ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General Description of Business
Key Energy Services, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is the largest onshore, rig-based well servicing contractor based on the number of rigs owned. References to “Key,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this report refer to Key Energy Services, Inc., its wholly owned subsidiaries and its controlled subsidiaries. We were organized in April 1977 in Maryland and commenced operations in July 1978 under the name National Environmental Group, Inc. In December 1992, we became Key Energy Group, Inc. and we changed our name to Key Energy Services, Inc. in December 1998. In connection with our reorganization described below, we reincorporated as a Delaware corporation on December 15, 2016.
We provide a full range of well services to major oil companies and independent oil and natural gas production companies. Our services include rig-based and coiled tubing-based well maintenance and workover services, well completion and recompletion services, fluid management services, fishing and rental services, and other ancillary oilfield services. Additionally, certain rigs are capable of specialty drilling applications. We operate in most major oil and natural gas producing regions of the continental United States. An important component of the Company’s growth strategy is to make acquisitions that will strengthen its core services or presence in selected markets, and the Company also makes strategic divestitures from time to time. To that end, we completed the sale of our business in Mexico in the fourth quarter of 2016, and of our Canadian subsidiary and Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. The Company expects that the industry in which it operates will continue to experience consolidation, and as part of its strategy the Company actively explores opportunities arising out of this consolidation, which could include mergers, consolidations or acquisitions or further dispositions or other transactions, including by engaging in discussions with other industry participants concerning these opportunities. There can be no assurance that any such activities will be consummated.
Emergence from Voluntary Reorganization
On October 24, 2016, Key and certain of our domestic subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Bankruptcy Court”) pursuant to a prepackaged plan of reorganization (the “Plan”). The Plan was confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court on December 6, 2016, and the Company emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings on December 15, 2016 (the “Effective Date”). In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we may refer to the Company prior to the Effective Date as the “Predecessor Company,” and on and after the Effective Date as the “Successor Company.”
On the Effective Date, the Company:
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Reincorporated the Successor Company in the state of Delaware and adopted an amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws;
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Appointed new members to the Successor Company’s board of directors to replace directors of the Predecessor Company;
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Issued to the Predecessor Company’s former stockholders, in exchange for the cancellation and discharge of the Predecessor Company’s common stock:
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815,887 shares of the Successor Company’s common stock;
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919,004 warrants to expire on December 15, 2020 (the “4-Year Warrants”), and 919,004 warrants to expire on December 15, 2021 (the “5-Year Warrants”), each exercisable for one share of the Successor Company’s common stock;
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Issued to former holders of the Predecessor Company’s 6.75% senior notes, in exchange for the cancellation and discharge of such notes, 7,500,000 shares of the Successor Company’s common stock;
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Issued 11,769,014 shares of the Successor Company’s common stock to certain participants in rights offerings conducted pursuant to the Plan;
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Issued to Soter Capital LLC (“Soter”) the sole share of the Successor Company’s Series A Preferred Stock, which confers certain rights to elect directors (but has no economic rights);
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Entered into a new $80 million senior secured asset based revolving credit facility (the “ABL Facility”), which was increased to $100 million on February 3, 2017, and a $250 million senior secured term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) upon termination of the Predecessor Company’s asset-based revolving credit facility and term loan facility;
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Entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with certain stockholders of the Successor Company;
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Adopted a new management incentive plan (the “2016 Incentive Plan”) for officers, directors and employees of the Successor Company and its subsidiaries; and
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Entered into a corporate advisory services agreement (the “CASA”) between the Successor Company and Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC (“Platinum”) pursuant to which Platinum will provide certain business advisory services to the Company.
The foregoing is a summary of the substantive provisions of the Plan and related transactions and is not intended to be a complete description of, or a substitute for a full and complete reading of, the Plan and the other documents referred to above.
Service Offerings
Our reportable business segments are Rig Services, Fishing and Rental Services, Coiled Tubing Services and Fluid Management Services. Our reportable business segments previously included an International segment. We also have a “Functional Support” segment associated with overhead and other costs in support of our reportable segments. Our Rig Services, Fluid Management Services, Coiled Tubing Services and Fishing and Rental Services operate geographically within the United States. The International reportable segment includes our former operations in Mexico, Canada and Russia. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we completed the sale of our business in Mexico. We completed the sale of our Canadian subsidiary and Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. We evaluate the performance of our segments based on gross margin measures. All inter-segment sales pricing is based on current market conditions. See “Note 23. Segment Information” in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional financial information about our reportable business segments and the various geographical areas where we operate.
Rig Services
Our Rig Services include the completion of newly drilled wells, workover and recompletion of existing oil and natural gas wells, well maintenance, and the plugging and abandonment of wells at the end of their useful lives. We also provide specialty drilling services to oil and natural gas producers with certain of our larger rigs that are capable of providing conventional and horizontal drilling services. Our rigs encompass various sizes and capabilities, allowing us to service all types of oil and gas wells. Many of our rigs are outfitted with our proprietary KeyView® technology, which captures and reports well site operating data and provides safety control systems. We believe that this technology allows our customers and our crews to better monitor well site operations, improves efficiency and safety, and adds value to the services that we offer.
The completion and recompletion services provided by our rigs prepare wells for production, whether newly drilled or recently extended through a workover operation. The completion process may involve selectively perforating the well casing to access production zones, stimulating and testing these zones, and installing tubular and downhole equipment. We typically provide a well service rig and may also provide other equipment to assist in the completion process. Completion services vary by well and our work may take a few days to several weeks to perform, depending on the nature of the completion.
The workover services that we provide are designed to enhance the production of existing wells and generally are more complex and time consuming than normal maintenance services. Workover services can include deepening or extending wellbores into new formations by drilling horizontal or lateral wellbores, sealing off depleted production zones and accessing previously bypassed production zones, converting former production wells into injection wells for enhanced recovery operations and conducting major subsurface repairs due to equipment failures. Workover services may last from a few days to several weeks, depending on the complexity of the workover.
Maintenance services provided with our rig fleet are generally required throughout the life cycle of an oil or natural gas well. Examples of these maintenance services include routine mechanical repairs to the pumps, tubing and other equipment, removing debris and formation material from wellbores, and pulling rods and other downhole equipment from wellbores to identify and resolve production problems. Maintenance services are generally less complicated than completion and workover related services and require less time to perform.
Our rig fleet is also used in the process of permanently shutting-in oil or natural gas wells that are at the end of their productive lives. These plugging and abandonment services generally require auxiliary equipment in addition to a well servicing rig. The demand for plugging and abandonment services is not significantly impacted by the demand for oil and natural gas because well operators are required by state regulations to plug wells that are no longer productive.
We believe that the largest competitors for our Rig Services include C & J Energy Services, Inc., Basic Energy Services, Inc., Superior Energy Services, Inc., Forbes Energy Services Ltd., Pioneer Energy Services Corp, Ranger Energy Services, Inc.,
and Nine Energy Services. Numerous smaller companies also compete in our rig-based markets in the United States.
Fishing and Rental Services
We offer a full line of fishing services and rental equipment designed for use in providing onshore drilling and workover services. Fishing services involve recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore utilizing a broad array of “fishing tools.” Our rental tool inventory consists of drill pipe, tubulars, handling tools (including our patented Hydra-Walk® pipe-handling units and services), pressure-control equipment, pumps, power swivels, reversing units and foam air units. Our rental inventory also included
frac stack equipment used to support hydraulic fracturing operations and the associated flowback of frac fluids, proppants, oil and natural gas. We also had provided well-testing services. Our frac stack equipment and well-testing services were sold in the second quarter of 2017.
Demand for our Fishing and Rental Services is also closely related to capital spending by oil and natural gas producers.
Our primary competitors for our Fishing and Rental Services include Baker Oil Tools (owned by Baker Hughes Incorporated), Weatherford International Ltd., Basic Energy Services, Inc., Smith Services (owned by Schlumberger), Superior Energy Services, Inc., Quail Tools (owned by Parker Drilling Company) and Knight Oil Tools. Numerous smaller companies also compete in our fishing and rental services markets in the United States.
Coiled Tubing Services
Coiled Tubing Services involve the use of a continuous metal pipe spooled onto a large reel which is then deployed into oil and natural gas wells to perform various applications, such as wellbore clean-outs, nitrogen jet lifts, through-tubing fishing, and formation stimulations utilizing acid and chemical treatments. Coiled tubing, particularly larger diameter coil units, is also used for a number of horizontal well applications such as milling temporary isolation plugs that separate frac zones and various other pre- and post-hydraulic fracturing well preparation services.
Our primary competitors in the Coiled Tubing Services market include Schlumberger Ltd., Baker Hughes Incorporated, Halliburton Company, Superior Energy Services, Inc., Nine Energy Services and C & J Energy Services, Inc. Numerous smaller companies also compete in our coiled tubing services markets in the United States. Demand for these services generally corresponds to demand for well completion services.
Fluid Management Services
We provide transportation and well-site storage services for various fluids utilized in connection with drilling, completions, workover and maintenance activities. We also provide disposal services for fluids produced subsequent to well completion. These fluids are removed from the well site and transported for disposal in saltwater disposal (“SWD”) wells owned by us or a third party. Demand and pricing for these services generally correspond to demand for our well service rigs.
We believe that the largest competitors for our domestic fluid management services include Select Energy Services, Basic Energy Services, Inc., Superior Energy Services, Inc., C & J Energy Services, Inc., Nuverra Environmental Solutions, Forbes Energy Services Ltd., and Stallion Oilfield Services Ltd. Numerous smaller companies also compete in the fluid management services market in the United States.
International Segment
Our International segment included our former operations in Mexico, Canada and Russia. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we completed the sale of our business in Mexico, and we completed the sale of our Canadian subsidiary and Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. Our services in these international markets consisted of rig-based services such as the maintenance, workover, and recompletion of existing oil wells, completion of newly-drilled wells, and plugging and abandonment of wells at the end of their useful lives. We also had a technology development and control systems business based in Canada, which was focused on the development of hardware and software related to oilfield service equipment controls, data acquisition and digital information flow.
Functional Support Segment
Our Functional Support segment includes unallocated overhead costs associated with sales, safety and administrative support for each of our reporting segments.
Equipment Overview
We categorize our rigs and equipment as active, warm stacked or cold stacked. We consider an active rig or piece of equipment to be a unit that is working, deployed, available for work or idle. A warm stacked rig or piece of equipment is a unit that is down for repair or needs repair. A cold stacked rig or piece of equipment is a unit that would require such significant investment to redeploy that we may salvage for parts, sell the unit or scrap the unit. The definitions of active, warm stacked or cold stacked are used for the majority of our equipment.
Rigs
As mentioned above, our fleet is diverse and allows us to work on all types of wells, ranging from very shallow wells to long horizontal laterals. Higher derrick lifting capacity rigs will be utilized to service the deeper wells and longer laterals as they require a higher pull weight and taller derrick. The lower derrick lifting capacity rigs are typically used on shallower, less complex wells. In most cases, these rigs can be reassigned to other regions should market conditions warrant the transfer of equipment. The following table summarizes our rigs based on derrick height measured in feet as of December 31, 2018:
Coiled Tubing
Coiled tubing uses a spooled continuous metal pipe that is injected downhole in oil and gas wells in order to convey tools, log, stimulate, clean-out and perform other intervention functions. Typically, larger diameter coiled tubing is able to service longer lateral horizontal wells. The table below summarizes our Coiled Tubing Services fleet by pipe diameter as of December 31, 2018:
Fluid Management Services
We have an extensive and diverse fleet of oilfield transportation service vehicles. We broadly define an oilfield transportation service vehicle as any heavy-duty, revenue-generating vehicle weighing over one ton. Our transportation fleet includes vacuum trucks, winch trucks, hot oilers and other vehicles, including kill trucks and various hauling and transport trucks. The table below summarizes our Fluid Management Services fleet as of December 31, 2018:
Disposal Wells
As part of our Fluid Management Services, we provide disposal services for fluids produced subsequent to well completion. These fluids are removed from the well site and transported for disposal in SWD wells. The table below summarizes our SWD facilities, and brine and freshwater stations by state as of December 31, 2018:
(1)
Includes SWD facilities as “leased” if we own the wellbore for the SWD but lease the land. In other cases, we lease both the wellbore and the land. Lease terms vary among different sites, but with respect to some of the SWD facilities for which we lease the land and own the wellbore, the land owner has an option under the land lease to retain the wellbore at the termination of the lease.
Other Business Data
Raw Materials
We purchase a wide variety of raw materials, parts and components that are made by other manufacturers and suppliers for our use. We are not dependent on any single source of supply for those parts, supplies or materials.
Customers
Our customers include major oil companies, independent oil and natural gas production companies. During the year ended December 31, 2017 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, Chevron Texaco Exploration and Production accounted for approximately 12% and 14% of our consolidated revenue, respectively. During the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, OXY USA Inc. accounted for approximately 13% of our consolidated revenue. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016. No customers accounted for more than 10% of our total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Competition and Other External Factors
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. Competition is influenced by such factors as product and service quality and availability, responsiveness, experience, technology, equipment quality, reputation for safety and price. We believe that an important competitive factor in establishing and maintaining long-term customer relationships is having an experienced, skilled and well-trained work force. We devote substantial resources toward employee safety and training programs. We believe many of our larger customers place increased emphasis on the safety, performance and quality of the crews, equipment and services provided by their contractors. Although we believe customers consider all of these factors, price is often the primary factor in determining which service provider is awarded the work. However, in numerous instances, we secure and maintain work for large customers for which efficiency, safety, technology, size of fleet and availability of other services are of equal importance to price.
The demand for our services and price we receive fluctuates, primarily in relation to the price (or anticipated price) of oil and natural gas, which, in turn, is driven for the most part by the supply of, and demand for, oil and natural gas. Generally, as supply of those commodities decreases and demand increases, service and maintenance requirements increase as oil and natural gas producers attempt to maximize the productivity of their wells in a higher priced environment. However, in a lower oil and natural gas price environment, demand for service and maintenance generally decreases as oil and natural gas producers decrease their activity. In particular, the demand for new or existing field drilling and completion work is driven by available investment capital for such work. Because these types of services can be easily “started” and “stopped,” and oil and natural gas producers generally tend to be less risk tolerant when commodity prices are low or volatile, we may experience a more rapid decline in demand for well maintenance services compared with demand for other types of oilfield services. Furthermore, in a low commodity price environment, fewer well service rigs are needed for completions, as these activities are generally associated with drilling activity.
The level of our revenues, earnings and cash flows are substantially dependent upon, and affected by, the level of U.S. and international oil and natural gas exploration, development and production activity, as well as the equipment capacity in any particular region.
Seasonality
Our operations are impacted by seasonal factors. Historically, our business has been negatively impacted during the winter months due to inclement weather, fewer daylight hours and holidays. During the summer months, our operations may be impacted by tropical or other inclement weather systems. During periods of heavy snow, ice or rain, we may not be able to operate or move our equipment between locations, thereby reducing our ability to provide services and generate revenues. In addition, the majority of our equipment works only during daylight hours. In the winter months when days become shorter, this reduces the amount of time that our assets can work and therefore has a negative impact on total hours worked. Lastly, during the fourth quarter, we historically experience a significant slowdown during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday seasons and demand sometimes slows during this period as our customers exhaust their annual spending budgets.
Patents, Trade Secrets, Trademarks and Copyrights
We own numerous patents, trademarks and proprietary technology that we believe provide us with a competitive advantage in the various markets in which we operate or intend to operate. We have devoted significant resources to developing technological improvements in our well service business and have sought patent protection for products and methods that appear to have commercial significance. All the issued patents have varying remaining durations and begin expiring between 2019 and 2035.
We own several trademarks that are important to our business. In general, depending upon the jurisdiction, trademarks are valid as long as they are in use, or their registrations are properly maintained and they have not been found to become generic. Registrations of trademarks can generally be renewed indefinitely as long as the trademarks are in use. While our patents and trademarks, in the aggregate, are of considerable importance to maintaining our competitive position, no single patent or trademark is considered to be of a critical or essential nature to our business.
We also rely on a combination of trade secret laws, copyright and contractual provisions to establish and protect proprietary rights in our products and services. We typically enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, strategic partners and suppliers and limit access to the distribution of our proprietary information.
Employees
As of December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 2,600 persons. Our employees are not represented by a labor union and are not covered by collective bargaining agreements. As noted below in “Item 1A.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information in this report, the following factors should be considered in evaluating us and our business.
Risks Related to Our Business
The depressed conditions in our industry have materially and adversely affected our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and, unless conditions in our industry improve, this trend could continue during 2019 and potentially beyond.
Oil and natural gas prices began a rapid and substantial decline in the fourth quarter of 2014. Depressed commodity price conditions persisted and worsened during 2015 and while improved, remained volatile through 2018. As a result, demand for our products and services declined substantially from 2014, and the prices we are able to charge our customers for our products and services also declined substantially. These trends materially and adversely affected our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition during 2018 and, unless conditions in our industry improve, this trend will continue during 2019 and potentially beyond.
We had substantial net losses during 2016, 2017 and 2018, and, during 2018, our cash flow used by operations was $1.8 million. If industry conditions do not improve, we may continue to suffer net losses and negative cash flows from operations.
Although our financial position has improved as a result of the reorganization and we are continuing to pursue cost reduction initiatives, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully consummate these initiatives or that they will be successful to improve our financial condition and liquidity.
Our business is cyclical and depends on conditions in the oil and natural gas industry, especially oil and natural gas prices and capital and operating expenditures by oil and natural gas companies. A continuation of the depressed state of our industry, tight credit markets and disruptions in the U.S. and global economies and financial systems may adversely impact our business.
Prices for oil and natural gas historically have been volatile as a result of changes in the supply of, and demand for, oil and natural gas and other factors. The significant decline in oil and natural gas prices that began in 2014 and continued throughout 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 caused many of our customers to significantly change and reduce drilling, completion and other production activities and related spending on our products and services in those years. In addition, the reduction in demand from our customers has resulted in an oversupply of many of the services and products we provide, and such oversupply substantially reduced the prices we can charge our customers for our services.
We depend on our customers’ willingness to make capital expenditures to explore for, develop and produce oil and natural gas. Therefore, weakness in oil and natural gas prices (or the perception by our customers that oil and natural gas prices will remain reduced or will continue to decrease in the future) has and may continue to result in a reduction in the utilization of our equipment and in lower rates for our services. In addition to adversely affecting us, the continuation and worsening of these conditions have resulted and may continue to result in a material adverse impact on certain of our customers’ liquidity and financial position resulting in further spending reductions, delays in payment of, or non-payment of, amounts owing to us and similar impacts. These conditions have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on our financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows, and it is difficult to predict how long the current uncertain commodity price environment will continue.
Many factors affect the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas and, therefore, influence product prices, including:
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prices, and expectations about future prices, of oil and natural gas;
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domestic and worldwide economic conditions;
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domestic and foreign supply of and demand for oil and natural gas;
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the price and quantity of imports of foreign oil and natural gas including the ability of OPEC to set and maintain production levels for oil;
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the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and delivering oil and natural gas;
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the level of excess production capacity, available pipeline, storage and other transportation capacity;
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lead times associated with acquiring equipment and products and availability of qualified personnel;
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the expected rates of decline in production from existing and prospective wells;
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the discovery rates of new oil and gas reserves;
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federal, state and local regulation of exploration and drilling activities and equipment, material or supplies that we furnish;
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public pressure on, and legislative and regulatory interest within, federal, state and local governments to stop, significantly limit or regulate hydraulic fracturing activities;
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weather conditions, including hurricanes, that can affect oil and natural gas operations over a wide area and severe winter weather that can interfere with our operations;
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political instability in oil and natural gas producing countries;
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advances in exploration, development and production technologies or in technologies affecting energy consumption;
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the price and availability of alternative fuel and energy sources;
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uncertainty in capital and commodities markets; and
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changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other major global currencies.
Spending by exploration and production companies has also been, and may continue to be, impacted by conditions in the capital markets. Limitations on the availability of capital, and higher costs of capital, for financing expenditures have contributed to exploration and production companies making materially significant reductions to capital or operating budgets and such limitations may continue if oil and natural gas prices remain at current levels or decrease further. Such cuts in spending have curtailed, and may continue to curtail, drilling programs as well as discretionary spending on well services, which has resulted, and may continue to result, in a reduction in the demand for our services, the rates we can charge and the utilization of our assets. Moreover, reduced discovery rates of new oil and natural gas reserves, and a decrease in the development rate of reserves in our market areas whether due to increased governmental regulation, limitations on exploration and drilling activity or other factors, have had, and may continue to have, a material adverse impact on our business, even in a stronger oil and natural gas price environment.
A substantial decline in oil and natural gas prices generally leads to decreased spending by our customers. While higher oil and natural gas prices generally lead to increased spending by our customers, sustained high energy prices can be an impediment to economic growth, and can therefore negatively impact spending by our customers. Our customers also take into account the volatility of energy prices and other risk factors by requiring higher returns for individual projects if there is higher perceived risk. Any of these factors could affect the demand for oil and natural gas and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
The amount of our debt and the covenants in the agreements governing our debt could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.
