query: When was the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary first published?

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: The ABC Chinese–English Dictionary or ABC Dictionary (1996), compiled under the chief editorship of John DeFrancis, is the first Chinese dictionary to collate entries in single-sort alphabetical order of pinyin romanization, and a landmark in the history of Chinese lexicography. It was also the first publication in the University of Hawai'i Press's "ABC" (Alphabetically Based Computerized) series of Chinese dictionaries. They republished the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary in a pocket edition (1999) and desktop reference edition (2000), as well as the expanded ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (2003) and dual ABC Chinese–English/English-Chinese Dictionary (2010). Furthermore, the ABC Dictionary databases have been developed into computer applications such as Wenlin Software for learning Chinese (1997).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: The expanded 2003 ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary had fewer academic reviews than the 1996 ABC Chinese–English Dictionary.

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: A common area of complaint involves the ABC Dictionary's treatment of traditional and simplified Chinese characters. Dictionary entries give simplified characters for headwords, and only give the traditional form upon the first appearance of each character, and in the appendices. For instance, critics say, "looking up characters in traditional form is a bit more trouble than it might be, you must use a special index" (Chung 1998: 660); and the dictionary is "clearly not designed to be used by anyone who does serious work with nonsimplified characters" (Jensen 1998: 144).

title: Concise Oxford English Dictionary

text:
It is a version of "Oxford Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary" published by The Commercial Press. Publication deal between Oxford University Press and The Commercial Press was approved in 1983.English-German dictionaries are two-way dictionaries published in association with Duden.It is an electronic version of Concise Oxford-Duden German Dictionary.
It is a two-way dictionary.

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: I am used to the "old style" dictionaries based on radicals, and I was disposed to approach the ABC Dictionary with some skepticism. But having used it for two months I have so(sic) say that it is nothing short of wonderful! It is a pleasure to be able to use a Chinese dictionary in the same way that one uses a French or German dictionary. The typography is exceptionally clear, and the sheer quantity of words per page, arranged alphabetically, has the effect of bringing the melodies of spoken Chinese alive. (1998: 144)

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: The ABC Chinese–English Dictionary comprises three main sections: an 18-page front matter, the 833-page body matter of alphabetically arranged entries, and 64-page back matter with nine appendices.

title: Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Up through the 1970s, English-speaking students of Chinese relied chiefly on Mathews' "Chinese-English Dictionary" (Norman 1988: 173). Scholars published several companion pieces for "Mathews". Tse-tsung Chow (周策縱) of the University of Wisconsin compiled (1972) "A New Index to Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary, Based on the "Chung" system for Arranging Chinese Characters", referring to the obsolescent "zhōng" 衷 indexing system based on character strokes. Olov Bertil Anderson of Lund University published (1972) "A companion volume to R. H. Mathews' Chinese-English dictionary", which went into a 335-page third revision in 1988. Harry M. Branch developed a Five Willows system and published (1973) "Mathews' and Fenn re-indexed" (Yang 1985: 290). Raymond Huang (1981) wrote a descriptive "Mandarin Pronunciation Explained with Diagrams: A Companion to R. H. Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary".

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Prior to the alphabetically arranged ABC Chinese–English Dictionary, virtually every Chinese dictionary was based upon character head entries, arranged either by character shape or pronunciation, that subsume words and phrases written with that head character as the first syllable. While pronunciation determines the placement of words within the unconventional ABC Dictionary, Chinese characters still determine the position of words within a standard dictionary. Comparing a Chinese character-based dictionary with the pinyin-based ABC Dictionary illustrates the difference. The Chinese–English Dictionary (Wu 1979: 431) locates the head character entry lín 林 "① forest; woods; grove ② circles …" as one of 14 characters pronounced lín, and alphabetically lists 17 words with lín as the first syllable, for instance, línchǎnpǐn 林产品 "forest products", línhǎi 林海 "immense forest", and línyè 林業 "forestry". The ABC Dictionary includes lín 林 "① forest; woods; grove ② forestry…" as one of 6 characters pronounced lín, followed by alphabetically listed lin-initial headwords from línbā 淋巴 "lymph" to línfēng 臨風 "facing against the wind", but then ling-initial words begin to appear with líng 〇 "zero", and only after another three pages will one find lìngzūn 令尊 "(courteous) your father" followed by línhǎi "immense forest" (McGinnis 1997: 568). DeFrancis' ABC Chinese–English Dictionary is aptly described as having "defied the tyranny of Chinese characters" (Clark 2001: 387).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Bauer, Robert S. (1997), "", Cahiers de linguistique – Asie orientale 26.2 307–311. CASSIL (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Linguistics) (2002), Xiandai Hanyu Cidian: Han-Ying Shuangyu 现代汉语词典: 汉英双语 [Contemporary Chinese Dictionary: Chinese–English edition], Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu Chubanshe. Chung, Karen Steffen (1998), "[Review of] ABC (Alphabetically Based Computerized) Chinese–English dictionary", Language 74.3: 660–661. Clark, Paul (2001), "[Review of] Han-Ying shuangjie Xinhua zidian 汉英双解新华字典 = Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation", China Review International 8.2: 387–388. DeFrancis, John, genl. ed. (1996), ABC Chinese–English Dictionary, pocket edition 1999, desk reference edition 2000, University of Hawaiʻi Press. DeFrancis, John, genl. ed. (2003), ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press. DeFrancis, John, genl. ed. (2010), ABC Chinese–English/English-Chinese Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press. Jensen, Sean (1998), "[Review of] ABC Chinese–English Dictionary by John DeFrancis", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 8.1: 143–144. Mair, Victor H. (1986), "", Sino-Platonic Papers 1. McGinnis, Scott (1997), "[Review of] ABC (Alphabetically Based Computerized) Chinese–English Dictionary by John Defrancis", The Modern Language Journal 81.4: 568–569. Sawer, Michael (2001), "[Review of] ABC Chinese–English Dictionary by John DeFrancis", The China Journal 45: 224–226. Sawer, Michael (2004), "[Review of] ABC Chinese—English Comprehensive Dictionary by John DeFrancis", China Review International 11.2: 309–314. Tang, Yanfang (2005), "[Review of] ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary by John Defrancis", The Modern Language Journal 89.1: 145–146. Walls, Jan W. (1998), "[Review of] ABC Chinese–English Dictionary by John DeFrancis", China Review International 5.1: 112–114. Wu Guanghua 吴光华, chief ed. (1993) Han-Ying Da Cidian 汉英大詞典 [Chinese–English Dictionary], 2 vols., Jiaotong Daxue Chubanshe. Wu Jingrong 吴景荣, genl. ed. (1979), The Chinese–English Dictionary 汉英詞典, Commercial Press.

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: The ABC Dictionary format for entries is (1996: xiii):

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Reviews of DeFrancis' ABC Chinese–English Dictionary were published by major academic journals in linguistics (e.g., The Modern Language Journal), Asian studies (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society), and sinology (China Review International). Most reviewers criticized certain aspects, such as the difficulty of looking up a traditional Chinese character, but also highly evaluated the innovative dictionary.

title: The Five Thousand Dictionary

text: In response to the "urgent need" for publishing the revised Harvard edition, Fenn's dictionary was basically left unchanged (Fenn 1942: i). Aside from some minor corrections and additions, the Chinese-American linguist Yuen Ren Chao significantly revised the dictionary's introduction on standards of pronunciation, and marked the neutral tone with dots—the first Chinese-English dictionary to make this phonological distinction. Harvard University Press changed the original title "Fenn's Chinese-English Pocket-Dictionary" (1942) to Chinese-English Pocket-Dictionary (1944) for the hardcover edition, and then to The Five Thousand Dictionary: Chinese-English (1973), also in paperback with a redesigned cover that added the characters 字典 ("zidian" "character dictionary"). Harvard University Press continued reprinting Fenn's and Mathews' popular Chinese-English dictionaries after the war. By 1984, Fenn's dictionary had sold 34,500 hardcover copies and 18,300 paperback copies (Hall: 1986: 84).

text: "Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage" was the first major Chinese‐English dictionary to be produced by a fully bilingual Chinese instead of by Western missionaries (Durdin 1972: 37). In the history of Chinese lexicography, missionaries dominated the first century of Chinese‐English dictionaries, from Morrison's "A Dictionary of the Chinese Language" (1815-1823) to Mathews' "Chinese-English Dictionary" (1931, 1943) (Durdin 1972: 37) .

