query: When was the Mansfield Town Football Club first founded?

title: Mansfield Town F.C.

text: Mansfield Town Football Club is a professional football club based in the town of Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England. The club was formed in 1897 as Mansfield Wesleyans, changing its name to Mansfield Wesley in 1906 before settling on Mansfield Town in 1910, and are nicknamed “The Stags”. They traditionally play in a royal blue and amber kit. The club currently competes in League Two, the fourth tier of English football. Mansfield have lifted four professional trophies, winning the Fourth Division title in 1974–75, the Third Division in 1976–77, the Football League Trophy in 1986–87 and the Football Conference title in 2012–13. The Stags also finished as runners-up in the 2010–11 FA Trophy.

title: Charles Howson

text: Charles Howson (18 July 1896 – 1976) was an English professional footballer who played as a defender. Born in Wombwell, he started his career with Rotherham Town in 1919, before joining his hometown club a year later. Numerous Football League clubs enquired to Wombwell with interest in acquiring the services of Howson, and in the summer of 1922 he joined Football League Third Division North club Nelson. After initially playing in the reserves, he was called up to the first-team for the home match against Ashington on 7 October 1922 due to an injury to Clement Rigg. Nelson lost the match 1–3 and the "Nelson Leader" described his performance as disappointing. He did not appear for Nelson again after that match, and left the club in November 1922 to join Port Vale on trial. His trial was unsuccessful and he moved to Mansfield Town on a permanent deal the following month. He played for Mansfield until the end of the 1922–23 season, when he left the club and retired from professional football.

title: A.F.C. Mansfield

text: A.F.C. Mansfield is a football club based in Forest Town, a suburb of Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Forest Town Stadium.

title: Paul Hall (footballer)

text: In July 2010, Hall was named youth team coach at Mansfield Town, but left the club just two months later when financial trouble forced the club to shut down their youth team. He subsequently joined Spalding United as a player, and made his debut for the Tulips on 2 October 2010 in a 3-0 defeat. Hall returned to Mansfield on 19 November 2010 when he was hired as Duncan Russell's assistant manager. On 30 March 2011, Hall was registered as a player to help ease the injury crisis at Mansfield Town, after the club could only name three healthy substitutes in the match against Crawley Town the day before. Hall left his assistant manager role on 7 June 2011.

title: 2005–06 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 2005–06 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in Football League Two where they finished in 16th position with 54 points.

title: 2003–04 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 2003–04 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 5th position with 75 points, reaching the 2004 Football League Third Division play-off Final where they lost on penalties to Huddersfield Town.

title: Mansfield Town F.C.

text: Mansfield Town was formed under the name of Mansfield Wesleyans in 1897, the name of the club coming from the local Wesleyan church. The club played friendlies up until the 1902–03 season, when it joined the Mansfield and District Amateur League. When the league dropped its amateur tag in 1906, the church abandoned the club, which changed its name to Mansfield Wesley and moved into the Notts and District League.

title: Paul Cox (footballer)

text: On 19 May 2011, Cox was appointed as the manager of Mansfield Town in the Conference Premier on a one-year contract. Cox led Mansfield to their highest Conference finish in his first season, finishing third, but eventually losing in the play offs to York City. The next season he guided Mansfield to promotion to the Football League. Mansfield won 20 of the last 24 games to be crowned champions,this included a club record of 12 consecutive wins. This season Mansfield also reached the 3rd round proper of The FA Cup, losing eventually to a controversial Luis Suarez goal which gave Liverpool a 2-1 win. On 12 April 2012, Cox confirmed a new contract with Mansfield chairman John Radford to keep him at the club for another two seasons.

title: List of Mansfield Town F.C. players

text: Mansfield Town Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. As of the 2016–17 season, they play in League Two, the fourth tier level of the English football league system. The club was formed in 1897 as Mansfield Wesleyans. In 1906, the club turned professional, after which the Methodist church disowned the club and forbade them to use the name "Wesleyans". The club reacted by changing its name to Mansfield Wesley, before adopting the current name Mansfield Town in 1910.

title: History of Mansfield Town F.C.

text: The Stags were by no means the first Football Club in Mansfield. In fact, a team named "Mansfield Town" played in the Midland Counties League as early as the 1892–93 season. "Mansfield Greenhalgh", a team for employees of the Greenhalgh & Sons Works, also competed in this league at the end of the 19th century, playing their home games at Field Mill. These two clubs merged in 1894 to form "Mansfield FC", although after 6 seasons of mediocre performance, the club disbanded around the turn of the century.

title: Ken Wagstaff

text: Kenneth "Ken" Wagstaff (born 24 November 1942 in Langwith, Nottinghamshire) is an English former footballer noted for his playing career at Mansfield Town and Hull City football clubs. In 2000, club fans of both Mansfield Town and Hull City voted Wagstaff their club's player of the century – the only player to be named by two football league clubs. During club centenary celebrations in 2004 he was voted "The greatest player to play for Hull City AFC" by supporters. Amazingly once again he was voted for by both Mansfield and Hull City fans as "all-time favourite player" in 2007.

title: History of Mansfield Town F.C.

text: Mansfield's poor form in league continued, however. Manager Billy Dearden was sacked, and replaced by Paul Holland. A freak goal for Rotherham in Mansfield's last home game of the season left the club's fate in other teams' hands. Mansfield's 77-year stay in the Football League was ended on 29 April 2008 when Chester City drew with Stockport County. Paul Holland was sacked in the summer for failing to keep the club in the Football League.

title: List of Mansfield Town F.C. players

text: The club began its existence playing in the Mansfield and District Amateur League. In 1911, Mansfield became a founding member of a new league, the Central Alliance. In 1919, the club moved to Field Mill, which remains their ground to this date, and in 1921, the club joined the Midland League. In 1924, the club applied to join the Football League, but was turned down. The club unsuccessfully applied several times to join the northern section of Football League's Third Division. However, in 1931, the club changed tactics and applied for membership in the southern section, and was finally elected to the league. The following season, Mansfield was transferred to the northern section to replace Wigan Borough who had folded during the previous season. The club remained in the bottom two divisions of the league with the exception of a single season at the second tier in 1977–78. The club also won the Football League Trophy in 1987, and defeated West Ham United to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in 1968–69. In 2007–08, Mansfield Town was relegated to the Football Conference. They won promotion back to the Football League in 2012–13.

