query: What's the rate that surgical items are left in patients?

title: Retained surgical instruments

text: The estimate of how often this type of mistake happens is unclear. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, it is anywhere between 1 in 100 to 1 in 5000.[1] However a study done in 2008 reported to the Annals of Surgery that mistakes in tool and sponge counts happened in 12.5% of surgeries.[8] Additionally, the Patient Safety Monitor Alert, announced in 2003 that 1,500 tools were stitched into patients each year.[9] Khaled Sakhel, part of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Eastern Virginia Medical School, reported that it is expected to occur at least once “in every 1,000–1,500”[6] stomach surgeries. An exact count of how often this happens would be impossible to calculate. The Joint Commission on Accreditation for Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) stated that “unintentionally retained foreign bod(ies) without major permanent loss of function”[1] (qtd. in Gibbs) are not required to be reported. Nurses have been discouraged against reporting all errors because of the threat of malpractice and liability issues.[5] Estimates are “undoubtedly low.”[5]

title: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale

text: The evaluator is instructed to assess the extent to which the patient displays the given criterion. Each item is scored independently based on a five-point, ratio scale. A rating of 0 indicates that the feeling is not present in the patient. A rating of 1 indicates mild prevalence of the feeling in the patient. A rating of 2 indicates moderate prevalence of the feeling in the patient. A rating of 3 indicates severe prevalence of the feeling in the patient. A rating of 4 indicates a very severe prevalence of the feeling in the patient. To implement the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the acting clinician proceeds through the fourteen items, evaluating each criterion independently in form of the five-point scale described above.

title: Surgical positions

text: Surgical positioning is the practice of placing a patient in a particular physical position during surgery. The goal in selecting and adjusting a particular surgical position is to maintain the patient's safety while allowing access to the surgical site. Often a patient must be placed in an unnatural position to gain access to the surgical site.

title: Retained surgical instruments

text: A retained surgical instrument is any item inadvertently left behind in a patient’s body in the course of surgery. There are few books about it and it is thought to be under reported.[1] As a preventable medical error, it occurs more frequently than "wrong site" surgery. The consequences of retained surgical tools include injury, repeated surgery, excess monetary cost, loss of hospital credibility and in some cases death of patient.[2][3][4]

title: Self-awareness

text: The medical term for not being aware of one's deficits is anosognosia, or more commonly known as a lack of insight. Having a lack of awareness raises the risks of treatment and service nonadherence. Individuals who deny having an illness may be against seeking professional help because they are convinced that nothing is wrong with them. Disorders of self-awareness frequently follow frontal lobe damage. There are two common methods used to measure how severe an individual's lack of self-awareness is. The Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS) evaluates self-awareness in patients who have endured a traumatic brain injury. PCRS is a 30-item self-report instrument which asks the subject to use a 5-point Likert scale to rate his or her degree of difficulty in a variety of tasks and functions. Independently, relatives or significant others who know the patient well are also asked to rate the patient on each of the same behavioral items. The difference between the relatives’ and patient's perceptions is considered an indirect measure of impaired self-awareness. The limitations of this experiment rest on the answers of the relatives. Results of their answers can lead to a bias. This limitation prompted a second method of testing a patient's self-awareness. Simply asking a patient why they are in the hospital or what is wrong with their body can give compelling answers as to what they see and are analyzing.

title: Ischemic colitis

text: Non-gangrenous ischemic colitis, which comprises the vast majority of cases, is associated with a mortality rate of approximately 6%. However, the minority of patients who develop gangrene as a result of colonic ischemia have a mortality rate of 50–75% with surgical treatment; the mortality rate is almost 100% without surgical intervention.

title: Read code

text: Read codes are the standard clinical terminology system used in General Practice in the United Kingdom. It supports detailed clinical encoding of multiple patient phenomena including: occupation; social circumstances; ethnicity and religion; clinical signs, symptoms and observations; laboratory tests and results; diagnoses; diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical procedures performed; and a variety of administrative items (e.g. whether a screening recall has been sent and by what communication modality, or whether an item of service fee has been claimed). It therefore includes but goes significantly beyond the expressivity of a diagnosis coding system.

title: SCoRS

text:
These areas were chosen because they are often severely impaired in patients with schizophrenia and they are reliably associated with functional outcomes. Two examples of items from the SCoRS are, “Do you have difficulty with remembering names of people you know?” and “Do you have difficulty following a TV show?”. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale ranging from “No Impairment” to “Severe Impairment”. A rating of “Not Applicable” is also possible if a particular question does not apply to an individual patient.
In addition to the 20 individual items, there is also a global rating assigned by the clinician after the patient and informant interviews have been completed. For the patient and informant interviews, the global rating reflects the overall impression of the patient’s level of cognitive difficulty across the 20 areas of cognition assessed and is rated on a scale of 1–10. Higher ratings indicate greater degrees of impairment.

title: Anesthesia

text: Morbidity can be major (myocardial infarction, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, renal failure/insufficiency, postoperative cognitive dysfunction and allergy) or minor (minor nausea, vomiting, readmission). There is usually overlap in the contributing factors that lead to morbidity and mortality between the health of the patient, the type of surgery being performed and the anesthetic. To understand the relative risk of each contributing factor, consider that the rate of deaths totally attributed to the patient's health is 1:870. Compare that to the rate of deaths totally attributed to surgical factors (1:2860) or anesthesia alone (1:185,056) illustrating that the single greatest factor in anesthetic mortality is the health of the patient. These statistics can also be compared to the first such study on mortality in anesthesia from 1954, which reported a rate of death from all causes at 1:75 and a rate attributed to anesthesia alone at 1:2680. Direct comparisons between mortality statistics cannot reliably be made over time and across countries because of differences in the stratification of risk factors, however, there is evidence that anesthetics have made a significant improvement in safety but to what degree is uncertain.

title: Achilles tendon rupture

text: However, three recent studies have scientifically tested the benefits of surgery, using randomized streaming of patients into surgical and non-surgical protocols, and applying virtually identical (and aggressive) rehabilitation protocols to both types of patients. None of the three studies found statistically significant benefits from the surgery, separated from the other confounding variables. They all produced reasonably comparable results in re-rupture rates (with each study adding a cautious note about small sample size, one study showing 12% re-rupture in non-surgical treatment versus 4% re-rupture in surgical treatment, which is statistically insignificant), strength, and range of motion, while most have reaffirmed the greater complication rate from surgery. Although the study met the sample size dictated by the authors’ a priori power calculation, the difference in the rerupture rate might be considered clinically important by some. Two studies showed small, but statistically significant differences in plantarflexion strength: The surgical group had significantly better results in the heel-rise work, heel-rise height, concentric power, and hopping tests at the 6-month evaluation than did the nonsurgical group. However, at the 12-month evaluation, there was a significant between-groups difference only in one test, the heel-rise work test.

title: Operating department practitioner

text: ODPs may sometimes work in a circulating role during the surgical stage of a patient's care. In this role, they give extra materials to the sterilised person, help position the patient on the operating table, and plan ahead to supply what the surgical team may need. They may also set up extra equipment and act as a link between the surgical team and the rest of the hospital.

title: Percutaneous aortic valve replacement

text: Patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis have a mortality rate of approximately 50% at 2 years without intervention. In patients who are deemed too high risk for open heart surgery, TAVR significantly reduces the rates of death and cardiac symptoms. At present, TAVR is not routinely recommended for low risk patients in favor of surgical aortic valve replacement, however it is increasingly being offered to intermediate risk patients, based on recent studies showing it to be non-inferior to surgical aortic valve replacement.

title: Vertebral osteomyelitis

text: Mortality rates are noted to be higher in patients whose infection is due to the bacteria "staphylococcus aureus". However, if diagnosed quickly and treated correctly, patients with "staphylococcus aureus" experience better outcomes than those with the disease caused by other microorganisms. The subtle progression of vertebral osteomyelitis places patients at risk for paralysis, especially if the infection is concentrated in the thoracic or cervical vertebrae. Research published in "The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery" (1997) notes that most patients do not experience symptoms of the infection following surgical intervention; therefore, patients with an advanced case of vertebral osteomyelitis who undergo a surgical approach often experience better outcomes than those treated solely through intravaneous antibiotics.