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Along with Prof. DeFrancis overseeing the general planning and supervision of the project as well as its detailed operations, a volunteer team of some 50 contributors – including academics, Chinese language teachers, students, lexicographers, and computer consultants – were involved in the myriad tasks of processing dictionary entries, such as defining, inputting, checking, and proofreading. The University of Hawai'i Press published the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary in September 1996. UHP republished the original paperback ABC Chinese–English Dictionary, which had a total 916 pages and was 23cm. high, into the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Pocket Edition (1999, 16cm.) and hardback ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Desk Reference Edition (2000, 23cm.).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Yanfang Tang, professor of Chinese at the College of William and Mary, says the ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary "stands above its peers as one of the most comprehensive, informative, and useful tools in the study of and dealing with the Chinese language" (2005: 145). This dictionary is a valuable asset for several types of users. Native speakers will particularly benefit from the "authentic and accurate English translations" of Chinese words and phrases, which are an improvement over sometimes "stiff and awkward" translations in previous Chinese–English dictionaries, which were edited predominantly by Anglophone native speakers of Chinese. Chinese–English translators, students of Chinese as a foreign language, and compilers of Chinese language textbooks will find this dictionary indispensable for providing comprehensive linguistic information. Nonnative speakers of Chinese will find the dictionary handy to use, and those who are accustomed to alphabets will find locating a Chinese word in this alphabetically arranged dictionary "almost an act of second nature". Advanced learners of Chinese who have a firm command of pinyin will also benefit, especially in cases when they know how to pronounce a word but do not remember how to write it, and will be able to quickly find the character (2005: 145).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: In Shanghai, DeFrancis' dictionary was published under the title Han-Ying Cidian: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe, 1997). For reasons of political correctness, the Shanghai edition amended the entry for Lin Biao (Sawer 2001: 225). It altered the original American edition's "veteran Communist military leader and Mao Zedong's designated successor until mysterious death" to "veteran Communist military leader; ringleader of counterrevolutionary group (during Cultural Revolution)".

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: ABC Dictionary (half title page 1996: i) The ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Alphabetically Based Computerized—with the last three words encircling Chinese calligraphic 电脑拼音编码 [diànnǎo pīnyīn biānmǎ "computer pinyin encoding"] (title page 1996: iii) ABC (Alphabetically Based Computerized) Chinese–English Dictionary (colophon 1996: iv), ABC Chinese–English Dictionary 漢英詞典‧按羅馬字母順序排列 [Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn ‧ àn luómǎ zìmǔ shùnxù páiliè "Chinese–English Dictionary: according to alphabetically sorted romanization"] (front cover).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Victor H. Mair became general editor of the ABC Chinese Dictionary Series in 1996, and the University of Hawai'i Press has issued ten publications (as of October 2016), including two developments from the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (1996) with 71,486 head entries. John DeFrancis and others edited the hardback ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (2003, 1464 pp., 25cm.), which contains over 196,501 head entries, making it the most comprehensive one-volume dictionary of Chinese. DeFrancis (posthumously) and Zhang Yanyin, professor of Applied Linguistics and Educational Linguistics at the University of Canberra, edited the bidirectional paperback ABC Chinese–English/English-Chinese Dictionary (2010, 1240 pp., 19cm.). It contains 67,633 entries: 29,670 in the English-Chinese section, 37,963 in the Chinese–English section, which is an abridgment of the ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary and includes improvements such as more usage example sentences.

title: Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Mathews' Chinese-English dictionary has been reprinted time and again—but without his authorization—and became so prominent that it is often simply called "Mathews" (Huck 1986). The English diplomat and sinologist Endymion Wilkinson says Mathews' continues in use, especially by students of Classical Chinese, but for other purposes it has been outdated by excellent dictionaries such as John DeFrancis' (1996) "ABC Chinese-English Dictionary" (2000: 93).

title: Wenlin Software for learning Chinese

text: The dictionary contains an electronic version of the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary by John DeFrancis and the Shuowen Jiezi seal character dictionary. The current version (4.3.2) contains more than 300,000 Chinese-English entries and over 60,000 English-Chinese entries.. It allows users to search for Chinese characters or words by inputting either Chinese characters or pinyin using a variety of input options, including handwriting recognition. Users can update existing entries add new definitions to the dictionary. The program can also be extended with additional data modules, such as the ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese.

title: Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese

text: Although the War Department dictionary was never widely distributed or used, it affected Chao's and Yang's "Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese", and served as the model for two well-known dictionaries. Yale University's Institute of Far Eastern Languages published a revised edition "Dictionary of Spoken Chinese" (1966), and Fred Fangyu Wang published a two-volume "Mandarin Chinese dictionary", Chinese-English (1967) and English-Chinese (1971). With these dictionaries, "American efforts in Chinese lexicography effectively ceased" (Norman 1988: 176)—until the "ABC Chinese-English Dictionary" (1996).

text: The history of "Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage" began in late 1965, when Lin and Li Choh-ming, the founding Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, made plans for compiling a new Chinese-English dictionary as a "lasting contribution to knowledge" (1972: xvi). When the dictionary was published, Lin acknowledged that Li's "vision and enthusiastic support" made the compilation project possible. Lin started working on the dictionary in Taipei, and in the spring of 1967, he accepted the position of Research Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Qian 2011: 251). After completing the manuscript in the spring of 1971, Lin moved to Hong Kong, where his former student Francis Pan and a team of young Chinese University graduates assisted him with copyediting, research, and final preparations (Durdin 1972: 37).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Several evaluations of the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary mention cases in which using the alphabetically-arranged headword entries is more efficient than using a conventionally arranged dictionary with character head entries that list words written with that character as the first. Robert S. Bauer, a linguist of Cantonese at Hong Kong Polytechnic University says the dictionary works best when users hear a word pronounced but do not know how to write it in characters, they can very quickly look it up in pinyin order and find the correct characters and meanings. However, to look up an unknown character's pronunciation and meaning, then one needs to use a radical-indexed dictionary. Bauer says "I have generally succeeded in finding almost all the words and expressions I have tried to look up; this I regard as quite remarkable since I cannot say the same about other dictionaries I have been consulting over my more than 25 years of working on Chinese." (1997: 308). Sean Jensen says alphabetical collation is "truly iconoclastic" in the tradition-rich world of Chinese lexicography and describes experimenting with using the dictionary.

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Michael Sawer, who also reviewed the original ABC Dictionary, calls this comprehensive dictionary an "outstanding contribution to the field, in many ways better than other comparable dictionaries" (2004: 313). He makes comparisons between the ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (called "ABC") and two bilingual dictionaries aimed more at native speakers of Chinese who are learning English: the Han-Ying Da Cidian (Wu 1993, "CED" Chinese–English Dictionary) and Xiandai Hanyu Cidian: Han-Ying Shuangyu (CASSIL 2002, "CCD" Contemporary Chinese Dictionary).

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: DeFrancis' ABC Chinese–English Dictionary claims six lexicographical distinctions.

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Computers (namely, the C in ABC Dictionary) were purposefully involved in almost every stage of dictionary compilation and publication in order to facilitate further advances in electronic lexicography and software development. In 1997, the Wenlin Institute published Wenlin Software for Learning Chinese with about 14,000 head entries (version 1.0) and entered into a licensing agreement with the University of Hawaiʻi to utilize the ABC Dictionary database in Wenlin software. The first edition ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (1996) was incorporated into Wenlin 2.0 with over 74,000 entries (1998); the second ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (2003) went into Wenlin 3.0 with over 196,000 entries (2002); and the third edition ABC English-Chinese/Chinese–English Dictionary (2010) was incorporated into Wenlin 4.0 (2011), which includes 300,000 Chinese–English entries, 73,000 Chinese character entries, and 62,000 English-Chinese entries.

title: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

text: Here are three representative examples of praise: "the most extraordinary Chinese–English dictionary I have ever had such pleasure to look Chinese words up in and to read their English definitions" (Bauer 1997: 307); "The thorough scholarship and fresh outlook make it a valuable contribution to Chinese lexicography, while the high production standards and comprehensive coverage of the colloquial language should make it a favourite of all serious students of Modem Chinese" (Jensen 1998: 144); "This excellent one-volume Chinese–English dictionary is a crowning achievement for John DeFrancis, one of the doyens of Chinese language teaching in the United States" (Sawer 2001: 224).

title: Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese

text: Yuen Ren Chao and Lien-sheng Yang divided the lexicographical work. Yang compiled the preliminary list of entries, partially drafted the definitions, served both as informant and as grammarian on Beijing dialect, and wrote the characters. Chao wrote most of the definitions, added pronunciations from regional varieties of Chinese, and wrote the front matter and the appendices (1947: vii). Chao and Yang finished compiling their "Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese" in 1945, the same year when the War Department published the anonymous "Dictionary of Spoken Chinese: Chinese-English, English-Chinese". Although the 847-page "Dictionary of Spoken Chinese" is large, it contains relatively few lexical items, approximately 2,500 English-Chinese head entries in 500 pages and 5,000 Chinese-English ones in 300 pages (1945: 1).