Although we reduced the amount of our debt by approximately $697 million as a result of the reorganization in 2016, as of December 31, 2018, we had $243.6 million of total debt. Our level of indebtedness, and the covenants contained in the agreements governing our debt, could have important consequences for our operations, including:
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making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under the agreements governing our indebtedness and increasing the risk that we may default on our debt obligations;
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requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to required payments on indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow for working capital, capital expenditures and other general business activities;
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limiting our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate purposes and other activities;
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limiting management’s flexibility in operating our business;
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limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
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diminishing our ability to successfully withstand a downturn in our business or the economy generally;
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placing us at a competitive disadvantage against less leveraged competitors; and
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making us vulnerable to increases in interest rates, because our debt has variable interest rates.
As more fully described in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources”, each of our ABL Facility and our Term Loan Facility contains affirmative and negative covenants, including financial ratios and tests, with which we must comply. These covenants include, among others, covenants that restrict our ability to take certain actions without the permission of the holders of our indebtedness, including the incurrence of debt, the granting of liens, the making of investments, the payment of dividends and the sale of assets, and the financial ratios and tests include, among others, a requirement that we comply with a minimum liquidity covenant, a minimum asset coverage ratio and, during certain periods, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. In addition, under our Term Loan Facility and ABL Facility, we are required to take certain steps to perfect the security interest in the collateral within specified periods following the closing of those facilities.
Our ability to satisfy required financial covenants, ratios and tests in our debt agreements can be affected by events beyond our control, including commodity prices, demand for our services, the valuation of our assets, as well as prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions, and we can offer no assurance that we will be able to remain in compliance with such covenants or that the holders of our indebtedness will not seek to assert that we are not in compliance with our covenants. A breach of any of these covenants, ratios or tests could result in a default under our indebtedness. If we default, lenders under our ABL Facility will no longer be obligated to extend credit to us, and they and the administrative agent under our Term Loan Facility could declare all amounts of outstanding debt, together with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable. The results of such actions would have a significant negative impact on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows, and absent strategic alternatives such as refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness or capital structure, we would not have sufficient liquidity to repay all of our outstanding indebtedness. If such a result were to occur, we may be forced into bankruptcy or forced to again seek
bankruptcy protection to restructure our business and capital structure and may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our financial statements.
We may incur more debt and long-term lease obligations in the future.
The agreements governing our long-term debt restrict, but do not prohibit, us from incurring additional indebtedness and other obligations in the future. As of December 31, 2018, we had $243.6 million of total debt.
An increase in our level of indebtedness could exacerbate the risks described in the immediately preceding risk factor and the occurrence of any of such events could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and business prospects.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service and other obligations.
Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and other costs of our operations depends on our ability to generate cash in the future. This, to a large extent, is subject to conditions in the oil and natural gas industry, including commodity prices, demand for our services and the prices we are able to charge for our services, general economic and financial conditions, competition in the markets in which we operate, the impact of legislative and regulatory actions on how we conduct our business and other factors, all of which are beyond our control. During fiscal year 2018, we had negative cash flows from operations, and this trend could continue if conditions in our industry continue or worsen.
Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
Borrowings under our ABL Facility and our Term Loan Facility bear interest at variable rates, exposing us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed would remain the same, and our net income and cash available for servicing our indebtedness would decrease.
We may be unable to implement price increases or maintain existing prices on our core services.
We periodically seek to increase the prices of our services to offset rising costs and to generate higher returns for our stockholders. Currently, the prices we are able to charge for our services and the demand for such services are severely depressed. Even when industry conditions are favorable, we operate in a very competitive industry and as a result, we are not always successful in raising, or maintaining our existing prices. Additionally, during periods of increased market demand, a significant amount of new service capacity, including new well service rigs, fluid hauling trucks, coiled tubing units and new fishing and rental equipment, may enter the market, which also puts pressure on the pricing of our services and limits our ability to increase or maintain prices. Furthermore, during periods of declining pricing for our services, we may not be able to reduce our costs accordingly, which could further adversely affect our profitability.
Even when we are able to increase our prices, we may not be able to do so at a rate that is sufficient to offset such rising costs. In periods of high demand for oilfield services, a tighter labor market may result in higher labor costs. During such periods, our labor costs could increase at a greater rate than our ability to raise prices for our services. Also, we may not be able to successfully increase prices without adversely affecting our activity levels. The inability to maintain our prices or to increase our prices as costs increase could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
We participate in a capital-intensive industry. We may not be able to finance future growth of our operations or future acquisitions.
Our activities require substantial capital expenditures. If our cash flow from operating activities and borrowings under our ABL Facility are not sufficient to fund our capital expenditure budget, we would be required to reduce these expenditures or fund these expenditures through debt or equity or alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring our debt or selling assets.
Our ability to raise debt or equity capital or to refinance or restructure our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time, among other things. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. Any of the foregoing consequences could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Increased labor costs or the unavailability of skilled workers could hurt our operations.
Companies in our industry, including us, are dependent upon the available labor pool of skilled employees. We compete with other oilfield services businesses and other employers to attract and retain qualified personnel with the technical skills and experience required to provide our customers with the highest quality service. We are also subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which governs such matters as minimum wage, overtime and other working conditions, which can increase our labor costs or subject us to liabilities to our employees. A shortage in the labor pool of skilled workers or other general inflationary pressures or changes in applicable laws and regulations could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain personnel and could require us to enhance our wage and benefits packages. Labor costs may increase in the future or we may not be able to reduce wages when demand and pricing falls, and such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our future financial results could be adversely impacted by asset impairments or other charges.
We have recorded goodwill impairment charges and asset impairment charges in the past. We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets such as our property and equipment for impairment. We perform the assessment of potential impairment for our property and equipment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable due to various external or internal factors. If conditions in our industry do not improve or worsen, we could record additional impairment charges in future periods, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.
Our business involves certain operating risks, which are primarily self-insured, and our insurance may not be adequate to cover all insured losses or liabilities we might incur in our operations.
Our operations are subject to many hazards and risks, including the following:
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accidents resulting in serious bodily injury and the loss of life or property;
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liabilities from accidents or damage by our fleet of trucks, rigs and other equipment;
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pollution and other damage to the environment;
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reservoir damage;
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blow-outs, the uncontrolled flow of natural gas, oil or other well fluids into the atmosphere or an underground formation; and
•
fires and explosions.
If any of these hazards occur, they could result in suspension of operations, damage to or destruction of our equipment and the property of others, or injury or death to our or a third party’s personnel.
We self-insure against a significant portion of these liabilities. For losses in excess of our self-insurance limits, we maintain insurance from unaffiliated commercial carriers. However, our insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses or liabilities that we might incur in our operations. Furthermore, our insurance may not adequately protect us against liability from all of the hazards of our business. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain of our insurance policies may substantially increase. In some instances, certain insurance could become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. We also are subject to the risk that we may be unable to maintain or obtain insurance of the type and amount we desire at a reasonable cost. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were uninsured or for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
We operate in a highly competitive industry, with intense price competition, which may intensify as our competitors expand their operations.
The market for oilfield services in which we operate is highly competitive and includes numerous small companies capable of competing effectively in our markets on a local basis, as well as several large companies that possess substantially greater financial resources than we do. Contracts are traditionally awarded on the basis of competitive bids or direct negotiations with customers.
The principal competitive factors in our markets are product and service quality and availability, responsiveness, experience, technology, equipment quality, reputation for safety and price. The competitive environment has intensified as recent mergers among exploration and production companies reduced the number of available customers. The fact that drilling rigs and other vehicles and oilfield services equipment are mobile and can be moved from one market to another in response to market conditions heightens the competition in the industry. We may be competing for work against competitors that may be better able to withstand industry downturns and may be better suited to compete on the basis of price, retain skilled personnel and acquire new equipment and technologies, all of which could affect our revenues and profitability.
Historically, we have experienced a high employee turnover rate. Any difficulty we experience replacing or adding workers could adversely affect our business.
We believe that the high turnover rate in our industry is attributable to the nature of oilfield services work, which is physically demanding and performed outdoors. As a result, workers may choose to pursue employment in fields that offer a more desirable work environment at wage rates that are competitive with ours. The potential inability or lack of desire by workers to commute to our facilities and job sites, as well as the competition for workers from competitors or other industries, are factors that could negatively affect our ability to attract and retain workers. We may not be able to recruit, train and retain an adequate number of workers to replace departing workers. The inability to maintain an adequate workforce could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be successful in implementing and maintaining technology development and enhancements. New technology may cause us to become less competitive.
The oilfield services industry is subject to the introduction of new drilling and completion techniques and services using new technologies, some of which may be subject to patent protection. As competitors and others use or develop new technologies in the future, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage. Further, we may face competitive pressure to implement or acquire certain new technologies at a substantial cost. Some of our competitors have greater financial, technical and personnel resources that may allow them to implement new technologies before we can. If we are unable to develop and implement new technologies or products on a timely basis and at competitive cost, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.
A component of our business strategy is to incorporate the KeyView® system, our proprietary technology, into our well service rigs. The inability to successfully develop, integrate and protect this technology could:
•
limit our ability to improve our market position;
•
increase our operating costs; and
•
limit our ability to recoup the investments made in this technological initiative.
The loss of or a substantial reduction in activity by one or more of our largest customers could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
No customer accounted for more than 10% of our total consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 and our ten largest customers represented approximately 46% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018. The loss of or a substantial reduction in activity by one or more of these customers could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Potential adoption of future state or federal laws or regulations surrounding the hydraulic fracturing process could make it more difficult to complete oil or natural gas wells and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Many of our customers utilize hydraulic fracturing services during the life of a well. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of creating or expanding cracks, or fractures, in underground formations where water, sand and other additives are pumped under high pressure into the formation. Although we are not a provider of hydraulic fracturing services, many of our services complement the hydraulic fracturing process.
Legislation has been introduced in Congress to provide for broader federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing operations and the reporting and public disclosure of chemicals used in the fracturing process. Additionally, the EPA has asserted federal regulatory authority over certain hydraulic fracturing activities involving diesel fuel under the Safe Drinking Water Act and in May 2012 issued draft guidance for fracturing operations that involved diesel fuels. If additional levels of regulation or permitting requirements were imposed through the adoption of new laws and regulations, our customers’ business and operations could be subject to delays and increased operating and compliance costs, which could negatively impact the number of active wells in the marketplaces we serve. New regulations addressing hydraulic fracturing and chemical disclosure have been approved or are under consideration by a number of states and some municipalities have sought to restrict or ban hydraulic fracturing within their jurisdictions. For example, in June 2015, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation issued a findings statement concluding its seven-year study of high-volume hydraulic fracturing, thereby officially prohibiting the practice in New York. Additionally, in California, legislation regarding well stimulation, including hydraulic fracturing, has been adopted. The law mandates technical standards for well construction, hydraulic fracturing water management, groundwater monitoring, seismicity monitoring during hydraulic fracturing operations and public disclosure of hydraulic fracturing fluid constituents. These and other new federal, state or municipal laws regulating the hydraulic fracturing process could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Permit conditions, legislation or regulatory initiatives could restrict our ability to dispose of fluids produced subsequent to well completion, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
As part of our fluid management services, we provide disposal services for fluids produced subsequent to well completion. These fluids are removed from the well site and transported for disposal in SWD wells. We operate SWD wells that are subject to the CWA, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and state and local laws and regulations, including those established by the Underground Injection Control Program of the EPA, which establishes the minimum program requirements. Most of our SWD wells are located in Texas. We also operate SWD wells in Arkansas, Louisiana and New Mexico. Regulations in these states require us to obtain an Underground Injection Control permit to operate each of our SWD wells. The applicable regulatory agency may suspend or modify one or more of our permits if our well operations are likely to result in pollution of freshwater or substantial violation of permit conditions or applicable rules, or if the well leaks into the environment.
In addition, there exists a growing concern that the injection of produced fluids into belowground disposal wells may trigger seismic activity in certain areas. In response to these concerns, regulators in some states are pursuing initiatives designed to impose additional requirements in connection with the permitting of SWD wells or otherwise to assess any relationship between seismicity and oil and gas operations. For example, in 2014, the Texas Railroad Commission, or TRC, published a rule governing permitting or re-permitting of disposal wells in Texas that would require, among other things, the submission of information on seismic events occurring within a specified radius of the disposal well location, as well as logs, geologic cross sections and structure maps relating to the disposal area in question. If a permittee or a prospective permittee fails to demonstrate that the saltwater or other fluids are confined to the disposal zone or if scientific data indicates such a disposal well is likely to be or determined to be contributing to seismic activity, then the TRC may deny, modify, suspend or terminate the permit application or existing operating permit for that well.
The imposition of permit conditions or the adoption and implementation of any new laws, regulations, or directives that restrict our ability to dispose of produced fluids, including by restricting disposal well locations, changing the depths of disposal wells, reducing the volume of wastewater disposed in wells, or requiring us to shut down disposal wells or otherwise, could lead to operational delays and increased operating costs, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may incur significant costs and liabilities as a result of environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that govern our operations.
Our operations are subject to U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations that impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the environment and establish standards for the handling, storage and disposal of waste materials, including toxic and hazardous wastes. To comply with these laws and regulations, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various governmental authorities. While the cost of such compliance has not been significant in the past, new laws, regulations or enforcement policies could become more stringent and significantly increase our compliance costs or limit our future business opportunities, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations pose risks of environmental liability, including leakage from our operations to surface or subsurface soils, surface water or groundwater. Some environmental laws and regulations may impose strict liability, joint and several liability, or both. Therefore, in some situations, we could be exposed to liability as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, third parties without regard to whether we caused or contributed to the conditions. Actions arising under these laws and regulations could result in the shutdown of our operations, fines and penalties, expenditures for remediation or other corrective measures, and claims for liability for property damage, exposure to hazardous materials, exposure to hazardous waste or personal injuries. Sanctions for noncompliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations also may include the assessment of administrative, civil or criminal penalties, revocation of permits, temporary or permanent cessation of operations in a particular location and issuance of corrective action orders. Such claims or sanctions and related costs could cause us to incur substantial costs or losses and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Additionally, an increase in regulatory requirements on oil and natural gas exploration and completion activities could significantly delay or interrupt our operations.
The scope of regulation of our services may increase in light of the April 2010 Macondo accident and resulting oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, including possible increases in liabilities or funding requirements imposed by governmental agencies. In 2012, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, or “BSEE,” expanded its regulatory oversight beyond oil and gas operators to include service and equipment contractors. In addition, U.S. federal law imposes on certain entities deemed to be “responsible parties” a variety of regulations related to the prevention of oil spills, releases of hazardous substances, and liability for removal costs and natural resource, real property and certain economic damages arising from such incidents. Some of these laws may impose strict and/or joint and several liability for certain costs and damages without regard to the conduct of the parties. As a provider of services and rental equipment for offshore drilling and workover services, we may be deemed a “responsible party” under federal law. The implementation of such laws and the adoption and implementation of future regulatory initiatives, or the specific responsibilities that may arise from such initiatives may subject us to increased costs and liabilities, which could interrupt our operations or have an adverse effect on our revenue or results of operations.
Severe weather could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our business could be materially and adversely affected by severe weather. Our customers’ oil and natural gas operations located in Louisiana and parts of Texas may be adversely affected by hurricanes and tropical storms, resulting in reduced demand for our services. Furthermore, our customers’ operations may be adversely affected by seasonal weather conditions. Adverse weather can also directly impede our own operations. Repercussions of severe weather conditions may include:
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curtailment of services;
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weather-related damage to facilities and equipment, resulting in suspension of operations;
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inability to deliver equipment, personnel and products to job sites in accordance with contract schedules; and
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loss of productivity.
These constraints could delay our operations and materially increase our operating and capital costs. Unusually warm winters may also adversely affect the demand for our services by decreasing the demand for natural gas.
Acquisitions and divestitures - we may not be successful in identifying, making and integrating acquisitions or limiting ongoing costs associated with the operations we divest.
An important component of our growth strategy is to make acquisitions that will strengthen our core services or presence in selected markets. The success of this strategy will depend, among other things, on our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, to negotiate acceptable financial and other terms, to timely and successfully integrate acquired business or assets into our existing businesses and to retain the key personnel and the customer base of acquired businesses. Any future acquisitions could present a number of risks, including but not limited to:
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incorrect assumptions regarding the future results of acquired operations or assets or expected cost reductions or other synergies expected to be realized as a result of acquiring operations or assets;
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failure to successfully integrate the operations or management of any acquired operations or assets in a timely manner;
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failure to retain or attract key employees;
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diversion of management’s attention from existing operations or other priorities;
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the inability to implement promptly an effective control environment;
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potential impairment charges if purchase assumptions are not achieved or market conditions decline;
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the risks inherent in entering markets or lines of business with which the company has limited or no prior experience; and
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inability to secure sufficient financing, sufficient financing on economically attractive terms that may be required for any such acquisition or investment.
Our business strategy anticipates, and is based upon our ability to successfully complete and integrate, acquisitions of other businesses or assets in a timely and cost effective manner. Our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We also make strategic divestitures from time to time. In the case of divestitures, we may agree to indemnify acquiring parties for certain liabilities arising from our former businesses. These divestitures may also result in continued financial involvement in the divested businesses, including through guarantees, service level agreements, or other financial arrangements, following the transaction. Lower performance by those divested businesses could affect our future financial results if there is contingent consideration associated.
Compliance with climate change legislation or initiatives could negatively impact our business.
Various state governments and regional organizations comprising state governments are considering enacting new legislation and promulgating new regulations governing or restricting the emission of greenhouse gases, or “GHG,” from stationary sources, which may include our equipment and operations. At the federal level, the EPA has already issued regulations that require us to establish and report an inventory of GHG emissions. The EPA also has established a GHG permitting requirement for large stationary sources and may lower the threshold of the permitting program, which could include our equipment and operations. Legislative and regulatory proposals for restricting GHG emissions or otherwise addressing climate change could require us to incur additional operating costs and could adversely affect demand for natural gas and oil. The potential increase in our operating costs could include new or increased costs to obtain permits, operate and maintain our equipment and facilities, install new emission controls on our equipment and facilities, acquire allowances to authorize our greenhouse gas emissions, pay taxes related to our GHG emissions and administer and manage a GHG emissions program.
In addition, in December, 2014, California adopted GHG emission rules for heavy duty vehicles equivalent to EPA rules and an optional lower emission standard for nitrogen oxides (“NOx”) in California. California has stated its intention to lower NOx standards for California-certified engines and has also requested that the EPA lower its standards. In June 2016, several regional air quality management districts in California and other states, as well as the environmental agencies for several states, petitioned the EPA to adopt lower NOx emission standards for on-road heavy duty trucks and engines. We expect that heavy duty vehicle and engine fuel economy and GHG emissions rules will be under consideration in other jurisdictions in the future. We
may incur significant capital expenditures and administrative costs as we update our transportation fleet to comply with emissions laws and regulations.
Conservation measures and technological advances could reduce demand for oil and natural gas.
Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy and energy generation could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. Moreover, incentives to conserve energy or use alternative energy sources could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. Management cannot predict the impact of the changing demand for oil and natural gas services and products, and any major changes may have a material effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our operations may be subject to cyber-attacks that could have an adverse effect on our business operations.
Like most companies, we rely heavily on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, to manage or support a variety of our business operations, and to maintain various records, which may include information regarding our customers, employees or other third parties, and the integrity of these systems are essential for us to conduct our business and operations. We make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of information and systems (and maintain contingency plans in the event of security breaches or system disruptions), however, we cannot provide assurance that our security efforts and measures will prevent security threats from materializing, unauthorized access to our systems, loss or destruction of data, account takeovers, or other forms of cyber-attacks or similar events, whether caused by mechanical failures, human error, fraud, malice, sabotage or otherwise. Cyber-attacks include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data. The frequency, scope and sophistication of cyber-attacks continue to grow, which increases the possibility that our security measures will be unable to prevent our systems’ improper functioning or the improper disclosure of proprietary information. Any failure of our information or communication systems, whether caused by attacks, mechanical failures, natural disasters or otherwise, could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, or subject us to claims, any of which could materially adversely affect us.
Risks Related to Our Emergence from Bankruptcy
Information contained in our historical financial statements will not be comparable to the information contained in our financial statements after the application of fresh start accounting.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K reflects the consummation of the Plan and the adoption of fresh start accounting. As a result, our financial statements from and after the Effective Date will not be comparable to our financial statements for prior periods. This will make it difficult for stockholders to assess our performance in relation to prior periods. Please see “Note 3. Fresh Start Accounting” in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.
We have a limited operating history since our emergence from bankruptcy and consequently our business plan is difficult to evaluate and our long term viability cannot be assured.
