query: How many rules are there for modern soccer?

title: Laws of the Game (association football)

text: The actual law book had long contained 50 pages more of material, organized in numerous sections, that included many diagrams but were not officially part of the main 17 laws. In 2007, many of these additional sections along with much of the material from the FIFA Questions and Answers (Q&A), were restructured and put into a new "Additional Instructions and Guidelines for the Referee" section. In the 2016/2017 revision of the Laws, the material from this section was folded into the Laws themselves.

title: Soccer Bowl 2014

text: San Antonio held on for the final minutes, as Fort Lauderdale threw everything they had at them, to become the fourth different team to hoist the coveted Soccer Bowl trophy in as many years in the NASL’s modern era.

title: Heuristics and sports

text: Heuristics are simple decision making strategies used to achieve a specific goal quickly and efficiently, and are commonly implemented in sports. Many sports require the ability to make fast decisions under time pressure, and the proper use of heuristics is essential for many of these decisions. How should a soccer player decide whether to shoot for a goal or to pass the ball, and to whom to pass it? How do basketball coaches decide which player should shoot the last shot? In such conditions, athletes, coaches, and referees have no time to consider the elaborate details relating to the decision being made. Instead, they use simple strategies based on limited information. In addition, some sports skills, like catching a ball in baseball, can be performed successfully by following simple rules and heuristic techniques despite the computationally complex details involved in the action.

title: American Indoor Soccer League

text: Like many other indoor soccer leagues, the AISL also had their own variations on the generally-followed indoor soccer rules. Some of these variations were:

title: History of soccer in the United States

text: The history of soccer in the United States has numerous different roots. The modern-day game is often considered to have been brought to the United States through Ellis Island in the 1870s. However, recent research has shown that the modern game entered America in the 1850s through New Orleans when Scottish, Irish, German and Italian immigrants brought the game with them. It was in New Orleans that some of the first organized games that used modern English rules were held.

title: Crab soccer

text: There are various sets of rules. This sport involves kicking, so safety is at the root of many rules. Like soccer, players other than the goalkeeper must not touch the ball with their hands. No players may stand except for the goalies.

title: 1870 college football season

text: The rules at this time were based on the football rules published by the London Football Association in 1863. These rules were the precursor to the modern rules of football (soccer), but they included elements similar to rugby football that would be important in the evolution of American football.

title: Beach soccer

text: Whilst football has been played informally on beaches for many years, the introduction of "beach soccer" was an attempt to codify rules for the game. This was done in 1992 by the founders of Beach Soccer Worldwide, a company set up to develop the sport and responsible for the majority of its tournaments to this day. This was a major foundation for what is now known as beach soccer and what has led to the sport rapidly growing in popularity.

title: Kevin Howe

text: Howe, along with his brother Tom, graduated from Christian Brothers College High School in St. Louis, Missouri. He then attended Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville where he played on the men's soccer team from 1969 to 1972. In 1972, Howe was the captain of the Couger's soccer team as it won the NCAA Men's Division II Soccer Championship. He graduated in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in psychology and was inducted into the Cougars Hall of Fame in 2009. In 1973, Howe turned professional with the Atlanta Apollos of the North American Soccer League. He moved to the Denver Dynamos for the 1974 and 1975 seasons.

title: Baseball rules

text: The generally static nature of baseball's rules in the modern era has been a source of the sport's appeal to many fans, as it allows reasonable if imperfect comparisons to be drawn between players and teams of different eras. Such comparisons are not possible in sports in which the rules have changed significantly over the years. The generally static nature of the rules in the modern era also allows a modern fan to easily follow an account of a game played long ago. As a result, baseball arguably has more of a "history" than most other sports.

title: FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup

text: The first Beach Soccer World Cup was held in Brazil, in 1995, organised by the precursors to the modern-day founders of the standardised rules, Beach Soccer Worldwide, held under the title "Beach Soccer World Championship". Eight teams were selected to take part, without going through a qualification process. However Brazil, the hosts, dominated and easily won the cup without losing a game. The tournament was successful and BSWW announced that the competition would take place every year.

title: Soccer-specific stadium

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, first-division professional soccer leagues in the United States, such as the North American Soccer League and Major League Soccer, primarily used American football fields, many of which were oversized in terms of seating capacity and undersized in terms of width of the soccer field; they often used artificial turf (none of which, at the time, were approved for international soccer under FIFA rules). Although many of the baseball parks had smaller capacities, natural grass, and a wider field, these parks were generally in use during summer, when North American–based soccer leagues, such as Major League Soccer, also hold their seasons, and the irregular field dimensions and sightlines were often considered undesirable.

title: Comparative historical research

text: The comparative-historical method can be seen in "The Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe". Researcher Julia Adams draws on both original archival work and secondary sources to analyze how merchant families contested with noble families for influence in the early modern Dutch Republic. She argues that those contests produced the political institutions that became the modern Dutch state, by frequently making reference to England and France. Her use of feminist theory to account for elements of the Dutch Republic, such as patriarchal kinship structures in the ruling families, expanded on earlier theories of how modern states came to be. This is an illustration of how comparative-historical analysis uses cases and theories together.

title: Pat Varsallona

text: Pat is involved in many administrative capacities: he has been a member of the United States Soccer Federation's International Games Committee and a member of the U.S.A.S.A.'s Rules Committee. He is currently the Chairman of the U20 National Tournament Committee He is also serving as the New Jersey Soccer Association Executive Director, a capacity he has held since 1984, as the Commissioner of Champions League Soccer, a Regional League of the USASA and as the Chief Executive Officer of the Garden State Soccer League.

title: Beach Soccer Worldwide

text: Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) is the organisation responsible for the founding and growth of association football's derivative sport of beach soccer. The founding partners of BSWW codified the rules of beach soccer in 1992, with BSWW as it is known today having been officially founded in 2001 as a singular institution to develop the sport and organise international beach soccer competitions across the globe, primarily between national teams. The company is recognised as playing the biggest role in helping to establish the rules of beach soccer, to spread and evolve the sport around the world as cited by FIFA who took on governing body status of the sport from BSWW in 2005. Having established the sport's key regulations, FIFA acknowledged BSWW's framework, making their rules the official laws of beach soccer and now controls them and any modifications.

title: How Soccer Explains the World

text: How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalization (also published as How Football Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalization) is a book written by American journalist Franklin Foer. It is an analysis of the interchange between soccer and the new global economy.

title: James Naismith

text: The first game of "Basket Ball" was played in December 1891. In a handwritten report, Naismith described the circumstances of the inaugural match; in contrast to modern basketball, the players played nine versus nine, handled a soccer ball, not a basketball, and instead of shooting at two hoops, the goals were a pair of peach baskets: "When Mr. Stubbins brot up the peach baskets to the gym I secured them on the inside of the railing of the gallery. This was about 10 feet from the floor, one at each end of the gymnasium. I then put the 13 rules on the bulletin board just behind the instructor's platform, secured a soccer ball and awaited the arrival of the class ... The class did not show much enthusiasm but followed my lead ... I then explained what they had to do to make goals, tossed the ball up between the two center men & tried to keep them somewhat near the rules. Most of the fouls were called for running with the ball, though tackling the man with the ball was not uncommon." In contrast to modern basketball, the original rules did not include what is known today as the dribble. Since the ball could only be moved up the court via a pass early players tossed the ball over their heads as they ran up court. Also following each "goal" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Both practices are obsolete in the rules of modern basketball.

title: Stefan Gruber

text: Gruber invented 3 Way Soccer at The Nova Project in 2005. The game is an unorthodox sports workshop with continuously evolving rules, only loosely resembling soccer. Each game is one hour in length, during which the first forty minutes, the ball is in play, and the remaining twenty minutes are used to decide how the rules of the game should change for the next game. In each game, three teams are formed on a circular field, and a large yoga ball is used instead of a soccer ball. The interactions of three opposing teams creates what Gruber describes as a "dance-related trajectory".

