In Australia, it nests on Queensland's coral islands (including Raine Island and Lady Elliot Island), and Ashmore Reef and Rottnest Island off Western Australia, as well as Sugarloaf Rock at Cape Naturaliste and Busselton on the Western Australian coastline itself, and the offshore territories of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk and Lord Howe islands. In New Zealand territory it breeds on the Kermadec Islands. Elsewhere in the Pacific it breeds in Fiji, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Hawaii, with a large colony on Kure Atoll, the Cook Islands, Pitcairn Island, and islands off Japan and Chile.

title: Bottled water ban

text: The overuse of plastics results in a dumping of plastics into the oceans at a rate of 8 million tons per year. The pilling up of plastics around the world continues to build up and now will facing issues like the Great Pacific garbage patch. Scientists now have estimated that at the rate will continue to dump plastics into our oceans, by 2050 there will have more plastic than fish in our oceans.