query: What is the symbol for hydroxide?

title: Hydroxide

text: Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. A hydroxide attached to a strongly electropositive center may itself ionize, liberating a hydrogen cation (H+), making the parent compound an acid.

title: Hydroxide

text: The hydroxide ion displays cylindrical symmetry in hydroxides of divalent metals Ca, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Co. For example, magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 (brucite) crystallizes with the cadmium iodide layer structure, with a kind of close-packing of magnesium and hydroxide ions.[38][41]

title: Oxyacid

text: If, however, the electronegativity of X is low, then the compound is dissociated to ions according to the latter chemical equation, and XOH is an alkaline hydroxide. Examples of such compounds are sodium hydroxide NaOH and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH). Owing to the high electronegativity of oxygen, however, most of the common oxobases, such as sodium hydroxide, while strongly basic in water, are only moderately basic in comparison to other bases. For example, the pKa of the conjugate acid of sodium hydroxide, water, is 15.7, while that of sodium amide, ammonia, is closer to 40, making sodium hydroxide a much weaker base than sodium amide.

title: Copper(II) hydroxide

text: Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH). It is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid. Some forms of copper(II) hydroxide are sold as "stabilized" copper hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide. Copper hydroxide is a weak base.

title: Castner–Kellner process

text: The net effect is that the concentration of sodium chloride in the outside cells decreases and the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the center cell increases. As the process continues some sodium hydroxide solution is withdrawn from center cell as output product and is replaced with water. Sodium chloride is added to the outside cells to replace what has been electrolyzed.

title: Potassium hydroxide

text:
Historically, KOH was made by adding potassium carbonate to a strong solution of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) The salt metathesis reaction results in precipitation of solid calcium carbonate, leaving potassium hydroxide in solution:
Filtering off the precipitated calcium carbonate and boiling down the solution gives potassium hydroxide ("calcinated or caustic potash"). This method of producing potassium hydroxide remained dominnt until the late 19th century, when it was largely replaced by the current method of electrolysis of potassium chloride solutions. The method is analogous to the manufacture of sodium hydroxide (see chloralkali process):

title: Potassium hydroxide

text: Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen, and manganese dioxide-zinc. Potassium hydroxide is preferred over sodium hydroxide because its solutions are more conductive. The nickel–metal hydride batteries in the Toyota Prius use a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Nickel–iron batteries also use potassium hydroxide electrolyte.

title: Radium

text: Radium oxide (RaO) has not been characterized well past its existence, despite oxides being common compounds for the other alkaline earth metals. Radium hydroxide (Ra(OH)) is the most readily soluble among the alkaline earth hydroxides and is a stronger base than its barium congener, barium hydroxide. It is also more soluble than actinium hydroxide and thorium hydroxide: these three adjacent hydroxides may be separated by precipitating them with ammonia.

title: Base (chemistry)

text: Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, silver hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, etc

title: Base (chemistry)

text: Barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, iron(II) hydroxide, tin(II) hydroxide, lead(II) hydroxide, copper(II) hydroxide, etc.

title: Alkali hydroxide

text: The most common alkali hydroxide is sodium hydroxide, which is readily available in most hardware stores in products such as a drain cleaner. Another common alkali hydroxide is potassium hydroxide. This is available as a solution used for cleaning terraces and other areas made out of wood.

title: Lye

text: Lye in the form of both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is used in making soap. Potassium hydroxide soaps are softer and more easily dissolved in water than sodium hydroxide soaps. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are not interchangeable in either the proportions required or the properties produced in making soaps.

title: Sodium hydroxide

text:
Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (as in saponification), amides and alkyl halides. However, the limited solubility of sodium hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred. Touching sodium hydroxide solution with the bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling. This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap.
Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponificaction due to propylene glycol primary reaction with fat before reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat.

title: Sodium hydroxide

text: A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and sodium hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods.

title: Sodium hydroxide

text: Unlike sodium hydroxide, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed: blue-copper, green-iron(II), yellow/brown-iron(III). Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide to give a clear solution of NaZnO or NaPbO.

title: Alkali hydroxide

text: The alkali hydroxides are a class of chemical compounds which are composed of an alkali metal cation and the hydroxide anion (OH). The alkali hydroxides are:

title: Hydroxide

text: The hydroxide of lithium is preferred to that of sodium because of its lower mass. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and the hydroxides of the other alkali metals are also strong bases.[15]

title: Rubidium hydroxide

text: Rubidium hydroxide is rarely used in industrial processes because potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide can perform nearly all the industrial functions of rubidium hydroxide in a less violent and hence safer way.

title: Organic base

text: Some organic bases, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, or choline hydroxide are hydroxide donors rather than proton acceptors like the above compounds. However, they are not always stable. Choline hydroxide, for example, is metastable and slowly breaks down to release trimethylamine.

title: Aluminium hydroxide

text: Virtually all the aluminium hydroxide used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to . The waste solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and aluminium hydroxide is precipitated from the remaining solution of sodium aluminate. This aluminium hydroxide can be converted to aluminium oxide or alumina by calcination.

title: Hydroxide

text: The solubility in water of the other hydroxides in this group increases with increasing atomic number.[18] Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 is a strong base (up to the limit of its solubility, which is very low in pure water), as are the hydroxides of the heavier alkaline earths: calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide. A solution or suspension of calcium hydroxide is known as limewater and can be used to test for the weak acid carbon dioxide. The reaction Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⇌ Ca2+ + HCO− 3 + OH− illustrates the basicity of calcium hydroxide. Soda lime, which is a mixture of the strong bases NaOH and KOH with Ca(OH)2, is used as a CO2 absorbent.

title: Hydroxide

text: The hydroxides of the transition metals and post-transition metals usually have the metal in the +2 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) or +3 (M = Fe, Ru, Rh, Ir) oxidation state. None are soluble in water, and many are poorly defined. One complicating feature of the hydroxides is their tendency to undergo further condensation to the oxides, a process called olation. Hydroxides of metals in the +1 oxidation state are also poorly defined or unstable. For example, silver hydroxide Ag(OH) decomposes spontaneously to the oxide (Ag2O). Copper(I) and gold(I) hydroxides are also unstable, although stable adducts of CuOH and AuOH are known.[34] The polymeric compounds M(OH)2 and M(OH)3 are in general prepared by increasing the pH of an aqueous solutions of the corresponding metal cations until the hydroxide precipitates out of solution. On the converse, the hydroxides dissolve in acidic solution. Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 is amphoteric, forming the tetrahydroxidozincate ion Zn(OH)2− 4 in strongly alkaline solution.[16]

title: Zinc hydroxide

text: Zinc hydroxide will dissolve because the ion is normally surrounded by water ligands; when excess sodium hydroxide is added to the solution the hydroxide ions will reduce the complex to a −2 charge and make it soluble. When excess ammonia is added, it sets up an equilibrium which provides hydroxide ions; the formation of hydroxide ions causes a similar reaction as sodium hydroxide and creates a +2 charged complex with a co-ordination number of 4 with the ammonia ligands - this makes the complex soluble so that it dissolves.

title: Ammonia solution

text: Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH(aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests an alkali with composition [NH][OH], it is actually impossible to isolate samples of NHOH. The ions NH and OH do not account for a significant fraction of the total amount of ammonia except in extremely dilute solutions.

title: Magnesium hydroxide

text: Natural magnesium hydroxide (brucite) is used commercially as a fire retardant. Most industrially used magnesium hydroxide is produced synthetically. Like aluminium hydroxide, solid magnesium hydroxide has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties. This property is attributable to the endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 °C (630 °F):

title: Alkali hydroxide

text: A typical school demonstration demonstrates what happens when a piece of an alkali metal is introduced to a bowl of water. A vigorous reaction occurs, producing hydrogen gas and the specific alkali hydroxide. For example, if sodium is the alkali metal:

title: Alkali hydroxide

text: The alkali metal hydroxides are the strongest of all bases.The order of basicity increases down the group, i.e., LiOH is the least basic and CsOH, the most basic hydroxide. It is due to the property of bases to donate ion and due to small size and high lattice enthalpy of Li, it donates less and large size and low lattice enthalpy of Cs, Cesium hydroxide donates more ions than any other hydroxide. All the alkali metal hydroxides are white crystalline solids and dissolve freely in water with evolution of much heat.

title: Thallium(I) hydroxide

text: Thallium(I) hydroxide, also called thallous hydroxide, TlOH, is a hydroxide of thallium, with thallium in oxidation state +1. Thallous hydroxide is a strong base; it is changed to thallous ion, Tl, except in strongly basic conditions. Tl resembles an alkali metal ion, A, such as Li or K.

title: Thallium(III) hydroxide

text: Thallium(III) hydroxide, Tl(OH), also known as thallic hydroxide, is a hydroxide of thallium. It is a white solid.

title: Caesium hydroxide

text: Caesium hydroxide or cesium hydroxide (CsOH) is a chemical compound consisting of caesium ions and hydroxide ions. It is a strong base (pK=-1.76), much like the other alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. In fact, caesium hydroxide is corrosive enough to quickly corrode through glass.


query: When did Fender produces their first guitar amp?

title: Fender amplifier

text: Leo Fender began building guitar amplifiers before he started manufacturing electric guitars. The first of these were the K&F models, produced between 1945 and 1946. The early K&F and Fender amplifiers relied upon vacuum tube circuitry, with the company adding solid-state models in the late 1960s.