title: Surgical nursing

text: The first twenty-four hours post surgery are critical, there are many procedures that should take place in order to monitor the patient. Observations of the patient need to be taken and recorded every fifteen minutes. General observations are inclusive of, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. Further tasks taken out by a surgical nurse post operation include; urine output, assessment of wound sites, replacing intravenous requirements and reporting any abnormalities. It is also a task of the nurse to collect information about the patient's social history or issues, mobility restrictions, nutrition and education requirements prior to discharge from hospital. When these tasks are taken out it is proven to improve recovery.

title: Frailty syndrome

text:
Frail elderly people are at significant risk of post-surgical complications and the need for extended care. Frailty more than doubles the risk of morbidity and mortality from surgery and cardiovascular conditions. Assessment of older patients before elective surgeries can accurately predict the patients' recovery trajectories.
The most widely used frailty scale consists of five items:
A healthy person scores 0; a very frail person scores 5. Compared to non-frail elderly people, people with intermediate frailty scores (2 or 3) are twice as likely to have post-surgical complications, spend 50% more time in the hospital, and are three times as likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility instead of to their own homes. Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people.

title: Basal-cell carcinoma

text: When in doubt, a patient should demand that either Mohs surgery or frozen section histology with either margin control (ccpdma) or thin serial bread-loafing is utilized when dealing with a tumour on the face.[26] The pathologist processing the frozen section specimen should cut multiple sections through the block to minimize the false negative error rate. Or one should simply process the tissue utilizing a method approximating the Mohs method (described in most basic histopathology text books or described in this reference [38]) during frozen section processing. Unfortunately, these methods are difficult when applied to frozen sections; and they are very tedious to process. When not utilizing frozen section, the surgeon might have to wait a week or more before informing the patient if more tumour is left, or if the surgical margin is too narrow.[43] A second surgery must be performed to remove the residual or potential residual tumour once the surgeon informs the patient of the positive or narrow surgical margin on the surgical pathology report.

title: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale

text: The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is composed of fourteen items. On the scale, each item is presented in a specific format. Following the item number, the item itself is listed along with a brief description of the criterion. This description is in the form of a short phrase that elaborates on the item and provides specificity to the clinician regarding the appropriate evaluation. Adjacent to each item is a five-point scale, displaying the numerals 0 to 4 outlined by a square. To learn more about the specific scoring regarding the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, please proceed to the Scoring section. Each criterion on the scale is an independent feeling that is related to anxiety. The collaboration of each of these independently rated criteria are meant to evaluate a patient's anxiety severity. Below are the verbatim criteria and their brief definitions (as described above) as presented in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.

title: Surgical stress

text:
Analysis of the surgical stress response can be used for evaluation of surgical techniques and comparisons of different anaesthetic protocols. Moreover, they can be performed both in the intraoperative or postoperative period.
If there is a choice between different techniques for a surgical procedure, one method to evaluate and compare the surgical techniques is to subject one group of patients to one technique, and the other group of patients to another technique, after which the surgical stress responses triggered by the procedures are compared. The technique with the least surgical stress response is considered the best for the patient.

title: 274th Forward Surgical Team (Airborne)

text: In an editorial published by the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Atul Gawande describes the current methodology of medical treatment in a deployed theater of operations, describing the roles of the 274th Forward Surgical Team and the 28th Combat Support Hospital. He explains the focus of the forward surgical teams being that of "damage control" in lieu of definitive fixation and repair. Orthopaeidc surgeons forego X-ray and diagnose fractures "by feel" for treatment with external fixation. Perforated bowel injuries are stapled off, bleeding livers are packed with sponges, and dirty wounds are washed out. Surgical times are kept less than two hours to prevent the patients from becoming hypothermic and coagulpathic. Abdomens can be left open, laparotomy pads left in, bowel unanastomosed, the patient paralyzed, sedated, and ventilated. He also describes the hardships seen by the FST surgeons due to multiple deployments with only short periods of time at home.

title: Velopharyngeal insufficiency

text: Pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty seem to be safe and reliable procedures for treating velopharyngeal dysfunction. Although complete closure will be not be achieved in all patients after the surgical intervention, most show a reduction of the size of the velopharyngeal opening. Choosing the right surgical procedure for the patient is the most important aspect of the surgery for correcting velopharyngeal dysfunction. To clarify the problems of each individual patient, diagnosis will be confirmed by hearing (speech analysis) and imaging (videofluoroscopy and nasoendoscopy) the defect. It is important to think about that these different diagnostic procedures can give a various result, because of the fact that what you hear does not necessarily correlate with what is seen.

title: Surgical nursing

text: It is important for surgical nurses to have a thorough understanding of their roles and interactions with patients and their immediate families within a surgical care environment. One vital role for a surgical nurse is to provide support and confidence to their patient while they are in hospital. Nurses are also required to possess good communication skills and maintain a professional relationship with their patient. It is important for the nurse to build a trusting relationship with their patient but this can prove difficult within the short time available. Due to the fast-paced surgical surroundings, there is little time for surgical nurses to provide information and reassurance before and after surgery. Many patients feel vulnerable and anxious prior to their surgical procedure and it is important for the surgical nurse to recognise their patient’s need for psychological support. It is therefore important for the surgical nurse to understand their role in relation to the patient. By understanding the emotional needs of their patients, surgical nurses’ perspectives and conduct towards their patient will influence the patient’s experience.

title: Time-based prospective memory

text: Research performed by Bakker et al. (2002) examined the relationship between the value of an item borrowed from a patient for a prospective task and the number of cues required by a patient for requesting its return. 63 patients (27 men, 36 women) who underwent neuropsychological examinations in Cortical Function Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1997–2000 were analyzed. Most of the patients were elderly and either had known or suspected dementia. The examiner asked the patients for a personal possession, which was then placed into a drawer in full view of the patient. They were then asked to request for their possession to be returned at the end of the testing period which was between 2–3 hours. At the end of the experiment the examiner would say, "O.K. We are done with testing. Let's find Dr. X." If the patient was able to remember to request for their item, she/he earned a score of zero because no additional cues were needed. If the patient was unable to remember to ask for their item back, an additional question asking "I wanted you to remember something at the end of the testing. Do you remember what that was?" If the patient could then remember, he/she was scored a 1 because of 1 additional cue. If the patient was still unable to ask for their item back, an additional question was added again increasing their score to 2. The highest score a patient could receive was 4, and that is when the experiment ended if the patient could not remember what to ask for after 3 additional cues. The relative value of the items taken from patients were determined by 15 Psychology faculty members from Johns Hopkins based on how much distress their owners would feel if the items were lost. A low rank value determines that the item is valuable and a high rank value indicates the item is less valuable. Results show that although sex and education do not affect the ability to remember the item taken, the age of the patient and value of the object are significant.

title: Georgios Papadopoulos

text: Throughout his tenure as the junta strongman, Papadopoulos often employed what have been described by the BBC as gory surgical metaphors,[21] where he or the junta assumed the role of the "medical doctor".[22][23][24][25][26][27] The "patient" was Greece. Typically Papadopoulos or the junta portrayed themselves as the "doctor" who operated on the "patient" by putting the patient's "foot" in an orthopedic cast and applying restraints on the "patient", tying him on a surgical bed and putting him under anesthesia to perform the "operation" so that the life of the "patient" would not be "endangered" during the operation. In one of his famous speeches Papadopoulos mentioned:[26][28][29]

title: Mental timeline

text: There is evidence that patients with left hemispatial neglect ignore the left side of the mental timeline. Saj, Fuhrmann, Boroditsky conducted an experiment where patients with left spatial neglect were measured against controls in remembering pictorial cues. The cues were pictures of food that a fictional character ‘David’ liked to eat. Foods David liked to eat in the past were shown with a white cap above them, while foods he will like to eat in the future were shown with a black top hat above them. The results showed that the participants with neglect recalled fewer items coded to the past and mislabelled more past items as future items than the control group. This suggests that the left side of time (the past) was neglected much like the patients have visual neglect of the left side giving more evidence to the use of the mental timeline.

title: Penile fracture

text: Penile fracture is a medical emergency, and emergency surgical repair is the usual treatment. Delay in seeking treatment increases the complication rate. Non-surgical approaches result in 10–50% complication rates including erectile dysfunction, permanent penile curvature, damage to the urethra and pain during sexual intercourse, while operatively treated patients experience an 11% complication rate.

