query: Does TLC have a hit single?

title: TLC discography

text: They have had four number one hit singles in the United States: "Creep", "Waterfalls", "No Scrubs" and "Unpretty". The group have certified shipping of 23 million albums[1] and 6.5 million singles[2] in the United States. In 2008, the group was inducted into the All Time Hot 100 Artist Hall of Fame by Billboard magazine at 56th place.[3]

title: TLC discography

text: Artist Collection[27] (2004) Collections[28] (2006) The Greatest Hits of TLC[29] (2008) Playlist: The Very Best of TLC[30] (2009) Steel Box Collection: Greatest Hits[31] (2009) Super Hits[32] (2010) 12" Masters Essential Mixes[33][34][35] (2010) S.O.U.L.[36] (2013)

title: TLC Travel

text: TLC Travel, stylised as tlc, is a bus operator based in Bradford which operates bus services across West Yorkshire. Founded in 2000 as "Trish Lambert Coaches" using a single coach for private hire services, as of September 2017, TLC Travel now operate 57 buses across three depots in Bradford, Huddersfield and Todmorden.

title: Lisa Lopes

text: During her short solo career, Lopes scored two US top-ten singles with "Not Tonight" and "U Know What's Up", as well as one UK number-one single with "Never Be the Same Again". She also produced the girl group Blaque, who scored a platinum album and two US top-ten hits. Lopes remains the only member of TLC to have released a solo album.

title: Get It Up

text: "Get It Up" was covered by girl group TLC for the "Poetic Justice" soundtrack becoming a major hit for the group and was later included in TLC's greatest hits album, "". The video for TLC's "Get It Up" was shot in June 1993.

title: The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits

text: The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits (or The Best of TLC for digital release), is the second greatest hits album from American group TLC. It was released exclusively in the United Kingdom by Sony BMG on August 20, 2007. This is the trio's third compilation to be released in the country after the moderately successful "" back in 2003. Having a similar tracklist to the first compilation, the album contains TLC's most successful singles from four of their studio albums, which have been credited to many of the group's producers like Dallas Austin and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds.

title: TLC (group)

text: In 2012, Watkins and Thomas appeared in British pop group Stooshe's music video for their cover version of "Waterfalls". It was later be included in "Totally T-Boz", a docu-series chronicling Watkins's move to California, health issues and solo endeavors. Stooshe later performed "Waterfalls" at the 17th annual MOBO Awards on November 3, 2012, where TLC was honored with Outstanding Contribution to Music. On June 23, 2013, TLC received the Legend Award at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, at which they also performed a medley of their hit singles. On June 19, 2013, to celebrate their 20th anniversary in the music industry, the group released a Japan-exclusive compilation album entitled "TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits", which includes remastered versions of their old songs; as a gift for their Japanese fans, they also recorded a new version of "Waterfalls", enlisting Japanese singer Namie Amuro to sing Lopes's part. The decision to record with Amuro was raised as an issue by Lopes's family, who felt "betrayed", as they were not informed about the vocal replacement. Watkins and Thomas subsequently stated that they had been unable to gain clearance to use Lopes' vocals for the new version of the song, but that Lopes would've approved of having Amuro on the track.

title: The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits

text: TLC's exclusive greatest hits album for the United Kingdom market was first announced in June 2007 with the planned title "Crazy Sexy Hits", a play on the title of their second studio album "CrazySexyCool" (1994). This compilation is the group's third to be released in the country after "" (2003) and "Artist Collection" (2004), the first of which was certified Silver in the country while the latter failed to chart anywhere. On August 20, 2007, Sony BMG, head of the group's former LaFace and Arista Records, released the compilation fully titled "The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits". This name was later listed by "Radio.com" contributor Jeremy D. Larson as the thirty-second most "cutest" title for any greatest hits album.

title: TLC (group)

text: "Vibe" believed that there would be no "all-black female R&B group having a chemistry, cultural and commercial impact as remotely comparable as TLC" and dubbed "CrazySexyCool" as "the blueprint for female ensembles to follow". The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" called TLC "the most influential female group the world has ever seen". Singer Beyoncé, the former lead singer of Destiny's Child stated that "TLC has influenced just about every female group that's out there now, and they definitely influenced Destiny's Child." Craig JC from "Clutch" wrote that TLC were "big and influential" during the 1990s, and that their contemporaries such as SWV, Total, Blaque, 3LW, Brownstone, 702, Jade, Xscape and En Vogue did not have TLC's crossover appeal." David A. Keeps from "Rolling Stone" explained the impact of TLC:

title: Tables, ladders, and chairs match

text: On the January 16, 2006 edition of "Raw", WWE had its fifth TLC match, the first in over three years. Edge successfully defended his WWE championship against Ric Flair. It was the first TLC match to be held in singles competition and the first to have the WWE championship on the line. TLC VI was held at "Unforgiven" on September 17, 2006, where John Cena won the WWE championship from Edge in his first TLC match. TLC VII was held at "One Night Stand" on June 1, 2008, where Edge won the vacated World Heavyweight Championship, defeating The Undertaker and (kayfabe) banishing him from WWE. TLC VIII was held at "SummerSlam" on August 23, 2009, where CM Punk won the World Heavyweight Championship from TLC veteran Jeff Hardy. This marked the first time Jeff Hardy had participated in a singles TLC match.

title: TLC (group)

text: All four singles from "CrazySexyCool" reached the top five on the "Billboard" Hot 100—"Creep" and "Waterfalls" reached number one, "Red Light Special" peaked number two and "Diggin' on You" reached number five. "Waterfalls", an Organized Noize-produced song that features an old-school soul-based musical arrangement, socially conscious lyrics criticizing drug dealing and unsafe sex, and an introspective rap from Lopes, became the biggest hit of TLC's career. Its million-dollar music video was an MTV staple for many months and made TLC the first black act to win MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year.

title: Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg

text: "Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg" is the debut single by American group TLC from their debut album, "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip". It was released by LaFace Records on November 22, 1991. The song would ultimately peak at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number two on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, becoming their first single to reach the top ten on both charts. The single also reached the Top Twenty in the UK Singles Chart. The song is very much about the girls saying that they don't mind begging for sex from their significant others. Songwriters Dallas Austin and Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes received a nomination for the 1993 Grammy Award for Best R&B Song. The song appeared in "Dance Central 3". In 2017, TLC fansite Cyber TLC World revealed that the "Smoothed Down Extended Remix" does not feature T-Boz's vocals but featured background singer Debra Killings vocals instead which T-Boz confirmed herself on Twitter.

title: New jack swing

text: In 1992, Michael Jackson's single "Remember the Time" placed at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 2 on the Hot Dance Music/Club, and number 1 in the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop category. Joe Public's single "Live and Learn" hit number 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number 3 on "Billboard"′s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop chart and becoming the group's most successful single. Chuckii Booker scored a number 1 R&B hit with his song "Games". That same year, "She's Got That Vibe" by R. Kelly and Public Announcement reached the number 7 position on the R&B charts. "Weak" by SWV (Sisters With Voices) hit the number one spot on both the US top 100 and the R&B charts. In 1993: "Don't Walk Away" by Jade made it to number 4 and number 3 in the US top 100 and R&B charts, respectively. The New Jack R&B group II D Extreme scored a hit in 1993 with their New Jack ballad "Cry No More". TLC's debut album, "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip" (1992) had several hits, including "What About Your Friends", "Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg" and "Baby-Baby-Baby". In 1995, Montell Jordan had a number one new jack swing hit, in "This is How We Do It", which after its release saw the popularity decline of the genre. The last hit single to use the classic new jack swing sound was Rahsaan Patterson's song "Where You Are", released in late 1997.

title: The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits

text: "The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits" material is taken from four of their studio albums. "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip" (1992), "CrazySexyCool" (1994), "FanMail" (1999), and "3D" (2002), and "Now & Forever: The Hits" (2003), which were all recorded from 1991 to 2003. Their 1993 cover of The Time's "Get It Up" for the soundtrack of "Poetic Justice" does not appear on any of their studio albums, but still appears on the compilation along with the trio's most successful singles in England. These include "No Scrubs", which placed at number three on the UK Singles Chart and was awarded a Platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI); "Waterfalls", which peaked at number four in the UK Singles Chart and also achieved Platinum status; "Unpretty", a Silver-certificated single which peaked at number six in the UK Singles Chart, and "Creep", which also peaked at sixth place in the UK Singles Chart after being re-issued across Britain and Europe. It did not however include "Dear Lie", a moderately received UK single which was certified Silver. Instead, other non-charting songs "Come Get Some", "Damaged" and "Get It Up" made their ways to the final tracklist, with "Whoop De Woo" (a non-LP track) and "In Your Arms Tonight" (from "3D") the only two non-single tracks that appeared the compilation.