title: Guitar amplifier

text: In 1933, Dobro released an electric guitar and amp package. The combo amp had "two 8″ Lansing speakers and a five-tube chassis. Dobro made a two speaker combo amp that was on the market over 12 years before Fender launched its two-speaker "Dual Professional/Super" combo amp. In 1933, Audio-Vox was founded by Paul Tutmarc, the inventor of the first electric bass (Tutmarc's instrument did not achieve market success until Leo Fender's launched the Precision Bass). In 1933, Vega sold a pickup and amplifier set for musicians to use with existing guitars.

title: Fender Deluxe Amp

text: The Fender Deluxe guitar amplifier was produced by Fender from early 1948 to 1966. Its predecessor was the Fender Model 26 produced from 1946 to 1948.

title: Alec Ounsworth

text: Alec's collection of guitars includes, but is not limited to, two different Fender Telecaster guitars, a Fender Stratocaster, a Gibson Hummingbird, and a Gibson SG. He also has at least four acoustic guitars, two of which are made by Gibson. Alec employs the Vox AC30 amp to produce the sound he desires. On his recent tours with Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, he has been playing through a 4x10 Fender Hot Rod DeVille. On April 4, 2007, Alec sported a Gibson Flying V guitar on Clap Your Hands Say Yeah's appearance on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien".

title: Fender Hot Rod Deluxe

text: The Fender Hot Rod Deluxe is a guitar amplifier manufactured and sold by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. It was introduced in 1996 as part of the "Hot Rod" line of guitar amplifiers and has been in continuous production since. The Hot Rod Deluxe is a modified version of the Fender Blues Deluxe from the earlier Blues line of amplifiers, and has a higher level of gain in its preamplification signal. This model, along with the Hot Rod Deville, were originally designated as F.A.T. ('Fender American Tube') amplifiers but this moniker was dropped in 2002 when production of this series of amps was moved from Corona, CA to Fender's Baja-Ensenada, Mexico manufacturing facility.

title: Dick Dale

text: In addition to Fender amplifiers, Dale is associated with the Fender Stratocaster guitar. Fender makes a signature model, the Dick Dale Custom Shop Stratocaster, fitted with "Custom Shop '54" pickups and intended to recreate the sound of the first Stratocaster. Dale used a reverb unit with the signal split between two Fender Dual Showman amps. As of 2010, Dale continued to play with his original reverb unit and Showman amps from the early 1960s, continuing his practice of stringing his left-handed guitar upside down. The unique features of this guitar include a toggle switch that bypasses the three position blade switch to activate neck and middle pickups only.

title: Leo Fender

text:
The guitars, bass guitars, and amplifiers he designed from the 1940s on are still widely used: the Fender Telecaster (1950) was the first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar; the Fender Stratocaster (1954) is among the world's most iconic electric guitars; the Fender Precision Bass (1951) set the standard for electric bass guitars, and the Fender Bassman amplifier, popular enough in its own right, became the basis for later amplifiers (notably by Marshall and Mesa Boogie) that dominated rock and roll music. Leo Fender was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992—a unique achievement given that he never learned to play the instruments that he made a career of building.
Clarence Leonidas Fender ("Leo") was born on August 10, 1909, to Clarence Monte Fender and Harriet Elvira Wood, owners of a successful orange grove located between Anaheim and Fullerton, California.

title: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation

text: In 1950, Fender introduced the first mass-produced solid-body Spanish-style electric guitar, the Telecaster (originally named the Broadcaster for two-pickup models and Esquire for single-pickup). Following its success, Fender created the first mass-produced electric bass, the Precision Bass (P-Bass). In 1954, Fender unveiled the Stratocaster ("Strat") guitar. With the Telecaster and Precision Bass having been on the market for some time, Leo Fender was able to incorporate input from working musicians into the Stratocaster's design.

title: Fender Contemporary Stratocaster Japan

text:
Fender Contemporary Stratocaster electric guitars were produced by Fender Japan in the 1980s.
The Fender Contemporary models were the first Fender Japan models to be exported as Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters. The previous Fender Japan models exported from Japan were all Fender Squier models. The Fender Contemporary models were manufactured from 1984 to 1987 by FujiGen Gakki and these Stratocasters were designed to be Superstrats (Super Strat) with humbucking pickups and Floyd Rose like tremolos made by Schaller and Kahler. There was a lower priced Fender Contemporary Squier model produced as well.Many of Fender Contemporary Stratocaster and Telecaster models had Fender Japan E serial number prefix at the beginning of their serial numbers but in fact Fender never produced a line of guitars named the "E series".

title: Robben Ford

text: After Ford's "Talk to Your Daughter" album was released in 1988, Robben used a Robben Ford Signature model guitar created in a collaboration with Dan Smith of Fender and produced in Japan between 1987 and 1993. That guitar was based on the Fender Master Series Esprit Ultra that was produced from 1983 to 1986 in Japan. In 1987, new management at Fender authorized the first production of the Robben Ford Signature guitar. In 1994, production of the guitar moved from Japan to the Fender Custom Shop. Three models were produced: Ultra FM (with a carved maple top), Ultra SP (with a carved spruce top), and the Elite FM (with a carved flame maple top). The guitar line continued to be produced until 2002 when it was discontinued by Fender.

title: Bass amplifier

text: In 1933, Dobro released an electric guitar and amp package. The combo amp had "two 8″ Lansing speakers and a five-tube chassis. Dobro made a two speaker combo amp that was on the market over 12 years before Fender launched its two-speaker "Dual Professional/Super" combo amp. In 1933, Audio-Vox was founded by Paul Tutmarc, the inventor of the first electric bass (Tutmarc's instrument did not achieve market success until Leo Fender's launched the Precision Bass). In 1933, Vega sold a "pickup and amplifier set" which a musician could use with her/his existing guitar. In that same year, the Los Angeles-based Volu-Tone company also sold a pickup/amplifier set. Volu-Tone used "high voltage current" to sense the string vibration, a potentially dangerous approach that did not become popular. In 1934 Dobro released a guitar amp with a vacuum tube rectifier and two power tubes. By 1935, Dobro and National began selling combo amps for Hawaiian guitar. In 1934, Gibson developed prototype combo amps, but these never got produced and sold. By 1935, Electro/Rickenbacher sold "more amps and electric guitars than all the amps and electrified/electric guitars made from ’[19]28 through the end of ’[19]34, combined".

title: Ampeg

text: Compared to the major brands Fender and Marshall, the collectability and playability of the guitar amps is a mixed affair. While vintage Fender amps consistently command high prices, Ampeg guitar amps such as the Reverberocket can often be found for prices atypical of vintage amplifiers. In general, Ampeg guitar amps until 1964 are less desirable as they have a darker, cleaner sound even when pushed hard. With the introduction of the Galaxy line (Gemini, Mercury, Reverberocket) in 1964, treble boost circuits and spring reverbs were added, and higher wattage models (such as the 30 watt Gemini II) were made available. Original SVT bass amps are highly sought-after for their pleasing sound and were used by many professional bassists in the '70s. V series guitar amps (V2 and V4 heads along with the VT-40 and VT-22 combos) are sought after for the classic 70s crunchy but clean sound. The V4-B is another sought after bass amp head; it has the SVT pre-amp section mated to a 100 Watt power amp section.

title: Fender Bronco

text: The Fender Bronco was introduced to the market as a student guitar. It had been worked on since 1964 and then produced in mid-1967. It was originally supposed to replace the Musicmaster. It was initially sold as a "package" with the Fender Bronco Amp, a small amplifier also created for students.

title: Bass amplifier

text: When the Fender company invented the first widely produced electric bass guitar (the Fender Precision Bass) they also developed a bass amplifier, the Fender Bassman, first produced in 1952. This was a 26-watt tube amplifier with a single 15" speaker. In 1954, the Bassman was redesigned to use four 10" speakers. This speaker cabinet was an open-back design; as such, it had poor low-frequency efficiency and was prone to blowing speakers when used for bass because of the lack of damping. Somewhat ironically, it became very popular as an electric guitar amplifier. The circuit design also underwent repeated modifications. The "5F6A" circuit introduced in 1958 is regarded as a classic amplifier design and was copied by many other manufacturers, such as Marshall.

title: Davy Knowles

text: Knowles uses a number of different guitars while on stage. His primary electric guitar until mid-2009 was the 1962 Fender Stratocaster Reissue, which he uses with Fender's SCN Samarium Cobalt Noiseless Stratocaster pickups. Knowles's other electric guitars are the Stevie Ray Vaughan Model Fender Stratocaster and Rio Grande brand pickups. Knowles uses the reissued Fender Mustang, which is only currently available in Japan. Knowles has one acoustic guitar that is used when he performs, a Gibson J-45 Acoustic. Along with these guitars, Knowles also uses Dean Markley guitar strings, ranging from 0.10 to 0.52 gauge. In mid-2009, Knowles began primarily using Paul Reed Smith guitars and Budda Amps while onstage. Knowles now uses PRS guitars, particularly the PRS 305.