title: Soccer kick

text: In 2000, the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts were written with the intention of making the sport of MMA appear more acceptable in a wider society. Under those rules, soccer kicks were explicitly banned and classed as a foul defined as "kicking the head of a grounded opponent". It is noted that while soccer kicks to grounded opponents are fouls, axe kicks, downward strikes with the back of the heel, are not considered fouls if done to any part of a grounded opponent. In the years after the banning of soccer kicks under the Unified Rules, a number of fans and MMA fighters have argued for them to be permitted under the Unified Rules along with face and foot stomps. Their justification is that soccer kicks and stomps being disallowed hindered fighters who were used to using them under other MMA rule sets. Mauricio Rua, who mostly used soccer kicks to earn victories in Pride, argued that elbows caused more pain than soccer kicks and claimed that soccer kicks were safer than elbows. Rua also argued that elbows were more dangerous than soccer kicks and yet were allowed under the unified rules. Opponents of soccer kicks argued that they needed to be banned in order for the sport of MMA to move forward. They also argued that in the face of opposition to the sport from politicians such as John McCain, soccer kicks had to be banned in order to ensure that the sport was not viewed as illegal "human cockfighting" and could be sanctioned as legal in the United States by Athletic Commissions.

title: Soccer kick

text: Although a soccer kick is a foul when delivered to the head in the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts which prevail in North America, the technique was commonly employed in Pride Fighting Championships in Japan. Fighters Wanderlei Silva and Mauricio Rua were notable practitioners of the soccer kick in MMA. Under the Unified Rules, some MMA fighters attempted to use tactics with the "kicking the head of a grounded opponent" rule, which defined a fighter as grounded if they had any part of their body apart from their feet on the ground. This meant that fighters, such as Jon Jones, would often try to provoke illegal soccer kicks by putting their hand on the ground or as a way to avoid strikes such as the soccer kick after a failed takedown. However, in 2013, referees were encouraged to interpret the rules that if a fighter is deliberately intending to provoke an illegal soccer kick and one was used, then the referee could decide that it was a legal move.

title: Soccer in the United States

text: There has been some debate about the origins of modern soccer in America. It has long been held that the modern game entered the States through Ellis Island in the 1860s. However, 2013 research has shown that soccer entered America through the port of New Orleans, as Irish, English, Scottish, Italian and German immigrants brought the game with them. It was in New Orleans that many of the first games of soccer in America were held. The origins of the game in general trace back to ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, or China. It is difficult to say for sure which country was the true origin.

title: Walter Winterbottom

text: An important landmark was the publication of Winterbottom's book, Soccer Coaching, the first modern soccer coaching manual. This was followed by three more books, Skilful Soccer, Modern Soccer and Training for Soccer.

title: Back-pass rule

text: The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) has provided the following guidance on how this offence should be judged by referees:

title: Historical linguistics

text: Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The term "syntax" is used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the syntax of Modern Irish". Modern researchers in syntax attempt to describe languages in terms of such rules. Many professionals in this discipline attempt to find general rules that apply to all natural languages in the context of historical linguistics, how characteristics of sentence structure in related languages changed over time. See grammaticalisation.

title: Soccer in Canada

text: One of the earliest soccer games was played in Toronto in 1859 between the St. George's Society and a team of Irishmen. Games were played in New Westminster in 1862 and in Victoria in 1865. The first game played under modern rules took place in Toronto in 1876, after which the Dominion Football Association, the first recorded football association outside the British Isles, was formed in Toronto in 1877 to foster competition between local sides. The first soccer/football book published in Canada was published in Toronto in 1879 on March 5.

title: Gridiron football

text: The sport developed from informal games played in North America during the 19th century. Early games had a variety of local rules and were generally similar to modern rugby union and soccer. By the 1860s, teams from universities were playing each other, leading to more standardized rules and the creation of college football. While several American schools adopted rules based on the soccer rules of the British Football Association, Harvard University held to its traditional "carrying game". Meanwhile, McGill University in Montreal used rules based on rugby union. In 1874, Harvard and McGill University in Montreal organized two games using each other's rules. Harvard took a liking to McGill's rugby-style rules, and subsequently played several other U.S. colleges over the next several years.

title: Greg Howes

text: In 1995, Howes graduated from Franklin Pierce High School. He played his freshman season of collegiate soccer at Stetson University. He then transferred to Oregon State University, playing soccer there in 1998 and 1999. In 1999, he played for the Willamette Valley Firebirds of the Premier Development League. On February 7, 2000, the Seattle Sounders selected Howes in the first round (eighth overall) of the USL A-League draft. He tied for third on the points list that season and was named the 2000 A-League Rookie of the Year. On October 10, 2000, Howes signed with the Milwaukee Wave in the National Professional Soccer League. He was selected to the 2000-2001 All Rookie team. He would play each winter indoor season with the Wave until 2008. After 2001, the team was renamed the Major Indoor Soccer League. On February 8, 2001, the Sounders traded Howes to the Portland Timbers in exchange for a second and third round draft pick and cash. He spent two seasons with the Timbers before being released at the end of the 2002 season. In April 2003, Howes joined the Milwaukee Wave United an outdoor expansion team built around the Milwaukee Wave roster. He played for the Rochester Raging Rhinos in 2005 and 2006 before returning to the Seattle Sounders in 2007. Howes was part of the Seattle squad which won the 2007 USL-1 championship. In 2008 Howes signed with the Stockton Cougars of the Professional Arena Soccer League. in the Professional Arena Soccer League. Howes was the MVP of the MISL three years in a row, in 2005 and 2006, and has played for the United States national futsal team.

title: Coláiste Phádraig (Lucan)

text: The school has many modern facilities. These include five laboratories, two computer rooms, two metalwork and woodwork rooms, a language room, a large canteen and a study hall where all state examinations (the Junior and Leaving Certificate) take place. Outside, there are junior and senior yards, a soccer pitch, a Gaelic football and hurling pitch a car park for patrons of the school and two basketball courts. Soccer goals are also placed in the yards. There is a big sports hall situated beside the school building. It contains facilities for tennis, soccer, hockey, badminton and basketball to be played. It also contains a modern gymnasium that is used by students and teachers alike.

title: Grand Slam Single

text: Prior to 1920, if a batter hit a walk off home run, he would receive credit for advancing only as many bases as necessary for the winning run to score. Therefore, a walk-off grand slam in a tie game would have officially been scored as a single, and only one run would count. A review in the 1960s found 37 walk-off hits that would have been considered home runs under today's rules, but were instead ruled singles, doubles, or triples under the rules of the time. In April 1968, a committee voted to retroactively change these to home runs, but reversed their ruling a week later following public outrage about the decision extending Babe Ruth's then-record to 715 home runs. It is unclear how many, if any, of these hits were singles that would have been grand slams under modern rules.

title: How the Scots Invented the Modern World

text: In "The Scotsman", Graham Leicester writes that the "overblown rhetoric invites a sceptical reaction. But I suggest we just accept this extraordinary compliment graciously." It was likely influenced by Thomas Cahill's "How the Irish Saved Civilization" and the result of a marketing strategy. Several reviewers found that Herman was successful in proving that Scots did have a disproportionate impact on modernity. Herman continued this type of theme with his next book, "To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World", published in 2004.

title: Convention (norm)

text: Social rules reflect what is "acceptable" or "normal" behaviour in any situation. Michel Foucault's concept of discourse is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change. It is the social rules that tell people what is "normal" behaviour for any specific category. Thus, social rules tell a woman how to behave in a womanly manner, and a man, how to be manly. Other such rules are as follows:In government, convention is a set of unwritten rules that participants in the government must follow. These rules can be ignored only if justification is clear, or can be provided. Otherwise, consequences follow. Consequences may include ignoring some other convention that has until now been followed. According to the traditional doctrine (Dicey), conventions cannot be enforced in courts, because they are non-legal sets of rules. Convention is particularly important in the Westminster System of government, where many of the rules are unwritten.