title: TLC (group)

text: TLC is an American girl group whose original line-up consisted of Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins, Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes and Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas. Formed in Atlanta, Georgia in 1990, the group was very successful during the 1990s despite numerous spats with the law, each other, and the group's record label and management. They scored nine top-ten hits on the "Billboard" Hot 100, including four number-one singles "Creep", "Waterfalls", "No Scrubs", and "Unpretty". The group also recorded four multi-platinum albums, including "CrazySexyCool" (1994) which received a diamond certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). TLC also became the first R&B group in history to receive Million certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for "FanMail" (1999).

title: TLC (album)

text: "TLC" spawned the single "Way Back" which became their fourth "Billboard" Adult R&B top 10 hit, eventually peaking at #8. Haters was released as the lead international single.

title: Da Vinci Systems

text: The TLC was an edit controller for telecines and VTRs. It provided accurate 2/3 editing. TLC 1 was originally made in Moorpark, California, later TLC was acquired by da Vinci and the TLC 2 was released. The da Vinci DUI 888 had an option to have a built-in TLC built. If the TLC is not built in, an external A/B switch box is needed to switch control between the TLC and other Color Controllers. Some versions had a separate CPU and Telecine interface rack.

title: Baby-Baby-Baby

text: "Baby-Baby-Baby" is a song recorded by American girl group TLC. It was the second single released from their debut album "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip" (1992), and their second consecutive top-ten hit. It was the most successful single from the album, reaching number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number one on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, giving them their first number-one single on that chart.

title: TLC (group)

text: TLC was featured on "Crooked Smile", the second single from American rapper J. Cole's 2013 album "Born Sinner". It peaked at number 27 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, giving TLC their first top 40 hit in over a decade. The collaboration won the "Impact Track" award at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards and was nominated for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. They also made an appearance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, introducing Drake's performance. TLC signed a new recording contract with Epic Records and released an American version of the compilation album "20" on October 15, 2013. The album included one new recording, "Meant to Be", written and produced by Ne-Yo. The song served as the soundtrack for "", a TLC biographical telefilm, which premiered on VH1 on October 21, 2013. Directed by Charles Stone III, the film starred Keke Palmer as Thomas, Lil Mama as Lopes and Drew Sidora as Watkins. The film uses the newly rearranged songs from "TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits". The premiere broadcast garnered 4.5 million viewers, a five-year ratings high for VH1. In November 2013, TLC had three albums charting on the "Billboard" 200 including "20" at number 12, "CrazySexyCool" at number 108 and "Now and Forever: The Hits" at number 169.

title: TLC (group)

text: Their fifth and final studio album, "TLC", was released on June 30, 2017. It was reported to have collaborations from Dallas Austin and Kandi Burruss. The album's first single "Way Back" featuring Snoop Dogg was released April 14 to all major digital music outlets and streaming services, but not to radio. The single was produced by D'Mile and released via TLC's newly formed independent label 852 Musiq which is distributed through RED Distribution in the US. On May 9, 2017, TLC made their UK Debut at London's KOKO. Ultimately, "TLC" sold 12,000 copies domestically in the first week.

title: TLC (group)

text: On November 24, 2013, TLC performed a highly anticipated rendition of "Waterfalls" at the 2013 American Music Awards, with Lil Mama delivering Lopes's part, including the rap segment. Subsequently, TLC performed "No Scrubs" with Lil Mama on the "Dancing With The Stars" television show. In January 2014, TLC appeared at VH1's "Super Bowl Concert Series" performing at the Beacon Theater in New York City. TLC announced the first Australian tour of their career in April 2014 that will consist of shows in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth. The group will be performing a set of their hits & will include visual and vocal representation of Lopes for the performance. On December 12, 2014, TLC released a new Christmas song entitled "Gift Wrapped Kiss".

title: No Scrubs

text: "No Scrubs" is a song recorded by American girl group TLC for their third studio album "FanMail" (1999). The lyrics posit that a man who does not own an automobile is a "scrub" (also known as a "buster") and is undesirable as a romantic or sexual partner. LaFace Records and Arista Records released it as the album's lead single on February 2, 1999. The song was written by Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs alongside former Xscape members, Kandi Burruss and Tameka "Tiny" Cottle. The single version containing self-written rap by Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes was not included on the album "FanMail", and later appeared in a slightly shorter edit on "" and "20". "No Scrubs" was the first time for Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas taking the sole lead vocals on any TLC single.

title: TLC (group)

text: TLC eventually began working with other producers for their third album, until finally negotiating with Austin, who produced the bulk of the album. Lopes always had an idea of a futuristic-feel for the project, which Austin incorporated into the album. Titled "FanMail", the album was released in February 1999 to another critical and commercial success. It debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart and was certified six-time platinum by the RIAA for six million copies shipped in the United States, and worldwide sales exceed 14 million copies. "No Scrubs" was released as the lead single and became a worldwide hit, topping the singles chart in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. The album's second single, "Unpretty", became TLC's fourth number one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The other three singles also received decent radio play: "Silly Ho", "I'm Good at Being Bad", and Edmonds-written ballad, "Dear Lie".

title: Types of tennis match

text: When three players are available, modified rules can accommodate the mismatch so that the single player does not have to be significantly better than the double team. The single player hits into a doubles court while the side with two players hits into a singles court.

title: TLC (group)

text: In June 2003, a year after the death of Lopes, at "Zootopia", an annual concert hosted by New York radio station Z100 held at Giants Stadium, TLC appeared in what was announced to be their last performance. The group, introduced by Carson Daly, showed a video montage dedicated to Lopes, and went on to perform songs against video footage of Lopes performing the same songs, and wearing the same outfits, that were appearing onstage. Nevertheless, TLC made a comeback in February 2004 as a featured artist on a Japanese charity single entitled "" with other Japanese artists. In 2003, LaFace released the first TLC's greatest hits album entitled "" with a new song, "Come Get Some", featuring Lil Jon and Sean P of the YoungBloodZ. However, the compilation was not released in the United States until June 2005. The album debuted at number 53 with 20,000 copies sold.

title: Sleepy Brown

text: Patrick "Sleepy" Brown (born January 24, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and record producer from Savannah, Georgia. He is one-third of the successful Atlanta-based production team of Organized Noize, which has created hits for acts such as OutKast, Goodie Mob, and TLC. TLC's "Waterfalls", penned by Brown and Organized Noize's Rico Wade and Ray Murray, was a #1 hit single on "Billboard's" Hot 100 in the summer of 1995.

title: Tables, ladders, and chairs match

text:
The three teams would be known for their three respective foreign objects, as well as the hardcore wrestling styles associated therein: the Dudley Boyz often had a spot in their tag team matches where Bubba Ray Dudley would say "D-Von, get the tables!" when a table spot was imminent; the Hardy Boyz, in singles matches, would challenge main-event singles wrestlers (such as The Undertaker) in ladder matches, considered at that time to be the "signature match" of the team (as they were both high-flyers, they specialized with high spots, and doing them off the top of ladders amplified their effectiveness); while Edge and Christian developed the "con-chair-to" finishing move, which involved the two hitting an opponent's head simultaneously, on opposite sides, with chairs. Eventually, the three teams were brought together in a triangle ladder match (triple threat ladder match) at "WrestleMania 2000", in what was the forerunner of the TLC in terms of the spots involved (tables were involved in some of the major spots, even though it was technically a ladder match).
The first TLC match (that was officially called a "TLC" by the World Wrestling Federation) was contested between these three teams using the weapons that they had made famous at "SummerSlam 2000". These TLC matches frequently involved members of these three teams, and are largely remembered for the dangerous stunts, injuries, and length. The second TLC match occurred at "WrestleMania X-Seven" the following year, which also sprung the infamous Swanton bomb off of a 16 ft ladder by Jeff Hardy on Rhyno and Spike Dudley and Edge spearing Jeff Hardy from a 20 ft ladder. These matches involved the three aforementioned teams, with each having Edge and Christian winning. TLC III occurred on the May 24, 2001 edition of "WWF SmackDown!" when the tag team of Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit had to face the usual other three tag teams in order to retain their tag team championship, which they did.