title: Aortic insufficiency

text:
"Characteristics"- indicative of aortic regurgitation are as follow:
The hemodynamic sequelae of AI are dependent on the rate of onset of AI. Therefore, can be acute or chronic as follows:Aortic insufficiency or aortic regurgitation can be treated either medically or surgically, depending on the acuteness of presentation, the symptoms and signs associated with the disease process, and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Surgical treatment in asymptomatic patients has been recommended if the ejection fraction falls to 50% or below, in the face of progressive and severe left ventricular dilatation, or with symptoms or abnormal response to exercise testing. For both groups of patients, surgery before the development of worsening ejection fraction/LV dilatation is expected to reduce the risk of sudden death, and is associated with lower peri-operative mortality. Also, surgery is optimally performed immediately in acute cases.

title: Tarsal tunnel syndrome

text: Many patients report good results. Some, however, experience no improvement or a worsening of symptoms. In the Pfeiffer article (Los Angeles, 1996), fewer than 50% of the patients reported improvement, and there was a 13% complication rate. This is a staggering percentage of complications for what is a fairly superficial and minor surgical procedure.

title: Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery

text: Studies have show that the LNNB is stable over time. A study has shown that the lowest test re-test reliability of the LNNB is a .77 and this is within the limitations of clinical tests. Also, studies have combined the Luria-Nebraska Battery with existing tests in psychology, speech, and education to look at the reliability of the battery. This version of the test had 33 scales and by comparing non-brain-injured control groups to brain-injured patients it was found that the test is very effective at discriminating between normal and brain-injured subjects. Studies have shown that the LNNB has yielded an 86% correct hit rate for identifying patients correctly. When looking at the left and right hemisphere scales, the test is based on the assumption that the left hemisphere is verbally dominant and composed of the motor and tactile scales that represent right-hand sensory/motor performance while the right hemisphere consists of items representing left-hand sensory/ motor performance. When looking at lateralization reports of the test, it yields an average hit rate of 78% on comparison of left and right scales with the highest hit rate being 92%. Also, when looking at localization of chronic hospitalized patients with injuries in the frontal, sensorimotor, temporal, and parietal-occipital areas, the test was 88% effective in localizing the brain damage, but the limit to this report was a small sample size of 60 patients.

title: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

text: Surgical operations to assist with hypoplastic left heart are complex and need to be individualized for each patient. A cardiologist must assess all medical and surgical options on a case-by-case basis.

title: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

text: Surgical removal of the extra bone growths has been shown to cause the body to "repair" the affected area with even more bone. Although the rate of bone growth develops differently depending on the patient, the condition ultimately leaves those affected in a “frozen” position as new bone replaces musculature and fuses with the skeleton. Adult patients eventually have to decide on what position they wish to predominately take for the rest of their lives.

title: Surgery

text: Older adults have widely varying physical health. Frail elderly people are at significant risk of post-surgical complications and the need for extended care. Assessment of older patients before elective surgery can accurately predict the patients' recovery trajectories. One frailty scale uses five items: unintentional weight loss, muscle weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slowed walking speed. A healthy person scores 0; a very frail person scores 5. Compared to non-frail elderly people, people with intermediate frailty scores (2 or 3) are twice as likely to have post-surgical complications, spend 50% more time in the hospital, and are three times as likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility instead of to their own homes. Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people.


query: Is UT a research campus?

title: J. J. Pickle Research Campus

text: The J. J. Pickle Research Campus (PRC) in Austin, Texas, United States is owned and operated by the University of Texas at Austin. It sits on 475 acres (1.9km²) in northwest Austin, approximately 9 miles (14km) north of the main UT campus and just south of the Domain.

title: George W. Bush Presidential Center

text: The UT system also submitted with its bid a downtown property under its ownership as well as offering the UT Dallas campus. The Downtown Dallas property was located close to the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza, which attracts a large number of tourists already and was located far away from residential areas, which would prevent complaints about congestion. It would also help rejuvenate the central Downtown area, which had been facing a flight of businesses and development towards the uptown areas. However, the idea of the UT system running the museum itself was found unfavorable. UT Dallas in Richardson, traditionally considered an engineering school and the one of the youngest universities in the UT System, was having large developments to its campus and a growing Governmental studies and Business program whose faculty was supportive of the bid. It was also located north of Dallas near the fast developing communities of Frisco and Plano. However, the UT Dallas administration was uninterested in being in the business of running a museum and conflicts as to where the museum would be located (The UT System wanted to use land that the UT Dallas administration had set aside for the future construction of residential halls and a research building) lead to the UT System withdrawing its proposal.

title: University of Texas at El Paso

text: UTEP offers 74 undergraduate degrees, 76 master's-level degrees, and 22 doctoral degrees. The university ranked, in 2006, second in federal research spending among UT System academic institutions, and in the fiscal year of 2006, the school reported $45.7 million in total research spending. In 2018, the school announced that total annual research expenditures had reached $95 million. Leading research is being conducted on campus.

title: University of Tennessee

text: The University of Tennessee (also referred to as The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, UT Knoxville, UTK, or UT) is a public sun- and land-grant university in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1794, two years before Tennessee became the 16th state, it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system, with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges. It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries. In its 2019 universities ranking, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked UT 115th among all national universities and 52nd among public institutions of higher learning. Seven alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars. James M. Buchanan, M.S. '41, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics. UT's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory, established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT–Battelle partnership, allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students.

title: University of Texas at Arlington

text:
UT Arlington has dozens of research institutes and facilities on campus. Some notable ones include:
According to the university's Research Administration, total research expenditures for fiscal year 2017 totaled $94 million. Up 11 percent from the previous fiscal year.

title: Richardson, Texas

text: The University of Texas at Dallas, also referred to as UT Dallas or UTD, is a public research university in the University of Texas System. Despite its name the UT Dallas main campus, consisting of approximately , is within the Richardson city limits at 800 West Campbell Road. The campus is sited with Campbell Road on the south, Floyd Road on the east, Waterview on the west, and Synergy Park Boulevard on the north. The university owns an additional in Richardson, adjacent to the campus, between Synergy Park Boulevard and the President George Bush Turnpike. The UTD Student Services building, completed in 2010, is the first academic structure in Texas to be rated a LEED Platinum facility by the United States Green Building Council. During 2016, construction was completed on the Student Services Building addition. New projects include an Alumni Center, a Brain Performance Institute and an engineering building as well as additional housing options. These enhancements are part of a campus renovation that has included hundreds of millions of dollars of investment in new and upgraded buildings since 2009. For the fall 2016 semester, UT Dallas had a total of 26,793 enrolled students.

title: J. J. Pickle Research Campus

text: - One of the first and largest departments to be located at the PRC. - The oldest research unit at UT and the Texas state geological survey. - Operates the Stampede supercomputer, which ranks 6th in the world. - Operates a fully functional nuclear reactor. - Houses a supersonic Mach 5 wind tunnel. - Performs research in all forms of electromagnetic wave engineering. This includes radar, wireless communications, SATCOMS, and modeling ICs. Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) - Technology research consortium consisting of 20 hi-tech companies. Currently designated as the West Pickle Research Campus (WPR) - Research center focusing on electromagnetics, electromechanics, energy storage, and high performance energy conversion - CEER is located in the Electromechanics and Energy Building - Houses UT's research in nanoelectronics (CMOS and post-CMOS), optoelectronics, and organic semiconductors. The MRC is home to a state-of-the-art 15,000sqft (1,400m2) cleanroom for device fabrication and is a member of the NSF's . - a nationally recognized archeological research facility and the largest archeological repository in the state.

title: University of Toledo

text: The 1960s saw an increase of political and social activism on the UT campus. Like many universities, UT campus experienced frequent student protests. Students protested a variety of issues, ranging from a peaceful food riot in 1968 over the quality of food, to protests by students opposing the Vietnam War that lead to several arrests. In 1970, UT students remained peaceful following the Kent State shootings of protesters. UT experienced racial tension when a protest by African American students in May 1970 in response to Jackson State killings temporarily closed University Hall. Again, the UT protest ended peacefully when the university president met with the students.

title: University of Tyumen

text: The UT campus is a unique urban infrastructure, which territory incorporates educational classrooms, research and scientific centers, multiple laboratories, etc. The main territory of the UT campus is conveniently located in the historical part of the city of Tyumen. The student residencies are located here as well. Rector of the UT (since 2013) is , PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Chairman of the Tyumen region’s Council of University Rectors.