title: Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary

text: The Chinese and English Dictionary: Containing All the Words in the Chinese Imperial Dictionary, Arranged According to the Radicals (1842), compiled by the English Congregationalist missionary Walter Henry Medhurst (1796-1857), is the second major Chinese-English dictionary after Robert Morrison's pioneering (1815-1823) "A Dictionary of the Chinese Language". Medhurst's intention was to publish an abridged and cheaper dictionary that still contained all the 47,035 head characters from the (1716) "Kangxi Dictionary", which Morrison's huge dictionary included. Medhurst reversed and revised into his Chinese-English dictionary in compiling the (1847-1848) English and Chinese Dictionary in Two Volumes.

title: The Five Thousand Dictionary

text: The revised American edition Fenn's Chinese-English Pocket-Dictionary was published by Harvard University Press in 1942. At the beginning of World War II, the shortage of Chinese and Japanese dictionaries became an urgent matter for English-speaking Allies. The Harvard–Yenching Institute said the need for Chinese dictionaries in America had "grown from chronic to acute", and selected Fenn's "The Five Thousand Dictionary" (fifth ed., 1940) and "" (1931) as two "practical dictionaries" to revise and reprint—without the authors' permission—for "the immediate demands of American students" (Mathews 1943: v). Both photolithographic reproductions were retitled: "The Five Thousand Dictionary" became "Fenn's Chinese-English Pocket-Dictionary" (1942) and "A Chinese-English Dictionary: Compiled for the China Inland Mission by R. H. Mathews" became "Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary" (1943).


query: When were the first London double-decker buses introduced?

title: Double-decker bus

text: The first commercial horse-drawn double-decker omnibuses were introduced in England in 1847 by Adams & Co. of Fairfield, Bow, then improved upon by John Greenwood, who introduced a new double-decker in 1852.[2]

title: Beijing Bus

text: On July 1, 2016, the first double-decker electric buses entered service in Beijing on Route 观光3, a tourist route that runs from the Summer Palace to the north gate of the Forbidden City. In February 2017, the first double-decker electric buses for a standard route were introduced to Bus 44. The electric double-decker bus has 70 seats and can carry 100 passengers. By March 2017, the electric double decker fleet had expanded to 10 bus routes: 13, 44, 55, 121, 425, 510, 569, 专6, 专8 and 特12. Later that same year, route 10 also started running Yinlong double-decker EVs. In January 2018, Huairou bus H64 was converted to double-decker electric buses.

title: Double-decker bus

text: The former British colony of Hong Kong introduced its first double-decker buses in 1949 by Kowloon Motor Bus. They have become very popular since then, and they are found in large numbers among the fleets of the territory's major bus operators (see below). By law, double-decker buses in Hong Kong are limited to a length of 12.8 metres (42feet). Today, the majority of buses running in Hong Kong are double-decker buses, and all of them are air-conditioned. Also, Hong Kong has a double-deck trams system, one of three only in the world as of 2015 and the only fleet which is all double-deck.

title: Double-decker bus

text: Kerala State Road Transport Corporation is operating double deckers in Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi cities. Kolkata and also has double-decker buses. They are modelled on the London buses. Ashok Leyland Titan double decker buses are used in all cities. Articulated double-decker buses from Ashok Leyland were used till they were phased out in the early 1990s as they were thought to be unsuitable for city traffic. Recently in Kolkata, CSTC reintroduced double decker bus with music system on selected routes where wide road space was available, i.e. no over-head cables, low bridges or flyovers. CSTC has spent 1 million INR to renovate 1 bus. Today, double deckers exist only in Mumbai, Vadodara, Kolkata, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.

title: Guy Motors

text: Growing populations in towns and cities meant larger capacity buses were a necessity, leading Guy to develop a 6-wheeled version of their dropped-frame chassis which allowed for the introduction of the first 6-wheeled double decker buses and 6 wheeled trolleybuses in 1926. Guy double decker buses and trolleybuses would prove popular with a fleet of double deckers sold to the London Public Omnibus Company and exports supplied all around the world. Exports served as a major source of income for Guy with sales to South Africa, Pakistan, India and the Netherlands, their armoured vehicles proving particularly popular for covering difficult terrain with 100 supplied to the Indian government in 1928.

title: Double-decker bus

text: In the 1970s a number of former London double decker buses were imported for museums, such as the Museum of Transport and Technology who used AEC Regent Low Height (RLH) buses to connect museum sites and for charters. Sydney double decker and more London buses of various models (AEC Regent III RT, AEC Routemasters etc.) were imported by charter and tourist operators and slowly became more commonplace. Bridge heights and shop verandas restricted the use of double deckers around New Zealand until congestion and high public transport use required some innovative solutions.

title: Double-decker bus

text: Singapore Bus Service, now known as SBS Transit (SBST), was for many years the only operator of double-decker buses in Singapore, launched its first double-decker bus service on 13 June 1977 with 20 Leyland Atlanteans running on service 86 and launched by then-Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Communications Ong Teng Cheong The fleet grew steadily, with the further introduction of the Mercedes-Benz O305 and the Leyland Olympian in 1993, the latter being the first air-conditioned double-decker bus and the longest bus to date at 12 metres (39ft 41⁄2in) in length, leading to its nickname of "Superbus". The Volvo B10TL, the first stepless, ultra-low-floor "Superbus" was launched in 1999. Volvo B9TL wheelchair-accessible buses began to be introduced in 2006, by 2014, SBST had over 1631 of these buses in service.

title: London Buses route 159

text: When introduced, the route was operated by STL-class double-deckers. In 1951, RTs and RTLs replaced the STLs. In June 1970, the RTs were replaced by AEC Routemasters. During the 1990s, London Buses' South London Transport subsidiary operated the route with Routemasters in a unique red and cream livery which was retained after South London was privatised and acquired by the Cowie Group in January 1995.

title: Double-decker bus

text: Double-decker buses were introduced in 2014 in Bilbao by the city bus operator Bilbobus. They are not the first double deck vehicles in the city as ex-London Transport Q1 trolleybuses were sold to Bilbao after the end of London trolleybus operations in 1962 and were operated until the system's closure in 1978.[19] Initially, six vehicles are operating on Bilbobus route 56. They have a capacity of 132 passengers - 80 seated and fifty standing.

title: History of bus transport in Hong Kong

text: In 1996, super low floor single-deckers were introduced in Hong Kong, Citybus introduced ten Volvo B6LE, then KMB followed by introducing 12 Dennis Dart SLF buses. Later in 1997, the first super low floor double-deckers (Dennis Trident) were also introduced by KMB and Citybus; in the following two years, different models of super low floor buses were being introduced.

title: Double-decker bus

text: Malaysia has historically seen the use of double-decker buses in mass transit to varying degrees, but were significantly limited in use due operational costs and driving spaces needed for such buses. Early double-decker municipal buses primarily existed in Malaya within the Kuala Lumpur area of Selangor and George Town, Penang between the late 1940s and the early 1960s, when double-deckers were eventually withdrawn in favour of cheaper and more agile single-deck buses.

title: Double-decker bus

text: In George Town, Penang, five retired AEC C1-type double-decker trolleybuses were procured in 1956 by the George Town Municipal Tramways from London Transport as an experiment for the possible use of double-decker buses in George Town. Poor performance results and the advancing ages of the buses, coupled with efforts to replace the entire trolleybus fleet with single-deck diesel-powered buses in the 1960s, led to the withdrawal of the only double-deck buses in early Penangite public transport.

title: AEC Routemaster

text: In 2010, the government of the Republic of Macedonia ordered 202 double-decker buses from the Chinese manufacturer Yutong, two of which were cabriolet buses with removable roofs to be used by tourists, and the remaining 200 as city buses for the capital city of Skopje. The buses were to be in a "retro" style, similar to Routemasters. Former London double-deckers were used in Skopje until the 1963 Skopje earthquake in which 75%–80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed.

title: London Buses route 15

text: Alexander Dennis Enviro400H double deckers were introduced in January 2012. New Routemasters were introduced on 28 February 2015. When next tendered, the route was taken awarded to Blue Triangle who commenced operations on 26 August 2017.

title: Articulated buses in London

text: During the 2008 Mayoral campaign, Boris Johnson pledged to withdraw articulated buses on the grounds that they were unsuitable for London, and to introduce a modern version of the AEC Routemaster. Withdrawals began in July 2009, when articulated buses on routes 38, 507 and 521 were replaced with conventional single and double decker buses, and a prototype for the New Routemaster was promised to be on the streets by 2012. The last articulated buses were withdrawn in December 2011.