Our prospects for financial success are difficult to assess because we have a limited operating history since emergence from bankruptcy. The Company together with certain subsidiaries filed for Chapter 11 relief on October 24, 2016, and we emerged from bankruptcy on December 15, 2016. There can be no assurance that our business will be successful, that we will be able to achieve or maintain a profitable operation, or that we will not encounter unforeseen difficulties that may deplete our capital resources more rapidly than anticipated. There can be no assurance that we will achieve or sustain profitability or positive cash flows from our operating activities.
Our corporate advisory services agreement may result in financial burden or other adverse effects.
On the Effective Date, the Company entered into the CASA with Platinum, an affiliate of Soter. Pursuant to this agreement, Platinum provides a range of business, financial and accounting advice in exchange for an advisory fee of $2.75 million per year (subject to certain adjustments). During the term of the CASA, the Company will be obligated to accrue and pay the advisory fee in accordance with the terms set forth in the CASA. In addition, the business, financial and accounting advice provided by Platinum to the Company under the CASA could increase the influence that Platinum has over our operations.
The CASA may not be terminated by the Company until December 31, 2019, but Platinum may terminate the CASA at any time upon 90 days’ prior written notice to the Company. The CASA also terminates automatically if Soter owns less than 33% of our common stock. After the termination of the CASA, Key may need to provide its own services to replace those provided under the CASA or procure such services from third parties. Any failure of or delay in procuring comparable services following a termination of the CASA could result in unexpected costs and business disruption.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Our controlling stockholder may deter transactions that could be beneficial to other stockholders.
Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and the Plan, beginning on the Effective Date and until the 2019 annual stockholders meeting (the “Initial Board Term”), directors appointed by Soter, our largest stockholder, will collectively hold votes that constitute a majority of all votes held by directors of the Company. As a result, subject to certain approval rights
of directors selected by certain other stockholders, the Soter directors will control decisions made by the board. This control could discourage others from initiating any merger, takeover or other transaction that may otherwise be beneficial to the other holders of shares of our common stock.
After the Initial Board Term, for as long as our Series A Preferred Stock is outstanding, directors selected by Soter will continue to hold votes that constitute a majority of all votes held by all directors. As a result, subject to certain approval rights held by non-Soter directors, the Soter directors will continue to control decisions made by the board, including whether to enter into transactions that may otherwise be beneficial to the other holders of shares of our common stock.
The resale of shares of our common stock, including shares issuable upon exercise of our warrants, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
At the time of our emergence from bankruptcy, certain shares of our common stock issued to certain stockholders were “restricted securities” for purposes of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and accordingly, were subject to limitations on resale. The shares held by these stockholders (other than the Company) are now freely resalable under the Securities Act without limitations.
Furthermore, as of December 31, 2018, there were 918,992 4-Year Warrants and 918,958 5-Year Warrants outstanding. The exercise price of one 4-Year Warrant is $43.52, and the exercise price of one 5-Year Warrant is $54.40, each subject to certain adjustments.
The sale of a significant number of shares of our common stock, including shares issuable upon exercise of our warrants, or substantial trading in our common stock or the perception in the market that substantial trading in our common stock will occur, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will develop or be maintained, and the market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.
The common stock of the Successor Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) on December 16, 2016, following our emergence from bankruptcy. We cannot assure you that an active public market for our common stock will be sustained. In the absence of an active public trading market, it may be difficult to liquidate your investment in our common stock.
The trading price of our common stock on the NYSE may fluctuate substantially. Numerous factors, including many over which we have no control, may have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock. These risks include those described or referred to in this “Risk Factors” section as well as, among other things:
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our operating and financial performance and prospects;
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our ability to repay our debt;
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our access to financial and capital markets to refinance our debt or replace the existing credit facilities;
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investor perceptions of us and the industry and markets in which we operate;
•
future sales of equity or equity-related securities;
•
changes in earnings estimates or buy/sell recommendations by analysts; and
•
general financial, domestic, economic and other market conditions.
The Company does not expect to pay dividends on its common stock in the foreseeable future.
We do not anticipate to pay cash dividends or other distributions with respect to shares of our common stock in the foreseeable future, and we cannot assure that such dividends or other distributions will be paid at any time in the future or at all. In addition, restrictive covenants in our debt agreement limit our ability to pay dividends. As a result, holders of shares of common stock likely will not be able to realize a return on their investment, if any, until the shares are sold.
Certain provisions of our corporate documents and Delaware law, as well as change of control provisions in our debt agreements, could delay or prevent a change of control, even if that change would be beneficial to stockholders, or could have a material negative impact on our business.
Certain provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and debt agreements may have the effect of deterring transactions involving a change in control, including transactions in which stockholders might receive a premium for their shares.
In addition to the risks of having a controlling stockholder as described in the risk factor “Our controlling stockholder may deter transactions that could be beneficial to other stockholders,” our certificate of incorporation provides for the issuance of up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our board of directors. The authorization of preferred shares empowers our board, without further stockholder approval, to issue preferred shares with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the common stock. If issued, the preferred stock could also dilute the holders of our common stock and could be used to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control.
Furthermore, our debt agreements contain provisions pursuant to which an event of default or mandatory prepayment offer may result if certain “persons” or “groups” become the beneficial owner of more than 50.1% of our common stock. This could deter certain parties from seeking to acquire us, and if any “person” or “group” were to become the beneficial owner of more than 50.1% of our common stock, we may not be able to repay our indebtedness.
We are also a Delaware corporation subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). In general, Section 203 of the DGCL prevents an “interested stockholder” (as defined in the DGCL) from engaging in a “business combination” (as defined in the DGCL) with us for three years following the date that person becomes an interested stockholder unless one or more of the following occurs:
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Before that person became an interested stockholder, our board of directors approved the transaction in which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder or approved the business combination;
•
Upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the interested stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of our voting stock outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding stock held by certain directors and employee stock plans; or
•
Following the transaction in which that person became an interested stockholder, the business combination is approved by our board of directors and authorized at a meeting of stockholders by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of our outstanding voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder.
The DGCL generally defines “interested stockholder” as any person who, together with affiliates and associates, is the owner of 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock or is our affiliate or associate and was the owner of 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock at any time within the three-year period immediately before the date of determination.
All of these factors could materially adversely affect the price of our common stock.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease office space for our principal executive offices in Houston, Texas. Additionally, we own or lease numerous rig facilities, storage facilities, truck facilities and sales and administrative offices throughout the geographic regions in which we operate. We lease temporary facilities to house employees in regions where infrastructure is limited. In connection with our Fluid Management Services, we operate a number of owned and leased SWD facilities, and brine and freshwater stations. Our leased properties are subject to various lease terms and expirations.
We believe all properties that we currently occupy are suitable for their intended uses. We believe that our current facilities are sufficient to conduct our operations. However, we continue to evaluate the purchase or lease of additional properties or the consolidation of our properties, as our business requires.
The following table shows our active owned and leased properties, as well as active SWD facilities as of December 31, 2018:
(1)
Includes five residential properties leased for the purpose of to housing employees.
(2)
Includes SWD facilities as “leased” if we own the wellbore for the SWD but lease the land. In other cases, we lease both the wellbore and the land. Lease terms vary among different sites, but with respect to some of the SWD facilities for which we lease the land and own the wellbore, the land owner has an option under the land lease to retain the wellbore at the termination of the lease.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are subject to various suits and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe that the disposition of any of our ordinary course litigation will result in a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market and Information
Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “KEG.” As of February 15, 2019, there were 91 registered holders of 20,363,198 issued and outstanding shares of common stock. This number of registered holders does not include holders that have shares of common stock held for them in “street name,” meaning that the shares are held for their accounts by a broker or other nominee. In these instances, the brokers or other nominees are included in the number of registered holders, but the underlying holders of the common stock that have shares held in “street name” are not.
The following Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
The following performance graph compares the performance of our common stock to the PHLX Oil Service Sector Index, the Russell 2000 Index and our peer group as established by management. Our peer group consists of the following companies: Archrock, Inc., Basic Energy Services, Inc., C & J Energy Services, Inc., Helix Energy Solutions Group, Inc., Oceaneering International Inc., Oil States International Inc., Patterson UTI Energy Inc., Pioneer Energy Services Corp., RPC, Inc., and Superior Energy Services, Inc. Seventy Seven Energy was formerly in our peer group, however, they were acquired by Patterson UTI Energy Inc. in 2017.
The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on the Successor Company’s common stock from December 16, 2016, the date such common stock was listed on the NYSE, through December 31, 2018. The graph assumes $100 invested on December 16, 2016 in our common stock and $100 invested on each such date in each of the PHLX Oil Service Sector Index, the Russell 2000 Index and our peer group, with dividends reinvested.
COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among Key Energy Services, Inc., the Russell 2000 Index,
the PHLX Oil Service Sector Index and Peer Group
* $100 invested on December 16, 2016 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the fourth quarter of 2018, we repurchased an aggregate of 27,793 shares of our common stock. The repurchases were to satisfy tax withholding obligations that arose upon vesting of restricted stock. Set forth below is a summary of the share repurchases:
(1) The Company did not have at any time between October 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018, and currently does not have, a share repurchase program in place.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2018 with respect to equity compensation plans (including individual compensation arrangements) under which our common stock is authorized for issuance. The material features of each of these plans are described in “Note 20. Share-Based Compensation” in “Item 8. Financial Statement and Supplementary Date.”
(1)
Represents stock-based awards outstanding under the 2016 Equity and Cash Incentive Plan (the “2016 ECIP”).
(2)
Represents shares that may be issued upon vesting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”).
(3)
RSUs do not have an exercise price; therefore, RSUs are excluded from weighted average exercise price of outstanding awards.
(4)
Represents the number of shares remaining available for grant under the 2016 ECIP as of December 31, 2018. If any common stock underlying an unvested award is cancelled, forfeited or is otherwise terminated without delivery of shares, then such shares will again be available for issuance under the 2016 ECIP.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following historical selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2018 has been derived from our audited financial statements. The historical selected financial data should be read in conjunction with “Item 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The discussion below contains forward-looking statements that are based upon our current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances including those identified in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations due to potentially inaccurate assumptions and known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements should be read in conjunction with our disclosures under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Overview
We provide a full range of well services to major oil companies and independent oil and natural gas production companies to produce, maintain and enhance the flow of oil and natural gas throughout the life of a well. These services include rig-based and coiled tubing-based well maintenance and workover services, well completion and recompletion services, fluid management services, fishing and rental services and other ancillary oilfield services. Additionally, certain of our rigs are capable of specialty drilling applications. We operate in most major oil and natural gas producing regions of the continental United States. We previously had operations in Mexico, which was sold during the fourth quarter of 2016, and Canada and Russia, which were sold in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively.
The demand for our services fluctuates, primarily in relation to the price (or anticipated price) of oil and natural gas, which, in turn, is driven primarily by the supply of, and demand for, oil and natural gas. Generally, as supply of those commodities decreases and demand increases, service and maintenance requirements increase as oil and natural gas producers attempt to maximize the productivity of their wells in a higher priced environment. However, in the lower oil and natural gas price environment that has persisted since late 2014, demand for service and maintenance has decreased as oil and natural gas producers decrease their activity. In particular, the demand for new or existing field drilling and completion work is driven by available investment capital for such work and our customers have significantly curtailed their capital spending beginning in 2015 and continuing into 2018. Because these types of services can be easily “started” and “stopped,” and oil and natural gas producers generally tend to be less risk tolerant when commodity prices are low or volatile, we may experience a more rapid decline in demand for well maintenance services compared with demand for other types of oilfield services. Further, in a lower-priced environment, fewer well service rigs are needed for completions, as these activities are generally associated with drilling activity.
Emergence from Voluntary Reorganization and Fresh Start Accounting
Upon our emergence from bankruptcy on the Effective Date, the Company adopted fresh start accounting which resulted in the creation of a new entity for financial reporting purposes. As a result of the application of fresh start accounting, as well as the effects of the implementation of the Plan, the Consolidated Financial Statements on or after December 16, 2016 are not comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements prior to that date. Refer to “Note 3. Fresh Start Accounting” in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.
References to “Successor” or “Successor Company” relate to the financial position and results of operations of the reorganized Company subsequent to December 15, 2016. References to “Predecessor” or “Predecessor Company” refer to the financial position and results of operations of the Company prior to December 15, 2016.
Business and Growth Strategies
Focus on Production Related Services
Over the life of an oil and gas well, regular maintenance of well bore and artificial lift systems is required to maintain production and offset natural production declines. In most of these interventions, a well service rig is required to remove and replace items needing repair, or to perform activities that would increase the oil and gas production from current levels. In many instances these interventions require additional assets or services to perform. With the decline in oil prices beginning in 2014, we believe that a number of oil and gas producers in the United States significantly curtailed their recurring well maintenance activities. We believe that a recovery in oil prices will result in oil and gas producers making the decision to resume regular well maintenance activities. Additionally, we believe that in many instances since the oil price decline began in 2014, oil and gas producers have foregone regular maintenance activities, and that additional demand for our services will be provided by oil and gas producers seeking to improve their production by repairing their wells. Key is well positioned to capitalize on these trends through its fleet of active and warm stacked well service rigs and the additional fishing and rental service offerings it provides and we will continue to invest, either in equipment or through acquisition to grow and take advantage of this dynamic.
Growth in Population of Horizontal Oil and Gas Wells
Since the revolution of horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing began in the United States, thousands of new horizontal oil wells have been added, many in the period from 2012 to 2014. As the initial production from these wells declines over their first several years of production, and these wells are placed on artificial lift systems to maintain production, we believe that these wells will require periodic maintenance similar to a conventional oil well. In many instances due to the depth and long lateral sections of these wells, a larger well service rig with a higher rated derrick capacity will be needed to do this maintenance. We intend to invest in this portion of our well service rig fleet, and the needed rental equipment and services, either through organic capital deployment or acquisition to capitalize on this trend and the growing population of horizontal wells that have entered or will enter the phase of their life where regular maintenance is required.
PERFORMANCE MEASURES
The Baker Hughes U.S. rig count data, which is publicly available on a weekly basis, is often used as a coincident indicator of overall Exploration and Production (“E&P”) company spending and broader oilfield activity. In assessing overall activity in the U.S. onshore oilfield service industry in which we operate, we believe that the Baker Hughes U.S. land drilling rig count is the best barometer of E&P companies’ capital spending and resulting activity levels. Historically, our activity levels have been highly correlated to U.S. onshore capital spending by our E&P company customers as a group.
(1)
Represents the average of the monthly average prices for each of the years presented. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Bloomberg.
(2)
Source: www.bakerhughes.com
(3)
Source: www.aesc.net
Internally, we measure activity levels for our well servicing operations primarily through our rig and trucking hours. Generally, as capital by E&P companies increases, demand for our services also rises, resulting in increased rig and trucking services and more hours worked. Conversely, when activity levels decline due to lower spending by E&P companies, we generally provide fewer rig and trucking services, which results in lower hours worked. The following table presents our quarterly rig and trucking hours from 2016 through 2018.
(1)
Key’s U.S. working days are the number of weekdays during the quarter minus national holidays.
MARKET AND BUSINESS CONDITIONS AND OUTLOOK
Our core businesses depend on our customers’ willingness to make expenditures to produce, develop and explore for oil and natural gas in onshore U.S. basins. Industry conditions are influenced by numerous factors, such as oil and natural gas prices, the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas, domestic and worldwide economic conditions, political instability in oil producing countries, and available supply of and demand for the services we provide. Higher oil prices have historically spurred additional demand for our services as oil and gas producers increase spending on production maintenance and drilling and completion of new wells.
Over the course of 2018, strengthening oil prices led to improvement in demand for our services, particularly those driven by the completion of oil and natural gas wells, and we were able to increase prices for most of our service offerings. While the oil price rose to levels not experienced since the end of 2014 and we experienced improvement in demand across all of our service offerings, we have not yet seen a substantial change in activity as it relates to our customer’s spending for the maintenance of existing oil and gas wells, particularly conventional wells.
During the fourth quarter of 2018, we experienced a decline in revenues due to seasonal effects and a decline in our completion driven revenues, primarily in our coiled tubing services, due to a reduction in completion activities that we believe occurred as a result of the lack of take away pipeline capacity for operators in the Permian Basin, our clients completion of their 2018 budgets and the decline in oil prices experienced in the fourth quarter of 2018. We expect that as commodity prices have improved in 2019 and take away capacity is added to the Permian Basin over 2019, demand for completion driven services will increase. Additionally, we believe that continued aging of horizontal wells over 2019 and future periods and customers choosing to increase production through accretive regular well maintenance in these horizontal wells will strengthen demand and pricing for our well maintenance services over the next several years. With increased demand for oilfield services broadly and specifically in the services we offer, we expect the demand for qualified employees to also increase. An inability to attract and retain qualified employees to meet the needs of our customers may constrain our growth in 2019 and future periods or offset price increases realized due to inflation in labor costs necessary to attract and retain employees.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results of Operations
The following tables set forth consolidated results of operations and financial information by operating segment and other selected information for the periods indicated. The period from December 16 to December 31, 2016 (Successor Company) and the period from January 1 to December 15, 2016 (Predecessor Company) are distinct reporting periods as a result of our emergence from bankruptcy on December 15, 2016. References in these results of operations to the change and the percentage change combine the Successor Company and Predecessor Company results for the year ended December 31, 2016 in order to provide some comparability of such information to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. While this combined presentation is not presented according to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and no comparable GAAP measure is presented, management believes that providing this financial information is the most relevant and useful method for making comparisons to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenues
Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $85.5 million, or 19.6%, to $521.7 million from $436.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, due to an increase in spending from our customers as they react to improving commodity prices and our ability to increase prices for our services. Internationally, we had no revenue in 2018 as a result of the sale our operations in Canada and Russia. See “Segment Operating Results - Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017” below for a more detailed discussion of the change in our revenues.
Direct operating expenses
Our direct operating expenses increased $74.1 million, or 22.3%, to $406.4 million (77.9% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $332.3 million (76.2% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase is primarily a result of an increase in employee compensation costs, fuel expense and repair and maintenance expense, due to an increase in activity levels and, with respect to the increase in repair and maintenance expense, due to costs associated with making idle equipment ready for work and the decrease in gain on sale of assets related to the sale of our frac stack equipment and well testing services business which were sold in the second quarter of 2017. See “Segment Operating Results - Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017” below for a more detailed discussion of the change in our direct operating expenses.
Depreciation and amortization expense
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $1.9 million, or 2.2%, to 82.6 million (15.8% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $84.5 million (19.4% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017. This decrease is primarily due to the sale of businesses of our former International segment and our frac stack equipment and well-testing services business in 2017.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased $23.7 million, or 20.6%, to $91.6 million (17.6% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $115.3 million (26.4% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease is primarily due to lower employee compensation costs due to reduced staffing levels and a decrease in legal settlement expenses.
Impairment expense
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we did not record an impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a $0.2 million impairment to reduce the carrying value of assets and related liabilities of our Russian business unit, which was sold in the third quarter of 2017, to fair market value.
Reorganization items, net
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded zero reorganization items, compared to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily consisting of professional fees incurred in connection with our emergence from voluntary reorganization.
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
Interest expense increased $2.4 million to $34.2 million (6.5% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $31.8 million (7.3% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase is primarily related to the increase in the variable interest rate on our long-term debt.
Other income, net
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized other income, net, of $2.4 million, compared to $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a $4.7 million gain on sale related to our Russian subsidiary which was disposed of in the third quarter of 2017.
The table below presents comparative detailed information about combined other loss, net at December 31, 2018 and 2017:
Income tax benefit
Our income tax benefit was $2.0 million (2.2% effective rate) on a pre-tax loss of $90.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to an income tax benefit of $1.7 million (1.4% effective rate) on a pre-tax loss of $122.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our effective tax rates for the 2018 and 2017 periods differ from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% and 35%, respectively, due to a number of factors, including the mix of profit and loss between domestic and international taxing jurisdictions and the impact of permanent items, including expenses subject to statutorily imposed limitations such as meals and entertainment expenses, that affect book income but do not affect taxable income and discrete tax adjustments, such as valuation allowances against deferred tax assets and tax expense or benefit recognized for uncertain tax positions.
The U.S. enacted into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“2017 Tax Act”) on December 22, 2017. The 2017 Tax Act is comprehensive tax reform legislation that, among other things, contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including a permanent reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, imposing a mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, a partial limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, a limitation on net operating losses to 80% of taxable income each year, and a shift of the U.S. taxation of multinational corporations from a tax on worldwide income to a partial territorial system (along with rules that create a new U.S. minimum tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries).
Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenues
Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $18.9 million, or 4.5%, to $436.2 million from $417.3 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016, due to an increase in spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices. Internationally, we had lower revenue as a result of the sale our operations in Mexico, a decrease in activity in Russia and the sale during the third quarter of 2017 of our Russian operations. See “Segment Operating Results - Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016” below for a more detailed discussion of the change in our revenues.