query: How large is Johannesburg's population?

title: Johannesburg

text: The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, making it the most populous city in South Africa.[4] In the same year, the population of Johannesburg's urban agglomeration was put at 7,860,781.[5] The land area of the municipal city (1,645km2 (635sqmi)) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364/km2 (6,120/sqmi).

text: Agencies include Johannesburg Roads, City Parks and Johannesburg Development Agency. Each of these performs a service to the public at large – there are no direct charges to individual consumers. These are also structured as separate companies, but they are reliant on the council for funding.

title: Johannesburg

text: Johannesburg's urban agglomeration spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the municipality. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",[5] or 8,880,000 in 2016 by Demographia (for "Johannesburg-East Rand", 41st highest in the world).[49]

title: Johannesburg, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Johannesburg had a population of 172. The population density was 71.2 people per square mile (27.5/km²). The racial makeup of Johannesburg was 152 (88.4%) White, 2 (1.2%) African American, 2 (1.2%) Native American, 8 (4.7%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0.0%) from other races, and 8 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8 persons (4.7%).

title: Johannesburg Botanical Garden

text: The Johannesburg Botanical Garden is located in the suburb of Emmarentia in Johannesburg, South Africa. The gardens grew out of a large rose garden that was established in 1964 (becoming known locally as the "Rose Garden") and subsequently expanded from 1969 to cover an area of around . It is administered by Johannesburg City Parks. The Emmarentia Dam is situated immediately to the east of the garden and shares its extensive acreage. One of the main attractions is the Rose Garden with over 10 000 roses.

title: James Blanchard (scientist)

text: The science of public health is focused on determining why some populations are less healthy than others and devising strategies to improve the health of populations. By studying how the characteristics of individuals, communities, and large populations contribute to the local and global distribution of communicable and non-communicable diseases, Dr. Blanchard is contributing to the development of effective public health strategies for disease prevention. He studies communicable and non-communicable diseases on two continents, paying particular attention to how diverse characteristics of individuals, communities, and large populations contribute to diseases distribution.

title: Killarney, Gauteng

text: It is home to the first shopping mall in Johannesburg. It was formerly known as the Hollywood of Johannesburg, due it being the location of one of the first film studios in South Africa. Killarney currently is home to consulates, tall residential buildings (including some of Johannesburg's best examples of Art Deco architecture) and a golf course. There is a large Jewish, Muslim community in Killarney. Killarney is very cosmopolitan and also has a large gay community.

title: Regional accents of English

text: South African accents also vary between major cities (particularly Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg) and provinces (regions).[15] Accent variation are also observed within respective cities, for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs (Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be less strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more affluent and populated by individuals with tertiary education and higher incomes. The accents of native English speakers from the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be more strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact that Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or failing economies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of Johannesburg. The western suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which has now reverted to its old name Sophiatown, Westdene, etc.) are predominantly Afrikaans speaking. In a similar fashion, people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas in the Johannesburg area (such as Sandton, Linksfield or Victory Park) may have accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry.

title: Johannesburg Gas Works

text: The Johannesburg Gas Works also known as Egoli Gas Works established in 1892, is one of the most historically and architecturally significant industrial sites in Johannesburg. Not only does it have intact machinery to show the production of gas but it also has structurally sound buildings which in their entirety show the process from how gas was produced out of coal up to how it was distributed to the public. Gas production is now extinct but the buildings remain as a reminder of what used to be on the site. The Gas tanks are a major landmark in Johannesburg and make their appearance in most portraits showing Johannesburg’s skyline. The Gas Works also have a rich workers history, which exemplifies the way in which workers were segregated during apartheid.

title: Suburbs of Johannesburg

text: Johannesburg, like many other boom towns, grew rapidly and with little planning, and thus the city covers an extremely large area. The main differences between the city's suburbs tend to be socioeconomic: The north is often associated with wealth due to areas such as Houghton, which boasts large properties and contained the residence of former president Nelson Mandela, and Sandton which has become an alternative business district and is referred to as 'Africa's richest square mile'. The South of Johannesburg is associated with poverty as many former townships fall within this area (orange Farm and Soweto). However, this north/south prejudice is too general as Johannesburg is becoming increasingly less economically segregated. Alexandra township, a low economic area, borders Sandton and the South boasts affluent areas such as the newly developed "Meyersdale Eco Estate" and "Eye Of Africa Golf Estate". Many people see themselves as being a resident of their suburb first and foremost to being a resident of Johannesburg secondarily.

title: Greymont

text: Greymont is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Greymont is located quite close to both the University of Johannesburg as well as the University of the Witwatersrand, which means it has a rather large number of students living in this area. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

title: Soweto

text: As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's 2008 census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. It has been estimated that 40% of Johannesburg's residents live in Soweto. However, the 2008 Census put its population at 1.3 million (2010) or about one-third of the city's total population.

title: History of Johannesburg

text: Johannesburg is a large city in Gauteng Province of South Africa. It was established as a small village controlled by a Health Committee in 1886 with the discovery of an outcrop of a gold reef on the farm Langlaagte. The population of the city grew rapidly,becoming a municipality in 1897. In 1928 it became a city making Johannesburg the largest city in South Africa. In 2002 it joined ten other municipalities to form the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Today, it is a centre for learning and entertainment for all of Africa. It is also the capital of Gauteng.

title: Mohlakeng

text: Mohlakeng is a township west of Johannesburg in Gauteng, South Africa. A local authority was established in 1984. Mohlakeng is where the large part of the Randfontein population is situated. It lies 7 kilometres south of Randfontein, and around 38 kilometres West of Johannesburg. Mohlakeng has now grown about 15% in size in 2012 as compared to 2002. The former Executive Mayor of The West Rand District Municipality hails from Mohlakeng:

title: Johannesburg

text: The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people. By the 13th century, groups of Bantu-speaking people started moving southwards from central Africa and encroached on the indigenous San population. By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by various Sotho–Tswana communities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from what is now Botswana in the west, to present day Lesotho in the south, to the present day Pedi areas of the Northern Province. More specifically, the stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal province in which Johannesburg is situated.

title: Metropolitan area

text: The Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in South Africa. Its population was over 9.6 million as of the 2011 South Africa Census, in contrast to its urban area, which consisted of approximately 7.9 million inhabitants as of 2011. Conversely, metropolitan municipalities in South Africa are defined as commonly governed areas of a metropolitan area. The largest such metropolitan municipal government entity in South Africa is the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, which presided over nearly 5 million people as of 2016. However, the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area houses roughly ten times the population of its core municipal city of Johannesburg, which contained 957,441 people as of the 2011 census.

title: Gauteng

text: Situated in the Highveld, Gauteng is the smallest province in South Africa, accounting for only 1.5% of the land area. Nevertheless, it is highly urbanised, containing the country's largest city, Johannesburg, its administrative capital, Pretoria, and other large areas such as Midrand and Vanderbijlpark. , Gauteng is the most populous province in South Africa with a population of approximately 14,700,000 people according to estimates.

title: Transport in Johannesburg

text: Johannesburg is a young and sprawling city and with its public transport system was built in its infancy it is hard to get around. The city has grown north and the system concentrates on the south however even there it is badly degraded and in need of an upgrade.The city of Johannesburg though has invested a large percentage of its budget to this problem.