title: No Pigeons

text: It was a rebuttal to TLC's smash hit single "No Scrubs" and received much radio play at the time of its release. It peaked at #12 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, at about the same time the TLC single was enjoying a successful chart run. The music video also features female rapper Eve.

title: Creep (TLC song)

text: In the United Kingdom and some European countries, the song was later re-issued or debuted as "Creep '96" on January 13, 1996, composed of mixes by Dupri, Maxx, Tin Tin Out, and a single-edit of "Waterfalls" (replaced by its "DARP Mix" on the vinyl version). Internationally, it appeared on most TLC compilations over the years, notably "" (2003), "" (2006) and "20" (2013). For the 2013 Japanese compilation "TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits", Watkins and Thomas re-recorded "Creep", and a few other tracks, to celebrate the group's twenty years in the music industry.

title: FanMail

text: During the recording of FanMail, the group was offered many songs that would later be recorded by other artists, such as 702's hit single "Where My Girls At?", Whitney Houston's "Heartbreak Hotel", and most notably, "...Baby One More Time", which was then famously recorded by Britney Spears for her debut album of the same name and released as her debut single which launched her career. T-Boz commented on rejecting the song to MTV saying "I was like, I like the song but do I think it's a hit? Do I think it's TLC? I'm not saying 'hit me baby.' No disrespect to Britney. It's good for her. But was I going to say 'hit me baby one more time'? Hell no! Every song isn't good for each artist, and when you're a real artist you know what you believe in and what you really want to sing. So, I'm clear that it was a hit, but I'm also clear that it wasn't for TLC." Chilli also added that the group was "not just passing up hits" and it "didn't feel [the song] represented the band appropriately."


query: Who was Raphael's teacher?

title: Raphael

text: According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source,[14] and has been disputed—eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.[15] Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin.[16] Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters.[17] The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches.[18] Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500.[19]

title: Marilyn Raphael

text: Growing up, education was of the utmost importance for Raphael. Her mother was one of the key driving factors for pushing an education because she saw that education was the key to advancing in life. Raphael’s path to climatology specifically was internally driven; however, she had people in her life that served as role models and mentors. Her high school teacher as well as her undergraduate adviser were both very encouraging of her pursuits into the geosciences. Professor Raphael’s interest in the Southern Hemisphere specifically came about when she was pursuing her PhD in Geography by her PhD adviser’s adviser.

title: Raphael

text: This first of the famous "Stanze" or "Raphael Rooms" to be painted, now known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece, containing The School of Athens, The Parnassus and the Disputa. Raphael was then given further rooms to paint, displacing other artists including Perugino and Signorelli. He completed a sequence of three rooms, each with paintings on each wall and often the ceilings too, increasingly leaving the work of painting from his detailed drawings to the large and skilled workshop team he had acquired, who added a fourth room, probably only including some elements designed by Raphael, after his early death in 1520. The death of Julius in 1513 did not interrupt the work at all, as he was succeeded by Raphael's last Pope, the Medici Pope Leo X, with whom Raphael formed an even closer relationship, and who continued to commission him.[36] Raphael's friend Cardinal Bibbiena was also one of Leo's old tutors, and a close friend and advisor.

title: Raphael Hillyer

text: Raphael Hillyer (April 10, 1914 – December 27, 2010) was an American viola soloist, teacher. Born Raphael Silverman in Ithaca, New York, his career included playing in the Boston Symphony Orchestra and co-founding the Juilliard String Quartet. Hillyer was still lecturing and teaching viola at Boston University during the final month of his life.

title: Raphael’s Ephemeris

text: "Raphael’s Ephemeris" was issued as a separate publication after Smith’s death, whilst others adopted and continued with the name ‘Raphael’. The second Raphael was John Palmer (1807–1837), a former student of Smith’s, who edited "Raphael's Sanctuary of the Astral Art" in 1834; the third was a Mr. Medhurst, the editor of the "Prophetic Messenger" between c. 1837–1847. Smith is sometimes confused with ‘Edwin Raphael’, who in fact was the pseudonym for the succeeding Raphael, (number four) a certain Mr. Wakeley (d. 1852). Number five was a Mr. Sparkes (1820–1875), editor of the "Prophetic Messenger" from 1852 to 1872, who even briefly edited "Raphael’s Ephemeris"’ main rival at the time, "Zadkiel’s Almanac". (‘Zadkiel’ was the pseudonym of Richard James Morrison, an astrologer/inventor whose almanac dates back to 1831.) Robert Thomas Cross (1850–1923) became the next Raphael, obtaining the copyright to the publication at some time in the 1870s.

title: Sprezzatura

text: Raphael as an artist exemplified "sprezzatura" from the beginning of his career, starting with his first signed work "The Marriage of the Virgin". "Inspired by his teacher Perugino's rendering of the same subject, Raphael's painting can be found to differ primarily from its model by its unique awareness of the importance of "sprezzatura"."

title: Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael

text: Information requested for later legal action found that the bullying allegations went back over three years: "Internal papers just released reveal that 15-year-old Nicola Raphael, who took an overdose in 2001 after being tormented over her gothic appearance, had complained to teachers about bullying long before she died ... the document shows staff clearly knew the youngster, whose suicide shocked the nation, had felt under threat of physical attack but did not inform her parents."

title: Prince Raphael Rainer of Thurn and Taxis

text: Raphael Rainer was born at Regensburg, Germany, the sixth son of Albert, 8th Prince of Thurn and Taxis and his wife Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria Prince Raphael Rainer had six brothers and a sister. One of his brothers was Prince Max Emanuel of Thurn and Taxis (1902–1994), a member of the Order of Saint Benedict known as Pater Emmeram. Raphael Rainer received a humanistic education by private teachers.

title: Raphael Veiga

text: Raphael Cavalcante Veiga (born 19 June 1995), known as Raphael Veiga, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Palmeiras as an attacking midfielder.

title: List of Supernatural characters

text: Raphael is the archangel assigned to protecting Chuck Shurley. Raphael appears to protect Chuck twice, in "The Monster at the End of the Book", when he is in the presence of Lilith, and in "Lucifer Rising", where he kills Castiel as he and Dean attempt to prevent Lucifer's rise. He is summoned and subsequently trapped by Dean and a resurrected Castiel in the fifth-season episode "Free to Be Me and You", but refuses to cooperate when they demand to know the location of God, only saying that he believes that God is dead. Dean and Castiel leave Raphael trapped despite his threat to hunt Castiel down when he escapes. In this episode, Raphael appears for the first time in a bodily vessel and is played by actor Demore Barnes, who reprises the role in "The Third Man" and "The Man Who Would Be King". Following the prevention of the Apocalypse, Raphael and his supporters are at war with Castiel and his followers over Castiel's opposition to Raphael's plan to free Lucifer and Michael to restart the Apocalypse. He makes his second on-screen appearance in the sixth-season episode "The Third Man", in which he and his soldiers are in close pursuit of Castiel. Raphael overpowers Castiel and is about to kill him when Balthazar intervenes and irrevocably destroys Raphael's vessel with one of Heaven's weapons, saving Castiel's life. Raphael is forced to search for a new vessel, eventually possessing a woman played by Lanette Ware. In "The French Mistake", he sends the angel hitman Virgil after Castiel's allies, including the Winchesters. Balthazar transports the brothers to an alternate universe with a key to where Heaven's weapons are stored and Virgil follows. This is revealed to have been a ploy by Balthazar and Castiel, allowing the latter time to retrieve the weapons. Now equipped with the weapons, Castiel forces Raphael to flee when the latter is poised to kill a returned Sam and Dean. Flashbacks in "The Man Who Would Be King" depicts the background to Raphael's war with Castiel; Raphael believed that the Apocalypse was destined to happen and informed Castiel of his intention to release Lucifer and Michael from the cage, giving Castiel the ultimatum to submit or die. Having forged a deal with the demon Crowley, Castiel attacked Raphael and declared war in Heaven. In the season six finale, "The Man Who Knew Too Much", Castiel reneges on his deal with Crowley, who turns to Raphael. Crowley agrees to open Purgatory for Raphael in exchange for his safety. However their ritual fails whilst Castiel opens Purgatory for himself. Castiel appears, now more powerful than ever, and obliterates Raphael with a snap of his fingers. In "We Happy Few", when discussing how they will defeat the Darkness, God tells the Winchesters that he can't resurrect Raphael or Gabriel as they are beings of primordial creation and will take too long to bring back.