title: List of Mansfield Town F.C. seasons

text: Mansfield Town Football Club is an English association football club based in the Nottinghamshire town of Mansfield. Founded in 1897 as Mansfield Wesleyans, the team first entered the Mansfield & District Amateur League in 1902. Four years later, the club turned professional, tweaked its name to Mansfield Wesley, and joined the Notts & District League. The team made their debut in the FA Cup in 1909–10, and joined the Central Alliance in 1911, by which time the club had adopted its current name of Mansfield Town. In the first post-First World War season, they moved to the Field Mill ground and won the Central Alliance title, and in 1921, they were accepted into the Midland League. Three years later, they won the Midland League title, repeated the feat the following year, and were runners-up the next. Applications for election to the Football League were unsuccessful, but in the hope of a better class of football, they had one season in the Midland Combination, primarily a reserve league for Football League clubs, before returning to the Midland League. In 1928–29, Mansfield won the Midland League title by a nine-point margin and beat two Football League clubs on the way to their first appearance in the fourth round of the FA Cup, in which they lost 2–0 to Arsenal at Highbury.

title: 1964 British betting scandal

text: Former Scottish youth international and Swindon Town, Plymouth Argyle, St Johnstone and Mansfield Town player Jimmy Gauld over several years systematically interfered with matches in the Football League, enticing players into betting on the outcome of fixed matches. It was when he learned that players at one of his former clubs - Mansfield Town - had been paid by Tranmere Rovers players to lose a game that Gauld first became involved in match-fixing.

title: 1997–98 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 1997–98 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 12th position on 65 points.

title: History of Mansfield Town F.C.

text: In the 1923–24 season, Mansfield appointed Jack Baynes as their first manager and raced to their first Midland League title, leading the club to apply for Football League status. Barrow and Hartlepool were re-elected, with Town not receiving a single vote. The following season, with fewer clubs, Mansfield won the competition and finished runners-up in the secondary competition, although again failed to get elected to the League. In 1925–26, the club finished second in the Midland League, despite scoring 120 goals. Mansfield again applied to join the Football League, but were instead only admitted to the Midland Combination. In the summer of 1926, Baynes contract as manager expired, and he was replaced by international footballer Teddy Davidson, as player-manager.

title: Mansfield

text: Mansfield is home to Mansfield Town FC, known as the Stags. This was relegated to the Conference National after 77 years in the Football League at the end of the 2007–2008 season, but returned to the Football League after winning the 2012–2013 Conference National title. Non-League club AFC Mansfield plays in the Forest Town area of Mansfield.

title: 2013–14 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: The 2013–2014 Season of Mansfield Town F.C. was its first back in the Football League, following promotion as champions from the Blue Square Bet Premier at the end of the 2012–13 season. The club also took part in the FA Cup, the League Cup and the Football League Trophy. The club played its home games at Field Mill, renamed the One Call Stadium for sponsorship reasons, the oldest ground in the Football League.

title: History of Mansfield Town F.C.

text: Mansfield Town Football Club are an English football club from the former mining town of Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. They are nicknamed "The Stags" and play in their traditional colours of amber and royal blue. They play in the Football League Two, following promotion from the Conference National at the end of the 2012–13 season. Relegation from The Football League at the end of the 2007–08 season had ended a 77-year stay, following the club's election in 1931. This page describes the history of the club, as well as listing historical club records.

title: History of Mansfield Town F.C.

text: Mansfield Town was founded in 1897 under the name of Mansfield Wesleyans. Like many football clubs, their name derives from a local church, in this case the Wesleyan church on Bridge Street. Playing in Chocolate and Sky Blue shirts, with Royal Blue shorts and socks, the club played in friendly matches and local cup ties. Its first game was on 4 September 1897, drawing 2–2 against Sherwood Foresters. Mansfield first joined a league in the 1902–03 season, competing in the Mansfield and District Amateur League. 6 September 1902 saw the Wesleyans lose their first league fixture 1-0 away at Mansfield Corinthians. A week later, Shirebrook Swifts put 13 past the Mansfield goalkeeper without reply, the worst defeat ever suffered by the club in a competitive match. The team ended its first season in 7th place (of 12).

title: Chris Wood (footballer, born 1987)

text: Born in Worksop, Wood came up through the Mansfield Town youth team where he was captain, before making his first-team debut aged 17 in an FA Cup tie against Colchester United in November 2004. He made his league debut in May 2005, when he came on as a substitute against Rochdale. In late March 2007, Wood was loaned to Ilkeston Town of the Northern Premier League to get first-team experience but was recalled in April to cover for injuries. After Mansfield Town were relegated to the Football Conference at the end of the 2007–08 season, he was out of contract but was offered new terms by the club.

title: 2006–07 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 2006–07 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in Football League Two where they finished in 17th position with 54 points.

title: Rory Boulding

text: Boulding began his footballing career as a trainee at Mansfield Town in August 2006, joining the club at the same time as his brother Michael. He started the 2006–07 season on loan at Ilkeston Town, returning to Mansfield to make his first-team debut as a substitute in the Football League Trophy match against Grimsby Town in October 2006 and his league debut as a substitute in the 5–0 victory against Torquay in January 2007. He did not start a game for Mansfield during his first season, coming on as substitute 11 times, but he signed a contract extension during the summer. In September 2007, he joined Hucknall Town on a one-month loan. He returned to Mansfield and scored his first senior goal in a first round FA Cup tie with Lewes. After Mansfield Town were relegated to the Football Conference at the end of the 2007–08 season, he was out of contract but was offered new terms by the club. In July 2008, he and his brother Michael both left Mansfield Town after turning down a contract offer to remain with the club in the Football Conference for the 2008–09 season.

title: Tyler Walker (footballer)

text: Tyler J. Andrew Walker (born 17 October 1996) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Mansfield Town, on loan from club Nottingham Forest. He is the son of former England defender Des Walker. An England under-20 international, he made his first-team debut for hometown club Nottingham Forest in March 2015. He has played on loan at Burton Albion, Stevenage, Port Vale, Bolton Wanderers and Mansfield Town.

title: Mansfield Football Club

text:
The Mansfield Football Club is an Australian rules football club in the Goulburn Valley Football League, they are based in Mansfield, Victoria. The club is officially known as the Mansfield Eagles Football/Netball club, but have been nicknamed "The Eagles" by supporters. The Eagles home ground is the Mansfield Recreation Reserve.
Matt Storer and Guy Taylor are Eagles Co-Captains for the 2010 season.
The Eagles Seniors are coached by ex-Collingwood player, Craig 'Ned' Kelly.

title: Midland Football League (1889)

text: Along with most other leagues, the Midland League closed down for the duration of World War I. When football resumed in 1919–20, the Midland League began to take on a different look. Three clubs (Chesterfield, Halifax Town and Lincoln City) joined the Football League when that organisation expanded to form a Third Division North, and the reserve sides of Football League clubs gradually left. More Midland League clubs progressed to the Football League, e.g. York City in 1929, and Mansfield Town in 1932.

