And that's why, actually, in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, which then covered the whole Middle East, made very important reforms -- reforms like giving Christians and Jews an equal citizenship status, accepting a constitution, accepting a representative parliament, advancing the idea of freedom of religion.
Inilah mengapa di abad ke-19 kekaisaran Ottoman, yang dulu menyelimuti Timur Tengah, menggagas reformasi -- reformasi seperti memberi kaum Kristiani dan Yahudi kewarganegaraan yang sama rata, menerima konstitusi, menerima dewan perwakilan, mengajukan kebebasan dalam keyakinan.