title: UT Health East Texas - North Campus

text: The center serves as both a hospital — caring for over 140,000 patients annually — and medical research facility.

title: University of Texas at Tyler

text: UT Tyler's main campus is located on , just inside the eastern city limits of Tyler, Texas The UT Tyler campus is more than 40 years old, with a modern, master-planned and integrated architectural style of buildings. Because of vigorous growth in enrollment, many new buildings and sports facilities have been constructed at the main campus since 1996.

title: University of Texas at Austin

text: UT Austin operates several major auxiliary research centers. The world's third-largest telescope, the Hobby–Eberly Telescope, and three other large telescopes are part of UT Austin's McDonald Observatory, west of Austin. The university manages nearly of biological field laboratories, including the Brackenridge Field Laboratory in Austin. The Center for Agile Technology focuses on software development challenges. The J.J. Pickle Research Campus (PRC) is home to the Texas Advanced Computing Center which operates a series of supercomputers, such as Ranger (from 2008-2013 ), Stampede (2013-2017 ) and Stampede2 (since 2017 ). The Pickle campus also hosts the Microelectronics Research Center which houses micro- and nanoelectronics research and features a cleanroom for device fabrication.

title: Texas Advanced Computing Center

text:
Founded in 2001, TACC is one of the centers of computational excellence in the United States. Through the National Science Foundation (NSF) XSEDE project, TACC’s resources and services are made available to the national academic research community.
TACC is located on UT's J. J. Pickle Research Campus.

title: University of Texas at Arlington

text: The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA or UT Arlington) is a public research university located in Arlington, Texas, midway between Dallas and Fort Worth. The spring 2017 campus enrollment consisted of 41,933 students making it the largest university in North Texas and fourth largest in Texas. UT Arlington is the third largest producer of college graduates in Texas and offers over 180 baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral degree programs.

title: University of Tampa

text:
Despite these obstacles, Greeks resurged on campus in the mid-1980s. UT students formed local Greek groups, developing traditions and rituals anew. After these homegrown groups had established a campus presence, many lobbied national organizations, particularly those on campus before the ban, to assimilate them. In this way, Greek life returned to UT and with many of the same fraternities and sororities of the past. Today, about 20 percent of UT's undergraduates are members of 28 fraternities and sororities.
Notable people who attended the University of Tampa include:

title: J. J. Pickle Research Campus

text: The University again renamed the campus in 1994, this time for former Congressman and UT alumnus J. J. Pickle. When he was Austin's congressional representative, Pickle was instrumental in bringing major research efforts to the campus. Pickle died in 2005.

title: University of Tennessee

text: The total research endowment of the UT Knoxville campus was $127,983,213 for FY 2006. UT Knoxville boasts several faculty who are among the leading contributors to their fields, including Harry McSween, generally recognized as one of the world's leading experts in the study of meteorites and a member of the science team for Mars Pathfinder and later a co-investigator for the Mars Odyssey and Mars Exploration Rovers projects. The university also hosts Barry T. Rouse, an international award-winning Distinguished Professor of Microbiology who has conducted multiple NIH-funded studies on the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and who is a leading researcher in his field. UT's agricultural research programs are considered to be among the most accomplished in the nation, and the School of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources is home to the East Tennessee Clean Fuels Initiative, recognized by the United States Department of Energy as the "best local clean fuels program in America.".

title: University of Toledo

text: The University of Toledo, commonly referred to as U of Toledo or UT, is a public research university located in Toledo, Ohio, United States. The university also operates a Health Science campus, which includes the University of Toledo Medical Center, in the West Toledo neighborhood of Toledo; a satellite campus in the Scott Park neighborhood of Toledo; the Center for the Visual Arts is located in downtown Toledo at the Toledo Museum of Art; and a research and education facility, known as the Lake Erie Center, is at the Maumee Bay State Park.

title: J. J. Pickle Research Campus

text: Despite all this, a significant amount of the campus remains undeveloped. While there are roads throughout the campus, many of them border empty plots of land. UT administrators have announced plans to eventually develop the PRC into a full-fledged campus, but they are only preliminary. Visitors will also observe numerous bluebonnets, the Texas state flower, at the PRC. They are visible outside the campus from Burnet Road, but can be found in various places throughout the site.

title: Crow Canyon Archaeological Center

text: The original campus facilities were basic, but “better than tents.” Educational programs were expanded to age groups 10 – 80 years of age. Dr. Ron Gould was the first staff archaeologist and teacher. Significant involvement with the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe resulted in special Native American programs on campus and deep and lasting relationships with Ute Neighbors. Survey work in the areas west of the campus resulted in the identification and naming of sites (Smithsonian Numbers). Many bear the names of the schools across the US whose students identified them.

title: Department of Geography and the Environment at University of Texas at Austin

text: Staff position established September 1998.Founded in 2004 the GIScience Center was created to solidify the Department of Geography and The Environments research and teaching focuses in Geographic Information Science. The GIScience center offers an integrated approach to GISc research and teaching. The GIScience Center is the focal point of Geographic Technologies on UT campus and work cross departmental with other research units on campus to develop GIS and Remote Sensing resources and research.

title: The Center for Vital Longevity

text: The Center’s facilities, in Dallas, Texas, include several research laboratories, including those dedicated to EEG and trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Investigators conduct functional and structural neuro-imaging studies at the Advanced Imaging Research Center (AIRC) on the nearby campus of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center part of a collaborative enterprise between UT Dallas, UT Arlington and UT Southwestern.

title: J. J. Pickle Research Campus

text: The original site was only 402 acres (1.6km²) and only extended as far west as the railroad. It was originally a magnesium plant during World War II and was owned by the United States government. Following the conclusion of the war, the site was declared surplus, and UT engineering professors C. Read Granberry and J. Neils Thompson sought to lease and eventually purchase the site for the University. The lease agreement was reached in 1946, and certain research projects began to be moved to the new campus.

title: Waterford School

text: Waterford School is an independent school offering classes pre-k through grade twelve, located in Sandy, Utah, United States. Founded in 1981 by Nancy and Dustin Heuston, The Waterford School was originally established as a non-tuition, research school, pairing a classical liberal arts education with the benefits of the latest computer technology. In 1986, Waterford moved from its rented campus in Provo, UT to a new campus in Sandy, UT where you find it today. Nancy Heuston served as the founding Head from 1981-2015. in 2015, Andrew Menke became the second head of school.

title: University of Texas at Austin

text: The University of Texas at Austin (also known as UT Austin, or UT) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. UT Austin was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. The institution has the nation's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff. As of December 2018, it also has the second-largest endowment (exceeding $31 billion) among higher-education institutes in the US, surpassed only by Harvard University.

title: University of Tennessee system

text: While not a separate entity, UT Knoxville operates a campus in Nashville that is part of the UT Knoxville College of Social Work. The Nashville Campus awards the M.S.S.W. in conjunction with UT Knoxville.

title: UT Health East Texas - North Campus

text: UT Health East Texas - North Campus is a health institution located in Tyler, Texas. Originally named "East Texas Tuberculosis Sanitarium", it was established in 1947 as a tuberculosis treatment facility at the location of Camp Fannin. The University of Texas System assumed management of the center in 1977. Formerly named "University of Texas Heath Science Center at Tyler" the named changed after the creation of UT Health East Texas which was formed by the merger of UT Health Northeast and East Texas Medical Center.

title: J. J. Pickle Research Campus

text: The campus is served via Capital Metro as well, through a stop known as UT Research Campus.

title: University of Tennessee system

text: Also in 1968, UT announced plans to expand the Nashville extension center into a full-fledged University of Tennessee at Nashville. Rita Sanders Geier filed a desegregation lawsuit against the state. Geier contended that if UT were allowed to build a campus in Nashville, where Tennessee State University was located, it would perpetuate a dual system of higher education. As a result, the UT Nashville campus was eventually merged with TSU by court order in 1979.

title: Children's Health (health care system)

text: Children's Health is affiliated with University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, one of the country's leading medical education and biomedical research institutions. Many UT Southwestern professors practice medicine at the nearby Children's Medical Center Dallas. The Children's Medical Center Research Institute, located in Dallas on the UT Southwestern campus, was established in 2011 with the purpose of performing biomedical research to better understand the biological basis of disease. Teams of Children's Health physicians and UT Southwestern scientists pursue advances in regenerative medicine, cancer biology, and metabolism.