title: Ed Wool

text: 1999–Present: 1998 Rivera Fandango Amp(Late '60's Plexi and '59 Tweed Bassman / Twin Pre-amps), 2004 Acoustic Echo Amp, 2002 Fender BassBreaker Amp (Fender Custom Shop: based on 1959 "High-powered Tweed Twin Amp", 1967 Fender Custom Vibrolux amp, 2003 Soldano Avenger amp, 2004 Marshall 2000 DSL amp, 2006 Ibanez 427 Guitar for SLIDE, 2001 Guild DV52 acoustic guitar, and 1987 Warmoth Red Tint SuperStrat Guitar

title: Fender Vibroverb

text: The Fender Vibroverb was a 40-watt combo guitar amplifier originally manufactured in 1963 and 1964. It was the first Fender amplifier to incorporate on-board reverb which became a standard feature on many high-end Fender tube amps during the 1960s and 1970s.

title: Ron Lauback

text: His guitar style has changed somewhat over the years as well. In the 1960s he played Fender Jazzmaster, Gibson ES-335 and Rickenbacker thru Fender and Ampeg Amps. During the hard rock/metal craze of the 1980s Ron wielded Charvel's and Ibanez guitars with Peavey Amplification. From 2005-2010 Ron's main axe was a custom-wired Fender Stratocaster (designed by legendary Syracuse musician, the late Dave Pasternack). He uses a combination of Peavey and Fender amps. Ron is a fan of Digitech pedalboards, and has used them widely throughout the nineties and the 2000s. He currently favors Paul Reed Smith and the newly designed Charvel guitars for live performances. Ron uses a specially modified Fender CyberTwin 212 amplifier and a Morley Wah Pedal.

title: Electric guitar

text: One of the first solid-body guitars was invented by Les Paul. Gibson did not present their Gibson Les Paul guitar prototypes to the public, as they did not believe the solid-body style would catch on. Another early solid-body Spanish style guitar, resembling what would become Gibson's Les Paul guitar a decade later, was developed in 1941 by O.W. Appleton, of Nogales, Arizona. Appleton made contact with both Gibson and Fender but was unable to sell the idea behind his "App" guitar to either company. In 1946, Merle Travis commissioned steel guitar builder Paul Bigsby to build him a solid-body Spanish-style electric. Bigsby delivered the guitar in 1948. The first mass-produced solid-body guitar was Fender Esquire and Fender Broadcaster (later to become the Fender Telecaster), first made in 1948, five years after Les Paul made his prototype. The Gibson Les Paul appeared soon after to compete with the Broadcaster. Another notable solid-body design is the Fender Stratocaster, which was introduced in 1954 and became extremely popular among musicians in the 1960s and 1970s for its wide tonal capabilities and more comfortable ergonomics than other models.

title: Instrument amplifier

text: Standard amplifiers, such as the Fender "tweed"-style amps (e.g., the Fender Bassman) and Gibson amps, are often used by traditional rock, blues, and country musicians who wish to create a "vintage" 1950s-style sound. They are used by electric guitarists, pedal steel guitar players, and blues harmonica ("harp") players. Combo amplifiers such as the Fender Super Reverb have powerful, loud tube amplifiers, four 10" speakers, and they often have built-in reverb and "vibrato" effects units. Smaller guitar amps are also available, which have fewer speakers (some have only one speaker) and lighter, less powerful amplifier units. Smaller guitar amps are easier to transport to gigs and sound recording sessions. Smaller amps are widely used in small venue shows (nightclubs) and in recordings, because players can obtain the tone they want without having to have an excessively loud volume. One of the challenge with the large, powerful 4x10 Fender Bassman-type amps is that to get the tone a player wants, they have to turn up the amp to a loud volume.

title: Fender Twin

text: The Fender Twin is a guitar amplifier made by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. It was introduced in 1952, two years before Fender began selling Stratocaster electric guitars. The amps are known for their characteristically clean tone.

title: Fender Tremolux

text: The early, or first Tolex-made, 6G9 Tremolux Amps were the 6BQ5/EL84 amps starting at Serial Number 100. It is unknown how many EL84 style Tremolux amps were produced, but it is one of the rarest amps that Fender made and it is suspected that production totals were likely less than 300. The EL84 Tremolux did not have professionally printed tube charts, but instead they have a typewriter-written tube chart that was copied on a blue-ink mimeograph machine.

title: Fender Musicmaster

text:
The Fender Musicmaster is a solid body electric guitar produced by Fender. It was the first 3/4 scale student-model guitar Fender produced.
A Musicmaster Bass model was also put on the market.

title: Fender Bronco Amp

text: The Fender Bronco was a guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was the first Silverface amplifier introduced in 1967 to sport the modern-looking "tailless" Fender amp decal, which became a standard feature on other Fender amplifiers in the early 1970s. The Bronco was a student amp to go with the matching Bronco guitar. Bronco amplifiers were shipped as a part of the Bronco "student" package offered during that time, which also included the matching Bronco guitar, introduced that same year. Some early Broncos used the early-mid 1960s "tailed" amp logo. The schematics and manuals listed the Bronco and the Vibro Champ as the same amp, except for the red letters and labels stamped on the control faceplate (Vibro Champs have blue labels and lettering like the rest of the Silverface amplifier models). The controls were also the same. It was discontinued in 1975.

title: Fender Pro Reverb

text: The Fender Pro Reverb is a high-end guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was in production from 1965 and was discontinued in 1982. The Pro Reverb is a 40-watt tube amplifier and has a pair of 12" speakers; however, models later than 1976 were increased to 70 watts. Teagle and Sprung, authors of the definitive book on Fender amplifiers ("Fender Amps: The First Fifty Years") described the Blackface Pro Reverb as "the" best amplifier ever produced likely due to its combination of the two twelve inch speakers, its high quality reverb and tremolo, and just the right amount of power to get either classic Blackface Fender cleans or natural tube breakup at reasonable volumes. They wrote, "the author recommends these amps as the best all-around amp ever made—by anyone".

title: Hawksley Workman

text: Workman's recent configuration for more traditional rock songs consists of the following:Workman revealed his choices for guitars and equipment in an interview with Australian Guitar Magazine in January 2006.Workman uses two amps on tour. The first amp is either a Fender Blues Deville, Fender Hot Rod Deville, or a Vox AC-30. Using an A/B/Y footswitch, he switches between this first amp and a Fender Pro Junior which he uses for guitar solos. He has stated that he uses no pedals with the exception of an MXR "Micro Amp" pedal used with the Vox AC-30.

title: Dean Kohler

text: Instruments used included his first guitar, a Guild M-65 Freshman and a Silvertone Twin Twelve amp. In 1964 he purchased a 1963 Gretsch Tennessean and a Fender Showman amp used in The Satellites. In Vietnam he used a Fender styled no-name guitar and a Fender styled no-name amp purchased in Vietnam and used with The Electrical Banana. In the Soft Light, 1968, he used a Fender Telecaster with a factory Bigsby and still using his 1964 Fender Showman. In late 1969 he purchased a Gibson Les Paul Custom Black Beauty used in Spectrum and Mad Wax. With Mad Wax in 1971 he ordered a Gibson Les Paul Custom with a sunburst finish built to his spec's from Gibson's custom shop, his main guitar until this day. Peavey amps were a new brand at that time and he purchase two British Stacks. He used the Peavey amps for only one gig and returned them to the music store the next day telling the store owner " You can keep this crap, order me a Marshall." He purchased two Marshall Super Lead 100 stacks. With Big Bubba & The Blockbusters he used one Marshall bottom and one Marshall Super Lead 100 for outdoor gigs, a 1964 Fender Bassman or a Marshall JCM 900 1-12 combo for in-door gigs. For the Satellites and Soft Light recording sessions he used the 1963 Gretsch Tennessean and the 1964 Fender Showman. For all other recordings he used the 1971 Les Paul Custom with the 1964 Fender Bassman. Other guitars purchased and used on gigs include a 1966 Rickenbacker 330 twelve-string, a 1971 Gibson Limited Edition Medallion Flying V #20, a 1983 Fender Stratocaster with EMG pickups, a 1992 Paul Reed Smith, a 1974 Les Paul Special/1955 Reissue.

title: Fender Princeton

text: The Fender Princeton was a guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was introduced in 1947 and discontinued in 1979. After Fender introduced the Champ Amp in 1948, the Princeton occupied the next to the bottom spot in the Fender line. Fender Princetons (as well as their sister amp the Princeton Reverb) from the early models into the 1970s models are highly valued particularly as recording amplifiers.

title: Fender Tremolux

text: The Fender Tremolux was a guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was introduced in the summer of 1955 with a rated power output of 15 watts, cathode bias, two 6V6 output tubes, and a 5V4 tube rectifier. The Tremolux was the first Fender amp with a built in effect, tremolo.

title: Fender '65 Twin Custom 15

text: The Fender '65 Twin Custom 15 is a guitar amplifier produced by Fender. It is a tube combo amp that pairs an 85-watt reissued Fender '65 Twin chassis with an enlarged cabinet and single 15 inch speaker. The Fender '65 Twin Custom 15 is comparable to the Peavey Delta Blues 115.

title: Vlatko Stefanovski

text: Vlatko Stefanovski has used a variety of guitars and amps. His favourite guitars include a Gibson Les Paul Custom 1959, a Gibson SG, the Fender Stratocaster, Telecaster, Pensa Suhr, Gibson L-5, and Radulovic guitars, Yamaha, Hamer, MK guitars signature and his main guitar, a Leo Scala Signature VS. The amps which he uses at concerts are: DV Mark Bad Boy, Vox AC30, Fender '57 Twin, MK signature VS Overdrive special, Fender Deluxe Reverb 57', Fender Hot Road Deville, and Marshall JCM800.