title: Johannesburg

text: Under the system of apartheid (Afrikaans for "apartness"), a comprehensive system of racial segregation was imposed on South Africa starting in 1948. The economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of cheap black workers who performed most of the semi-skilled and unskilled work, and which forced the government to make some exceptions to apartheid in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.[21] In the 1950s, the government began a policy of building townships for blacks outside of Johannesburg to provide workers for Johannesburg.[21] Soweto, a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of rural blacks came to Johannesburg.[22] It was estimated in 1989 that the population of Soweto was equal to that of Johannesburg, if not greater.[22]

title: Distribution of white South Africans

text: Afrikaners are located in all parts of the nation, apart from the former homelands such as Transkei and KwaZulu, where they are very small in number. English-speaking whites are generally concentrated in Natal, Johannesburg and major settlements in the Cape. Other white groups (such as Portuguese and Germans) live mostly in Johannesburg or Cape Town. In the former homelands, the white populations are so tiny, that even the slightest population can affect how Afrikaans or English speaking they are. Of the largest cities in the country, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, East London and Pietermaritzburg are largely English speaking in the core, while Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Polokwane, Nelspruit, Witbank and Rustenburg are predominantly Afrikaans speaking. Port Elizabeth is largely mixed.

title: Wayne Barker

text: Barker remains a prolific and active figure in the South African contemporary art sphere, exhibiting regularly with high-profile galleries as well as newer, up and coming ones. In addition to Super Boring (2010), a large scale retrospective of his work at the Standard Bank Galleries in Johannesburg and Polokwane as well as the SMAC Gallery in Cape Town, Barker has had two recent large scale exhibitions of new work at the CIRCA Gallery in Johannesburg. Normal Man (2015) was largely well received by the public and critically. His most recent exhibition, The World that Changed the Image (2016), shown at the Everard Read Contemporary Gallery in Johannesburg, consisted mainly of new works in the medium of screen-printing which Barker had resolved to learn on a recent trip to New York on which he had met a master screen printer. Upon his return to Johannesburg, he purchased all the equipment to establish a functioning screen-printing studio and learnt the medium. All the print works featured in the show were printed in Barker's own studio largely on his own with the help of an assistant.

title: City Deep, Gauteng

text: City Deep is an industrial suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Locally is a large container terminal of Transnet Freight Rail in operation, the most significant dry port of the country, and the Joburg Market (formerly named as "Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market").

title: Former Region 3 (Johannesburg)

text: The area is fairly heavily populated with the large urban centre of Sandton located in the region, however there are also many parks with large biodiversity. This area is close to Johannesburg's central business district. It is infamous for its heavy traffic, however in preparation for the World Summit on Sustainable Development the government spent considerable sums of money investing in upgrades to the transportation network.

title: Johannesburg, California

text: Johannesburg is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, in a mining district of the Rand Mountains. Johannesburg is located east-northeast of Randsburg, at an elevation of . The terminus of the Randsburg Railway was here from 1897 to 1933. The population was 172 at the 2010 census, down from 176 at the 2000 census. Johannesburg is divided from the neighboring community of Randsburg by a ridge. The town is frequently referred to as "Jo-burg" by locals and frequent visitors to the northwest Mojave.

title: Suburbs of Johannesburg

text: The eastern suburbs are some of the oldest areas of Johannesburg, there are large communities of Jewish and other European backgrounds, the majority of the population is English speaking. There are three golf courses as well as a number of protected ridges with viewsites.

title: Chinese South Africans

text: Following the end of apartheid in 1994, mainland Chinese began immigrating to South Africa in large numbers, increasing the Chinese population in South Africa to an estimated 300,000-400,000 in 2015. In Johannesburg, in particular, a new Chinatown has emerged in the eastern suburbs of Cyrildene and Bruma Lake, replacing the declining one in the city centre. A Chinese housing development has also been established in the small town of Bronkhorstspruit, east of Pretoria, as well as a massive new “city” in development in Johannesburg.

title: Roodepoort

text: Roodepoort has seen large population growth due to Johannesburg urban sprawl. Areas of interest for entertainment include the "Featherbrooke Village" shopping centre which is one of the student hotspots. Roodepoort has a wide variety of restaurants and shopping centres.

title: Diepsloot

text: Diepsloot, Afrikaans for "deep ditch", is a densely populated township in the north of Johannesburg. It is located in the newly formed Region A (formerly regions 1 and 2) of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Law and order is extremely bad here. It is made up of fully government-subsidised housing (Extensions 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10), brick houses built by landowners (Extensions 2 and 7), partially government subsidised houses (Extension 3/Tanganani) as well as shacks (the biggest sections being Extensions 1, 12, and 13). A large proportion (45.5%) of residents rent their property from a landowner who has subdivided their land.

title: Johannesburg

text: A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg. Originally an acronym for "South-Western Townships", Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg, populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry. Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for Blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent. These areas were designated as non-white areas in accordance with the segregationist policies of the South African government known as Apartheid.

title: Former Region 7 (Johannesburg)

text: Region 7 was an administrative district in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, from 2000 to 2006. It included the densely populated Alexandra township and was one of Johannesburg's eastern boundary sections, situated in the north-east of the city. Regions 2 (Midrand), 3 (Sandton), and 8 (Central) were to its west, with Midrand also forming its northern boundary. It touched on Region 9 (Johannesburg South) in the south. Its position gives it good access to the City's eastern neighbours, such as Kempton Park, Germiston, and Boksburg. The region was abolished with a reorganisation of regions in 2006.


query: When is the next Summer Games?

title: 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad(Japanese:第三十二回オリンピック競技大会,Hepburn:Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai)[1] and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020.

title: Pallacanestro Cantù

text:
When they qualified for the EuroLeague in 2011, they had to move to the PalaDesio for their games, 15 km away in Desio, as the Pianella did not meet EuroLeague standards.
The PalaDesio itself underwent a €130,000 refurbishment over the summer, with changes to the court, electrical installations and outside area that made it fall in line with the aforementioned standards.
They would also play their European games in Desio the next season, in addition to a number of domestic games over the next seasons (one game during in 2010–11, four more the next season, then two local derbies against Vanoli Cremona and Milano in 2014–15).

title: History of the Ireland national rugby union team

text: Ireland began their 2010 Summer Tests with a non-cap friendly against the Barbarians, which they lost 23–29. Their next game saw them take on New Zealand. Ireland were thrashed 66–28, their heaviest ever defeat. Ireland's next game was against New Zealand Maori. The side fielded many inexperienced players. The game was level at 18–18 at half-time, but the Maori won 31–28. Ireland's last game of the Summer Tests, was against Australia which they lost 22–15.

title: North Korea at the Olympics

text: North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964, appearing only in the Winter Olympic Games that year. Eight years later in 1972, the nation first participated at the Summer Olympic Games. Since then, the nation has appeared in every Summer Games, except when North Korea joined the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics, and when they boycotted the 1988 Games in Seoul, South Korea.

title: Elricia Francis

text: She was part of the first ever team to represent Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympic Games when she competed at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in the 4 x 100 metres relay, but the team failed to finish so didn't qualify for the next round.

title: 2008 Serena Williams tennis season

text: Williams came into the Summer Olympics, trying to claim her first singles gold. In her opening match she took Belarus' Olga Govortsova and was a set and on serve in the third game when the match was suspended due to rain. In the resumption the next day Williams won the four games to take the in second set in a breadstick and win. In her next match, she faced Australia's Samantha Stosur and made quick work of her opponent winning in just 44 minutes and a loss of two games, winning the second set in a bagel.

title: Wrestling at the Summer Olympics

text: Wrestling had been contested at the Summer Olympic Games since the sport was introduced in the ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC.[1] When the modern Olympic Games resumed in Athens in 1896, wrestling (in the form of Greco-Roman wrestling) became a focus of the Games, with the exception of the 1900 Summer Olympics when wrestling did not appear on the program. Freestyle wrestling and weight classes both made their first appearance in 1904. The women's competition was introduced in 2004.

title: Special Olympics

text: The Special Olympics World Games is a major event put on by the Special Olympics. The World Games alternate between summer and winter games, in two-year cycles, recurring every fourth year. The first games were held on July 20, 1968 in Chicago, Illinois, with about 1000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada. International participation expanded in subsequent games. In 2003, the first summer games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland with 7000 athletes from 150 countries. The most recent World Summer Games were held in Los Angeles, California (The largest event in LA since the 1984 Olympic Games), from July 25, 2015 to August 2, 2015. This was the first time that the Special Olympics were part of ESPN daily coverage. The next World Summer Games will be held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in March 2019. These will be the first Special Olympics World Games to be held in the Middle East.

