It was formalized and professionalized, but it was restricted to specific roles and generally applied in pursuit of commercial goals rather than being used intuitively, as Florence Nightingale, Blackbeard and Ying Zheng had done.
Desain diformalkan dan diprofesionalkan, tetapi terbatas untuk tujuan tertentu dan umumnya diterapkan untuk mengejar tujuan komersial daripada digunakan secara naluriah, sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh Florence Nightingale, Blackbeard, dan Ying Zheng.