Direct operating expenses
Our direct operating expenses decreased $47.1 million, or 12.4%, to $332.3 million (76.2% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $379.4 million (90.9% of revenues) for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is partially related to a $21.0 million gain on the sale of certain assets and a decrease in employee compensation costs, fuel expense and repair and maintenance expense as we took steps to reduce our cost structure. See “Segment Operating Results - Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016” below for a more detailed discussion of the change in our direct operating expenses.
Depreciation and amortization expense
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $50.3 million, or 37.3%, to 84.5 million (19.4% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $134.9 million (32.3% of revenues) for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily attributable to the reduction of property, plant and equipment due to the implementation of fresh start accounting in the fourth quarter of 2016.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased $54.5 million, or 32.1%, to $115.3 million (26.4% of revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $169.8 million (40.7% of revenues) for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily due to a $24.0 million decrease in professional fees related to our 2016 corporate restructuring and lower employee compensation costs due to reduced staffing levels and a reduction in wages partially offset by a $5.2 million increase in legal settlement accruals.
Impairment expense
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a $0.2 million impairment to reduce the carrying value of the assets and related liabilities of our Russian business unit, which was sold in the third quarter of 2017, to fair market value. During the combined year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $44.6 million impairment to reduce the carrying value of assets held for sale to fair market value related to our business unit in Mexico.
Reorganization items, net
Reorganization items primarily consist of $1.5 million of professional fees incurred in connection with our emergence from voluntary reorganization for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to a $578.7 million gain on debt discharge partially offset by a $299.6 million loss on fresh start accounting revaluations, a $19.2 million write-off of deferred financing costs and debt premiums and discounts, and $15.2 million of professional fees incurred in connection with our emergence from voluntary reorganization for the combined year ended December 31, 2016.
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
Interest expense decreased $43.9 million to $31.8 million (7.3% of revenues), for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $75.7 million (18.1% of revenues) for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily related to the elimination of the Predecessor Company’s senior secured notes in connection with our emergence from voluntary reorganization.
Other (income) loss, net
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized other income, net, of $7.2 million, compared to $2.4 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. Our foreign exchange (gain) loss relates to U.S. dollar-denominated transactions in our foreign locations and fluctuations in exchange rates between local currencies and the U.S. dollar.
The table below presents comparative detailed information about combined other loss, net at December 31, 2017 and 2016:
Income tax (expense) benefit
Our income tax benefit was $1.7 million (1.4% effective rate) on pre-tax loss of $122.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to an income tax benefit of zero (0.00% effective rate) on a pre-tax loss of $10.2 million and a $2.8 million tax expense (2.2% effective rate) on pre-tax loss of $128.9 million for the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and for the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, respectively. Our effective tax rates for such periods differ from the then-applicable U.S. statutory rate of 35% due to a number of factors, including the mix of profit and loss between domestic and international taxing jurisdictions and the impact of permanent items, including goodwill impairment expense and expenses subject to statutorily imposed limitations such as meals and entertainment expenses, that affect book income but do not affect taxable income and discrete tax adjustments, such as valuation allowances against deferred tax assets and tax expense or benefit recognized for uncertain tax positions.
Segment Operating Results
Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
The following table shows operating results for each of our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
For the year ended December 31, 2018
For the year ended December 31, 2017
Rig Services
Revenues for our Rig Services segment increased $48.1 million, or 19.3%, to $297.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $248.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase for this segment is primarily due to an increase in completion and production spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices and our ability to increase prices for our services.
Operating expenses for our Rig Services segment were $277.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, which represented an increase of $25.0 million, or 9.9%, compared to $252.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase is primarily a result of an increase in employee compensation costs, fuel expense and repair and maintenance expense due to an increase in activity levels and an increase in wages for our employees.
Fishing and Rental Services
Revenues for our Fishing and Rental Services segment increased $5.5 million, or 9.3%, to $64.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $59.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in revenue for this segment is primarily due an increase in completion and production spending from our customers as they react to improving commodity prices and our ability to increase prices for our services. This increase was partially offset by the sale of our frac stack and well-testing services business which was sold in 2017.
Operating expenses for our Fishing and Rental Services segment were $73.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, which represented an increase of $21.7 million, or 42.0%, compared to $51.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase is primarily a result of an increase in employee compensation costs, fuel expense and repair and maintenance expense due to an increase in activity levels and an increase in wages for our employees.
Coiled Tubing Services
Revenues for our Coiled Tubing Services segment increased $29.1 million, or 69.5%, to $71.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $41.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase for this segment is primarily due to an increase in completion spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices and our ability to increase prices for our services.
Operating expenses for our Coiled Tubing Services segment were $65.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, which represented an increase of $25.6 million, or 63.6%, compared to $40.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase is primarily a result of an increase in employee compensation costs, fuel expense and repair and maintenance expense due to an increase in activity levels and an increase in wages for our employees.
Fluid Management Services
Revenues for our Fluid Management Services segment increased $8.3 million, or 10.3%, to $89.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $80.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase for this segment is primarily due to an increase in spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices and our ability to increase prices for our services.
Operating expenses for our Fluid Management Services segment were $97.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, which represented a decrease of $2.4 million, or 2.4%, compared to $100.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This decrease is primarily a result of a decrease in legal settlement expenses partially offset by an increase in employee compensation costs due to an increase in activity levels and an increase in wages for our employees.
International
We sold the remaining businesses of our former International segment, our Canadian subsidiary and our Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. Accordingly, for 2018, we no longer have an International segment.
Revenues for our International segment for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $5.6 million. Operating expenses for our International segment were $10.6 million. These expenses were related to employee compensation costs and equipment expense and a $0.2 million impairment to reduce the carrying value of the assets and related liabilities of our Russian business unit to fair market value.
Functional support
Operating expenses for our Functional Support segment decreased $11.0 million, or 14.3%, to $66.2 million (12.7% of consolidated revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $77.2 million (17.7% of consolidated revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease is primarily due to lower employee compensation costs due to reduced staffing levels and a decrease in legal settlement expenses.
Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
The following table shows operating results for each of our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
For the year ended December 31, 2017
For the Successor period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016
For the Predecessor period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016
Rig Services
Revenues for our Rig Services segment increased $17.4 million, or 7.5%, to $248.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $231.4 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The increase for this segment is primarily due to an increase in completion and production spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices.
Operating expenses for our Rig Services segment were $252.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, which represented a decrease of $20.4 million, or 7.5%, compared to $272.8 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. These expenses decreased primarily as a result of reduced depreciation expense and a decrease in employee compensation on a per hour basis as we took steps to reduce our cost structure.
Fishing and Rental Services
Revenues for our Fishing and Rental Services segment were $59.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in revenue for this segment is primarily due to the sale of our frac stack and well-testing services business, which was offset by an increase in completion and production spending from our customers as they react to improving commodity prices.
Operating expenses for our Fishing and Rental Services segment were $51.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, which represented a decrease of $34.2 million, or 39.8%, compared to $85.9 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. These expenses decreased primarily due to a $21.0 million gain on the sale of certain assets, as a result of reduced depreciation expense and a decrease in employee compensation on a per hour basis as we took steps to reduce our cost structure.
Coiled Tubing Services
Revenues for our Coiled Tubing Services segment increased $9.9 million, or 31.0%, to $41.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $32.0 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The increase for this segment is primarily due to an increase in drilling and completion spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices.
Operating expenses for our Coiled Tubing Services segment were $40.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, which represented a decrease of $11.3 million, or 21.9%, compared to $51.5 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. These expenses decreased primarily as a result of reduced depreciation expense and a decrease in employee compensation costs and equipment expense as we took steps to reduce our cost structure.
Fluid Management Services
Revenues for our Fluid Management Services segment increased $1.5 million, or 1.9%, to $80.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $79.2 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The increase for this segment is primarily due to an increase in spending from our customers as they reacted to improving commodity prices.
Operating expenses for our Fluid Management Services segment were $100.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, which represented a decrease of $18.0 million, or 15.2%, compared to $118.3 million for the combined year ended
December 31, 2016. These expenses decreased primarily as a result of a decrease in employee compensation costs and equipment expense as we took steps to reduce our cost structure.
International
Revenues for our International segment decreased $9.9 million, or 64.0%, to $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $15.5 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower customer activity in Russia, the sale during the third quarter of 2017 of our Russian operations and our exit from operations in Mexico, which was sold in 2016.
Operating expenses for our International segment decreased $64.1 million, or 85.8%, to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $74.6 million for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. These expenses decreased primarily as a result of a decrease in employee compensation costs and equipment expense related to our exit from operations in Mexico and Russia and a $44.6 million impairment to reduce the carrying value of the assets and related liabilities of our Mexican business unit, which was sold in 2016, to fair market value.
Functional support
Operating expenses for our Functional Support segment decreased $48.4 million, or 38.5%, to $77.2 million (17.7% of consolidated revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $125.6 million (30.1% of consolidated revenues) for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily due to lower employee compensation costs due to reduced staffing levels and reduction in wages, a $5.0 million FCPA settlement accrual in 2016 and a decrease of $24.0 million in professional fees related to the 2016 corporate restructuring.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We require capital to fund our ongoing operations, including maintenance expenditures on our existing fleet and equipment, organic growth initiatives, investments and acquisitions, our debt service payments and our other obligations. We believe that our internally generated cash flows from operations, current reserves of cash and availability under our ABL Facility are sufficient to finance our cash requirements for current and future operations, budgeted capital expenditures, debt service and other obligations for the next twelve months.
Oil and natural gas prices began a rapid and substantial decline in the fourth quarter of 2014. Depressed commodity price conditions persisted and worsened during 2015 and remained depressed during 2016 and 2017. In 2018, commodity prices have increased but remain well below the 2014 average. As a result, demand for our products and services declined substantially, and the prices we are able to charge our customers for our products and services have also declined substantially. These trends materially and adversely affected our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition during 2018 and, unless conditions in our industry improve, this trend will potentially continue beyond 2018.
In response to these conditions, we have undertaken several actions detailed below in an effort to preserve and improve our liquidity and financial position.
•
In April 2015, we announced our decision to exit markets in which we participate outside of North America. Our strategy is to sell or relocate the assets of the businesses operating in these markets. To this end, during the second half of 2015, we ceased operations in Colombia, Ecuador and the Middle East. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we completed the sale of our business in Mexico, and we completed the sale of our Canadian subsidiary and Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. Additionally, in 2017 we sold our frac stack and well-testing services business.
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On December 15, 2016, the Company emerged from a pre-planned voluntary chapter 11 reorganization resulting in approximately $697 million of the Company’s long-term debt being eliminated along with more than $45.6 million of annual interest expense going forward.
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On December 15, 2016, we entered into our new $80 million ABL Facility (which was increased to $100 million on February 3, 2017) due June 15, 2021, and our new $250 million Term Loan Facility due December 15, 2021. As of December 31, 2018, we had no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Facility and $34.8 million of letters of credit outstanding with borrowing capacity of $24.0 million available subject to covenant constraints under our ABL Facility.
•
Beginning in the first quarter of 2015, we began a series of structural cost cutting changes at both corporate and field levels, which include fixed costs, supply-chain efficiencies, reduction in capital expenditures and headcount and wage reductions which has continued into 2018.
However, we still have substantial indebtedness and other obligations, and we may incur additional expenses that we are unable to predict at this time.
Our ability to fund our operations, pay the principal and interest on our long-term debt and satisfy our other obligations will depend upon our available liquidity and the amount of cash flows we are able to generate from our operations. During 2018, our net cash used in operating activities was $1.8 million, and, if industry conditions do not improve, we may have negative cash flows from operations in 2019.
Current Financial Condition and Liquidity
As of December 31, 2018, our working capital was $55.0 million compared to $83.0 million as of December 31, 2017. Our working capital decreased during 2018 primarily as a result of a decrease in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and inventories partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable.
As of December 31, 2018, we had $50.3 million of cash, of which approximately $0.4 million was held in the bank accounts of our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, $0.1 million of the cash held by our foreign subsidiaries was held in U.S. bank accounts and denominated in U.S. dollars. We believe that the cash held by our wholly owned foreign subsidiaries could be repatriated for general corporate use without material withholdings.
Cash Flows
Cash used in operating activities were $1.8 million and $51.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily related to net loss adjusted for noncash items and an increase in accounts receivable partially offset by the decrease in inventory. Cash used by operating activities for year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily related to net loss adjusted for noncash items.
Cash used in investing activities was $22.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to cash provided by investing activities of $16.9 million for the ended December 31, 2017. Cash outflows during these periods consisted of capital expenditures. Our capital expenditures are primarily related to the addition of new equipment and the ongoing maintenance of our equipment. Cash inflows during these periods consisted of proceeds from sales of fixed assets.
Cash provided by financing activities were $2.8 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Financing cash outflows during these periods primarily relate to the repayment of long-term debt.
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 (in thousands):
Debt Service
At December 31, 2018, our annual maturities on our indebtedness, consisting only of our Term Loan Facility at year-end, were as follows (in thousands):
ABL Facility
On December 15, 2016, the Company and Key Energy Services, LLC, as borrowers (the “ABL Borrowers”), entered into the ABL Facility with the financial institutions party thereto from time to time as lenders (the “ABL Lenders”), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as co-collateral agents for the lenders. The ABL Facility provides for aggregate initial commitments from the ABL Lenders of $80 million, which, on February 3, 2017 was increased to $100 million, and matures on June 15, 2021.
The ABL Facility provides the ABL Borrowers with the ability to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount equal to the lesser of (i) the aggregate revolving commitments then in effect and (ii) the sum of (a) 85% of the value of eligible accounts receivable plus (b) 80% of the value of eligible unbilled accounts receivable, subject to a limit equal to the greater of (x) $35 million and (y) 25% of the Commitments. The amount that may be borrowed under the ABL Facility is subject to increase or reduction based on certain segregated cash or reserves provided for by the ABL Facility. In addition, the percentages of accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable included in the calculation described above is subject to reduction to the extent of certain bad debt write-downs and other dilutive items provided in the ABL Facility.
Borrowings under the ABL Facility will bear interest, at the ABL Borrowers’ option, at a per annum rate equal to (i) LIBOR for 30, 60, 90, 180, or, with the consent of the ABL Lenders, 360 days, plus an applicable margin that varies from 2.50% to 4.50% depending on the Borrowers’ fixed charge coverage ratio at such time or (ii) a base rate equal to the sum of (a) the greatest of (x) the prime rate, (y) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50% or (z) 30-day LIBOR, plus 1.0% plus (b) an applicable margin that varies from 1.50% to 3.50% depending on the Borrowers’ fixed charge coverage ratio at such time. In addition, the ABL Facility provides for unused line fees of 1.0% to 1.25% per year, depending on utilization, letter of credit fees and certain other factors.
The ABL Facility may in the future be guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future subsidiaries (the “ABL Guarantors,” and together with the ABL Borrowers, the “ABL Loan Parties”). To secure their obligations under the ABL Facility, each of the ABL Loan Parties has granted or will grant, as applicable, to the Administrative Agent a first-priority security interest for the benefit of the ABL Lenders in its present and future accounts receivable, inventory and related assets and proceeds of the foregoing (the “ABL Priority Collateral”). In addition, the obligations of the ABL Loan Parties under the ABL Facility are secured by second-priority liens on the Term Priority Collateral (as described below under “Term Loan Facility”).
The revolving loans under the ABL Facility may be voluntarily prepaid, in whole or in part, without premium or penalty, subject to breakage or similar costs.
The ABL Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that restrict the ability of the ABL Loan Parties to take certain actions including, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, the incurrence of debt, the granting of liens, the making of investments, entering into transactions with affiliates, the payment of dividends and the sale of assets. The ABL Facility also contains a requirement that the ABL Borrowers comply, during certain periods, with a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00.
As of December 31, 2018, we had no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Facility and $34.8 million of letters of credit outstanding with borrowing capacity of $24.0 million available subject to covenant constraints under our ABL Facility.
Term Loan Facility
On December 15, 2016, the Company entered into the Term Loan Facility among the Company, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company named as guarantors therein, the financial institutions party thereto from time to time as Lenders (collectively, the “Term Loan Lenders”) and Cortland Capital Market Services LLC and Cortland Products Corp., as agent for the Term Loan Lenders. The Term Loan Facility had an outstanding principal amount of $250 million as of the Effective Date.
The Term Loan Facility will mature on December 15, 2021, although such maturity date may, at the Company’s request, be extended by one or more of the Term Loan Lenders pursuant to the terms of the Term Loan Facility. Borrowings under the Term Loan Facility will bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a per annum rate equal to (i) LIBOR for one, two, three, six, or, with the consent of the Term Loan Lenders, 12 months, plus 10.25% or (ii) a base rate equal to the sum of (a) the greatest of (x) the prime rate, (y) the Federal Funds rate, plus 0.50% and (z) 30-day LIBOR, plus 1.0% plus (b) 9.25%.
The Term Loan Facility is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future subsidiaries (the “Term Loan Guarantors,” and together with the Company, the “Term Loan Parties”). To secure their obligations under the Term Loan Facility, each of the Term Loan Parties has granted or will grant, as applicable, to the agent a first-priority security interest for the benefit of the Term Loan Lenders in substantially all of each Term Loan Party’s assets other than certain excluded assets and the ABL Priority Collateral (the “Term Priority Collateral”). In addition, the obligations of the Term Loan Parties under the Term Loan Facility are secured by second-priority liens on the ABL Priority Collateral (as described above under “ABL Facility”).
The loans under the Term Loan Facility may be prepaid at the Company’s option, subject to the payment of a prepayment premium in certain circumstances as provided in the Term Loan Facility. If a prepayment is made after the first anniversary of the
loan but prior to the second anniversary, such prepayment must be made at 106% of the principle amount, if a prepayment is made after the second anniversary but prior to the third anniversary, such prepayment must be made at 103% of the principle amount. After the third anniversary, if a prepayment is made, no prepayment premium is due. The Company is required to make principal payments in the amount of $625,000 per quarter commencing with the quarter ending March 31, 2017. In addition, pursuant to the Term Loan Facility, the Company must prepay or offer to prepay, as applicable, term loans with the net cash proceeds of certain debt incurrences and asset sales, excess cash flow, and upon certain change of control transactions, subject in each case to certain exceptions.
The Term Loan Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that restrict the ability of the Term Loan Parties to take certain actions including, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, the incurrence of debt, the granting of liens, the making of investments, entering into transactions with affiliates, the payment of dividends and the sale of assets. The Term Loan Facility also contains financial covenants requiring that the Company maintain an asset coverage ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.0 and that Liquidity (as defined in the Term Loan Facility) must not be less than $37.5 million (of which at least $20.0 million must be in cash or cash equivalents held in deposit accounts) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, subject to certain exceptions and cure rights.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 2018, we did not, and we currently do not, have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Contractual Obligations
Set forth below is a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018. The obligations we pay in future periods reflect certain assumptions, including variability in interest rates on our variable-rate obligations and the duration of our obligations, and actual payments in future periods may vary.
(1)
Based on interest rates in effect at December 31, 2018.
Debt Compliance
At December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all the financial covenants under our ABL Facility and the Term Loan Facility. Based on management’s current projections, we expect to be in compliance with all the covenants under our ABL Facility and Term Loan Facility for the next twelve months. A breach of any of these covenants, ratios or tests could result in a default under our indebtedness. See “- Debt Service” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors”
Capital Expenditures
During the year ended December 31, 2018, our capital expenditures totaled $37.5 million, primarily related to the ongoing replacement to our rig service fleet, coiled tubing units, fluid transportation equipment and rental equipment. Our capital expenditure plan for 2019 contemplates spending between $15 million and $20 million, subject to market conditions. This is primarily related to the addition of new equipment needed to take advantage of the increases in activity and the ongoing maintenance of our equipment. Our capital expenditure program for 2019 is subject to market conditions, including activity levels, commodity prices, industry capacity and specific customer needs as well as cash flows, including cash generated from asset sales. Our focus for 2019 will be the maximization of our current equipment fleet, but we may choose to increase our capital expenditures in 2019 to expand our presence in a market. We currently anticipate funding our 2019 capital expenditures through a combination of cash on hand, operating cash flow, proceeds from sales of assets and borrowings under our ABL Facility. Should our operating cash flows or activity levels prove to be insufficient to fund our currently planned capital spending levels, management expects it will adjust our capital spending plans accordingly. We may also incur capital expenditures for strategic investments and acquisitions.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our Accounting Department is responsible for the development and application of our accounting policies and internal control procedures and reports to the Chief Financial Officer.
The process of preparing our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions, which may affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingencies at the balance sheet date, the amounts of revenues and expenses recognized during the reporting period and the presentation of our statement of cash flows. We may record materially different amounts if these estimates, judgments and assumptions change or if actual results differ. However, we analyze our estimates, assumptions and judgments based on our historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.
