Nothing like this existed in China, where there was one monolithic state covering a fifth of humanity, and anyone with any ambition had to pass one standardized examination, which took three days and was very difficult and involved memorizing vast numbers of characters and very complex Confucian essay writing.
Di Cina tidak pernah ada lembaga sejenis, satu-satunya lembaga di sana adalah badan negara monolitis yang menaungi seperlima dari umat manusia, dan siapapun yang punya ambisi harus lolos ujian standard, yang memakan waktu tiga hari dan sangat sulit dan harus menghafalkan begitu banyak simbol dan harus menulis esai Konfusianisme rumit.