query: Did the SMS Gneisenau sink?

title: German battleship Gneisenau

text: In early 1942, the two ships made a daylight dash up the English Channel from occupied France to Germany. After reaching Kiel in early February, the ship went into drydock. On the night of 26 February, the British launched an air attack on the ship; one bomb penetrated her armored deck and exploded in the forward ammunition magazine, causing serious damage and a large number of casualties. The repairs necessitated by the damage were so time-consuming that it was determined to rebuild the ship to accommodate the 38cm guns as originally intended. The 28cm guns were removed and used as shore batteries. In 1943, Hitler ordered the cessation of conversion work, and on 27 March 1945, she was sunk as a blockship in Gotenhafen (Gdynia) in German-occupied Poland. She was eventually broken up for scrap in 1951.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced at full load. The ship's crew consisted of 18 officers and 386 enlisted men. She was powered by a single marine steam engine that drove one 2-bladed screw propeller, with steam provided by four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which gave her a top speed of at . She had a cruising radius of at a speed of . As built, "Gneisenau" was equipped with a full ship rig, but this was later reduced.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" returned to service on 13 April 1887 under the command of "KzS" August von Thomsen, now in the role of a training ship for naval cadets and four-year enlisted volunteers. In late May, she joined the Training Squadron, which was present at the ceremony marking the beginning on construction of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal on 3 June. The squadron took part in the annual fleet training exercises that began on 6 August; during the maneuvers, the squadron filled the role of the II Division of the main fleet. After the exercises concluded the following month, the Training Squadron embarked on a winter cruise to the Mediterranean. During this voyage, the squadron flagship, , caught fire and had to be docked for repairs, during which time "Gneisenau" served as the flagship from 19 November 1887 to 8 January 1888. On the way back to Germany in 1888, the ships stopped at Cape St. Vincent and in Funchal, before arriving back in Wilhelmshaven on 10 April. "Gneisenau" proceeded on to Kiel, where she underwent an overhaul. The ship embarked on individual training exercises after returning to service before rejoining the Training Squadron on 25 June. The following month, the squadron escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II on a tour of Scandinavian ports aboard the ironclad .

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: The crew attempted to drop the starboard anchor, but it did not catch in the stony ground. "Gneisenau" was driven into the mole repeatedly, striking it with her stern twice before being turned and pushed bow-first on the starboard side, forcing her aground. A merchant ship attempted to come to the crew's aid, but they were unable to connect a line between the two ships before "Gneisenau" began to list 35 degrees. A boat from shore also attempted to rescue the crew, but it too was forced ashore in the heavy seas. Wave action quickly smashed "Gneisenau"s hull against the mole, and part of her crew attempted to find safety by climbing the rigging. The ship rolled over onto her side, and the surviving crewmen reached shore with a line. Forty-one men were killed in the accident, including Kretschmann and the ship's first officer. "Charlotte" and the British ironclad were sent to aid the wounded. Those killed in the sinking were buried in Málaga's cemetery, and the survivors returned to Germany aboard the HAPAG steamship on 2 January 1901.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: SMS "Gneisenau" was a built for the German Imperial Navy ("Kaiserliche Marine") in the late 1870s. The ship was named after the Prussian Field Marshal August von Gneisenau. She was the fifth member of the class, which included five other vessels. The "Bismarck"-class corvettes were ordered as part of a major naval construction program in the early 1870s, and she was designed to serve as a fleet scout and on extended tours in Germany's colonial empire. "Gneisenau" was laid down in June 1877, launched in September 1879, and was commissioned into the fleet in October 1880. She was armed with a battery of fourteen guns and had a full ship rig to supplement her steam engine on long cruises abroad.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" was armed with a battery of fourteen 22-caliber (cal.) quick-firing guns and two 30-cal. guns. She also carried six Hotchkiss revolver cannon.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" went abroad on two major foreign deployments in the first decade of her career. The first, in 1882, was to protect German nationals in Egypt during the 'Urabi revolt, though by the time she arrived, British forces had largely defeated the rebels, allowing "Gneisenau" to return home. The second, lengthier deployment came two years later and lasted from 1884 to 1886, and primarily focused on German colonial designs on eastern Africa. She was involved in the seizure of the colony of German East Africa in 1885, and she briefly toured German interests in the Pacific Ocean in 1886.

title: SMS Scharnhorst

text: "Glasgow" was forced to abandon "Monmouth" after 19:20 when the German light cruisers approached, before fleeing south and meeting with "Canopus". A squall prevented the Germans from discovering "Monmouth", but she eventually capsized and sank at 20:18. More than 1,600 men were killed in the sinking of the two armored cruisers, including Cradock. German losses were negligible. However, the German ships had expended over 40% of their ammunition supply. "Scharnhorst" was hit twice during the engagement, but both shells failed to explode. The second hit passed through her third funnel and did not explode; she was struck by shell splinters that damaged her wireless antenna array. She suffered no casualties and the only German injuries were two slightly wounded men aboard "Gneisenau".

title: John Luce (Royal Navy officer)

text: In September 1912, Luce took command of HMS "Glasgow", a light cruiser. and was still in command at the start of the First World War. In November 1914, he took part in the Battle of Coronel in the South Atlantic. During the battle, "Glasgow" together with the cruisers HMS "Good Hope" and HMS "Monmouth" engaged the German East Asia Cruiser Squadron, including the new cruisers SMS "Scharnhorst" and SMS "Gneisenau". The German light cruisers had only guns, which had left "Glasgow" relatively unscathed, but these were now joined by the 8.2-inch guns of "Gneisenau". Luce determined that nothing was to be gained by staying and attempting to fight. It was noticed that each time he fired, the flash of his guns was used by the Germans to aim a new salvo, so he also ceased firing. One compartment of the ship was flooded, but she could still manage . He returned first to "Monmouth", which was now dark but still afloat. Nothing was to be done for the ship, which was sinking slowly but would attempt to beach on the Chilean coast. "Glasgow" turned south and departed. Having inflicted little damage on the enemy, "Glasgow" escaped with moderate damage considering that an estimated 600 shells were fired at her, although the other British cruisers were lost with all hands.

title: SMS Leipzig (1905)

text: "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" quickly wrecked their British counterparts, while "Leipzig" fired at "Glasgow" without success. At 18:49, "Glasgow" hit "Leipzig", but the shell was a dud and did not explode. "Leipzig" and hit "Glasgow" five times before von Spee ordered "Leipzig" to close with the stricken "Good Hope" and torpedo it. A rain squall obscured the ship, and by the time "Leipzig" reached "Good Hope"s position, the latter had sunk. Unaware of the sinking of "Good Hope", no rescue operations were mounted by "Leipzig"s crew. By 20:00, "Leipzig" encountered "Dresden" in the gathering darkness, and the two initially mistook each other for hostile warships, though they quickly established their identity. "Leipzig" emerged from the battle essentially unscathed, and with no wounded crewmen.

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: At the Battle of Papeete on 22 September, Gneisenau and the rest of the East Asia Squadron bombarded the colony.[22] During the bombardment, the French gunboat Zélée was sunk by gunfire from the German ships. Fear of mines in the harbor prevented von Spee from seizing the coal that lay in the harbor.[23] By 12 October, Gneisenau and the rest of the squadron had reached Easter Island. There they were joined by Dresden and Leipzig, which had sailed from American waters.[24] Dresden was stationed in the Caribbean,[13] but had been in San Francisco when von Spee issued the order to consolidate German naval forces in the Pacific.[25] After a week off Easter Island, the ships departed for the Chilean mainland.[24]

title: SMS Scharnhorst

text: In the meantime, "Glasgow" began to shoot at both "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", since she could no longer engage the German light cruisers. One of her shells struck "Scharnhorst" in the forecastle but failed to explode. By 18:50, "Monmouth" had been badly damaged by "Gneisenau" and she fell out of line; "Gneisenau" therefore joined "Scharnhorst" in battling "Good Hope". At the same time, "Nürnberg" closed to point-blank range of "Monmouth" and poured shells into her. At 19:23, "Good Hope"s guns fell silent following two large explosions; the German gunners ceased fire shortly thereafter. "Good Hope" disappeared into the darkness. Spee ordered his light cruisers to close with his battered opponents and finish them off with torpedoes, while he took "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" further south to get out of the way.

title: SMS Scharnhorst

text: "Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg" were delegated for the attack; they approached the Falklands the following morning, with the intention of destroying the wireless transmitter there. Observers aboard "Gneisenau" spotted smoke rising from Port Stanley, but assumed it was the British burning their coal stocks to prevent the Germans from seizing them. As they closed on the harbor, shells from "Canopus", which had been beached as a guard ship, began to fall around the German ships, which prompted Spee to break off the attack. The Germans took a south-easterly course at after having reformed by 10:45. "Scharnhorst" was the center ship, with "Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg" ahead and "Dresden" and "Leipzig" astern. The fast battlecruisers quickly got up steam and sailed out of the harbor to pursue the slower East Asia Squadron.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: Upon returning to Germany, she underwent a short overhaul before joining the ships of III Division during the fleet training exercise in August and September. During the maneuvers she accidentally collided with the torpedo boat , which was badly damaged. "Gneisenau" continued in the exercises until she too was decommissioned for repairs on 30 September. On 3 April 1894, "Gneisenau" embarked on the summer training cruise, which this year just went to Christiana, Norway and concluded with the Kiel Week regatta. The ships thereafter took part in the fleet maneuvers in August and September again as III Division, with "Gneisenau"s commander now "KK" Hermann da Fonseca-Wollheim. On 1 October, "Gneisenau" began the winter training cruise to the Mediterranean, and while in La Valletta, Malta, she met the unprotected cruisers and . "Gneisenau" then visited Souda Bay, Crete from 16 November to 20 December, followed by Smyrna for three weeks. On 18 January 1895, she began the voyage back to Germany, arriving in Kiel on 27 March.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: In 1887, "Gneisenau" began her service as a training ship, a role she held for more than a decade. During this period, she was generally occupied with training cruises and individual, squadron, and fleet training. Long-distance cruises frequently alternated between the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. While on one such cruise on 16 December 1900, the ship was driven into the mole outside Málaga by heavy winds and destroyed, with the loss of 41 officers and crew. Her wreck proved impossible to salvage, and so she was sold for scrap shortly after the accident.

title: English Cemetery, Málaga

text: and the Captain and some crew of the German corvette SMS "Gneisenau", wrecked off Málaga in 1900.