We have identified the following critical accounting policies that require a significant amount of estimation or judgment to accurately present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows:
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Revenue recognition;
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Estimate of reserves for workers’ compensation, vehicular liability and other self-insurance;
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Contingencies;
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Income taxes;
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Estimates of depreciable lives;
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Valuation of tangible and finite-lived intangible assets; and
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Valuation of equity-based compensation.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when all of the following criteria have been met: (i) contract with a customer is identified, (ii) performance obligations in the contract is identified, (iii) transaction price is determined (iv) transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations and (v) revenue is recognized when (or as) the performance obligation(s) are satisfied.
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Identifying the contract with the customer ensures that there is an understanding between the company and the customer, about the specific nature and terms of a transaction, has been finalized.
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At the inception of a contract, the company assesses the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer, and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer either: (i) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct or (ii) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.
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The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The transaction price may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. By its nature, variable amounts of a transaction price have inherent uncertainty as the amount ultimately expected to be realized is not determinable at the outset of a contract. However, the company shall estimate the amount of variable consideration at contract inception, subject to certain limitations.
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Once the separate performance obligations are identified and the transaction price has been determined, the company allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations. This is generally done in proportion to their standalone selling prices. As a result, any discount within the contract is generally allocated proportionally to all of the separate performance obligations in the contract.
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Revenue is only recognized when it satisfies an identified performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. A good or service is considered transferred when the customer obtains control.
While not typical for our business, our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenues to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers or using expected cost-plus margin. For combined products and services within a contract, we account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct- i.e. if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the contract and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The consideration (including any discounts) is allocated between separate products and services within a contract based on the prices at which we separately sell our services. For items that are not sold separately, we estimate the standalone selling prices using the expected cost-plus margin approach.
Workers’ Compensation, Vehicular Liability and Other Self-Insurance
The occurrence of an event not fully insured or indemnified against, or the failure of a customer or insurer to meet its indemnification or insurance obligations, could result in substantial losses. In addition, insurance may not be available to cover any or all of these risks, and, if available, we might not be able to obtain such insurance without a substantial increase in premiums. It is possible that, in addition to higher premiums, future insurance coverage may be subject to higher deductibles and coverage restrictions.
We estimate our liability arising out of uninsured and potentially insured events, including workers’ compensation, employer’s liability, vehicular liability, and general liability, and record accruals in our consolidated financial statements. Reserves related to claims are based on the specific facts and circumstances of the insured event and our past experience with similar claims and trend analysis. We adjust loss estimates in the calculation of these accruals based upon actual claim settlements and reported claims. Loss estimates for individual claims are adjusted based upon actual claim judgments, settlements and reported claims. The actual outcome of these claims could differ significantly from estimated amounts. Changes in our assumptions and estimates could potentially have a negative impact on our earnings.
We are primarily self-insured against physical damage to our property, rigs, equipment and automobiles due to large deductibles or self-insurance.
Contingencies
We are periodically required to record other loss contingencies, which relate to lawsuits, claims, proceedings and tax-related audits in the normal course of our operations, on our consolidated balance sheet. We record a loss contingency for these matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We periodically review our loss contingencies to ensure that we have recorded appropriate liabilities on the balance sheet. We adjust these liabilities based on estimates and judgments made by management with respect to the likely outcome of these matters, including the effect of any applicable insurance coverage for litigation matters. Our estimates and judgments could change based on new information, changes in laws or regulations, changes in management’s plans or intentions, the outcome of legal proceedings, settlements or other factors. Actual results could vary materially from these reserves.
We record liabilities when environmental assessment indicates that site remediation efforts are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. We measure environmental liabilities based, in part, on relevant past experience, currently enacted laws and regulations, existing technology, site-specific costs and cost-sharing arrangements. Recognition of any joint and several liability is based upon our best estimate of our final pro-rata share of such liability or the low amount in a range of estimates. These assumptions involve the judgments and estimates of management, and any changes in assumptions or new information could lead to increases or decreases in our ultimate liability, with any such changes recognized immediately in earnings.
We record legal obligations to retire tangible, long-lived assets on our balance sheet as liabilities, which are recorded at a discount when we incur the liability. Significant judgment is involved in estimating our future cash flows associated with such obligations, as well as the ultimate timing of the cash flows. If our estimates on the amount or timing of the cash flows change, the change may have a material impact on our results of operations.
Income Taxes
We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method and provide income taxes for all significant temporary differences. Management determines our current tax liability as well as taxes incurred as a result of current operations, yet deferred until future periods. Current taxes payable represent our liability related to our income tax returns for the current year, while net deferred tax expense or benefit represents the change in the balance of deferred tax assets and liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Further, management makes certain assumptions about the timing of temporary tax differences for the differing treatment of certain items for tax and accounting purposes or whether such differences are permanent. The final determination of our tax liability involves the interpretation of local tax laws, tax treaties, and related authorities in each jurisdiction as well as the significant use of estimates and assumptions regarding the scope of future operations and results achieved and the timing and nature of income earned and expenditures incurred.
We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets if we determine that it is more likely than not (e.g., a likelihood of more than 50%) that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. To assess the likelihood, we use estimates and judgment regarding our future taxable income, as well as the jurisdiction in which this taxable income is generated, to determine whether a valuation allowance is required. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character and in the related jurisdiction in the future. Evidence supporting this ability can include our current financial position, our results of operations, both actual and forecasted results, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and tax planning strategies as well as the current and forecasted business economics of our industry. Additionally, we record uncertain tax positions in the financial statements at their net recognizable amount, based on the
amount that management deems is more likely than not to be sustained upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities in the domestic and international tax jurisdictions in which we operate.
If our estimates or assumptions regarding our current and deferred tax items are inaccurate or are modified, these changes could have potentially material negative impacts on our earnings.
Estimates of Depreciable Lives
We use the estimated depreciable lives of our long-lived assets, such as rigs, heavy-duty trucks and trailers, to compute depreciation expense, to estimate future asset retirement obligations and to conduct impairment tests. We base the estimates of our depreciable lives on a number of factors, such as the environment in which the assets operate, industry factors including forecasted prices and competition, and the assumption that we provide the appropriate amount of capital expenditures while the asset is in operation to maintain economical operation of the asset and prevent untimely demise to scrap. The useful lives of our intangible assets are determined by the years over which we expect the assets to generate a benefit based on legal, contractual or other expectations.
We depreciate our operational assets over their depreciable lives to their salvage value, which is generally 10% of the acquisition cost. We recognize a gain or loss upon ultimate disposal of the asset based on the difference between the carrying value of the asset on the disposal date and any proceeds we receive in connection with the disposal.
We periodically analyze our estimates of the depreciable lives of our fixed assets to determine if the depreciable periods and salvage value continue to be appropriate. We also analyze useful lives and salvage value when events or conditions occur that could shorten the remaining depreciable life of the asset. We review the depreciable periods and salvage values for reasonableness, given current conditions. As a result, our depreciation expense is based upon estimates of depreciable lives of the fixed assets, the salvage value and economic factors, all of which require management to make significant judgments and estimates. If we determine that the depreciable lives should be different than originally estimated, depreciation expense may increase or decrease and impairments in the carrying values of our fixed assets may result, which could negatively impact our earnings.
Valuation of Tangible and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Our fixed assets and finite-lived intangibles are tested for potential impairment when circumstances or events indicate a possible impairment may exist. These circumstances or events are referred to as “trigger events” and examples of such trigger events include, but are not limited to, an adverse change in market conditions, a significant decrease in benefits being derived from an acquired business, a change in the use of an asset, or a significant disposal of a particular asset or asset class.
If a trigger event occurs, an impairment test is performed based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis. To perform an impairment test, we make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding long-term forecasts of revenues and expenses relating to the assets subject to review. Market conditions, energy prices, estimated depreciable lives of the assets, discount rate assumptions and legal factors impact our operations and have a significant effect on the estimates we use to determine whether our assets are impaired. If the results of the undiscounted cash flow analysis indicate that the carrying value of the assets being tested for impairment are not recoverable, then we record an impairment charge to write the carrying value of the assets down to their fair value. Using different judgments, assumptions or estimates, we could potentially arrive at a materially different fair value for the assets being tested for impairment, which may result in an impairment charge.
Valuation of Equity-Based Compensation
We issue or have issued time-based vesting and performance-based vesting stock options, time-based vesting and performance-based vesting restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards to our employees and non-employee directors. The options we grant are fair valued using a Black-Scholes option model on the grant date and are amortized to compensation expense over the vesting period of the option, net of forfeitures. Compensation related to restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is based on the fair value of the award on the grant date and is amortized to compensation expense over the vesting period of the award, net of forfeitures. The grant-date fair value of our time-based restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is determined using our stock price on the grant date. The grant-date fair value of our performance-based restricted stock units is determined using our stock price on the grant date assuming a 1.0x payout target, however, a maximum 2.0x payout could be achieved if certain EBITDA-based performance measures are met.
In utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine fair values of stock options, certain assumptions are made which are based on subjective expectations, and are subject to change. A change in one or more of these assumptions would impact the expense associated with future grants. These key assumptions include the historical stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate and the expected life of awards. In view of the limited amount of time elapsed since our reorganization, volatility is calculated based on historical stock price volatility of our peer group with a lookback period equivalent to the expected term of the award.
Valuation of Warrants
Pursuant to the Plan and on the Effective Date, the Company issued two series of warrants to the former holders of the Predecessor Company’s common stock. One series of warrants will expire on December 15, 2020 and the other series of warrants will expire on December 15, 2021. Each warrant is exercisable for one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01. At issuance, the warrants were recorded at fair value, which was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The warrants are equity classified and, at issuance, were recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital in the amount of $3.8 million.
Recent Accounting Developments
ASU 2018-02. In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This standard allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”) that was enacted on December 22, 2017. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-18. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU, 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash. This standard provides guidance on the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the statements of cash flows. The amendments of this ASU should be applied using a retrospective transition method and are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 and other than the revised statement of cash flows presentation of restricted cash, the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-15. In August 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, that clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The guidance also clarifies how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-13. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments that will change how companies measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that aren’t measured at fair value through net income. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount. The amendments in this update will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is evaluating the effect of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-02. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will replace the existing lease guidance. The new standard is intended to provide enhanced transparency and comparability by requiring lessees to record right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities on the balance sheet. Additional disclosure requirements include qualitative disclosures along with specific quantitative disclosures with the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. As part of our assessment work to-date, we have formed an implementation work team, conducted training for the relevant staff regarding the potential impacts of the new ASU and are continuing our contract analysis and policy review. We have engaged external resources to assist us in our efforts to complete the analysis of potential changes to current accounting practices. Additionally, we have created additional internal controls over financial reporting and made changes in business practices and processes related to the ASU. Key has elected the new prospective “Comparatives Under 840” transition method as defined in ASU 2018-11 and adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2019. Applying the Comparatives Under 840 transition method, the adoption of the new standard will require a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings, which we believe will be immaterial.
ASU 2014-09. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The objective of this ASU is to establish the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to
be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 must be adopted using either a full retrospective method or a modified retrospective method. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
When we had operations in Russia, which were sold in the third quarter of 2017, we were exposed to certain market risks as part of our former business operations, including risks from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates that could have impacted our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. We managed our exposure to these risks through regular operating and financing activities, and could have, on a limited basis, used derivative financial instruments to manage this risk. Derivative financial instruments were not used in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016. To the extent that we would have used such derivative financial instruments, we would have used them only as risk management tools and not for speculative investment purposes.
Interest Rate Risk
Borrowings under our Term Loan Facility bear interest at variable interest rates, and therefore expose us to interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2018, the interest rate on our outstanding variable-rate debt obligations was 12.42%. A hypothetical 10% increase in that rate would increase the annual interest expense on those instruments by $3.1 million. Borrowings under our ABL Facility also bear interest at variable interest rates, however, there are no borrowings under this facility as of December 31, 2018.
Foreign Currency Risk
As of December 31, 2017, we no longer conduct operations in Russia. We completed the sale of our Russian subsidiary in the third quarter of 2017. We also had a Canadian subsidiary which was sold in the second quarter of 2017. The local currency was the functional currency for our former operations in Russia. For balances denominated in our former Russian subsidiary’s local currency, changes in the value of their assets and liabilities due to changes in exchange rates were deferred and accumulated in other comprehensive income until we liquidated our investment. Our former Russian subsidiary remeasured its account balances at the end of each period to an equivalent amount of U.S. dollars, with changes reflected in earnings during those periods. A hypothetical 10% decrease in the average value of the U.S. dollar relative to the value of the local currency for our former Russian subsidiary would have increased our 2017 net loss by $0.2 million.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Shareholders
Key Energy Services, Inc.
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Key Energy Services, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2018 (Successor) and December 31, 2017 (Successor), the period December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor), and the period January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 (Predecessor), and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 (Successor) and December 31, 2017 (Successor), the period December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor), and the period January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 (Predecessor), in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 15, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.
Houston, Texas
March 15, 2019
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Shareholders
Key Energy Services, Inc.
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Key Energy Services, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, and our report dated March 15, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Houston, Texas
March 15, 2019
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands)
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except per share data)
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Key Energy Services, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, “Key,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “its,” and “our”) provide a full range of well services to major oil companies, independent oil and natural gas production companies. Our services include rig-based and coiled tubing-based well maintenance and workover services, well completion and recompletion services, fluid management services, fishing and rental services, and other ancillary oilfield services. Additionally, certain of our rigs are capable of specialty drilling applications. We operate in most major oil and natural gas producing regions of the continental United States. We previously had operations in Mexico, which was sold during the fourth quarter of 2016, and Canada and Russia, which were sold in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively.
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with GAAP.
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to develop estimates and to make assumptions that affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. These estimates also impact the nature and extent of our disclosure, if any, of our contingent liabilities. Among other things, we use estimates to (i) analyze assets for possible impairment, (ii) determine depreciable lives for our assets, (iii) assess future tax exposure and realization of deferred tax assets, (iv) determine amounts to accrue for contingencies, (v) value tangible and intangible assets, (vi) assess workers’ compensation, vehicular liability, self-insured risk accruals and other insurance reserves, (vii) provide allowances for our uncollectible accounts receivable, (viii) value our asset retirement obligations, and (ix) value our equity-based compensation. We review all significant estimates on a recurring basis and record the effect of any necessary adjustments prior to publication of our financial statements. Adjustments made with respect to the use of estimates relate to improved information not previously available. Because of the limitations inherent in this process, our actual results may differ materially from these estimates. We believe that our estimates are reasonable.
On October 24, 2016, Key and certain of our domestic subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware pursuant to a prepackaged plan of reorganization (“the Plan”). The Plan was confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court on December 6, 2016, and the Company emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings on December 15, 2016 (“the Effective Date”).
Upon emergence on the Effective Date, the Company adopted fresh start accounting which resulted in the creation of a new entity for financial reporting purposes. As a result of the application of fresh start accounting, as well as the effects of the implementation of the Plan, the Consolidated Financial Statements on or after December 16, 2016 are not comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements prior to that date. Refer to “Note 3. Fresh Start Accounting” for additional information.
References to “Successor” or “Successor Company” relate to the financial position and results of operations of the reorganized Company subsequent to December 15, 2016. References to “Predecessor” or “Predecessor Company” refer to the financial position and results of operations of the Company on and prior to December 15, 2016.
We have evaluated events occurring after the balance sheet date included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for possible disclosure as a subsequent event. Management monitored for subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were issued.
Principles of Consolidation
Within our consolidated financial statements, we include our accounts and the accounts of our majority-owned or controlled subsidiaries. We eliminate intercompany accounts and transactions. When we have an interest in an entity for which we do not have significant control or influence, we account for that interest using the cost method. When we have an interest in an entity and can exert significant influence but not control, we account for that interest using the equity method.
Acquisitions
From time to time, we acquire businesses or assets that are consistent with our long-term growth strategy. Results of operations for acquisitions are included in our financial statements beginning on the date of acquisition and are accounted for using the acquisition method. For all business combinations (whether partial, full or in stages), the acquirer records 100% of all assets and liabilities of the acquired business, including goodwill, at their fair values; including contingent consideration. Final valuations of assets and liabilities are obtained and recorded as soon as practicable no later than one year from the date of the acquisition.
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when all of the following criteria have been met: (i) contract with a customer is identified, (ii) performance obligations in the contract is identified, (iii) transaction price is determined (iv) transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations and (v) revenue is recognized when (or as) the performance obligation(s) are satisfied.
•
Identifying the contract with the customer ensures that there is an understanding between the company and the customer, about the specific nature and terms of a transaction, has been finalized.
•
At the inception of a contract, the company assesses the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer, and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer either: (i) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct or (ii) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.
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The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The transaction price may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. By its nature, variable amounts of a transaction price have inherent uncertainty as the amount ultimately expected to be realized is not determinable at the outset of a contract. However, the company shall estimate the amount of variable consideration at contract inception, subject to certain limitations.
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Once the separate performance obligations are identified and the transaction price has been determined, the company allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations. This is generally done in proportion to their standalone selling prices. As a result, any discount within the contract is generally allocated proportionally to all of the separate performance obligations in the contract.
•
Revenue is only recognized when it satisfies an identified performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. A good or service is considered transferred when the customer obtains control.
While not typical for our business, our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenues to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers or using expected cost-plus margin. For combined products and services within a contract, we account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct- i.e. if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the contract and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The consideration (including any discounts) is allocated between separate products and services within a contract based on the prices at which we separately sell our services. For items that are not sold separately, we estimate the standalone selling prices using the expected cost-plus margin approach.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider short-term investments with an original maturity of less than three months to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2018, all of our obligations under our ABL Facility and Term Loan Facility were secured by most of our assets, including assets held by our subsidiaries, which includes our cash and cash equivalents. We restrict investment of cash to financial institutions with high credit standing and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution.
We maintain our cash in bank deposit and brokerage accounts which exceed federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2018, accounts were guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 and substantially all of our accounts held deposits in excess of the FDIC limits.
We believe that the cash held by our other foreign subsidiaries could be repatriated for general corporate use without material withholdings. From time to time and in the normal course of business in connection with our operations or ongoing legal matters, we are required to place certain amounts of our cash in deposit accounts with restrictions that limit our ability to withdraw those funds. Our restricted cash is primarily used to maintain compliance with our ABL Facility.
Certain of our cash accounts are zero-balance controlled disbursement accounts that do not have right of offset against our other cash balances. We present the outstanding checks written against these zero-balance accounts as a component of accounts payable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We establish provisions for losses on accounts receivable if we determine that there is a possibility that we will not collect all or part of the outstanding balances. We regularly review accounts over 150 days past due from the invoice date for collectability and establish or adjust our allowance as necessary using the specific identification method. If we exhaust all collection efforts and determine that the balance will never be collected, we write off the accounts receivable and the associated provision for uncollectible accounts.
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
From time to time we are entitled to proceeds under our insurance policies for amounts that we have reserved in our self-insurance liability. We present these insurance receivables gross on our balance sheet as a component of other assets, separate from the corresponding liability.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers
Our customers include major oil and natural gas production companies, independent oil and natural gas production companies, and natural gas production companies. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and usually do not require material collateral. We maintain reserves for potential credit losses when necessary. Our results of operations and financial position should be considered in light of the fluctuations in demand experienced by oilfield service companies as changes in oil and gas producers’ expenditures and budgets occur. These fluctuations can impact our results of operations and financial position as supply and demand factors directly affect utilization and hours which are the primary determinants of our net cash provided by operating activities.
During the year ended 2017 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, Chevron Texaco Exploration and Production accounted for approximately12% and 14% of our consolidated revenue, respectively. During the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, OXY USA Inc. accounted for approximately 13% of our consolidated revenue. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016. No customers accounted for more than 10% of our total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Inventories
Inventories, which consist primarily of equipment parts and spares for use in our operations and supplies held for consumption, are valued at the lower of average cost or market.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided for our assets over the estimated depreciable lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 were $82.6 million, $84.5 million, $3.6 million and $129.5 million, respectively. We depreciate our operational assets over their depreciable lives to their salvage value, which is a value higher than the assets’ value as scrap. Salvage value approximates 10% of an operational asset’s acquisition cost. When an operational asset is stacked or taken out of service, we review its physical condition, depreciable life and ultimate salvage value to determine if the asset is operable and whether the remaining depreciable life and salvage value should be adjusted. When we scrap an asset, we accelerate the depreciation of the asset down to its salvage value. When we dispose of an asset, a gain or loss is recognized.