title: Political and religious beliefs of Stanley Kubrick

text: Frederic Raphael, who co-authored the "Eyes Wide Shut" script with Kubrick, says that the director once remarked that "Hitler was right about almost everything", and insisted that any trace of Jewishness be expunged from the "Eyes Wide Shut" script. Kubrick's supposed relationship to his own ethnicity deeply troubled Raphael, a fellow Jew. Raphael was further puzzled over Kubrick's cryptic praise for Hitler, unable to decide if Kubrick was jesting. Raphael was equally puzzled by Kubrick's trashing of "Schindler's List". After Raphael mentioned "Schindler’s List", Kubrick replied: “Think that's about the Holocaust? That was about success, wasn't it? The Holocaust is about six million people who get killed. 'Schindler's List’ is about 600 who don't." Kubrick's friend Steven Spielberg, the director of the film, disbelievingly responded that he "didn't recognize the voice of Stanley" in Raphael's interviews.

title: Raphaels Bank

text: It was established in 1787 by Dutchman Raphael Raphael who moved to London at the start of the Napoleonic Wars. The bank was owned by the Raphaels family until 1983 and has been owned by the Lenlyn Holdings plc since 2004.

title: Ray Raphael

text: Raphael has also written a book on male initiation rites in contemporary American culture ("The Men from the Boys"), a study of the careers of teachers ("The Teachers' Voice)", and with his son Neil, a juvenile mystery ("Comic Cops"). His play on John and Jessie Freemont played to audiences across Northern California.

title: Sylvia Raphael

text: Sylvia Raphael was born on 1 April 1937, near Cape Town, South Africa. Raphael, whose father was a Jewish atheist and mother was Christian, was raised in her mother's religion. Having witnessed an antisemitic incident in her native country as a child, however, she immigrated to Israel in 1963. She initially lived on a kibbutz, and later worked as a teacher before moving to Tel Aviv, where she was recruited by Mossad. After training she attained the rank of “combatant,” the highest rank for a Mossad agent. This ranking qualified Raphael to operate in foreign countries, and she was sent to Paris in the guise of a freelance journalist with a Canadian passport in the name of real-life Canadian photojournalist Patricia Roxborough. When the Israeli government decided to track down the Black September operatives who committed the Munich massacre in Munich, West Germany in 1972, Raphael provided valuable intelligence which led to the killing of three, before being assigned to an Operation Wrath of God team.

title: Raphael Rabello

text: Raphael Rabello was born in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was the youngest child of his family, which included many musicians. His sister Luciana was a well-known cavaquinho player and his other sister, Amélia, became a singer. His first guitar teacher was an older brother, Ruy Fabiano, when Raphael Rabello was seven years old. However, the biggest influence on Rabello starting his music studies was his grandfather, José de Queiroz Baptista, who was a choro guitar player.

title: Raphael Kalinowski

text: Raphael of St. Joseph Kalinowski, O.C.D. (, ) (1 September 1835 – 15 November 1907) was a Polish Discalced Carmelite friar inside the Russian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the city of Vilnius (). He was a teacher, engineer, prisoner of war, royal tutor, and priest, who founded many Carmelite monasteries around Poland after their suppression by the Russians.

title: Telshe yeshiva

text:
In 1930, a sister institute to The Yavneh Teacher's Training Institute was opened by Rabbi Joseph Leib Bloch of Telz, who hired
Kovno-born Dr. Yitzhak Raphael Etzion (Holzberg) to run it. The school offered a two-year course to young women who wished to enter the field of education. Like its male counterpart, the female division of the Yavneh school succeeded in producing many high quality teachers who branched out across Europe.

title: Raphael

text: Raphael made no prints himself, but entered into a collaboration with Marcantonio Raimondi to produce engravings to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the reproductive print. His interest was unusual in such a major artist; from his contemporaries it was only shared by Titian, who had worked much less successfully with Raimondi.[71] A total of about fifty prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created by Raphael purely to be turned into prints. Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving.[72]

title: Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

text: In the Season 4 episode "Raphael Meets His Match", Raphael was paired off with a mysterious mutant female named Mona Lisa, who might have been considered as a potential girlfriend for Raphael. Despite following the Turtles back to New York City, Mona Lisa was never seen again.

title: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters

text: Exclusive to the Mirage Studio comics, Bloodsucker was a normal leech until Donatello, Leonardo and Michaelangelo decided to use it to get back at Raphael who had been disobeying Splinter and stalled their training. Raphael was afraid of leeches so the other Turtles decided to force Raphael to let the leech suck his blood. Bloodsucker sucked some of the mutagen out of Raphael and Raphael started to de-evolve back to a normal pet turtle. Bloodsucker started to evolve into a human-kind-of-thing. Bloodsucker later sucked out the rest of Raphael's mutagen. The other Turtles decided to capture Bloodsucker so they could get the mutagen back to Raphael. Finally, they found Bloodsucker and started a fight. During the battle Raphael (who looked like a normal pet turtle at this point) started biting Bloodsucker thus draining the stolen mutagen back. After a duel between them, Raphael had gained back all the mutagen from Bloodsucker and was back to his former self. Bloodsucker had also transformed back to a normal leech which Raphael freed back to the river it had come from.

title: Lennox Raphael

text: In 1969 Raphael worked as a writer in the schools with the Teachers & Writers Collaborative at P.S. 26 in Brooklyn, New York.

title: Dangerous Liaisons

text: Meanwhile, in Paris, Cécile meets the charming Chevalier Raphael Danceny, who becomes Cécile's music teacher. Slowly, with coaxing from Merteuil (who knows that Danceny, a poor commoner, can never qualify as a bona fide suitor), they fall in love.

title: John Raphael (sportsman)

text: Raphael was Jewish, and the son of multi-millionaire financier Albert Raphael, who was part of a banking dynasty that in the 1920s rivalled the Rothschild family, John Raphael was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St John's College, Oxford.

title: Ansidei Madonna

text: Raphael's years in Florence exposed him to a plethora of artistic influences, first his teacher Perugino and then others, such as Donatello's sculptured marble, Masaccio's frescoes, Michelangelo's David, Leonardo da Vinci's paintings, and so much more which Raphael used to develop his fine-tuned sense of style, composition and execution as seen in the "Ansidei Madonna".

title: Slash (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

text: In the series, he was introduced Raphael pet box turtle Spike, who used to listen to his owner's angry ranting about his troubles with his family for the majority of his life, and also learned ninjutsu by watching Raphael practice in his room. Although no one knew at the time, Spike developed a hatred for the other Turtles, especially Leonardo, who Raphael was at odds with the most, thanks to hearing only Raphael's angry, one-sided rants all his life. Raphael loved Spike and protected him with his life, often being most concerned about him when danger is about. In "Slash and Destroy", Spike drinks from a jar of mutagen, mutating into a towering, hulking mutant turtle. When Raphael discovers him, Spike offers to become his new partner, so they can take on the Kraang on their own terms, which worked out very well. Spike also renames himself Slash, and comes to wield a giant mace in battle. To Raphael's horror, however, Slash ferociously beats down Donatello and Michelangelo, believing Raphael doesn't need them. Slash's murderous spree nearly claims Mikey's life, until Raphael finally confronts him, calling him a "freak". Hurt and angered, Slash engages his former owner, but is defeated and falls off of a rooftop. He survives and retreats into the night, though the incident leaves Raphael with a lasting regret.

title: Solly Madonna

text: An early work, it clearly shows the influence of Raphael's teacher Perugino. Two motifs in this work would recur in later Madonnas by Raphael. The virgin Mary is reading a book, as in the Madonna and Child in the Norton Simon Museum, the Connestabile Madonna, the Madonna Colonna and the Madonna del cardellino. As in that last painting a small bird, a goldfinch, is part of the scene.

title: Raphael von Koeber

text: Raphael von Koeber (, January 15, 1848 in Nizhny Novgorod - June 14, 1923 in Yokohama) was a notable Russian-German teacher of philosophy at the Tokyo Imperial University in Japan.

title: Perugia

text: Perugino was the teacher of Raphael, the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city) and one fresco. Another famous painter, Pinturicchio, lived in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia.