title: 2000–01 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 2000–01 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 13th position on 58 points.

title: 1999–2000 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 1999–2000 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 17th position with 56 points.

title: 2004–05 Mansfield Town F.C. season

text: During the 2004–05 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in Football League Two where they finished in 13th position with 60 points.


query: Who is the current political leader of Indonesia?

title: President of Indonesia

text: On 20 October 2014, Joko Widodo became the seventh and current president of Indonesia.

title: Muslim women political leaders

text: There are many twentieth and twenty-first century examples of women leading Muslim-majority countries. The majority of all Muslims in the world live in countries that have, at some time, elected women as their leaders. The three most populous Muslim-majority countries have had women as leaders including Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh. , women still face many pressures as political leaders, including arrests, imprisonments and assassination attempts.

title: Leader of the Reformed Political Party

text: The Leader of the Reformed Political Party is the most senior politician within the Reformed Political Party (, SGP) in the Netherlands. The post is currently held by Kees van der Staaij, who succeeded Bas van der Vlies in 2010.

title: Judiciary of Indonesia

text: The Constitutional Court rules over disputes concerning the Constitution of Indonesia as well as matters involving elections and political parties. The current Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia is Arief Hidayat, who replaced Hamdan Zoelva in 2015. Zoelva's predecessor, Akil Mochtar, was stripped of his powers following allegations of accepting bribes. The current Deputy Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia is Anwar Usman.

title: Siti Noordjannah Djohantini

text: Siti Noordjannah Djohantini is a female Islamic scholar from Indonesia and currently serving her second term as the leader of Aisyiyah, Indonesia's first all-female Muslim organization. She was elected to her second term as leader on August 6, 2015, the same day on which her husband Haedar Nashir was elected to his first term as leader of Muhammadiyah. She was also the co-founder of Yasanti, Indonesia's first female workers' rights NGO.

title: New Order (Indonesia)

text: Immediately following the attempted coup in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, but the Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66' ("Angkatan 66") epitomised talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratisation and corporatisation of political and societal organisations, and selective but effective repression of opponents. Strident anti-communism remained a hallmark of the regime for its subsequent 32 years.

title: History of Indonesia

text: In October 1908, the first nationalist movement was formed, Budi Utomo. On 10 September 1912, the first nationalist mass movement was formed: Sarekat Islam. By December 1912, Sarekat Islam had 93,000 members. The Dutch responded after the First World War with repressive measures. The nationalist leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. In the post–World War I era, the Indonesian communists who were associated with the Third International started to usurp the nationalist movement. The repression of the nationalist movement led to many arrests, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno (1901–70), who was imprisoned for political activities on 29 December 1929. Also arrested was Mohammad Hatta, first Vice-President of Indonesia. Additionally, Sutan Sjahrir, who later became the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, was arrested on this date.

title: Pramoedya Ananta Toer

text: Pramoedya's writings on Indonesia address the international and regional currents caused by political events in history and how these events flowed through his homeland and buffeted its people. Pramoedya also shares a personal history of hardship and detention for his efforts of self-expression and the political aspects of his writings, and struggled against the censorship of his work by the leaders of his own people.Books on Pramoedya Ananta Toer

title: Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs (Indonesia)

text: Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security of Indonesia (abbreviated "Kemenko Polhukam") is the Indonesian government ministry in charge of planning and policy co-ordination, as well as synchronisation of policies in the fields of politics, law, and security. Kemenkopolhukam is led by a Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security. Throughout its history, the post is always occupied by a retired Indonesian National Armed Forces high-ranked officers. The current Coordinating Minister is Wiranto.

title: Government of Indonesia

title: Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)

text:
The Leader of Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (more commonly known as the Leader of the Opposition) is the politician who leads the official opposition in the United Kingdom.
The Leader of the Opposition by convention leads the largest party not within the government: where one party wins outright this is the party leader of the second largest political party in the House of Commons. The current Leader of the Opposition is Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party, who was elected to the leadership of the Labour Party on 12 September 2015.

title: Hinduism in Indonesia

text: To gain official acceptance and their rights in a Muslim-dominated country, Hinduism in Indonesia was politically forced to adapt. Currently Hindu Dharma is one of the five officially recognized monotheistic religions in Indonesia.

title: 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia

text: Immediately following the attempted coup in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, but the Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66' ("Angkatan 66") epitomized talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratization and corporatization of political and societal organizations, and selective but effective repression of opponents. Strident anti-communism remained a hallmark of the regime for its subsequent 32 years.

title: East Timor and Indonesia Action Network

text: ETAN eschews slogans. Its original mission was achieved in 2001, and much remains to be achieved in its current scope; its homepage is dedicated to the most recent issues affecting the southeast Asian area or the occasional endorsement from political leaders.

title: Madiun Affair

text: The Madiun Affair should be placed in an international context in which two superpower countries played a role in the Indonesian government's decision making. Suripno was a young communist who became the representative of the Republic of Indonesia at the Congress of World Federation of Democratic Youth in Prague in 1947. He was also given a mandate to contact the Soviet Union. On January 1948, he met a Russian ambassador and discussed future consular relationship between Russia and Indonesia. The Soviet government finally took the initiative by informing Suripno that the Consular Treaty had been rectified. Instead of accepting the treaty, Hatta's government decided to suspend the bilateral relationship. Suripno was then asked to return to Indonesia. On August 11, 1948 Suripno arrived at Jogjakarta with his 'secretary' who turned out to be Musso, a senior Indonesian communist leader. When asked to give official report to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Haji Agus Salim, Suripno praised Russia for its political stance that had always acknowledged Indonesia as a sovereign state.

title: Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica)

text: The Leader of Her Majesty's Opposition in Jamaica is the leader of the largest political party which has not formed the current government. The Leader of the Opposition is seen as the alternative Prime Minister and leads the Shadow Cabinet of Jamaica. As of January 2012, Jamaica has had no Leader of the Opposition who has not also served as Prime Minister. P. J. Patterson and Donald Sangster are the only two of Jamaica's nine Prime Ministers who has not also served as Leader of the Opposition.

title: Anas Urbaningrum

text: Anas Urbaningrum (born July 15, 1969 in Srengat, Blitar), is a former Indonesian politician who was the chairman of the Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat), the party who won Indonesia's general election in 2009. Elected at the age of 40, he was one of the youngest party leaders in Indonesia. Before this, he was the head of the Democratic Party's national division on Political and Regional Autonomy, and also the head of the Democratic fraction in House of Representatives (DPR) of the Republic of Indonesia.