title: Paralympic Games

text: In 2001 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement which guaranteed that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Initially agreed to remain in effect until the 2012 Summer Games, this has since been extended, encompassing all Summer and Winter games up until the 2020 Summer Games. Even beyond this, all Summer and Winter host cities currently announced are preparing pairs of Olympic and Paralympics Games. This was further confirmed when in March 10, 2018, the IOC and the IPC agreed to further extend the contract to the 2032 Summer Games.

title: List of Olympic women for Egypt

text: The first Summer Olympic Games was held in 1896 in Athens, but women competed for the first time in next games in 1900 in Paris. An Egyptian woman was scheduled to compete for the first time in the 1972 Summer Olympics, but the Munich massacre during that Games led to the departure of Egypt's delegation before the she could compete. The Egyptian woman made her first appearance in 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, 88 years after the first tournament, to become the fourth Arab woman to take part in the Olympics after Algeria, Libya, and Syria. Since then, the Egyptian women have taken part in every Summer Olympic Games.

title: List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games

text:
The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.
Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa. The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 81 nations participated. The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and many of their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.
The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.

title: Olympic symbols

text: The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the "Antwerp Flag" instead of the "Paris Flag". It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics "(see below)". The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired.

title: Olympiad

text:
An Olympiad (, "Olympiás") is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks. During the Hellenistic period, beginning with Ephorus, it was used as a calendar epoch.
Converting to the modern BC/AD dating system the first Olympiad began in the summer of 776 BC and lasted until the summer of 772 BC, when the second Olympiad would begin with the commencement of the next games.
By extrapolation to the Gregorian calendar, the
1st year of the ((2021+779)/4 -.5)round 0th Olympiad began in (Northern-Hemisphere) mid-summer 2021.

title: Syria at the Olympics

text: Syria, officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic, first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948, when the diver Zouheir Al-Shourbagi was the sole competitor at the 1948 London games and placed 10th in the men's platform. Syria then missed the next four Olympiads (though in 1960 the nation competed with Egypt as part of the United Arab Republic). Syria returned to the Games in 1968, and has sent athletes to compete in all but one edition of the Summer Olympic Games since then, missing only the 1976 Games. The nation has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games.

title: Haiti at the Olympics

text: Haiti made its first appearance at the Olympic Games in the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. The 1924 Summer Olympics in the same city marked Haiti's first Olympic medal, when the seven members of Haiti's shooting team took third place in the free rifle competition. The next games, in 1928, saw another medal for Haiti; Silvio Cator took the silver in men's long jump. While Haiti has participated in several Olympic games since 1928, no other medals have been won. Haiti has never competed in the Winter Olympics.

title: Maxwell Seales

title: Petar Mamić

text: After the season ended Mamić played in all of the B team's five preseason warm-up games and started the following season playing the second half of the first game against NK Solin and earning a yellow card. He was then benched for the following two games in light of transfer negotiations with Cagliari Calcio but returned in the following match against NK Novigrad after the 2016 summer transfer window had closed. He went on to play the next three league matches, earning a further two yellow cards but then missed the next game after having being submitted to the first team's final roster for the 2016-17 UEFA Champions League. Ultimately he was not chosen for the game squad and so returned in the next league match but was again benched in the next game when, due to many player's absences, six first team players came on. He played the next game and then earned a yellow card and scored a last-minute goal in a 3-1 victory over NK Solin with Dinamo one player down. In the following game he accumulated a second yellow card causing him to miss the next game but returned immediately after and then gave an assist to Davor Lovren to put Dinamo ahead in a 1-2 loss against NK Lučko. He played the next game, receiving another yellow card, and missed the one after that a week before playing Dinamo's first game of the 2016–17 Premier League International Cup against Swansea City. He played the closing game of the half season and then the second match of the Premier League International Cup against Chelsea but was replaced by Kruno Ivančić in the last group match against Feyenoord. In mid January he started trials before the second half of the season but his transfer to Frosinone Calcio was announced before the end of the month.

title: Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics

text: The Democratic Republic of the Congo ("DR Congo") first participated at the Olympic Games in 1968, when it was known as "Congo Kinshasa". The nation's next Olympic appearance was sixteen years later in 1984, when it was known as Zaire. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, but has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. By the 2000 Games, the nation was once again designated "Democratic Republic of the Congo".

title: Bertram Haynes

text: He was part of the first ever team to represent Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympic Games when he competed at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in the 4 x 100 metres relay, the relay team finished four in their heat so didn't advance to the next round.

title: Alain Maxime Isiah

title: List of people who have kept the Olympic flag

text: The IOC factsheet on the closing ceremony states: "The mayors of the current host city and next host city join the IOC President. The mayor of the host city hands the flag to the IOC President, who hands it on to the mayor of the next host city.". The Olympic Charter sets out the exact drill that the flag are to be handed by the mayor of the current host city to the another of the next host city. If at a Summer Olympic Games, the flag that is handed over is the Rio flag (formerly the Antwerp flag is used until 1984 in Los Angeles and the Seoul flag is used until the 2012 in London). When at a Winter Olympic Games, the flag that is handed over is the Oslo flag.

title: Bill Summers (umpire)

text: Born in Harrison, New Jersey, Summers was raised in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. He left school in the seventh grade, and began working under his father, a mill foreman; he also began boxing as a lightweight, with moderate success in the ring. At age 17, he was employed as a road worker when he stopped to watch a high school baseball game. The umpire who was supposed to officiate never arrived, however, and Summers was asked by Woonsocket high school coach Frank Keaney – who would go on to an extraordinary collegiate coaching career – to fill in. Summers accepted, even though he had never played baseball and was unfamiliar with the rules; Keaney told him that as long as he kept track of balls and strikes, it shouldn't prove difficult. Summers proved adept at the task, and regularly officiated high school, semi-pro and industrial games for the next eight years.

title: Japan at the Paralympics

text: Absent at the inaugural Paralympic Games in 1960 in Rome, Japan made its Paralympic début by hosting the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The country has participated in every subsequent edition of the Summer Paralympics, and in every edition of the Winter Paralympics since the first in 1976. It has hosted the Paralympic Games twice, with Tokyo hosting the 1964 Summer Games, and Nagano the 1998 Winter Paralympics.The next Summer Paralympics in 2020 will be held again in Tokyo. Japan is represented by the Japan Paralympic Committee.

title: Ron Promesse

text: He represented Saint Lucia at the countries second Olympic Games when he competed at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in the 100 metres, he didn't finish his heat so didn't advance to the next round.

title: Olympic Games ceremony

text: Next, two other national flags are hoisted on flagpoles one at a time while the corresponding national anthems are played: the flag of Greece to again honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games, and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games. In Moscow, Soviet Union, during the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, the flag raised to represent the next games host was that of the City of Los Angeles instead of the flag of the United States. In Sydney and Athens, two Greek flags were raised because Greece was the next games host (in 2000) and in 2004, because Greece was hosting the games. Then, while the Olympic Hymn is played, the Olympic flag that was hoisted during the opening ceremonies is lowered from the flagpole and carried from the stadium.

title: History of rugby union

text: Pierre de Coubertin, the revivor of the Olympics, introduced rugby union to the Summer Olympics at the 1900 games in Paris. Coubertin had previous associations with the game, refereeing the first French domestic championship as well as France's first international. France, the German Empire and Great Britain all entered teams in the 1900 games (Great Britain was represented by Moseley RFC, Germany by the SC 1880 Frankfurt. France won gold defeating both opponents. The rugby event drew the largest crowd at that particular games. Rugby was next played at the 1908 games in London. A Wallaby team, on tour in the United Kingdom, took part in the event, winning the gold, defeating Great Britain who were represented by a team from Cornwall. The United States won the next event, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, defeating the French. The Americans repeated their achievement at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, again defeating France. Though rugby had attracted bigger crowds than the track and field events in 1924, it was dropped from next Games and has not been included since.