title: Raphael

text: His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1, 1494 by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father".[11] A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity.[12] His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello.[13]

title: The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)

text: In the later years of the 15th century, patrons in Citta di Castello sent three commissions to Raphael's teacher Pietro Perugino which, in Perugino's absence, were completed by Raphael. "The Marriage of the Virgin" was the last of these. Evidently inspired by one of Perugino's paintings, also known as "Marriage of the Virgin", Raphael completed his own work, according to the date placed next to his signature, in 1504. There have been several historians who have disputed that Perugino's painting preceded Raphael's and some who have suggested the painting was not Perugino's at all but instead produced after Raphael's by one of Perugino's followers, but 16th century documentary evidence supports the conclusion that Perugino had begun working on the painting in 1499, though it was not completed until some point after December 26, 1503.

title: TMNT (film)

text: April travels to Central America for work and finds Leonardo, telling him that the Turtles have drifted apart. April returns to New York City with a statue for wealthy tycoon Max Winters. Leonardo also returns, and April and Casey deliver the statue to Winters. Winters hires Karai and the Foot Clan to search the city for the 13 monsters before the portal opens again. Raphael encounters Casey, who reveals his knowledge of Raphael's double identity and joins him in hunting criminals. Winters, who is actually Yaotl and is still immortal, reanimates his stone generals. Leonardo returns to the sewer lair, meeting Splinter. Splinter forbids the Turtles from fighting until they can act as a team again. While training, the Turtles encounter one of the 13 beasts, Bigfoot, battling the Foot Clan. The Turtles engage Bigfoot, going against Leonardo and Splinter's orders. When Raphael visits Casey, they encounter Vampire Succubor, one of the monsters and witness its capture by the Foot and the Stone Generals, who spot them. Raphael is knocked unconscious. Casey takes Raphael back to the apartment while April calls the Turtles for help and reveals the identities of Yaotl and his generals. After being revived, Raphael suggests they pursue Yaotl, but Leonardo forbids him to go until Splinter gives out the order. Raphael investigates alone.


query: Who is considered the founder of modern psychology?

title: Wilhelm Wundt

text: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (/vʊnt/; German:[vʊnt]; 16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from philosophy and biology, was the first person ever to call himself a psychologist.[2] He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology".[3][4] In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked psychology as an independent field of study.[5] By creating this laboratory he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other disciplines. He also formed the first academic journal for psychological research, Philosophische Studien (from 1881 to 1902), set up to publish the Institute's research.[6]

title: Secular religion

text: The term secular religion is often applied today to communal belief systems—as for example with the view of love as our postmodern secular religion. Paul Vitz applied the term to modern psychology in as much as it fosters a cult of the self, explicitly calling "the self-theory ethic [...] this secular religion". Sport has also been considered as a new secular religion, particularly with respect to Olympism. For Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games, belief in them as a new secular religion was explicit and lifelong.

title: Louis Sass

text: Louis A. Sass is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology at Rutgers University who specializes in severe psychopathology, philosophy and psychology, and psychology and the arts. Sass has served on the faculty of Rutgers University since 1983 and has been a visiting professor at a wide range of institutions both in the United States and abroad. He has been published widely, and his book "Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought" has been called "a new landmark in the study of the modern era."

title: Hugo Münsterberg

text: Münsterberg was an admirer of Frederick Winslow Taylor to whom he wrote to in 1913: "Our aim is to sketch the outlines of a new science, which is to intermediate between the modern laboratory psychology and the problem of economics." Industrial psychology was to be "independent of economic opinions and debatable . . . interests." Münsterberg's works "Vocation and Learning" (1912) and "Psychology and Industrial Efficiency" (1913) are usually considered the beginning of what would later become known as industrial psychology. His books dealt with many topics including hiring workers who had personalities and mental abilities best suited to certain types of vocations as the best way to increase motivation, performance, and retention, methods of increasing work efficiency, and marketing and advertising techniques. His paper "Psychology and the Market" (1909) suggested that psychology could be used in many different industrial applications including management, vocational decisions, advertising, job performance and employee motivation.

title: University of Chicago

text: Philosophers John Dewey who founded functional psychology, George H. Mead who is considered to be one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general, Leo Strauss, prominent philosopher and the founder of the Straussian School in philosophy, noted analyzer of power Hannah Arendt, and Nobel Prize in Literature winning thinker Bertrand Russell, as well as writers T.S. Eliot, Ralph Ellison and J.M. Coetzee have all served on the faculty.

title: Social experiment

text: Sherif was a founder of modern social psychology, who developed several unique and powerful techniques for understanding social processes, particularly social norms and social conflict. Sherif's experimental study of autokinetic movement demonstrated how mental evaluation norms were created by human beings. Sherif is equally famous for the Robbers Cave Experiments. This series of experiments, begun in Connecticut and concluded in Oklahoma, took boys from intact middle-class families, who were carefully screened to be psychologically normal, delivered them to a summer camp setting (with researchers doubling as counselors) and created social groups that came into conflict with each other.

title: Ernst Heinrich Weber

text: Ernst Heinrich Weber (24 June 1795 – 26 January 1878) was a German physician who is considered one of the founders of experimental psychology. He was an influential and important figure in the areas of physiology and psychology during his lifetime and beyond. His studies on sensation and touch, along with his emphasis on good experimental techniques gave way to new directions and areas of study for future psychologists, physiologists, and anatomists.

title: Paul Vidal de La Blache

text: Paul Vidal de La Blache (Pézenas, Hérault, 22 January 1845 - Tamaris-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, 5 April 1918) was a French geographer. He is considered to be the founder of modern French geography and also the founder of the French School of Geopolitics. He conceived the idea of "genre de vie", which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape.

title: Science and technology in Switzerland

text: Carl Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of Analytical Psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as "by nature religious" and make it the focus of exploration.

title: Naïve realism (psychology)

text: Naïve realism follows from a subjectivist tradition in modern social psychology, which traces its roots back to one of the field's founders, a German-American psychologist named Kurt Lewin. Lewin's ideas were strongly informed by Gestalt psychology, a 20th-century school of thought which focused on examining psychological phenomena in context, as parts of a whole.

title: Macedonians (ethnic group)

text: The founders of modern Macedonian painting included [[Lazar Licenovski]], [[Nikola Martinoski]], [[Dimitar Pandilov]], and [[Vangel Kodzoman]]. They were succeeded by an exceptionally talented and fruitful generation, consisting of [[Borka Lazeski]], [[Dimitar Kondovski]], [[Petar Mazev]] who are now deceased, and [[Rodoljub Anastasov]] and many others who are still active. Others include: [[Vasko Taskovski]] and [[Vangel Naumovski]]. In addition to [[Dimo Todorovski]], who is considered to be the founder of modern [[Macedonian sculpture]], the works of [[Petar Hadzi Boskov]], [[Boro Mitrikeski]], [[Novak Dimitrovski]] and [[Tome Serafimovski]] are also outstanding.

title: Gyumri

text: The city of Gyumri has a great contribution in Armenian folk music. Throughout the 19th century, Alexandrapol was considered the centre of folk and traditional Armenian music. The musical culture of Alexandrapol has greatly influenced the art of Jivani, who is considered the founder of modern Armenian folk music during the 19th century. Another 19th-century ashik Sheram who was born in Alexandropol, is one of the earliest gusans of traditional Armenian music in the modern history of Armenia. He is one of the most celebrated Armenian composers of folk music.

title: Sante De Sanctis

text: Sante de Sanctis (7 February 1862 Parrano – 20 February 1935 Rome) was an Italian doctor, psychologist and psychiatrist. He is considered as one of the founders of the Italian psychology, neuropsychiatry and dreaming psychology.

title: History of psychology

text: Witelo is considered a precursor of perception psychology. His Perspectiva contains much material in psychology, outlining views that are close to modern notions on the association of ideas and on the subconscious.

title: Psychological adaptation

text: Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in "On the Origin of Species" (1859). His theory dictates that adaptations are traits that arise from the selective pressures a species faces in its environment. Adaptations must benefit either an organism’s chance of survival or reproduction to be considered adaptive, and are then passed down to the next generation through this process of natural selection. Psychological adaptions are those adaptive traits that we consider cognitive or behavioral. These can include conscious social strategies, subconscious emotional responses (guilt, fear, etc.), or the most innate instincts. Evolutionary psychologists consider a number of factors in what determines a psychological adaptation, such as functionality, complexity, efficiency, and universality. "The Adapted Mind" is considered a foundational text on evolutionary psychology, further integrating Darwinian theory into modern psychology.