title: Indonesian Future Leaders

text: Indonesian Future Leaders (IFL) is a non-profit organization which focuses its activity on youth empowerment and social voluntarism. It was founded on September 27, 2009 by 7 youths aged 17–18 to nurture Indonesia’s future leaders who are capable of being the agent of change for their community. The organization is run by all youths and has approximately 150 staffs, 700 volunteers, and 30,000 online supporters as of early 2013 spread all in its seven chapters in Jakarta, Bandung, Malang, Yogyakarta, Bali, Medan, and Bulukumba (South Sulawesi). IFL’s tagline of “Initiate, Act, Share, Inspire” is represented in its various capacity building, community development, and advocacy projects online and offline which aim to create socially aware future leaders of Indonesia. In February 2012, IFL has won the Millennium Development Goals awards presented by the government of the Republic of Indonesia for its active involvement in promoting the MDGs to Indonesian youths. Currently, IFL is led by Muhammad Iman Usman as the President and Dian Aditya Ning Lestari as the Vice President.

title: Abdurrahman Wahid

text: Abdurrahman Wahid (/ˌɑːbdʊəˈrɑːxmɑːn wɑːˈhiːd/(listen) AHB-doo-RAHKH-mahn wah-HEED; born Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil;[2][3] 7 September 1940 – 30 December 2009), colloquially known as Gus Dur (listen), was an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. The long-time president of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB), Wahid was the first elected president of Indonesia after the resignation of Suharto in 1998.

title: Dayak Unity Party

text: The Dayak Unity Party (, PPD) was a political party in Indonesia. Formed to represent 'primordial' interests of the Dayak people, the party was one few political parties in Indonesia at the time which was formed along ethnic lines. Oevaang Oeray, the first governor of West Kalimantan and one of the founders of the PPD, was a prominent leader of the party.

title: Leader of the Opposition (Victoria)

text: The Leader of the Opposition in Victoria is the leader of the largest political party in parliament but not in government. He or she is always a member of the Legislative Assembly. The current Opposition Leader is Michael O'Brien of the Liberal Party. He was elected Liberal leader on 6 December 2018, replacing Matthew Guy who resigned after losing the 2018 Victorian state election.

title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati is the leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), one of Indonesia's largest political parties. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

title: Muhammadiyah

text: At the moment, Muhammadiyah is the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia with 29 million members. Although Muhammadiyah leaders and members are often actively involved in shaping the politics in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah is not a political party. It has devoted itself to social and educational activities.

title: Muslim women political leaders

text:
The most populous Muslim-majority country.
She served as president of Indonesia from 2001-2004, becoming the first female president of Indonesia and the fourth female to lead a Muslim-majority nation.

title: New Indonesia Party of Struggle

text: The New Indonesia Party of Struggle () is a political party in Indonesia. It was established as the New Indonesia Alliance Party ("Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru") by the economist Dr. Sjahrir and was initially made up of university students, middle-class people and the leaders of several political parties. In a speech on 23 September 2002, Sjahrir said he wanted to establish the party because he was frustrated and angry with the political situation dominated by corruption and the craving for power.

title: Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals

text: ICMI was criticized as being a lobby group used by Suharto's unpopular regime to shore up political support from Indonesia Muslims. It was also seen as devoted to the political advancement of B. J. Habibie, who was widely seen as the potential successor to Suharto. Its high-level involvement in the government was also criticized by mass Indonesia Muslim groups such as the NU and the Islamic Association of University Students (HMI) as being more concerned with political power than the advancement of Islamic objectives. ICMI's ranks were believed to be infiltrated by Islamists who sought to exercise political power through the Suharto regime and consequently it aroused considerable opposition amongst secular Indonesians and non- Indonesia Muslims.

title: Indonesian Future Leaders

text: Youth Parliament of Indonesia is a simulation of a parliamentary session targeted for the youth of Indonesia. This program is inspired by the UK Youth Parliament and European Union Youth Parliament. Youth Parliament of Indonesia aims to create politically aware youths of Indonesia so that they are able to speak up their creative ideas to solve for some common problems in Indonesia, such as education, environmental sustainability and healthcare.

title: Leader of the Opposition (Nova Scotia)

text: The Leader of the Opposition () in Nova Scotia is the MLA in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly who leads the political party recognized as the Official Opposition. This status generally goes to the leader of the second largest party in the Legislative Assembly. Tim Houston, the current leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia, is the current leader of the opposition.

title: Indonesia–Japan relations

text: In 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded countries in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. The Japanese seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Java, Sumatera, and the Netherlands New Guinea (the modern day Indonesian province of Papua, which was also conveniently abundant in highly valuable copper) of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces and were welcomed by many as liberating heroes by Javanese natives. Many natives saw as the realization of an indigenous Javanese prophecy. The Japanese encouraged the spread of Indonesian nationalist sentiment. Although this was done more for Japanese political advantage than from altruistic support of Indonesian independence, this support created new Indonesian institutions and elevated political leaders such as Soekarno. Through recruiting Indonesian nationalist leaders, the Japanese attempted to rally Indonesian support and mobilize the Indonesian people in support of the Japanese war efforts. The experience of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia varied considerably, depending upon where one's location and social position. Many who lived in areas considered essential to the war effort endured torture, Sexual slavery, arbitrary arrest and execution, and other war crimes. Many thousands of people were taken away from Indonesia as forced laborers, or "romusha", for Japanese military projects where there was a very high death rate.

title: Islam in Indonesia

text: During the beginning of the Reformasi (reformation) era, the ascendance of Islamic political parties had led to the election of Abdurrahman Wahid, the leader of NU, as the fourth president of Indonesia, and the appointment of Amien Rais, the leader of Muhammadiyah, as the chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly. This era was briefly marked by the collapse of social order, erosion of central administrative control and the breakdown of law enforcement. They resulted in violent conflicts in which Islamic groups were involved, including separatism of Aceh where more conservative form of Islam is favored, and sectarian clashes between Muslims and Christians in Maluku and Poso. With the collapse of the establishment, MUI began distancing themselves from the government and attempted to exercise wider influence toward the Islamic civil society in Indonesia. This led to the issuance of controversial 2005 fatwa condemning the notion of liberalism, secularism and pluralism,[67] and subsequent criticism by progressive intellectuals.[68] Political transition from the authoritarianism to democracy, however, went relatively smoothly owing considerably to the commitment of tolerance by the mass organizations such as NU and Muhammadiyah. This made Muslim civil society a key part of Indonesia’s democratic transition.[69][70]

title: Universitas Kristen Indonesia

text: Shortly after the independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945, national figures who were also prominent leaders in the Indonesian Christian community were compelled to establish The Church Council of Indonesia (DGI: Dewan Gereja Indonesia).


query: Who is the current head of the Royal Air Force?