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: Gneisenau was 144.6 metres (474ft) long overall, and had a beam of 21.6m (71ft), a draft of 8.4m (27ft 7in). The ship displaced 11,616 metric tons (11,433 long tons; 12,804 short tons) standard, and 12,985t (12,780 long tons; 14,314 short tons) at full load. Gneisenau's crew consisted of 38officers and 726enlisted men. The ship was powered by coal-fired triple expansion engines that provided a top speed of 23.6 knots (43.7km/h; 27.2mph)[3]

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: Gneisenau was assigned to the German East Asia Squadron based in Tsingtao, China, along with Scharnhorst, in 1910. They served as the core of Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee's fleet. After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the two ships, accompanied by three light cruisers and several colliers, sailed across the Pacific Ocean—in the process evading the various Allied naval forces sent to intercept them—before arriving off the southern coast of South America. On 1 November 1914, Gneisenau and the rest of the East Asia Squadron encountered and overpowered a British squadron at the Battle of Coronel. The stinging defeat prompted the British Admiralty to detach two battlecruisers to hunt down and destroy von Spee's flotilla, which they accomplished at the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December 1914.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" was recommissioned for another tour abroad on 5 October 1884 to join the newly-formed West African Cruiser Squadron, which was commanded by "Konteradmiral" (Rear Admiral) Eduard von Knorr aboard his flagship . The ship's new commander was "KzS" Victor Valois. While en route from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven to join the rest of the squadron, "Gneisenau" ran aground off the island of Lolland in heavy fog; she had to be towed free by the ironclad , though she was undamaged in the accident. The squadron left Wilhelmshaven on 30 October, bound for West Africa. While in the Cape Verde islands, Knorr detached "Gneisenau" to Cape Town, where she arrived on 8 January 1885. There, she embarked Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs, who had been appointed consul to Zanzibar, and took him to the island on 28 January. "Gneisenau" then went to the port of Lamu to survey the coast of eastern Africa, particularly the area around Wituland. "Gneisenau"s survey of the area led the German government to instruct Rohlfs to accept the offer of the Witu Sultan, Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, to form a protectorate on 27 May.

title: SMS Nürnberg (1906)

text: When "Nürnberg" and "Gneisenau" approached the islands early on 8 December, the old battleship "Canopus" opened fire and drove them off. The Germans were surprised to see the warships in the harbor, and Spee decided to retreat. The East Asia Squadron steamed away at in a single file line; "Nürnberg" was the second ship in the line, between "Gneisenau" and "Scharnhorst". Sturdee ordered his ships to raise steam and pursue the Germans. His battlecruisers caught up and opened fire at 12:50; Spee decided that he could hold off the battlecruisers with "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" to allow the three light cruisers time to escape. In response, Sturdee sent his light cruisers to chase down "Nürnberg", "Dresden", and "Leipzig".

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: Gneisenau was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen, Germany in 1904, under construction number 144. She was launched on 14 June 1906, and commissioned into the fleet nearly two years later on 6 March 1908. The ship cost the German government 19,243,000 goldmarks.[3] The ship had been designed for service with the High Seas Fleet,[4] though it was found to be too weak for service with the battle fleet; instead it was deployed overseas, a role in which it performed well.[5]

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" left Zanzibar on 1 April, bound for Melbourne, Australia, where she was to meet the corvette in August, but "Augusta" sank in the Bab-el-Mandeb. "Gneisenau" instead proceeded on to Port Louis on the island of Mauritius. There, she met the cruiser squadron commanded by "Kommodore" Carl Paschen, which included her sister ship and the corvette , the frigate , and the supply ship "Ehrenfels". Paschen had been tasked to take his squadron to East Africa to settle disputes over the German protectorate with the Sultan of Zanzibar, Barghash bin Said, which he accomplished by mid-August. On 18 August, "Bismarck" arrived with Knorr, who replaced Paschen as the squadron commander. Knorr sent "Gneisenau" to Wituland, where Valois informed Bakari that the Sultan of Zanzibar had agreed to recognize the protectorate and stop interfering in the internal affairs of Wituland. After anchoring in Lamu on 28 August, "Gneisenau" sent a contingent ashore, led by the executive officer, Curt von Prittwitz und Gaffron, to hold a parade to celebrate the agreement. Three days later, Valois took three officers and twenty-nine enlisted men to the Witu capital to meet Bakari, returning to the ship on 4 September.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: The six ships of the "Bismarck" class were ordered in the early 1870s to supplement Germany's fleet of cruising warships, which at that time relied on several ships that were twenty years old. "Gneisenau" and her sister ships were intended to patrol Germany's colonial empire and safeguard German economic interests around the world.

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: Gneisenau and Nürnberg, the first two ships in the German line, approached the Falklands on the same morning, with the intention of destroying the wireless transmitter there. Observers aboard Gneisenau spotted the two battlecruisers in the harbor of Port Stanley, and when 30.5cm (12.0in) shells were fired from Canopus, which had been beached as a guard ship, the Germans turned to flee.[34] The Germans took a south-easterly course at 22kn (41km/h; 25mph). Von Spee formed his line with Gneisenau and Nürnberg ahead, Scharnhorst in the center, and Dresden and Leipzig astern.[35] The fast battlecruisers quickly got up steam and sailed out of the harbor to pursue the East Asia Squadron.[34]

title: SMS Scharnhorst

text: By this stage of the battle, "Scharnhorst" had a slight list to port and was about a meter lower in the water. Her third funnel had been shot away. "Gneisenau" was briefly obscured by smoke, which led both battlecruisers to target "Scharnhorst". By 16:00, Spee ordered "Gneisenau" to attempt to escape while he reversed course and attempted to launch torpedoes at his pursuers. The port list had increased significantly by this point and she was well down by the bow, with only of freeboard. At 16:17, the ship finally capsized to port and sank; the British, their attention now focused on "Gneisenau", made no attempt to rescue the crew. All 860 officers and men on board, including Spee, went down with the ship. "Gneisenau", "Leipzig", and "Nürnberg" were also sunk. Only "Dresden" managed to escape, but she was eventually tracked to the Juan Fernandez Islands and sunk. The complete destruction of the squadron killed about 2,200 German sailors and officers, including two of Spee's sons.

title: August Neidhardt von Gneisenau

text: Several German navy ships, including the World War I armored cruiser SMS "Gneisenau", the World War II battleship "Gneisenau", and a post-war frigate were named after him.

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: SMS Gneisenau was an armored cruiser of the German navy, part of the two-ship Scharnhorst</i>class. She was named after August von Gneisenau, a Prussian general of the Napoleonic Wars. The ship was laid down in 1904 at the AG Weser dockyard in Bremen, launched in June 1906, and completed in March 1908, at a cost of over 19million goldmarks. She was armed with a main battery of eight 21-centimetre (8.3in) guns, had a top speed of 23.6 knots (43.7km/h; 27.2mph), and displaced 12,985 metric tons (12,780 long tons; 14,314 short tons) at full combat load.

title: SMS Gneisenau

text: By 13:20, the faster British ships had caught up with Gneisenau and the other cruisers, and began to fire at a range of 14km (8.7mi).[36] Von Spee realized his armored cruisers could not escape the much faster battlecruisers, and so ordered the three light cruisers to attempt to break away while he turned about to engage the British with Gneisenau and Scharnhorst. However, Sturdee detached his armored and light cruisers to pursue the German light cruisers, while the battlecruisers dealt with Gneisenau and Scharnhorst.[37] Inflexible attacked Gneisenau while Invincible opened fire at Scharnhorst. Sturdee attempted to widen the distance by turning two points to the north to prevent von Spee from closing to within the range of his smaller 8.2in (21cm) guns. Von Spee counteracted this maneuver by turning rapidly to the south, which forced Sturdee to turn south as well. This allowed Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to get close enough to engage with their secondary 5.9in (15cm) guns; their shooting was so effective that it forced the British to haul away temporarily.[38]