title: UCL School of Management

text: Although management has recently emerged as specific area of research at UCL, some prominent figures in closely related fields were faculty members at UCL. Karl Pearson who founded the world's first statistics department at UCL in 1911, is regarded as the father of modern statistics. Pearson's mentor and polymath, Francis Galton, who founded the erstwhile Galton Laboratory of UCL, is considered to be the father of psychometrics and differential psychology. Several important contributions to areas such as statistics and evolutionary game theory were made by figures like Kirstine Smith, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and John Maynard Smith associated with the lab. In the field of experimental psychology, several faculty members of UCL's Faculty of Brain Sciences like James Sully, Charles Spearman and Tim Shallice made noted contributions to advance the field. The Bartlett, was the first architecture and built environment school established in the UK in 1841 and since, many of its faculty members like Patrick Abercrombie and Peter Hall have made notable contributions to the field of planning. Moreover, 1922 Nobel Laureate and faculty member of UCL Medical School, Archibald Hill is considered to be one of the founders of Operations Research.

title: Constantine Paparrigopoulos

text: Constantine Paparrigopoulos (; 1815 – 14 April 1891) was a Greek historian, who is considered the founder of modern Greek historiography. He is the founder of the concept of historical continuity of Greece from antiquity to the present, establishing the tripartite division of Greek history in ancient, medieval and modern, and sought to set aside the prevailing views at the time that the Byzantine Empire was a period of decadence and degeneration, not recognized as part of Greek history.

title: Functional psychology

text: Three parts ushered functional psychology into the modern-day psychology. Utilizing the Darwinian ideology , the mind was considered to perform a diverse biological function on it own and can evolve and adapt to varying circumstances. Secondly, the physiological functioning of the organism results in the development of the consciousness. Lastly, the promise of the impact of functional psychology to the improvement of education, mental hygiene and abnormal states

title: Ibn al-Haytham

text: Sudanese psychologist Omar Khaleefa has argued that Alhazen should be considered the founder of experimental psychology, for his pioneering work on the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions. Khaleefa has also argued that Alhazen should also be considered the "founder of psychophysics", a sub-discipline and precursor to modern psychology. Although Alhazen made many subjective reports regarding vision, there is no evidence that he used quantitative psychophysical techniques and the claim has been rebuffed.

title: Muzafer Sherif

text: Sherif was a founder of modern social psychology who developed several unique and powerful techniques for understanding social processes, particularly social norms and social conflict. Many of his original contributions to social psychology have been absorbed into the field so fully that his role in the development and discovery has disappeared. Other reformulations of social psychology have taken his contributions for granted, and re-presented his ideas as new.

title: Civilization and Its Discontents

text: Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. It was written in 1929 and first published in German in 1930 as "Das Unbehagen in der Kultur" ("The Uneasiness in Civilization"). Exploring what Freud sees as the important clash between the desire for individuality and the expectations of society, the book is considered one of Freud's most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology.

title: Critical psychology

text: One of the most important and sophisticated books in the field is the "Grundlegung der Psychologie" ("Foundations of Psychology") by Klaus Holzkamp, who might be considered the theoretical founder of critical psychology. Holzkamp, who had written two books on theory of science and one on sensory perception before publishing the "Grundlegung der Psychologie" in 1983, thought this major work provided a solid paradigm for psychological research, as he viewed psychology as a pre-paradigmatic scientific discipline (T.S. Kuhn had used the term "pre-paradigmatic" for social science).

title: Narendra Nath Sen Gupta

text: Narendra Nath Sen Gupta (23 December 1889 – 13 June 1944) was a Harvard-educated Indian psychologist, philosopher, and professor, who is generally recognized as the founder of modern psychology in India along with Indian Scientist Gunamudian David Boaz. In 1940, he established the Second independent department of psychology in India–the Department of Experimental Psychology, at the University of Calcutta, the first Being in University of Madras by Dr.Gunamudian David Boaz.

title: Walter Dill Scott

text: Walter Dill Scott's role in Applied psychology eventually lead him to be considered one of the founders of Industrial/Organizational Psychology which is the application of psychological theories and principles to organizations, I/O Psychology.

title: Eugene Galanter

text: Eugene Galanter was one of the modern founders of cognitive psychology. He was an academic in the field of experimental psychology and an author. Dr. Galanter was Professor Emeritus of Psychology end Quondam Director of the Psychophysics Laboratory at Columbia University. He was also the co-founder, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Scientific Officer of Children’s Progress, an award-winning New York City-based company that specializes in the use of computer technology in early education. The company's assessments and reports have been used in 40 states and 9 countries.

title: George M. Stratton

text: George Malcolm Stratton (September 26, 1865 – October 8, 1957) was an American psychologist who pioneered the study of perception in vision by wearing special glasses which inverted images up and down and left and right. He studied under one of the founders of modern psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, and started one of the first experimental psychology labs in America, at the University of California, Berkeley. Stratton's studies on binocular vision inspired many later studies on the subject. He was one of the initial members of the philosophy department at Berkeley, and the first chair of its psychology department. He also worked on sociology, focusing on international relations and peace. Stratton presided over the American Psychological Association in 1908, and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He wrote a book on experimental psychology and its methods and scope; published articles on the studies at his labs on perception, and on reviews of studies in the field; served on several psychological committees during and after World War I; and served as advisor to doctoral students who would go on to head psychology departments.

title: Psychology of religion

text: American psychologist and philosopher William James (1842–1910) is regarded by most psychologists of religion as the founder of the field. He served as president of the "American Psychological Association", and wrote one of the first psychology textbooks. In the psychology of religion, James' influence endures. His "Varieties of Religious Experience" is considered to be the classic work in the field, and references to James' ideas are common at professional conferences.

title: Gustav Fechner

text: Fechner, along with Wilhelm Wundt and Hermann von Helmholtz, is recognized as one of the founders of modern experimental psychology. His clearest contribution was the demonstration that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as Immanuel Kant had long stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

title: Experimental psychology

text:
Weber was a German physician who is credited with being one of the founders of experimental psychology. His main interests were the sense of touch and kinesthesis. His most memorable contribution is the suggestion that judgments of sensory differences are relative and not absolute. This relativity is expressed in "Weber's Law," which suggests that the just-noticeable difference, or jnd is a constant proportion of the ongoing stimulus level. Weber's Law is stated as an equation:
where formula_2 is the original intensity of stimulation, formula_3 is the addition to it required for the difference to be perceived (the jnd), and "k" is a constant. Thus, for k to remain constant, formula_3 must rise as I increases. Weber’s law is considered the first quantitative law in the history of psychology.

title: Subfields of psychology

text: Psychology of religion and spirituality is the psychological study of religious and spiritual experiences, beliefs, activities, and feelings. This subfield has existed since modern psychology's early days, and is the focus of Division 36 of the American Psychological Association. William James (1842–1910) is regarded by most psychologists of religion/spirituality as the founder of the field, and his Varieties of Religious Experience is considered to be a classic work in the field. Since 2008, the American Psychological Association has published a journal dedicated to this subfield, entitled the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality.[20] In recent decades, scholars have increasingly conceptualized religion as a way of living, rather than merely a belief system or institution.[21] Religion and spirituality are commonly viewed as distinct but overlapping constructs.[22][23][24] Surveys indicate that large majorities of US adults consider religion and/or spirituality to be very important in their lives.[25][26] Scientific and psychological interest in the psychology of religion/spirituality has increased substantially in recent decades. The American Psychological Association now publishes many books on the topic of religion/spirituality.[27] The Association's publications include the recent (2013) two-volume Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality,[28] with Volume One focusing on theory,[29] and Volume Two focusing on applications.[30]

title: Imma von Bodmershof

text: Imma was the daughter of Baron Christian von Ehrenfels, the founder of the modern structural Gestalt psychology in Austria. She was also the sister of Umar Rolf Baron Ehrenfels, an orientalist and anthropologist who converted to Islam.


query: How did the Great Revolt end?

title: First Jewish–Roman War

text: The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), sometimes called the Great Revolt (Hebrew: המרד הגדול ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire, fought in the Eastern Mediterranean. The First Jewish–Roman War took place mainly in the province of Judea (Iudaea); the second was the Kitos War in 115–117, which took place mainly in the diaspora (in Cyprus, Egypt, Mesopotamia and only marginally in Judea), and the third was Bar Kokhba's revolt of 132–136 CE, concentrating in Judea province.