As of December 31, 2018, the estimated useful lives of our asset classes are as follows:
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
A long-lived asset or asset group should be tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. For purposes of testing for impairment, we group our long-lived assets along our lines of business based on the services provided, which is the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. We would record an impairment charge, reducing the net carrying value to estimated fair value, if the asset group’s estimated future cash flows were less than its net carrying value. Events or changes in circumstance that cause us to evaluate our fixed assets for recoverability and possible impairment may include changes in market conditions, such as adverse movements in the prices of oil and natural gas, or changes of an asset group, such as its expected future life, intended use or physical condition, which could reduce the fair value of certain of our property and equipment. The development of future cash flows and the determination of fair value for an asset group involves significant judgment and estimates. See “Note 10. Property and Equipment,” for further discussion.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We recognize a liability for the fair value of all legal obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets and capitalize an equal amount as a cost of the asset. We depreciate the additional cost over the estimated useful life of the assets. Our obligations to perform our asset retirement activities are unconditional, despite the uncertainties that may exist surrounding an individual retirement activity. Accordingly, we recognize a liability for the fair value of a conditional asset retirement obligation if the fair value can be reasonably estimated. In determining the fair value, we examine the inputs that we believe a market participant would use if we were to transfer the liability. We probability-weight the potential costs a third-party would charge, adjust the cost for inflation for the estimated life of the asset, and discount this cost using our credit adjusted risk free rate. Significant judgment is involved in estimating future cash flows associated with such obligations, as well as the ultimate timing of those cash flows. If our estimates of the amount or timing of the cash flows change, such changes may have a material impact on our results of operations. See “Note 14. Asset Retirement Obligations.”
Deposits
Due to capacity constraints on equipment manufacturers, we are sometimes required to make advanced payments for certain oilfield service equipment and other items used in the normal course of business. As of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, deposits totaled $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Deposits consist primarily of deposit requirements of insurance companies and payments made related to high demand long-lead time items.
Capitalized Interest
Interest is capitalized on the average amount of accumulated expenditures for major capital projects under construction using an effective interest rate based on related debt until the underlying assets are placed into service. The capitalized interest is added to the cost of the assets and amortized to depreciation expense over the useful life of the assets, and is included in the depreciation and amortization line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs associated with long-term debt are carried at cost and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the related debt instrument. When the related debt instrument is retired, any remaining unamortized costs are included in the determination of the gain or loss on the extinguishment of the debt. We record gains and losses from the extinguishment of debt as a part of continuing operations. In accordance with ASU 2015-03, we record debt financing costs as a reduction of our long-term debt. See “Note 16. Long-term Debt,” for further discussion.
Valuation of Tangible and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Our fixed assets and finite-lived intangibles are tested for potential impairment when circumstances or events indicate a possible impairment may exist. These circumstances or events are referred to as “trigger events” and examples of such trigger events include, but are not limited to, an adverse change in market conditions, a significant decrease in benefits being derived from an acquired business, a change in the use of an asset, or a significant disposal of a particular asset or asset class.
If a trigger event occurs, an impairment test is performed based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis. To perform an impairment test, we make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding long-term forecasts of revenues and expenses relating to the assets subject to review. Market conditions, energy prices, estimated depreciable lives of the assets, discount rate assumptions and legal factors impact our operations and have a significant effect on the estimates we use to determine whether our assets are impaired. If the results of the undiscounted cash flow analysis indicate that the carrying value of the assets being tested for impairment are not recoverable, then we record an impairment charge to write the carrying value of the assets down to their fair value. Using different judgments, assumptions or estimates, we could potentially arrive at a materially different fair value for the assets being tested for impairment, which may result in an impairment charge.
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Internal-Use Software
We capitalize costs incurred during the application development stage of internal-use software and amortize these costs over the software’s estimated useful life, generally five to seven years. Costs incurred related to selection or maintenance of internal-use software are expensed as incurred.
Litigation
When estimating our liabilities related to litigation, we take into account all available facts and circumstances in order to determine whether a loss is probable and reasonably estimable.
Various suits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business are pending against us. We conduct business throughout the continental United States and may be subject to jury verdicts or arbitrations that result in outcomes in favor of the plaintiffs. We are also exposed to various claims abroad. We continually assess our contingent liabilities, including potential litigation liabilities, as well as the adequacy of our accruals and our need for the disclosure of these items. We establish a provision for a contingent liability when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. See “Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies.”
Environmental
Our operations routinely involve the storage, handling, transport and disposal of bulk waste materials, some of which contain oil, contaminants, and regulated substances. These operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations intended to protect the environment. Environmental expenditures are expensed or capitalized depending on their future economic benefit. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations and that have no future economic benefits are expensed. We record liabilities on an undiscounted basis when our remediation efforts are probable and the costs to conduct such remediation efforts can be reasonably estimated. While our litigation reserves reflect the application of our insurance coverage, our environmental reserves do not reflect management’s assessment of the insurance coverage that may apply to the matters at issue. See “Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies.”
Self-Insurance
We are primarily self-insured against physical damage to our equipment and automobiles as well as workers’ compensation claims. The accruals that we maintain on our consolidated balance sheet relate to these deductibles and self-insured retentions, which we estimate through the use of historical claims data and trend analysis. To assist management with the liability amount for our self-insurance reserves, we utilize the services of a third party actuary. The actual outcome of any claim could differ significantly from estimated amounts. We adjust loss estimates in the calculation of these accruals, based upon actual claim settlements and reported claims. See “Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies.”
Income Taxes
We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method and provide income taxes for all significant temporary differences. Management determines our current tax liability as well as taxes incurred as a result of current operations, yet deferred until future periods. Current taxes payable represent our liability related to our income tax returns for the current year, while net deferred tax expense or benefit represents the change in the balance of deferred tax assets and liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Further, management makes certain assumptions about the timing of temporary tax differences for the differing treatment of certain items for tax and accounting purposes or whether such differences are permanent. The final determination of our tax liability involves the interpretation of local tax laws, tax treaties, and related authorities in each jurisdiction as well as the significant use of estimates and assumptions regarding the scope of future operations and results achieved and the timing and nature of income earned and expenditures incurred.
We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets if we determine that it is more likely than not (e.g., a likelihood of more than 50%) that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. To assess the likelihood, we use estimates and judgment regarding our future taxable income, as well as the jurisdiction in which this taxable income is generated, to determine whether a valuation allowance is required. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets depends on the ability to generate sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character and in the related jurisdiction in the future. Evidence supporting this ability can include our current financial position, our results of operations, both actual and forecasted results, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, and tax planning strategies as well as the current and forecasted business economics of our industry. Additionally, we record uncertain tax positions in the financial statements at their net recognizable amount, based on the amount that management deems is more likely than not to be sustained upon ultimate settlement with the tax authorities in the domestic and international tax jurisdictions in which we operate.
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
If our estimates or assumptions regarding our current and deferred tax items are inaccurate or are modified, these changes could have potentially material negative impacts on our earnings. See “Note 15. Income Taxes” for further discussion of accounting for income taxes, changes in our valuation allowance, components of our tax rate reconciliation and realization of loss carryforwards.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per common share is determined by dividing net earnings applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares actually outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share is based on the increased number of shares that would be outstanding assuming conversion of dilutive outstanding convertible securities using the treasury stock and “as if converted” methods. See “Note 12. Earnings Per Share.”
Share-Based Compensation
We issue or have issued time-based vesting and performance-based vesting stock options, time-based vesting and performance-based vesting restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards to our employees as part of those employees’ compensation and as a retention tool for non-employee directors. We calculate the fair value of the awards on the grant date and amortize that fair value to compensation expense ratably over the vesting period of the award, net of forfeitures. The grant-date fair value of our time-based restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is determined using our stock price on the grant date. The grant-date fair value of our performance-based restricted stock units is determined using our stock price on the grant date assuming a 1.0x payout target, however, a maximum 2.0x payout could be achieved if certain EBITDA-based performance measures are met. The fair value of our stock option awards are estimated using a Black-Scholes fair value model.
The valuation of our stock options requires us to estimate the expected term of award, which we estimate using the simplified method, as we do not have sufficient historical exercise information. Additionally, the valuation of our stock option awards is also dependent on historical stock price volatility. In view of the limited amount of time elapsed since our reorganization, volatility is calculated based on historical stock price volatility of our peer group with a lookback period equivalent to the expected term of the award. Fair value of performance-based stock options and restricted stock units is estimated in the same manner as our time-based awards and assumes that performance goals will be achieved and the awards will vest. If the performance based awards do not vest, any previously recognized compensation costs will be reversed. We record share-based compensation as a component of general and administrative or direct operating expense based on the role of the applicable individual. See “Note 20. Share-Based Compensation.”
Foreign Currency Gains and Losses
With respect to our former operations in Russia, which were sold in the third quarter of 2017, where the local currency was the functional currency, assets and liabilities were translated at the rates of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date, while income and expense items were translated at average rates of exchange during the period. The resulting gains or losses arising from the translation of accounts from the functional currency to the U.S. dollar were included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in other comprehensive income until a partial or complete sale or liquidation of our net investment in the foreign entity.
From time to time our former foreign subsidiaries may have entered into transactions that are denominated in currencies other than their functional currency. These transactions were initially recorded in the functional currency of that subsidiary based on the applicable exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. At the end of each month, those transactions were remeasured to an equivalent amount of the functional currency based on the applicable exchange rates in effect at that time. Any adjustment required to remeasure a transaction to the equivalent amount of the functional currency at the end of the month was recorded in the income or loss of the foreign subsidiary as a component of other income, net.
Comprehensive Loss
We display comprehensive loss and its components in our financial statements, and we classify items of comprehensive income (loss) by their nature in our financial statements and display the accumulated balance of other comprehensive income (loss) separately in our stockholders’ equity.
Leases
We lease real property and equipment through various leasing arrangements. When we enter into a leasing arrangement, we analyze the terms of the arrangement to determine whether the lease should be accounted for as an operating lease or a capital lease.
We periodically incur costs to improve the assets that we lease under these arrangements. If the value of the leasehold improvements exceeds our threshold for capitalization, we record the improvement as a component of our property and equipment and amortize the improvement over the useful life of the improvement or the lease term, whichever is shorter.
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Certain of our operating lease agreements are structured to include scheduled and specified rent increases over the term of the lease agreement. These increases may be the result of an inducement or “rent holiday” conveyed to us early in the lease, or are included to reflect the anticipated effects of inflation. We recognize scheduled and specified rent increases on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease agreement. In addition, certain of our operating lease agreements contain incentives to induce us to enter into the lease agreement, such as up-front cash payments to us, payment by the lessor of our costs, such as moving expenses, or the assumption by the lessor of our pre-existing lease agreements with third parties. Any payments made to us or on our behalf represent incentives that we consider to be a reduction of our rent expense, and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease agreement.
Recent Accounting Developments
ASU 2018-02. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This standard allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”) that was enacted on December 22, 2017. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-18. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU, 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash. This standard provides guidance on the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the statements of cash flows. The amendments of this ASU should be applied using a retrospective transition method and are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 and other than the revised statement of cash flows presentation of restricted cash, the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-15. In August 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, that clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The guidance also clarifies how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-13. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments that will change how companies measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that aren’t measured at fair value through net income. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount. The amendments in this update will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is evaluating the effect of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.
ASU 2016-02. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will replace the existing lease guidance. The new standard is intended to provide enhanced transparency and comparability by requiring lessees to record right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities on the balance sheet. Additional disclosure requirements include qualitative disclosures along with specific quantitative disclosures with the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. As part of our assessment work to-date, we have formed an implementation work team, conducted training for the relevant staff regarding the potential impacts of the new ASU and are continuing our contract analysis and policy review. We have engaged external resources to assist us in our efforts to complete the analysis of potential changes to current accounting practices. Additionally, we have created additional internal controls over financial reporting and made changes in business practices and processes related to the ASU. Key has elected the new prospective “Comparatives Under 840” transition method as defined in ASU 2018-11 and adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2019. Applying the Comparatives Under 840 transition method, the adoption of the new standard will require a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings, which we believe will be immaterial.
ASU 2014-09. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The objective of this ASU is to establish the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle is to recognize revenue to depict
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 must be adopted using either a full retrospective method or a modified retrospective method. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 2. EMERGENCE FROM VOLUNTARY REORGANIZATION
On October 24, 2016, Key and certain of our domestic subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware pursuant to a prepackaged plan of reorganization. The Plan was confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court on December 6, 2016, and the Company emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings on December 15, 2016.
On the Effective Date, the Company:
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Reincorporated the Successor Company in the state of Delaware and adopted an amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws;
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Appointed new members to the Successor Company’s board of directors to replace directors of the Predecessor Company;
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Issued to the Predecessor Company’s former stockholders, in exchange for the cancellation and discharge of the Predecessor Company’s common stock:
◦
815,887 shares of the Successor Company’s common stock;
◦
919,004 warrants to expire on December 15, 2020, and 919,004 warrants to expire on December 15, 2021, each exercisable for one share of the Successor Company’s common stock;
•
Issued to former holders of the Predecessor Company’s 6.75% senior notes, in exchange for the cancellation and discharge of such notes, 7,500,000 shares of the Successor Company’s common stock;
•
Issued 11,769,014 shares of the Successor Company’s common stock to certain participants in rights offerings conducted pursuant to the Plan;
•
Issued to Soter Capital LLC (“Soter”) the sole share of the Successor Company’s Series A Preferred Stock, which confers certain rights to elect directors (but has no economic rights);
•
Entered into a new $80 million ABL Facility (which was increased to $100 million on February 3, 2017) and a $250 million Term Loan Facility upon termination of the Predecessor Company’s asset-based revolving credit facility and term loan facility;
•
Entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with certain stockholders of the Successor Company;
•
Adopted the 2016 Incentive Plan for officers, directors and employees of the Successor Company and its subsidiaries; and
•
Entered into a corporate advisory services agreement between the Successor Company and Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC (“Platinum”) pursuant to which Platinum will provide certain business advisory services to the Company.
The foregoing is a summary of the substantive provisions of the Plan and related transactions and is not intended to be a complete description of, or a substitute for a full and complete reading of, the Plan and the other documents referred to above.
NOTE 3. FRESH START ACCOUNTING
In accordance ASC 852 Reorganizations (“ASC 852”), fresh-start accounting was required upon the Company’s emergence from Chapter 11 because (i) the holders of existing voting shares of the Predecessor received less than 50% of the voting shares of the Successor and (ii) the reorganization value of the Predecessor assets immediately prior to confirmation of the Plan was less than the total of all post-petition liabilities and allowed claims.
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All conditions required for the adoption of fresh-start accounting were met when the Company’s Plan of Reorganization became effective, December 15, 2016. The implementation of the Plan and the application of fresh-start accounting materially changed the carrying amounts and classifications reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and resulted in the Company becoming a new entity for financial reporting purposes. As a result of the application of fresh-start accounting and the effects of the implementation of the Plan, the financial statements after December 15, 2016 are not comparable with the financial statements on and prior to December 15, 2016.
Upon the application of fresh-start accounting, the Company allocated the reorganization value to its individual assets and liabilities in conformity with ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). Reorganization value represents the fair value of the Successor Company’s assets before considering liabilities. The excess reorganization value over the fair value of identified tangible and intangible assets is reported as goodwill.
Reorganization Value - Under ASC 852, the Successor Company must determine a value to be assigned to the equity of the emerging company as of the date of adoption of fresh-start accounting. To facilitate this calculation, the Company estimated the enterprise value of the Successor Company by relying on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis under the income approach. The Company also considered the guideline public company and guideline transactions methods under the market approach as reasonableness checks to the indications from the income approach.
Enterprise value represents the fair value of an entity’s interest-bearing debt and stockholders’ equity. In the disclosure statement associated with the Plan, which was confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court, the Company estimated a range of enterprise values between $425 million and $475 million, with a midpoint of $450 million. The Company deemed it appropriate to use the midpoint between the low end and high end of the range to determine the final enterprise value of $450 million utilized for fresh-start accounting. The enterprise value plus excess cash adjustments of approximately $52 million less the fair value of debt of $250 million, resulted in equity value of the Successor of $252.1 million.
To estimate enterprise value utilizing the DCF method, the Company established an estimate of future cash flows for the period ranging from 2016 to 2025 and discounted the estimated future cash flows to present value. The expected cash flows for the period 2016 to 2025 were based on the financial projections and assumptions utilized in the disclosure statement. The expected cash flows for the period 2016 to 2025 were derived from earnings forecasts and assumptions regarding growth and margin projections, as applicable. A terminal value was included, based on the cash flows of the final year of the forecast period.
The discount rate of 14.5% was estimated based on an after-tax weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) reflecting the rate of return that would be expected by a market participant. The WACC also takes into consideration a company specific risk premium reflecting the risk associated with the overall uncertainty of the financial projections used to estimate future cash flows.
The guideline public company and guideline transaction analysis identified a group of comparable companies and transactions that have operating and financial characteristics comparable in certain respects to the Company, including, for example, comparable lines of business, business risks and market presence. Under these methodologies, certain financial multiples and ratios that measure financial performance and value are calculated for each selected company or transactions and then compared to the implied multiples from the DCF analysis. The Company considered enterprise value as a multiple of each selected company and transactions publicly available earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”).
The estimated enterprise value and the equity value are highly dependent on the achievement of the future financial results contemplated in the projections that were set forth in the Plan. The estimates and assumptions made in the valuation are inherently subject to significant uncertainties. The primary assumptions for which there is a reasonable possibility of the occurrence of a variation that would have significantly affected the reorganization value include the assumptions regarding revenue growth, operating expenses, the amount and timing of capital expenditures and the discount rate utilized.
Fresh-start accounting reflects the value of the Successor Company as determined in the confirmed Plan. Under fresh-start accounting, asset values are remeasured and allocated based on their respective fair values in conformity with the purchase method of accounting for business combinations in ASC 805. Liabilities existing as of the Effective Date, other than deferred taxes were recorded at the present value of amounts expected to be paid using appropriate risk adjusted interest rates. Deferred taxes were determined in conformity with applicable accounting standards. Predecessor accumulated depreciation, accumulated amortization, accumulated other comprehensive loss and retained deficit were eliminated.
The significant assumptions related to the valuations of assets and liabilities in connection with fresh-start accounting include the following:
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Machinery and Equipment
To estimate the fair value of machinery and equipment, the Company considered the income approach, the cost approach, and the sales comparison (market) approach. The primary approaches that were relied upon to value these assets were the cost approach and the market approach. Although the income approach was not applied to value the machinery and equipment assets individually, the Company did consider the earnings of the enterprise of which these assets are a part. When more than one approach is used to develop a valuation, the various approaches are reconciled to determine a final value conclusion.
The typical starting point or basis of the valuation estimate is replacement cost new (RCN), reproduction cost new (CRN), or a combination of both. Once the RCN and CRN estimates are adjusted for physical and functional conditions, they are then compared to market data and other indications of value, where available, to confirm results obtained by the cost approach.
Where direct RCN estimates were not available or deemed inappropriate, the CRN for machinery and equipment was estimated using the indirect (trending) method, in which percentage changes in applicable price indices are applied to historical costs to convert them into indications of current costs. To estimate the CRN amounts, inflation indices from established external sources were then applied to historical costs to estimate the CRN for each asset.
The market approach measures the value of an asset through an analysis of recent sales or offerings of comparable property, and takes into account physical, functional and economic conditions. Where direct or comparable matches could not be reasonably obtained, the Company utilized the percent of cost technique of the market approach. This technique looks at general sales, sales listings, and auction data for each major asset category. This information is then used in conjunction with each asset’s effective age to develop ratios between the sales price and RCN or CRN of similar asset types. A market-based depreciation curve was developed and applied to asset categories where sufficient sales and auction information existed.
Where market information was not available or a market approach was deemed inappropriate, the Company developed a cost approach. In doing so, an indicated value is derived by deducting physical deterioration from the RCN or CRN of each identifiable asset or group of assets. Physical deterioration is the loss in value or usefulness of a property due to the using up or expiration of its useful life caused by wear and tear, deterioration, exposure to various elements, physical stresses, and similar factors.
Functional and economic obsolescence related to these was also considered. Functional obsolescence due to excess capital costs was eliminated through the direct method of the cost approach to estimate the RCN. Functional obsolescence was applied in the form of a cost-to-cure penalty to certain personal property assets needing significant capital repairs. Economic obsolescence was also applied to stacked and underutilized assets based on the status of the asset. Economic obsolescence was also considered in situations in which the earnings of the applicable business segment in which the assets are employed suggest economic obsolescence. When penalizing assets for economic obsolescence, an additional economic obsolescence penalty was levied, while considering scrap value to be the floor value for an asset.
Land and Building
In establishing the fair value of the real property assets, each of the three traditional approaches to value: the income approach, the market approach and the cost approach was considered. The Company primarily relied on the market and cost approaches.
Land - In valuing the fee simple interest in the land, the Company utilized the sales comparison approach (market approach). The sales comparison approach estimates value based on what other purchasers and sellers in the market have agreed to as the price for comparable properties. This approach is based on the principle of substitution, which states that the limits of prices, rents and rates tend to be set by the prevailing prices, rents and rates of equally desirable substitutes. In conducting the sales comparison approach, data was gathered on comparable properties and adjustments were made for factors including market conditions, size, access/frontage, zoning, location, and conditions of sale. Greatest weight was typically given to the comparable sales in proximity and similar in size to each of the owned sites. In some cases, market participants were contacted to augment the analysis and to confirm the conclusions of value.