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: The next set of training exercises began on 6 May, and were conducted in the North Sea and concluded with ceremonies marking the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. On 21 June, "Gneisenau" joined the newly formed IV Division in the Kieler Förde, at the Baltic entrance to the canal, where the ships' bands played the national anthems of each countries' warships as they arrived for the celebration. "Gneisenau" cruised alone in the North Sea in July, and on 14 August joined III Division for the fleet maneuvers, which concluded on 17 September. During the exercises, "Gneisenau" collided with the Danish schooner "Delphin" off Horns Rev on 24 August, and could save only three men from her crew before the latter sank. On 28 September she embarked on the annual winter cruise, which again went to the West Indies. While in Charlotte Amalie, "Gneisenau" and the Danish gunboat helped to suppress a major fire in the port. She visited Havana, Cuba on 21 January 1896, where she, "Stosch", and "Stein" monitored the civil unrest on the island. On 7 February, "Gneisenau" left Cuban waters and arrived back in Kiel on 18 March. "Gneisenau" departed Kiel on 15 May, bound for Bergen for a training cruise. While in Norway, "Gneisenau" was visited by the German imperial family on 19 June and by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway on 14 July. She returned to Kiel on 18 July, where she prepared for the annual fleet maneuvers in August and September.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: "Gneisenau" departed Lamu on 6 September and went to Kismayu, before proceeding on to Zanzibar four days later. In the meantime, Paschen had been instructed to form a second cruiser squadron, which was to consist of his flagship "Stosch", along with "Gneisenau" and "Prinz Adalbert". The squadron was to proceed to the Caroline Islands, which were at the center of a dispute between Germany and Spain. "Gneisenau" first went to Cape Town, arriving on 11 October. While there, she received new orders to proceed instead to what was now German East Africa; on 9 November she was formally reassigned back to Knorr's squadron. "Gneisenau" patrolled the coast of East Africa until 6 March 1886, when Knorr's squadron, at that time consisting of "Gneisenau", "Bismarck", and the corvette , departed for Australia. After reaching the south Pacific, the ships toured Australian ports, New Zealand, Tonga, and Samoa before "Gneisenau" was detached first to the Gazelle Peninsula on the island of New Pomerania to suppress an uprising against German colonial rule. She then went to the Palau Islands, part of the Caroline group, to retrieve a German monument, as Germany had dropped its claim to the islands in favor of Spain. On 25 July, "Gneisenau" began the journey back to Germany, reaching Kiel on 27 September. She was decommissioned there on 14 October.

title: SMS Gneisenau (1879)

text: These two small vessels proved to be insufficient for the task, and so on 13 August, "Gneisenau", the corvette , the aviso , and the gunboat were commissioned to reinforce them. They departed Kiel on 19 August, under the command of "Gneisenau"s captain "KzS" Max von der Goltz, who was made "Kommodore" of the squadron. The ships arrived in Port Said on 21 August, and on 13 September the British defeated 'Urabi's forces at the Battle of Tell El Kebir, effectively ending the rebellion. The German squadron remained in the area until December, when it was disbanded; "Gneisenau" arrived back in Kiel on 24 December, where she was decommissioned on 9 January 1883, though "Nymphe" and "Cyclop" remained in the eastern Mediterranean Sea as a precaution against further unrest.


query: How big is Guanajuato?

title: Guanajuato

text: Guanajuato is in central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west, Zacatecas to the northwest, San Luis Potosí to the north, Querétaro to the east, and Michoacán to the south. It covers an area of 30,608km2 (11,818sqmi).

title: Guanajuato

text: As Guanajuato marks the beginning of the arid north of Mexico, at first relatively few Spanish came to settle as opposed to points south, where rainfall and indigenous labor was in much greater supply.[21] The first Spanish expedition to arrive to the Guanajuato area was led by Cristóbal de Olid in 1522 which arrived to the Yuririhapúndaro and Pénjamo areas. The discovery of silver and gold in the area of the city of Guanajuato spurred Spanish settlement of the area in the 1520s and 1530s.[23] When the Spanish did arrive, native tribes retreated to the most inaccessible areas of the Bajío and mountains ranges in the state, resisting the invaders, attacking settlements and travelers along the routes that connected Spanish settlements and mining camps. Unlike the more settled indigenous peoples, the Spanish were unable to force the natives of this area to work and brought African slaves and indigenous peoples from other areas to work the haciendas and mines.[24] The colonization efforts in the eastern part of the state began in 1542 when Spanish land grants were issued for the Apaseo and Chamácuaro areas. In 1555, San Miguel el Grande was founded to protect roads linking mining camps and cities with Mexico City. The Villa de León was founded in 1576 to counterattacks by the indigenous peoples. But through the first centuries of the colonial period, the city of Guanajuato dominated because of its mines.[23] The official name of the state is Guanajuato, Estado Libre y Soberano (Guanajuato, Free and Sovereign State). "Guanajuato" comes from Purépecha Quanaxhuato, which has been translated as both "place of frogs" and "places of many hills". The coat of arms of the state is that of the city of Guanajuato which was granted by Carlos I of Spain.[22]

title: Mexicana Universal Guanajuato

text: Mexicana Universal Guanajuato is a pageant in Guanajuato, Mexico, that selects that state's representative for the national Mexicana Universal pageant.

title: Universidad de Guanajuato

text: The Universidad de Guanajuato (in English, the University of Guanajuato) is a university based in the Mexican state of Guanajuato, made up of about 33,828 students in programs ranging from high school level to the doctorate level. Over 17,046 of those are pursuing undergraduate, masters, and doctorate degrees. The university offers 153 academic programs, including 13 doctorates, 39 masters programs, and 65 bachelor's degrees. The university has schools in fourteen cities throughout the state of Guanajuato.

title: How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful Tour

text: The How Big Tour, How Blue Tour and the How Beautiful Tour were a series of three concert tours by British indie band Florence and the Machine, in support of their third studio album, "How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful". The tour began on 9 September 2015 in Belfast, Northern Ireland and concluded on 3 July 2016 in Werchter, Belgium at Rock Werchter.

title: Teatro Principal (Guanajuato)

text: Teatro Principal (Main Theater) in the city of Guanajuato, Mexico is an 18th-century theatre, the first to be opened in Guanajuato, located on Mendizábal Street on the corner of Avenida Juarez.

title: Irapuato

text: Irapuato is a 2 or 3 hour flight from cities including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta, among others. Located just 25 minutes from the city of Irapuato the Del Bajío International Airport (its correct name is Aeropuerto Internacional de Guanajuato (Guanajuato International Airport)) (IATA: BJX) is an international airport located in Silao, Guanajuato, close to Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. It handles national and international air traffic of the area that includes the city of León, the city of Irapuato, and the state capital, Guanajuato. Guanajuato International Airport is an important connecting point for some flights from Mexico City to the United States.

title: La Valencia Mine

text: The Mine of the Valenciana is a historic Spanish silver mine located in Guanajuato, Mexico. Valenciana is about 6 km from the Historic Center, Guanajuato, Guanajuato. La Valencia Mine, Historic Guanajuato City, and surrounding mines are part of a UNESCO World Heritage site. It began to mine silver in the 16th century. Its extraction of silver was so abundant that its production was equivalent to two-thirds of the total that was obtained from this metal in all of New Spain. Currently, it belongs to the Santa Fe Cooperative Society of Metallurgical Mines of Guanajuato and continues to be exploited at a depth of 760 meters.

title: Uriangato

text: Uriangato is one of the 46 municipalities of Guanajuato, located in the borderline between the states of Guanajuato and Michoacán in the region West-Center of Mexico. Uriangato city is geographically united to Moroleon city and Yuriria city, these three cities are a metropolitan area. Since October 2010, this metropolitan area is 75th biggest city of Mexico and the 5th biggest in Guanajuato, is smallest of the 56 metropolitan areas in Mexico. According to INEGI's census made in 2010, the population in Uriangato was 59.305 people, nevertheless the population of the three counties that conforms metropolitan area was 179.451 in that year. Uriangato is 6th city with better quality of life in Guanajuato (only surpassed by Celaya, Leon, Moroleon, Irapuato, Guanajuato) and 8th county with greater index of human development in Guanajuato.

title: Handcrafts and folk art in Guanajuato

text:
The handcrafts of Guanajuato are dominated by products and designs of European origin, such as glazed pottery, serapes, rebozos, tin wares, wrought iron and silver work, although what is made and how they look vary among the various communities of the state. They are more austere than those of other parts of Mexico which has a wider variety of brighter colors due to more indigenous influence. However, there are some crafts that show influence from the indigenous groups of the state (Otomi, Purhepecha and Chichimeca Jonaz, but they are very local.
Unlike many other craft producing states, most Guanajuato artisans are full-time, with few alternation this activity with agriculture. However, the number of craftsmen is limited, and the state does not produce the same quantities as states such as Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca or Michoacán. Like craftsmen from other areas, they can come from families who have producing a particular craft for generations or be new to the activity because of the popularity of Mexican handcrafts with tourists and collectors. In the first quarter of 2014, exports of Guanajuato handcrafts and furniture totaled 47.69 million USD; however, this number come from only forty enterprises which export.

title: 2012 Guanajuato gubernatorial election

text: The 2012 gubernatorial election in the Mexican state of Guanajuato was held on Sunday, July 1, 2012. Incumbent Guanajuato Governor Juan Manuel Oliva of the National Action Party (PAN) is retiring due to mandatory term limits, which limit all Mexican state governors to one, six-year term in office. The Guanajuato gubernatorial election coincided with the 2012 Mexican presidential and general elections.

title: Guanajuato

text: Guanajuato (Spanish pronunciation:[gwanaˈxwato]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, are the 32 Federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato. The largest city in the state is León.