query: What was the first 2-8-4 steam locomotive?

title: 2-8-4

text: The first American 2-8-4s were built for the Boston and Albany Railroad in 1925 by Lima Locomotive Works. The railroad's route across the Berkshire mountains was a substantial test for the new locomotives and, as a result, the name Berkshire was adopted for the locomotive type.

title: Steam locomotive

text: In Sydney, Clyde Engineering and the workshops in Eveleigh both built steam locomotives for the New South Wales Government Railways. These include the C38 class 4-6-2; the first five were built at Clyde with streamlining, the other 25 locomotives were built at Eveleigh (13) and Cardiff Workshops (12) near Newcastle. In Queensland, steam locomotives were locally constructed by Walkers. Similarly the South Australian state government railways also manufactured steam locomotives locally at Islington Railway Workshops in Adelaide. Victorian Railways constructed most of their locomotives at their Newport Workshops and in Bendigo, while in the early days locomotives were built at the Phoenix Foundry in Ballarat. Locomotives constructed at the Newport shops ranged from the nA class 2-6-2T built for the narrow gauge, up to the H class 4-8-4 – the largest conventional locomotive ever to operate in Australia, weighing 260 tons. However, the title of largest locomotive ever used in Australia goes to the 263-ton NSWGR AD60 class 4-8-4+4-8-4 Garratt,[67] built by Beyer-Peacock in the United Kingdom. Most steam locomotives used in Western Australia were built in the United Kingdom, though some examples were designed and built locally at the Western Australian Government Railways' Midland Railway Workshops. The 10 WAGR S class locomotives (introduced in 1943) were the only class of steam locomotive to be wholly conceived, designed and built in Western Australia,[68] while the Midland workshops notably participated in the Australia-wide construction program of Australian Standard Garratts – these wartime locomotives were built at Midland in Western Australia, Clyde Engineering in New South Wales, Newport in Victoria and Islington in South Australia and saw varying degrees of service in all Australian states.[68]

title: Northern Pacific Railway

text:
Presidents of Northern Pacific Railway were:
The Northern Pacific was known for many firsts in locomotive history and was a leader in the development of modern steam locomotives. The NP was one of the first railroads to use Mikado 2-8-2 locomotives in the United States and the first to use the 4-8-4 "Northern" type.

title: Sentetsu Mika class locomotives

text: The Mika (Japanese ミカ, Korean 미카) type was made up of four distinct classes of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mika" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mikado" in honour of the Emperor of Japan, as the first 2-8-2 locomotives in the world were built for Japan.

title: Sentetsu Mateni-class locomotive

text: The Mateni class (マテニ) locomotives were a class of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mate" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mountain".

title: Baldwin Locomotive Works

text: Baldwin built many 4-4-0 "American" type locomotives (the locomotive that built America). Surviving examples of which include the 1872 "Countess of Dufferin" and 1875's Virginia and Truckee Railroad No.22 "Inyo", but it was perhaps best known for the 2-8-2 "Mikado" and 2-8-0 "Consolidation" types. It was also well known for the unique cab-forward 4-8-8-2 articulateds built for the Southern Pacific Company and massive 2-10-2 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Baldwin also produced their most powerful steam engines in history, the 2-8-8-4 "Yellowstone" for the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. The Yellowstone could put down over of Tractive force. They routinely hauled 180 car trains weighing over . The Yellowstones were so good that the DM&IR refused to part with them; they hauled ore trains well into the diesel era, and the last one retired in 1963. Three have been preserved. One of Baldwin's last new and improved locomotive designs were the 4-8-4 "Northern" locomotives. Baldwin's last domestic steam locomotives were 2-6-6-2s built for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1949. Baldwin 60000, the company's 1926 demonstration steam locomotive, is on display at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. On a separate note, the restored and running 2-6-2 steam locomotive at Fort Edmonton Park was built by Baldwin in 1919.

title: Sentetsu Mikasa-class locomotive

text: The Mikasa-class (ミカサ) locomotives were a group of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mika" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mikado" in honour of the Emperor of Japan, as the first 2-8-2 locomotives in the world were built for Japan.

title: Sentetsu Mikashi-class locomotive

text: The Mikashi-class (ミカシ) locomotives were a group of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mika" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mikado" in honour of the Emperor of Japan, as the first 2-8-2 locomotives in the world were built for Japan.

title: Sunset Limited

text: The train was dieselized in late 1949. In August 1950, it was the last major American luxury train to become a streamliner. Also in 1950, the train got a new look, with stainless steel cars with red letterboards and white "Southern Pacific" lettering. All cars except the RPO-Baggage (which had 6-wheel trucks) had 4-wheel trucks. The last car of the train was a sleeping car with a blunt rear end and a lighted neon sign with the train name on the rear door. Until 1950 the train was pulled by 4-6-2 Pacific type and 4-8-4 GS-1 Northern type steam locomotives between New Orleans and El Paso, and by 4-8-2 MT-4 Mountain type and 4-8-4 GS-4 Northern type steam locomotives between El Paso and Los Angeles/San Francisco. Occasionally, even some 4-10-2 Southern Pacific type and 4-8-8-2 AC class Cab Forward type steam locomotives could be seen, especially on the western portion of its run. Steam occasionally appeared on the "Sunset Limited" until 1953.

title: Sentetsu Mate class locomotives

text: The Mate or Mateo (Japanese マテ, Korean 마터) class locomotives were a group of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mate" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mountain".

title: Reading Company

text: In 1900, the Reading Shops began construction along the Reading yards and North 6th Street, facilitating the maintenance and construction of a greater locomotive and rolling stock fleet. The shops were completed four years later, with their imposing brick architecture, they were the largest railroad shops in America, and unlike most railroads, allowed the Reading to make its own engines. They still stand today in non RR use. Larger steam locomotives were introduced to haul the increasing traffic, including the massive N1 class 2-8-8-2 (Chesapeake) Mallet, and Reading made one M1 class 2-8-2 freight hauler, Baldwin Locomotive Works built the rest. Big freight haulers were the massive K-1 2-10-2 locomotives, some were built in Reading, Pennsylvania from the Mallets, others were built by Baldwin. The G1 class 4-6-2 were passenger locomotives. These classes were an important break of tradition of the Readings motive power fleet. The M1s were the first Reading locomotives to include a trailing truck, and the first engine with the cab behind the Wootten firebox. Engines with the name "lessor" in its title meant some steam power was owned by a second party and leased to the P&R. The G1s were the first Reading passenger locomotives with three coupled driving wheels. In 1945–47 the company took 30 class I-10 2-8-0 locomotives and rebuilt them at the 6th Street facility into the modern T1 class 4-8-4 locomotives at a cost of 6 million dollars. This was a move to offset the fact that EMD FT diesel locomotives (first choice of Reading management) were very hard to obtain, and in order to have faster, up to date modern power. The steamers never ran long enough to pay back this major investment, and had some major problems, but it did keep men employed. The Reading built or bought numerous smaller 4-4-0s, 2-8-0s and switchers for its fleet.

title: China Railways MT1

text: The China Railways MT1 class steam locomotive was a class of 4-8-2 steam locomotives for goods trains operated by the China Railway. They were originally built for the South Manchuria Railway ("Mantetsu") in Japan in 1936. The "Mate" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mountain".

title: American Locomotive Company

text: Alco was the second-largest steam locomotive builder in the United States (after Lima Locomotive Works), producing over 75,000 locomotives (though not all were steam, since, unlike Baldwin, Alco transitioned more readily to Diesel). Among these were a large number of well-known locomotives. Railroads that favored Alco products included the Delaware & Hudson Railway, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Milwaukee Road. Alco was known for its steam locomotives of which the 4-6-4 Hudson, 4-8-2 Mohawk and the 4-8-4 Niagara built for the New York Central and the 4-8-4 FEF and the 4-6-6-4 (Challenger) built for the Union Pacific were fine examples. Alco built many of the biggest locomotives ever constructed, including Union Pacific's "Big Boy" (4-8-8-4). Alco also built the fastest American locomotives, the Class A Atlantic and Class F7 Hudson streamliners for the Milwaukee Road's "Twin Cities Hiawatha" run. Among the ambitious state-of-the-art designs of the late steam era, Alco's Challengers, Big Boys and high speed streamliners stood out for their in-service success.