title: Double-decker bus

text: Double-decker buses in Russia are currently operated in the city of Barnaul, capital of Altai Krai. The fleet of double-decker buses in Barnaul consist of MAN SD200 and MAN SD202 buses imported from Berlin. Those buses are in use on routes 3, 10 and 17. Some cities in Russia, including Moscow and Saint Petersburg, have plans to begin operation of double-decker buses; in the mid-1990s, some double-deckers were operated briefly in Saint Petersburg.

title: Double-decker bus

text: In 2007, a hybrid-powered double-decker entered service on London Buses route 141. By late 2008, more hybrid double-deckers from three manufacturers entered service in London. A New Routemaster was developed that year, and entered service on 20 February 2012. In October 2015, London added five all-electric double-decker buses - the world's first - made by Chinese firm BYD.[8]

title: Buses in London

text: London was one of the earliest major users of low-floor buses. From 2000, the mainstay of fleet, double-decker buses, were augmented with a fleet of articulated buses, rising to a peak fleet size of 393 Mercedes-Benz Citaros. These were introduced to help replace the AEC Routemaster, as well as to cope with an increased capacity. A small fleet of hybrid buses was also introduced.

title: Articulated bus

text:
Until 1980, articulated buses were illegal on the UK's roads. A 1979 experiment by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive with buses manufactured by MAN and Leyland-DAB led to a change in the law, but the experiment was abandoned in 1981 because double-decker buses were generally considered less expensive both to purchase and to operate. The cost and weight of the strengthened deck framing and staircase of a double-decker was lower than the cost and weight of the additional axle(s) and coupling mechanism of an articulated bus. Modern technology has reduced the weight disadvantage, and the benefits of a continuous low floor allowing easier access plus additional entrance doors for smoother loading have led to reconsideration of the use of articulated buses in the UK.
In London, articulated buses were used on some routes from 2001 until 2011, but they were not a success. Boris Johnson, former Mayor of London, promised in the run-up to the mayoral election of 2008 to rid the city of the controversial buses and replaced them with double deckers.

title: OC Transpo

text: The first few double-decker buses arrived in Ottawa on August 23, 2012. The following day Ottawa mayor Jim Watson and transit chair Diane Deans introduced the first of the 75 double-decker buses at a ceremony at Ottawa city hall. The new double-deckers started entering service in October 2012, and are primarily used on connexion routes from Kanata, Barrhaven, and Orleans.

title: Low emission buses in London

text: By 2020, Transport for London has committed to the use of electric or hydrogen buses for all 300 single decker buses in Central London, and the use of hybrid buses for all 3,000 double decker buses in the same area. This is part of the Ultra Low Emissions Zone scheme. By Autumn 2016 all-electric IrIzar i2e buses, with planned end-of-life battery management, will be introduced on routes 507 and 521 in central London. These vehicles will operate for fourteen to sixteen hours—six hours drive time in typical traffic conditions—between overnight charges of six hours (excluding the sixteen-hour initial charge to bring the sonick molten salt battery batteries up to their operating temperature of 270˚C). All vehicles on these two routes will then be electrically powered.

title: Low emission buses in London

text: There are 3,240 hybrid buses, 96 electric buses, and ten hydrogen buses operating in London, as of March 2018, out of a total bus fleet of 9,396. The first hybrid bus was introduced on route 360 in March 2006 and over 300 were in passenger service by July 2012. The world's first double-decker hybrid bus was introduced in London from January 2007. Transport for London initially stated that it intended to make all new buses delivered for use in London hybrids from 2012. This requirement was later dropped.

title: Thomas Tilling

text: The company put three Milnes-Daimler motor buses into service in 1904. These were open top double-deckers with 16 inside seats and 18 "outside" on the upper deck. These were the first double-decker motorbuses built for public service in London. By 1905, Tilling had 20 motor buses but still owned 7,000 horses, kept in 500 stables. The horses worked the company's 250 horse buses were hired to companies and individuals for hauling goods vehicles, cabs, and carriages. In 1907, Tilling began the first long-distance motor bus service, running 13 buses between Oxford Circus and Sidcup in Kent.

title: London Buses route 15

text: Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2 double deckers were introduced on 30 August 2003 to replace the AEC Routemasters when the route was converted to one person operation.

title: Double-decker bus

text: In the Republic of Ireland, nearly all of buses operated in and around Greater Dublin by Dublin Bus are double-deckers. There are 936 double-decker buses (second after London) in the company's fleet of 942.

title: Double-decker bus

text: In the 1950s, double-decker buses of the South Western Bus Company plied on the Galle Road in Colombo, Sri Lanka. These were taken over by the Ceylon Transport Board (CTB) when all bus services were nationalised in 1958. Beginning around 1959, large numbers of second-hand double-decker buses of the RT, RTL and RTW classes were imported by the CTB from London Transport, and ran in their original red livery with the oval CTB logo painted on the sides. These buses were phased out beginning in the mid-1970s, and none remain in service. Later, around 1985, 40 ex-London Routemaster entered service. One Routemaster bus is run by the Sirasa TV and radio station.

title: Unitrans

text: Through the 1970s Unitrans added eight former London Transport RT type double-deck buses, and in the early 1980s Unitrans added two Daimler Fleetline double-deck buses that had previously operated in Yorkshire, a county in northern England. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw the addition of a 40-foot and a number of 35-foot General Motors New Look buses. In 1982 Unitrans purchases its first all new, never before used, buses when it purchased five 35-foot Gillig Phantoms from the manufacturer in Hayward, California. Two RT type double-decker buses were retired in the early 1980s, and by this time the fleet of single-deck buses outnumbered the double-deckers.

title: Tramways in Exeter

text:
The tramways committee first introduced bus services in 1928 to serve areas which the trams did not go to. These motor buses were single deckers; Maudslay, Leyland and Bristols. The Maudslay ML3 no 5 (FJ6154)of this period is now preserved. After testing several different buses they eventually chose AEC Regent and Leyland TD2 double deckers (delivered in 1931).
As the councillors could not decide whether to replace the trams completely with buses, they commissioned a report from an independent expert whose report was completed in April 1929. He found that there was a backlog of track renewals and other repairs, that the narrow streets were not suitable for trams and that at an average speed of 6.5 miles per hour (compared to 9.5 mph in London) the trams were slower than in any of 11 other cities. In council elections in November 1929, the Labour Party campaigned on a platform of keeping the trams but their vote declined. In 1930 the council finally decide to replace the trams with double-decker buses.

title: London Buses route 78

text: New Alexander Dennis Enviro400 double deckers were introduced on 17 April 2011, replacing the existing single deckers.

title: Double-decker bus

text: Presently double-decker buses are used by the Mall of Asia Arena (Higer KLQ6119GSE3 B91H-series) and the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (King Long XMQ6110GS). Former operators were Manila Motor Company (Matorco), which introduced such buses to the Philippines, and the Metro Manila Transit Corporation (Leyland Atlantean). The first double-decker bus in decades to serve the riding public in the capital region debuted in January 2016, serving the SM City North Edsa-Ayala Center route. It also sports PWD and elderly sitting, a national first.

title: Topdeck

text:
The company was founded in 1973 and was officially named Argas Persicus Ltd trading as Topdeck Travel. The name was a reference to the turkey tick, due to the founders having met in veterinary school. Transport was provided by Bristol K5 and Lodekka double decker buses, converted to a camper-van layout where passengers slept in the bus. The first trip was to Spain and Morocco. From 1974 and right through the 1990s, these ‘deckers’ travelled Europe and further afield to the Middle East, and even overland between London and Kathmandu.
In the early 1980s, the company expanded its operations into the United States where it coined the name Decker Homes for its Bristol Lodekka buses. The company also ran trips from Sydney to London from 1980, with the final stretch using a converted Sydney double-decker. Coaches were introduced in the mid-1980s. primarily for winter ski holidays. The elderly Lodekkas, some over 40 years old, started to be retired in the early 1990s in great numbers, many heading abroad for active retirement, and the focus shifted to camping and hard-top trips staying in European campsites. Later, hotel adventure trips were introduced.


query: Who is CEO of ABC?

title: Channing Dungey

text: Channing Nicole Dungey (born March 14, 1969) is an American television executive and producer who in 2016 became president of ABC Entertainment Group. As such, she became the first black American president of a major broadcast TV network.[1]

title: David Westin

text: David Westin is anchor of "Bloomberg Daybreak Americas" on Bloomberg Television. Previously he was an anchor on "Bloomberg GO" which "Daybreak" replaced. He has anchored for Bloomberg since 2015. Born July 29, 1952, to Lawrence Rae Westin and Mary Louise (Holman) Westin. From 2014-2015, he was Principal of Witherbee Holdings, LLC, advising and investing in media companies. He was the President and CEO of NewsRight from 2011 to 2012. Before that, he was president of ABC News (from March 6, 1997, through December 3, 2010), responsible for all aspects of ABC News’ television broadcasts, including "World News with Diane Sawyer", "Nightline", "Good Morning America", "20/20", "Primetime", "This Week with Christiane Amanpour", and "World News Now", and ABC News Radio. During his tenure, ABC News received eleven George Foster Peabody Awards, 13 Alfred I DuPont Awards, four George Polk Awards, more than 40 News and Documentary Emmys, and more than 40 Edward R. Murrow Awards. On September 6, 2010, Westin announced he would retire from ABC, but would remain until the end of the year to give the company time to find a replacement. One news report said Westin was forced out by Disney CEO Robert Iger, but others reported that he had decided to pursue other interests—with one saying that he "got to announce his departure on his own terms."