title: Arif Hiqmeti

text: After Albania declared independence, in 1914 Hiqmeti was involved in the Peasant Revolt led by Haxhi Qamili and which had as its goal the removal of Prince Wilhelm Wied from power. The revolt gathered support from some pro-Ottoman peasants who believed that the new regime of the Principality of Albania was a tool of the six Christian Great Powers and the landowners that owned half of the arable land. However the revolt did not have success and soon it was suppressed. In 1916 Hiqmeti was shot dead by Albanian patriots from Dibra.

title: Thebes, Egypt

text: The good relationship of the Thebans with the central power in the North ended when the native Egyptian pharaohs were finally replaced by Greeks, led by Alexander the Great. He visited Thebes during a celebration of the Opet Festival. In spite of his welcoming visit, Thebes became a center for dissent. Towards the end of the third century BC, Hugronaphor (Horwennefer), possibly of Nubian origin, led a revolt against the Ptolemies in Upper Egypt. His successor, Ankhmakis, held large parts of Upper Egypt until 185 BC. This revolt was supported by the Theban priesthood. After the suppression of the revolt in 185 BC, Ptolemy V, in need of the support of the priesthood, forgave them.

title: Karak revolt

text: Al-Karak rose in revolt days after the arrival of an Ottoman census team, and insurgency quickly spread to neighboring towns of Ma'an and Tafila and a number of stations along the Hejaz Railway. Sami Pasha's forces ended the revolt with a random massacre, hundreds of people were imprisoned and ten revolt leaders were executed. The brutal suppression of the revolt had greatly angered the Karakis and is thought to have contributed to their support of the 1916 Great Arab Revolt.

title: 1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates

text: Francisco Moniz Barreto d’Aragão was a teacher; he was a member of the Knights of Light. He wrote poems supporting the ideologies of independence, equality, liberty, and the importance of reason. He was not in Salvador during the end of the revolt, and therefore did not face any punishment.

title: 1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar

text: Meanwhile, for Indonesian people, the revolt of PETA battalion in Blitar was seen as a strong message to the Japanese forces which behaved unfair to Indonesian people. Although the PETA rebellion in Blitar was very short and unsuccessful; however, it played a vital role in Indonesian independence by transmitting “the revolutionary energy” (p. 153) to PETA soldiers in other areas of Indonesia. Lebra Joyce, an American historian of Japan and India, publishes a book, “Japanese-trained Armies in Southeast Asia”, and in Chapter 6 of her book, “Revolt of the Independence Armies,” she exposes how the battalion in Rengasdengklok was influenced by the Blitar revolt later, and eventually kidnapped Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim the independence of Indonesia on the night of 16 August 1945. Lebra, therefore, concludes that 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar did not completely fail in achieving its ultimate goal: Indonesian independence.

title: Iraqi revolt against the British

text: For Iraqis the revolt served as part of the founding of Iraqi nationalism although this conclusion is debated by scholars. It also showed unprecedented co-operation between Sunni and Shia Muslims although this co-operation did not last much longer than the end of the revolt.

title: Taos Revolt

text: The revolt did not end after the Siege of Taos. New Mexican rebels engaged US forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the Battle of Red River Canyon, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the Battle of Cienega Creek. After the US forces won each battle, the New Mexicans and Native Americans ended open warfare.

title: 1 Maccabees

text: The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire has been divided so that Judea was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt (a Jewish revolt against Seleucid rule). The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.

title: Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas

text: With the revolt pacified, the Qing completed the reintegration of their territory in one of Qianlong's Ten Great Campaigns. The end of the conflict saw the restoration of the territory south of the Tian Shan to Qing control meaning that the Qing now controlled the whole of Xinjiang.

title: Leopoldov Prison

text: On March 15, 1990, the prisoners started a revolt, resisting arrest for two weeks, barricading themselves and using iron rods, razors, petrol bombs and improvised flamethrowers as their weapons. The revolt climaxed on March 28, 1990 when hundreds of prisoners managed to set the roof of the Castle on fire. After the end of the revolt, the damage was estimated at 27 million Kčs and a big part of the prison was not habitable. In fact, the damage was so great that authorities seriously considered closing the whole prison down.

title: Pamprepius

text: Some scholars have suggested that Pamprepius' participation is a clue that the revolt of Illus was somehow an attempt to restore paganism, but this hypothesis has not been successful among scholars. However, it is known that the rebels sought the support of the pagan community of Alexandria: in fact, they were persecuted because they were suspected of being part of Illus' rebellion. A pagan convert to Christianity called Paralius wrote a letter to his former co-religionists, in which he remembers how they had prayed and sacrificed for the success of the revolt of Illus and Pamprepius against Zeno and how they had received many oracles foretelling the victory of the heathens, but how in the end Christianity had prevailed.

title: Great Syrian Revolt

text: The reality of the situation was very different. Instead of teaching, the advisors performed the functions of that office. The effect was local rulers who resented being treated as if they did not know how to perform the functions they had been performing for centuries and who opposed this usurpation of their power. Further, authority had traditionally resided in the hands of a few families, while European administrators abandoned the systems of caste and class, undermining this elite by opening up offices to the general public.

title: Æthelwold's Revolt

text: Æthelwold's Revolt was an attempt by Æthelwold ætheling to seize the Anglo-Saxon throne from Edward the Elder after the death of Alfred the Great in 899. It ended when Æthelwold was killed in battle in 902 while fighting alongside his Danish allies.

title: Parliament of Malloco

text: Soon afterward in 1672, the former toqui Ayllicuriche and other Mapuche leaders attempted a revolt to resist these terms. But he did not get much support and the revolt was quickly crushed. In 1694 the toqui Millalpal and the Mapuche were incited to revolt by the unauthorized activities of Antonio Pedreros, the "Commissioner of Nations". The Parliament of Choque-choque held by governor Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa managed to end the revolt. However the abuses and activities of the capitans de amigos eventually triggered the Mapuche Uprising of 1723 by the toqui Vilumilla. This revolt ended with the Parliament of Negrete in 1726, which finally abolished these officials.

title: Great Fear

text: Peasant revolt was clearly not a phenomenon new to late eighteenth-century France: the fourteenth century saw the Jacquerie in the Oise Valley, and the seventeenth century saw the Croquant rebellions. Yves-Marie Bercé, in History of the Peasant Revolts, concludes "peasant revolts of the years 1789–92 had much in common with their seventeenth-century counterparts: unanimity of the rural community, rejection of new taxation to which they were unaccustomed, defiance of enemy townsmen and a belief that there would be a general remission in taxes, particularly when the king decided to convene the estates general. In spite of all that is suggested by the political history of the period, the peasant disturbances at the beginning of the French Revolution did not depart from the typical community revolt of the preceding century."

title: Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza

text: The confrontation made little progress but finally a revolt in Bukhara and Samarkand turned Ulugh Beg's attention back to those cities. It's not clear how or why the revolt of Bukhara and Samarkand took place but what is known is that Abdal-Aziz Mirza was a bad administrator and had irritated the military establishment some how. The Arghuns were the chief men of this group in Samarkand and the Bukhara clergy (Naqshbandi Sufis) are known to be promoters of the revolt as well. Nonetheless, they placed Abu Sa'id Mirza as their king in Samarkand and laid siege to the city. Abdal-Aziz Mirza locked himself up in the fort and sent for his father. Ulugh Beg could no longer remain on the Amu Darya and at great personal risk to himself, abandoned the field with his men and left for Samarkand.

title: 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

text: The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, later came to be known as "The Great Revolt", was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate, demanding Arab independence and the end of the policy of open-ended Jewish immigration and land purchases with the stated goal of establishing a "Jewish National Home". The dissent was directly influenced by the Qassamite rebellion, following the killing of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in 1935, as well as the declaration by Hajj Amin al-Husseini of 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and calling for a General Strike. The revolt was branded by many in the Jewish Yishuv as "immoral and terroristic", often comparing it to fascism and nazism. Ben Gurion however described Arab causes as fear of growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass Jewish immigration and fear of the English identification with Zionism.