title: Tender (rail)

text: Certain early British steam locomotives were fitted with powered tenders. As well as holding coal and water, these had wheels powered from the locomotive to provide greater tractive effort. These were abandoned for economic reasons; railwaymen working on locomotives so equipped demanded extra pay as they were effectively running two locomotives. However, the concept was tried again on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway's "River Mite", and the Garratt locomotive may be seen as an extension of this principle. Powered tenders were also seen on the 2-8-8-8-2 and 2-8-8-8-4 locomotives in the United States, but these experiments were not considered successful. Powered tenders were used extensively on geared logging steam locomotives like the Shay locomotive, Climax locomotive, and Heisler locomotive where the steep grades and heavy trains necessitated the extra tractive effort.

title: Superpower steam

text:
"Superpower steam" was a term coined by Lima Locomotive Works in the mid-1920s. It referred to steam locomotives with booster-equipped four-wheel trailing trucks supporting large fireboxes, as well as enlarged superheaters. The wheel arrangements introduced in the 1920s for these locomotives: the 4-6-4's, 2-8-4's, 4-8-4's and 2-10-4's, and in the 1930s, the 2-6-6-4's. The term "superpower" was often applied to all locomotives with 4 wheel trailing truck arrangements afterward, though many did not have boosters and almost all steam of any wheel arrangement built after that time had large superheaters.
The design was invented by Lima for the New York Central's Boston and Albany Railroad. The design was invented by Lima's Vice President of Engineering, William Woodard. The first "superpowered" steam locomotive was a 2-8-4 steam locomotive that essentially an expanded 2-8-2 Mikado. The new design called for double the firebox size than the earlier Mikados, thus giving it more grate area. The larger grate area meant that the locomotive could achieve greater steaming capacity, higher speeds, more horsepower, and greater tractive effort. To accommodate the larger firebox, Woodard gave the new locomotive a two axle trailing truck instead of the common single axle trailing trucks previously used. The design was a smashing success and soon both the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company followed suit.

title: 2-8-8-4

text: The Northern Pacific Railway was the first railroad to order a 2-8-8-4. The first was built in 1928 by American Locomotive Company; at the time, it was the largest locomotive ever built. It had the largest firebox ever applied to a steam locomotive, some in area, to burn Rosebud coal, a cheap low-quality coal. But the firebed was too large for the available draft and the fire burned poorly. The problem was mitigated by blocking off the first few feet of the grates. Baldwin Locomotive Works built 11 more for the Northern Pacific in 1930. None were saved.

title: Sentetsu Mikani-class locomotive

text: The Mikani-class (ミカニ) locomotives were a group of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mika" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mikado" in honour of the Emperor of Japan, as the first 2-8-2 locomotives in the world were built for Japan.

title: Rail transport in Victoria

text: As the size of train increased, so did the locomotives. The 4-6-0 wheel arrangement became popular for passenger and mixed traffic work with the D3 and A2 classes, and the 2-8-0 arrangement on goods with the K, J and C classes lasting into the 1960s. These were then followed by the 4-6-2 S class "Pacifics" for the "Spirit of Progress" express, and the single 4-8-4 H class locomotive H220, the biggest Victorian Railways steam locomotive. The final steam locomotives built for the Victorian Railways were the 4-6-4 R class and 2-8-0 J classes. Although they were of more modern design, their advantages were overshadowed by the simultaneous arrival of the first diesels.

title: Southern Pacific class AC-4

text: Southern Pacific Railroad's AC-4 (meaning Articulated Consolidation) class of steam locomotives was the first class of 4-8-8-2 cab forward locomotives. They were intended to improve on the railroad's MC (meaning Mallet-Consolidation) class 2-8-8-2 locomotives with a larger firebox. Hence the four-wheel leading truck (instead of the two-wheel).

title: Live steam

text: A live steam locomotive is often an exact, hand-crafted scale model. Live steam railroad scales are generally referred to by the number of inches of scale per foot. For example, a 1:8 scale locomotive will often be referred to as a 1½" scale locomotive. Common modelling scales are Gauge 1 (), 1/2" (), 3/4" (1:16), 1" (1:12), 1½" (1:8), 2½" (~1:5) and 3" (1:4).

title: Nickel Plate 779

text: Nickel Plate Road 779 is a 2-8-4 or "Berkshire" type steam locomotive built for the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad in May 1949, for use on fast freight trains. It was the last new steam locomotive to be delivered to the Nickel Plate Road, the last steam locomotive ever manufactured by Lima Locomotive Works, and the final 2-8-4 locomotive on standard gauge built in the world.