title: Good Morning America

text: For the first seven years, weather forecasts were presented by John Coleman, former chief meteorologist for ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago, who left "GMA" in 1982 to start The Weather Channel with Landmark Communications CEO Frank Batten. Dave Murray (now chief meteorologist at KTVI in St. Louis) provided the forecasts for both "Good Morning America" and ABC's early morning news program "ABC News This Morning" from 1983 to 1986. In August 1986, he was replaced by Spencer Christian, who worked at WABC-TV in New York City and served as fill-in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment.

title: American Broadcasting Company

text: The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company – which became known as Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. – added four television stations (WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno and WTVD/Raleigh) and several radio stations to ABC's broadcasting portfolio, and also included Fairchild Publications and four newspapers (including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram).[136] It also initiated several changes in its management:[137] Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias was appointed president of the ABC Television Network; Brandon Stoddard became president of ABC Entertainment (a position to which he had been appointed in November 1985); and Roone Arledge became president of ABC News and ABC Sports. In February 1986, Thomas S. Murphy, who had been serving as CEO of Capital Cities since 1964, was appointed chairman and CEO emeritus of ABC.[138] Jim Duffy stepped down as ABC Television president for a management position at ABC Communications, a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming, including shows related to literary education.[122]

title: Bible Society Australia

text: In March, 2017 CEO Greg Clarke told the ABC there was a need to be honest about the mistakes of missionaries in the past who were involved in suppressing Indigenous languages and that Bible Society Australia is working to produce translations of the Bible in the very languages that were once suppressed.

title: American Broadcasting Company

text: In 2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points, landing the network in fourth place, behind NBC, CBS and Fox (by the following year, the combined season-ending average audience share of ABC, NBC and CBS represented only 32% of U.S. households[126]). However, during the 2004–05 season, the network experienced unexpected success with new series such as Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy as well as reality series Dancing with the Stars, which helped ABC rise to second place, jumping ahead of CBS, but behind a surging Fox. On April 21, 2004, Disney announced a restructuring of its Disney Media Networks division with Marvin Jacobs being named president of ABC parent Disney–ABC Television Group, and ESPN president George Bodenheimer becoming co-CEO of the division with Jacobs, as well as president of ABC Sports.[154] On December 7, 2005, ABC Sports and ESPN signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with NASCAR, allowing ABC and ESPN to broadcast 17 NASCAR Cup Series races each season (comprising just over half of the 36 races held annually) effective with the 2006 season.[155]

title: Disney–ABC Television Group

text: In September 2002, Disney Chairman/CEO Michael Eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the ABC broadcast network's daytime parts with the similar unit in its cable channels: ABC Saturday mornings with Disney Channel units (Toon & Playhouse), ABC daytime with Soapnet and ABC prime time with ABC Family. In October 2003, ABC Family Worldwide was changed from a unit directly reporting to the Disney COO to a unit running within the ABC Cable Networks Group under Anne Sweeney.

title: KCAA

text: By the time Imus returned to the air via ABC Radio/Citadel Broadcasting, local morning host Dennis Baxter, who had previously hosted the local news breaks during Imus, had established himself as the station's morning host. KCAA CEO Fred Lundgren considered bringing back Imus in a live time slot (03:00 to 06:00 on the West Coast), at the time held by Brother Stair) but found ABC's terms, which included rights fees, unacceptable, and refused to pick up the show again. ABC owned and operated station KABC is now the Southern California home of the Imus programme. In late August 2008 KCAA GM Dennis Baxter inked a deal with ABC Radio/Citadel Broadcasting to bring Imus back to KCAA starting Thursday, 1 September 2008. As of 2017, KCAA only airs a small, delayed portion of the Imus programme, one hour per day most weekdays.

title: Mark Levy (rugby league)

text: In retirement, Levy became an ABC commentator on rugby league matches in the 1980s. He then joined the Parramatta board and worked under CEO Denis Fitzgerald. In the 1990s, Levy became CEO at Penrith and was in charge of the club as it moved from the ARL to the Super League in 1997. Levy stepped down as Penrith CEO after the club finished last in 2001.

title: WMAL (AM)

text: On January 3, 1986, Capital Cities and ABC, Inc. merged in a $3.52 billion deal. Thomas S. Murphy was chairman and CEO of the new firm. Frederick Weinhaus became president and general manager following the resignation of Andrew Ockershausen in March 1986. Weinhaus was transferred to ABC Radio New York in January 1988. His replacement in May 1988 was Thomas Bresnahan, who continued in that role until his retirement in 2002.

title: Qifang

text: Qifang was founded by Calvin Chin, who became its CEO. He is a Chinese American and a former ABC employee. With two friends, Qifang's operations were “basically doing a pure lending model focused on Chinese students wanting to go to school”.

title: American Broadcasting Company

text: Networks affiliates approved a two-year affiliate agreement in 2002. In September 2006, Disney Chairman/CEO Michael Eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the ABC broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels: ABC Saturday mornings with Disney Channels (Toon & Playhouse), ABC daytime with Soapnet and ABC prime time with ABC Family.[153] 2002 saw the debut of the network's first hit reality series, The Bachelor (the elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff, The Bachelorette, which premiered the following year, as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s).

title: Patricia Fili-Krushel

text: Patricia Fili-Krushel (born 1953) is an American businesswoman and media executive. Fili-Krushel has served as Chairman of the NBCUniversal News Group, Executive Vice President, Administration at Time Warner Inc., CEO of WebMD, President of the ABC Television Network, and President of ABC Daytime. She is currently CEO of the Center for Talent Innovation.

title: The Mother Company

text: Founder and CEO Abbie Schiller, a public relations executive and former VP with ABC and Kiehl's partnered with Samantha Kurtzman-Counter (President), a director and producer, who has worked on programs for ABC, NBC, Vh1, MTV and the Disney Channel. The Mother Company launched on Mother's Day, 2010. Together, Schiller and Kurtzman-Counter are known as “mothers on a mission to redefine children’s entertainment." They have also been featured in print, TV and online media as entrepreneurs and parenting experts.

title: Yang Ji-won

text: Recently, he served as a Vice-President for External Affairs of KAIST for 4 years. Since 2010, he serves as a CEO of ABC. ABC is currently striving for being a global leader in the biofuel and bio-refinery technology. Approximately 200 million US dollars will be funded by MEST(Ministry of Education, Science and Technology) for 9 years. More than 200 experts in a wide variety of research fields including biochemical engineering and molecular biology are employed or participated in ABC.

title: ESPN Inc.

text: ESPN was the largest cable channel by the end of 1983 with 28.5 million households. Also in 1983, the company began distributing programming outside the US. ABC, Inc. purchased in January 1984 a 14% holding in the company followed by a June purchased of a controlling interest. Capital Cities Communications, Inc. bought ABC in early 1986 to form Capital Cities/ABC Inc. In 1988, Werner became ESPN's president and CEO.

title: Robert Fadel

text: Fadel moved back to Beirut in 2003, and rejoined ABC. He was promoted to the role of general manager, and in August 2009, became the CEO of the ABC Group.

title: Russell Balding

text: Balding joined the ABC in 1996, working in various financial management roles in the organisation. In December 2001, he was made acting managing director, replacing Jonathan Shier who had been removed after a dispute with the chairman of the ABC Board. He was officially appointed to the role six months later in mid-2002. Balding left six months before the end of his five-year term, to become CEO of Sydney Airport Corporation.

title: The Baseball Network

text: ABC won the rights to the first dibs at the World Series in August 1993 after ABC Sports president Dennis Swanson won a coin toss by calling "heads." Ken Schanzer, who was the CEO of The Baseball Network, handled the coin toss. Schanzer agreed to the coin toss by ABC and NBC at the outset as the means of determining the order in which they would divide up the playoffs.