title: Maxime Charlemagne

text: He was part of the first ever team to represent Saint Lucia at the Olympic Games when he competed at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in the 4 x 100 metres relay, the relay team finished fifth in their heat so he did not advance to the next round. He also competed in the 400 metres at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, where he finished sixth in his heat and failed to advance to the next round.

title: List of Neighbours characters (2003)

text: At their next soccer game, Lisa and Summer make up when Summer passes the ball to Lisa and she scores the winning goal. Lisa notices that Max is sad and she tells Summer that it was the same with her mother, when her father left her. Lisa and Summer then decide to get their parents together, so they can be sisters. However, Max and Lisa's mother, Andrea (Gail Beker), have nothing in common. When the girls start at Erinsborough High, they are laughed at for having their socks rolled up and they struggle with the large building. Lisa passes a note around her class about Susan's divorce and even after she is caught, she continues writing more nasty notes. Summer refuses to laugh at the jokes. Summer meets a new boyfriend, Caleb Wilson (Joss Kasper), who gives her expensive gifts. Lisa does not believe that Caleb exists, but she is shocked when he turns up at school to meet Summer for lunch. Lisa is then humiliated when she tries to flirt with Caleb and he rejects her. Lisa begins hanging around with her boyfriend and she encourages Summer to smoke. Summer refuses and Lisa calls her a loser, ending their friendship. Summer starts hanging around with Penny Weinberg (Sally Kingsford) and Lisa steals Penny's diary and reads it out to everyone.

title: Summer Catch

text: The next day, the A's have their first game of the season where rival Van Leemer shines pitching a shut-out, while Ryan is told to walk the stands for donations. That evening Ryan and Tenley have their first kiss. The next night Ryan is pitching in his first game of the season. The game goes well for the A's until the last inning when Ryan gives up a grand slam, allowing the other team to win the game. Ryan returns home to find his dad drunk and upset about the loss. Later, Ryan visits Tenley where he confides about his rocky relationship with his father and concerns about failing as a baseball player.

title: Bernice Morton

title: BC Summer Games

text: The BC Summer Games are an amateur sporting event held every year biennially in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The next games are slated to be held in Duncan in July 2018.


query: How many episodes did Zatch Bell have?

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes

text: The series premiered on April 6, 2003 and ended on March 26, 2006 with one hundred and fifty episodes in total.[1] Viz Media later bought the rights to air the series where it aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami block and YTV. The dubbed episodes of Zatch Bell! discontinued airing after episode seventy-seven on Cartoon Network on December 23, 2006 while the Canadian YTV station discontinued the series on episode one-hundred and four.[2]

title: Kiyo Takamine and Zatch Bell

text: Kiyo and Zatch were based on the design of a normal high school student and a noble knight who combats evil. The knight however was changed into a cuter character. In the Zatch Bell! character popularity polls, Kiyo and Zatch are voted one of the most popular characters ranking in the top three. Plush dolls based on Zatch's appearance have also been made.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes

text: The Region 1 DVD compilations of the Zatch Bell! anime are released by Viz Media. As of August 2009, thirteen DVD compilations have been released by Viz Media in the United States.[6][7]

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 3)

text: The episodes use four different pieces of theme music: one opening theme and two closing themes are used in the original Japanese episodes, while one theme is used for the opening and ending in the dubbed episodes. The Japanese opening theme is by Takayoshi Tanimoto. The first Japanese ending theme was by Echiura, which was used until episode 125. The second Japanese ending theme is by Tomoe Shinohara until episode 149. The final episode uses by Hidenori Chiwata as its ending theme. The English opening theme is "Follow the Light", and the ending theme is "Zatch Bell! Theme" by Thorsten Laewe and Greg Prestopino.

title: List of Zatch Bell! characters

text: Kiyo Takamine, known in the original version as Kiyomaro Takamine(高嶺 清麿,Takamine Kiyomaro) and his Mamodo partner Zatch Bell, known in the original version as Gash Bell(ガッシュ・ベル,Gasshu Beru), are the main protagonists of the series. Kiyo is a genius 14-year-old junior high school student with an IQ of over 180. His classmates eventually shunned him due to his high intelligence causing him to develop an introverted and apathetic demeanor to the point where he skips school on a regular basis.[4] One day, Zatch, an overly cheerful amnesic boy, is sent by Kiyo's father to live with Kiyo. Zatch's personality slowly influences Kiyo causing him to become more outgoing and friendly and allowing him to befriend many people during the course of the series. Zatch's past is slowly unraveled and reveals he is the son of the current Mamodo King and sealed within Zatch is a power known as Bao(バオウ,Baō).[5] Also brought to light is the fact that Zatch's twin brother, Zeno Bell, was the one who erased Zatch's memory in order to make him suffer.[6] In battle, Zatch's spells revolve around lightning. His most powerful spell, Bao, allows him to create a huge electrical dragon. Kiyo's voice actor is Takahiro Sakurai and his English voice actor is Jason Spisak.[7][8] Zatch's voice actors are Ikue Ōtani and in the nine final episodes, Konami Yoshida.[7][9] His English voice actress is Debi Derryberry.[8]

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 2)

text: This season uses five pieces of theme music: one opening theme with three closing themes in the original Japanese episodes, and one theme used for the opening and ending in the dubbed episodes. The Japanese opening theme is by Takayoshi Tanimoto. The first Japanese ending theme is "Stars" by King for until episode fifty-eight. The second Japanese ending theme is by Eri Kitamura until episode 75. The third ending theme is "Idea" by Tsukiko Amano until episode 100. The English opening theme is "Follow the Light" and the ending theme is "Zatch Bell! Theme" by Thorsten Laewe and Greg Prestopino.

title: Zatch Bell!

text: Finally, when the number of Mamodos have decreased to ten, an evil and powerful Mamodo named Clear Note appears. With Clear Note's immense strength the protagonists have to train to fight against Clear Note in the King's Festival. The King's Festival is where the final ten Mamodo have to fight to be king. Most notably before the Zatch and Kiyo fought Clear Note, Kanchome got sent back to the Mamodo world when he was ambushed by Clear Note. With Kancome gone before the big fight it Kiyo, Megumi, and Sunbeam vowed to win against Clear Note for Kanchome and Folgore's sake. Past Mamodos who Kiyo and Zatch have encountered in the past came to help out. They helped out in a form of spells because Kiyo's spell book unlocked all of the Mamodo's spells. Kiyo used Kido's strongest spell, Wonrei's strongest spell, and many more spells from their past allies After many sacrifices, Clear Note is defeated leaving Zatch and his ally Brago as the remaining Mamodos. After Kiyo's graduation ceremony, Zatch and Brago battle and Zatch is crowned the Mamodo King. As a prize for helping Zatch become king, Kiyo is given two options: either getting a wish and forgetting about Zatch, or get nothing but keep his memories of Zatch. He chooses the latter option. Three weeks later, a letter is sent from the Mamodos to their human partners. Zatch's letter reveals that all is well in the Mamodo world.

title: List of Zatch Bell! video games

text: The "Zatch Bell!" anime/manga series had video games, most of which were published in Japan only. Ten "Zatch Bell!" video games were only published in Japan with half of them being Game Boy Advance titles but three games were localized in North America including "Zatch Bell! Mamodo Battles", "Zatch Bell! Electric Arena", and "Zatch Bell! Mamodo Fury". "Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Unare! Yūjō no Zakeru 2" was planned to be localized in North America as "Zatch Bell! Electric Arena 2" but it was canceled for unknown reasons.