title: Las momias de Guanajuato

text: Las momias de Guanajuato (English title: "The Mummies of Guanajuato") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

title: Mexicana Universal Guanajuato

text: Below are the names of the annual titleholders of Mexicana Universal Guanajuato, listed in ascending order, and their final placements in the Mexicana Universal after their participation, until 2017 the names was Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato.

title: XHFL-FM (Guanajuato)

text: XHFL-FM/XEFL-AM is a radio station in Guanajuato, Guanajuato. Broadcasting on 90.7 FM and 1500 AM from Cerro Aldana, XHFL is known as Radio Santa Fe de Guanajuato. 1500 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency.

title: Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato 2010

text: Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato 2010, was held at the Auditorio Municipal Mariano Abasolo Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Mexico on July 23, 2010. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, Helena Baca of León was crowned the winner. Baca was crowned by outgoing Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato titleholder, Clementina Velázquez. Ten contestants competed for the state title.

title: Guanajuato

text: Guanajuato is between the arid north of the country and the lusher south, and it is geographically part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Mexican Plateau. It was initially settled by the Spanish in the 1520s due to mineral deposits found around the now capital city of Guanajuato, but areas such as the Bajío region also became important for agriculture and livestock. Mining and agriculture were the mainstays of the state's economy, but have since been eclipsed by the secondary sector. Guanajuato has particularly seen growth in the automotive industry.

title: Juan Carlos Romero Hicks

text: Juan Carlos Romero Hicks (Guanajuato, Guanajuato; December 10, 1955) is a Mexican politician and elected official, member of the National Action Party (PAN), and a Federal Senator since August 29, 2012. He was the Director General of the Mexican National Science and Technology Council (CONACyT) from 2006 to 2011. He served as Governor of Guanajuato from 2000 to 2006. From 1991 to 1999 he served as Chancellor of the University of Guanajuato.

title: Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato 2011

text: Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato 2011, was held at the Club de Leones of Pénjamo, Guanajuato on July 15, 2011. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, Mariana Berumen of León was crowned the winner. Berumen was crowned by outgoing Nuestra Belleza Guanajuato titleholder Helena Baca. Seven contestants competed for the title.

text: The LIX Legislature of the Congress of Guanajuato met from September 2003 to September 2006. All members of the Congress were elected in the 2003 Guanajuato state elections.

title: Mummies of Guanajuato

text: The Mummies of Guanajuato are a number of naturally mummified bodies interred during a cholera outbreak around Guanajuato, Mexico in 1833.

title: Congress of Guanajuato

text: The Congress of the State of Guanajuato (aka Congress of Guanajuato) is the legislative branch of the government of the State of Guanajuato. The Congress is the governmental deliberative body of Guanajuato, which is equal to, and independent of, the executive. The Congress of Guanajuato is a unicameral legislature.

title: Guanajuato Inland Port

text:
Located at the center of Mexico Guanajuato Inland Port or GTO Inland Port is a dry port facility in Guanajuato, Mexico.
The Guanajuato are primarily Industrial Parks. Santa Fe I and II were designed and built in partnership with a Mexican industrial developer. It offers land for manufacturing and logistic operations.

title: Guanajuato River

text: The Guanajuato's River () is a tributary of the Lerma River in the central near region of Mexico called the Bajio (Lowlands). The river begins in the silver-rich Guanajuato mountains near the state capital of Guanajuato. The river is fed by the Guanajuato river basinca (in Spanish: "cuenca") (a sub-basin to the much larger Lerma–Chapala Basin) and has an area of 3,320 km², which makes up approximately 10.32% of the total area of the state. There are approximately 900,000 people living in the Guanajuato River basin area, in the municipalities of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Romita, San Francisco del Rincon, Manuel Doblado and Pueblo Nuevo.

title: XHJUA-FM

text: XHJUA-FM 100.7 is a radio station in Guanajuato, Guanajuato. It is the flagship of the Radio Universidad de Guanajuato service, which is also relayed on XEUG-AM 970 in Guanajuato, XHLTO-FM 91.1 in León and XHSML-FM 91.3 in San Miguel de Allende.

title: Constitution of the State of Guanajuato

text: The Constitution of the State of Guanajuato () is the document that describes the structure and function of the government of the State of Guanajuato. The 1917 constitution, which took effect in September, 1917, is the current constitution of Guanajuato.

title: Juan Escoto

text: Juan Escoto (1894–1975) was a Mexican children's book author and politician. Born in León, Guanajuato on January 16, 1894. Escoto completed his studies in his native land of Guanajuato. He was the author of multiple children's books and an anthology of poetry related to his childhood. He served in several posts in the state government of Guanajuato, including minister of cultutre. In 1972 he help found the first international Festival internacional cervantino, dedicated to celebrating the works of Miguel de Cervantes. The festival has grown into a major annual festival of theater and culture held in the city of Guanajuato, Guanajuato.

title: Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field

text: The Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field covers an area of x , in the states of Michoacán and Guanajuato. It contains 1400 vents, mostly cinder cones. The shield volcanoes are mostly Pleistocene in age.

title: Miguel Ángel Chico Herrera

text:
Miguel Ángel Chico Herrera (born in Irapuato, Guanajuato on March 17, 1961) is a Mexican lawyer and politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
He was President of the party, charge that he held from 2005 to 2009. On March 2006 he became the PRI candidate to the governorship of Guanajuato, for the 2006 Guanajuato elections held on July 2, 2006.
Chico has also run to mayor of Celaya, local deputy and federal deputy. He has been director of the newspaper "El Sol del Bajío" in his native Guanajuato.
He is currently a Local Congressman for the State of Guanajuato and the representative of all Local Congress in Mexico before the America's Parliamentary Confederation (COPA)

title: XHLEG-TDT

text: In 1999, the radio network was spun off and given to the University of Guanajuato. By then, it included stations in León, Guanajuato and San Miguel de Allende, all of which are now part of the university's radio network. The rest of the former RTG was then restructured, becoming in 2001 the "Unidad de Televisión de Guanajuato" (Guanajuato Television Unit or UTEG).

title: Francisco Lemus Muñoz

text: Francisco Isaías Lemus Muñoz Ledo (born 23 February 1961) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party.In 2003 he was Deputy plurinominal Local PAN in Guanajuato LVIII Legislature . President of the Commission of Public Works and Urban Development ; Member of the Commission of Education, Culture and Publishing Affairs ; Member of the Committee on Environment and Ecology. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato, 1991 candidate for alderman of the municipality of Apaseo El Grande, Guanajuato 1994 candidate for mayor of Apaseo El Grande, Guanajuato, PAN 1996 active members, 1997 PAN candidate of a local deputy Guanajuato, from 1997 to 2000 Secretary of organization of CDM PAN Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, from 1997 to 2002 Political Advisor in the CDM PAN Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, from 2001 to 2003 State Counsel in the CDE PAN in Leon, Guanajuato


query: What is the population of Tokyo?

title: Tokyo

text: The 23 Special Wards of Tokyo were formerly Tokyo City. On July 1, 1943, it merged with Tokyo Prefecture and became Tokyo Metropolis with an additional 26 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture, and the Izu islands and Ogasawara islands south of Tokyo. The population of the special wards is over 9 million people, with the total population of Tokyo Metropolis exceeding 13.8 million.[3] The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area called the Greater Tokyo Area with over 38 million people[4] and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy. As of 2011, Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world at that time.[12] Tokyo ranked third (twice) in the International Financial Centres Development Index. The city is home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System.

title: Special wards of Tokyo

text: The total population census of the 23 special wards had fallen under 8 million as the postwar economic boom moved people out to suburbs, and then rose as Japan's lengthy stagnation took its toll and property values drastically changed, making residential inner areas up to 10 times less costly than during peak values. Its population was 8,949,447 as of October 1, 2010, about two-thirds of the population of Tokyo and a quarter of the population of the Greater Tokyo Area. As of December 2012, the population passed 9 million; the 23 wards have a population density of 14,485 per square kilometre (37,501 per square mile).

title: Administrative divisions of Japan

text: The are 23 municipalities that together make up the core and the most populous part of Tokyo, Japan. Together, they occupy the land that was originally the City of Tokyo before it was abolished in 1943 to become part of the newly created Tokyo Metropolis. The special wards' structure was established under the Japanese Local Autonomy Law and is unique to Tokyo.

title: Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: In June 2012 a study was conducted that found that hosting the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo could create over 150,000 jobs. In July 2012, the bid launched their "Discover Tomorrow" slogan. In November, a survey revealed that 67% of Tokyo's population supported Tokyo's Olympic bid.

title: Tokyo

text: Largest cities in Asia List of cities proper by population List of cities with the most skyscrapers List of tallest structures in Tokyo List of development projects in Tokyo List of metropolitan areas in Asia List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees List of urban areas by population Megacity Tokyo dialect World's largest cities Yamanote and Shitamachi

title: Fuchū, Tokyo

text: / is a city located in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 261,488, and a population density of 8,888 persons per square kilometer. Its total area is .

title: Chicago (manga)

text: It is the middle of the 21st century and Tokyo is expanding more and more, filling the ground of Tokyo bay with landfill to make room for the bursting population. But suddenly Tokyo suffers its greatest earthquake since the first quarter of the 20th century, and the landfill liquefies, creating untold damage in the newly made urban area. It is there that the members of Self-Defense Force Rescue Squad Four are sent, to locate survivors and assist in any way possible. But what they dig up is a plot of murder and destruction — one that wipes out nearly the entire squad and leaves its two surviving members, the fierce tomboy Rei and her cool, handsome partner Uozumi, in a fight for their lives well after the rubble from the quake has been cleaned up. There is only one place where they can find the work that keeps them alive, and the support so they can start uncovering the mystery that killed their squad: that's in the south-Shinjuku bar called Chicago.