title: Disney–ABC Television Group

text: On October 8, 2018, Disney announced that the post-merger Disney–ABC Television Group would be renamed Walt Disney Television (previously the name of its former television production division) with Fox Networks Group executives taking over management. Ben Sherwood is schedule to leave his post co-chairman of Disney Media Networks and President with Chairman & CEO of Fox Networks Group Peter Rice replacing him in both posts. The 21st Century Fox assets that are to be integrated into Disney–ABC Television Group are 20th Century Fox Television, FX Networks and FX Productions, Fox 21 Television Studios, and the National Geographic channels. Fox TV Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden is to be named Chairman, Disney Television Studios and ABC Entertainment. Within Disney Television Studios and ABC Entertainment, Walden would oversee 20th Century Fox TV and ABC Studios, plus ABC, Freeform and the ABC Owned & Operated stations. FX Networks and National Geographic Partners would transfer over as is and report to President of Walt Disney Television.

title: Bob Iger

text: Robert Allen Iger (; born February 10, 1951) is an American media executive and businessman who is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of The Walt Disney Company. Before working for Disney, Iger served as the President of ABC Television from 1994–95, and as President/COO of Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. from 1995 until Disney's acquisition of the company in 1996.

title: Disney–ABC Television Group

text: On , Disney announced a restructuring of its Disney Media Networks division with Sweeney being named president of ABC parent Disney–ABC, and ESPN president George Bodenheimer becoming co-CEO of the division with Sweeney, as well as president of ABC Sports. This move added ABC TV Network within Disney-ABC. ABC1 channel initially launched in the United Kingdom on as the first use of the ABC brand outside the US. While ABC News Now was launched that year in the US on digital subchannel of 70 ABC owned & operated and affiliates.

title: Three's Company

text: The show was first penned by famed Broadway writer Peter Stone who set the series in New York. Stone envisioned the Jack Tripper character as a successful, yet underpaid, chef in a fancy French restaurant while the characters who were to become Janet and Chrissy were to be a secretary for a CEO, and a high style fashion model respectively. Silverman felt that the treatment would not play to middle America and thus passed on the script. Silverman then enlisted the services of famed television writer Larry Gelbart, best known for his Emmy-award-winning work on CBS' "M*A*S*H". Gelbart initially wanted nothing to do with the show, feeling that its relatively simple premise made it substandard in comparison to "M*A*S*H". Nonetheless as a favor to Silverman, Gelbart developed a pilot episode with his son in law who named the series "Three's Company". Gelbart's adaptation closely followed the British series. He envisioned Ritter as "David Bell", an aspiring film maker looking for a place to live who just happened to be a great cook. Ritter's better halves were portrayed by Valerie Curtin who played "Jenny" an employee of the DMV, and Susanne Zenor as an aspiring actress named "Samantha". Gelbart reset the Ropers' apartment building, which he called the Hacienda Palms, from New York to North Hollywood, California. The plot of this pilot looked much like that of the first episode of the actual show. Liked by Silverman, a pilot was ordered by ABC which taped in early 1976. This format of the show just barely made it on to the fall 1976 ABC lineup but was ousted by what ABC felt were more promising series. Of all the new sitcoms that premiered on ABC for the 1976–77 television season, only "Three's Company" and the summer premiere of "What's Happening!!" went on to a second season. While ABC was in negotiations to re-shoot the pilot, CBS became interested in the show, and made a firm commitment to TTC productions (producers Don Taffner and Ted Bergmann's New York based company) to air the show as a mid season replacement in February 1977 with the Gelbart cast. However, at the last minute ABC decided that they wanted the show and made a firm commitment to air the show at midseason with a new cast.

title: Olav Hytta

text: Hytta has a varied education, in both sciences, business administration and agriculture. He was hired by Hjartdal Sparebank in 1964, and by Fellesbanken in 1968. He was CEO of ABC Bank, later director of the Oslo/Akershus area of Sparebanken NOR, and the deputy CEO of Sparebanken NOR, and Gjensidige NOR until he was hired as CEO of Gjensidige NOR from 2000 to it merged to create DnB NOR in 2003.

title: Children's programming on the American Broadcasting Company

text: The merger of Capital Cities Communications (which purchased ABC in 1986) into The Walt Disney Company in 1996 marked a shift in the network's Saturday morning cartoon output. The merger resulted in Disney increasing the amount of programming content it produced for the network, including in regards to children's programming (prior to this, most of Disney's animated programming originated on either CBS, with which the studio had a working relationship prior to its purchase of ABC, or Disney's syndicated block, "The Disney Afternoon"). After Disney formally took over ABC's operations, the company's president and CEO Michael Eisner sought to create a Saturday morning block that was different from those carried by its competitors at the time, recruiting Peter Hastings (who had left Warner Bros. Animation in a dispute over the creative direction of "Animaniacs" and "Pinky and the Brain", which he had both written for) to help overhaul ABC's Saturday morning lineup. The concept that was developed revolved around the idea that Saturday is different from every other day of the week; Hastings also came up with the idea of utilizing virtual set technology for the hosted interstitial segments.

title: Disney Media Distribution

text: In Early October 1993, CAVE was promoted to a group, ABC Cable and International Broadcast Group (ACIBG), being moved out of the broadcasting group to being a direct report to CC/ABC CEO with Herb Granath continuing as president. The group continued over site of stakes in ESPN, A&E and Lifetime cable companies, international program sales and co-production and foreign program services interest in Eurosport, Germany's RTL-2, Japan Sport Network and animator DIC. On October 12, Ambroco Media Group, Inc. was formed under Purvis to work with foreign partners for the development and production of programs. Capital Cities/ABC Video Enterprises changed its legal name on October 21, to Capital Cities/ABC Cable and International Broadcasting, Inc. then on December 15, to ABC Cable and International Broadcast, Inc. In January 1994, ABC Network announced Purvis' retirement and the end of Ambroco operations.

title: Major League Baseball on ABC

text: ABC won the rights to the first dibs at the World Series in August 1993 after ABC Sports president Dennis Swanson won a coin toss by calling "heads." Ken Schanzer, who was the CEO of The Baseball Network, handled the coin toss. Schanzer agreed to the coin toss by ABC and NBC at the outset as the means of determining the order in which they'd divvy up the playoffs.

title: Millsport LLC

text: Millman, an Ohio University grad who began his career in 1968 as a production assistant with ABC Sports, served as the agency’s chairman and CEO until 2004. In 1981, Millsport joined advertising agency Doyle Dane Bernbach (now DDB), one of the largest ad agencies in the U.S.

title: May East

text: May was included three years in a row (2011, 2012, 2013) in the 100 Global Sustain Ability Leaders list, devised and produced by Ken Hickson, Chairman/CEO of Sustain Ability Showcase Asia and ABC Carbon. The list recognises 100 people around the world who have provided leadership in the field of sustainability.

title: Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)

text: Simon Redlich has been the permanent CEO of ABC UK since 25 November 2016. He was previously announced as the interim CEO in January 2016, replacing Jerry Wright who stepped down from the role after more than seven years.

title: Capital Cities/ABC Inc.

text: Capital Cities/ABC merged with The Walt Disney Company on January 5, 1996, and assumed The Walt Disney Company name and headquarters in California on that same day. Michael Eisner also retained his position as Disney's CEO. Disney CFO Stephen Bollenbach, who had crafted the deal, left Disney in February 1996 to become Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Hilton Hotels Corporation. A subsidiary operating the combined company's television operations, ABC, Inc., was established on September 19, 1996.Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license.


query: What is a recent development in quantum computation?

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: IBM unveils its first commercial quantum computer, the IBM Q System One [210]

title: Peter Zoller

text: As a theoretician, Peter Zoller has written major works on the interaction of laser light and atoms. In addition to fundamental developments in quantum optics he has succeeded in bridging quantum information and solid state physics. The model of a quantum computer, suggested by him and Ignacio Cirac in 1995, is based on the interaction of lasers with cold ions confined in an electromagnetic trap. The principles of this idea have been implemented in experiments over recent years and it is considered one of the most promising concepts for the development of a scalable quantum computer. Zoller and his researcher colleagues have also managed to link quantum physics with solid state physics. One of his suggestions has been to build a quantum simulator with cold atoms and use it to research hitherto unexplained phenomena in high temperature superconductors. Zoller's ideas and concepts attract widespread interest within the scientific community and his works are highly cited.

title: Quantum computing

text: A recent review by Mikhail Dyakonov in IEEE Spectrum argues that practical quantum computers are not likely to be implemented. He says: "There is a tremendous gap between the rudimentary but very hard experiments that have been carried out with a few qubits and the extremely developed quantum-computing theory, which relies on manipulating thousands to millions of qubits to calculate anything useful. That gap is not likely to be closed anytime soon."

title: Quantum computing

text: While a classical 3-bit state and a quantum 3-qubit state are each eight-dimensional vectors, they are manipulated quite differently for classical or quantum computation. For computing in either case, the system must be initialized, for example into the all-zeros string, formula_28, corresponding to the vector (1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0). In classical randomized computation, the system evolves according to the application of stochastic matrices, which preserve that the probabilities add up to one (i.e., preserve the L1 norm). In quantum computation, on the other hand, allowed operations are unitary matrices, which are effectively rotations (they preserve that the sum of the squares add up to one, the Euclidean or L2 norm). (Exactly what unitaries can be applied depend on the physics of the quantum device.) Consequently, since rotations can be undone by rotating backward, quantum computations are reversible. (Technically, quantum operations can be probabilistic combinations of unitaries, so quantum computation really does generalize classical computation. See quantum circuit for a more precise formulation.)