title: Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)

text: The Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the professional head of the Royal Air Force and a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Air Force Board. The post was created in 1918 with Major General Sir Hugh Trenchard as the first incumbent. The current and 29th Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Hillier, who succeeded Sir Andrew Pulford in July 2016.[2][3]

title: Royal Australian Air Force Band

text: The Royal Australian Air Force Band (Air Force Band) is the Royal Australian Air Force's official musical branch. The current commanding officer is Squadron Leader Mark Pentreath, CSM. The director of music is Flight Lieutenant Daniel Phillips.

title: Air force

text: Over the following decades most countries with any substantial military capability established their own independent air forces.The South African Air Force was formed on 1 February 1920 and the Royal Australian Air Force was formed shortly afterwards on 31 March 1921, although it was not until 1922 that the head of the Service was titled as Chief of the Air Staff, placing him on a par with his Australian Army and Navy counterparts. The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I, and was abolished and reorganized several times between 1918 and 1924. It became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the "Royal" title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938 when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force but did not become independent of the New Zealand Army until 1937. Other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937 when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command.The Afghan Air Force was established on 22 August 1924,with support of The Soviet Union and Great Britain, but the civil war destroyed most of the planes and it wasn't until 1937,when King Mohammed Nadir Shah took power and reestablished the Afghan air Force.

title: Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)

text: The Commander of the Air Force is the professional head of the Sri Lanka Air Force. The current Commander of the Air Force is Air Marshal Kapila Jayampathy. It is a position comparable to that of Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Air Force. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force acts as a deputy commander within the command structure.

title: Royal Air Force Police

text: The Royal Air Force Police (RAFP) is the service police branch of the Royal Air Force, headed by the Provost Marshal of the Royal Air Force. Its headquarters are at RAF Honington and it deploys throughout the world to support RAF and UK defence missions.

title: Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters

text: The Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters ( or the RTARF HQ, is the "mostly ornamental" joint headquarters of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, which is composed of the Royal Thai Army, the Royal Thai Navy and Royal Thai Marine Corps, and the Royal Thai Air Force. Formerly the Supreme Command Headquarters (, the name was changed in February 2008. The headquarters is divided into two branches: the "Command Group" and the "Joint Group". The headquarters is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces (, currently General Surapong Suwan-ath of the Royal Thai Army. The chief is supported by several departments and directorates, including four deputy chiefs. The headquarters is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence of Thailand and the Defence Minister.

title: Air Force ranks and insignia of India

text: The Indian Air Force's rank structure is based on that of the Royal Air Force. The highest rank attainable in the Indian Air Force is Marshal of the Indian Air Force, conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF Arjan Singh was the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff, who holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal. The current Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa, appointed on 31 December 2016, following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha.

text: The Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force (French: "commandant de l'Aviation royale canadienne") is the institutional head of the Royal Canadian Air Force. This appointment also includes the title Chief of the Air Force Staff and is based at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario.

title: GBU-12 Paveway II

text: The GBU-12 Paveway II is an American aerial laser-guided bomb, based on the Mk 82 500-pound general-purpose bomb, but with the addition of a nose-mounted laser seeker and fins for guidance. A member of the Paveway series of weapons, Paveway II entered into service c. 1976. It is currently in service with the Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Force, U.S. Air Force, US Navy, US Marine Corps, Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Philippine Air Force, Colombian Air Force, Swedish Air Force, and various NATO air forces.

title: List of Royal Air Force stations

text: This list of RAF Stations is a list of all current Royal Air Force stations (military air bases), airfields, and administrative headquarters of the Royal Air Force. Also included are airfields operated by the Ministry of Defence but no longer considered as RAF stations, MOD air weapons ranges and stations operated by the US Visiting Forces.

title: History of the Royal Canadian Air Force

text: The Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force is the institutional head of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Starting with the Canadian Air Force in 1920, air force commanders have had several titles: Officer Commanding, Director, Senior Air Officer, Chief of the Air Staff, and Commander. In August 2011, with the restoration of the Royal Canadian Air Force name, the title "Chief of the Air Staff" was changed to "Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force."

title: Royal Auxiliary Air Force

text: The Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RAuxAF), formerly the Auxiliary Air Force (AAF), together with the Air Force Reserve, is a component of Her Majesty's Reserve Air Forces (Reserve Forces Act 1996, Part 1, Para 1,(2),(c)). It provides a primary reinforcement capability for the regular service, and consists of paid volunteers who give up some of their weekends, evenings and holidays to train at one of a number of squadrons around the United Kingdom. Its current mission is to provide trained personnel in support of the regular RAF. Queen Elizabeth II is Air Commodore-in-Chief of the RAuxAF.

title: Royal Air Force

text: Headquarters Royal Air Force Music Services, located at RAF Northolt, supports professional musicians who attend events around the globe in support of the RAF. The Central Band of the Royal Air Force was established in 1920.[169] Other bands include the Band of the Royal Air Force College, the Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment and the Band of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force.[170]

title: Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

text: The largest operator of the new model is the U.S. Air Force, which has ordered the aircraft in increasing numbers. Current operators of the C-130J are the USAF (including the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard), United States Marine Corps (being their fourth variant after KC-130F, KC-130R and KC-130T,) United States Coast Guard, Royal Air Force, Indian Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Danish Air Force, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Israeli Air Force, and the Italian Air Force. As of July 2010, a total of 200 units have been produced of the 284 on order at that time.

title: Commandant Air Cadets

text: Commandant Air Cadets is the title given to the Royal Air Force officer who is responsible for running the Royal Air Force Air Cadets, embracing the Air Training Corps (ATC) and the RAF Sections of the Combined Cadet Force (CCF RAF). The current Commandant Air Cadets is Air Commodore Dawn McCafferty.

title: Structure of the Royal Air Force in 1989

text: The Chief of the Air Staff was an Air Chief Marshal, who commanded the Royal Air Force. He was a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, the Defence Council, and the Air Force Board, which administered the Royal Air Force. The following positions were part of the Air Force Board:The strength of the Royal Air Force in 1989 was 93,300 men.

title: Indian Air Force

text: The rank structure of the Indian Air Force is based on that of the Royal Air Force. The highest rank attainable in the IAF is Marshal of the Indian Air Force, conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff, who holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal.