title: Japan

text: The capital city Tokyo has a population of 13.8 million (2018). It is part of the Greater Tokyo Area, the biggest metropolitan area in the world with people (2016). The area is and has a population density of .

title: Kakegawa Domain

text: The domain had a population of 3,443 people in 906 households per the 1843 census, the domain maintained its primary residence ("kamiyashiki") in Edo at Soto-Sakura, in what is now Kasumigaseki, Tokyo.

title: Tokyo

text: As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506million people in Tokyo with 9.214million living within Tokyo's 23 wards.[81] During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4million during the day.[82]

title: Nagoya dialect

text: The Pitch accent of Nagoya dialect is close to standard Tokyo accent, but tends to shift the start of high pitch. For example, "Nagoya-ben" is pronounced as Low-High-High-High-High in Tokyo, and Low-Low-High-High-High in Nagoya. Some words have different downsteps between Nagoya and Tokyo. For example, "Nagoya" is pronounced as High-Low-Low in Tokyo, and Low-Low-High in Nagoya; "arigato" ("thanks") is pronounced as Low-High-Low-Low in Tokyo, and Low-Low-High-Low in Nagoya; "itsumo" ("always") is pronounced as High-Low-Low in Tokyo, and Low-High-Low in Nagoya. Interrogative words such as "nani" ("what") and "dore" ("which") have an accent on first mora in Tokyo, and accentless in Nagoya. Demonstratives (except "do-") such as "kore" ("this") and "sore" ("it") are accentless in Tokyo, and have an accent on last mora in Nagoya.

title: Tokyo

text: With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and aji are among the ocean products.

title: Tokyo

text: Tokyo(東京,Tōkyō, /ˈtoʊkioʊ/;[8] Japanese:[toːkʲoː](listen)), officially Tokyo Metropolis(東京都,Tōkyō-to), one of the 47 prefectures of Japan, has served as the Japanese capital since 1869.[9][10] As of 2014, the Greater Tokyo Area ranked as the most populous metropolitan area in the world.[4] The urban area houses the seat of the Emperor of Japan, of the Japanese government and of the National Diet. Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan's main island, Honshu, and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands.[11] Tokyo was formerly named Edo when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603. It became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868; at that time Edo was renamed Tokyo. Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture(東京府,Tōkyō-fu) and the city of Tokyo(東京市,Tōkyō-shi).

title: Mejirodai, Tokyo

text: Mejirodai () is one of the districts that comprise Bunkyo, Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan. Divided into three sections, It currently has a population of 6,595 as of October 1, 2007.

title: Shakujii Castle

text: Shakujii castle (石神井城, "-jō") was a Japanese castle along the Shakujii River, in what is now Shakujii Park, in Tokyo's Nerima. The history of the inheritance of the feudal territory associated with it is the most clearly known of all territories in what is today Tokyo.

title: Special wards of Tokyo

text: The are 23 municipalities that together make up the core and the most populous part of Tokyo, Japan. Together, they occupy the land that was originally Tokyo City before it was abolished in 1943 to become part of the newly created Tokyo Metropolis. The special wards' structure was established under the Japanese Local Autonomy Law and is unique to Tokyo. Nevertheless, analogues exist in historic and contemporary Chinese and Korean administration.

title: Tokyo

text: The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population.[53] Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country.[54] Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also located in Chiyoda.

title: Tokyo High School

text: Tokyo High School (東京高等学校 "Tōkyō Kōtōgakkō") is an independent high school in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1872 in what is now Ueno district of Taitō under the name Ueno-juku. It moved to its present location in Ōmori, Ōta in 1934, and assumed its present name in 1954 (a former "Tokyo High School" having become part of Tokyo University). It became co-educational in 1971.

title: Atelier Bow-Wow

text: Examples include the "Sewage Courts", which function as a sewage disposal plant and sporting facilities, or the "Highway Department Store", an expressway and department store. These buildings can only exist in Tokyo. "We thought that although these buildings are not explained by the city of Tokyo, they do explain what Tokyo is. So, by collecting and aligning them, the nature of Tokyo’s urban space might become apparent."

title: Greater Tokyo Area

text: The of Japan refers to the Greater Tokyo Area as defined by the of 1956, which defines it as "Tokyo and its surrounding area declared by government ordinance." The government ordinance defined it as Tokyo and all six prefectures in the Kantō region plus Yamanashi Prefecture. While this includes all of Greater Tokyo, it also includes sparsely populated mountain areas as well as far-flung Bonin Islands which are administered under Tokyo.

title: Tokyo Disneyland

text: Since the park opened in 1983, Tokyo Disney Resort has regularly been one of the most profitable Disney Resorts. By 1994, over 140 million people had entered through the gates of Tokyo Disneyland, more than Japan's entire population of 127.6 million at the time. In 1996, it employed 12,390 people, making Tokyo Disneyland the biggest workplace in Japan’s diversionary outings at that time. Though the attendance is similar to that of other Japanese theme parks, the revenue produced by Tokyo Disneyland is greater than all the other Japanese theme parks combined. Many speculate that Tokyo Disneyland is such an economic success due to timing and location; the theme park lies in a metropolitan area with a population of 30 million and opened at the height of a booming economy where hard-working citizens desired an escape from reality.

title: Hiroya Masuda

text: Masuda wrote a 2013 article in "Chuo Koron" magazine arguing that growth in Tokyo was leading to population decay in other regions of Japan, further describing Tokyo as a "population black hole" due to the difficulty of raising children there. Political and corporate leaders in Japan were jolted by the conclusions of a 2014 book by Masuda called "Local Extinctions", a detailed report of population changes that used the latest official figures from the National Institution of Population and Social Security Research to show that 896 cities, towns and villages throughout Japan were facing extinction by 2040. At first glance, the book simply repeated what earlier reports had concluded; however, it also included the percentages by which child-bearing women between the ages of 20 and 40 were expected to decline in each and every city, town and village.

title: Emperor Meiji

text: Soon after his coronation, the Emperor journeyed to Tokyo by road, visiting it for the first time. He arrived in late November, and began an extended stay by distributing sake among the population. The population of Tokyo was eager for an Imperial visit; it had been the site of the "shōgun"s court and the population feared that with the abolition of the shogunate, the city might fall into decline. It would not be until 1889 that a final decision was made to move the capital to Tokyo. While in Tokyo, the Emperor boarded a Japanese naval vessel for the first time, and the following day gave instructions for studies to see how Japan's navy could be strengthened. Soon after his return to Kyoto, a rescript was issued in the Emperor's name (but most likely written by court officials). It indicated his intent to be involved in government affairs, and indeed he attended cabinet meetings and innumerable other government functions, though rarely speaking, almost until the day of his death.

title: January 4 Tokyo Dome Show

text: The January 4 Tokyo Dome Show is a professional wrestling event produced annually on January 4 in the Tokyo Dome by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), a Japan-based professional wrestling promotion. NJPW has promoted events in the Tokyo Dome on January 4 since 1992. The January 4 Tokyo Dome Show has since became NJPW's premier annual event and the biggest event in Japanese wrestling, similar to what WrestleMania is for WWE and American professional wrestling.

title: Chōfu, Tokyo

text: / is a city located in Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 228,663, and a population density of 10,590 per km². Its total area is .

title: Nishitōkyō, Tokyo

text: / is a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 200,102, and a population density of 12,700 persons per km². Its total area is .

title: Megacity

text: Since the 2000s, the largest megacity has been the Greater Tokyo Area. The population of this urban agglomeration includes areas such as Yokohama and Kawasaki, and is estimated to be between 37 and 38 million. This variation in estimates can be accounted for by different definitions of what the area encompasses. While the prefectures of Tokyo, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Saitama are commonly included in statistical information, the Japan Statistics Bureau only includes the area within 50 kilometers of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Offices in Shinjuku, thus arriving at a smaller population estimate. A characteristic issue of megacities is the difficulty in defining their outer limits and accurately estimating the populations.

title: Transport in Greater Tokyo

text: Rail is the primary mode of transport in Tokyo. Greater Tokyo has the most extensive urban railway network and the most used in the world with 40 million passengers (transfers between networks tallied twice) in the metro area daily, out of a metro population of 36 million. There are 882 interconnected rail stations in the Tokyo Metropolis, 282 of which are Subway stations, with several hundred more in each of the 3 surrounding densely populated suburban prefectures. There are 30 operators running 121 passenger rail lines (102 serving Tokyo and 19 more serving Greater Tokyo but not Tokyo's city center itself), excluding about 12 cable cars.

title: Tokyo

text: In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wrought widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed.[35] The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid;[36] as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured.[37][38] Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".[39]

title: Little Tokyo, Los Angeles

text: Little Tokyo, also known as Little Tokyo Historic District, is an ethnically Japanese American district in downtown Los Angeles and the heart of the largest Japanese-American population in North America. It is the largest and most populous of only three official Japantowns in the United States, all of which are in California (the other two are Japantown, San Francisco and Japantown, San Jose). Founded around the beginning of the 20th century, the area, sometimes called Lil' Tokyo, J-Town, 小東京 (Shō-tōkyō), is the cultural center for Japanese Americans in Southern California. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1995.