Building & Site Improvements - In valuing the fee simple interest in the real property improvements, the Company utilized the direct and indirect methods of the cost approach. For the direct method cost approach analysis, the starting point or basis of the cost approach is the RCN. In order to estimate the RCN of the buildings and site improvements, various factors were considered including building size, year built, number of stories, and the breakout of the space, property history, and maintenance history. We used the data collected to calculate the RCN of the buildings using recognized estimating sources for developing replacement, reproduction, and insurable value costs.
In the application of the indirect method cost approach, the first step is to estimate a CRN for each improvement via the indirect (trending) method of the cost approach. To estimate the CRN amounts, the Company applied published inflation indices
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obtained from third party sources to each asset’s historical cost to convert the known cost into an indication of current cost. As historical cost was used as the starting point for estimating RCN, we only considered this approach for assets with historical records.
Once the RCN and CRN of the improvements was computed, the Company estimated an allowance for physical depreciation for the buildings and land improvements based upon its respective age.
Intangible Assets
The financial information used to estimate the fair values of intangible assets was consistent with the information used in estimating the Company’s enterprise value. Trademarks and tradenames were valued primarily utilizing the relief from royalty method of the income approach. The resulting value of the intangible assets based on the application of this approach was $520. Significant inputs and assumptions included remaining useful lives, the forecasted revenue streams, applicable royalty rates, tax rates, and applicable discount rates. Customer relationships were considered in the analysis, but based on the valuation under the excess earnings methodology, no value was attributed to customer relationships.
Debt
The fair value of debt was $250 million of which $2.5 million represents the current portion. The fair value of debt was determined using an income approach based on market yields for comparable securities. The fair value with respect to the Term Loan was estimated to approximate par value.
Asset Retirement Obligations
The fair value of the asset retirement obligations was determined by using estimated plugging and abandonment costs as of December 15, 2016, adjusted for inflation using an annual average of 1.26% and then discounted at the appropriate credit-adjusted risk free rate ranging from 2.2% to 2.9% depending on the life of the well. The fair value of asset retirement obligations was estimated at $9.1 million.
Income Taxes
The amount of deferred income taxes recorded was determined in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”).
Warrants
Pursuant to the Plan and on the Effective Date, the Company issued two series of warrants to the former holders of the Predecessor Company’s common stock. One series of warrants will expire on December 15, 2020 and the other series of warrants will expire on December 15, 2021. Each warrant is exercisable for one share of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01. At issuance, the warrants were recorded at fair value, which was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the assumptions detailed in the following table. The warrants are equity classified and, at issuance, were recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital in the amount of $3.8 million.
Assumptions for Black-Scholes option pricing model:
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The following fresh-start condensed consolidated balance sheet presents the implementation of the Plan and the adoption of fresh-start accounting as of December 15, 2016. Reorganization adjustments have been recorded within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to reflect the effects of the Plan, including discharge of liabilities subject to compromise and the adoption of fresh-start accounting in accordance with ASC 852 (in thousands).
Reorganization and Fresh Start Adjustments
Reorganization Adjustments (in thousands)
A.
Represents amounts recorded on the Effective Date for the implementation of the Plan, including the settlement of liabilities subject to compromise, issuance of new debt and repayment of old debt, reinstatement of contract rejection obligations, write-off of debt issuance costs, proceeds received from the rights offering, distributions of Successor common stock and the Warrants, the cancellation of the Predecessor common stock, and the cancellation of the Predecessor stock incentive plan.
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NOTE 4. LIABILITIES SUBJECT TO COMPROMISE
Pursuant to ASC 852 liabilities subject to compromise in chapter 11 cases are distinguished from liabilities of non-filing entities, liabilities not expected to be compromised and from post-petition liabilities. The amount of liabilities subject to compromise represent the Company’s estimate, where an estimate is determinable, of known or potential prepetition claims to be addressed in connection with the bankruptcy proceedings. Such liabilities are reported at the Company’s current estimate, of the allowed claim amounts even though the claims may be settled for lesser amounts.
Prior to settlements pursuant to the Plan, liabilities subject to compromise was comprised of the following (in thousands):
NOTE 5. REORGANIZATION ITEMS
ASC 852 requires that the financial statements for periods subsequent to the filing of the Chapter 11 cases distinguish transactions and events that are directly associated with the reorganization of the ongoing operations of the business. Revenues, expenses, realized gains and losses, adjustments to the expected amount of allowed claims for liabilities subject to compromise and provisions for losses that can be directly associated with the reorganization and restructuring of the business have been reported as “Reorganization items, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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The following table summarizes reorganizations items (in thousands):
With the exception of $1.5 million and $15.2 million in professional fees for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the period from December 16, 2016 to December 31, 2016, respectively, and $1.0 million in settlement and rejection damages for the period from December 16, 2016 to December 31, 2016, reorganization items are non-cash expenses.
NOTE 6. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 using the full retrospective method applied to those contracts that were not completed as of December 15, 2016. As noted in prior periods, we emerged from voluntary reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code on December 15, 2016 and therefore applied fresh-start accounting and adopted ASC 606 in effect at the fresh-start accounting date. As a result of electing to use the full retrospective adoption approach as described above, results for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 are presented under ASC 606.
The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, and we did not record any adjustments to opening retained earnings as of December 15, 2016, because our services and rental contracts are principally charged on an hourly or daily rate basis and are primarily short-term in nature, typically less than 30 days.
Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by revenue source (in thousands). Sales taxes are excluded from revenues.
Disaggregation of Revenue
We have disaggregated our revenues by our reportable segments including Rig Services, Fishing & Rental Services, Coiled Tubing Services and Fluid Management Services.
Rig Services
Our Rig Services include the completion of newly drilled wells, workover and recompletion of existing oil and natural gas wells, well maintenance, and the plugging and abandonment of wells at the end of their useful lives. We also provide specialty drilling services to oil and natural gas producers with certain of our larger rigs that are capable of providing conventional and horizontal drilling services. Our rigs encompass various sizes and capabilities, allowing us to service all types of oil and gas wells.
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We recognize revenue within the Rig Services segment by measuring progress toward satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that best depicts the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The control over services is transferred as the services are rendered to the customer. Specifically, we recognize revenue as the services are provided, typically daily, as we have the right to invoice the customer for the services performed. Rig Services are billed monthly. Payment terms for Rig Services are usually 30 days from invoice receipt.
Fishing and Rental Services
We offer a full line of services and rental equipment designed for use in providing drilling and workover services. Fishing services involve recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore utilizing a broad array of “fishing tools.” Our rental tool inventory consists of drill pipe, tubulars, handling tools (including our patented Hydra-Walk® pipe-handling units and services), pressure-control equipment, pumps, power swivels, reversing units, foam air units.
We recognize revenue within the Fishing and Rental Services segment by measuring progress toward satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that best depicts the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The control over services is transferred as the services are rendered to the customer. Specifically, we recognize revenue as the services are provided, typically daily, as we have the right to invoice the customer for the services performed. Fishing and Rental Services are billed and paid monthly. Payment terms for Fishing and Rental Services are usually 30 days from invoice receipt.
Coiled Tubing Services
Coiled Tubing Services involve the use of a continuous metal pipe spooled onto a large reel, which is then deployed into oil and natural gas wells to perform various applications, such as wellbore clean-outs, nitrogen jet lifts, through-tubing fishing, and formation stimulations utilizing acid and chemical treatments. Coiled tubing is also used for a number of horizontal well applications such as milling temporary isolation plugs that separate frac zones, and various other pre- and post-hydraulic fracturing well preparation services.
We recognize revenue within the Coiled Tubing Services segment by measuring progress toward satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that best depicts the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The control over services is transferred as the services are rendered to the customer. Specifically, we recognize revenue, typically daily, as the services are provided as we have the right to invoice the customer for the services performed. Coiled Tubing Services are billed and paid monthly. Payment terms for Coiled Tubing Services are usually 30 days from invoice receipt.
Fluid Management Services
We provide transportation and well-site storage services for various fluids utilized in connection with drilling, completions, workover and maintenance activities. We also provide disposal services for fluids produced subsequent to well completion. These fluids are removed from the well site and transported for disposal in saltwater disposal wells owned by us or a third party.
We recognize revenue within the Fluid Management Services segment by measuring progress toward satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that best depicts the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The control over services is transferred as the services are rendered to the customer. Specifically, we recognize revenue as the services are provided, typically daily, as we have the right to invoice the customer for the services performed. Fluid Management Services are billed and paid monthly. Payment terms for Fluid Management Services are usually 30 days from invoice receipt.
International
Our former International segment included our former operations in Mexico, Canada and Russia. Our services in Mexico and Russia consisted of rig-based services such as the maintenance, workover, and recompletion of existing oil wells, completion of newly-drilled wells, and plugging and abandonment of wells at the end of their useful lives. We also had a technology development and control systems business based in Canada, which was focused on the development of hardware and software related to oilfield service equipment controls, data acquisition and digital information flow.
We recognized revenue within the International segment by measuring progress toward satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that best depicted the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The control over services was transferred as the services were rendered to the customer. Specifically, we recognized revenue as the services were provided, typically daily, as we had the right to invoice the customer for the services performed. Services within the international segment were billed and paid monthly. Payment terms for services within the International segment were usually 30 days from invoice receipt.
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Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
While not typical for our business, our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenues to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers or using expected cost-plus margin. For combined products and services within a contract, we account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct- i.e. if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the contract and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The consideration (including any discounts) is allocated between separate products and services within a contract based on the prices at which we separately sell our services. For items that are not sold separately, we estimate the standalone selling prices using the expected cost-plus margin approach.
Contract Balances
Under our revenue contracts, we invoice customers once our performance obligations have been satisfied, at which point payment is unconditional. Accordingly, our revenue contracts do not give rise to contract assets or liabilities under ASC 606.
Practical Expedients and Exemptions
We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within general and administrative expenses.
The majority of our services are short-term in nature with a contract term of one year or less. For those contracts, we have utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-50-14 exempting the Company from disclosure of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations if the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.
Additionally, our payment terms are short-term in nature with settlements of one year or less. We have, therefore, utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-32-18 exempting the Company from adjusting the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component given that the period between when the entity transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
Further, in many of our service contracts we have a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date (for example, a service contract in which an entity bills a fixed amount for each hour of service provided). For those contracts, we have utilized the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-55-18 exempting the Company from disclosure of the entity to recognize revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invoice.
Accordingly, we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.
NOTE 7. OTHER BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
The table below presents comparative detailed information about other current assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
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The table below presents comparative detailed information about other non-current assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
The table below presents comparative detailed information about other current liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
The table below presents comparative detailed information about other non-current liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
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NOTE 8. OTHER (INCOME) LOSS, NET
The table below presents comparative detailed information about our other income and expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 (in thousands):
NOTE 9. ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS
The table below presents a rollforward of our allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 (in thousands):
In connection with the application of fresh start accounting on December 15, 2016, the carrying value of trade receivables was adjusted to fair value, eliminating the reserve for doubtful accounts. See “Note 3. Fresh Start Accounting” for more details.
NOTE 10. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands):
Interest is capitalized on the average amount of accumulated expenditures for major capital projects under construction using an effective interest rate based on related debt until the underlying assets are placed into service. Capitalized interest for the
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years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 was zero. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have no capital lease obligations.
NOTE 11. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The components of our intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):
Amortization expense for our intangible assets with determinable lives was as follows (in thousands):
The weighted average remaining amortization periods and expected amortization expense for the next five years for our definite lived intangible assets are as follows (in thousands):
NOTE 12. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table presents our basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
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Stock options, warrants and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share using the treasury stock method. Restricted stock awards are legally considered issued and outstanding when granted and are included in basic weighted average shares outstanding.
The company has issued potentially dilutive instruments such as RSUs, stock options, SARs and warrants. However, the company did not include these instruments in its calculation of diluted loss per share during the periods presented, because to include them would be anti-dilutive. The following table shows potentially dilutive instruments (in thousands):
There have been no material changes in share amounts subsequent to the balance sheet date that would have a material impact on the earnings per share calculation.
NOTE 13. ESTIMATED FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. These carrying amounts approximate fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments or because the carrying value is equal to the fair value of those instruments on the balance sheet date.
Term Loan Facility due 2021. Because the variable interest rates of these loans approximate current market rates, the fair values of the loans borrowed under this facility approximate their carrying values.
NOTE 14. ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS
In connection with our well servicing activities, we operate a number of saltwater disposal (“SWD”) facilities. Our operations involve the transportation, handling and disposal of fluids in our SWD facilities that are by-products of the drilling process. SWD facilities used in connection with our fluid hauling operations are subject to future costs associated with the retirement of these properties. As a result, we have incurred costs associated with the proper storage and disposal of these materials.
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Annual accretion of the assets associated with the asset retirement obligations were $0.2 million, $0.2 million, less than $0.1 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, respectively. The application of fresh-start accounting with the effectiveness of the Company’s Plan of Reorganization has resulted in the financial statements of the Predecessor and Successor not being comparable. A summary of changes in our asset retirement obligations is as follows (in thousands):
NOTE 15. INCOME TAXES
The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The 2017 Tax Act is comprehensive tax reform legislation that contains significant changes to corporate taxation. Provisions on the enacted law include a permanent reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, imposing a mandatory one-time tax on un-repatriated accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, a partial limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, a limitation on net operating losses to 80% of taxable income each year, a shift of the U.S. taxation of multinational corporations from a tax on worldwide income to a partial territorial system (along with rules that create a new U.S. minimum tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries), and other related provisions to maintain the U.S. tax base.
We recognized the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) during 2017. SAB 118 provided SEC staff guidance for the application of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, and allowed for a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment date to finalize the recording of the related tax impacts. As such, our 2017 financial results reflected the provisional income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 was incomplete but a reasonable estimate could be determined. We did not identify any items for which the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act could not be reasonably estimated as of December 31, 2017. Additional clarifying guidance and law corrections were issued by the U.S. government during 2018 related to the 2017 Tax Act, which provided further insight into properly accounting for the impacts of U.S. tax reform. During 2018, we finalized our accounting for this matter and concluded that no adjustments were required from our provisionally recorded amounts from 2017. We no longer have any provisionally recorded items related to the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act as of December 31, 2018.
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The components of our income tax expense are as follows (in thousands):
We made federal income tax payments of zero for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, respectively. In addition, we received federal income tax refunds of $1.1 million, zero, 0.4 million and 6.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, respectively.
Income tax (expense) benefit differs from amounts computed by applying the statutory federal rate as follows:
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As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
The December 31, 2018 net deferred tax asset is comprised of $216.6 million deferred tax assets before valuation allowance, and $25.8 million deferred tax liabilities. The valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset increased by approximately $15.2 million from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on enacted tax laws and rates currently in effect in each of the jurisdictions in which we have operations.
In recording deferred income tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income of the appropriate character during the periods in which those deferred income tax assets would be deductible. We consider the scheduled reversal of deferred income tax liabilities and projected future taxable income for this determination. Due to the history of losses in recent years and the continued challenges in the oil and gas industry, management continues to believe that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize our net deferred tax assets, and therefore a valuation allowance remains on the net deferred tax asset balance.
We estimate that as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we have available $434.2 million, $373.1 million and $252.8 million (after attribute reduction), respectively, of federal net operating loss carryforwards. However, Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383 impose limitations on a corporation’s ability to utilize tax attributes if the corporation experiences an “ownership change.” The Company experienced an ownership change on December 15, 2016, as the emergence of the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries from chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings is considered a change in ownership for purposes of IRC Section 382. As a result, approximately $2.4 million of our net operating losses as of December 31, 2018 are subject to Section 382 limitation and expire in 2019 to 2020. If a subsequent ownership change were to occur as a result of future transactions in the Company’s stock, the Company’s use of remaining U.S. tax attributes may be further limited.
We estimate that as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we have available $429.3 million, $485.6 million and $378.8 million, respectively, of state net operating loss carryforwards that will expire between 2019 and 2038. We estimate that we have remaining capital loss carryforward of $75.3 million. Our remaining capital loss carryforwards will expire in 2021.
We are no longer subject examination for tax years before 2015 in federal and most state jurisdictions.
Under the Plan, a substantial portion of the Company’s pre-petition debt securities, revolving credit facility and other obligations were extinguished. Absent an exception, a debtor recognizes cancellation of indebtedness income (“CODI”) upon discharge of its
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outstanding indebtedness for an amount of consideration that is less than its adjusted issue price. The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“IRC”), provides that a debtor in a bankruptcy case may exclude CODI from taxable income but must reduce certain of its tax attributes by the amount of any CODI realized as a result of the consummation of a plan of reorganization. The amount of CODI realized by a taxpayer is the adjusted issue price of any indebtedness discharged less the sum of (i) the amount of cash paid, (ii) the issue price of any new indebtedness issued and (iii) the fair market value of any other consideration, including equity, issued. As a result of the market value of equity upon emergence from chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, the estimated amount of U.S. CODI is approximately $295.8 million, which will reduce the value of Key’s U.S. net operating losses including federal and state that had a value of $518.8 million as of December 15, 2016. The actual reduction in tax attributes did not occur until the first day of the Company’s tax year subsequent to the date of emergence, or December 16, 2016.
Uncertainty in Income Taxes
As of December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016 and December 16, 2016 we had zero, $0.1 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits which, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate. We recognized a net tax benefit $0.1 million in 2018, $0.3 million in 2017, zero for the period ended December 31, 2016, $0.2 million for the period ended December 15, 2016 for statutes of limitations expiration. As of December 31, 2018 our ending balance for uncertain tax position reserves in zero, due to the statute of limitations lapse. A reconciliation of the gross change in the unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
NOTE 16. LONG-TERM DEBT
The components of our long-term debt are as follows (in thousands):
ABL Facility
On December 15, 2016, the Company and Key Energy Services, LLC, as borrowers (the “ABL Borrowers”), entered into the ABL Facility with the financial institutions party thereto from time to time as lenders (the “ABL Lenders”), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and Bank of America, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as co-collateral agents for the lenders. The ABL Facility provides for aggregate initial commitments from the ABL Lenders of $80 million, which, on February 3, 2017 was increased to $100 million, and matures on June 15, 2021.
The ABL Facility provides the ABL Borrowers with the ability to borrow up to an aggregate principal amount equal to the lesser of (i) the aggregate revolving commitments then in effect and (ii) the sum of (a) 85% of the value of eligible accounts receivable plus (b) 80% of the value of eligible unbilled accounts receivable, subject to a limit equal to the greater of (x) $35
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million and (y) 25% of the Commitments. The amount that may be borrowed under the ABL Facility is subject to increase or reduction based on certain segregated cash or reserves provided for by the ABL Facility. In addition, the percentages of accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable included in the calculation described above is subject to reduction to the extent of certain bad debt write-downs and other dilutive items provided in the ABL Facility.
Borrowings under the ABL Facility will bear interest, at the ABL Borrowers’ option, at a per annum rate equal to (i) LIBOR for 30, 60, 90, 180, or, with the consent of the ABL Lenders, 360 days, plus an applicable margin that varies from 2.50% to 4.50% depending on the Borrowers’ fixed charge coverage ratio at such time or (ii) a base rate equal to the sum of (a) the greatest of (x) the prime rate, (y) the federal funds rate, plus 0.50% or (z) 30-day LIBOR, plus 1.0% plus (b) an applicable margin that varies from 1.50% to 3.50% depending on the Borrowers’ fixed charge coverage ratio at such time. In addition, the ABL Facility provides for unused line fees of 1.0% to 1.25% per year, depending on utilization, letter of credit fees and certain other factors.
The ABL Facility may in the future be guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future subsidiaries (the “ABL Guarantors,” and together with the ABL Borrowers, the “ABL Loan Parties”). To secure their obligations under the ABL Facility, each of the ABL Loan Parties has granted or will grant, as applicable, to the Administrative Agent a first-priority security interest for the benefit of the ABL Lenders in its present and future accounts receivable, inventory and related assets and proceeds of the foregoing (the “ABL Priority Collateral”). In addition, the obligations of the ABL Loan Parties under the ABL Facility are secured by second-priority liens on the Term Priority Collateral (as described below under “Term Loan Facility”).
The revolving loans under the ABL Facility may be voluntarily prepaid, in whole or in part, without premium or penalty, subject to breakage or similar costs.
The ABL Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that restrict the ability of the ABL Loan Parties to take certain actions including, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, the incurrence of debt, the granting of liens, the making of investments, entering into transactions with affiliates, the payment of dividends and the sale of assets. The ABL Facility also contains a requirement that the ABL Borrowers comply, during certain periods, with a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00.