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: Researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign use the Zeno Effect, repeatedly measuring the properties of a photon to gradually change it without actually allowing the photon to reach the program, to search a database without actually "running" the quantum computer.[26] Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna found that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.[27] Samuel L. Braunstein at the University of York along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency gave the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.[28] Professors at the University of Sheffield develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.[29] New error checking method theorized for Josephson junction computers.[30] First 12 qubit quantum computer benchmarked by researchers at the Institute for Quantum Computing and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, as well as MIT, Cambridge.[31] Two dimensional ion trap developed for quantum computing.[32] Seven atoms placed in stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn.[33] A team at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands created a device that can manipulate the "up" or "down" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots.[34] University of Arkansas develops quantum dot molecules.[35] Spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing.[36] University of Copenhagen develops quantum teleportation between photons and atoms.[37] University of Camerino scientists develop theory of macroscopic object entanglement, which has implications for the development of quantum repeaters.[38] Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.[39] Cristophe Boehme, University of Utah, demonstrates the feasibility of reading spin-data on a silicon-phosphorus quantum computer.[40]

title: Pittsburgh Quantum Institute

text: PQI researchers work on various aspects of quantum computing and information. Development in information theory as well as in quantum algorithms is carried out. Qubit platforms, such as superconducting microwave circuits and Majorana Fermions in semiconducting nanowires are designed for quantum computing. Quantum simulation is another approach to quantum computing; the experimental thrust is the design of a 1D solid state quantum simulation platform that can be controlled on the nanoscale, while a theoretical approach consists of the development of powerful numerical methods that would open the door to faster, more accurate simulations of various novel and exotic quantum systems on a classical computer.

title: Raymond Laflamme

text: Laflamme's research focuses on understanding the impact of manipulating information using the laws of quantum mechanics, the development of methods to protect quantum information against noise through quantum control and quantum error correction for quantum computing and cryptography, the implementation of ideas and concepts of quantum information processing using nuclear magnetic resonance to develop scalable methods of control of quantum systems, and the development of blueprints for quantum information processors such as linear optical quantum computing.

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: Graphene quantum dot qubits[76] Quantum bit stored[77] 3D qubit-qutrit entanglement demonstrated[78] Analog quantum computing devised[79] Control of quantum tunneling[80] Entangled memory developed[81] Superior NOT gate developed[82] Qutrits developed[83] Quantum logic gate in optical fiber[84] Superior quantum Hall Effect discovered[85] Enduring spin states in quantum dots[86] Molecular magnets proposed for quantum RAM[87] Quasiparticles offer hope of stable quantum computer[88] Image storage may have better storage of qubits[89] Quantum entangled images[90] Quantum state intentionally altered in molecule[91] Electron position controlled in silicon circuit[92] Superconducting electronic circuit pumps microwave photons[93] Amplitude spectroscopy developed[94] Superior quantum computer test developed[95] Optical frequency comb devised[96] Quantum Darwinism supported[97] Hybrid qubit memory developed[98] Qubit stored for over 1 second in atomic nucleus[99] Faster electron spin qubit switching and reading developed[100] Possible non-entanglement quantum computing[101] D-Wave Systems claims to have produced a 128 qubit computer chip, though this claim has yet to be verified.[102]

title: Quantum computing

text: Although quantum computers may be faster than classical computers for some problem types, those described above cannot solve any problem that classical computers cannot already solve. A Turing machine can simulate these quantum computers, so such a quantum computer could never solve an undecidable problem like the halting problem. The existence of "standard" quantum computers does not disprove the Church–Turing thesis. It has been speculated that theories of quantum gravity, such as M-theory or loop quantum gravity, may allow even faster computers to be built. Currently, "defining" computation in such theories is an open problem due to the "problem of time", i.e., there currently exists no obvious way to describe what it means for an observer to submit input to a computer and later receive output.

title: Ignazio Licata

text: He has worked on quantum field theory, interpretation of quantum mechanics, and recently quantum cosmology. His further topics of research include the foundation of quantum mechanics, space-time at Planck scale, the group approach in quantum cosmology, systems theory, non-linear dynamics, as well as computation in physical, biological and cognitive systems (logical openness, sub and super Turing systems). Licata has developed a new approach to quantum cosmology ("Archaic Universe") based on de Sitter invariant special relativity.

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: Subwavelength waveguide developed for light.[41] Single photon emitter for optical fibers developed.[42] Six-photon one-way quantum computer is created in lab.[43] New material proposed for quantum computing.[44] Single atom single photon server devised.[45] First use of Deutsch's Algorithm in a cluster state quantum computer.[46] University of Cambridge develops electron quantum pump.[47] Superior method of qubit coupling developed.[48] Successful demonstration of controllably coupled qubits.[49] Breakthrough in applying spin-based electronics to silicon.[50] Scientists demonstrate quantum state exchange between light and matter.[51] Diamond quantum register developed.[52] Controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits realized.[53] Scientists contain, study hundreds of individual atoms in 3D array.[54] Nitrogen in buckyball molecule used in quantum computing.[55] Large number of electrons quantum coupled.[56] Spin-orbit interaction of electrons measured.[57] Atoms quantum manipulated in laser light.[58] Light pulses used to control electron spins.[59] Quantum effects demonstrated across tens of nanometers.[60] Light pulses used to accelerate quantum computing development.[61] Quantum RAM blueprint unveiled.[62] Model of quantum transistor developed.[63] Long distance entanglement demonstrated.[64] Photonic quantum computing used to factor number by two independent labs.[65] Quantum bus developed by two independent labs.[66] Superconducting quantum cable developed.[67] Transmission of qubits demonstrated.[68] Superior qubit material devised.[69] Single electron qubit memory.[70] Bose-Einstein condensate quantum memory developed.[71] D-Wave Systems demonstrates use of a 28-qubit quantum annealing computer.[72] New cryonic method reduces decoherence and increases interaction distance, and thus quantum computing speed.[73] Photonic quantum computer demonstrated.[74] Graphene quantum dot spin qubits proposed.[75]

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: Carbon 12 purified for longer coherence times[103] Lifetime of qubits extended to hundreds of milliseconds[104] Quantum control of photons[105] Quantum entanglement demonstrated over 240 micrometres[106] Qubit lifetime extended by factor of 1000[107] First electronic quantum processor created[108] Six-photon graph state entanglement used to simulate the fractional statistics of anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models[109] Single molecule optical transistor[110] NIST reads, writes individual qubits[111] NIST demonstrates multiple computing operations on qubits[112] First large-scale topological cluster state quantum architecture developed for atom-optics[113] A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions shown[114] Researchers at University of Bristol demonstrate Shor's algorithm on a silicon photonic chip[115] Quantum Computing with an Electron Spin Ensemble[116] Scalable flux qubit demonstrated[117] Photon machine gun developed for quantum computing[118] Quantum algorithm developed for differential equation systems[119] First universal programmable quantum computer unveiled[120] Scientists electrically control quantum states of electrons[121] Google collaborates with D-Wave Systems on image search technology using quantum computing[122] A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations was demonstrated[123]

title: Computational complexity

text: Quantum complexity theory has been developed for studying computational complexity of quantum computing. It is used in post-quantum cryptography, which consists of designing cryptographic protocols that will resist to attacks with quantum computers, when such computers will really exist.

title: Hans Jürgen Briegel

text: Hans Briegel has developed fundamental concepts in the field of quantum information, quantum computing and quantum communication. In 2001, together with Robert Raussendorf, he introduced the concept of a one-way quantum computer or measurement-based quantum computer model, which presented a new paradigm for building a quantum computer. According to Thomson Reuter’s analysis, the publication of this work is the second most-often cited publication in the field of quantum computing research in the first decade of the 21st century. Together with his work in cluster and graph states, it led to a completely new understanding of entanglement as a resource for quantum information processing. The concept of the quantum repeater, presented by Hans Briegel and his colleagues in 1998, plays an important role in quantum communication.

title: Topological quantum computer

text: Topological quantum computers are equivalent in computational power to other standard models of quantum computation, in particular to the quantum circuit model and to the quantum Turing machine model. That is, any of these models can efficiently simulate any of the others. Nonetheless, certain algorithms may be a more natural fit to the topological quantum computer model. For example, algorithms for evaluating the Jones polynomial were first developed in the topological model, and only later converted and extended in the standard quantum circuit model.