title: List of current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft

text: This is a list of the current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft in operation:

title: Indonesian Air Force Academy

text: The academy's history began in 1921 in the Kalijati District of Subang Regency, West Java. The Dutch East Indies government officially opened the first military flying school in a makeshift airfield in the district for potential pilots in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force on 1 August 1921. The school moved to Bandung in 1939, and during Japanese occupation in 1942 there had been a number of native-born alumni who had previously trained in the Koninklijke Militaire Academie. One of them was the future first Chief of the Air Staff of the Air Force, then Flying Officer Suryadi Suryadarma of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force who would in the independence era (and the Indonesian National Revolution) would be instrumental in the formation of the young air force. Assisted by Agustinus Adisucipto, another ML-KNIL veteran who served in the independence forces, the academy opened its doors on its current campus, what is now the Adisutjipto Air Force Base, on 15 November 1945, assuming its current name in the 1950s and in the 1960s its present-day 4-year officer cadet course for air officer cadets.

title: List of commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Air Force

text: The Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Air Force (), currently Air Chief Marshal Chaiyapruek Tishyasarin, who is headquartered in Bangkok.

title: General officer

text:
The following articles deal with the rank of general, or its equivalent, as it is or was employed in the militaries of those countries:
Some countries (such as the United States) use the general officer ranks for both the army and the air force, as well as their marine corps; other nations only use the general officer ranks for the army, while in the air force they use air officers as the equivalent of general officers. They use the air force rank of air chief marshal as the equivalent of the specific army rank of general. This latter group includes the British Royal Air Force and many current and former Commonwealth air forces—e.g. Royal Australian Air Force, Indian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force, etc.

title: King's College London

text: King's alumni in the military include the current Chairman of the NATO Military Committee Petr Pavel, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe Sir Adrian Bradshaw, the former head of the British Army Lord Harding, head of the Singapore Armed Forces Neo Kian Hong, head of the Nigerian Armed Forces Ola Ibrahim, head of the Maltese Armed Forces Martin Xuereb, head of the Malaysian Army Md Hashim bin Hussein, head of the Pakistan Air Force Sohail Aman, head of the Sri Lankan Air Force Harsha Abeywickrama and two heads of the Indian Air Force, Pratap Chandra Lal and Sir Richard Peirse; three Commandant Generals of the Royal Marines, Ed Davis, Andy Salmon, and Sir Robert Fry, and two recipients of the Victoria Cross, Ferdinand Le Quesne and Mark Sever Bell.

title: Royal Air Force Air Cadets

text: The Royal Air Force Air Cadets (RAFAC) is the youth organisation sponsored by the Royal Air Force that manages both the Air Training Corps and RAF Sections of the Combined Cadet Force. The organisation is headed by a former serving RAF officer, Commandant Air Cadets. The current commandant is Air Commodore Dawn McCafferty.

title: Royal Canadian Air Force

text: The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; French: Aviation royale canadienne, ARC) is the air force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower".[3] The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. As of 2013, the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of 14,500 Regular Force and 2,600 Primary Reserve personnel, supported by 2,500 civilians, and operates 258 manned aircraft and 9 unmanned aerial vehicles[1][4]. Lieutenant-General Al Meinzinger is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Chief of the Air Force Staff.[5]

title: Air chief marshal

text: The officer appointed to command the Royal Thai Air Force has been promoted to the rank of air chief marshal () since c. 1950. From 1950 to 2012 there have been 18 Royal Thai Air Force commanders who have held the rank. The present commander is Air Chief Marshal Prachin Chantong who is supported by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief (currently Air Chief Marshal Kanaphan Sanguansat) and the Assistant Commander-in-Chief (currently Air Chief Marshal M.L. Suthirat Kasemsan). In the event that an air force officer is appointed to the position of Chief of Defence Forces (formerly Supreme Commander), then he has always held the rank of air chief marshal. The last air chief marshal to be appointed Supreme Commander was Air Chief Marshal Voranat Aphichari who retired in 1994.

title: Minister of Defense (Saudi Arabia)

text: The Ministry of Defense (Arabic: وزارة الدفاع), a ministry in Saudi Arabia that is responsible for the protection of the national security, interests and sovereignty of the country from the external threats as well as the working with all ministries of the state to achieve national security and stability. The current minister of defense is Prince Mohammad bin Salman who was appointed on 23 January 2015. The Ministry includes five armed forces; The Royal Saudi Land Forces (RSLF) ,The Royal Saudi Air Forces (RSAF), The Royal Saudi Naval Forces, The Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces (RSADF) and The Royal Saudi Strategic Missiles Force.

title: List of Royal Australian Air Force air marshals

text: The rank of air chief marshal is the most senior rank within the Royal Australian Air Force to which, excluding ceremonial appointments, any officer has ever been promoted. Only the five-star rank of Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force is higher, but it has only been held in a ceremonial capacity. As there are currently no appointments in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) at the five-star level, there is no prospect of a RAAF officer achieving the rank in a professional (i.e. non-ceremonial) capacity. Additionally, Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force is generally considered to be a marshal rank as opposed to an air marshal rank and so the only two individuals ever to hold the rank, King George VI and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, are not listed in a separate section. With the current structure of the ADF, the rank of air chief marshal is only held when an officer of the RAAF is appointed as Chief of the Defence Force. As of June 2018, only four officers have obtained the rank of air chief marshal in the RAAF, the first being Sir Frederick Scherger in 1965 who was also the first non-Army officer in the Australian military to reach four-star rank. Mark Binskin is the recently promoted of the four, having been advanced to air chief marshal in June 2014.

title: List of aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force

text: Many aircraft types have served in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) since it was formed in March 1921. This is a list of RAAF aircraft, those types that have served and been retired by the RAAF. It also includes aircraft of the Australian Flying Corps, Australian Air Corps and Australian Air Force. The aircraft are listed in alphabetic order of their RAAF type name, and then in mark order within that type. For the current aircraft of the RAAF, refer to the list of current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft.

title: Aviator badge

text:
The current aviator badge of the Royal Air Force has been in use since the Second World War. The badge consists of a winged crown and wreath, beneath which are the letters "RAF". The Royal Air Force also uses a "half wing" version to denote Aviation Observers.
The current aviator badge of the Belgian Air Force is:
The aviator badge of the Royal Danish Air Force is:
The emblem of the People's Liberation Army Air Force is:
The aviator badges of the French Air Force/ and French Navy/ are:

title: Joel Hayward

text: Hayward lived and worked in the United Kingdom from 2004 to 2012 first teaching strategy and operational art at the Joint Services Command and Staff College. In November 2005 he became the head of the newly created Air Power Studies Division, a specialist unit of Defence Studies academics established by the Royal Air Force and King's College London at the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell. Hayward was appointed Dean of the RAF College, Cranwell in April 2007. He was a Director of the Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies, the Air Force's national thinktank. He was also a member of the CAS Air Power Workshop, a small and highly select working group of scholars and other theorists convened by the Chief of Air Staff (the head of the Royal Air Force.)


query: What country has the most tornados?