title: Minye Kyawswa II of Ava

text: What followed was a series of revolts throughout the empire in the next three years. The great unraveling was initiated by a Siamese-backed rebellion in Moulmein (Mawlamyaing) in October/November 1594. Siamese forces led by King Naresuan proceeded to lay siege to Pegu in December. Towards the end of the siege, in April 1595, Prome revolted. It was followed by Lan Xang November 1595. Upper Burma and other northern territories had been de facto independent, certainly since Minye Kyawswa was recalled to Pegu, if not earlier. Lan Xang briefly returned to the fold in 1596 with the sudden death of the rebel king Nokeo Koumane. But by April 1597, Toungoo and Lan Na had openly revolted. Others like Ava and Lan Xang did not declare outright independence but effectively broke away as well.

title: History of Anatolia

text: The Achaemenid Persian Empire, thus founded by Cyrus the Great, continued its expansion under the Persia king Darius the Great, in which the satrap system of local governors continued to be used and upgraded and other governmental upgrades were carried out. A revolt by Naxos in 502 BCE prompted Aristagoras of Miletus to devise a grandiose plan by which he would give a share of Naxos's wealth to Artaphernes, satrap of Lydia, in return for his aid in quashing the revolt. The failure of Aristagoras in fulfilling his promise of rewards and his conduct disturbed the Persians, so much so that he resorted to convincing his fellow Ionians to revolt against the Persians. This revolt, known as the Ionian Revolt, spread across Anatolia, and with Athenian aid, Aristagoras held firm for a time, despite the loss in the Battle of Ephesus. The burning of Sardis in 498 BCE enraged Darius so much that he swore revenge upon Athens. This event brought down the hammer upon Aristagoras as the Persian army swept through Ionia, re-taking city by city. It was the eventual Battle of Lade outside Miletus in 494 BCE that put an end to the Ionian Revolt once and for all.

title: Great Fear

text: The Great Fear of 1789 broke with another pattern typical of peasant revolts in earlier centuries. The panic lasted for more than a few weeks, and took place during the most labour-intensive months of the year, whereas the Tard-Avisés and other revolts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries occurred during the Spring months when the peasants had spare time. The specter of brigands destroying the harvest was so great in 1789 that peasants actually chose to forego working on the harvest in late June and July. The pragmatism of the previous revolts, which had produced real results, had disappeared by the end of the Ancien Régime.

title: Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)

text: The Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869 () or Great Cretan Revolution (Μεγάλη Κρητική Επανάσταση) was a three-year uprising in Crete against Ottoman rule, the third and largest in a series of Cretan revolts between the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1830 and the establishment of the independent Cretan State in 1898.

title: Haitian Revolution

text: Meanwhile, in 1793, France declared war on Great Britain. The grands blancs in Saint Domingue, unhappy with Sonthonax, arranged with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony, believing that the British would maintain slavery.[65] The British Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger believed that the success of the slave revolt in Saint Domigue would inspire slave revolts in the British Caribbean colonies. He thought that taking Saint Domingue, the richest of the French colonies, would be a useful bargaining chip to have when the peace negotiations began to end the war, and in the interim, occupying Saint Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury.[66] The American journalist James Perry notes that the great irony of the British campaign in Haiti was that it ended as a complete debacle, costing the British treasury millions of pounds and the British military thousands upon thousands of dead, all for nothing.[67]

title: Historical background of the New Testament

text:
According to Cohen, this process ended in 70 CE, after the great revolt, when various Jewish sects disappeared and Pharisaic Judaism evolved into Rabbinic Judaism, and Christianity emerged as a distinct religion.
Many historians argue that the Gospels took their final form after the Great Revolt and the destruction of the Temple, although some scholars put the authorship of Mark in the 60s, and need to be understood in this context. They view Christians as much as Pharisees as being competing movements "within" Judaism that decisively broke only after the Bar Kokhba's revolt, when the successors of the Pharisees claimed hegemony over all Judaism, and – at least from the Jewish perspective – Christianity emerged as a new religion.

title: Arab nationalism

text: A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and French mandates. Resentment of British rule culminated in the Iraqi revolt of 1920. The uprising which was carried out by the urban population as well as the rural tribes of Iraq ended in 1921. The British drastically changed their policy in Iraq afterwards. Although the mandate was still in place officially, the British role was virtually reduced to an advisory one. In 1925, the Druze of southern Syria under the leadership of Sultan al-Atrash revolted against French rule. The revolt subsequently spread throughout Syria, particularly in Damascus where an uprising by the citizens took place. The French responded by systematically bombarding the city, resulting in thousands of deaths. The revolt was put down by the end of the year, but it is credited with forcing the French to take more steps to ensure Syrian independence. In Egypt, resentment of British hegemony led to wide-scale revolts across the country in 1919. As a result of three-year negotiations following the uprising, the British agreed to allow Egypt's official independence in 1922, but their military still held great influence in the country. It should also be noted that the political leaders of the Egyptian revolution espoused Egyptian nationalism, rather than an Arab nationalist alternative.

title: Vlastos

text: "In 1453, Benedetto Vitturi was sent to Crete to replace Balbi. Under the government of this Vitturi, a Syphis Vlasto, Greek Rethymno, was designed with the cooperation supporters, also of the Greeks from the island, the project to revolt against the Venetian domination, cut into pieces the city authorities, the nobles and the Latin Venetians themselves to become masters of the island, or hire someone to which they sovereignty. To this end he prepared their combat equipment in their homes. This betrayal came to the knowledge of a priest of Rethymno, Lymas, and the Jewish Davide Mavrogoronato who, faithful to the Republic, denounced the Duke. For his part, André Kallergis, son Georges Kallergis, aborted the revolt when it was informed. So this is how the Duke was stopped with the help of Kallergis' supporters; the revolutionary Vlasto and his collaborators, who convicted, suffered death befitting their crime. Here's how the revolt was suppressed."

title: Persian Revolt

text: The Persian Revolt was a campaign led by Cyrus the Great in which the province of ancient Persis, which had been under Median rule, declared its independence and fought a successful revolution, separating from the Median Empire. Cyrus and the Persians did not stop there, however, and in turn went on and conquered the Medes.

title: Great Syrian Revolt

text: The Great Syrian Revolt, while a loss for the rebels, did result in changes in the French attitude toward imperialism in the Levant. Direct rule was believed to be too costly, and in Syria, the threat of military intervention was replaced with diplomatic negotiation. A softer approach to Syrian rule was taken, and in March 1928, just a year after the rebellion was put down, a general amnesty was announced for Syrian rebels. A small addendum was attached, decreeing that the rebellion’s leadership, including Sultan al-Atrash and Dr. Shahbandar, would not be allowed to return.

title: Great Syrian Revolt

text: The Great Syrian Revolt () or Great Druze Revolt (1925–1927) was a general uprising across Mandatory Syria and Lebanon aimed at getting rid of the French, who had been in control of the region since the end of World War I. The uprising was not centrally coordinated; rather, it was attempted by multiple factions – among them Sunni, Druze, Alawite, Christian, and Shia – with the common goal of ending French rule. The revolt was ultimately put down by French forces.

title: Karak revolt

text: Sami Pasha's forces suppressed the revolt with an indiscriminate massacre, and the leaders of the revolt were executed; 5 in Damascus and another 5 in Al-Karak as an example to their fellow villagers. The inhabitants of Al-Karak were forced to pay compensation for all the damage done to state property. Hundreds of Karakis were imprisoned in Damascus and given harsh sentences ranging from years of hard labour to lifetime imprisonment. The demographic and economic recovery of Al-Karak was further undermined by the brutal suppression of the uprising. A general amnesty in 1912 ended the matter and released the prisoners from the revolt. The brutal suppression of the revolt greatly angered the locals and is thought to have contributed to their support of the 1916 Great Arab Revolt.

title: History of Bangladesh

text: The authoritarian regime functioning in alliance with the rural elite was susceptible to resistance and revolts happened frequently during the British rule. However, British rule in Bengal faced no threat by the second half of the 1800s. Bengal did not participate in the 1857 revolt which nearly ended British administration over large swathes of India. While there was a revolt by troops in Chittagong it dwindled because the landlords and peasants did not support the rebellion. Instead political grievances nor revolved around peasant rights and the commercialization of agriculture. The struggle was usually characterised by peasants and the middle class in opposition to the landlords, Western businessmen and the British administration. Many campaigns eventually ended the indigo industry. These were led by Wahhabi influenced Islamic missionaries.