title: Dieselisation

text: Aberdeen and Rockfish Railroad - last steam locomotive retired in 1953 Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railway - steam era ended in 1955 Alabama, Tennessee & Northern - steam ended in 1952 Alaska Railroad - last steamer, former USATC S160 2-8-0 #557 retired in 1964, making the ARR one of the last railroads in the U.S. to dieselise Alton and Southern Railway - a Union Pacific subsidiary, steam operations ended in 1950 Ann Arbor Railroad - dieselised by 1952 Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad - the last revenue steam operations occurred on August 27, 1957.[13] Dieselisation completed in 1959. Atlanta & West Point - last steam locomotives retired in 1954. Atlantic and Yadkin Railway - a small shortline operated independently by the Southern Railway from 1917 until it merged with the Southern in 1950, that was the last time a steam locomotive ran on the line. Atlantic Coast Line - dieselisation by 1954. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad - first diesel purchased in 1928. Dieselisation completed in April 1960 when the EM-1 2-8-8-4s dropped their fires for the last time. Bangor and Aroostook Railroad - steam traffic ended in 1953 Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad - dieselisation complete in 1954 Boston and Maine Railroad - end of steam in 1956. Buffalo Creek and Gauley Railroad - last steam engine, 2-8-0 #4, ran on February 27, 1965.[14] Cadiz Railroad - Last steam locomotive to run on the line was 0-6-0 #205 on July 25th, 1954. Carolina & Northwestern - a separately controlled company run by the Southern Railway; steam gone by 1948 Central of Georgia - steam fleet retired in 1953, but 4-4-0 #349 and 4-6-0 #403 were still leased to the Talbotton Railroad at the time. #403 retired in 1957 and #349 was kept around on stand-by until 1961. Central of New Jersey - steam fleet retired in 1954 Central Vermont - steam fleet retired by 1957 Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad - dieselisation completed in 1957, however the railroad's fireless cookers continued service until 1965. Chattahoochee Valley Railway - By 1947, Baldwin 2-8-0 #21 became the last steam locomotive on the CHVRR. It was kept on stand-by and flood relieve service until it retired from service in 1961. Chicago and Alton Railroad - dieselisation completed in 1952 Chicago & Eastern Illinois - last steam in 1955 Chicago & Illinois Midland - last steam locomotive retired in 1955 Chicago & North Western - steam ended in 1956 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad - first diesel 1934;[15] dieselisation completed in 1960 (but see Colorado & Southern, below)[16] Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis Railway - steam operations ended in 1952 Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad - official dieselisation date was September 16, 1953[17] Clinchfield Railroad - steam phased out in 1954 Colorado and Southern Railway - dieselisation completed with 2-8-0 #641 running her last train on October 11, 1962[16] Crab Orchard and Egyptian Railway - steam-using tourist line that added regular revenue freight service in 1977, dieselised in 1986.[18] Recognized by the AAR as the last US railroad of any kind to use steam locomotives in regular revenue service. Danville and Western Railroad - dieselization completed in the early 1950. Delaware and Hudson Railway - last steam in 1953 Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad - dieselisation completed by 1953. Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad - Standard gauge lines completed dieselisation in September 1956; narrow gauge lines ended revenue operation on August 31, 1968, never dieselizing. Detroit and Mackinac Railroad - this line dieselised early, retiring the last of its steam locomotives in 1948 Detroit, Toledo & Ironton - steam ended in 1955 Duluth and Northeastern Railroad - dieselized in 1964 Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range - steam operations finished by 1962 Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic - last steam locomotives written off the active roster in 1953 East Tennessee & Western North Carolina - narrow gauge lines went down on October 16, 1950, never dieselising. Standard gauge steam went on for another 17 years until the Southern Railway traded two Rs-3s for the ET&WNC's last steam locomotives on December 8, 1967. Last steam locomotives to run in revenue service in Tennessee. Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway - first diesel 1937;[19] dieselisation completed in May 1949 [20][21] Erie Railroad - Steam phased out on March 17, 1954. Florida East Coast Railway - last steam locomotives removed from service in 1955 Fort Worth and Denver Railroad - last steam locomotives retired in 1960 Frisco Railway - steam fleet retired in 1952, however 46 steam locomotives were still kept on the active roster until August 1956. Georgia, Ashburn, Sylvester and Camilla Railway - The railway ran steam until 1948[22]. Georgia & Florida Railway - last steam locomotives retired by 1953 Georgia Northern Railway - steam phased out in 1962 Georgia Railroad - dieselised in 1955 Grand Trunk Western Railway - one of the last railways in the US to dieselize; retired its last steam locomotives in 1961. Great Northern Railway - dieselisation completed in 1958 Green Bay & Western - last steam locomotives delivered new in 1939; steam officially gone by the end of 1953 Great Western Railway - steam used at least to 1965, possibly 1967 Great Western Sugar Company - last steam operation in 1983; among the last industrial steam users in the US Gulf, Mobile, and Ohio Railroad - steam phased out by 1951 Hampton and Branchville Railroad - steam operations ended in 1958. Illinois Central Railroad - dieselisation completed in 1960 Interstate Railroad - last steam locomotive retired in 1955. Kansas City Southern Railroad - dieselization completed by 1954 "The Katy" - steam fleet retired in 1951 Kentucky and Tennessee Railway - The railroad was run by steam until the road purchased 3 S-2 diesel switchers from the D&RGW in February 1964. Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad - dieselised in 1962 Lehigh and Hudson River Railway - dieselised in 1950 Lehigh Valley Railway - steam fleet retired in 1951 Litchfield and Madison Railway - last steam operation in 1954 Live Oak, Perry & Gulf - steam phased out by 1955 Long Island Railroad - last steam, ex-PRR locomotives, ran in late 1955 Louisiana & Arkansas - last steam locomotives retired in 1954 Louisville and Nashville Railroad - last steam locomotives dropped off the roster in November 1956, although 2-8-2 #1882 kept running on a branch line in Kentucky until 1957 Magma Arizona Railroad - last steam locomotive retired from revenue service on September 4, 1968 Maine Central Railroad - last steam locomotives retired in 1954 McCloud River Railroad - last steam locomotives retired in 1956 Milwaukee Road - last new steam 1944; dieselisation completed in 1957 Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway - last steam locomotive retired in 1951 Minneapolis, Northfield & Southern - dieselised by 1953 Mississippi Central Railroad - steam era ended in 1953 Missouri Pacific Railroad - the last steam locomotives retired in November 1955.[23] Monon Railroad - dieselisation completed in 1949 Monongahela Railroad - last steam on the line in 1954. Morehead & North Fork Railroad - dieselization completed on April 1st, 1963. Moscow, Camden and San Augustine Railroad - Last steam run was January 1965. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis - last steam operations on September 2, 1953 Nevada Northern Railroad - last steam locomotive ran in 1961 New Haven Railroad - dieselization completed in 1952, spurred on by steam restrictions in the vicinity of New York City New York Central Railroad - full-scale dieselization began in the late 1940s; final run of steam in regular service was in 1957[24] New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway - perhaps the first major railroad to dieselize, the "Susie-Q" had eliminated all of its steam locomotives in 1945. Nickel Plate Road - one of the last holdouts of the steam locomotive in America, retiring the last of its steam fleet in 1960 Norfolk and Western Railway - last new steam in late 1953; marking the last US Class 1 railroad to dieselize; dieselisation completed on May 7, 1960.[9] However, some sources state that many Y series 2-8-8-2s were kept around on stand-by service as late as 1965. Norfolk Southern (original) - steam operations ended in January 1954 Northern Pacific Railroad - last steam on the Northern Pacific was in 1960 Northwestern Pacific - By 1957, 4-6-0 #112 was the last steam locomotive on the NWP. It later retired from service in 1962. Pennsylvania Railroad - last steam in regular operations was in 1957.[25] However, B6 class 0-6-0 switcher #5244 kept operating for the Union Transportation Company until July 1959.[26] Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad - This short but very important Class 1 railroad completed its dieselization program in 1953. Reading Railroad - dieselization completed around 1957, however B-4a class 0-6-0ST switcher #1251 still operated on the active roster until it's retirement in February 1964.[27] Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railway - dieselization completed in 1952. However a huge number of 4-8-4s were leased to the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad around this time. They were finally retired and scrapped in 1959. Rutland Railroad - last steam locomotives, the L-1 class 4-8-2s, retired in March 1955. St. Louis Southwestern - steam operations ended in 1953 Savannah & Atlanta - steam was phased out in 1955, but 4-6-2 #750 still operated on work trains until 1962 Seaboard Air Line Railroad - mainline traffic dieselized by 1955 Southern Pacific Railroad - dieselisation completed in 1958 Southern Railway - dieselisation completed on June 17th, 1953, although some steam locomotives such as the As-11 and Ms-4 2-8-2s were on reserve service until 1954. Spokane, Portland & Seattle - the last steam locomotive retired in 1960. Tallulah Falls Railway - switched to diesel power in 1948. However, 2-8-0 #75 was temporarily re-instated in 1950 for the film I'd Climb the Highest Mountain Tennessee, Alabama & Georgia Railway - steam phased out by 1951 Tennessee Central Railway - last steam operations in 1952, although a few 2-8-2s and 4-8-2s were still kept on stand-by service until March 1955 Tennessee Railroad - dieselised in 1957 Texas & Pacific - steam phased out in 1952; however, the T&P bought Fort Worth & Denver 2-8-2 #410 in the late 1950s as a source of backup power especially during floods. It was retired in 1962. Union Pacific Railroad - first diesel in 1934; last new steam in 1944;[28] last passenger steam run 1958; dieselisation completed in 1959; stand-by steam ended in 1962. However, steam locomotive UP 844 was never retired, and UP 3985 reentered excursion service in 1981 UP 4014 is set to renter service in 2019. Unadilla Valley Railway - The railroad purchased its first diesel in 1947, but steam power held on until 1956. Virginian Railway - fully dieselized in 1957, but a few steamers were still kept on standby service until January 1960. Virginia Blue Ridge Railway - last steam locomotive retired in 1963. Wabash Railway - fully dieselized in 1956 Western Maryland Railroad - dieselization on east of Hagerstown in 1949, end of steam system-wide in 1954 Western Pacific Railroad - dieselisation completed in 1953 (last steam operated on subsidiary Tidewater Southern) White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad - last new steam locomotives arrived in 1947; dieselisation complete on June 30, 1964 Winston-Salem Southbound Railway - steam ended in 1957 Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad - steam ended in 1962.

title: Sentetsu Matei-class locomotive

text: The Matei class (マテイ) locomotives were a class of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mate" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mountain".

title: Jining–Tongliao railway

text:
The Jitong railway was the last mainline railway in the world to use steam locomotives. Many of these locomotives were the large 2-10-2 QJ type engines and often trains had 2 locomotives on their head end. On December 8, 2005, the worlds last regular mainline steam train finished its journey, marking the end of steam era. The steam locomotives were replaced by the DF4 diesel locomotives.
Two QJ steam locomotives, 6988 and 7081, were delivered to United States for use on the Iowa Interstate Railroad. They have run many excursions including one with ex Milwaukee Road 261, a 4-8-4 Northern. This was the first triple headed main line steam train in many years in the USA.

title: Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway

text: Santa Fe operated a large and varying fleet of steam locomotives. Among them was the 2-10-2 "Santa Fe", originally built for the railroad by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1903. The railroad would ultimately end up with the largest fleet of them, at over 300. Aside from the 2-10-2, Santa Fe rostered virtually every type of steam locomotive imaginable, including 4-4-2 Atlantics, 2-6-0 Moguls, 2-8-0 Consolidations, 2-8-2 "Mikados", 2-10-0 Decapods, 2-6-2 Prairies, 4-8-4 Northerns, 4-6-4 Hudsons, 4-6-2 Pacifics, 4-8-2 Mountains, 2-8-4 Berkshires, and 2-10-4 Texas. The railroad also operated a fleet of heavy articulated steam locomotives including 1158 class 2-6-6-2s, 2-8-8-0s, 2-10-10-2s, 2-8-8-2s, and the rare 4-4-6-2 "Mallet" type.