title: Tornado climatology

text: Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development.[1] The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley.[2] Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe, South Africa, Philippines, Bangladesh, parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern and southeast Brazil, northern Mexico, New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.[3][4]

title: Climate of Alabama

text: Tornadoes occur frequently in Alabama during the spring and fall months, these tornadoes can be devastating and even deadly.– these are common throughout the state, although the peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama, along with Kansas, has the most reported F5/EF5 tornadoes than any other state – according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to October 31, 2006. An F5 tornado is the most powerful of its kind. Several long – tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state except for Texas and Mississippi. The Super Outbreaks of April 1974 and April 2011 both badly affected Alabama. The northern part of the state – along the Tennessee Valley – is one of the areas in the US most vulnerable to violent tornadoes . The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season (November and December) along with the spring severe weather season.

title: Daulatpur–Saturia tornado

text: Bangladesh is one of the countries with the highest frequency of tornadoes, behind the United States and Canada. Bangladesh has received other deadly tornadoes, but this particular storm was the worst in the country's history.

title: Manitou Beach-Devils Lake, Michigan

text: The Manitou Beach region was devastated by two F4 tornadoes during the April 11, 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak. Most of what was destroyed was rebuilt, including the dance hall and two churches. Over the course of the past five decades, the resort has had few reminders of the tornado.

title: Tornado outbreak sequence of April 19–24, 2011

text: Scattered tornadoes were reported across the US, but most were weak or remained over open country. However one tornado caused EF2 damage in the town of Bardwell, Kentucky. Another EF2 tornado destroyed airplane hangars near Cairo, Illinois. These later tornadoes were not part of the same weather system as the earlier tornadoes; they were part of a weather system that led to the 2011 Super Outbreak.

title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: The Southern United States has suffered more tornado fatalities than any other part of the country. Some areas experience repeated damaging tornado events, such as the Tennessee Valley and in northern Alabama. The state of Alabama is tied for the most reported F5 tornadoes. For the period 1950 to 2006, three hundred and fifty eight people were killed by tornadoes in Alabama, ranking the state third nationwide behind Texas (521) and neighboring Mississippi (404). Fourth is Arkansas (336) and fifth is Tennessee with 271 fatalities.

title: Tornado climatology

text: More tornadoes occur in Texas than in any other US state. The state which has the highest number of tornadoes per unit area is Florida, although most of the tornadoes in Florida are weak tornadoes of EF0 or EF1 intensity. A number of Florida's tornadoes occur along the edge of hurricanes that strike the state. The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is Oklahoma. The neighboring state of Kansas is also a particularly notorious tornado state. It records the most EF4 and EF5 tornadoes in the country.

title: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4s and two F/EF5s.

title: Climate of Europe

text: The Netherlands has the highest average number of recorded tornadoes per area of any country in the world (more than 20, or 0.0005 per km), annually), followed by the UK (around 33, or 0.0001 per km), per year), but most are small and cause minor damage. In absolute number of events, ignoring area, the UK experiences more tornadoes than any other European country, excluding waterspouts. Europe uses its own tornado scale, known as the TORRO scale, which ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.

title: Climate of the United Kingdom

text:
It is internationally recognised that the United Kingdom has a higher incidence of tornadoes, measured by unit area of land, than any other country in the world. Dr T. Theodore Fujita (inventor of the Fujita scale), an American meteorologist, was the first to recognise the UK as the top site for tornadoes in 1973. The United Kingdom has at least 33 tornadoes per year, more than any other country in the world relative to its land area. Although most tornadoes are weak, there are occasional destructive events, for example, the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006. Both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury. The largest ever recorded was thought to have been an F4, again in London in 1091. The most deadly occurred on 28 December 1879. All 74 lives were lost when a passenger train plunged from the Tay Bridge (Tayside) into the Tay Estuary, when the middle section of the bridge collapsed. Although the bridge was poorly constructed and had already been weakened in earlier gales (including the pre-existing winds at the time of the tragedy), the ultimate failure is believed to have been caused by two or three waterspouts which were sighted close to the bridge immediately before the accident. A tornado also developed in London on 3 July 2007.
The UK also holds the title for the highest known 'outbreak' of tornadoes outside of the United States. The largest tornado outbreak in Britain is also the largest tornado outbreak known anywhere in Europe. On 23 November 1981, 105 tornadoes were spawned by a cold front in the space of 5.25 hours. Excepting Derbyshire, every county in a triangular area from Gwynedd to Humberside to Essex was hit by at least one tornado, while Norfolk was hit by at least 13. Very fortunately most tornadoes were short-lived and also weak (the strongest was around T5 on the TORRO Tornado Scale) and no deaths occurred.

title: Tornado climatology

text: The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade while Canada reports nearly 100 annually (largely in the southern regions). However, the UK has most tornadoes per area per year, 0.14 per 1000km², although these tornadoes are generally weak, and many other European countries have a similar number of tornadoes per area.[1]

title: Tornadoes of 1973

text: This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 1973, but mostly features events in the United States. According to tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis, documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information. Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life. Consequently, available documentation in 1973 mainly covered the United States. On average, most recorded tornadoes, including the vast majority of significant—F2 or stronger—tornadoes, form in the U.S., although as many as 500 may take place internationally. Some locations, like Bangladesh, are as prone to violent tornadoes as the U.S., meaning F4 or greater events on the Fujita scale.

title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: In the United States over 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries are associated with tornadoes each year. According to the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, most tornado deaths are caused by people not following instructions on what to do the right way. They also mention that some people are not even warned that a tornadic storm is coming, while others get a warning but do not believe that a tornado will hit their area. In 2012, 68 people were killed by tornadoes in the United States. Kentucky had the most fatalities, 22. Kentucky was followed by Indiana (13), Illinois (9), Missouri and Oklahoma (6), Ohio (4), Alabama and Tennessee (3), and Florida and Kansas (1).

title: Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007

text: Although the most damaging tornado of the outbreak sequence occurred in Greensburg on the 4th, twenty-five tornadoes were confirmed that day. That number exploded to 84 the following day (May 5), with many tornadoes near the affected area from the previous night. Most were in open country, but there were injuries in at least two spots in Kansas, and one death reported near a county lake in Ottawa County. 14 more tornadoes were confirmed on May 6th in the region before the outbreak finally ended.