As of December 31, 2018, we had no borrowings outstanding under the ABL Facility and $34.8 million of letters of credit outstanding with borrowing capacity of $24.0 million available subject to covenant constraints under our ABL Facility.
Term Loan Facility
On December 15, 2016, the Company entered into the Term Loan Facility among the Company, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company named as guarantors therein, the financial institutions party thereto from time to time as Lenders (collectively, the “Term Loan Lenders”) and Cortland Capital Market Services LLC and Cortland Products Corp., as agent for the Lenders. The Term Loan Facility had an outstanding principal amount of $250 million.
The Term Loan Facility will mature on December 15, 2021, although such maturity date may, at the Company’s request, be extended by one or more of the Term Loan Lenders pursuant to the terms of the Term Loan Facility. Borrowings under the Term Loan Facility will bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a per annum rate equal to (i) LIBOR for one, two, three, six, or, with the consent of the Term Loan Lenders, 12 months, plus 10.25% or (ii) a base rate equal to the sum of (a) the greatest of (x) the prime rate, (y) the Federal Funds rate, plus 0.50% and (z) 30-day LIBOR, plus 1.0% plus (b) 9.25%.
The Term Loan Facility is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future subsidiaries (the “Term Loan Guarantors,” and together with the Company, the “Term Loan Parties”). To secure their obligations under the Term Loan Facility, each of the Term Loan Parties has granted or will grant, as applicable, to the agent a first-priority security interest for the benefit of the Term Loan Lenders in substantially all of each Term Loan Party’s assets other than certain excluded assets and the ABL Priority Collateral (the “Term Priority Collateral”). In addition, the obligations of the Term Loan Parties under the Term Loan Facility are secured by second-priority liens on the ABL Priority Collateral (as described above under “ABL Facility”).
The loans under the Term Loan Facility may be prepaid at the Company’s option, subject to the payment of a prepayment premium in certain circumstances as provided in the Term Loan Facility. If a prepayment is made after the first anniversary of the loan but prior to the second anniversary, such prepayment must be made at 106% of the principle amount, if a prepayment is made after the second anniversary but prior to the third anniversary, such prepayment must be made at 103% of the principle amount. After the third anniversary, if a prepayment is made, no prepayment premium is due. The Company is required to make principal payments in the amount of $625,000 per quarter commencing with the quarter ending March 31, 2017. In addition, pursuant to the Term Loan Facility, the Company must prepay or offer to prepay, as applicable, term loans with the net cash proceeds of certain debt incurrences and asset sales, excess cash flow, and upon certain change of control transactions, subject in each case to certain exceptions.
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The Term Loan Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that restrict the ability of the Term Loan Parties to take certain actions including, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions, the incurrence of debt, the granting of liens, the making of investments, entering into transactions with affiliates, the payment of dividends and the sale of assets. The Term Loan Facility also contains financial covenants requiring that the Company maintain an asset coverage ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.0 and that Liquidity (as defined in the Term Loan Facility) must not be less than $37.5 million (of which at least $20.0 million must be in cash or cash equivalents held in deposit accounts) as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, subject to certain exceptions and cure rights.
The weighted average interest rates on the outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan Facility for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows:
Debt Compliance
At December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all the financial covenants under our ABL Facility and the Term Loan Facility. Based on management’s current projections, we expect to be in compliance with all the covenants under our ABL Facility and Term Loan Facility for the next twelve months. A breach of any of these covenants, ratios or tests could result in a default under our indebtedness.
Long-Term Debt Principal Repayment and Interest Expense
Presented below is a schedule of the repayment requirements of long-term debt as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 consisted of the following (in thousands):
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Deferred Financing Costs
A summary of deferred financing costs including capitalized costs, write-offs and amortization are presented in the table below (in thousands):
The Predecessor balance of $14.8 million was eliminated in accordance with ASC 852, recorded as a reorganization item on the consolidated statement of operations. See “Note 5. Reorganization Items” for more details.
NOTE 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Operating Lease Arrangements
We lease certain property and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates through 2024, with varying payment dates throughout each month. In addition, we have a number of leases scheduled to expire during 2018.
As of December 31, 2018, the future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):
We are also party to a significant number of month-to-month leases that can be cancelled at any time. Operating lease expenses were $4.8 million, $6.4 million, less than $0.1 million, and $11.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, respectively.
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Litigation
Various suits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business are pending against us. We conduct business throughout the continental United States and may be subject to jury verdicts or arbitrations that result in outcomes in favor of the plaintiffs. We are also exposed to various claims abroad. We continually assess our contingent liabilities, including potential litigation liabilities, as well as the adequacy of our accruals and the need for disclosure of these items, if any. We establish a provision for a contingent liability when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. As of December 31, 2018, the aggregate amount of our liabilities related to litigation that are deemed probable and reasonably estimable is $4.4 million. We do not believe that the disposition of any of these matters will result in an additional loss materially in excess of amounts that have been recorded. Our liabilities related to litigation matters that were deemed probable and reasonably estimable as of December 31, 2017 were $4.7 million.
Tax Audits
We are routinely the subject of audits by tax authorities, and in the past have received material assessments from tax auditors. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have recorded reserves that management feels are appropriate for future potential liabilities as a result of prior audits. While we believe we have fully reserved for these assessments, the ultimate amount of settlements can vary from our estimates.
Self-Insurance Reserves
We maintain reserves for workers’ compensation and vehicle liability on our balance sheet based on our judgment and estimates using an actuarial method based on claims incurred. We estimate general liability claims on a case-by-case basis. We maintain insurance policies for workers’ compensation, vehicular liability and general liability claims. These insurance policies carry self-insured retention limits or deductibles on a per occurrence basis. The retention limits or deductibles are accounted for in our accrual process for all workers’ compensation, vehicular liability and general liability claims. The deductibles have a $5 million maximum per vehicular liability claim, and a $2 million maximum per general liability claim and a $1 million maximum per workers’ compensation claim. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have recorded $50.1 million and $52.2 million, respectively, of self-insurance reserves related to workers’ compensation, vehicular liabilities and general liability claims. Partially offsetting these liabilities, we had approximately $13.1 million and $15.1 million of insurance receivables as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We believe that the liabilities we have recorded are appropriate based on the known facts and circumstances and do not expect further losses materially in excess of the amounts already accrued for existing claims.
Environmental Remediation Liabilities
For environmental reserve matters, including remediation efforts for current locations and those relating to previously-disposed properties, we record liabilities when our remediation efforts are probable and the costs to conduct such remediation efforts can be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we have recorded $2.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively, for our environmental remediation liabilities. We believe that the liabilities we have recorded are appropriate based on the known facts and circumstances and do not expect further losses materially in excess of the amounts already accrued.
We provide performance bonds to provide financial surety assurances for the remediation and maintenance of our SWD properties to comply with environmental protection standards. Costs for SWD properties may be mandatory (to comply with applicable laws and regulations), in the future (required to divest or cease operations), or for optimization (to improve operations, but not for safety or regulatory compliance).
NOTE 18. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
We maintain a 401(k) plan as part of our employee benefits package. In the third quarter of 2015, management suspended the 401(k) matching program as part of our cost cutting efforts. Prior to this, we matched 100% of employee contributions up to 4% of the employee’s salary, which vest immediately, into our 401(k) plan, subject to maximums of $11,000, $10,800 and $10,600 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our matching contributions were zero for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016. The 401(k) matching program was reinstated January 1, 2019. We do not offer participants the option to purchase shares of our common stock through a 401(k) plan fund.
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NOTE 19. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2018, we had 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized with a par value of $0.01 per share. As of December 31, 2018, the sole share of the Successor Company’s Series A Preferred Stock, which confers certain rights to elect directors (but has no economic rights), was held by Soter.
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had 100,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with a par value of $0.01 per share, of which 20,363,198 and 20,217,641 shares were issued and outstanding, respectively. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, no dividends were declared or paid and we currently do not intend to pay dividends.
Tax Withholding
We repurchase shares of restricted common stock that have been previously granted to certain of our employees, pursuant to an agreement under which those individuals are permitted to sell shares back to us in order to satisfy the minimum income tax withholding requirements related to vesting of these grants. We repurchased a total of 48,403 shares, 56,328 shares, zero shares and 1,614,047 shares for an aggregate cost of $0.3 million, $0.7 million, zero and $0.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, respectively, which represented the fair market value of the shares based on the price of our stock on the dates of purchase.
NOTE 20. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Equity and Cash Incentive Plan
On the Effective Date, pursuant to the Plan, the Company adopted a new management incentive plan titled the Key Energy Services, Inc. 2016 Equity and Cash Incentive Plan. The 2016 Incentive Plan authorizes the grant of compensation described in the following sentence comprised of stock or economic rights tied to the value of stock collectively representing up to 11% of the fully diluted shares of Common Stock as of the Effective Date (without regard to shares reserved for issuance pursuant to the Warrants) (as increased by the Board from the initial pool of 7% of fully diluted shares on the Effective Date, as permitted under the terms of the 2016 Incentive Plan). The 2016 Incentive Plan provides for awards of restricted stock, restricted stock units, options, stock appreciation rights and cash-based awards, for distribution to officers, directors and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries as determined by the New Board. As of the Effective Date, the New Board or an authorized committee thereof is authorized, without further approval of Key equity holders, to execute and deliver all agreements, documents, instruments and certificates relating to the 2016 Incentive Plan and to perform their obligations thereunder in accordance with, and subject to, the terms of the 2016 Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2018, there were 0.4 million shares available for grant under the 2016 ECIP.
Stock Option Awards
Stock option awards granted under our incentive plans have a maximum contractual term of ten years from the date of grant. Shares issuable upon exercise of a stock option are issued from authorized but unissued shares of our common stock.
The following tables summarize the stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 (shares in thousands):
No stock options were granted or exercised for the year ended December 31, 2018. The total fair value of stock options vested during the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, periods from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 and period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 was zero, $1.7 million, zero and zero, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December
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31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, we recognized zero, $1.8 million, $0.1 million and zero of pre-tax expenses related to stock options, respectively. All outstanding stock options are vested as of December 31, 2018.The weighted average remaining contractual term for stock option awards exercisable as of December 31, 2018 is 8.0 years.
Common Stock Awards
Our common stock awards include restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. The weighted average grant date fair market value of all common stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the periods from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, were $13.74, $12.37, $31.99 and $0.26, respectively. The total fair market value of all common stock awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the periods from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 were $2.3 million, 6.2 million, zero and 14.5 million, respectively.
The following tables summarize information for the year ended December 31, 2018 about our unvested common stock awards that we have outstanding (shares in thousands):
The grant-date fair value of our time-based restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is determined using our stock price on the grant date. The grant-date fair value of our performance-based restricted stock units is determined using our stock price on the grant date assuming a 1.0x payout target, however, a maximum 2.0x payout could be achieved if certain EBITDA-based performance measures are met. We recognize compensation expense ratably over the graded vesting period of the grant, net of forfeitures.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and the periods from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, we recognized $2.6 million, $5.3 million, $0.4 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of pre-tax expenses from continuing operations associated with common stock awards. For the unvested common stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2018, we anticipate that we will recognize $5.5 million of pre-tax expense over the next 1.5 years weighted average years.
Phantom Share Plan
In December 2017, we implemented a “Phantom Share Plan,” in which certain of our employees were granted “Phantom Shares.” Phantom Shares vest ratably over a three-year period and convey the right to the grantee to receive a cash payment on the anniversary date of the grant equal to the fair market value of the Phantom Shares vesting on that date. Grantees are not permitted to defer this payment to a later date. The Phantom Shares are a “liability” type award and we account for these awards at fair value. We recognize compensation expense related to the Phantom Shares based on the change in the fair value of the awards during the period and the percentage of the service requirement that has been performed, net of forfeitures, with an offsetting liability recorded on our consolidated balance sheets.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and the periods from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016, we recognized $0.3 million, zero, zero and zero, respectively, of pre-tax expenses from continuing operations associated with common stock awards. For the unvested common stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2018, we anticipate that we will recognize $0.1 million of pre-tax expense over the next 1.5 weighted average years.
NOTE 21. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES
The Company has purchased or sold equipment or services from a few affiliates of certain directors. Additionally, the Company has a corporate advisory services agreement with Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC (“Platinum”) pursuant to which Platinum provides certain business advisory services to the Company. The dollar amounts related to these related party activities are not material to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE 22. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Presented below is a schedule of noncash investing and financing activities and supplemental cash flow entries (in thousands):
Cash paid for interest includes cash payments for interest on our long-term debt and capital lease obligations, and commitment and agency fees paid.
NOTE 23. SEGMENT INFORMATION
Our reportable business segments are Rig Services, Fishing and Rental Services, Coiled Tubing Services and Fluid Management Services. Our reportable business segments previously included an International segment. We also have a “Functional Support” segment associated with overhead and other costs in support of our reportable segments. Our Rig Services, Fishing and Rental Services, Coiled Tubing Services, Fluid Management Services operate geographically within the United States. Our International segment included our former operations in Mexico, Canada and Russia. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we completed the sale of our business in Mexico. We completed the sale of our Canadian subsidiary and Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. We evaluate the performance of our segments based on gross margin measures. All inter-segment sales pricing is based on current market conditions. We aggregate services that create our reportable segments in accordance with ASC 280, and the accounting policies for our segments are the same as those described in “Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” above.
Rig Services
Our Rig Services include the completion of newly drilled wells, workover and recompletion of existing oil and natural gas wells, well maintenance, and the plugging and abandonment of wells at the end of their useful lives. We also provide specialty drilling services to oil and natural gas producers with certain of our larger rigs that are capable of providing conventional and horizontal drilling services. Our rigs encompass various sizes and capabilities, allowing us to service all types of oil and gas wells. Many of our rigs are outfitted with our proprietary KeyView® technology, which captures and reports well site operating data and provides safety control systems. We believe that this technology allows our customers and our crews to better monitor well site operations, improves efficiency and safety, and adds value to the services that we offer.
The completion and recompletion services provided by our rigs prepare wells for production, whether newly drilled, or recently extended through a workover operation. The completion process may involve selectively perforating the well casing to access production zones, stimulating and testing these zones, and installing tubular and downhole equipment. We typically provide a well service rig and may also provide other equipment to assist in the completion process. Completion services vary by well and our work may take a few days to several weeks to perform, depending on the nature of the completion.
The workover services that we provide are designed to enhance the production of existing wells and generally are more complex and time consuming than normal maintenance services. Workover services can include deepening or extending wellbores into new formations by drilling horizontal or lateral wellbores, sealing off depleted production zones and accessing previously bypassed production zones, converting former production wells into injection wells for enhanced recovery operations and conducting major subsurface repairs due to equipment failures. Workover services may last from a few days to several weeks, depending on the complexity of the workover.
Maintenance services provided with our rig fleet are generally required throughout the life cycle of an oil or natural gas well. Examples of these maintenance services include routine mechanical repairs to the pumps, tubing and other equipment, removing debris and formation material from wellbores, and pulling rods and other downhole equipment from wellbores to identify
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and resolve production problems. Maintenance services are generally less complicated than completion and workover related services and require less time to perform.
Our rig fleet is also used in the process of permanently shutting-in oil or natural gas wells that are at the end of their productive lives. These plugging and abandonment services generally require auxiliary equipment in addition to a well servicing rig. The demand for plugging and abandonment services is not significantly impacted by the demand for oil and natural gas because well operators are required by state regulations to plug wells that are no longer productive.
Fishing and Rental Services
We offer a full line of services and rental equipment designed for use in providing drilling and workover services. Fishing services involve recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore utilizing a broad array of “fishing tools.” Our rental tool inventory consists of drill pipe, tubulars, handling tools (including our patented Hydra-Walk® pipe-handling units and services), pressure-control equipment, pumps, power swivels, reversing units, foam air units. Our rental inventory also included frac stack equipment used to support hydraulic fracturing operations and the associated flowback of frac fluids, proppants, oil and natural gas. We also had provided well-testing services. Our frac stack equipment and well-testing services business were sold in the second quarter of 2017.
Demand for our Fishing and Rental Services is closely related to capital spending by oil and natural gas producers, which is generally driven by oil and natural gas prices.
Coiled Tubing Services
Coiled Tubing Services involve the use of a continuous metal pipe spooled onto a large reel which is then deployed into oil and natural gas wells to perform various applications, such as wellbore clean-outs, nitrogen jet lifts, through-tubing fishing, and formation stimulations utilizing acid and chemical treatments. Coiled tubing is also used for a number of horizontal well applications such as milling temporary isolation plugs that separate frac zones, and various other pre- and post- hydraulic fracturing well preparation services.
Fluid Management Services
We provide transportation and well-site storage services for various fluids utilized in connection with drilling, completions, workover and maintenance activities. We also provide disposal services for fluids produced subsequent to well completion. These fluids are removed from the well site and transported for disposal in SWD wells owned by us or a third party. In addition, we operate a fleet of hot oilers capable of pumping heated fluids used to clear soluble restrictions in a wellbore. Demand and pricing for these services generally correspond to demand for our well service rigs.
International
Our International segment included our former operations in Mexico, Canada and Russia. In April 2015, we announced our decision to exit markets in which we participate outside of North America. During the fourth quarter of 2016, we completed the sale of our business in Mexico, and we completed the sale of our Canadian subsidiary and Russian subsidiary in the second and third quarters of 2017, respectively. Our services in these international markets consisted of rig-based services such as the maintenance, workover, and recompletion of existing oil wells, completion of newly-drilled wells, and plugging and abandonment of wells at the end of their useful lives. We also had a technology development and control systems business based in Canada, which was focused on the development of hardware and software related to oilfield service equipment controls, data acquisition and digital information flow.
Functional Support
Our Functional Support segment includes unallocated overhead costs associated with administrative support for our U.S. and International reporting segments.
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Financial Summary
The following table presents our segment information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016 (in thousands):
Successor company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018
Successor company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017
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Successor company as of December 31, 2016 and for the period from December 16, 2016 through December 31, 2016
Predecessor company as of December 15, 2016 and for the period from January 1, 2016 through December 15, 2016
(1)
Long-lived assets include: fixed assets, goodwill, intangibles and other assets.
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(2)
Functional Support is geographically located in the United States.
NOTE 24. UNAUDITED QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table presents our summarized, unaudited quarterly information for the two most recent years covered by these consolidated financial statements (in thousands, except for per share data):
(1)
Quarterly earnings per common share are based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the quarter, and the sum of the quarters may not equal annual earnings per common share.
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
NOTE 25. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The senior notes of the Predecessor Company were registered securities. As a result of these registered securities, we are required to present the following condensed consolidating financial information pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X Rule 3-10, “Financial Statements of Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities Registered or Being Registered.” Our ABL Facility and Term Loan Facility of the Successor Company are not registered securities, so the presentation of condensed consolidating financial information is not required for the Successor period. The following is our condensed consolidated statement of operations and statement of cash flows for the Predecessor periods (in thousands):
Key Energy Services, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and financial officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of such period.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting can also be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
A material weakness (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act) is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria described in 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.
Our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our last fiscal quarter of 2018, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act or will be filed by amendment, in either case, within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act or will be filed by amendment, in either case, within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act or will be filed by amendment, in either case, within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act or will be filed by amendment, in either case, within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from our definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act or will be filed by amendment, in either case, within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2018.
PART IV
ITEM 15.
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following financial statements and exhibits are filed as part of this report:
1. Financial Statements - See “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” at Page 45.
2. We have omitted all financial statement schedules because they are not required or are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or the notes to the financial statements.
3. Exhibits
The Exhibit Index, which follows the signature pages to this report and is incorporated by reference herein, sets forth a list of exhibits to this report.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
EXHIBIT INDEX
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
KEY ENERGY SERVICES, INC.
Date:
March 15, 2019
By:
/s/ J. MARSHALL DODSON
J. Marshall Dodson,
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(As duly authorized officer and
Principal Financial Officer)
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Robert Saltiel and J. Marshall Dodson, and each of them, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full powers of substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission granting to said attorneys-in-fact, and each of them, full power and authority to perform any other act on behalf of the undersigned required to be done in connection therewith.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in their capacities and on March 15, 2019.
Signature
Title
/s/ PHILIP NORMENT
Chairman
Philip Norment
/s/ ROBERT SALTEIL
Director
Robert Saltiel
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ J. MARSHALL DODSON
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
J. Marshall Dodson
(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ LOUIS COALE
Vice President and Controller
Louis Coale
(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ SHERMAN K. EDMISTON, III
Director
Sherman K. Edmiston, III
/s/ BRYAN KELLN
Director
Bryan Kelln
/s/ JACOB KOTZUBEI
Director
Jacob Kotzubei
/s/ STEVEN H. PRUETT
Director
Steven H. Pruett
/s/ MARY ANN SIGLER
Director
Mary Ann Sigler
/s/ SCOTT D. VOGEL
Director
Scott D. Vogel
/s/ H.H. TRIPP WOMMACK, III
Director
H.H. Tripp Wommack, III