title: Rigetti Computing

text: Rigetti Computing is a Berkeley, California-based developer of quantum integrated circuits used for quantum computers. The company also develops a cloud platform called Forest that enables programmers to write quantum algorithms.

title: Quantum network

text: Examples of such applications include quantum key distribution, clock synchronization, protocols for distributed system problems such as leader election or byzantine agreement, extending the baseline of telescopes, as well as position verification, secure identification and two-party cryptography in the noisy-storage model. A quantum internet also enables secure access to a quantum computer in the cloud. Specifically, a quantum internet enables very simple quantum devices to connect to a remote quantum computer in such a way that computations can be performed there without the quantum computer finding out what this computation actually is.

title: Continuous-variable quantum information

text: Continuous-variable quantum information is the area of quantum information science that makes use of physical observables, like the strength of an electromagnetic field, whose numerical values belong to continuous intervals. One primary application is quantum computing. In a sense, continuous-variable quantum computation is "analog", while quantum computation using qubits is "digital." In more technical terms, the former makes use of Hilbert spaces that are infinite-dimensional, while the Hilbert spaces for systems comprising collections of qubits are finite-dimensional. One motivation for studying continuous-variable quantum computation is to understand what resources are necessary to make quantum computers more powerful than classical ones.

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: Ion trapped in optical trap[124] Optical quantum computer with three qubits calculated the energy spectrum of molecular hydrogen to high precision[125] First germanium laser brings us closer to 'optical computers'[126] Single electron qubit developed[127] Quantum state in macroscopic object[128] New quantum computer cooling method developed[129] Racetrack ion trap developed[130] Evidence for a Moore-Read state in the ν = 5 / 2 {\displaystyle \nu =5/2} quantum Hall plateau,[131] which would be suitable for topological quantum computation Quantum interface between a single photon and a single atom demonstrated[132] LED quantum entanglement demonstrated[133] Multiplexed design speeds up transmission of quantum information through a quantum communications channel[134] Two photon optical chip[135] Microfabricated planar ion traps[136][137] Qubits manipulated electrically, not magnetically[138]

title: QxBranch

text: QxBranch provides predictive analytics services to firms in the banking and finance industries. The company also develops software products for quantum computing technologies, including developer tools and interfaces for quantum computers, as well as quantum computing simulators. Additionally, the company provides consulting and research and development for businesses that may be improved through quantum computing methods, including in the development of adiabatic quantum computing methods for machine learning applications.

title: Timeline of quantum computing

text: Entanglement in a solid-state spin ensemble[139] NOON photons in superconducting quantum integrated circuit[140] Quantum antenna[141] Multimode quantum interference[142] Magnetic Resonance applied to quantum computing[143] Quantum pen[144] Atomic "Racing Dual"[145] 14 qubit register[146] D-Wave claims to have developed quantum annealing and introduces their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer[147] Repetitive error correction demonstrated in a quantum processor[148] Diamond quantum computer memory demonstrated[149] Qmodes developed[150] Decoherence suppressed[151] Simplification of controlled operations[152] Ions entangled using microwaves[153] Practical error rates achieved[154] Quantum computer employing Von Neumann architecture[155] Quantum spin Hall topological insulator[156] Two Diamonds Linked by Quantum Entanglement could help develop photonic processors[157]

title: Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer

text: Liquid state NMR Quantum Information Processing was first theoretically introduced independently by Cory, Fahmy and Havel and Gershenfeld and Chuang in 1997. Some early success was obtained in performing quantum algorithms in NMR systems due to the relative maturity of NMR technology. For instance, in 2001 researchers at IBM reported the successful implementation of Shor's algorithm in a 7-qubit NMR quantum computer. However, even from the early days, it was recognized that NMR quantum computers would never be very useful due to the poor scaling of the signal to noise ratio in such systems. More recent work, particularly by Caves and others, shows that all experiments in liquid state bulk ensemble NMR quantum computing to date do not possess quantum entanglement, thought to be required for quantum computation. Hence NMR quantum computing experiments are likely to have been only classical simulations of a quantum computer.

title: Quantum computing

text: In March 2017, IBM announced an industry-first initiative to build commercially available universal quantum computing systems called IBM Q. The company also released a new API (Application Program Interface) for the IBM Quantum Experience that enables developers and programmers to begin building interfaces between its existing five quantum bit (qubit) cloud-based quantum computer and classical computers, without needing a deep background in quantum physics.

title: Andrew Childs

text:
Childs is known for his work on quantum computing, especially on the development of quantum algorithms.
He helped to develop the concept of a quantum walk
leading to an example of exponential quantum speedup
and algorithms for spatial search, formula evaluation, and universal computation
He also developed quantum algorithms for algebraic problems and for simulating quantum systems.

title: Simon Devitt

text: Devitt's research has focused on the design of practical large-scale systems architectures for quantum computing and communications system. He published the first architecture, in an atom-optical system, that utilised techniques in topological quantum error correction that could be conceptually scaled to an arbitrary number of encoded qubits. In 2014, in collaboration with NTT Communications and TU Wien, he developed a design for a scalable system using the Nitrogen-vacancy center and in 2017 he developed a large-scale system design for Ion trap quantum computing in collaboration with the University of Sussex. Devitt has also worked in the development of scalable Quantum networks, developing designs for what is now known as 2nd and 3rd generation quantum repeaters and inventing, with scientists in Japan and Australia, a quantum version of Sneakernets.

title: Anton Zeilinger

text: Most widely known is his first realization of quantum teleportation of an independent qubit. He later expanded this work to developing a source for freely propagating teleported qubits and most recently, quantum teleportation over 144 kilometers between two Canary Islands. Quantum teleportation is an essential concept in many quantum information protocols. Besides its role for the transfer of quantum information, it is also considered as an important possible mechanism for building gates within quantum computers.

title: Rigetti Computing

text: The company hosts a cloud computing platform called Forest, which gives developers access to quantum processors so they can write quantum algorithms for testing purposes. The computing platform is based on a custom instruction language the company developed called Quil, which stands for Quantum Instruction Language. Quil facilitates hybrid quantum/classical computing, and programs can be built and executed using open source Python tools. As of June 2017, the platform allows coders to write quantum algorithms for a simulation of a quantum chip with 36 qubits.

title: Yoshihisa Yamamoto (scientist)

text: During the 2010s, his work has continued on exploring quantum dots as a platform for building both quantum repeaters and quantum computers. One highlight was the co-first demonstration (with Ataç İmamoğlu's group) of entanglement between a spin in a quantum dot and a photon emitted by it. Work on exciton-polaritons continued, and since 2012, Yamamoto has pioneered the development of an optical computer, inspired by developments in quantum annealing and adiabatic quantum computing.

title: Post-quantum cryptography

text: Post-quantum cryptography (sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe or quantum-resistant) refers to cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are thought to be secure against an attack by a quantum computer. , this is not true for the most popular public-key algorithms, which can be efficiently broken by a sufficiently strong hypothetical quantum computer. The problem with currently popular algorithms is that their security relies on one of three hard mathematical problems: the integer factorization problem, the discrete logarithm problem or the elliptic-curve discrete logarithm problem. All of these problems can be easily solved on a sufficiently powerful quantum computer running Shor's algorithm. Even though current, publicly known, experimental quantum computers lack processing power to break any real cryptographic algorithm, many cryptographers are designing new algorithms to prepare for a time when quantum computing becomes a threat. This work has gained greater attention from academics and industry through the PQCrypto conference series since 2006 and more recently by several workshops on Quantum Safe Cryptography hosted by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Institute for Quantum Computing.

title: Integrated quantum photonics

text: As the field has progressed new quantum algorithms have been developed which provide short and long term routes towards the demonstration of the superiority of quantum computers over their classical counterparts. Cluster state computation is now generally accepted as the approach that will be used to develop a fully fledged quantum computer. Whilst development of quantum computer will require the synthesis of many different aspects of integrated optics, boson sampling seeks to demonstrate the power of quantum computation via technologies readily available and is therefore a very promising near term algorithm to doing so. In fact shortly after its proposal there were several small scale experimental demonstrations of the boson sampling algorithm

title: Anton Zeilinger

text: He then also applied quantum entanglement to optical quantum computation, where in 2005, he performed the first implementation of one-way quantum computation. This is a protocol based on quantum measurement as proposed by Knill, Laflamme and Milburn. Most recently, it has been shown that one-way quantum computation can be used to implement blind quantum computing. This solves a problem in Cloud computing, namely that, whatever algorithm a client employs on a quantum server is completely unknown, i.e. blind, to the operator of the server.