title: South African Class GEA 4-8-2+2-8-4

text: The South African Railways Class GEA 4-8-2+2-8-4 of 1946 was an articulated steam locomotive.

title: Canadian National Railway

text: The CNR acquired its first 4-8-4 "Confederation" locomotives in 1927. Over the next 20 years, it ordered over 200 for passenger and heavy freight service. The CNR also used several 4-8-2 "Mountain" locomotives, almost exclusively for passenger service. No. 6060, a streamlined 4-8-2, was the last CN steam locomotive, running in excursion service in the 1970s. CNR also used several 2-8-2 "Mikado" locomotives.

title: Berkshire locomotive

text: The Class A-1 Berkshire locomotive is a 2-8-4 steam locomotive first built in 1925 by the Lima Locomotive Works. The design was initially intended to improve on the company's USRA Mikado design (2-8-2), which was deemed to lack sufficient speed and horsepower. This was addressed by the inclusion of a larger, firebox that required an extra trailing axle, giving the locomotive its distinctive 2-8-4 wheel arrangement.

title: American Locomotive Company

text: Though the dual-service 4-8-4 steam locomotive had shown great promise, 1948 was the last year that steam locomotives were manufactured in Schenectady. These were the seven A-2a class 9400-series Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad 2-8-4 "Berkshires." Their tenders had to be subcontracted to Lima Locomotive Works, as Alco's tender shop had been closed. The building was converted to diesel locomotive manufacture, to compete with locomotives manufactured by the automobile industry.

title: High-speed rail in the United States

text: Many steam locomotives were streamlined during this time to attract passengers, and the first steam streamlined locomotive was the New York Central's Commodore Vanderbilt.[18] Nonetheless, some of these steam locomotives became very fast: some were said to exceed 120mph (190km/h) on a regular basis. Examples include the New York Central's "Super Hudsons" as used on the Twentieth Century Limited; the Milwaukee Road's purpose-built Atlantics and Hudsons used in Hiawatha service; the Pennsylvania Railroad's duplex-drive 4-4-4-4 type T1 locomotives, and two Union Pacific engines, a 4-6-2 and a 4-8-2, used on the "Forty Niner" and other trains.

title: Sentetsu Mikai-class locomotive

text: The Mikai-class (ミカイ) locomotives were a group of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway ("Sentetsu") with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mika" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mikado" in honour of the Emperor of Japan, as the first 2-8-2 locomotives in the world were built for Japan.


query: How long is the English cricket season?

title: 2019 English cricket season

text: The 2019 English cricket season will run between 26 March and 26 September. It will be the 120th in which the County Championship has been an official competition and will feature first-class, one-day and Twenty20 cricket competitions throughout England and Wales.

title: 1744 English cricket season

text: The 1744 English cricket season was the 48th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-a-side match was played. The earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket dates from this year as do the two earliest surviving match scorecards. Details have survived of 20 significant eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches.

title: International cricket in 2006

text: International cricket played in the 2006 cricket season is defined as matches scheduled between May and August 2006 in all cricketing countries, as well as all international matches scheduled for the 2006 English cricket season. Matches between January and April are defined as belonging to the 2005–06 season, while matches between September and December are defined as the 2006–07 season. The main matches in this period were played in England, as this was in the middle of the English cricket season, but the third edition of the ICC Intercontinental Cup is defined as a part of the 2006 season, even though the tournament will stretch into February 2007, and three A teams are also scheduled to tour the northwestern part of Australia in June and July 2006.

title: 1782 English cricket season

text: How long the standoff lasted is unclear but they were playing each other again by 1789!

title: Cricket in Wales

text: Wales Minor Counties Cricket Club also plays in the English Minor Counties competition which is a season-long competition in England for county clubs that do not have first-class status.

title: Benefit season

text: A benefit season is a method of financially rewarding professional cricketers that is used by English county cricket teams to compensate long serving players.

title: 1734 English cricket season

text: The 1734 English cricket season was the 38th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven matches.

title: 1727 English cricket season

text: The 1727 English cricket season was the 31st cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. It is the first season in which matches are known to have been played in accordance with agreed, written rules. Details have survived of four matches.

title: 1740 English cricket season

text: The 1740 English cricket season was the 44th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of eight matches. Each of the surviving match records features London Cricket Club with half the known matches played at the Artillery Ground in Finsbury.

title: 1738 English cricket season

text: The 1738 English cricket season was the 42nd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven matches.

title: 1726 English cricket season

text: The 1726 English cricket season was the 30th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. It is the first season in which a surviving newspaper report names a participant and included the earliest-known single wicket match. Details of two matches have been found.

title: 1736 English cricket season

text: The 1736 English cricket season was the 40th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of 17 top-class matches and two notable single wicket matches.

title: Robert Long (English cricketer)

text: Robert Long (9 November 1846 – 6 August 1924) was an English cricketer. Long was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast. He was born at Richmond, Surrey.

title: 1741 English cricket season

text: The 1741 English cricket season was the 45th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of nine significant matches, including the first known appearance of Slindon Cricket Club. The earliest known tie in an elevel-a-side match occurred.

title: 1728 English cricket season

text: The 1728 English cricket season was the 32nd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of four matches with another match possibly having been played in this year.

title: 1742 English cricket season

text: The 1742 English cricket season was the 46th cricket season season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of ten significant matches, including two famous matches London and Slindon in September.

title: 1739 English cricket season

text: The 1739 English cricket season was the 43rd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of seven matches.

title: 1729 English cricket season

text: The 1729 English cricket season was the 33rd cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of six matches, the earliest known innings victory is believed to have happened and the earliest known surviving cricket bat dates from the season.

title: 1787 English cricket season

text: 1787 was the 91st English cricket season since the earliest known important match was played and is widely seen as a watershed in the sport's history because it marked the transition from an essentially rural game into an urban and metropolitan one. The event that effected the transition was the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) after the opening of Thomas Lord's first cricket ground in the parish of Marylebone, north of London. Lord was financed by the aristocratic members of the long-standing and multi-functional "Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Club" which was based at the "Star and Garter" on Pall Mall and had already founded the Jockey Club to pursue its racing interests. Its most recent cricket venture had been the White Conduit Club in Islington.

title: 1745 English cricket season

text: The 1745 English cricket season was the second season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.

title: 1732 English cricket season

text: The 1732 English cricket season was the 36th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of 12 matches.

title: 1735 English cricket season

text: The 1735 English cricket season was the 39th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of 10 top-class matches, nine played eleven-a-side and one single wicket match.

title: List of English and Welsh cricket league clubs

text: This is a list of English and Welsh cricket leagues recognised and supported by the England and Wales Cricket Board as ECB Premier Leagues, and beneath the League titles are the cricket clubs that are in their top divisions in the 2018 English cricket season. These leagues and clubs are the top echelons of the amateur, recreational game of cricket in England and Wales.

title: 1743 English cricket season

text: The 1743 English cricket season was the 47th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-a-side match was played. Details have survived of 18 eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches.

title: 1769 English cricket season

text: From the "Whitehall Evening Post" (Tues 1 August) — "We are informed that the great match at Cricket, which has been so long in agitation, will be decided one day next week on the downs at Calais. On this match near £5,000 is depending : the players are to be all English men".

title: 1747 English cricket season

text: The 1748 English cricket season was the fourth season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.

title: 1746 English cricket season

text: The 1746 English cricket season was the third season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket.

title: 2003 English cricket season

text: The 2003 English cricket season was the 104th in which the County Championship had been an official competition. It was notable for the long overdue first official County Championship of the oldest county club, Sussex, and the first Twenty20 championship, the Twenty20 Cup.

title: 1781 English cricket season

text: As Ashley More says in his splendid account of Broadhalfpenny Down’s long and chequered history, "it is not where cricket started". The mythology has arisen from the place’s nickname as "the cradle of cricket". The cradle was rocked by a group of children in the Weald long, long ago in the days before Longshanks, and perhaps even the Conqueror, troubled the world.

title: 1730 English cricket season

text: The 1730 English cricket season was the 34th cricket season since the earliest recorded eleven-aside match was played. Details have survived of 14 matches as well as four notable single wicket matches.

title: 1768 English cricket season

text: 1768 was the 72nd English cricket season since the earliest known important match was played. Details have survived of nine important matches. There was a brief return by Sussex to top-class cricket and the possibility of the earliest known century in senior cricket.