title: Zatch Bell! The Card Battle

text: Zatch Bell! The Card Battle is an out-of-print trading card game released in 2005 based on the Zatch Bell! series. This game used original deck rules by using a spellbook instead of a loose deck.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 1)

text: The episodes use four pieces of theme music: one opening themes and two closing themes in the original Japanese episodes and one theme used for the opening and ending in the dubbed episodes. The Japanese opening theme is by Hidenori Chiwata until episode 50 and used again for the final episode. The first Japanese ending theme is "Personal" by Aya Ueto until episode 30. The second Japanese ending theme is "Stars" by King for the rest of the season. The English opening and ending theme is "Zatch Bell! Theme" by Thorsten Laewe and Greg Prestopino.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes

text: The episodes of Zatch Bell!, known as Konjiki no Gash Bell!!(金色のガッシュベル!!, lit. "Golden Gash Bell!!) in Japan, is based on Makoto Raiku's Konjiki no Gash!!(金色のガッシュ!!, lit. Golden Gash!!) manga series. The anime is directed by Calvin Ferrell and produced by Ferrell Animation. They were aired on Fuji TV in Japan. The plot follows Kiyo Takamine and his Mamodo partner Zatch Bell's adventures in a tournament that will decide the ruler of the Mamodo world.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes

text: The Region 2 DVD compilations of the Zatch Bell! anime are released by Shogakukan and grouped by season. Fifty-one DVD compilations have been released by Shogakukan in Japan.

title: Zatch Bell!

text: The episodes of the "Zatch Bell!" anime series were directed by Tetsuji Nakamura and Yukio Kaizawa and produced by Toei Animation. The episodes were aired on Fuji Television between April 6, 2003 to March 26, 2006 and spanned 150 episodes. Viz Media obtained the foreign television, home video, and merchandising rights to the "Zatch Bell!" anime from Toei Studio on August 4, 2005. Subsequently, Viz Media contracted Studiopolis to create the English adaptation of the anime. The North American English dub has been edited and localized for young children aged 6 to 10 years in America. Viz Media has licensed its individual "Zatch Bell!" merchandising rights to several different companies, including a new toy line made by Mattel and a collectible card game released by Bandai in the United States and Japan.

title: Zatch Bell!

text: Common Sense Media describes the story as "isn't just about violence". They also say that there is always challenges, adversities, and questions of identity that the characters face especially Zatch and Kiyo. They compliment how the characters often think aloud when talking about their painful experiences or flashbacks. They applaud on how each of the characters problems in the series are not far off on what kids deal with today. They criticized how the battles uses visuals, languages, sound effects, and dramatic effects that often get drawn out and sometimes become hard to watch. Overall, they said with the graphic violence and the internal struggles that the different characters face throughout the series some parents may not find Zatch Bell! appropriate for their children under ten years old.

title: Zatch Bell!

text: Taking place mostly in modern-day Japan, the story follows Kiyo Takamine, a 14-year-old boy in junior high school. His father, Seitaro Takamine, discovers an unconscious child named Zatch Bell while in a forest in England, and sends Zatch to live with Kiyo. Unlike the other Mamodo, Zatch lost his memory of the Mamodo world. Kiyo learns about the spell book when he reads a spell causing Zatch to fire lightning from his mouth (the spell is mentioned in the first episode). As Kiyo and Zatch begin to encounter different Mamodos and learn more about the Mamodo battles, they discover that there are those who do not wish to fight and there are those who fight for the wrong reasons. After meeting a Mamodo named Kolulu and seeing how this kind Mamodo was forced to fight due to the power of her spells, Zatch decides to become a kind king in order to stop the battle from ever happening again. As the story progresses, Zatch and Kiyo meet other Mamodos that share similar views to them and become allies. They meet allies such as Megumi Oumi and Tia in which they specialize in defensive spells such as different types of shields. Kiyo and Zatch meet Folgore and Kanchomé (Canchome) who are both comic relief characters and they only have transformation spells such as Kanchomé being able to turn himself really big. Zatch met Kafk Sunbeam and Umagon earlier in England. Umagon is a Mamodo who specializes in transformation spells that can put armor around his body. Shery (Sherie) Belmont and Brago who was originally Zatch and Kiyo's rival in the series later becomes their allies and he has gravity type spells.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 2)

text: The season began airing on April 4, 2004 in Japan on Fuji TV and ended on March 27, 2005. The English adaptation of the "Konjiki no Gash Bell!!" is licensed by Viz Media, and aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami block and the Canadian television network YTV. The episodes were collected into seventeen DVD compilations by Shogakukan and released between May 18, 2005 and June 21, 2006. The dubbed episodes of the second season of "Zatch Bell!" discontinued airing after episode seventy-seven on Cartoon Network on January 20, 2007. The Canadian YTV station however continued the series.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 1)

text: The season began airing on April 6, 2003 in Japan on Fuji TV and ended on March 28, 2004. The English adaptation of the "Konjiki no Gash Bell!!" is licensed by Viz Media, and aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami block and the Canadian television network YTV. The episodes were collected into seventeen DVD compilations by Shogakukan and released between November 19, 2003 and April 20, 2005. The dubbed episodes of the first season of "Zatch Bell!" were later collected and released in thirteen DVD compilations by Viz Media between November 8, 2005 and December 4, 2007.

title: Kiyo Takamine and Zatch Bell

text:
In the first "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" popularity polls of the series, Zatch ranked first and Kiyo ranked second. In the second and third Zatch Bell! character popularity contest, Zatch and Kiyo ranked first and third respectively. IGN's review of the first two Tankōbon of the series stated that Kiyo was not a likable character due to his abrasive attitude. IGN however described Zatch as "...a funny, quirky character that's easy to like and easy to get annoyed with fairly quickly". Mania.com's Jarred Pine review of the first volume also commented on Kiyo's irritating and arrogant persona. In the
SPJA Industry Award, Jason Spisak was nominated fifth in the category "best English voice actor" for the voice of Kiyo. Debi Derryberry was nominated for "Best Actress in a Comedy" for her role as Zatch at the 2006 and 2007 American Anime Awards but did not win. Since the series was released, merchandise based on Zatch's appearance has been made such as plush toys and action figures.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 3)

text: The season began on April 3, 2005 in Japan on Fuji TV, and ended on March 26, 2006. The English adaptation of "Konjiki no Gash Bell!!" is licensed by Viz Media, and aired on Cartoon Network and the Canadian television network YTV. The episodes were collected into seventeen DVD compilations by Shogakukan and released between July 7, 2006, and March 7, 2007. The dubbed episodes of "Zatch Bell!" were discontinued from airing on Cartoon Network after episode 77 on December 23, 2006, while the Canadian YTV station discontinued the series after episode 104.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 2)

text: This list of "Zatch Bell!" episodes of season 2, describes the 50 TV episodes, begun in 2004, for level 2 of the "Zatch Bell!" anime. The series is known as in Japan, was directed by Tetsuji Nakamura and Yukio Kaizawa and produced by Toei Animation. The series was aired on Fuji TV in Japan. They are based on Makoto Raiku's manga series, and adapt the 11th through 18th volumes of the manga over fifty episodes. The plot follows Kiyo Takamine and his partner Zatch Bell in their battle against the Mamodo Zofis and his army of thousand-year Mamodos.

title: Zatch Bell!

text: The English adaptation of the "Zatch Bell!" anime premiered on Cartoon Network's Toonami on March 5, 2005 to January 20, 2007 with seventy-seven episodes aired. Canada's YTV began airing "Zatch Bell!" in September 2005 and ended on December 6, 2008 with episode 104. The series was released in fifty-one DVD compilations by Shogakukan between November 19, 2003 and March 7, 2007 in Japan. As of July 2009, Thirteen DVD compilations of the English adaption of the anime have been released by Viz Media between November 8, 2005 and December 4, 2007. All the Viz Media home releases of Zatch Bell show only the North American edited English dub episodes and they are rated A for All Ages. New Video released a DVD box set, ""Zatch Bell!: The Complete Seasons 1 & 2"", on December 3, 2013 that included the first 100 episodes of the North American edited English dub. On June 22, 2017, Starz announced that they would be offering episodes of the series for their Video on Demand service starting July 1, 2017.