title: 1979 Woodstock, Ontario, tornado

text: While it is unlikely that the 1979 storm was as powerful as the 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh, Ontario tornado (where it has been speculated that F5 damage took place), the most glaring difference was that of path width. Whereas the damage paths of the 1946, 1953, and 1985 tornadoes remained under one kilometre, the Woodstock one was more massive in size. In some cases its width approached one mile, likely making it one of the largest tornadoes documented in Canada alongside the July 1987 Edmonton Tornado. Environment Canada places the 1979 Woodstock tornado as the eleventh worst in the country's history.http://www.simcoereformer.ca/2009/08/26/memories-whirl-of-tornado-79

title: Spencer, South Dakota

text: On May 30, 1998, the most destructive and second deadliest tornado in South Dakota history struck Spencer. It began as a large, dust-cloaked tornado NW of Farmer, South Dakota in Hanson County, concurrent with the demise of the "Fulton" tornado. Continuing toward the ESE, it struck several farmsteads before crossing the Hanson/McCook County line a half mile WNW of Spencer. At this time, the tornado was being observed by the OU Doppler on Wheels crew, whose mobile Doppler radar data showed up to 264 mph winds in the tornado a few tens of meters above ground level. The population of the town diminished soon after to less than half of what it was previous to the tornado, from 315 to 145 in April 1999, and has since hovered around that mark.

title: 2009 Minnesota tornadoes

text: The most unusual tornado event of the year occurred on August 19. Seven tornadoes were recorded in Minnesota that day, including one that touched down in Minneapolis. What made this day unusual is that a unique atmospheric setup allowed several of the tornadoes to be spawned from rain showers where no lightning was present.

title: 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado

text: In what was apparently an intense tornado outbreak sequence, other major tornado outbreaks occurred on May 15, May 17, and May 24–25, with other smaller outbreaks during the month as well. The middle to end of May was extremely active but sparse records preclude knowing much detail. Tom Grazulis has stated that the week of May 24–28 was "perhaps the most violent single week of tornado activity in US history".

title: Tornado climatology

text: The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade. April 2011 saw the most tornadoes ever recorded for any month in the US National Weather Service's history, 875; the previous record was 542 in one month.[16] It has more tornadoes yearly than any other country and reports more violent (F4 and F5) tornadoes than anywhere else.

title: Tornadoes of 2008

text: There were 1,692 tornadoes confirmed in the United States in 2008, with 126 confirmed fatalities. This made 2008 the deadliest year in that country since 1998. Nine other fatalities have been reported elsewhere in the world: three in France, two each in Bangladesh and Poland and one each in Russia and China. With 1,692 confirmed tornadoes, 2008 ranked as the third most active US tornado season on record, only 2011 and 2004 have had more tornadoes confirmed with 1,697 and 1,817, respectively. The US state of Kansas received the most tornadoes in the United States in 2008 with 187.

title: Tornado

text: The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, nearly four times more than estimated in all of Europe, excluding waterspouts.[67] This is mostly due to the unique geography of the continent. North America is a large continent that extends from the tropics north into arctic areas, and has no major east-west mountain range to block air flow between these two areas. In the middle latitudes, where most tornadoes of the world occur, the Rocky Mountains block moisture and buckle the atmospheric flow, forcing drier air at mid-levels of the troposphere due to downsloped winds, and causing the formation of a low pressure area downwind to the east of the mountains. Increased westerly flow off the Rockies force the formation of a dry line when the flow aloft is strong,[68] while the Gulf of Mexico fuels abundant low-level moisture in the southerly flow to its east. This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air, the conditions that breed strong, long-lived storms throughout the year. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States known as Tornado Alley.[69] This area extends into Canada, particularly Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, although southeast Quebec, the interior of British Columbia, and western New Brunswick are also tornado-prone.[70] Tornadoes also occur across northeastern Mexico.[5]

title: List of 21st-century Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

text: On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in Southern Ontario, the southern Canadian Prairies and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the second country in the world with the most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of . Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation.

title: List of Connecticut tornadoes

text: As with most of the northeastern United States, the number of tornadoes peaks in the summer months, normally in July or August. Hartford County has had the most tornadoes in the state, although since 1950 Litchfield County has reported the most tornadoes. Several areas have been struck more than once, and Waterbury has been struck by no less than four tornadoes since 1955.

title: Climate of Texas

text: Thunderstorms are very common in Texas, especially the eastern and northern portion. Texas is part of the Tornado Alley section of the country. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the Union, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.[4] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April, May, and June.[17]

title: 1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado

text: Though Windsor had CKLW as a radio station from Detroit, Michigan, there were no records kept from them. CBC Toronto was the only radio station that has kept their archives for the reports on this event. CBC Archives helps to explain what happened in Windsor the day after on Windsor, Ont. struck by tornado in 1946. The report explains what happened, how many were killed, how citizens feel and even what was stolen and who came out to help. In addition to this report, there were many reports to explain how the tornado was formed for this tornado. The reports also hold onto interviews from people who viewed the tornado first hand.

title: List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

text: This page lists tornadoes and tornado outbreaks which have touched down in Canada prior to the 21st century. On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in Southern Ontario, the southern Canadian Prairies and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the country with the second most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of . Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation.

title: Tornado records

text: Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation, at an estimated $2.9billion (1997USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals near $2.8 billion (2011 USD). Until 2011, the "Bridge Creek-Moore tornado" of May 3, 1999 was the most damaging.[12]

title: Tornadoes in the United States

text: Tornadoes create different damage depending on how fast their wind speeds are. The Fujita Scale classifies a tornado by its wind speeds. For example, if the tornado's wind speeds are low, then it is classified as a F0 tornado. If the tornado's wind speeds are about 200 miles per hour or at 200 miles per hour, then it is classified as a F5 tornado. In the United States, tornadoes have been known to form at high and low intensities. The probability of a high intensity or violent tornado differs by location across the country. For example, due to the high frequency of tornadoes in the "Tornado Alley" area mentioned before, a more violent tornado would be more likely to form there due to the strength of the thunderstorms produced by the two bordering air masses. The states with the highest number of F5 and EF5 rated tornadoes since data was available in 1950 are Alabama and Oklahoma, each with seven tornadoes. Iowa, Kansas, and Texas each are tied for second most with six. The state with the highest number of F5 and EF5 tornadoes per square mile, however, was Iowa. The state with the most number of tornadoes classified as "violent", or F4 and F5, is Kentucky, and the state with the highest average intensity ranking for tornadoes is Alabama.

title: Tornado

text: There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.[9] Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (trochoidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating.[10][11]

title: Tornado

text: The United Kingdom has the highest incidence of tornadoes, measured by unit area of land, than any other country in the world.[86] Unsettled conditions and weather fronts transverse the Islands at all times of the years and are responsible for spawning the tornadoes, which consequently form at all times of the year. The United Kingdom has at least 34 tornadoes per year and possibly as many as 50,[87] more than any other country in the world relative to its land area. Most tornadoes in the United Kingdom are weak, but they are occasionally destructive. For example, the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006 both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury.[88]