title: Zatch Bell! Mamodo Fury

text: Right after Zofis is sent back to the Mamodo World by the once again victorious Zatch Bell, a mysterious figure appears. The figure is a mamodo child who looks like Zatch, named Zeno, who claims to hate Zatch more than anything. The doppelgänger and his partner, Dufort prove to be tough for Kiyo and Zatch, and finally, Zeno declares that he will leave them alone for now, stating that he wants Zatch to "suffer" another "living nightmare" before finally defeating him. Zeno and Dufort leave, and although Zatch is initially worried about the "nightmare" his lookalike mentioned, Kiyo encourages him to become strong and that they will never give up. Zatch agrees, and the two proceed on, prepared for another adventure.

title: Kiyo Takamine and Zatch Bell

text:
Kiyo's high intelligence and quick decision making makes him an excellent tactician which allowed Zatch to defeat Mamodos much stronger than him. During the battle within Faudo, Kiyo gained an ability called from being killed and subsequently brought back to life. This ability grants Kiyo the ability to know the answer to any question. Using the ability of Answer Talker in battle allows Kiyo to completely understand an opponent's attack, how to evade it, and how to effectively counterattack. Most of Zatch's spells causes Zatch to lose consciousness when cast. To get around this, Kiyo devised a method of reciting spells by training Zatch to look in the direction Kiyo points to.
Zatch's primary offense at first is the spell , which causes him to fire lightning from his mouth. During the course of the series, more powerful variations of Zaker are used in the order of , , and . Zatch's most powerful spell is which conjures a giant electrical dragon. He later gains varieties of "Bao Zakeruga" such as which conjures a giant claw which conjures a serpentine "Bao Zakeruga" which attacks by shooting its scales, and , a manifestation of electricity in the form of a giant Lernaean Hydra.

title: Zatch Bell!

text: As the number of Mamodos decreases, Zatch and his allies encounter a Mamodo called Zofis who takes control of several Mamodos who were sealed in stone from the previous battle to decide the king. With Kiyo and Zatch needing more allies, they meet Dr. Riddles and Kido. They helped teach the main allies how to unlock new spells such as Zatch unlocking the sixth spell. Kiyo and Zatch with friends make their way to South America to fight off Zofis and the thousand year Mamodos. Many characters fell and got their book burned. The most notable one was Kido who was sent back to the Mamodo world after fighting Belgium E.O. Ultimately, Sherry and Brago came to help to fight Zofis. Zofis took control of Sherry's friend Koko who Zofis makes her do evil things such as burning a whole town. Sherry and Brago beat Zofis but not without the help of Kiyo and friends. Sherry gets Koko back to normal and the battle in South America is over. After the battle against Zofis, the whole world is put in danger after a giant Mamodo named Faudo is brought to life by a Mamodo named Riou. Riou was looking for Mamodos that have enough strength to help activate Faudo. So he puts a curse on Li-en and Wonrei who Kiyo and Zatch befriend in the middle of the series. The protagonists make their way to Faudo to try to destroy it and to save their friends. The battle in Faudo was the toughest battle for the characters up to that point in the story. Kiyo almost died against Riou, and many of Zatch's friends got sent back to the Mamodo world such as Wonrei. Faudo is then taken over by a Mamodo that looks like Zatch, who turns out to be Zatch's evil twin brother Zeno Bell. Zatch and Zeno have a big fight inside of Faudo. Through Zeno's flashback, he resented Zatch because their Father King Bell bestowed Zatch the power of Bao, which is Zatch's strongest spell. Zeno at a young age had to train everyday and always got punished while Zatch lived with another family peacefully. Ultimately, Zeno comprehends that Zatch also suffered too and apologizes to what he has done to Zatch. Zeno gets his book burned and is sent back to the Mamodo world.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 1)

text: The episodes of the first season of the "Zatch Bell!" anime, known as in Japan, are directed by Tetsuji Nakamura and Yukio Kaizawa and produced by Toei Animation. The series was aired on Fuji TV in Japan. They are based on Makoto Raiku's manga series, and adapt the 1st through 11th volumes of the manga over fifty episodes. The plot follows Kiyo Takamine and his partner Zatch Bell's adventures in a tournament that will decide the ruler of the "Mamodo" world.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 3)

text: The third season, known as level 3 of the "Zatch Bell!" anime, was directed by Tetsuji Nakamura and Yukio Kaizawa and produced by Toei Animation. The series, known as in Japan, aired on Fuji TV in Japan. The program is based on Makoto Raiku's manga series. The third season adapts the 18th through 22nd volumes of the manga and begins to follow an original storyline. The plot follows Kiyo Takamine and his partner Zatch Bell's journey to stop a giant Mamodo named Faudo from being released.

title: Zatch Bell! Mamodo Battles

text: Zatch Bell! Mamodo Battles, known as Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Yuujou Tag Battle 2!! in Japan, is a video game that was released in 2005 by Bandai. Based on the Zatch Bell! anime series, it is a 3D fighting game.

title: List of Zatch Bell! episodes (season 1)

text: An insert entitled by Rino was used in the 22nd episode of "Gash Bell".

title: List of Zatch Bell! characters

text: Gustav(グスタフ,Gusutafu) is a Russian man who is the partner of the Mamodo Vincent Bari(ヴィンセント・バリー,Vinsento Barī). Bari looks like a ruthless and cold jester who is always scowling. He defeats many Mamodos in the search of a meaning for battle. When combating Kiyo Takamine and Zatch Bell, Zatch's goal of being a kind King prompts Bari to aim to be a powerful king. Bari, initially confused on how to achieve this goal, defeats a Mamodo which puts him on the brink of death and leaves him with many permanent scars. When complimented by that Mamodo, Bari understands what it means to be a strong king. During the battle against Faudo, Bari infiltrates the giant and encounters the Mamodo Keith whom he defeats. Keith however activates a trap and Bari sacrifices himself in order to save Zatch and has his book burnt in the process. Gustav, who is always critical of Bari, praises his mamodo for being able to knock Zatch, a mamodo likely to become the King, out of the trap's area. Bari's spells involve forming vortexes on his hands and using them as drills or firing them at enemies. Gustav's voice actor is Unshou Ishizuka and his English voice actor is Crispin Freeman. Vincent Bari's voice actor is Ryotaro Okiayu and his English voice actor is Wally Wingert.

title: List of Zatch Bell! characters

text: Dufort, known as Dufaux(デュフォー,Dyufō) in Japan, was a child who was sold by his mother to scientists who wanted to study his ability dubbed as Answer Talker(アンサートーカー,Ansa Tōkā). After finishing their experiment, they left Dufort to die but was saved by his Mamodo partner Zeno Bell, known as Zeon Bell(ゼオン・ベル,Zeon Beru) in Japan. Because of the scientists treatment, Dufort gains an apathetic personality and harbors a deep hatred against humanity. He journeys with Zeno to see things that interest him. Zeno is Zatch Bell's twin brother. Zeno was envious that Zatch was bestowed with the power of Bao and lived away from the castle while he was forced to endure torturous training set up by his father, the Mamodo King. When seeing Zatch's name on the participating Mamodo Battle list, Zeno aims to make Zatch suffer the same way he had. When confronting Zatch inside Faudo, Zeno accidentally reads Zatch's memories of the Mamodo World, which he had stolen prior, and discovers Zatch had also led a life of suffering. After Zatch defeats Zeno, Zeno apologizes to Zatch and gives Zatch the missing piece of Bao. Dufort, after realizing life has meaning, helps Zatch and his friends prepare for the battle against Clear Note. Zeno's spells are based on lightning which is fired from his hands. Dufort's voice actor is Hikaru Midorikawa and his English voice actor is Dave Wittenberg. Zeno's voice actor is Urara Takano and his English voice actress is Debi Derryberry.